TLW's 1940s Historyscope 1940-1949 C.E.

© Copyright by T.L. Winslow. All Rights Reserved.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the U.S. (1882-1945) Sir Winston Churchill of Britain (1874-1965) Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union (1879-1953) Adolf Hitler of Germany (1889-1945) Benito Mussolini of Italy (1883-1945) French Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain (1856-1951) Charles de Gaulle of France (1890-1970) Dunkirk, May 26-June 4, 1940 Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) in Paris, June 23, 1940 12 New German Field Marshals, July 19, 1940 'Welcome to Auschwitz' Sign German Gen. Erwin Rommel (1891-1944) Soviet Field Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) Japanese Gen. Hideki Tojo (1884-1945) U.S. Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) Betty Grable (1916-73) Memphis Belle, 1941 B-24 Liberator, 1942 D-Day, June 6, 1944 U.S. Col. Leonard Traherne 'Max' Schroeder Jr. (1918-2009) Mussolini and Clara Petacci hanging around, Apr. 28, 1945 Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Dead, Apr. 30, 1945 V-J Day Kiss, Aug. 14, 1945 Alfred Eisenstaedt (1898-1995) Paris Liberation, Aug. 25, 1944 Harry S. Truman of the U.S. (1884-1972) Atomic Bomb, Hiroshima, Japan, Aug. 6, 1945 Clement Attlee of Britain (1883-1967) United Nations Flag, 1945 Nuremberg Trials, 1945-9 U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall (1880-1959) William Joseph 'Wild Bill' Donovan (1883-1959) Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam (1890-1969) Mao Tse-Tung of China (1893-1976) Konrad Adenauer of West Germany (1876-1967) Gen. Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (1892-1980) Kim Il-sung of North Korea (1912-94) The Hollywood Ten 'Dumont Television Network Logo Arthur Miller (1915-2005) Joe Dimaggio (1914-99) Frank Sinatra (1915-98) 'Casablanca' starring Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) and Ingrid Bergman (1915-82), 1942 Milton Berle (1908-2002) The Bikini, by Louis Reard, modeled by Micheline Bernardini Chuck Yeager of the U.S. (1923-) Roswell Alien

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949

The 1940s (1940-1949 C.E.)



The Holidays Are Over Stop in the Name of Love Before You Break My Heart World War Two United Nations Jewish State of Israel Radar Computer Fat Man A-Bomb Decade? The Death Camp and Mushroom Cloud Decade? The Lassie Selassie Decade in which slave doesn't automatically mean black? Funny, but there are no great earthquakes or volcanic eruptions in this blood-soaked decade, and only one big storm, and there is even a boom in U.S.-produced Christmas songs, but there are a number of civilian fires, explosions, aircraft accidents, and shipwrecks, plus another all-out World War, topped by the Atheist Allah Antichrist Alpha-Omega Atomic bomb, proving that old saying about playing with fire, or how a mountain can grow from a tiny mustard seed?

Country Leader From To
United States of America Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) Mar. 4, 1933 Apr. 12, 1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the U.S. (1882-1945)
United Kingdom Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) May 28, 1937 May 10, 1940 Neville Chamberlain of Britain (1869-1940)
United Kingdom George VI (1895-1952) Dec. 11, 1936 Feb. 6, 1952 George VI of England (1895-1952)
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) Apr. 3, 1922 Mar. 5, 1953 Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union (1878-1953)
China Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) Dec. 11, 1939 May 31, 1945 Chiang Kai-shek of China (1887-1975)
Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874-1950) Oct. 23, 1935 Nov. 14, 1948 William Lyon Mackenzie King of Canada (1874-1950)
France Albert Francois Lebrun (1871-1950) May 10, 1932 July 10, 1940 Albert Lebrun of France (1871-1950)
Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Aug. 2, 1934 Apr. 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler of Germany (1889-1945)
Italy Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Oct. 31, 1922 July 25, 1943 Benito Mussolini of Italy (1883-1945)
Italy Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) July 29, 1900 May 9, 1946 Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1869-1947)
Spain Francisco Franco (1892-1975) Oct. 1, 1936 Nov. 20, 1975 Francisco Franco of Spain (1892-1975)
Mexico Lazaro Cardenas (1895-1970) Dec. 1, 1934 Nov. 30, 1940 Lazaro Cardenas of Mexico (1895-1970)
Papacy Pope Pius XII (1876-1958) Mar. 2, 1939 Oct. 9, 1958 Pope Pius XII (1876-1958)



1940 - The It's Good To Be an Aryan Does That Make Me Crazy Year?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the U.S. (1882-1945) Sir Winston Churchill of Britain (1874-1965) Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union (1879-1953) French Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain (1856-1951) Charles de Gaulle of France (1890-1970) Hugh Dalton of Britain (1887-1962) Leo Amery of Britain (1873-1955) German Gen. Kurt Student (1890-1978) German Gen. Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (1883-1948) Walter Frentz of Germany (1907-2004) French Gen. Pierre Hering (1874-1963) Vidkun Quisling of Norway (1887-1945) Josef Terboven of Germany (1898-1945) Hans Frank of Germany (1900-46) Franz Rademacher of Germany (1906-73) Dunkirk, May 26-June 4, 1940 Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) in Paris, June 23, 1940 12 New German Field Marshals, July 19, 1940 'Welcome to Auschwitz' Sign Zyklon B Geman SS Gen. Richard Glücks (1885-1945) German Gen. Kurt Student (1890-1978) German Gen. Wilhelm Mohnke (1911-2001) German SS Gen. Gottlob Christian Berger (1896-1975) Fritz Todt of Germany (1891-1942) Polish Capt. Witold Pilecki (1901-48) St. Paul's Cathedral, Dec. 29, 1940 Sir Hugh Dowding of Britain (1882-1970) British Field Marshal Lord Gort (1886-1946) British Gen. Victor Morven Fortune (1883-1949) British Gen. Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel (1889-1958) Pierre Laval of France (1883-1945) Paul Reynaud of France (1878-1966) Georges Mandel of France (1885-1944) Arthur Seyss-Inquart of Austria (1892-1946) German Gen. Erwin Rommel (1891-1944) German Gen. Heinz Guderian (1888-1954) German Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch (1881-1948) German Gen. Erich von Manstein (1887-1973) German Gen. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst (1885-1968) German Gen. Walther Warlimont (1894-1976) British Gen. Archibald Wavell (1883-1950) Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis (1891-1969) British RAF Group Capt. Douglas Bader (1910-82) British Adm. Philip Louis Vian (1894-1968) German Adm. Erich Raeder (1876-1960) Richard Hermann Hildebrandt of Germany (1897-1952) Otto Abetz of Germany (1903-58) U.S. Adm. James Otto Richardson (1878-1974) U.S. Adm. Robert Lee Ghormley (1883-1958) U.S. Gen. George Veazey Strong (1880-1946) U.S. Gen. Delos Carleton Emmons (1889-1945) Hans Thomsen of Germany (1891-1968) Mieczyslaw Niedzialkowski of Poland (1893-1940) Wendell Willkie of the U.S. (1892-1944) Charles Linza McNary of the U.S. (1874-1944) Joseph William Martin Jr. of the U.S. (1884-1968) August Kirhenstins of Estonia (1872-1963) Sumner Welles of the U.S. (1892-1961) Prince Fumimaro Konoye of Japan (1891-1945) Japanese Adm. Yonai Mitsumasa (1880-1948) Gustaf (Gustav) V of Sweden (1858-1950) Wang Jingwei of China (1883-1944) Gen. Peng Dehuai of China (1898-1974) Lavrenti P. Beria of the Soviet Union (1899-1953) Soviet Field Marshal Boris Mikhailovich Shaposhnikov (1882-1945) Soviet Field Marshal Grigory Ivanovich Kulik (1890-1950) Jesse 'the Body' Ventura (1951-) Soviet Field Marshal Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (1895-1970) Soviet Field Marshal Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov (1881-1969) Andrei Zhdanov of the Soviet Union (1896-1948) Manuel Avila Camacho of Mexico (1897-1955) German Capt. Heinrich Bleichrodt (1909-77) Gen. Enrique Peñaranda of Bolivia (1892-1969) Gen. Ion Antonescu of Romania (1882-1946) Italian Gen. Rodolfo Graziani (1882-1955) Italian Marshal Italo Balbo (1896-1940) Jesse Holman Jones of the U.S. (1874-1956) Robert Daniel Murphy of the U.S. (1894-1978) John Gilbert Winant of the U.S. (1889-1947) U.S. Gen. Lewis Blaine Hershey (1893-1977) William Francis 'Frank' Murphy of the U.S. (1890-1949) U.S. Gen. Benjamin Oliver Davis Sr. (1877-1970) U.S. Gen. Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. (1912-2002) British Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Edmund Charles Peirse (1892-1970) German Adm. Theodor Krancke (1893-1973) French Adm. Jean Louis Xavier Francois Darlan (1881-1942) British Wing Cmdr. Eric James Brindley Nicolson (1917-45) Varian Fry of the U.S. (1907-67) Hiram Bingham IV of the U.S. (1903-88) German SS Gen. Sepp Dietrich (1892-1966) German Gen. Karl Litzmann (1850-1936) German Capt. Hans Jenisch (1913-82) German Lt. Col. Fritz Knöchlein (1911-49) German Prince Wilhelm of Hohenzollern (1906-40) German pilot Werner Mölders (1913-41) Gustav V of Sweden (1858-1950) Miriam Davenport (1915-99) Marian Rejewski (1905-80) Mohammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan (1876-1948) Fatima Jinnah of Pakistan (1893-1967) Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan (1891-1951) Count Paul Teleki of Hungary (1879-1941) Sir Richard Stafford Cripps of Britain (1889-1952) Paul-Gerhard Braune of Germany (1887-1954) Rustam Haidar of Iraq (1889-1940) Edmund Aloysius Walsh (1885-1956) Richard Sorge (1895-1944) Vera Atkins of England (1908-2000) Nancy Wake of Australia (1912-) British Capt. Edward Fegen (1891-1940) William Signius 'Big Bill' Knudsen of the U.S. (1879-1948) Sidney Hillman of the U.S. of the U.S. (1887-1946) William 'Wild Bill' Langer of the U.S. (1886-1959) Robert Heinrich Wagner of Germany (1895-1946) Andrei Vyshinsky of the Soviet Union (1883-1954) Leon Trotsky of the Soviet Union(1879-1940) Ramón Mercader (1914-78) Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov of the Soviet Union (1890-1986) Joachim von Ribbentrop of Germany (1893-1946) J.M. Andrews of Northern Ireland (1871-1956) George Metesky (1903-94) Avraham Stern (1907-42) Bernard Fay (1893-1978) Alfred Rosenberg of Germany (1893-1946) Sir George Paget Thomson (1892-1975) Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (1935-) Sir Henry Thomas Tizard (1885-1959) Jack Donald Foner (1910-99) Peter Carl Goldmark (1906-77) Alfred Day Hershey (1908-97) Georg Charles de Hevesy (1885-1966) Karl Probst (1883-1963) Carl Keenan Seyfert (1911-60) Hans von Halban (1908-64) Lew Kowarski (1907-79) Ben Hogan (1912-97) Dick Chapman (1911-78) Christopher Hill (1912-2003) William Lawson Little Jr. (1910-68) Alice Marble (1913-90) Dick Wakefield (1921-85) George 'Papa Bear' Halas (1895-1983) Sid Luckman (1916-98) Cornelius 'Dutch' Warmerdam (1915-2001) Forrest Edward Mars Sr. (1904-99) Ralph Edwards (1913-2005) Vaughn Monroe (1911-73) Alicia Patterson (1906-63) Thornwell Jacobs (1877-1956) Donald William Kerst (1911-93) Mortimer Adler (1902-2001) Richard Brooks (1912-62) Bud Collyer (1908-69) Ketti Frings (1909-81) Martha Gellhorn (1908-98) Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) Lorraine Hansberry (1930-65) Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81) Mary Margaret Kaye (1908-2004) Stetson Kennedy (1916-) Carl McIntire (1906-2002) Harold Ockenga (1905-85) Edwin Joseph Cohn (1892-1953) Peter Carl Goldmark (1906-77) Rupert Wildt (1905-76) Graham Greene (1904-91) Arthur Koestler (1905-83) Richard Orson Lockridge (1899-1982) Carson McCullers (1917-67) Conrad Michael Richter (1890-1968) John Maynard Keynes (1886-1946) Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (1911-77) Peter de Vries (1910-93) William Allen White (1868-1944) Ernest William Gibson Jr. of the U.S. (1901-69) Richard Wright (1908-60) Charles Richard Drew (1904-50) William Leonard Langer (1896-1977) Egon Bretscher (1901-73) Norman Feather (1904-78) Henry Green (1905-73) Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907-91) Philip Hauge Abelson (1913-2004) Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873-1962) Crockett Johnson (1906-75) Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975) Saul David Alinsky (1909-72) James Beard (1903-85) Henry Bellamann (1882-1945) Dino Buzzati (1906-72) Walter Van Tilburg Clark (1909-71) Rev. James William Fifield Jr. (1899-1977) Marcus Lee Hansen (1892-1938) Eric Knight (1897-1943) Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873-1962) Jean Martinon (1910-76) Christina Stead (1902-83) Dylan Thomas (1914-53) Geoffrey Trease (1909-98) Alan W. Watts (1915-73) André Weil (1906-98) Ola Elizabeth Winslow (1885-1977) Lead Belly (1888-1949) Al Tabor (1898-1983) Larry LaPrise (1912-96) Frances Marie Burke (1922-) 'Brenda Starr, Reporter', 1940-2011 Dale Messick (1906-2005) Glenn Miller (1904-44) Henry Moore (1898-1986) 'Self-Portrait' by Milton Avery (1885-1965), 1941 'Gaspe - Pink Sky' by Milton Avery (1885-1965), 1940 Philip Guston (1913-80) Willem de Kooning (1913-80) Barnett Newman (1905-70) Jackson Pollock (1912-56) Mark Rothko (1903-70) Clyfford Still (1904-80) Max Ernst (1891-1976) Robert Motherwell (1915-91) Franz Kline (1910-62) Mark Tobey (1890-1976) Deems Taylor (1885-1966) Northrop N-1M, 1940 Galloping Gertie, Nov. 7, 1940 Leon Moisseiff (1872-1943) 'Isis the Zither-Playing Robot', 1940 Bob Wills (1905-75) Frank Sinatra (1915-98) Betty Grable (1916-73) Carmen Miranda (1909-55) Dinah Shore (1916-94) Gregory Peck (1916-) Ben Grauer (1908-77) Bill Monroe (1911-96) Ernest Tubb (1914-84) Memphis Slim (1915-88) Billy Byrd (1920-) Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957) Jerry Colonna (1904-86) Victor Borge (1909-2000) Woody Guthrie (1912-67) Spike Jones (1911-65) 'Ray Forrest (1916-99) Bud Abbott (1895-1974) and Lou Costello (1906-59) Peggy Moran (1918-2002) Ray Middleton (1907-84) 'Abe Lincoln in Illinois', 1940 'Boom Town', 1940 'The Boys of Syracuse', 1940 'Dr. Cyclops', 1940 'Gaslight', 1940 'Go West', 1940 'The Grapes of Wrath' starring Henry Fonda (1905-82), 1940 'The Great Dictator', 1940 'His Girl Friday', 1940 'Johnny Apollo', 1940 Ferdinand Marian (1902-46) in 'Jud Süss', 1940 Kristina Soderbaum (Söderbaum) (1912-2001) Veit Harlan (1899-1964) 'Kitty Foyle', 1940 'Knute Rockne: All American', starring Ronald Reagan (1911-2004), 1940 'Knute Rockne: All American', starring Ronald Reagan (1911-2004), 1940 Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) Jane Wyman (1917-2007) 'One Million B.C.', 1940 'The Philadelphia Story', 1940 'Rebecca', 1940 'Road to Singapore', 1940 'Santa Fe Trail', 1940 'Stranger on the Third Floor', 1940 'The Thief of Bagdad', starring Rex Ingram (1895-1969), 1940 'Waterloo Bridge', 1940 'The Westerner', 1940 Walt Disney's 'Fantasia' starring Mickey Mouse, 1940 Leopold Stokowski (1882-1977) Walt Disney's 'Pinocchio', 1940 Dana Andrews (1909-92) 'Tom and Jerry' by Hanna-Barbera, 1940 Bill Hanna (1910-2001) and Joe Barbera (1911-2006) 'The Flash', 1940- Will Eisner (1917-2005) Sir David Lean (1908-91) Michael Powell (1905-90) Emeric Pressburger (1902-88) 'The Shop Around the Corner', 1940 Carol Reed (1906-76) 'The Spirit', 1940- David Low (1891-1963) David Low Cartoon Max Ernst (1891-1976) 'Europe After Rain II' by Max Ernst (1891-1976), 1940-2 'La Toilette de la Marie' by Max Ernst (1891-1976), 1940 'Fishermans Last Supper' by Marsden Hartley, 1940-1 Igor Sikorsky (1889-1972) VS-300, 1940 KV-1 Tank, 1940 Charles Emil Sorensen (1881-1968) B-24 Liberator, 1940 North American B-25 Mitchell, 1940 D.98 Mosquito, 1940 P-51 Mustang, 1940 F4U Corsair, 1940 Martin Maryland, 1940 'The Eternal Jew', 1940 Hollywood Palladium, 1940 Buffalo Memorial Auditorium Dairy Queen, 1940 John Fremont McCullough (1871-1963) McDonald's Restaurants, 1940 York Peppermint Pattie, 1940

1940 Chinese Year: Dragon. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965); next time 1949. The Sixteenth (16th) (1940) U.S. Census reports the total pop. as 131,669,275 (7.2% increase - smallest ever) (44.2 per sq. mi), incl. 1.2M native-born Germans, and ? mostly European immigrants, with 5M aliens registered under the Alien Registration Act; whites stay at a record 89.8% of the total pop.; avg. life expectancy: 64 years (up from 49 in 1900); pop. of Washington, D.C.: 665K. In 1940-70 the Earth's avg. temp. cools, according to NASA et al. By this year U.S. homes have 30M radios. Number of Jews remaining in Germany: 202K, plus 57K in Austria. During WWII 200K Allied servicemen endure up to five years in German POW camps, incl. the Birdmen (Birdwatchers) of the German Stalags. The undeclared Japanese war on China causes the Kuomintang Nationalists and the Communists to table their civil war in favor of ousting the Japanese; the Communists have 800K members with a secure base in Yan'an in Shaanxi Province; the Kuomintang are based in Chongqing (Chungking) in Sichuan Province, and mess up by abusing the local pop. while the Communists offer them the moon, and found a univ. in Yan'an to breed anti-Japanese pro-Commie thinkers - facts are not neutral and whoever controls the schools controls the world? On Jan. 1 USC defeats Tenn. by 14-0 to win the 1940 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 Hitler issues a New Year's Proclamation to the Nazi Party, with the soundbyte: "The Jewish capitalistic world will not survive the twentieth century." On Jan. 2 after 70 Jews begin starving to death a day in Warsaw, the Polish Gen. Govt. forbids pub. of obituary notices. On Jan. 4 FDR appoints William Francis "Frank" Murphy (1880-1949) of Mich. to the U.S. Supreme Court, and on Jan. 18 he is sworn in as justice #81 (until July 19, 1949), bringing the court back up to nine members; Murphy goes on to become known for letting emotions rule his reason, spawning the expression "tempering justice with Murphy", allying with justices Rutledge, Douglas, and Black to incorporate Bill of Rights protections into the 14th Amendment; on June 3 the 8-1 U.S. Supreme (Hughes) Court decision in Minersville School District v. Gobitis causes a nationwide outburst of violence against the Jehovah's Witnesses for refusal to salute the U.S. flag, which the court says can be compelled by the state even against religious conscience; the students are expelled - and now can go door-knocking full time? On Jan. 6 British foreign secy. Lord Halifax warns Norway of its intention to lay mines in Norwegian waters to stop German merchant ships from bringing Swedish iron ore to German ports; they never carry it out. On Jan. 7 the BBC Forces Programme debuts on radio (until Feb. 26, 1944). On Jan. 8 Britain extends food rationing from meat to butter and sugar; meanwhile the last of 316,192 children evacuated to the countryside at the outbreak of the war return to London. On Jan. 8 Benito Mussolini sends a letter to Hitler, asking if it's really worth it to invade Britain when the U.S. will back them, "to risk all - including the regime - and to sacrifice the flower of German generations in order to hasten the fall of a fruit which must of necessity fall and be harvested by us, who represent the new forces of Europe", adding: "The big democracies carry within themselves the seeds of their decadence"; instead, he proposes the compromise of the creation of a Polish state, with the soundbyte: "In Poland and the Baltic it is Russia that has been the great beneficiary of the war, without firing a shot... I am sure that you cannot abandon the anti-Bolshevik and anti-Semitic banner you have brandished for twenty years"; Hitler takes until Mar. 10 to answer, with the soundbyte "Sooner or later, I believe, Duce, that Fate will force us after all to fight side by side." On Jan. 9 Richard Hermann Hildebrandt (1897-1952), SS chief of Danzig West Prussia informs Heinrich Himmler that his men carried out "the elimination of 4,000 incurable patients from Polish mental hospitals", along with 2K German mental hospital patients in Pomerania. On Jan. 10 Hitler sets Jan. 17 as the date for Operation Yellow, the German invasion of the West, starting with saturation bombing of French airfields on Jan. 14; too bad, on Jan. 10 the Mechelen Incident (Affair) sees Maj. Helmut Reinberger crash in Mechelen-sur-Meuse on the Belgian side with operational plans in his briefcase, tipping them off, causing Dutch and Belgian troops to begin mobilizing on the border, which doesn't phase Hitler; on Jan. 16 Hitler postpones the offensive to spring so that he can "count on at least eight days of fine and clear weather". On Jan. 12 after the first black sit-in in U.S. history, the city of Alexandria, Va. approves a new public library for blacks. On Jan. 13 despite protests from the Soviets, Sweden agrees to a British request to allow volunteers for the Finnish resistance to pass through their country unarmed and ununiformed. On Jan. 16 former navy minister (1937-9) Adm. Yonai Mitsumasa (1880-1948) (known for his short undecipherable Nambu accent speeches) becomes PM #37 of Japan (until July 22). On Jan. 18 the Gestapo arrests 255 Jews in Warsaw, and shoots them on Jan. 21 in the Palmiry Woods. On Jan. 18 Shiite defense-finance minister Rustam Haidar (1889) is shot by Sunni Hussein Fawzi Tawfik 3x, and dies on Jan. 22. On Jan. 21 Pope Pius XII broadcasts a speech from the Vatican about the plight of Polish civilians, 15K of whom have died in the war, with the soundbyte: "The horror and inexcusable excesses committed on a helpless and a homeless people have been established by the unimpeachable testimony of eyewitnesses"; on Jan. 23 in another broadcast he condemns the existence of concentration camps and condemns Nazi persecution of the Jews. On Jan. 22 Maj. Gen. Friedrich Mieth (1888-1944), chief of staff of the German First Army tells his officers: "The SS has carried out mass executions without proper trials" which "besmirch" the honor of the German Army; after Hitler is informed, he dismisses him. On Jan. 25 German Polish occupation gov.-gen. (1939-45) Hans Michael Frank (1900-46) issues an order for the remodeling of the Polish economy within his Gen. Govt. "for the immediate reinforcement of the military power of the Reich", with Poland to provide Germany with raw materials and manpower of 1M workers incl. 750K agricultural workers (50% women). On Jan. 26 Hollywood actor Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911-2004) marries actress Jane Wyman (Sarah Jane Mayfield) (1917-2007) (until June 28, 1948) in Wee Kirk o' the Heather Church in Forest Lawn, Calif.; they have one adopted son, Michael (b. 1945) and two daughters, Christine (born and died on June 26, 1947), and Maureen Reagan (1941-2001). On Jan. 27 Winston Churchill gives a speech in Manchester, with the soundbyte: "A hundred thousand Czech workmen had been led off into slavery to be toiled to death in Germany", but this "pales in comparison with the atrocities which... are being perpetrated upon the Poles... We may judge what our fate would be if we fell into their clutches. But from them also we may draw the force and inspiration to carry us forward on our journey and not to pause or rest till liberation is achieved and justice is done.... Come then. Let us to the task, to the toil, each to our part, each to our station... There is not a week, nor a day, nor an hour to lose." On Jan. 29 the Soviets begin secret negotiations in Sweden with Finland to scrap their Commie People's Govt. of Finland in exchange for a longer coastline on the Gulf of Finland and some control of the entrance to protect Leningrad, as well as more control in Karelia; on Jan. 31 it is announced in Helsinki that 377 Finnish civilians have been killed by Soviet air raids in the 2-mo. war. On Jan. 30 Reinhard Heydrich founds the IV-D-4 govt. dept. in Berlin to deport Jews anywhere they want. In Jan. U.S. Adm. James Otto Richardson (1878-1974) is appointed CIC of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, protesting its forward deployment from San Pedro, Calif. to indefensible Pearl Harbor in vain, with FDR telling him, "Jim, you just don't get it"; in Feb. 1941 he is replaced with more trusting Adm. Husband E. Kimmel; FDR deliberately parked most of the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor to lure the Japanese into an attack, and Richardson was fired for objecting? - proof of a conspiracy to juke the U.S. into WWII by luring the Japs into a dumb move? In Jan. the justice minister of Eire is granted extra powers under an amendment to the Emergency Powers Act, leading to the arrest and imprisonment of 600 IRA members, with 500 more imprisoned during WWII; on June 10 Time mag. pub. the article Eire Against Everybody, containing the soundbyte: "Since 1938 its [the IRA's] 7,500 youthful members (plus 15,000 fellow travelers) have followed the wild-eyed, bomb-Britain policy of 46-year-old, super-radical Chieftain Sean Russell. There is reason to believe that the intransigent I. R. A.-sters are getting money from the Nazis, mostly by way of the U.S." In Jan. after cracking the wirings of the rotors and reflectors at the end of 1932, only to see the design leapfrog ahead of him, Polish mathematician Marian Adam Rejewski (1905-80) cracks a key used for the German Enigma machine last Oct. 28; by Oct. several Enigma keys are cracked, allowing British intel to read secret German messages with regularity, making Rejewski one of the biggest heroes of the war; too bad, he can't talk until 1967. In Jan. the comic book series The Flash debuts, pub. by All-Am. Pubs. (later rename Nat. Periodicals and DC Comics), starting out with Jay Garrick and switching to Barry Allen in 1956. In Jan.-Feb. 250 Gypsy children from Brno are used as guinea pigs in Buchenwald Camp to test Zylkon B, followed by 600 Soviet POWs and 250 Polish POWs in Auschwitz Camp I on Sept. 3, 1941 - it is then either found too slow, messy and dangerous to use for mass exterminations, or used in mass exterminations despite the problems and availability of far easier methods, you can ask but we'll never know? On Feb. 1 the Soviets under Gen. Timoshenko launch a major offensive against the Finnish Mannerheim Line, but are beaten back by Feb. 3; too bad, they regroup and break through on Feb. 8, causing the Finns to establish a new defense line, which breaks on Feb. 13, defeating the pooped Finnish army by Feb. 16, which retreats again. On Feb. 2 German Lt. Gen. Wilhelm Ulex and his superior Gen. Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (1883-1948) begin protesting the inhuman brutality of German police in Poland, recommending their disbanding, causing Hans Frank on Feb. 13 to travel to Berlin to get Blaskowitz dismissed in vain, while the police brutality goes on unabated. On Feb. 5 the British and French decide to land troops in Stavanger, Bergen, and Trondheim; too bad, Hitler's intel finds out, and assigns Adm. Theodor Krancke (1893-1973) to counter it; on Feb. 21 Hitler appoints Gen. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst (1885-1968) to lead the invasion of Norway and Denmark. On Feb. 8 Lodz (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto is established in Poland; Mar. 7 (Thur.) is Bloody Tuesday; it is sealed on May 1, trapping 160K Jews in Hitler's Hell, with 31,721 apts. and only 725 having running water, along with a dead man wire around it. On Feb. 11 Hitler and Stalin sign the 1940 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement to trade German manufactured goods, armaments, and blueprints and prototypes of advanced military systems (incl. blueprints of the the battleship Bismarck) in return for oil and agricultural products. On Feb. 12 British minesweeper HMS Gleaner under Lt.-Cmdr. Hugh Percival Price (1901-) sinks German sub U-33, recovering three Engima rotors, along with three cypher keys, codenamed Dolphin, Pike, and Oyster; they only succeed in breaking Dolphin, used by surface vessels, but the Germans change it. On Feb. 12 The Adventures of Superman debuts on the Mutual Broadcasting System (until Mar. 1, 1951), starring the voice of Bud Collyer (1908-69), and sponsored by Kellogg's, going on to air the series of episodes "Clan of the Fiery Cross", exposing the KKK via secret info. passed by infiltrator Stetson Kennedy (1916-). On Feb. 16 the Altmark Incident sees British destroyer Cossack violate Norwegian neutrality and boards German supply ship Altmark, rescuing 299 British POWs after killing four German sailors, then making a mad dash through the Skagerrak to the Baltic Sea, winning Capt. (later Adm. of the Fleet) Philip Louis Vian (1894-1968) a Victoria Cross. On Feb. 16 Jesuit priest Edmund Aloysius Walsh (1885-1956), head of the foreign service school of Georgetown U. gives a speech in Washington, D.C., in which he claims that the war aims of Hitler are a "reestablishment of the Holy Roman Empire" (962-1806 C.E.); after the war, with Hitler destroyed by a U.S.-Soviet Communist alliance, he suggests to freshman U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy that he might use the anti-Communist issue to gain political prominence. On Feb. 21 in Britain women 60 and older are granted old age pensions. Is that you, Santa Claus? On Feb. 21 German concentration camp inspectorate dir. SS Gen. Richard Gluecks (Glücks) (1885-1945) informs Heinrich Himmler that he has found a site for a "quarantine" camp for Poles to be punished for disobedience and worked, a former Austrian-Hungarian cavalry barracks composed of brick bldgs. on the outskirts of Oswiecim, Poland, which the Germans rename Auschwitz; Jews are not mentioned. On Feb. 22 Tenzin Gyatso (Lhamo Thondup) (1935-) becomes Tibetan Dai Lama #14 in a ceremony in Lhasa. On Feb. 26 the U.S. Air Defense Command is created. On Feb. 29 the 12th Academy Awards in Los Angeles are hosted for the first time by Bob Hope (first of 18x); the best picture Oscar for 1939 goes to MGM's Gone With the Wind, along with best actress to Vivien Leigh, best supporting actress to Hattie McDaniel (first black actress to win, and first to be allowed at the AA ceremony, although seated near the kitchen), and best dir. to Victor Fleming; Clark Gable is passed over for the best actor award, which goes to Robert Donat for Goodbye Mr. Chips; best supporting actor goes to Thomas Mitchell for Stagecoach (who also plays Scarlett O'Hara's crazy pa Gerald in GWTW); Sidney Coe Howard wins a posth. award for the screenplay for "Gone With the Wind". In Feb. German exiles (in England) Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls discover that an A-bomb can be made with a few kg of U-235, ending the insoluble problem of the need for a moderator for U-238 to slow neutrons down; too bad, the ratio is 0.7% of U-235 to 99.3% of U-238, making chemical separation extremely difficult. On Mar. 4 after the ice hardens, Soviet forces launch a major offensive on Viipuri, Finland, causing PM Risto Ryti to fly to Moscow on Mar. 7 for peace negotiations. On Mar. 5 Molly first uses Fibber McGee's overstuffed hallway closet to search for a dictionary to look up the word "anahiliated" (sic); "Gotta straighten out that closet one of these days". On Mar. 5 NKVD head Lavrenti (Lavrentiy) Pavlovich Beria (1899-1953) proposes the execution of all members of the Polish officer corps, which is approved by Stalin, and in Mar. the Katyn Forest Massacre of 4K+ Polish officers by the Soviets (all neatly shot in the back of the neck) takes place, after which the Soviet govt. officially denies it; the Russian govt. doesn't release the archives until 1992, and puts them online in Apr. 2010; another 10K Polish officers are taken to Russia and killed, and their bodies aren't discovered until ?. On Mar. 6 Raymond "Ray" Forrest (Feuerstein) (1916-99) becomes the announcer for the first airborne telecast from an airplane flowing low over New York City. On Mar. 8 a Polish workman in Cracow is overheard by the Gestapo humming the Polish nat. anthem "Poland Has Not Yet Perished", and is shot dead in the street. On Mar. 12 after 27K Finnish and 58K Russian troops are KIA in the 105-day Winter War, defeated Finland signs the Moscow Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union, leasing the Hango Peninsula to Russia for 30 years, and giving up territory which on Mar. 31 becomes the Karelian Soviet Socialist Repub., known for having 60K lakes; on Mar. 14 the British War Cabinet cancels Operation Wilfred, a plan to invade Narvik, Norway and seize 1.5M tons of iron ore waiting to be shipped to Germany, then seize the iron ore fields at Gallivare (Gällivare), Sweden for fear of driving the Norwegians and Swedes into the arms of the Germans. On Mar. 15 two British bombers drop 6M-7M leaflets on Warsaw; on return, one lands by mistake in Germany but takes off again safely. On Mar. 16 15 German bombers attack the British fleet anchored at Scapa Flow naval base N of Scotland, damaging heavy cruiser Norfolk, killing three officers, and killing a civilian watching the raid at his cottage door; after Winston Churchill utters the Mar. 18 soundbyte: "There was considerable feeling in the country that while the Germans used bombs we only dropped leaflets", on Mar. 19 50 British bombers attack the German seaplane base in Hornum on Sylt Island, but fail to do any damage; one plane bombs Bornholm Island by mistake. On Mar. 16 after Pope Pius XII urges negotiations to decentralize Germany and hold a plebiscite in Austria, along with "a regime change and an avowal of Christian morality", a small group of Germans incl. Gen. Ludwig Beck, Col. Hans Oster, and ex-Leipzig mayor Carl Goerdeler hold meetings, which go nowhere under the iron grip of the Nazi regime. On Mar. 17 Dr. Fritz Todt (1891-1942) is appointed Reich minister for weapons and munitions, using his slave labor force to arm the Notsick, er, Nazi war machine. On Mar. 18 Adolf "night train" Hitler and Benito "makes the trains run on time" Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass in the Alps at the Italian-German border, and after Hitler monopolizes the conversation, starry-eyed Il Duce agrees that Italy will join the war, although he tries to lobby for a 3-4 mo. postponement of German's Western offensive, which Hitler pooh-poohs, saying that once France is defeated Britain will come to terms; he never actually gives Mussy notice of his attack on the West, or his plans to invade Norway, but peppers him with letters dissing the French and British for spinelessness. On Mar. 20 Edouard Daladier is ousted, and Paul Reynaud (1878-1966) becomes PM #118 of France (until June 16), meeting with Neville Chamberlain a week later in London to sign a joint declaration that neither country will sign a separate peace with Germany; he privately lobbies the British to take the Swedish iron ore fields after a diversionary action in Norway, and to bomb Soviet oilfields in the Caucasus to cut off Germany's oil supply. On Mar. 23 Truth of Consequences debuts on NBC Radio (until 1965), hosted by producer Ralph Livingstone Edwards (1913-2005), featuring impossible-to-answer trivia questions followed by Beulah the Buzzer, and the "consequences", a zany and embarrassing stunt, often involving reunion with a loved one. Chinese govt. headed by Wang Jingwei (1883-1944) ("the Chinese Quisling") is established in Nanjing by the Japanese. On Apr. 3 Hungarian PM (1939-41) Count Paul Teleki (Pál Janos Ede Count Teleki de Szék) (1879-1941) signs the Berlin Pact. On Apr. 4 Neville Chamberlain utters the soundbyte that Hitler has "missed the bus". On Apr. 8 the British begin laying mines in Norwegian waters. On Apr. 8/9 (night) Germany invades Norway, with troops landing at Narvik, Bergen, Kristiansand, and Trondheim, causing the govt. to flee to Hamar; former Norwegian war minister and Nazi henchman Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonsson Quisling (1887-1945) becomes PM in Oslo, his name becoming synonymous with traitor; too bad, on Apr. 24 Hitler appoints German Nazi Party man Josef Antonius Heinrich Terboven (1898-1945) to take effective control, making Quisling a figurehead; on Apr. 10 five British destroyers attack Narvik, sinking two of 10 German destroyers, losing two of their own, then returning on Apr. 13 and sinking the other eight; on Apr. 13 the British and French land at Namsos and Andalsnes near Trondheim, and win initial Vs before being evacuated in May-June; meanwhile Hitler orders German troops to evacuate Narvik; on Apr. 15 the Brits decode the Enigma key used by the Germans in the Norwegian operation, but can't transmit the intel to the field in a timely fashion; by Apr. 17 13K British troops are in Norway N of Narvik and S of Trondheim; on Apr. 29 German troops from Oslo and Trondheim link up, outmaneuvering them. On Apr. 9 (Wesertag) (a.m.) Germany invades Denmark in Operation Weserubung (Weserübung) (Weser River Exercise), causing the govt. to capitulate immediately; Thorvald Stauning remains head of the govt., and Christian X remains in Copenhagen, resisting attempts to make Jews wear yellow stars of David, later resulting in the saying "He wore a yellow star in sympathy"; Hungarian chemist George Charles de Hevesy (1885-1966) of the Niels Bohr Inst. dissolves the gold Nobel Prize medals of Max von Laue and James Franck in aqua regia and leaves the bottle on a shelf in his lab until the war ends, then has the Nobel Society recast the medals. On Apr. 11 the Nazis rename the captured towns of Lodz and Brzeziny in Poland to Litzmannstadt and Lowenstadt (Lion City) after WWI Gen. Karl Litzmann (1850-1936), the Lion of Brzeziny, who became a Nazi Party bigwig. On Apr. 14 220 Poles incl. women and children are rounded up and shot in Serokomla, Poland. On Apr. 20 Hitler celebrates his 51st birthday by establishing the Norland SS regiment which incl. Norwegians and Danes. On Apr. 21 the quiz show Take It or Leave It debuts on CBS Radio (ends July 27, 1947), asking the "64 Dollar Question". On Apr. 23 (Passover) the Nazis humiliate and torture Jews and Poles in Stutthof Camp. On Apr. 27 Heinrich Himmler orders the construction of the Auschwitz (Oswiecim) set of 40+ concentration camps in East Upper Silesia in S Poland near the Czech border (whose sturdy brick bldgs. were formerly an Austrian-Hungarian garrison and cavalry barracks), with the motto "Work Makes Free" (Arbeit Macht Frei); it opens on June 14 (as the Nazis summer in Paris?); it has 7K staff members, only 750 of whom are ever punished after the war; SS man Rudolf Hoess (1901-47) becomes commandant; on Sept. 19 after expressing a desire to gather intel there, Polish army Capt. Witold Pilecki (1901-48) lets himself be rounded up in Warsaw and sent there, and escapes 2.5 years later, giving the outside world its first news of what goes on there, allowing the Polish govt. in exile to convince the Allies of the Holocaust; after the war he is sent on a new mission to spy on the Soviets, and is caught and executed, after which the Polish Communist govt. suppresses info. about him until 1989. On May 2 the Brits withdraw a whole div. from France in case the Germans invade British soil. On May 4 the Germans sink Polish destroyer Grom near Narvik, killing 56, with the rest being rescued by British battleship HMS Resolution. On May 7 the Concordat of 1940 is signed in Vatican City by Portugal and the Holy See, limiting Church power in Portugal while throwing them a bone in that canonical marriages are not allowed to obtain a civil divorce, resulting in 91% of all marriages being canonical by 1960. The German Blitzkrieg of the West is the stuff legends are made of? On May 10 (dawn) after lying in a speech that he will respect Holland's neutrality, while lying in wait in a train in Euskirchen 30 mi. from the Belgian frontier, Adolf Hitler's German Blitzkrieg by 136 divs. begins (ends June 22) sans declarations of war, starting with 2.5K aircraft bombing airfields in France, Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg, followed by 16K troops under Luftwaffe Gen. Kurt Student (1890-1978) parachuting into Leiden, Rotterdam, and The Hague while 100 glider troops seize the Belgian bridges across the Albert Canal (which leads to Antwerp), and more siege the Eben-Emael Fortress, taking it on May 11; the Battle (Fall) of France begins (ends June 25); after invading Luxembourg, the Germans bypass the Maginot Line (which was only intended to protect the coal and steel industries of Alsace and Lorraine, and was never captured throughout the war) and invade Belgium through the Ardennes Forest via a "sickle cut" led by Gen. Erich von Manstein (1887-1973) (Belgium surrenders May 28), then the neutral Netherlands (surrenders May 14-15) (German troops parachute into the country wearing Dutch army uniforms?), followed on May 12 by France (surrenders June 25); France loses 217K KIA and 400K wounded, vs. 46K Germans KIA and 121K wounded, plus 1K aircraft lost; exiled Kaiser Wilhelm II in Apeldoorn, Holland refuses Winston Churchill's offer of asylum in Britain, preferring to live and die under German occupation; before the invasionn, Wehrmacht troops are given the crystal meth drug Pervitin to make them into super soldiers who don't grow tired and can stay awake for days at a time. On May 10 after a coalition govt. becomes mandatory to fight the Germans, and the Labour Party led by his bitter enemy Edward Hugh John Deale Dalton (1887-1962) refuses to support him, failed appeaser PM (since4 May 28, 1937) Neville Chamberlain resigns after British Conservative politician Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett "Leo" Amery (1873-1955) tells him "In the name of God, go!", conveniently croaking on Nov. 9, and Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965) (architect of the Norway disaster?) becomes British PM (until July 26, 1945) and defense minister, forming a special defense committee with the chiefs of staff to make daily strategic decisions, working to stop the British govt. from capitulating to Hitler in secret meetings, then on May 13 giving his Blood and Toil Speech (first speech as British PM), with the soundbyte: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat." On May 10 as Germany invades Belgium, Rexist leader Leon Degrelle is arrested by the Belgian govt. as a suspected German collaborator and shipped to France; when Belgium and France surrender, Degrelle returns, and declares the Rexist Party to be in union with the Nazi Party, and forms a Walloon section of the Wehrmacht which ends up on the Eastern Front in a bustiere mini-dress? On May 10 Operation Fork sees Danish dependency Iceland accepts a British garrison under protest in case of a German invasion (until July 1941). On May 10 German ship Antilla is scuttled in Malmok, Antilles to prevent capture by Dutch forces, as French troops land on Aruba to guard the Lago Refinery (until July 6); meanwhile the homes of approx. 200 German, Austrian, and collaborating Dutch persons on Aruba and Curacao are searched; on May 12 British troops of the 2nd Battalion of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry arrive on Curaco; on July 6 they relieve the French on Aruba (until Feb. 11, 1942). On May 10-June 17 the Germans shoot down 959 aircraft in France, killing 1,192 crew. On May 13 after calling George VI at 5 a.m. to beg for aircraft support, then leaving The Hague for Rotterdam, embarking on British destroyer Hereward and not being able to make it to Zeeland, Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch govt. escape to London and establish a govt.-in-exile. On May 14 (a.m.) the Germans blitz-bomb the Rhine River bridges in Rotterdam, killing 814 civilians with errant bombs, which the Allied press balloons to 25K-30K; on May 15 (9 p.m.) after losing Rotterdam the Dutch army surrenders. On May 14-15 the Battle of Gembloux, the first large-scale tank battle of WWII sees the French artillery-infantry stop the German blitzkrieg until they outflank them to the S; the myth of the use of the internal combustion engine and radio technology with a track and wheel force to rupture the enemy front and disorganize their rear is born, even though many German generals doubted the wisdom of the attack and it is really the fast-thinking opportunistic German operational level and its sheer recklessness that won out and caused the generals to later make it sound like a sound strategy? On May 15 nylon stockings go on gen. sale for the 1st time in the U.S. On May 15 N.H.-born Maurice James "Mac" McDonald (1902-71) and his brother Richard James "Dick" McDonald (1909-98) open the first McDonald's Restaurant in San Bernardino, Calif., becoming the first fast food restaurant, introducing the Speedee Service System in 1948, and opening the first restaurant with the Golden Arches in Mar. 1953 in Phoenix, Ariz; the first mascot is Speedee, which in 1967 is replaced by Ronald McDonald, who is dropped in 2003; Montpelier, Vt. becomes that last U.S. state capital to keep McDonald's out - here cum da thunder thighs and budonkadonk butts? On May 15 (night) the first British bomber attack on the Ruhr by 78 bombers hits 24 oil targets, losing 16 planes. On May 15 (night) FDR devises the "pushover" method of skirting the U.S. Neutrality Act by flying aircraft to the Canadian border, pushing them across, then flying them to Newfoundland, where they can be shipped to Britain. On May 16 as the German 7th Panzer Div. under Gen. Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel (1891-1944) (later "the Desert Fox") penetrates 50 mi. into France towards Cambrai, and more German Panzers under Gen. Heinz Wilhalm Guderian (1888-1954) reach 60 mi. E of Sedan, French forces pull out of Belgium. On May 17 the German Sixth Army under Gen. Walther von Reichenau occupies Brussels, causing the British 3rd Div. under Gen. Bernard Montgomery to retreat to the Dendre River; Gen. Franz Halder (1884-1972) writes the unusual soundbyte in his diary: "The Fuhrer is excessively nervous. He mistrusts his own success. He's afraid to take risks. He'd really like to stop now" - Brussels doubts? On May 17 the Panzers of Gen. Guderian reach the Oise River at Origny 10 mi. E of St. Quentin, while the French 4th Armored Div. under Col. Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle (1890-1970) slows them down, earning him a promotion to gen. On May 17 the Germans bomb Middleburg, Netherlands, destroying a third of the old city center to compel surrender of Zeeland. On May 18 the Germans capture Antwerp. On May 18 Gen. Guderian captures St. Quentin, while Gen. Rommel captures Cambrai and Le Cateau, where French Gen. Henri Honore (Honoré) Giraud (1879-1949) and the French Ninth Army walk into a trap, and Giraud is captured; French WWI ace (14 Vs) Lt. Marius Jean Paul Elzeard Ambrogi (1895-1971) gets his first and only WWII V in Cambrai. On May 18 after arguing in vain for a French offensive war against the Nazis, new interior minister (the Winston Churchill of France) Georges Mandel (Louis George Rothschild) (1885-1944) increases security in Paris, rounding up suspicious persons and setting up traffic stops; Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov and his Jewish wife escape Paris weeks before it falls on a French ocean liner's last voyage to New York City; on June 16 Mandel is offered by Churchill's military liaison officer British Gen. Edward Spears a trip out of France along with Charles de Gaulle, which Mandel declines, with the soundbyte: "You fear for me because I am a Jew. Well, it is just because I am a Jew that I will not go tomorrow; it would look as though I was afraid, as if I was running away"; on June 21 after trying to persuade Pres. Albert Lebrun, the presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate, and the entire cabinet to travel to French North Africa to continue the fight against the Germans, he embarks with 25 other mainly Radical or Socialist deputies incl. Pierre Mendes France and Jean Zay and one senator on the Massilia; too bad, on Aug. 8, 1941 they are arrested in Morocco by Gen. Charles Nogues on the orders of Vicy PM Pierre Laval, and Churchill tries in vain to get Mandel released, calling him "the first resister" (above de Gaulle), after which they are sentenced to life imprisonment on Nov. 4, 1941. On May 19 the SS Death Head Div. goes into action for the first time in France near Cambrai, killing 200 French Moroccan troops while only losing 16 of their own - how do you say N-word in German? On May 19 (night) Winston Churchill delivers his first radio broadcast as PM, titled "Be Ye Men of Valour", with the soundbytes: "This is one of the most awe-striking periods in the long history of France and Britain. It is also beyond doubt the most sublime"; the two peoples "have advanced to rescue not only Europe but mankind from the foulest and most soul-destroying tyranny which has ever darkened and stained the pages of history", helping "a group of shattered states and bludgeoned races: the Czechs, the Poles, the Norwegians, the Danes, the Dutch, the Belgians - upon all of whom the long night of barbarism will descend, unbroken even by a star of hope, unless we conquer, as conquer we must, as conquer we shall." On May 19/20 the Germans reach Amiens and Abbeville, cutting the BEF off from the main French army along with its supply line and bases, trapping hundreds of thousands of British, French, and Belgian soldiers with their backs to the sea, causing Hitler to jump for joy, talking "in words of appreciation of the German army and its leadership" while he "busies himself with the peace treaty which shall express the theme, 'Return of territory robbed over the last four hundred years from the German people'"; adding that he will "repay" the French by forcing them to accept peace terms in the same spot in Compiegne where the Germans capitulated in 1918, and as for the British, they "can have their peace as soon as they return our colonies to us". On May 20 Prince Wilhelm of Hohenzollern (b. 1906), grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II and heir to the German imperial throne is wounded in Valenciennes, dying on May 26 in Nivelles; his funeral service is attended by 50K, pissing-off jealous Hitler, who on ? issues the Prince's Decree (Prinzenerlass), barring all members of the former German royal houses from service in the military. On May 20 after his plane is shot down while machine-gunning French-Belgian refugees, and he is standing on the roadside with a crewman surrounded by an angry crowd, German Sgt. Wilhelm Ross (b. 1917) is shot in the head by a French soldier. On May 20 the U.S. Supreme (Hughes) Court rules unanimously in Cantwell v. Conn. that Jehovah's Witnesses Newton Cantwell and his sons Jesse and Russell can't be forced to get a license to hawk their religious wares in Conn. because the 14th Amendment incorporates the First Amendment against the states. On May 21 the Battle of Arras sees an Allied counterattack by the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Div. and 1st Army Tank Brigade against the flank of the German army near Arras in NE France fail, causing them to withdraw to avoid encirclement; the SS Death Head Div. is overrun after their anti-tank gun is no match for the British Matilda tank. On May 21 a special unit of Nazis arrives in Soldau (Dzialdowo) in East Prussia, killing 1.5K mental patients in 18 days, with the reports calling them "successfully evacuated". On May 21 (night) British Fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley and 35 leading members are arrested, followed within a week by 346 more members. On May 22 the Germans reach Le Crotoy at the mouth of the Somme River, cutting the Allied armies in half; 58 British tanks under Lt. Gen. Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel (1889-1958), counterattack at Arras, but are stopped by dive bombers after killing 89 members of Gen. Rommel's 7th Panzer Div. and 39 members of the SS Death Head Div., becoming the Panzers' first D, causing Hitler to order a halt to the offensive before reaching the Channel ports - big mistake? On May 22 Parliament grants the British govt. wide emergency powers. On May 22 British intel at Bletchley Park breaks the German Enigma key used by the German Luftwaffe, allowing 1K messages a day to be deciphered and sent to the field via special secure mobile unit. On May 22-26 the Siege of Calais sees 4K British and French (mainly British) troops with 40 tanks defend the port against a German Panzer div. aided by German bombers, losing 300 killed and 200 wounded vs. 750-1,750 Germans killed or wounded. On May 23 the Treachery Act of 1940 is passed in Britain to prosecute and execute spies by getting around the stiffer rules of evidence for treason; it is suspended after the war, and repealed on Jan. 1, 1968. On May 23-25 after 1K of 1.2K British troops evacuate by sea, Boulogne falls to the Germans. On May 24 an air attack by the Germans begins on the sea off the Channel coast, sinking French ship Chacal off Dunkirk, and British destroyer HMS Wessex off Calais, badly damaging Polish destroyer Bzura. On May 24 (night) on Hitler's orders, the German Fourth Army under Gen. von Rundstedt halts its advance on the trapped BEF, causing the SS Death Head (Totenkopf) Div. 15 mi. SW of Dunkirk along the line of the AA Canal with bridgehead at Saint-Venant to have to pull back over the Canal d'Aire under British artillery fire, losing 42 KIA; in the evening Gen. Halder is refused permission by Gen. Rundstedt to attack Dunkirk because "the mechanized groups must first be allowed to pull themselves together"; on May 25 the 6th Panzer Army under Waffen-SS Gen. Josef "Sepp" Dietrich (1892-1966) (Hitler's former chaffeur-bodyguard) defies Hitler's orders and continues the advance, ordering his III Battalion to cross the canal and take the heights, driving off British artillery observers, earning Dietrich a Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On May 25 the Luftwaffe attacks Zeebrugge, Blankenberge, Nieuport, Dunkirk, and Ostend, with Ostend receiving the heaviest bombing; meanwhile the British attack Saint-Venant, forcing the SS-VT Div. to retreat, becoming the first-ever SS unit retreat; the German advance resumes on May 26, with the Deutschland Regiment reaching the Leie River at Merville on May 27, forcing a bridgehead across the river then waiting for the SS Totenkopf Div. only to see British tanks arrive first until the Totenkopf Panzerjager Platoon arrives and saves the day. On May 25 Thornwell Jacobs (1877-1956), the father of the modern time capsule seals his Crypt of Civilization in Oglethorpe U. in Atlanta, Ga., containing encyclopedic knowledge of life and customs; it is slated to be opened in 8113 C.E. - when we embrace what lies ahead, our potential has no limit? Herr Hitler makes a mistake of - don't say it out loud - caution? On May 26 (the night that Calais falls) the British begin Operation Dynamo (Miracle of Dunkirk) (planned in the dynamo room of the Naval HQ in Dover Castle), the evacuation of Dunkirk (Dunkerque) to Dover (ends midnight June 2) (7 days), with the Germans allowing the 198,229 British and 139,997 French troops (338,226 total) to escape German encirclement on 42 British destroyers plus 1.2K Allied naval and civil craft incl. the 700 "Little Ships of Dunkirk", a flotilla of anything they can scrounge up in England that can float, surviving to fight the Krauts another day, with Winston Churchill uttering the soundbyte: "The whole root, the core, and brain of the British Army" have been rescued by a "miracle of deliverance"; the Luftwaffe tries in vain to stop the evacuation, losing 176 aircraft vs. 106 British aircraft; the Germans take 34K British POWs; the British leave 38K vehicles, 12K motorcyles, 475 tanks, 400 anti-tank guns, 1K heavy guns, 8K bren guns, 90K rifles, and 7K tons of ammo, leaving only 600K rifles and 12K bren guns in Britain; 136K British and 200K Polish troops remain in W France, and more British troops are en route from Norway; British gen. Sir Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander (1891-1969) is in charge of the evacuation, getting a promotion to CIC in the Middle East in 1942; the big decision to evacuate is made by BEF cmdr. Gen. John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort (1886-1946); double amputee RAF pilot Douglas Robert Steuart Bader (1910-82) scores his first Vs over Dunkirk, working up to group capt. and becoming a British hero. On May 27 the Le Paradis Massacre sees 97 members of the Royal Norfolk Regiment under Maj. Lisle Ryder (1903-) surrender in Paradis 50 mi. from Dunkirk only to be machine-gunned in a pit in front of a brick barn by the 14 Co. of the SS Totenkopf Div. under orders of Lt. Col. Fritz Knoechlein (Knöchlein) (1911-49), who is hanged in Hamburg on Jan. 28, 1949 when he makes the mistake of leaving two survivors, Pvt. Albert Pooley and Pvt. William O'Callagan. On May 28 (4 a.m.) Leopold III orders Belgian forces to cease fighting, causing the Belgian govt. in exile in Paris to declare him deposed, causing Winston Churchill to warn that it's too soon to "pass judgment" on him. On May 28 the 1st SS Div. Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler takes Wormhout (Wormhoudt) 10 mi. from Dunkirk; the Wormhout (Wormhoudt) Massacre sees the 50-man Royal Warwickshire Regiment surrender along with 30 French soldiers, only to be taken to a barn and shot and grenaded under orders of SS Capt. (later gen.) Wilhelm Mohnke (1911-2001), leaving five survivors; another 35 British POWs are murdered in the same area; on Apr. 24, 1988 the British Sunday Times reports that Mohnke is living as a retired businessman in Hamburg; an official British report is not released until 2011. On May 28 British troops finally take Narvik, only to find that the War Cabinet has authorized Operation Alphabet, the evacuation of Norway; on June 3/4 4.5K troops are evacuated from Narvik. On May 28 Heinrich Himmler writes the top secret Himmler Utopia Plan for reducing Poland to "the largest possible number of parts and fragments", from which the "racially valuable elements" would be extracted, while the rest "withers away", the remainder to be turned into subhuman labor robots taught only "how to count up to a maximum of five hundred, how to write his name, that it is God's command that he should be obedient to Germans, honorable, industrious, and brave." On May 30 the British are completely cornered at Dunkirk as SS divs. continue to advance into France as far as Saint-Etienne 250 mi. S of Paris; on May 31 the French surrender, pleasing Hitler, who tells the Leibstandardte SS Adolf Hitler: "Henceforth it will be an honour for you, who bear my name, to lead every German attack." On May 31 Winston Churchill tells French leaders that the U.S. has been "roused" by events, and is willing "to give us powerful aid"; U.S. army chief of staff George C. Marshall finds another loophole in the laws, declaring munitions to be surplus in order to give them to Britain, which places an order for 15K tons of newfangled TNT; after meeting with WWI hero Marshal Petain and discussing how the French should fight it out in French North Africa if they lose France, Churchill notes a "detached and somber" look on his face, "giving me the feeling that he would face a separate peace". In May the base for the U.S. Pacific Fleet is moved from San Diego, Calif. to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. In May a camp is set up in Woldenberg, Germany (Dobiegniew, Poland) for captured Polish officers (until Jan. 1945). In May the anti-Communist Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (CDAAA) is formed by William Allen White (1868-1944) et al. to promote a "pro British policy" against the Axis by providing military material support in order to keep the U.S. out of the war, opposing the Am. First Committee, growing to 700 local chapters; in mid-Dec. the No Foreign War Committee is formed by Verne Marshall to oppose it; after White issues the soundbyte "The Yanks Are Not Coming", which pisses-off New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, who accuses him of "doing a Laval", i.e., copying French foreign minister Pierre Laval, a leader in the French Vichy govt., White is replaced next Jan. by former U.S. Sen. (R-Vt.) (since June 24, 1940) Ernest William Gibson Jr. (1901-69); after the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, the words "Aiding the Allies" are dropped from the name to allow support for the Soviets without calling them allies; the org. dissolves after the Dec. 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On June 1 the Germans get close enough to Dunkirk to bombard the 20K British and 60K French troops remaining with artillery, which doesn't stop them from evacuating 64,229 while losing three British and one French destroyers, two troop transports, a minesweeper and a gunboat. On June 2 the comic series The Spirit debuts as a 16-page tabloid insert in the Sun. eds. of Register and Tribune Syndicate newspapers, created by William Erwin "Will" Eisner (1917-2005), reaching 5M circ. in this decade befoe being discontinued in 1952. On June 3 the Germans bomb Paris, killing 254 incl. 195 civilians. I want a perfect body, I want a perfect soul? On June 3 after the Nazis revive a 1937 Polish plan, the Madagascar Plan is proposed by Franz Rademacher (1906-73), head of the Jewish Dept. of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Germany; on June 20 Hitler tells Adm. Raeder that now Germany can send all its pesky Jews to Madagascar; on Aug. 15 with Hitler's approval, Adolf Eichmann releases a memo calling for the resettlement of 1M Jews per year for four years, with the island governed as a police state under the SS; too bad, the D in the Battle of Britain causes it to be postponed, and it is permanently shelved in 1942 with the commencement of the extermination of European Jewry. On June 4 Winston Churchill gives his Fight Them on the Beaches Speech to the House of Commons, with the soundbyte: "Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous states have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. And even if, which I do not for the moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, will carry on the struggle until in God's good time the New World with all its power and might, sets forth to the liberation and rescue of the Old", all of which rallies public opinion for the war and his govt.; he also utters the soundbyte about FDR: "Don't let the president come out with a peace plan! It will just embarrass us, and we won't accept it"; U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy later utters the soundbyte that Churchill "mobilized the English language and sent it into battle"; if he had accepted Hitler's peace overtures then millions would have been saved from horrible fates, and Britain would have not lost its world power status, sharing the world with Germany, hence WWII is all his fault? - a hairless sloth? On June 5 (4 a.m.) the Battle (Fall) of France begins (ends June 22), with 143 German divs. attacking 65 French, 22 Belgian, 10 British and 9 Dutch divs. along a 140-mi. front; the Germans enjoy air superiority with 2.5K aircraft vs. a few hundred British aircraft and some obsolete French aircraft; Hitler directs the battle from his new HQ in Bruly-de-Pesche, Belgium near the French border; Paul Reynaud appoints Gen. Charles de Gaulle to be undersecy. of state for war - France is a piece of cake? On June 7 Italy orders its ships to neutral ports. On June 7 after the Norwegian 6th Div. surrenders and defense chief Otto Ruge is taken POW, King Haakon VII and his govt. flee Tromso aboard British cruiser Devonshire to London and establish a govt.-in-exile; on June 9-10 Norway surrenders. On June 8 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 14, halting the advance in the Chateau-Thierry-Metz-Belfort triangle in E France and diverting troops to the siege of Paris. On June 8 British aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and destroyers HMS Ardent and HMS Acasta are sunk by the Scharnhorst and the Gneisenau while evacuating the last of 25K British troops from Narvik, Norway, killing 1,515 of 1,558 aboard. On June 9 after Churchill talks the War Cabinet into denying Paul Reynaud's request for more airplane squadrons, and instead convinces them that Britain's survival is the key to the war, 11K British-French troops begin evacuating at Le Havre, followed on June 10 by Cherbourg and St. Valery-en-Caux; meanwhile the Germans advance towards Rouen. On June 10 after German tanks close in on St. Valery-en-Caux, and the British 51st Div. under Maj. Gen. Sir Victor Morven Fortune (1883-1949) tries to make a last stand, French troops under Gen. Marcel Ihler (1880-1975) march in front of them waving white flags. On June 10 Gen. Rommel reaches Les Petites-Dalles on the Channel coast, uttering the soundbyte: "We climbed out of our vehicles and walked down the shingle beach to the water's edge until the water lapped over our boots." On June 10 Italy declares war on Britain and France, and on June 11 bombs Malta, then occupies SE France, with Hitler uttering the soundbyte: "First they were too cowardly to take part. Now they are in a hurry so that they can share in the spoils", adding: "I would have done everything the other way around. This must be the last declaration of war in history. I never thought the Duce was so primitive. Never in my life will I sign a declaration of war. I will always strike first"; on June 10 FDR makes his Stab in the Back Speech at the U. of Va., with the soundbyte: "On this tenth day of June 1940, the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor", pledging to "extend to the opponents of force the material resources of this nation. We will not slow down or detour. Signs and signals call for speed, full speed ahead"; Britain begins rounding up 4.1K Italians age 16-70 who lived there less than 20 years; on June 11 Italy bombs Port Sudan, Aden, and Malta, while Britain bombs Genoa, Turin, and Eritrea; on June 12 Italian merchant ship Romolo is scuttled near Nauru to avoid capture by armed Australian merchant cruiser Manoora; in order to prevent Italian Vs in Africa and free Ethiopia from Italian rule, the East African Campaign by the Allies, led by the British under Gen. Sir Archibald Percival Wavell (1883-1950) begins (ends Nov. 27, 1941); the Italian invasion of France sputters out in two weeks, with 631 Italian vs. 40 French casualties. On June 11 the Germans occupy Reims and Reims-Champagne Air Base, and the French govt. flees Paris S to Briare on the Loire River; Churchill visits them, finding out that they have lost 35 of 103 divs., and telling them: "It is possible that the Nazis may dominate Europe, but it will be a Europe in revolt, and in the end it is certain that a regime whose victories are in the main due to its machines will one day collapse. Machines will beat machines." On June 11 after Hitler orders the Messerschmitt co. to make planes that can carry tanks across the English Channel for an invasion, work begins on the Messerschmitt ME 323 Gigant military glider, which can carry 120 fully-equipped troops (120 tons) riding on plywood floors; they end up being used to support Gen. Rommel in North Africa. On June 12 the British govt. announces a complete blockade of Italy. On June 12 46K British-French forces incl. 12 generals holed-up at St. Valery-en-Caux are captured by the 7th Panzer Div. of Gen. Rommel, who then attacks and captures Cherbourg on June 17-19. On June 12 the U.S. ships 600 freight cars of military supplies from Raritan, N.J. to Britain and France incl. 500K rifles, 80K machine guns, and 900 big guns. On June 12-14 the Soviet Baltic Fleet begins a total military blockade of Estonia; Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov (1896-1948) is sent to supervise Estonia's absorption into the Soviet Union. On June 13 Gen. Franco announces a new Spanish policy of non-belligerency, implying all aid to Germany and Italy short of military involvement (until Oct. 1943). On June 13 the French govt. flees to Tours then Bordeaux (like in WWI); meanwhile after PM Paul Reynaud appeals to FDR for U.S. intervention, he replies to Churchill that it's "doing everything in its power to make available to the Allied Governments the material they so urgently require, and our efforts to do still more are being redoubled"; after a diplomatic exchange, FDR prohibits the French from publicizing his message. On June 13 Pope Pius XII issues the encyclical Saeculo Exeunte, honoring Portugal's 800th anniv., calling for it to modernize missionary work. On June 13 Adolf Hitler gives an interview to German-born Am. Hearst correspondent Karl Henry von Wiegand (1874-1961), telling him that Germany has no territorial designs in the Am. continent. The Nazis wash the gay right out of Gay Paris' hair? On June 14 (6:00 a.m.) after French military gov. Gen. Pierre Hering (1874-1963) declares it an open city on June 12, and the French cease military activity in suburban towns to give them a free path, the French weep as the Germans occupy Paris after 2M have already fled, leaving 700K, who are told of a new 8:00 p.m. curfew; at 9:45 a.m. the German Fourth Army under Gen. von Kluge triumphantly marches down the Champs-Elysees to mock the Nov. 1918 French victory march; PM Paul Reynaud resigns, is arrested and sent to Ft. du Portalet, transferred to German custody in 1942 and held in Germany until the end of the war; the SS sets up shop headed by Col. Helmut Knochen (1910-2003); Austrian-born Jewish "The Eyewitness" novelist Ernst Weiss (b. 1882) commits suicide in his Paris apt.; the Nazis order all French films made prior to 1937 destroyed, causing Henri Langlois, 1936 founder of the Cinametheque Francois to smuggle huge numbers of films and documents to unocupied France, incl. Charlie Chaplin's "The Great Dictator". On June 14 Spanish troops occupy Tangier, Morocco; Franco ignores calls by Spanish nationalists to annex it, and in Nov. after a diplomatic dispute with Britain over the former internat. zone (1923) guarantees British rights, promising not to fortify it; the occupation ends on Oct. 11, 1945. On June 14 the Earl of Suffolk leads a special operation in France to recover a cache of French industrial diamonds along with the world's supply of heavy water (26 cans) (188 l), taking Paris Group scientists Hans Heinrich von Halban (1908-64) and Lew Kowarski (1907-79) from Bordeaux in British collier Broompark; they settle at Cambridge and become the Tube Alloy Project, later merging with the Manhattan Project - long live living long and loving every minute of it? On June 14 Canadian troops land in Brest, France, moving through Rennes to Laval, only to be ordered on June 15 to return to Britain via St. Malo, losing six who went AWOL in Laval; on June 18 the German 5th Panzer Div. occupies it. On June 14 an army lorry crashes into a house in Burley in Wharfedale, Yorkshire, England, killing 19 of 21 soldiers. On June 15 the Germans take WWI pest fortress city Verdun and pate fois gras city Strasbourg, followed on June 17 by mustard city Dijon. On June 15-25 Operation Ariel evacuates 163,225 British troops from France incl. 30K from Cherbourg, 21.5K from St. Malo, 32.5K from Brest, 57K from St. Nazaire and Nantes, 2K from La Pallice, and 19K from S France; on June 17 a German bomber sinks British passenger liner RMS Lancastria at St. Nazaire, killing 6.5K soldiers, with 2,477 survivors, becoming the greatest British naval disaster in history (until ?); the British govt. covers it up until U.S. newspapers leak it six weeks later. On June 16 deputy PM Marshal Philippe Petain threatens to resign if the French cabinet doesn't ask for an immediate armistice, and PM Paul Reynaud asks Britain to release France from its agreement not to make a separate peace, and they agree, but propose an Anglo-French Union, which the cabinet rejects, causing Reynaud to resign, and Petain to form a new govt. and ask Germany for an armistice at 11:00 p.m.; on June 17 (a.m.) Hitler learns of it, and jerks his knee before stepping backward while cameraman Walter Frentz (1907-2004) photographs him, causing Canadian producer John Grierson to loop it and make Hitler dance a jig, whipping-up ridicule; on June 17 (p.m.) after Petain broadcasts the news, Winston Churchill broadcasts a speech, with the soundbyte: "Whatever has happened in France makes no difference to our actions and purpose. We shall do our best to be worthy of this high honor. We shall defend our island home, and with the British Empire we shall fight on unconquerable until the curse of Hitler is lifted from the brows of mankind. We are sure that in the end all will come right"; on June 20 on Hilter's orders the Armistice site is destroyed incl. a German eagle impaled on a sword and a large stone tablet reading "Here on the eleventh of November 1918 succumbed the criminal pride of the German Reich, vanquished by the free peoples which it tried to enslave; a statue of Foch is left intact to mock him; the Armistice carriage is taken to Berlin, not surviving the war. On June 16 as Soviet troops invade Estonia, Soviet minister Vyacheslav Molotov presents an ultimatum to Latvia, accusing it of violating the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, after which the Soviet NKVD invades and absorbs the Baltic repubs. of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to create the 14th, 15th, and 16th Soviet Repubs.; on June 17 Estonia capitulates to avoid bloodshed, and the Soviet military occupation is completed on June 21 after the Estonian Single Signal Battalion holding out in Tallinn surrenders; on July 21 the Estonian Soviet Socialist Repub. is proclaimed (ends Aug. 20, 1991), along with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Repub. (ends Mar. 11, 1991); on July 23 the Red Army occupies Latvia; on Aug. 5 after proposing the incorporation of Western Ukraine into the Soviet Union last year, then deporting or killing 34,250 Latvian Trotskyists, Bukharinites, and foreign agents, Odessa-born Great Purge mastermind Andrey Januarevich Vyshinsky (1883-1954) sets up the Latvian Soviet Socialist Repub. (ends Sept. 6, 1991), headed (until 1952) by puppet Augusts Kirhensteins (1872-1963), going on to arrest 27,586 (most of whom are deported), and shoot 945 in the next year; Vyshinsky becomes a big man with Stalin, who names him deputy people's commissar of foreign affairs in 1904-9, accompanying him to Yalta and Potsdam; U.S. spokesman Sumner Welles (1892-1961) announces the U.S. policy of non-recognition of Soviet annexation, after which 50 countries follow suit. On June 16 after arguing in vain for a French offensive wa against the Nazis, French Jewish politician (the Winston Churchill of France) Georges Mandel (Louis George Rothschild) (1885-1944) is offered by Churchill's military liaison officer British Gen. Edward Spears a trip out of France along with Charles de Gaulle, which Mandel declines, with the soundbyte: "You fear for me because I am a Jew. Well, it is just because I am a Jew that I will not go tomorrow; it would look as though I was afraid, as if I was running away"; on June 21 after trying to persuade Pres. Albert Lebrun, the presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate, and the entire cabinet to travel to French North Africa to continue the fight against the Germans, he embarks with 25 other mainly Radical or Socialist deputies incl. Pierre Mendes France and Jean Zay and one senator on the Massilia; too bad, on Aug. 8, 1941 they are arrested in Morocco by Gen. Charles Nogues on the orders of Vicy PM Pierre Laval, and Churchill tries in vain to get Mandel released, calling him "the first resister" (above de Gaulle), after which they are sentenced to life imprisonment on Nov. 4, 1941. On June 17 (night) British bombers attack the oil installations at Leuna, Germany S of Leipzig. On June 18 the Germans occupy Cherbourg, Briare, Colmar, Le Mans, Nevers, Rennes, and Vannes, while the British bomb Hamburg and Bremen. On June 18 (6:00 p.m.) Brig. Gen. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) issues his Appeal of June 18 to the French people via radio from London, talking about how the French govt. is "alleging the defeat of our armies", with the soundbyte: "But has the last word been said? Must we abandon all hope? Is our defeat final? No!", pointing to the "vast empire" of the British and the "immense industrial resources" of the U.S., with the soundbyte: "This is a world war... There still exists in the world everything we need to crush our enemies some day. Today we are crushed by the sheer weight of the mechanized forces hurled against us, but we can still look to a future in which even greater mechanized forces will bring us victory. Therein lies the destiny of the world", inaugurating the Free French Nat. Committee; on June 28 Britain recognizes them, followed by the other Allies and French Resistance by 1942, and it goes on to command all French troops fighting with the Allies and Resistance, collectively known as the Fighting French. On June 18 British PM Winston Churchill gives his Finest Hour Speech to the British people from London, urging Brits to display a stiff upper lip against the German Blitz, and cause future generations to say "This was their finest hour", and uttering the soundbyte "What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us"; the mainline Christian churches in the U.S. and Britain, who are preaching WWII as a war between Christendom and anti-Christian Statism use Churchill's speech as major ammo - let's go kill for Christ again, like he needs it? On June 18 liberal crusading anti-Fascist, anti-poll tax, pro-FDR, pro-U.S. involvement in the war PM newspaper is founded in New York City by liberal Time ed. (1936-9) Ralph Ingersoll (1900-84), who lines up I.F. Stone, Ernest Hemingway, Erskine Caldwell, Tip O'Neill, photographers Margaret Bourke-White and Weegee, and cartoonists Dr. Seuss and Carl Rose; in Apr. 1942 it debuts the cartoon strip Barnaby by Crockett Johnson (David Johnson Leisk) (1906-75); Marshall Field III purchases it, then sells it to Bartley Crum on May 1, 1948, who changes it to New York Star on June 23, after which it suspends pub. on Jan. 28, 1949. On June 18-19 Hitler and Mussolini meet in Munich, and Hitler surprises him by arguing for lenient terms for France, and by his "many reservations on the desirability of demolishing the British Empire, which he considers even today to be an important factor in world equilibrium"; "Hitler is now the gambler who has made the big scoop and would like to get up from the table, risking nothing more" (Count Ciano); "For Mussolini the idea of Hitler's waging war and, worse still, winning it, is altogether unbearable" (Count Ciano) (Nov. 20). On June 19 the Japanese govt. announces that it opposes any change in the status quo of French possessions in Indochina, contradicting its liberator image in Southeast Asia. On June 19 the Germans occupy Nantes and Brest. On June 19 French Capt. Pierre Jean Ronarch steals new unfinished battleship Jean Bart from dry dock at St. Nazaire and sails it to Casabalanca. On June 19 German troops massacre 30 French Moroccan troops trying to surrender between Dijon and Lyon; on June 21 at Villefranche-sur-Saone S of Nevers the SS Death Head Div. takes 25 white French POWs after killing 44 Moroccans. On June 19-24 the British evacuate 22,656 British citizens from the Channel Islands off France, then occupy them on June 30 for the rest of the war. On June 20 a French delegation travels to Rethondes in the Forest of Compiegne to conduct armistice negotiations. Grassroots democracy in the U.S. vs. the hidden powers, Part What? On June 20 Charles Lindbergh speaks at the Peace and Preparedness Rally in Los Angeles, Calif., claiming that the U.S. is virtually impregnable and that those who want it to intervene to defend England really want it to defeat Germany; on Sept. 4 the America First Committee is founded by Yale U. law students Robert Douglas Stuart Jr. (1916-), Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (1913-2006) (future U.S. pres.), Potter Stewart (1915-85) (future U.S. Supreme Court justice), and Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. (1915-2011), going on to recruit writers Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), E.E. Cummings (1894-1962), Gore Vidal (1925-2012), John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964), Walt Disney (1901-66), Lillian Gish (1893-1993) et al. along with 800K members in 650 chapters, centered in Chicago, Ill., opposing enforcement of the 1939 U.S. Neutrality Act and U.S. entry into WWII, with Lindbergh as its #1 spokesman; they disband on Dec. 11, 1941 after the Pearl Harbor attack - pure luck or a planned end-around run by cagey FDR? On June 20 the Gestapo and police begin executing Polish intellectuals and politicians in the Palmiry Forest, incl. Polish Socialist leader Mieczyslaw Niedzialkowski (b. 1893) June 21, going on to kill 1,739 by July 17, 1941; after being interviewed by Heinrich Himmler, who asks him, "What do you want from us, what do you expect?", Needlekowski responds: "From you I neither want nor demand anything. With you I fight." On June 21 the Germans reach Rennes, Brittany, France. On June 21 (3:30 p.m.) after being shuttled from Bordeaux, French negotiators are stunned to find themselves in the prized railway coach in which Germany had capitulated in 1918 in Compiegne, and at 3:40 p.m. after Hitler leaves, Gen. Keitel reads the armistice terms, incl. German occupation of 75% of France, along with a French govt. on the remainder controlling the colonies, with the French fleet not allowed to pass out of French control, and all 1,538,000 French POWs remaining under German control. On June 21 the Polish govt.-in-exile arrives in London from Paris, and are greeted at Paddington Station by George VI. On June 22 the Italians bomb Alexandria, Egypt. Fie-yur? On June 22 (6:50 p.m.) (8 days after the Germans overrun Paris) new French PM Marshal Henri-Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Petain (Pétain) (1856-1951) signs the Second Armistice at Compiegne with Germany (to take effect on June 25) in the same Orient Express railway carriage of Gen. Foch used in the 1918 signing, surprising the world by his lenient terms, dividing France into occupied (60%) and unoccupied (40%) zones, with the French allowed to keep their colonial empire and part of their fleet, disappointing Mussolini, who wants it all for himself, as well as Corsica, Nice, along with Malta, Egypt, and Sudan from the British; total killed: Germans 45K, French 92K, Belgians 7.5K, British 3.5K, Dutch 2.9K; Hitler has now conquered Poland, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, and France; Hitler has the carriage taken to Berlin as a souvenir; in Apr. 1945 it disappears on a railway line between Elsterwerda and Grossenhain 50 mi. S of Berlin (British bombing raid?), after which a replica is created; Hitler dances a jig after the Allied surrender (actually, a faked newsreel by Allied intel, but who cares, it's practically history now?); on July 10 Petain replaces Albert Lebrun as pres. of France (although Lebrun never officially resigns), and rules the unoccupied part of France from Vichy, with former PM (1931-2, 1935-6) Pierre Laval (1883-1945) as vice-PM (until 1941), cooperating with the Nazis and their program of giving free working vacations to lucky Jews; meanwhile the real pres. Albert Lebrun flees to Vizelle (Isere) on July 15, but is finally captured by the Nazis on Aug. 27, 1943 and imprisoned in Itter Castle in Tyrol, then released on Oct. 10, 1943 due to poor health; after the Allies return, on Aug. 9, 1944 Lebrun meets with Charles de Gaulle and officially resigns?; in July ex-king Edward VIII and his babe Wallis leave France for more exile in Lisbon, Portugal, where he is later alleged by the Brits to have agreed to become a pro-Nazi puppet king of England upon a Nazi V, then made gov. of the Bahamas to get him quietly out of the way?; Harvard-educated French historian Bernard Fay (1893-1978), dir. of the French Nat. Library is hired by the Vichy regime to root-out pesky Jew-connected OWG-plotting Freemasons, compiling a list of 170K, of whom 989 get sent to concentration camps, where 549 are killed; 3K more lose their jobs, although he protects Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas; in 1946 he receives a life sentence, and with Toklas' financial help escapes to Switzerland in 1951. On June 22 after inventing soft serve ice cream in 1938 and getting his friend Sherb Noble to sell it in his store in Kankakee, Ill., becoming a hit, Dairy Queen (DQ) soft serve ice cream (with the trademark curl) restaurants are founded in Joliet, Ill. by Douds, Iowa-born John Fremont "J.F." "Grandpa" McCullough (1871-1963), expanding to 100 stores in 1941, 100 in 1947, 1,446 in 1950, 2.6K in 1955, and 4.8K in 2014; in 1957 it offers Brazier (open charcoal grill) foods incl. hot dogs, BBQ beef and pork; in 1959 the red Dairy Queen symbol is introduced; in 1987 it acquires Orange Julius; in 1998 it is acquired by Berkshire Hathaway. On June 23 (5:45 a.m.) now the Master of Europe, Herr Hitler tours Paris, visiting the French Opera, and Napoleon's Tomb ("the greatest and finest moment of my life"), ordering the remains of Napoleon's son Duc de Reichstadt in Vienna to be laid next to him, uttering the soundbyte: "I am grateful to fate to have seen this town whose aura has always preoccupied me"; he also visits the Eiffel Tower, telling Albert Speer "It was the dream of my life to be permitted to see Paris"; after ordering the statue of WWI French Gen. Mangin and the memorial to British nurse Edith Cavell destroyed, at 8:30 a.m. he flies out of Le Bourget Airport, circles the city, and returns to Bruly-de-Pesche, ordering Speer that evening to resume work on his all-new Nazi Berlin, to be finished by 1950, with the soundbyte: "Wasn't Paris beautiful? But Berlin must be made far more beautiful. In the past I often considered whether I would not have to destroy Paris. But when we are finished in Berlin, Paris will only be a shadow, so why should we destroy it?" his ultimate aim is to rechristen Berlin as Germania, the capital of the world - this is as good as it gets? On June 23 (night) after British PM Winston Churchill requests the army to create them, British volunteer Commandos (Striking Cos.) begin hit-and-run raids on the French coast between Calais and Boulogne. On June 24 Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain of France signs an armistice with Italy, agreeing to an Italian occupation zone of 832 sq. km containing 28.5K inhabitants, incl. Menton, with a DMZ of 50km from the Italian Alpine Wall, incl. Grenoble and Nice. On June 24 French ex-ministers fleeing occupation intending to carry the fight to North Africa reach Casablanca, only to find that Moroccan gov.-gen. (1936-43) Charles Hippolyte Nogues (Noguès) has already accepted the armistice. On June 24 German Holland gov.-gen. (1940-5) Arthur Seyss-Inquart (1892-1946) prorogues Parliament; on July 5 he makes it a crime to listen to BBC radio broadcasts. On June 24-28 the 1940 Repub. Nat. Convention in Philadelphia, Penn. nominates Time mag.-backed newcomer (who switched from Dem. to Repub. in the mid-1930s, staying on the liberal side and waffling about the New Deal and isolationism) Wendell Lewis Willkie (1892-1944) (first Repub. RINO candidate?) of Ind. on the 6th ballot, bypassing Sen. Robert A. Taft of Ohio and New York City district atty. Thomas E. Dewey; conservative Oregon Sen. Charles Linza McNary (1874-1944) is nominated for vice-pres.; the campaign slogan is "Roosevelt for Ex-President"; U.S. Rep. (R-Mass.) Joseph William Martin Jr. (1884-1968) becomes permanent chmn. of the Repub. Nat. Convention (until 1952); NBC-TV (announcer Ray Forrest) and CBS-TV make it the first televised political convention; CBS-TV broadcasts the convention in color. On June 26 with its non-aggression pact with Germany in hand, the Soviet Union demands the return of Bessarabia from Romania, and the cession of Northern Bukovina (Bucovina) (19.3K sq. mi., pop. 3.5M), and after Hitler urges them to do it and they agree on June 27, and occupy it on June 28-July 4, and Romania is the biggest Black Sea country no more; on July 1 after pressure from Germany and Italy, Romania renounces the Anglo-French guarantee of its integrity, and on Aug. 30 yields the 17.4K sq. mi. half (2.4M pop.) of N Transylvania to Hungary in the Vienna Award, creating the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Repub. (#13) (a small part of SE Bessarabia along the Black Sea coast and another small part in the NW are added to Ukrainian SSR), with capital at Kishinev (Chisinau). On June 26 Hitler visits the area of the Western Front where he served in WWI; as he drives through Lille, a woman shouts out the window "The Devil!" On June 27 the Germans set up radio beacon beams in Brest and Cherbourg to use by bombers targeting Britain. On June 28 Italian Air Marshal Italo Balbo (b. 1896), Libyan gov. since 1933 and Mussolini's heir apparent is shot down by mistake by Italian anti-aircraft fire while trying to land in Tobruk. On June 29 Hitler leaves his HQ at Bruly-de-Peche for a new HQ called Tannenberg in the small village of Kniebis near Freudenstadt in the Black Forest. On June 29 the U.S. Alien Registration (Smith) Act is passed, making it a federal crime to advocate the overthrow of the U.S. govt. or any state govt. by force; too bad, it is worded so loosely that it becomes a swinging cannon on deck depending on who's in power? On June 30 German forces occupy the Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey. On June 30 Soviet aircraft occupy the port of Izmail in Bessarabia. On June 30 Hitler orders "all objects of art, whether state-owned, or in private Jewish hands" in Paris confiscated for safekeeping "as a security for eventual peace negotiations", and Joachim von Ribbentrop assigns new embassy employee Heinrich Otto Abetz (1903-58) to the job, which he does enthusiastically; on Sept. 17 Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (1893-1946) takes over, after which the Vichy govt. protests the whole program in Oct. in vain, and by the end of Oct. the Louvre is stuffed full, requiring more space; in Nov. Abetz becomes the German ambassador in Paris. On June 30 the comic strip Brenda Starr, Reporter by Dalia "Dale" Messick (1906-2005) debuts, making her the first female syndicated comic strip artist in the U.S.; discontinued on Jan. 2, 2011. In June a French Vichy admin. is installed in Syria (until 1941). In June Gross-Rosen Concentration Camp in Poland becomes operational, housing 125K inmates in 30 subcamps, of which 40K are killed by the time it closes on Feb. 19, 1945. In June Robin, the "Boy Wonder" (secret identity of Dick Grayson) debuts in Detective Comics #38; his parents John and Mary were the circus highwire act the Flying Graysons, and were killed by the slug Bess Zucco and his mob. In June-July 526 British pilots are KIA. In June-Sept. German U-boats sink 351 ships. On July 1 the Italian govt. of Mussolini threatens action against Greece for letting British warships use its territorial waters in attacks on Italian ships. On July 1 German U-boats begin attacking merchant ships in the Atlantic. On July 1 the British govt. establishes the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to administer all underground acts of sabotage, subversion, and propaganda in German-occupied Europe and neutral countries, with Churchill giving it the motto: "Set Europe ablaze!"; the French "F" Section is created under Maurice James Buckmaster (1910-92) (who made it out of Dunkirk) and Vera Maria Atkins (Rosenberg) (1908-2000) (a Romanian Jewish immigrant who becomes a British citizen in 1944) to infiltrate operatives back into German-occupied France after training them at Baker St. and Orchard Ct. in London; French-speaking Anthony Morris "Tony" Brooks (1922-2007) (AKA Agent Alphonse) becomes the youngest and longest-surviving F Section organizer, and is parachuted into France in July 1942. On July 2 Marshal Petain moves his Unoccupied Zone govt. from Bordeaux to Vichy. On July 2 Hitler orders his military to prepare invasion plans for Britain, contingent on attaining air superiority; on July 3 the British conclude that any invasion will be preceded by a major air war. On July 2 German U-boat U-47 sinks British liner SS Arandora Star, carrying enemy aliens incl. Jewish refugees off Ireland, killing 714 of 1,582. On July 3 after French Vichy Adm. Jean Louis Xavier François Darlan (1881-1942) refuses to cooperate, the British launch Operation Catapult to keep Germany from taking over French warships, issuing an ultimatum to ships at Mers-el-Kebir Naval Base in Oran to hand them over, and when they refuse they bombard them for 5 min., sinking cruiser Dunkerque and battleships Provence and Bretagne, killing 1.25K, while cruiser Strasbourg, aircraft carrier Commandant Teste, and five destroyers escape to Toulon, causing the Vichy govt. on July 5 to break off diplomatic relations with Britain; meanwhile all French ships in British ports are boarded and captured without violence, except for submarine Surcouf, where one French sailor is killed; Winston Churchill utters the soundbyte about the deaths at Oran: "I leave it with confidence to Parliament, I leave it also to the nation, and I leave it to the United States, I leave it to the world and to history", causing FDR to become convinced of the British will to continue the war alone. On July 3 Am. "Hurricane Smith" actor Ray Earl Middleton Jr. (1907-84) becomes the first to play Superman in public on Superman Day at the 1939 New York World's Fair. On July 5 pissed-off Romania joins the German-Italian Axis. On July 5 after Japan asks the Vichy govt. for military bases in French Indochina then occupies them in the midst of negotiations, the U.S. passes the U.S. Export Control Act, forbidding export of vital materials and military equipment to Japan without a license; meanwhile the thought of the Japanese romping over the colonies of defeated France and Holland causes the U.S. to sweat about a Pacific War. On July 5 Boris Mikhailovich Shaposhnikov (1882-1945), Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (1895-1970), and incompetent (friend of Stalin) artillery chief Grigory Ivanovich Kulik (1890-1950) (whose portrait bears a striking resemblance to actor-wrestler Jesse "the Body" Ventura (1951-)?) are promoted to field marshal; Shaposhnikov becomes chief of the Red Army Staff - a lot of room at the top after all them purges? On July 6 after the Japanese demand that the British close the Burma Road, their main arms supply route to China, and they don't want a 3rd enemy, they fold and close it for 3 mo. until Oct. 8. On July 6 carrier-based British aircraft attack the Libyan port of Tobruk. On July 6 Hitler returns to Berlin for the first time in 2 mo., and is greeted by vast crowds waving 1M Swastika flags that are distributed free. On July 6 the first German daylight bombing raid over Britain at Aldershot kills three Canadian troops. On July 7 Cardenas' man Manuel Avila Camacho (1897-1955) is elected pres. of Mexico (until 1946), and takes office in Dec., marking a move by the PRM to the right. On July 7 to avoid another Mers-el-Kebir the French Vichy navy in Alexandria, Egypt folds and scuttles their ships; meanwhile those at Casablanca and Dakar refuse, causing the British to damage battleships Richelieu and Jean Bart. On July 9 British and Italian naval forces fight the Battle of the Toe of Italy (Calabria) (Punta Stilo), with British aircraft Eagle gaining air superiority, and British battleship Warspite badly damaging Italian battleship Giulio Cesare. On July 9 German commerce raider Komet sails NE from Germany to the Bering Strait with the help of Soviet icebreakers, going on to sink six merchant ships before returning. On July 9 Hitler holes-up in his mountain retreat of Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden to make pencil sketches of a new opera house at Linz, the town he lived in as a young man. On July 9 German Protestant pastor Paul-Gerhard Braune (1887-1954) writes Hitler a letter protesting his euthanasia program for endangering "the ethics of the people as a whole", asking "Whom if not the helpless should the law protect?"; after he is told to stuff it by Hitler's Chancellery head Hans Lammers, Reinhard Heydrich issues an arrest warrant for "sabotaging measures of the regime in an irresponsible manner", and he is softened up in a Gestapo prison in Berlin for 10 weeks then released on probation. The war is saved with British and U.S. technology? On July 10 after air marshal Hermann Goering promises Hitler it will only take 1-2 weeks, Germany, having only one unfinished business (the pesky Brits) begins the Battle of Britain (ends Nov. 2) with an all-out air attack starting in SE England, with the coast around Dover becoming known as Hell-Fire Corner as it is shelled by German guns from the opposite coast; on July 10 120 German planes attack a British shipping convoy in the English Channel, while 70 more bomb docks in S Wales; the British Ministry of Aircraft Production begins calling for citizens to donate aluminum, with the soundbyte: "We will turn your pots and pans into Spitfires and Hurricanes, Blenheims and Wellingtons"; after it doen's work as planned, they restart it officially on Aug. 13 (Eagle Day); the Luftwaffe has 1.5K fighters vs. 850 for the Brits, who are hampered by being on the defensive, needing to hold back half their force for defense of Midlands and N factories; on July 10 the British Ministry of Aircraft Production begins calling for citizens to donate aluminum, with the soundbyte: "We will turn your pots and pans into Spitfires and Hurricanes, Blenheims and Wellingtons"; on July 14 the Striking Cos. launch Operation Ambassador (ends July 15) to attack Guernsey, turning into a fiasco, with one killed and two taken POW; air chief marshal Sir Hugh Dowding (1882-1970) is CIC of the RAF Fighter Command; a new secret veapon called RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is used to effect by the Allies, facing 2.5K total German planes, who fail in their attempt to control the Channel, losing 1.7K planes and killing 23K British civilians before giving up; Rolls-Royce wins the battle with their Merlin Engines for the single-seat Supermarine Spitfire (first flight Mar. 5, 1936) and Hawker Hurricane (first flight Nov. 6, 1935), which can out-turn the German Messerschmitt Bf-109 (first flight May 29, 1935) but have a lower ceiling; the U.S. and Britain begin cooperating in radar development at the MIT Radiation Laboratory in Cambridge, Mass.; until Aug. 7 the Germans carry out only "test raids" on Channel merchant shipping, sinking 30K tons and downing 148 British planes, with losses of 286 German planes; the main air battle on Aug. 24-Sept. 6 is fought over the radar installations and S airfields of Fighter Command, but the Germans screw up and leave the radars intact, and fail to finish off the airfields, instead going on to attack factories and London, spurred by Hitler, who was mad that the Brits had bombed Berlin and wanted to get even; the battle ends with 414 British and allied pilots KIA (about one-third). On July 11 Marshal Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Petain (Pétain) (1856-1951) becomes chief of state of Vichy France (until Aug. 19, 1944). On July 12 after Hermann Goering tells Hitler that it's better to occupy Spain and North Africa than invade Britain, Operation Felix, a plan to occupy Gibraltar is launched; too bad, Gen. Francisco Franco fails to commit Spain to ender the war on the Axis side, causing it to be delayed into 1944, then dropped; meanwhile Operation Goldeneye is devised by the Brits incl. future "James Bond 007" author Ian Fleming to thwart a German invasion of Gibraltar. On July 15 after seeing Germany's concentrated armor divs. easily defeat France's infantry-dominated army in six weeks, the U.S. Army organizes the I Armored Corps; in May the U.S. Army only has 28 tanks (10 medium, 18 heavy), plus 900 obsolete models. On July 15-18 the 1940 Dem. Nat. Convention in Chicago, Ill. sees FDR inform them that he has "no wish to be a candidate again" (unprecedented 3rd term), until Chicago mayor (1933-47) Edward Joseph Kelly (1876-1950) stampedes the convention for him, getting him renominated on the first ballot; FDR's choice of liberal secy. of agriculture Henry A. Wallace (a pro-Soviet Communist dupe?) causes a near revolt, but a speech by FDR's wife Eleanor ("First Lady of the World") straightens them out and he is nominated for vice-pres. on the first ballot; Wallace later establishes an experimental hybridizing station in Mexico run by Norman E. Borlaug that revolutionizes agriculture, launching the Green Rev. By July 16 Hitler moves to a new HQ called Eagle's Lair (Adlerhorst) at Schloss Ziegenberg near Bad Nauheim and Giessen in the E foothills of the Taurus Mts. On July 16 Hitler signs Gen. Order No. 16, calling for preparations for Operation Sealion, "a landing operation against England", to be on a "broad front approximately from Ramsgate to the area west of the Isle of Wight", with the main objective being to make it impossible for the RAF "to deliver any significant attack against the German crossing"; Gen. Rommel spends the last mos. of the year training his troops for it. On July 19 the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony at the Kroll Opera House sees Hitler create 12 new disciples, er, field marshals incl. Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich Fedor von Bock (1880-1945), Wehrmacht CIC Heinrich Alfred Hermann Walther von Brauchitsch (1881-1948), Albert Kesselring (1885-1960), Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel (1882-1946), Gunther Adolf Ferdinand "Hans" von Kluge (1884-1944), Wilhelm Josef Franz Ritter von Leeb (1876-1956), Siegmund Wilhelm Walther List (1880-1971), Erhard Milch (1892-1972), Walther von Reichenau (1884-1942), Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (1875-1953), Hugo Sperrle (1885-1953), and Job Wilhelm Georg Erdmann "Erwin" von Witzleben (1881-1944); he promotes Field Marshal Hermann Goering to the new position of Reichmarschall (marshal of marshals); he also outlines his "peace offer" to Britain, with the soundbyte: "If the struggle continues it can only end in annihilation for one of us. Mr. Churchill thinks it will be Germany. I know it will be Britain... I am not the vanquished begging for mercy. I speak as a victor. I can see no reason why this war must go on. We would like to avert the sacrifices that claim millions", adding that it's possible "that Churchill will once again brush aside this statement of mine by saying that it is merely born of fear and doubts of victory. In this case I shall have relieved my conscience of the things to come" - Hitler has a conscience? On July 19 after rejecting Hitler's peace offer with the soundbyte "By resistance, not appeasement", FDR signs the U.S. Two-Ocean Navy (Vinson-Walsh) Act, authorizing 130 new ships to be added to the 488-ship navy incl. 18 aircraft carriers, seven battleships, 42 subs, 115 destroyers, and 27 cruisers. On July 19 all telephones are confiscated from Jews in Germany - to protect their huge hooked noses from damage? On July 21 as the Soviet Union formally annexes the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Hitler tells his military cmdrs. in Obersalzberg to make plans to invade the Soviet Union. On July 21 the Benes Decrees, are first issued by Czech pres. Edvard Benes, dealing with reconstruction of the country, then progressing into expulsion of ethnic Germans by Oct. 27, 1945. On July 22 British foreign secy. Lord Halifax rejects Hitler's peace proposal in a radio address, with the soundbytes: "His only appeal was to the base instinct of fear, and his only arguments were threats. His silence as to the future of nations whom on one false pretext or another he has subjugated is significant"; "Certainly no one here wants the war to go on for a day longer than is necessary, but we shall not stop fighting till freedom for ourselves and others is secure." On July 22 after his pro-British pro-U.S. stance pisses-off the imperialists, Yonai Mitsumasa is succeeded by former PM (1937-8) Prince Fumimaro Konoye (Konoe) (1891-1945), who becomes Japanese PM #39 (until Oct. 16, 1941), pressuring Vichy France to cede military bases in French Indochina, with the threat of military force, declaring on July 31 that his aim is "the setting up of a New Order in Greater East Asia". On July 23 Britain recognizes the Czechoslovak Nat. Liberation Committee in London as the Czech. provisional govt.; meanwhile the Germans attempt to extinguish Czech culture while crushing the Jews. On July 23 Hitler attends a performance of Wagner's Gotterdammerung - Ruhe, Ruhe du Gott? On July 24 the U.S. agrees to allocate new weapons to the British according to mutual needs until the end of 1941, starting with 14,375 new aircraft to Britain and 19,902 to the U.S. On July 24 (night) despite being well-marked and signaling with a siren, French merchant steamer Meknes (Meknès) sailing from Southampton carrying 1,179 repatriated French sailors is sunk by a German torpedo boat, killing 383. On July 25 Winston Churchill authorizes Polish forces in Britain to be issued U.S. rifles as soon as they arrive. On July 29 the German navy informs Hitler that an invasion of Britain would not be possible until mid-Sept., and that even then the navy can't withstand a British naval counterattack this year; meanwhile after Gen. Jodl tells Col. (later Gen.) Walther Warlimont (1894-1976), chief of the army planning section of Hitler's plan to attack Russia "as soon as possible", probably May 1941, he silences Warlimont's objections of a disastrous WWI-style 2-front war with the soundbyte: "Gentlemen, it is not a question for discussion but a decision of the Fuhrer." In July All American Comics #16 debuts The Green Lantern (secret identity of Alan Scott), based on the Lensman series of E.E. "Doc" Smith. On Aug. 1 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 17, "conduct of air and sea warfare against England", stating that a successful air offensive is required before a seaborne landing, and calling for an "intensification of the air war" on Aug. 5, "the Day of the Eagle", targeted at Britain's air industry; meanwhile after Air Marshal Goering is informed by a German pilot that the British Spitfires are as good as German fighters, he replies: "If that is so, I will have to send my air inspector general to the firing squad", pissing-off guess-who WWI ace Ernst Udet (1896-1941), who never forgets it. On Aug. 2 King (1907-50) Gustav V (1858-1950) of Sweden secretly offers to mediate a peace agreement with Hitler and George VI, causing George VI to write in his diary: "Until Germany is prepared to live peaceably with her neighbours in Europe, she will always be a menace. We have got to get rid of her aggressive spirit, her engines of war, and the people who have been taught to use them." On Aug. 3-19 the Italians occupy British Somaliland, along with capital Berbera on Aug. 19. On Aug. 10 Romania passes anti-Jewish laws. On Aug. 13 (Day of the Eagle) (delayed from Aug. 5) 1,485 German aircraft begin bombing British airfields and aircraft factories, losing 45 planes vs. only 13 British planes; on Aug. 14 after poor weather limits the attacking force to 500 planes, 75 are shot down vs. 34 British planes; on Aug. 15 after sending 1,270 fighters and 520 bombers, the Germans lose 70 planes vs. 27 for the Brits, totalling 190 German and 74 British planes lost; meanwhile by Aug. 22 100 British aircraft are destroyed on the ground. On Aug. 14 British intel uses Enigma intercepts to conclude that the Germans won't invade Britain until they achieve air superiority. On Aug. 13 (Day of the Eagle) (delayed from Aug. 5) 1,485 German aircraft begin bombing British airfields and aircraft factories, losing 45 planes vs. only 13 British planes; on Aug. 14 after poor weather limits the attacking force to 500 planes, 75 are shot down vs. 34 British planes; on Aug. 15 after sending 1,270 fighters and 520 bombers, the Germans lose 75 planes vs. 34 for the Brits; on Aug. 18 71 British and 27 British aircraft are lost, totalling 367 German planes lost, causing Goering to give them a rest on Aug. 19, which Churchill calls "a big mistake", after which on Aug. 20 Churchill gives his So Much to So Few Speech to the House of Commons, with the soundbyte: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few", warning Hitler that even if he takes Russia, it won't save him because British air power "may in another year attain dimensions hitherto undreamed of", allowing them to bomb Germany, with the soundbyte: "Even if Nazi legions stood triumphant on the Black Sea or indeed the Caspian, even if Hitler were at the gates of India, it would profit him nothing if at the same time the entire economic and scientific apparatus of German war power lay shattered and pulverized at home"; meanwhile by Aug. 22 100 British aircraft are destroyed on the ground. On Aug. 14 British intel figures out that the Germans won't invade Britain until they achieve air superiority. On Aug. 14 FDR agrees to give Britain 50 U.S. destroyers in exchange for use of bases in the Caribbean and W Atlantic. On Aug. 16 British flight Lt. (later wing cmdr.) Eric James Brindley Nicolson (1917-45) takes on four German fighters above Southampton, shooting one down despite his plane burning, resulting in severe burns, earning him the only Victoria Cross for a fighter pilot during WWI. On Aug. 17 Hitler declares a blockade of the British Isles; British war losses so far are secretly tallied at 8,266 sailors and 4,400 soldiers KIA, 729 civilians killed, and 3,851 pilots and aircrew killed or missing. On Aug. 18 the German commission in the Netherlands suppresses all representative bodies, and the Netherlands becomes a protectorate (Schutzstaat). The original who-killed-Kennedy conspiracy in the Pentagon? On Aug. 20 after arriving in Liverpool on Apr. 15, a fact-finding mission consisting of Rear Adm. Robert Lee Ghormley (1883-1958), Army Brig.-Gen. George Veazey Strong (1880-1946), and Army Air Forces Maj. Gen.Delos Carleton Emmons (1889-1965) visits London, finding that the recent report by U.S. London ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy claiming "the devastating effect of German air attacks on England's ports, fields, and armament industry" is moose hockey, and that Britain was sure to hold out against the Nazis for at least 6 mo. On Aug. 20 on orders of his old comrade and archenemy Stalin, Leon (Lev) Trotsky (b. 1879), who once had an affair with artist Frida Kahlo is mortally wounded with an icepick (blunt side of an alpenstock) to the head in his home in Coyoacan ("place of the coyotes") in S Mexico City by Spanish-born KGB agent Jaume Ramon (Ramón) Mercader del Rio Hernandez (1914-78), who gives his name as Jacques Mornard until 1950, receiving the Order of Lenin for it, then rotting away in priz until 1960, after which he becomes a Cuban and Soviet Commie hero with free drinks at every bar; meanwhile 300K turn out for his funeral procession in Mexico City. On Aug. 20 the Battle of a Hundred Regiments (ends Dec. 5) pits the Chinese People's Liberation Army under Gen. Peng Dehuai (1898-1974) in a series of assaults on strategic Japanese points in N China; the Japanese beat the Communists back after taking heavy casualties, retaliating against the local pop. On Aug. 20 a German bomber strafes a lighthouse on Blackrock Island off the coast of County Mayo, Ireland, doing little damage. On Aug. 20 (night) Italian bombers raid British-held Gibraltar. On Aug. 23-24 the Germans begin their first all-night air raids on C London, AKA the London Mini-Blitz (ends Sept. 7), causing 300-600 killed and 1K-3K injured a day by Sept. 7; on Aug. 23 90 German bombers are shot down; actually the Aug. 23 attack was not aimed at London but 12 bombers fly off course and bomb it, killing nine civilians; Buckingham Palace is hit, causing the Queen Mum to utter the soundbyte: "I am almost able to look the East End in the face." On Aug. 25 (night) the first British air raid on Berlin takes place, with a huge AA barrage failing to bring down a single plane, and no German civilians killed; leaflets are dropped warning that "The war which Hitler started will go on, and it will last as long as Hitler does"; on Aug. 28 (night) another raid kills 10 German civilians; on Aug. 30 (night) another raid hits the Siemens plant; the raids are witnessed by CBS-Radio journalist William L. Shirer - less is more? On Aug. 26 (afternoon) the German Luftwaffe drops three bombs on Campile, County Wexford, Ireland (14km from New Ross), destroying the Shelbourne Co-Operative Creamery and killing three female staff members; Hitler later explains it as bombers mistaking the Irish E coast for the W coast of Britain, which doesn't stop it from happening again on Apr. 15-16, 1941 (night) in Belfast, causing Eire PM Eamon de Valera to authorize a fire brigade to be sent to help; on May 31, 1941 (night) the Luftwaffe drops four high explosive bombs on the North Strand area of Dublin, damaging or destroying 300 houses, killing 34 and injuring 90, which is taken as a German reprisal for assisting Belfast, causing the German govt. on June 19 to apologize and offer reparations, after which no more German bombings happen in Ireland during WWII. On Aug. 27 the Vichy govt. abrogates a pre-war French decreee forbidding incitements to race hatred. On Aug. 30 the British begin Operation Hats, sending several warships from Gibraltar to Alexandria carrying munitions to build British strength in Egypt. On Aug. 30 (night) a raid by 800 German aircraft against nine British fighter centers loses 17 planes over Biggin Hill Aerodrome; the British only lose one plane; more German bombers drop incendiary bombs on London. On Aug. 31 actors Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh wed in Calif.; the only witnesses are Katharine Hepburn and Garson Kanin, husband of actress Ruth Gordon. In Aug. the Kommandoamt der Waffen-SS is formed within the SS High Command, and new Waffen-SS chief of staff Gottlob Christian Berger (1896-1975) talks Hitler into allowing ethnic Germans from Denmark and Norway to form the SS Regiment Nordland, and Dutch and Flemish ethnic Germans to form the SS Regiment Westland, which are combined into the 5th SS Panzer Div. Wiking; so many volunteers sign up that a new training camp is opened in Sennheim, Alsace-Lorraine. In Aug. 1,075 British civilians are killed in German air raids. On Sept. 2 after U.S. ambassador to Britain Joseph P. Kennedy advises that British surrender is "inevitable", and Churchill advises FDR that in the event of British surrender its colonial islands close to U.S. shores could become a direct threat if they fell into German hands, and after British gold, foreign currency, securities, forced liquidation of assets in North Am., and surrender of patents and royalties on radar and jet engines runs out, the British-U.S. Destroyers-Bases Agreement is signed, giving Britain 50 mothballed WWI destroyers and some obsolescent small arms in exchange for land rights on British possessions in the Caribbean incl. Antigua, Bahamas, Bermuda, St. Lucia, Trinidad, British Guiana, and Newfoundland-Labrador; the destroyers become the Town class, and are named after British towns if there is a U.S. town of the same name; the deal allows the U.S. to protect the British possessions against German takeover in case of British defeat, so it isn't all one-sided?; on Sept. 6 after most of the rickety buckets prove unseaworthy without major work, six U.S. destroyers are delivered to the British at Halifax, N.S.; the obvious violation of neutrality is used as a weapon by Repubs. in the pres. election, allowing them to call FDR a warmonger, but after he wins FDR comes up with the end-around run of the Lend-Lease Act to really aid Britain bigtime, so the Brits owe the Yanks for saving their asses in WWII? On Sept. 3 Newsday daily tabloid newspaper is founded in Hempstead, Long Island, N.Y. by Alicia Patterson (1906-63) (daughter of New York Daily News owner Joseph Medill Patterson, who fired her as a writer), who becomes ed.-publisher, and her 3rd husband Harry Frank Guggenheim (1890-1971), who becomes pres. after returning from military duty during WWII, becoming the largest suburban mag. in the U.S., and reaching 450K circ. when it receives the Pulitzer Prize in 1954; after Patterson dies on July 2, 1963, Guggenheim becomes ed.-publisher, hiring his friend John Steinbeck to write a series of letters titled "Letters to Alicia", airing his regret at the moral decline of the U.S. and supporting LBJ's handling of the Vietnam War; in 1967 Hugo, Okla.-born former White House press secy. (1965-7) (since 1965) Billy Don "Bill" Moyers (1934-) becomes ed.-publisher, steering it to the left, hiring writers incl. Saul Bellow, Pete Hamill, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and winning two more Pulitzer Prizes, and supporting Vietnam War protesters, pissing-off Guggenheim, who supports Richard Nixon while he supports Hubert Humphrey, causing him to sell it to the conservative Times-Mirror Co. despite Moyers offering $10M more, causing him to resign in 1970 and launch the news program Bill Moyers Journal on PBS-TV in 1971-81 and 2007-10. On Sept. 4 after getting over the shock of the bombing of impregnable Berlin, Hitler cracks up an audience of German women nurses and social workers in Berlin with a speech, with the soundbytes: "When they declare they will increase their attacks on our cities, then we will raze their cities to the ground", and "In England they're filled with curiosity, asking 'Why doesn't he come?' Be calm, be calm, he's coming, he's coming!"; William L. Shirer is in the audience. On Sept. 4 unrest causes King Carol II to name Iron Guard sympathizer Gen. Ion Victor Antonescu (1882-1946) as dictator (until Aug. 23, 1944), causing PM Gheorghe Tarescu to resign; on Sept. 5 Antonescu suspends the 1938 constitution and dissolves parliament; on Sept. 6 the Iron Guard forces Carol II to flee with his mistress Magda Lupescu amid whistling bullets, settling in Mexico City then Rio de Janeiro, and his son succeeds as king Michael I (1921-) (until Dec. 30, 1947), becoming a puppet of the Iron Guard and Antonescu, beginning the "National Legionary State" (ends 1944); after unsuccessfully trying to set up a govt. in exile after Romania joins the Nazi side in WWII, Carol II marries Magda in Rio in 1947; on Sept. 7 the Treaty of Craiova cedes 3K-sq.-mi. S Dobrudja to Bulgaria; on Nov. 27 former PM Nicolae Iorga (b. 1871), the sole remaining vocal supporter of Carol II is assassinated by the Iron Guard; too bad, after Antonescu proves pro-German and the Iron Guard remains nationalistic, they begin to split ranks; meanwhile they agree on the right to massacre rioters. On Sept. 5 the Germans introduce the 1935 Nuremberg Laws to Luxembourg, and seize all 355 Jewish-owned businesses. On Sept. 7 (4:00 p.m.) after Hitler decides that he can make Britain submit without an invasion and orders German bomber raids on London, causing Goering to travel to Pas de Calais in his train Asia to take command, the London Blitz (ends May 10) by the Nazis begins as 300 bombers and 600 fighters attack the docks and oil depots on the lower Thames River, dropping 337 tons of bombs and killing 448 after missing and hitting crowded tenements; at 8:07 p.m. the Brits prematurely issue the codeword "Cromwell" to warn of an imminent invasion, helped by German deceptive tactics incl. movement of barges to Channel bases and cancellation of German army leave; when they fail to invade on Sept. 8, Churchill visits East End, London, and they tell him: "London can take it"; on Sept. 9 after two straight nights of bombing, George VI also visits East End; on Sept. 10 in retaliation for the indiscriminate bombing of London, the War Cabinet tells pilots to drop bombs anywhere they can if they can't locate their targets, causing Joseph Goebbels' garden to be bombed; the final count in London is 43K killed and 1M structures destroyed. On Sept. 7 the Miss America contest in Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, N.J. introduces the swimsuit award, which goes to Frances Marie Burke (1922-) of Philly, who also wins the Miss America title. On Sept. 11 Italy invades Egypt to gain control of the Suez Canal. On Sept. 11 on learning of the Romanian coup, Hitler sends a military mission to Romania to help protect its oil wells in Ploesti N of Bucharet and prepare them for use in the Russian invasion. On Sept. 12 (night) the Germans bomb docks in Liverpool, Swansea, and Bristol. On Sept. 13 the Italians cross their Libyan border and occupy Sollum, Egypt, threatening the British naval base at Alexandria and the Suez Canal. On Sept. 14 German Adm. Erich Johann Albert Raeder (1876-1960) advises Hitler that "the present air situation does not provide conditions for carrying out the invasion, as the risk is still too great", causing Hitler to say that the conditions for invading Britain are "not yet in hand", but the bombing of London should go on, because "If eight million inhabitants go crazy that can lead to catastrophe. If we get good weather and can neutralize the enemy's air force, then even a small-scale invasion can work wonders", postponing Operation Sealion (originally scheduled for Sept. 12) on Sept. 17 "until further notice", with the soundbyte "We have conquered France at the cost of 30K men. During one night of crossing the Channel we could lose many times that, and success is not certain", but leaving the invasion force in place as a bluff, causing the Allies to bomb it, and Hitler's officers to beg him to let them withdraw, which he allows on Sept. 23; Hitler drops the British invasion plans in favor of an attack against the Soviet Union while leading his own men to believe he will go after the Brits again next spring, and the Soviets to believe they're being moved E only to get out of the range of British bombers. On Sept. 15 Battle of Britain Day sees massive German air raids on London, Southampton, Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, and Cardiff by 700 fighters and 230 bombers; the Germans lose 60 planes to 26 for the Brits; because the Germans usually attack at night, fighters are almost never used? On Sept. 16 British-based Polish planes attack the German invasion barges at Boulogne, tearing most of them up, making the Battle of Britain effectively kaput. On Sept. 16 Pres. FDR signs the U.S. Selective Training and Service (Burke-Wadsworth) Act, providing for the first peacetime draft in U.S. history; the Alternative Service Program is established for conscientious objectors; in Oct. U.S. Brig. Gen. Lewis Blaine Hershey (1893-1977) becomes acting head of the U.S. Selective Service System, becoming permanent dir. on July 31, 1941 (until 1970) - free Hershey bar for enlisting? On Sept. 17 Italian destroyers Aquilone and Borea are sunk off Benghazi by RAF bombers. On Sept. 17 (10 p.m.) (after trailing it for 10 hours) German sub U-48 under 30-y.-o. Capt. Heinrich Bleichrodt (1909-77) fires a torpedo into British liner SS City of Benares (former luxury liner) in the North Atlantic, carrying 407 crew and passengers incl. 90 children being evacuated from England to Canada; it sinks in 30 min. in a gale 500 mi. from land and 300 mi. from any rescue vessel, killing 126 crew and 134 passengers incl. 77 children; as a British destroyer races to aid them, the survivors take to lifeboats; Lifeboat 12, carrying 46 adults and six children in a boat with cap. of 30 is missed by the destroyer and drifts for eight days before being rescued, causing a backlash against both the Germans and British; 11-y.-o. Colin Ryder-Richardson (1929-2012) becomes the youngest to achieve the King's Award for Bravery after trying in vain to rescue his nurse from drowning; after the war Bleichrodt is charged at Nuremberg but is acquitted of knowing that children were on board; 49-y.-o. Polish businessman Bohdan Nagorski (1890-1987) (great-uncle of ABC News producer Tom Nagorski), who is carrying a diplomatic pouch for the Polish govt.-in-exile is a survivor. On Sept. 19 Danish-born German spy Wulf Dietrich Christian Schmidt (1911-92) AKA Harry Williamson parachutes into Britain, and is soon arrested and turned into double-agent Tate, going on to fool the Germans so bad they award him an Iron Cross, 1st Class; "One of the seven spies who changed the world" (Nigel West). On Sept. 20 Zionist and future Israeli PM Menachem Begin (b. 1913) is arrested in his Lithuanian home while playing chess with his wife; as the Soviet pigs drag him away he calls out that he concedes the game. On Sept. 20 Ft. Breendonck Camp near Antwerp in Belgium gets its first prisoners. On Sept. 23-25 the British and Free French launch their first offensive, Operation Menace (Battle of Dakar), an attack on Vichy-held Dakar in hopes of liberating French West Africa; too bad, after refusing to switch loyalties, they resist, their battleship Richelieu damaging British cruiser Cumberland and battleship Resolution, causing them to retreat, after which Churchill refuses to back another attack because Britain has too much on its plate. On Sept. 23 the Japanese invade Lang Son Province in N Vietnam from S China, and occupy Indochina; the French flee, giving over their military installations to the invaders to avoid destruction of the country; on Sept. 27 a Communist-led anti-French rebellion begins in Bac Son in N Vietnam. On Sept. 23 Heinrich Himmler launches Operation Tooth, telling SS Lt. Col. Hermann Pook (a dentist) to examine arriving concentration camp inmates for dental gold and tattoo their upper left arms and mark the locations on special forms so that when they die they can collect it; the Allies capture millions of forms after the war. On Sept. 23 (night) the nightly British air raid on Berlin catches Joseph Goebbels dining at the Adlon Hotel with several dignitaries incl. the Spanish foreign minister, causing them to finish in the hotel's air raid shelter. On Sept. 25 Britain attacks Tobruk Harbor in Libya. On Sept. 25 Norwegian Nazi puppet ruler Josef Terboven dissolves the admin. council and installs an all-Nazi-puppet govt., causing the Norwegian Front resistance org. to be created. On Sept. 25 the U.S. announces more loans to China in support of Gen. Chiang Kai-shek against Japan. On Sept. 26 the U.S. extends the license system for goods exported to Japan to iron and steel scrap. On Sept. 27 the Tripartite Pact (Axis) is signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, who each pledge to help the others if attacked by the U.S. On Sept. 27 Jews in occupied France are ordered to carry special ID cards; Jewish shopkeepers must put a yellow-black "Jewish business" sign in their windows; on Sept. 28 works by 842 authors are pulled from French bookshops, incl. by Jewish writers and French patriots; all Jews are required to register at police stations, giving their nationality, profession, and address. On Sept. 30 Captain Midnight (secret identity of Capt. Jim "Red" Albright, chief of the secret squadron), by Robert Murit and Wilfred Moore debuts on WGN Radio in Chicago, Ill.; he first appears in a comic book in Funnies Comics #57, July, 1941. In Sept. the Fat Year for German U-boats begins as they can operate from occupied France, sinking 32 Allied merchant ships in Oct. In Sept. English radar scientist Sir Henry Thomas Tizard (1885-1959) leads the Tizard Mission to the U.S. to introduce it to British scientific-technological developments incl. the magnetron, the Whittle gas turbine, the Tube Alloys Project (nukes) et al. On Oct. 1 the German Army launches Operation Otto to construct and improve roads and railways leading to the Soviet border, using forced labor to build the Otto Line on the W bank of the Bug River. On Oct. 1 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) and his stepdaughter Margot receive their U.S. citizenship at Trenton, N.J. On Oct. 2-6 the Cincinnati Reds (NL) win their first World Series since 1919 as they defeat the Detroit Tigers (AL) 4-3 in the Thirty-Seventh (37th) World Series, rescuing their bad rap in the 1919 WS. On Oct. 4 Hitler and Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass (7th meeting), and Hitler warns him against new campaigns in Africa, offering help; he also admits that he has given up trying to invade England, but declares: "The war is won - the rest is only a question of time" - I want to be one less? On Oct. 5 after losing 433 fighter aircraft since Aug. 13, Hitler orders an end to daylight raids on Britain; meanwhile 489K children are evacuated to the countryside by mid-Oct., and hundreds of thousands take to sleeping in the subways. On Oct. 5 civil servants in the Netherlands are required to sign an "Aryan attestation". On Oct. 7 German troops enter Romania to protect the oilfields. On Oct. 8 Britain reopens the Burma Road, soon sending $20M of U.S. military supplies from Lashio on 2K U.S.-built trucks. On Oct. 12 Hitler orders Operation Sealion abandoned except as a deception. On Oct. 12 (Columbus Day) FDR gives an Address on Hemisphere Deense in Dayton, Ohio, with the soundbyte: "Our course is clear. Our decision is made. We will continue to pile up our defense and our armaments. We will continue to help those who resist aggression, and who now hold the aggressors far from our shores." On Oct. 14 (night) a German night raid of London starts 900 fires, killing 400 incl. 64 of 600 at the Balham Tube Station. On Oct. 16 the walled Warsaw Ghetto is created, then sealed on Nov. 26 after 150K Jews are forced to crowd in with 250K Jews already living there, and 100K Poles are forced to move out, taking only what they can carry, becoming the largest Jewish ghetto established by the Nazis - why go out for great kosher? On Oct. 16 16M Americans register for the draft, with FDR delivering a Radio Address on Selective Service Registration Day, with the soundbyte: "We are mobilizing our citizenship, for we are calling on men and women and property and money to join in making our defense effective." On Oct. 16 after deserting his ship in Boston to go to New York City to sell his services to the German embassy then returning, British merchant seaman George Johnson Armstrong (1902-41) is arrested, then deported to Britain, becoming the first British citizen of the war hanged for spying on July 10, 1941. On Oct. 16 (night) the British bomb German naval bases at Kiel after the British cabinet tells them that if they miss their designated targets they should dump the bombs on large cities incl. Berlin, but never tell the public that their vaunted precision bombing is moose hockey. On Oct. 17 a 6-sub German wolf pack incl. U-47 and U-48 based in Lorient attacks 35-ship Convoy SC 7 (Slow Convoy) from Sydney, N.S., sinking 20 ships; on Oct. 18 it sinks 12 of 49 ships of Convoy HX 79 (Halifax) from Halifax, N.S., for a total of 152K tons of shipping. On Oct. 18 (night) German bombers make their 200th air raid on Liverpool. On Oct. 21 Winston Churchill delivers a Speech to the People of France, with the soundbyte: "We seek to beat the life and soul out of Hilter and Hitlerism. That alone, that all the time, that to the end. We do not covet anything from any nation except their respect." On Oct. 22 Jewish businesses in the Netherlands are required to be registered. On Oct. 22 after sinking 17 ships on seven patrols for a total of 110K tons of Allied shipping, German sub U-32 is forced to the surface with depth charges; Capt. Hans Jenisch (1913-82) becomes the first U-boat ace of WWII to be captured; "The prisoners are all fanatical Nazis, and hated the British intensely", German Vs having "established Hitler in their minds, not merely as a God, but as their only God." On Oct. 22 5K German Jews in the W German provinces of Baden, the Saar, and the Palatinate are dispossessed of their property and shipped to Gurs Camp in the Pyrenees in SW France near Pau, which has no medical or sanitary facilities; when German pastor Heinrich Gruber (Grüber) (1891-1975) protests, he is sent to Sachsenhausen, surviving to testify against Adolf Eichmann in 1961; on Aug. 14, 1946 Robert Heinrich Wagner (Backfisch) (1895-1946), wartime German civil admin. chief of Alsace is hanged in Strasbourg for carrying out the deportations. On Oct. 23 after travelling on his private train Amerika and meeting with Vichy France deputy PM Pierre Laval in Montoire-sur-le-Loir on Oct. 22, Hitler meets with Gen. Franco for 9 hours in the town of Hendaye on the Franco-Spanish :) border and fails to get the latter to join the Axis or allow German troops through Spain to attack Gibraltar for a Jan. 10 attack, later telling Mussolini "I would rather have three or four teeth extracted than go through that again"; on Oct. 24 Hitler meets with 84-y.-o. French Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain at Montoire, and fails to get him to declare war on Britain or pledge to fight the Free French in Africa, although they do shake hands. On Oct. 24 the 40-hour work week goes into effect under the 1938 U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act - just when they're about to enter the war? On Oct. 24 the U.S. agrees to equip 10 British divs. for the "campaign of 1942". On Oct. 25 black officer Benjamin Oliver Davis Sr. (1877-1970) becomes a brig. gen. in the U.S. Army, becoming the first African-Am. U.S. army gen.; his son Capt. Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. (1912-2002) goes on to become one of the first black officers in the Tuskegee Airmen in Mar. 1942. On Oct. 27 the Brazzaville Declaration by Charles de Gaulle announces the creation of the Empire Defense Council in French Equatorial Africa, inviting Vichy-run possessions to join. Neo-Roman Empire Italy goes too far when it challenges Neo-Greek Empire Greece's manhood and gets flipped the Greek bird? On Oct. 28 (Mon.) (5:30 a.m.) after demanding occupation rights to unspecified "strategic" Greek sites at 4 a.m. (dawn), and and getting a curt "Oxi" (Okhi) (Ohi) (Ochi) ("Hell No") response from Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas, followed by "Alors, c'est la guerre" ("Well then, that's war"), Italian troops in Albania invade Greece, while the Greek pop. takes to the streets shouting "Oxi", launching the Greco-Italian War (ends Apr. 23, 1941); the same day Hitler meets with Mussolini in Florence, Italy, who greets him with "Fuhrer, we are on the march", getting pissed-off at not taking his advice to secure Egypt by taking Alexandria and/or Crete; meanwhile the British scramble to honor their 1939 agreement to help Greece, sending troops and military equipment. On Oct. 28 450+ German aircraft attack S England, losing 28 vs. seven British planes. Trick or Treat 1940, the original Read My Lips: No New Taxes? On Oct. 30 after Repub. Wendell Willkie positions himself as the peace candidate, and FDR as a war monger, FDR gives a No War Speech in Boston, Mass., with the soundbyte "I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars" - what's that stamped on your foreheads, the word dumbass? On Oct. 31 a Belgian Govt.-in-Exile is formed in London. On Oct. 31 (night) German pocket battleship (heavy cruiser) Admiral Scheer under Adm. Theodor Krancke (1893-1973) slips through the Denmark Strait into the Atlantic on its first combat sortie, going on to sink 13 merchant ships, the armed merchant cruiser Jervis Bay, and capture three merchant ships for a total of 115,195 tons of shipping in a 5-mo. cruise; Krancke goes on to command Navy Group West which controls all German naval vessels in France. In Oct. a U.S. Army bus collides with a lorry near Marlborough, Wiltshire, killing 10 soldiers and injuring 21. In Oct. U.S. Brig. Gen. Lewis Blaine Hershey (1893-1977) becomes acting head of the U.S. Selective Service System, becoming permanent dir. on July 31, 1941 (until 1970) - free Hershey bar for enlisting? In Oct. WWI hero Sir Richard Edmund Charles Peirse (1892-1970) becomes chief of the RAF Bomber Command (until Jan. 1942). On Nov. 1 British bombers attack military targets in Berlin and Rome. On Nov. 2 the Germans stage their last night raid of the London Blitz (begun Aug. 23), losing at total of 2,433 aircraft and 6K+ airmen. On Nov. 4 the Greeks counterattack, driving the Italians back to their starting points. On Nov. 5 (Tues.) the 1940 U.S. Pres. Election reelects FDR, who carries 38 states; of the 58.9% who vote for pres., FDR wins 27.3M popular (54.7%) and 449 electoral votes to Wendel Willkie's 22.3M popular (44.8%) and 82 electoral votes; the Dems. retain control of both houses of King Congress; after the U.S. enters WWII, Willkie calls for nat. unity, and FDR makes him an unofficial envoy to other countries, making a round-the-world airplane trip in 1942 - an Indianan will never be president? On Nov. 5 German pocket battleship Admiral Scheer under Capt. (later adm.) Theodor Krancke (1893-1973) attacks 37-ship Convoy HX 84 en route from Nova Scotia to Britain in the mid-Atlantic, sinking armed merchant cruiser Jervis Bay, killing 189, along with five other ships; for giving the convoy an order to scatter to minimize losses, losing his own life, Jervis Bay Capt. Edward Stephen Fogarty Fegen (b. 1891) is awarded the Victoria Cross. On Nov. 6 the British mount a counteroffensive against the Italians at Gallabat, but are driven back. On Nov. 6 the German Sixteenth Army sends an Enigma message ordering apparatus used for equipping British invasion barges put in storage, which is decoded by the British, confirming that the invasion is off. On Nov. 7 British bombers strike the Krupp armament factories in Essen. On Nov. 7 Operation Coat sees five British warships led by battleship Barham leave Gibraltar to reinforce naval forces in Egypt. On Nov. 8 on the 17th anniv. of the 1923 Munich Putsch Hitler has to deliver his speech an hour early to avoid British bombers. On Nov. 11 the Germans arrest 123 trying to lay wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris incl. 90 schoolchildren; on Dec. 23 they execute civil engineer Jacques Bonsergent (b. 1912), who stumbled into the demonstration while visiting Paris for a friend's wedding, becoming the first Parisian (French person?) executed by the German occupation; the Jacques Bonsergent Metro is named for him in 1946. On Nov. 11 British steamer SS Automedon is boarded by German raider Atlantis, which captures the Automedon Bag, a set of secret documents revealing that the British can't hold Hong Kong, Malaya, or Singapore in the event of a war with Japan, which the Germans pass to them, giving them ideas. On Nov. 11 the first official mass execution at Dachau concentration camp N of Munich is of 55 Polish intellectuals from Cracow. On Nov. 11-12 (night) Operation Judgement sees 24 British torpedo bombers from aircraft carrier Illustrious cripple the anchored Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy, sinking battleship Duilio and damaging two others along with two cruisers, which gives the Japanese ideas about how to attack the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, causing them to begin planning for Operation Z; it gives the same idea to U.S. Navy secy. Frank Knox, who suggests that precautionary measures be taken. On Nov. 12 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 18, proposing Operation Felix to get Spain to join the Axis by seizing Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and Spanish Morocco in order to "drive the English from the western Mediterranean". On Nov. 12 the U.S. Supreme Court rules in Hansberry v. Lee that a racially-restrictive real estate covenant in the Washington Park subdiv. of Chicago, Ill. covering Carl Augustus Hansberry (1895-1946), father of writer Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (1930-65) is invalid, allowing them to move in even though they are treated as pariahs, causing Lorraine to write "A Raisin in the Sun" (1959); on May 3, 1948 they rule in Shelley v. Kraemer (after attys. Thurgood Marshall and Loren Miller argue before the court) that such covenants can only be enforced by state actions, which are barred by the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. On Nov. 12-13 Soviet foreign minister (since 1939) Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (1890-1986) visits Hitler in Berlin, becoming the first high-ranking Soviet official to do so at his direct invitation, discussing how the four totalitarian powers will divide the world incl. carving up Britain's kaput empire, "a bloc of 40 million square kilometers in a gigantic auction"; on Nov. 13 an evening banquet is given in the Russian embassy in Unter den Linden by German foreign minister (since 1938) Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (1893-1946), and the toast to Hitler is interrupted by a British air raid, causing them all to take refuge in Ribbentrop's air raid shelter; after Ribbentrop continues to harp to Molotov about dividing England up now that it has been so decisively beaten, Molotov replies, "If England is beaten, why are we sitting in this shelter?"; Molotov tells Ribbentrop that Stalin wants the Kattegat and Skagerrak between Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, which the Germans took over from Denmark in May, pissing-off Hitler and making him more eager to attack. On Nov. 13 the Free French under Gen. Charles de Gaulle capture Libreville from the Vichy French, taking the rest of Gabon by Nov. 15. On Nov. 13 after being sent to Britain as an informal emissary to gauge Britain's ability to fight the Germans and learn how British intel works, future CIA head William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (1883-1959) passes a message to FDR from German charge d'affairs (Nov. 1938-Dec. 11, 1941) Hans Thomsen (1891-1968) that Germany would join with Japan if the latter were to declare war on the U.S. On Nov. 14 (night) to get even with the Nov. 8 bombing of Munich, 500 German bombers bomb Godiva-town Coventry, England, creating a firestorm that destroys 60K of 75K bldgs. and kills 568, leaving most corpses unidentifiable, causing the Germans to coin the term "Koventrieren" (to Coventrate), and giving the Brits an idea that they later use on Germany - that'll shut Ribbentrop's trap? On Nov. 15-16 (night) the British bomb industrial centers in Hamburg, Germany, killing 233 on Nov. 16 after clouds and icing cause them to miss military targets and hit civilians. On Nov. 15 the first 75K men are called to duty in the U.S. armed forces under peacetime conscription. On Nov. 16 the Brits get even for Coventry by bombing Hamburg, Germany, killing 233 after clouds and icing cause them to miss military targets and hit civilians. On Nov. 16 Consolidated Edison-hating "Mad Bomber" George P. Metesky (1903-94) plants his first bomb in a 16-year career in the New York City area, incl. inside seats in movie theaters. On Nov. 18 Soviet German spy Richard Sorge warns Stalin from Tokyo that the Germans are preparing an attack. On Nov. 18 Hitler meets with Italian minister Count Ciano at Obersalzberg, getting pissed-off at the failure of the Greek campaign, warning that it might result in the British getting an air base in Athens to bomb the oil wells at Ploesti, Romania, making it necessary for the Germans to intervene, which can't be done before next Mar. On Nov. 18 the Germans first use a parachute mine, killing 39 soldiers at Theydon Bois N of London. On Nov. 19 at the insistence of his sister the Crown Princess of Italy, Hitler meets at the Berghof with Belgian King Leopold, who is being held a prisoner in his own country, and offers him N France if the Belgians cooperate unconditionally with the Germans in the war. On Nov. 19 (night) the British bomb the Skoda armaments factory in Pilsen, Czech., doing little damage; it remains operation through most of the war. On Nov. 21 the British attack Italian-held bases in Libya incl. Benghazi. On Nov. 22 after breaking through the Italian line on Nov. 15, the Greeks defeat the Italians at the Battle of Koritsa 15 mi. inside the Albanian border, capturing 2K Italian POWs, 600 machine guns, and 135 field guns, with Greek pres. Gen. Ioannis Metaxas uttering the soundbyte: "We fight, not only for our own existence, but also for the other Balkan peoples and Albania's liberation as well." On Nov. 22 Naval CIC U.S. Adm. Harold R. Stark writes a letter to Pacific fleet cmdr. James Otto Richardson (1878-1974) inquiring if Pearl Harbor needs torpedo nets to protect it from a surprise Japanese attack, and on Jan. 8 Richardson replies that they aren't needed. On Nov. 23 Romania joins the Axis, and on Nov. 27 the Iron Guard executes 64 former officials of King Carol II's govt. while rioting spreads. On Nov. 23 (night) the Germans heavily bomb Southampton, England, followed on Nov. 24 (night) by Bristol. On Nov. 24 Slovakia under pres. Josef Tiso signs the Tripartite Pact, joining the Axis. On Nov. 24 Libyan-based Italian bombers raid the British naval base at Alexandria. On Nov. 24-30 three British merchantmen stage Operation Collar to supply Mediterranean naval forces in Malta and Alexandria that had been split in half by the Italian entry into the war, with Mussolini calling the Mediterranean the "Italian lake". On Nov. 25 after protests against new anti-Jewish laws in Holland since Nov. 23, the Germans close Delft U., forbidding students to enroll elsewhere; the Dutch Order Service (Orde Dienst) organizes a resistance, concerned mainly with maintaining calm until the peace? On Nov. 27 John Miller "J.M." Andrews (1871-1956) becomes Northern Ireland PM #2 (until May 1, 1943). On Nov. 28 after setting up a special task force in Oct., Nazi brain man Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (1893-1946) sets up HQ in the house of a Jew to loot France, Belgium, and Netherlands of all valuable art works incl. 5K paintings, needing four large warehouses and a Jewish-owned dept. store to hold it all. On Nov. 28 Fritz Hippler's Nazi film The Eternal Jew (Der Ewige Jude) debuts in Berlin, comparing Jews with rats, "money-mad bits of filth devoid of all higher values, corrupters of the world"; Hitler gives a speech in the film announcing that a new war can only bring about the final annihilation of Jewry. Thank you, next please? On Dec. 1 the British Eighth Army (incl. Indian troops) under Gen. Sir Archibald Wavell begins a W desert offensive (their first) in N Africa against the Italians starting in Mersa Matruh 300km W of Alexandria, Egypt, outflanking them and taking 40K Italian POWs by Dec. 9; on Dec. 11 the British take Sidi Barrani, and begin invading Libya on Dec. 12, taking Sollum on Dec. 17; by Dec. 13 the Italians, led by Mussolini favorite Gen. Rodolfo Graziani (1882-1955) have lost 139K POWs and are crumbling, and he resigns his command early next year; Wavell gets promoted to field marshal; meanwhile Conservative MP (1919-45) Lady Astor calls the British Eighth Army the "D-Day Dodgers", implying that they are avoiding the real war in France, causing The Ballad of the D-Day Dodgers to be composed to the tune of "Lili Marlene". On Dec. 7 (night) the British bomb industrial targets in Dusseldorf, Germany. On Dec. 10 Gen. Franco refuses Hitler's 2nd request to permit German troops to cross Spain to capture Gibraltar, forcing him to issue Fuhrer Directive No. 19, cancelling Operation Felix, and ordering Operation Attila to occupy Vichy France to control the naval base at Toulon and air bases on the Mediterranean coast; Franco pisses Hitler off by saying that he will enter the war against England only when it is "ready to collapse". On Dec. 10 Polish joke CIC Edward Rydz-Smigly escapes from internment in Romania and crosses into Hungary, then ends up back in Warsaw next Oct. 30, where he assumes the disguise of a common underground soldier until he dies of sudden heart failure on Dec. 2. On Dec. 10 Eleanor Roosevelt testifies before the House Select Committee on Nat. Defense Migration on behalf of destitute homeless farm workers, becoming the first First Lady to testify before Congress; she does it a 2nd time on Dec. 10; next First Lady to do it is Rosalynn Carter on Feb. 7, 1979. On Dec. 12-15 (night) the Germans bomb steel-town Sheffield, England. On Dec. 13 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 20, ordering German troops in Romania reinforced in order to stage Operation Marita, an invasion of N Greece along with seizure of British bases in the Greek islands, after which "the forces engaged will be withdrawn for new employment". On Dec. 13 British bomb disposal expert Capt. M.F. Blaney and Lt. Richard James are blown up trying to dismantle an unexploded bomb at Manor Park in East London along with eight others watching from across the road, earning Blaney a posth. George Cross. On Dec. 15 in Paris Hitler restores the ashes of Napoleon's son Napoleon II, King of Rome (1811-32), who was a prisoner of Metternich in the Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna, and had been buried in the crypt of the Capuchin Church in Vienna; Marshal Petain refuses to attend, and the French people yawn it off. On Dec. 16 to get even for Coventry, the British try to firebomb Mannheim, Germany, but screw up, killing only 23 civilians. On Dec. 16 a secret British govt. report advises giving top priority to bombing German oil facilities, and a directive is issued on Jan. 13. On Dec. 17 British forces reach the Libyan border, being told by Churchill "to maul the Italian Army and rip them off the African shore to the utmost extent". On Dec. 18 Hitler issues Directive No. 21, ordering the military to make plans "to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign" to be ready by May 15, while making certain "that the intention to attack does not become discernable"; Hitler expects Finland and Romania to fight on his team to take Leningrad first, then Kiev, then Moscow, with the final objective being to "erect a barrier against Asiatic Russia" on the Volga-Archangel line; the operation is initially known as Operation Fritz until history-man Hitler changes it to Operation Barbarossa (Red Beard), named after HRE Frederick I Barbarossa (1122-90), who is supposed to be sleeping in a cave in Mt. Kyffhauser in Thuringia or Mt. Untersberg in Bavaria, his red beard growing through the table before him and his eyes half-closed, waiting for the ravens flying around to disappear to signal his reawakening to return to save Germany; Soviet spymaster in Japan (since 1933) Richard "Ramsay" Sorge (1895-1944) (posing as a German Nazi journalist under the codename Ramsay) warns Stalin, who doesn't believe him, saying "There's this bastard who's set up factories and brothels in Japan and even deigned to report the date of the German attack as 22 June. Are you suggesting I should believe him too?"; when he advises Stalin on Sept. 14, 1941 that the Japanese are not going to attack the Soviet Union, he believes him and pulls troops out of the east, allowing him to begin the victory push against Hitler; he also tells Stalin that if the Germans capture any city on the Volga River, Japan will attack, causing Stalin to dig in at Stalingrad. On Dec. 21 the entire supreme court of Norway resigns in protest against Nazi justice. On Dec. 20 Eleanor Roosevelt delivers a radio address in New York City against racial prejudice, calling NYC the great polyglot city, with the soundbyte: "We will have bad people among us, but they will not be all white or black or all gentile or all Jew. There will be fewer bad people as justice and economic and educational opportunities are open to all." On Dec. 21 (night) the British bomb Berlin, killing 45 civilians, causing Joseph Goebbels to comment in his diary: "So considerable losses, after all." On Dec. 23 everything's-gonna-be-fine-trust-me Hitler visits military units on the English Channel coast, and his train Amerika has to be shunted into a tunnel at Boulogne when a British bombing attack begins. On Dec. 24 hundreds of telegrams arrive in Polish homes in Warsaw greeting them with news of the death of their relatives in Auschwitz and other Nazi punishment camps. On Dec. 28 British intel learns that its 28 raids of oil installations at Gelsenkirchen, Germany were ineffective. On Dec. 28 Richard Sorge reports that a 40-div. German reserve army is being formed in Leipzig. On Dec. 29 FDR gives his Arsenal of Democracy Speech on radio, in which he utters the soundbyte: "The people of Europe who are defending themselves do not ask us to do their fighting. They ask us for the implements of war, the planes, the tanks, the guns, the freighters, which will enable them to fight for their liberty and for our security. We must be the great arsenal of democracy." On Dec. 29 (night) the Nazis stage a massive London Firebombing Blitz on both banks of the Thames River, destroying Guildhall and eight churches designed by Christopher Wren (who rebuilt 52 churches after the Great Fire of 1666); a haunting Photo of St. Paul's Cathedral visible through the flames while being saved by firefighters hampered by an exceptionally low tide gets mucho publicity; Harvard U. historian Crane Brinton is the fire marshal; British civilian deaths in Dec. total 3,793. On Dec. 30 the 6-mi. Arroyo Seco Parkway in Calif., later called the Pasadena Freeway, the first freeway in the U.S. opens, connecting Pasadena and Los Angeles. I'm so hot, not? On Dec. 31 Pope Pius XI issues the teaching document Casti Conubii (Chaste Christian Marriage), saying that any sex not in the context of marriage for procreation and education of children as an act of love is immoral; the Roman Catholic Church remains the only major denomination in this cent. that still promotes chastity and condemns contraception. In Dec. Kuomintang leader Gen. Chiang Kai-shek demands that all Chinese Communist Eighth Route Army forces withdraw N of the Yangtzi River by the end of the year, followed by all New Fourth Army forces by the end of Jan., but the latter oppose his ultimatum. In Dec. after living together on and off for four years, novelist Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) marries war correspondent Martha Gellhorn (1908-98) (until 1945); Gelhorn goes on to become the only woman to land in Normanday on D-Day (June 6, 1944). Sir Winston Churchill appoints Labour leader (avowed Marxist) Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (1889-1952) as British ambassador to the Soviet Union, who warns Stalin of the possibility of a Nazi attack, and after it happens in June 1941 goes on to engineer an alliance between the Soviet Union and the Allies, becoming super-popular in Britain and gaining jobs in the War Cabinet, lord privy seal, and leader of the House of Commons; too bad, Churchill smells a threat to his position as PM, and in Sept. 1942 sends him on the Cripps Mission to India to strike a deal that they will get full self-govt. after the war for loyalty during it, then pulls the rug under his feet, causing him to step down as Commons leader and accept a less glamorous job as minister of aircraft production for the rest of the war (until 1947). War hero Gen. Enrique Penaranda (Peñaranda) Castillo (1892-1969) is elected pres. of Bolivia (until 1943) as head of the conservative Concordancia party, a union formed against the liberals. The Muslim league in Lahore, led by Muhammad (Mohammad) Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) (known for wearing a karakul hat) passes the Pakistan Resolution, calling for a separate Muslim country of Pakistan to be created. Sir Anthony Eden becomes British foreign secy. again (resigned 1938). Henry L. Stimson becomes U.S. secy. of war (until 1945); just like is founded-13. Anti-FDR labor leader John L. Lewis resigns as head of the CIO after an election. Jesse Holman Jones (1874-1956) is appointed U.S. commerce secy. by FDR (until 1945). Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908-79), poor little rich boy son of John D. Rockefeller Jr. is appointed to the new Office of the Coordinator of Inter-Am. Affairs by FDR. Robert Daniel Murphy (1894-1978) is appointed U.S. envoy in French North Africa (until 1942), going on to prepare for Operation Torch. William "Wild Bill" Langer (1886-1959), known for being forced from office as gov. of N.D. in 1934 for fraud becomes a U.S. Sen. (R-N.D.) (until 1959), going on to lead the isolationists and back conspiracy theories of a shadow govt. of "millionaire monopolists, international bankers or crooks" running the U.S by selecting pres. nominees in both major parties. The Home Guard (Local Defence Volunteers) is formed in Britain. The Special Operations Executive (SOE) is established by the British as a secret military org. to promote guerrilla war in occupied territories. The U.S. Investment Co. Act of 1940 allows SEC-regulated money market funds, which total $10B by 1979 and $100B by 1981. The French Foreign Legion (founded 1831) is disbanded (until 1945). The Maud (Military Application of Uranium Detonation) Committee in Britain under English physicist Sir George Paget Thomson (1892-1975) convenes, recommending the development of the atomic bomb next year. Kiwi-born Australian journalist Nancy Wake (1912-) works with the French maquisards against the Germans,becoming a hero. British Fascist leader Oswald Mosley is imprisoned under British Defence Regs (until 1945). FDR appoints GM vice-pres. William Signius "Big Bill" Knudsen (1879-1948) as dir. of the Office of Production Management, and Jewish-Am. labor leader Sidney Hillman (1887-1946) as co-dir. (until 1942) - they both die soon after he does, worked to death? Former (1936) Repub. vice-pres. nominee Frank Knox is appointed U.S. Navy secy. by FDR; investment banking firm (Dillon, Reed and Co.) pres. (since 1938) James Vincent Forrestal is appointed undersecy., then becomes secy. in 1944, becoming the man in Foggy Bottom (later the Pentagon) who has to wear shades his future is so bright? The Germans set up Nazi Police Reserve Battalion 101 to massacre Jews in Eastern Europe, usually by shooting them into open pits. The Nazis launch Operation Bernhard to manufacture high-quality counterfeit British bank notes and flood Britain with them to collapse their economy; it closes in early 1942, then revived to forge money to finance German intel operations, using Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp POWS to do the work under SS Maj. Bernhard Kruger (Krüger) (1904-89); in 1943 a British bank in Tangier obtains samples of their counterfeit notes; the operation folds in mid-1945 having having printed £132.6M-£300M, £100K of which was used to obtain info. that helped to free Benito Mussolini in the Gran Sasso Raid of Sept. 1943. The U.S. obtains a right to establish a military base on the British-held island of Antigua, West Indies. George VI of Britain institutes the George Cross - I want to stand on a rooftop and recommend it to everybody? The Jewish Zionist Lehi (Stern Gang) (Lhamei Herut Yisrael) (Fighters for the Freedom of Israel) of 200-300 members is founded by Avraham Stern (1907-42) (AKA Yair) as a splinter group from the Irgun, going on to become the most violent Zionist org., seeking to forcibly evict the British from Palestine and form a Jewish state. German fighter ace Werner "Pappy" Molders (Mölders) (1913-41), hero of the Spanish Civil War and developer of the Finger-Four Formation gets 68 French-British kills, becoming the first German pilot to receive the Knight's Cross with oak leaves, swords, and diamonds; after being transferred to the Eastern Front in June 1941, he reaches a record 100 Vs in mid-July, is promoted to col., retired, then is killed in his Heinkel He 111 en route to Berlin in a heavy thunderstorm in Breslau on Nov. 22, 1941. Only 18% of Americans are now employed in agriculture. The Rapp-Coudbert Committee in N.Y. is established (until 1942) to rapp-out coudbert, er, root-out Communist influence in the public education system, ending with the dismissal of 60+ instructors and administrators at CCNY incl. historian Jack Donald Foner (1910-99), who doesn't work in academia again until 1969, his crime being devoting too much attention to African-Am. history; in 1979 the N.Y. State Board of Higher Ed. apologizes to the victims. The Hollywood Foreign Press Assoc. is founded in Los Angeles, Calif. to get more clout with the studios and give them greater access to stars. Jewish-Am. liberal Saul David Alinsky (1909-72) of Chicago, Ill. founds the Industrial Areas Foundation to provide workshops to community and labor organizers, founding the modern community action movement that later inspires Barack Obama. British economists John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) and Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher (1911-77) propose the Bancor, a supranational currency to be used in internat. trade and cleared by the Internat. Clearing Union; it is rejected by the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. During WWII bananas become extremely scarce in Britain, causing mashed boiled parsnips to be used as a replacement. The ASCAP-BMI War begins, raging during this decade over the right to collect musical royalties. Early in this decade the Fundamentalist-Evangelical Split begins over the issue of separatism vs. engagement with modern culture incl. Catholics and Jews and contemporary issues, and acceptance of some of the ideas of modernists, with the term fundamentalist becoming "an embarrassment instead of a badge of honor" (Kenneth S. Kantzer), becoming known as Neo-Evangelicals; in Sept. 1941 after breaking with the Presbyterian Church in 1937 to form the non-smoking non-drinking premillennialist Bible Presbyterian Church and the Faith Theological Seminary (which supports the Scofield Reference Bible), Ypsilanti, Mich.-born minister Carl Curtis McIntire Jr. (1906-2002) of the Bible Presbyterian Church in Collingswood, N.J., ed. (since Feb. 1936) of the weekly "Christian Beacon" (circ. 120K) and later (Mar. 1955) the Twentieth Cent. Christian Hour founds the fundamentalist Am. Council of Christian Churches (ACCC), which favors separatism; in the 1950s McIntyre joins Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist crusade; on Apr. 7-9, 1942 after declining an invitation to join the ACCC , the Nat. Assoc. of Evangelicals (NAE) (originally Nat. Assoc. of Evangelicals for United Action) is founded by 147 evangelicals in St. Louis, Mo. led by Congregational minister Harold John Ockenga (1905-85) of Park St. Church in Boston, Mass. for conservative Christians to help win the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy by fighting the Nat. Council of Churches; in 1947 Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, Calif. is founded for evangelicals; in 1949 newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst tells his editors to "puff" Billy Graham, making his "crusade evangelism" into front-page news; in 1950 Graham and Ockenga speak at the Rose Bowl in front of the largest audience so far for a religious audience in the Pacific SW; Pres. Eisenhower becomes a fan, inviting NAE leaders to the White House; on Feb. 8, 1985 Ockenga dies, with Graham uttering the soundbyte: "He was a giant among giants. Nobody outside of my family influenced me more than he did. I never made a major decision without first calling and asking his advise and counsel." In this decade the Latin Kings street gang is founded in Chicago, Ill. by Puerto Rican youths, expanding to 39+ states and 206 cities, becoming dominated by Mexicans, who create the religion of Kingism. In this decade Jump blues is created to add the "swingy side" of big bands incl. the boogie-woogie rhythm, with artists incl. Charles Brown, Roy Brown, Cab Calloway, Wynonie Harris, Helen Humes, Louis Jordan, Roy Milton, Memphis Slim, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Big Joe Turner, T-Bone Walker, and Billy Wright; in the 1980s it is revived by artists incl. Joe Jackson and Brian Setzer, later by Roomful of Blues, Mitch Woods and His Rocket 88s, Lavay Smith and Her Red Hot Skillet Lickers, and The Mighty Blues Kings. In this decade the Golden Age of British Cinema sees dirs. Sir David Lean (1908-91), Michael Latham Powell (1905-90), Emeric Pressburger (1902-88), and Sir Carol Reed (1906-76) produce their best work; in 1939 Powell and Pressburger form The Archers film production co., with Pressburger creating the original stories, and Powell doing the directing, cranking out 24 films by 1972 incl. "The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp" (1943), "A Matter of Life and Death" (1946), "Black Narcissus" (1947), and "The Red Shoes" (1948). Gene Autry's Melody Ranch debuts on CBS radio (until 1956), making him a giant star in the U.S. Am. actress Desi Arnaz and Cuban bandleader Lucille Ball get married (divorced 1960) - gotcha? Yorba Linda, Calif.-born Duke U. Law School grad. Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-94) marries Ely, Nev.-born, Cerritos, Calif.-raised Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan (1912-93); they have no sons and 2 daughters, Patricia (Tricia) Nixon (1946-) and Julie Nixon (1948-). Young aspiring San Diego, Calif.-born actor Eldred Gregory Peck (1916-2003) poses in men's clothing for this year's Montgomery Ward catalog. Lake Como becomes the first nudist recreation community in Fla. The Economic History Assoc. is founded at Santa Clara U. in Calif., going on to establish several prizes incl. the Arthur Cole Prize, Alice Hanson Jones Prize, Gyorgi Ranki Prize, Alan Nevins Prize, Alexander Gerschenkron Prize, and Jonathan Hughes Prize; in 1941 it begins pub. the Journal of Economic History with Cambridge U. Press (until ?). Am. philosopher-historian Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873-1962) founds the Journal of the History of Ideas, focusing on "unit ideas" that combine and recombine over time. John F. Kennedy graduates from Hahvahd, er, Harvard - without reading a single book through like George Dubya Bush did in Yale? The British Scientific Advisory Committee is formed by the War Cabinet. The Musical Herr, starring Hitler is such a dog that there's a mass exit of the intelligentsia from his theater of operations to lucky America, causing a brain boom? Am. journalist Varian Mackey Fry (1907-67), the "Artists' Schindler" travels from the U.S. to unoccupied Vichy-controlled Marseille, France with a list of 200 prominent (mainly Jewish) intellectuals and artists known to be in areas of Nazi-occupied Europe, and hooks up with U.S. vice-consul Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV (1903-88), Am. artist Miriam Davenport (1915-99), and Am. heiress Mary Jayne Gold (1909-97) to create the Emergency Rescue Committee, going on to smuggle 2K-4K (2.5K?) of them out of the clutches of the Gestapo to neutral Portugal and Martinique, where most end up the U.S. after getting around the usual Anti-Semitism, incl. artists Jean Arp (1886-1966), Andre Breton (1896-1966), Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), Max Ernst (1891-1976), and Jacques Lipchitz (1891-1973), chemist Otto Meyerhof (1884-1951), writers Hannah Arendt (1906-75), and Franz Werfel (1890-1945), and composers Paul Abraham (1892-1960), Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Ralph Benatzky (1884-1957), Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Ernst Krenek (1900-91), Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951), Robert Stolz (1880-1975), Oscar Straus (1870-1954), Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Ernst Toch (1887-1964), and Kurt Weill (1900-50); meanwhile, thanks to Herr Hitler and impresario Varian Fry, the Jewish trash, er, Abstract Expressionist Art Movement is founded in New York City in this decade, emphasizing spontaneous personal expression, paint as an object of art, and the art of painting itself; the Big Six are Philip Guston (1913-80), Willem de Kooning (1904-97), Barnett Newman (1905-70) (a miniminalist who paints big stripes), Jackson Pollock (1912-56) (splash artist), Mark Rothko (1903-70) (another minimialist), and Clyfford Still (1904-80); others incl. Milton Avery (1885-1965) ("the American Matisse"), Max Ernst (1891-1976), Robert Motherwell (1915-91), Franz Kline (1910-62), and Mark Tobey (1890-1976); later the CIA secretly promotes them as a weapon in the Cold War via the Congress for Cultural Freedom, founded in 1950. The Am. Ballet Theatre is founded, joining the New York City Ballet as the top two U.S. ballet cos. French composer Jean Martinon (1910-76) is taken POW by the Germans, going on to compose several works, incl. Chant des Captifs while incarcerated; in 1946 he appointed conductor of the Bordeaux Philharmonic Orchestra. Keynote Records is founded by record store owner Eric Bernay to release folk and protest songs, signing the Almanac Singers et al. before expanding to jazz in 1943, signing Count Basie, Roy Eldridge, Coleman Hawkins, Dinah Washington, Lester Young et al. before going bankrupt in 1948 and being acquired by Mercury Records. Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957) selects commentator Benjamin Franklin "Ben" Grauer (1908-77) to be the voice of the NBC Symphony Orchestra (until June 1954). New York City begins the Cabaret Card System, preventing people of "bad character" from working on licensed premises that serve alcohol, which ends up being used by the police to destroy the livelihood of performers incl. Billie Holiday, Chet Baker, Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, Jackie McLean, Elmo Hope, Billy Higgins, and Lenny Bruce; after control is removed from the NYPD in 1961, the system is abolished in 1967. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is founded as part of the Dept. of the Interior to coordinate federal wildlife conservation programs. The Nat. Field Archery Assoc. is formed in the U.S. for bow-and-arrow hunters. Harvard Hospital is sent to England by Harvard Medical School, and located near Salisbury, England (80 mi. W of London), where it becomes a U.S. military field hospital, then in 1946 is turned into the Common Cold Research Center (until 1990). After founding Spiritual Mobilization in 1935 to promote "Freedom under God" (Christian libertarianism), Los Angeles, Calif.-based Congregationalist minister James William Fifield Jr. (1899-1977) gives a speech to the Nat. Assoc. of Manufacturers at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City denouncing FDR and the New Deal and claiming that a free-market agenda is right for Christian America, attracting support from big business and going on to found the radio program "The Freedom Story" in 1949, which reaches 800 stations by 1951, paving the way for Billy Graham and Pres. Eisenhower and leading to putting "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance and making "In God We Trust" as the nat. motto. Johns Hopkins U. prof. Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873-1962) founds Journal of the History of Ideas, focusing on "unit ideas". In this decade Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. becomes a destination for college students on spring break, where they party hearty and drink too much, causing it to become known as Ft. Liquordale; by the 1980s the spring break crowds peak out and begin thinning. In this decade Japanese-Am. sculptor Isamu Noguchi begins designing Atari lamps, with shades made of Japanese paper. Nickel-mining town Sudbury, Ont. becomes the first city in Canada to install parking meters. The U.S. Declaration of Independence is fixed with Scotch tape; too bad, the tape is slightly acidic? In this decade the Happy Goodman Family of Southern gospel singers is founded by Howard "Happy" Goodman and his family incl. his wife Vestal, Sam, Rusty, and Bobby, gaining fame by 1950, releasing their first album I'm Too Near Home in 1963, which features I'm Too Near Home, after which they are selected to sing on "The Gospel Singing Jubilee" in 1964 along with the Florida Boys, the Dixie Echoes, and the Couriers Quartet, leaving in 1974 to star in their own TV series "The Happy Goodman Family Hour", becoming known for their "grab a note and hang on" endings. Am. comedian Danny Kaye (b. 1913) marries Sylvia Fine, who acts as his coach and writes his material. Mike Wallace lands his first radio job on WXYZ in Detroit, where he introduces adventure shows such as "The Green Hornet"; in 1946 he hosts a popular WMAQ radio interview show in Chicago. British super-brain philosopher Bertrand Russell is rejected by City College of New York, then appointed to the William James lectureship at Harvard U. - I'd love a health care career, did you say nine months? Am. Bing Crosby baritone clone singer Vaughn Monroe (1911-73) forms a band in Boston, Mass., going on to produce a string of hits until the 1950s incl. "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" (1946) and "Ghost Riders in the Sky" (1949). Bing Crosby's Kraft Music Hall (founded 1933) discovers new hit entertainers Jerry Colonna (1904-86), Victor Borge (1909-2000), and Spike Jones (1911-65). Kiwi-born British cartoonist Sir David Alexander Cecil Low (1891-1963) gains fame for producing a series of wicked Anti-Hitler Cartoons. Am. cartoonist Edmund Duffy wins his 3rd Pulitzer Prize (1931, 1934). Alicia Patterson (1906-63) of Chicago, Ill. begins pub. Newsday mag., named via a contest. York Peppermint Patties are introduced by Henry C. Kessler of the York Cone Co. of York, Penn., which markets in the NE U.S.; in 1972 it is acquired by Peter Paul, which markets it nationally in 1975; in 1978 Peter Paul merges with Cadbury, which is acquired in 1988 by Hershey Co.; since the 1970s the slogan is "Get the sensation". Conservative anti-Communist Walt Disney becomes an informant for the FBI, earning the nickname "Hollywood's Dark Prince". Sports: On Feb. 28 the first televised basketball games are played at Madison Square Garden in New York City and shown on W2XBS-TV in New York City, with a viewership of several hundred; Pittsburgh U. defeats Fordham U. by 57-37, and New York U. defeats Georgetown U. by 50-27. On Apr. 2-13 the 1940 Stanley Cup Finals see the New York Rangers defeat the Toronto Maple Leafs 4-2, starting a title drought until 1994 called Dutton's Curse (The Curse of 1940). On Apr. 3 Cornelius "Dutch" Warmerdam (1915-2001) of the U.S., known for using a bamboo pole becomes the 1st to vault over 15 ft. (4.57m) at UCB; in 1942 he sets a pole vault record of 15'7-3/4" (4.77m); nobody else vaults over 15 ft. until 1951; too bad, he goes pro before an Olympics can be held in 1948. On May 30 the 1940 (28th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Wilbur Shaw (2nd win, and 3rd in 4 years) in the same Maserati 8CTF as last year, becoming the 1st to win two in a row, and 2nd to win 3x. On Dec. 8 the Chicago Bears defeat the Washington Redskins 73-0 to win the 1940 NFL Championship, the lopsided win caused by the introduction of the T-formation by coach George "Papa Bear" Halas (1895-1983), quarterbacked by lucky (to not live in Europe?) Jewish-Am. QB Sid Luckman (1916-98). William Donald "Don" McNeill (1918-96) wins the U.S. Open tennis singles title, and Alice Marble (1913-90) wins the women's singles title; because of the war, the Wimbledon tennis tournament is not held in 1940-45. Richard D. "Dick" Chapman (1911-78) wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and William Lawson Little Jr. (1910-68) wins the U.S. Open; Am. golfer Ben Hogan (1912-97) becomes the top U.S. money winner, followed by 1941-2 and 1946, going on strong into the next decade. The XII (12th) 1940 Summer Olympics scheduled for Tokyo are canceled, as are the XIII (13th) 1944 Summer Olympics scheduled for Hell. The Edmonton Flyers amateur ice hockey team is founded in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, going on to win the 1948 Allan Cup; in 1951 they go pro and join the Pacific Coast Hockey League as the farm team of the Detroit Red Wings; they fold in 1963. Jack Dempsey retires from boxing. Bimelech (jockey F.A. Smith) wins the Belmont and Preakness Stakes. Richard Cummings "Dick" Wakefield (1921-85) becomes the first ML "Bonus Baby", receiving an unprecedented $52K signing bonus and a car from the Detroit Tigers; too bad, he lets the money go to his head and doesn' t work hard, and after going 1-for-7 is dumped from the ML in 1942, but returns in 1943 and becomes a star until WWII begins, then ends up a bum after the war, using his relationship with the owner's wife to stay on until 1949 despite the fans booing him. Cleveland Indians pitcher Robert William Andrew "Bob" Feller (1918-2010) becomes the first to pitch a no-hitter on opening day (until ?), against the Chicago White Sox. In the 1940s and 1950s Middletown H.S. in Ohio cranks out several NBA stars, who like to play at Sunset Park, incl. Jerry Lucas, Oscar Robertson, and Wayne Embry, winning state titles in 1944, 1946-7, 1952-3, and 1956-7; on July 25, 2009 players hold a big reunion. Architecture: On Nov. 7 (11:00 a.m. PST) the 5.4K-ft. suspension Tacoma Narrows Bridge AKA Galloping Gertie in Puget Sound between Tacoma, Wash. and the Kitsap Peninsula, begun in 1938 and opened on July 1 begins swaying violently in 40 mph winds before collapsing, becoming the reason for engineering schools to teach engineers about eigenvalues and resonant frequencies, ruining the rep of Latvian-born bridge engineer Leon Solomon Moisseiff (1874-1943); a new bridge opens on Oct. 14, 1950. On Oct. 14 the $2.7M Buffalo Memorial Auditorium, AKA the Aud in Buffalo, N.Y. opens as the home of the AHL Buffalo Bisons, later the NHL Buffalo Sabres in 1970; it closes in 1996, and is demolished in 2009. The Banff-Jasper Highway over the Canadian Rockies (begun 1931) opens. Frank Lloyd Wright designs Fla. Southern College in Lakeland, Fla. The 1.2-mi. Allegheny Mountain Tunnel for vehicular traffic on the Pennsylvania Turnpike opens, becoming known as an engineering marvel. The 1.3-mi. Queens-Midtown Tunnel for vehicular traffic over the East River in New York City opens. On Oct. 31 the $1.6M art deco Hollywood Palladium at 6215 Sunset Blvd. between Argyle and El Centro Aves. in Los Angeles, Calif., built on the original Paramount Pictures lot by Norman Chandler opens, featuring a 11.2K sq. ft. kidney-shaped maplewood dance floor (cap. 4K), designed by Hoover Dam and LA Times Bldg. architect Gordon Kaufmann, hosting a dance featuring Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra and vocalist Frank Sinatra attended by Lana Turner and her hubby Artie Shaw; during WWII it hosts radio broadcasts by Betty Grable; in 1961 it becomes the home of the Lawrence Welk Show. Nobel Prizes: No awards. Inventions: On May 13 Ukrainian-born Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (1889-1972) of the U.S. makes his first free flight in the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, giving the U.S. heli power. On May 29 the U.S. Navy/U.S. Marine Corps Chance Vought F4U Corsair fighter, powered by the Double Wasp engine makes its first flight, entering service on Dec. 28, 1942, with high demand causing manufacturing to be shared by Goodyear (FG) and Brewster (F3A); until problems with carrier landing are solved, it is replaced by the Grumman F6F Hellcat; it goes on to earn an 11:1 kill ratio vs. Japanese planes; after being adopted by New Zealand and France, 12,571 are produced by 1953, becoming the longest production run of any U.S. piston-engined fighter. On Aug. 19 the North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber makes its first flight, named in honor of U.S. Maj. Gen. William "Billy" Mitchell; 9,816 are produced in the next four decades, with variations incl. the USMC PBJ-1 patrol bomber, USAAF F-10 recon aircraft, and AT-24 trainer. On Oct. 26 the $51K North American Aviation P-51 Mustang makes its test flight, with the British RAF replacing its Allison V-1710 engines with the Rolls-Royce Merlin, giving it equal or better high-altitude performance to the Luftwaffe fighters after it is introduced in Jan. 1942; 15K are built by 1984. After a successful test flight last Dec. 29, the U.S. Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber (AKA the Flying Boxcar) (bomb cap. 4 tons), designed by Consolidated Aircraft of San Diego, Calif., with greater range and speed than a B-17 begins production in England; in Aug. 1942 the new 3.5M sq. ft. Ford Motor Co. plant in Willow Run, headed by Danish-born engineer Charles Emil Sorensen (1881-1968) opens, becoming the largest factory in the U.S. (largest outside the Soviet Union), ramping up production to one an hour, causing it to become the most-produced U.S. military aircraft (18,482) (until ?); too bad, it is hard to steer, has a tendency to catch on fire, and can't take much battle damage, causing it to be called the Flying Coffin. On Nov. 25 the 2-man British De Havilland DH.98 Mosquito ("Mossie") AKA "The Wooden Wonder" too-fast-to-catch multi-role recon-fighter-bomber aircraft makes its first flight, introduced on Nov. 15, 1941, evolving from photo-recon missions to low-med.-high alt. bombing missions with Blockbuster bombs, becoming the most versatile warplane ever built; there is room for only one passenger, in the bomb bay. The Martin Model 167 Maryland medium bomber makes its test flight, seeing action in France and the U.K. for the rest of WWII; 450 are produced. The Soviet Union introduces the heavily-armored Voroshilov KV-1 Tank, named after Stalin's friend Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov (1881-1969) The U. of Calif. Cyclotron is built, producing mesotrons from atomic nuclei. African-Am. physician (inventor of Scotch Tape) Charles Richard Drew (1904-50) invents the Blood Bank to provide blood for Britain; too bad, he is prohibited by segregation laws from donating his own blood; after having an auto accident in 1950 he bleeds to death, causing a false rumor that he had been refused treatment by a hospital because he was black. In the fall Louis Mountbatten of the British Royal Navy invents Mountbatten (Plymouth) Pink, a new naval camouflage color that is a shade of lavender mauve grey which makes ships vanish during dawn and dusk. English bandleader Al Tabor (1898-1983) invents the Hokey Pokey (Hokey Cokey), based on the early 20th cent. New York City name for ice cream (garbled Italian from street vendors), with a dance derived from actions used with "Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree"; too bad, he loses the copyright; after being recorded by the Ram Trio in 1949, after which Roland Lawrence "Larry" LaPrise (1912-96) ends up with the copyright for the song. Early in this decade the radioactive ionization chamber smoke detector is invented in Switzerland. In this decade Shannon Airport (Ireland) bartender Michael Collins, invents Irish Coffee? German-Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark (1906-77) of Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) demonstrates a sequential method of color television (TV), which is commercialized in the 1950s. William Justin Kroll (1889-1973) of Luxembourg discovers the Kroll Process for producing titanium metal, making it possible to use it outside the lab. Forrest Edward Mars Sr. (1904-99), son of Mars Co. founder Frank C. Mars invents M&Ms brand chocolate candy in a crunchy shell which "melts in your mouth not in your hands"; Peanut M&M's are introduced in 1954, and Peanut Butter M&M's in 1991. Dr. Cecil E. Nixon (1874-1962) of San Francisco, Calif. constructs the zither-playing robot Isis, with a repertoire of 3K tunes. Karl Probst (1883-1963) of Bantam Automotive allegedly invents the Jeep for the U.S. Army in two days, and after it is built in 49 days he test-drives it from Toledo, Ohio to Butler, Penn. The Vought-Sikorsky Corp. of the U.S. performs the first successful helicopter flight. Am. astronomer Fred Lawrence Whipple invents a device for cutting tin foil into chaff to confuse enemy radar. The Northrop N-1M "Jeep" becomes the first U.S. all-wing (flying wing) airplane. A new combustion chamber for jet engines is invented. RCA of Camden, N.J. on Apr. 20 publicly demonstrates the first Electron Microscope that permits direct visualization of viruses. Science: In Feb. German exiles (in England) Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls discover that an A-bomb can be made with a few kg of U-235, ending the insoluble problem of the need for a moderator for U-238 to slow neutrons down; too bad, the natural ore ratio is 0.7% of U-235 to 99.3% of U-238, making chemical separation extremely difficult. On Sept. 28 Am. surgeon Austin T. Moore (1899-1963) performs the first metallic hip replacement surgery at Columbia Hospital in S.C. using the cobalt-chrome alloy Vitallium and bolted to the end of the femoral shaft; in 1952 the improved Austin Moore Prosthesis is introduced, which is inserted inside the femur's meduallary shaft. Dale Rraymond Corson (1914-2012), Kenneth Ross MacKenzie (1912-2002), and Emilio Gino Segre (Segrè) (1905-89) of UCB synthesize the radioactive halogen element Astatine (At) (#85) (Gr. "astatos" = unstable). The first Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is found in the Weddell Sea, followed by the Ross Sea and the Adelie Coast of East Antarctica in the 1960s-1970s, and Cape Darnley Polynya in 2013. 18-y.-o. Marcel Ravidat discovers the Lascaux Cave Paintings in France of horses, bulls, bison, deer et al., incl. the Hall of the Bulls; they are dated to 28K B.C., and supposedly cover a span of 15K years, produced by the sensitive artist highbrow Cro-Magnon people of 32K B.C.E. to 10K B.C.E? The pasteurization of milk in the U.S. reduces the number of cases of brucellosis from 6.5K this year to only 70 in 1994; not that raw milk isn't healther if certified; in 1946 the Vacuum Pasteurization Method is perfected, followed by the Ultra-High Temperature Pasteurization Method in 1948. In 1940 after Egon Bretscher (1901-73) and Norman Feather (1904-78) of the Cavendish Lab discover that a slow neutron reactor fueled with uranium can produce substantial amounts for use in an atomic bomb, the element Neptunium (Np) (#93) is first synthesized by Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907-91) and Philip Hauge Abelson (1913-2004) of the Berkeley Radiation Lab, becoming the first transuranic element synthesized; Neptune follows Uranus, therefore neptunium follows uranium? In this decade Am. chemist Edwin Joseph Cohn (1892-1953) develops the Cohn Blood Fractionation procedure to recover albumin from blood plasma, which is used as an excellent substitute for human plasma in WWII. Howard W. Florey perfects penicillin as a practical antibiotic. Am. bacteriologist Alfred Day Hershey (1908-97) observes that when two different strains of bacteriophage infect the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic info. African-Am. chemist Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975) of Glidden Co. begins manufacturing human sex hormones (progesterone, estrogen, testosterone) from soybeans, followed by cortisone in 1949, dramatically increasing the supply and reducing the cost; too bad, white racists dynamite his home in Oak Park, Ill. on June 12, 1951. U.S. physicist Donald William Kerst (1911-93) of the U. of Ill. invents the Betatron magnetic induction accelerator to accelerate electrons to high energies, shooting them into a doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber between the poles of an electromagnet carrying an alternating current to produce X-rays. In this decade U.S. astronomer Carl Keenan Seyfert (1911-60) discovers Seyfert Galaxies, spiral galaxies with small, bright nuclei which emit strong broad spectral lines. French mathematician Andre (André) Weil (1906-98) finally proves the famous 1859 Riemann Hypothesis while imprisoned for failure to report for military duty, and goes on to become one of the top mathematicians of the cent. German-born Am. astronomer Rupert Wildt (1905-76) proposes that the high surface temperatures of Venus are caused by a CO2-driven greenhouse effect, which is later popularized by astronomer Carl Sagan; they're really caused by the high surface pressure? Helium-3 is discovered by ? to be an exception to the rule that a nucleus that contains more protons than neutrons is unstable. Nonfiction: James Truslow Adams (1878-1949), Dictionary of American History (6 vols.). Mortimer Adler (1902-2001), The Philosophy and Science of Man: A Collection of Texts As a Foundation for Ethics and Politics; How to Read a Book: The Art of Getting a Liberal Education; bestseller. Frederick Lewis Allen (1890-1954), Since Yesterday: The 1930s in America, Sept. 3, 1929 to Sept. 3, 1939. George Arliss (1868-1946), My 10 years in the Studios (autobio.). Edward Arnold (1890-1956), Lorenzo Goes to Hollywood (autobio.); goes into politics as a Repub., losing a close election for LA county supervisor, saying that actors are probably not suited to run for political office. Thurman Arnold (1891-1969), The Bottlenecks of Business. Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), Gem of the Prairie: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld. A.J. Ayer (1910-89), The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), La Philosopie du Non: Essai d'une Philosophie du Nouvel Esprit Scientifique. James Beard (1903-85), Hors d'Oeuvre and Canapes; his first book, launching his culinary career in the U.S. as "the Dean of Am. Cuisine" (Julia Child). Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891-1973), Early Diplomatic Missions from Buenos Aires to the United States, 1811-1824. Ruth Benedict (1887-1948), Race: Science and Politics. Edwyn Bevan (1870-1943), Christians in a World at War; Holy Images: An Inquiry into Idolatry and Image-Worship in Ancient Paganism and in Christianity. Franz Boas (1858-1942), Race, Language, and Culture. Emory Stephen Bogardus (1882-), The Development of Social Thought. Elie J. Bois, Truth on the Tragedy of France (London). Herbert Eugene Bolton (1870-1953), Cultural Cooperation with Latin America. Emma Bourne, America: A Nation of One People from Many Countries; map showing U Pluribus Unum at work in a nation of European immigrants; too bad, leftist globalists later try to use it to flood America with existential enemies esp. Muslims? Vera Brittain (1893-1970), Testament of Friendship (autobio.). P.M. Burnett (ed.), Reparations at the Paris Peace Conference (2 vols.). Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), The Statecraft of Machiavelli. Evans Fordyce Carlson (1896-1947), Twin Stars of China: A Behind-the-Scenes Story of China's Valiant Struggle for Existence by a U.S. Marine Who Lived and Moved With Them; The Chinese Army; by a U.S. military observer who travelled with the Chinese Eighth Army in 1937-9. R.G. Collingwood (1889-1943), The First Mate's Log; his big cruise. Arthur H. Compton (1892-1962), The Human Meaning of Science. Ely Culbertson (1891-), The Strange Lives of One Man (autobio.). Herbert Cutner (1881-1969), A Short History of Sex Worship. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), Mark Twain in Eruption. Georges Duhamel (1884-1966), Why France Fights; anti-Nazi polemic. Richard T. Ely (1854-1943) and G.S. Wehrwein, Land Economics. Norman Bel Geddes (1893-1958), Magic Motorways; calls for a U.S. interstate highway system; "There should be no more reason for a motorist who is passing through a city to slow down than there is for an airplane which is passing over it." Arthur Eric Rowton Gill (1882-1940), Autobiography: Quod Ore Sumpsimus (posth.); a deeply religious Roman Catholic likes to have sex with his own children, sister, and dogs? Benjamin Gitlow (1891-1965), I Confess: The Truth About American Communism; prominent Am. Communist turns anti-Communist. Kurt Godel (1906-78), The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory; proves that transfinite methods cannot introduce inconsistencies into mathematics. Louis Golding (1895-1958), The World I Knew. Henry Green (1905-73), Pack My Bag: A Self-Portrait (autobio.); "I was born a mouthbreather with a silver spoon in 1905, three years after one war and nine before another, too late for both." J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Science and Everyday Life. Cicely Hamilton (1872-1952), Lament for Democracy. Marcus Lee Hansen (1892-1938), The Immigrant in American History (posth.); The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860: A History of the Continuing Settlement of the United States (posth.) (ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.) (Pulitzer Prize). G.H. Hardy (1877-1947), A Mathematician's Apology (autobio.); laments the passing of his creative powers. William S. Hart (1872-1946), And All Points West (autobio.). Sir Nevile Henderson (1882-1942), Failure of a Mission: Berlin 1937-1939). Christopher Hill (1912-2003), The English Revolution, 1640 (first book); 3rd ed. 1955; "The object of this essay is to suggest an interpretation of the events of the seventeenth century different from that which most of us were taught at school. To summarise it briefly, this interpretation is that the English Revolution of 1640-60 was a great social movement like the French Revolution of 1789. The state power protecting an old order that was essentially feudal was violently overthrown, power passed into the hands of a new class, and so the freer development of capitalism was made possible. The Civil War was a class war, in which the despotism of Charles I was defended by the reactionary forces of the established Church and conservative landlords. Parliament beat the King because it could appeal to the enthusiastic support of the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside, to the yeomen and progressive gentry, and to wider masses of the population whenever they were able by free discussion to understand what the struggle was really about." Sidney Hook (1902-89), Reason, Social Myths, and Democracy. Langston Hughes (1902-67), The Big Sea: An Autobiography; "White people began to come to Harlem in droves... It was the period when the Negro was in vogue." Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952), Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning. Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975), The New Systematics. Harold LeClair Ickes (1874-1952), The Third Term Bugaboo; U.S. interior secy. 1933-46. Merrill Jensen (1905-80), The Articles of Confederaton: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774-1781 (first book); views the Am. Rev. as "an internal revolution carried on by the masses of the people against the local aristocracy", challenging the consensus view of the ratification process of the U.S. Constitution and claiming that the Articles of Confederation were a better expression of genuine grassroots dem. values, its replacement creating a system of govt. that minimized them. Emory Richard Johnson (1864-1950), Transportation: Economic Principles and Problems. Sir Harold Spencer Jones, Life on Other Worlds. Wilbur K. Jordan (1902-), The Development of Religious Toleration in England: The Attainment of the Theory and the Accomodations in Thought and Institution. Carl G. Jung, The Interpretation of Personality. Madame Chiang Kai-shek (1898-2003), This is Our China; China in Peace and War. Edward Kasner (1878-1955) and James Roy Newman (1907-66), Mathematics and the Imagination; introduces the term googol (one followed by 100 zeroes) (ten duotrigintillion); the name was thought up in 1920 by Kasner's 9-y.-o. nephew Milton Sirotta (1911-81); book claims that it would take a human 10 years of calculation to compute the value of pi to 1K places. Helen Keller (1880-1968), Let Us Have Faith. John F. Kennedy (1917-63), Why England Slept; based on his Harvard senior internat. affairs thesis; claims that the British appeasement of the Nazis prevented greater disaster; sells 80K copies in the U.S. and U.K., netting $40K in royalties, which he uses to by a green Buick convertible and donate to bombed-out Plymouth, England. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), How to Pay for the War. Stanley Kimmel, The Mad Booths of Maryland; the eccentric acting family that knocked off Lincoln. Alfred L. Kroeber, Stimulus Diffusion; first description of trans-cultural diffusion - eh, Indiana Jones? William Leonard Langer (1896-1977) (ed.), An Encyclopedia of World History, 1st Ed.; rev. ed. of Karl Ploetz's "Epitome of History"; becomes the #1 ref. on the Great Track of Time until TLW?; he also edits the next 4 eds. (1948, 1952, 1968, 1972). Harold Laski (1893-1950), The American Presidency: An Interpretation. Bernard Lewis (1916-2018), The Origins of Is'mailism. Anne Morrow Lindbergh (1906-2001), The Wave of the Future: A Confession of Faith; predicts coming fascism; "The wave of the future is coming, and there is no fighting it." Clare Boothe Luce (1903-87), Europe in the Spring; "A world where men have decided to die together because they are unable to find a way to live together"; "All Clare on the Western Front" (Dorothy Parker). Shailer Mathews (1863-1941), Is God Emeritus?. Charles Howard McIlwain (1871-1968), Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern (last work). Claude McKay (1889-1948), Harlem: Negro Metropolis. H.L. Mencken (1880-1956), Happy Days. Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953), Architecture and the Changing Civilization. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Memoirs. Malcolm Muggeridge (1903-90), The Thirties, 1930-40, in Great Britain. Gilbert Murray (1866-1957), Stoic, Christian and Humanist. George Jean Nathan (1882-1958), Encyclopedia of the Theatre. Allan Nevins (1890-1971), John D. Rockefeller; rev. ed. pub. 1953. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947), In Yankee Windjammers. Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), Afraid of Victory. Eric Partridge (1894-1979), A New Testament Word Book: A Glossary. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), Joseph Chamberlain; Louis XIV; Twenty Years' Armistice and After: British Foreign Policy Since 1918. William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943), Marriage. Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), The Contempt of Freedom (essays); claims that scientists cooperate in a spontaneous order of open debate analogous to a free market. Llewleyn Powys (1884-1939), A Baker's Dozen; Old English Yuletide (posth.). Henry Habberley Price (1899-1984), Hume's Theory of the External World. Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), The Function of the Orgasm. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Inquiry into Meaning and Truth. Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (Pulitzer Prize). Adele Sandrock (1863-1937), Mein Leben (posth.). George Santayana (1863-1952), The Realms of Being (1927-40); disputes the idealist contention that knowledge is intuition of ideas. William Buehler Seabrook (1884-1945), Witchcraft: Its Power in the World Today. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1953), Man on His Nature; his admiration of French physician Jean Fernel (1497-1558). Florence Scovel Shinn (1871-1940), The Secret Door to Success. Lothrop Stoddard (1883-1950), Into the Darkness: Nazi Germany Today. Michael Strange (1890-1950), Who Tells Me True (autobio.). Fred Utley, The Dream We Lost: The Soviet Union Then and Now; "The only Western writer who had known Russia both from inside and from below, sharing some of the hardships and all the fears of the forcibly silenced Russian people"; praised by Pearl S. Buck. Alan W. Watts (1915-73), The Meaning of Happiness: The Quest for Freedom of the Spirit in Modern Psychology and the Wisdom of the East. H.G. Wells (1866-1946), The New World Order; how world govt. along with eugenics are inevitable. Benjamin Lee Whorf, Science and Linguistics; pub. in MIT Technology Review by a chem. engineer, insurance co. employee and Yale U. anthropology lecturer, claiming that languages constrain and shape thought, e.g., Native Am. languages make it impossible to understand the idea of the flow of time. Edmund Wilson (1895-1972), To the Finland Station; European Socialism from Jules Michelet to Lenin's 1917 arrival at you know where in St. Petersburg to begin the red bloody fun. Ola Elizabeth Winslow (1885-1977), Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758: A Biography (Pulitzer Prize for Biography/Autobiography) (2nd woman biographer). Clark Wissler (1870-1947), The Indian in the United States. Hans Zinsser (1878-1940), As I Remember Him: The Biography of R.S.. Music: Gene Autry (1907-98), South of the Border. Sir Granville Bantock (1868-1946), Celtic Symphony. Les Baxter (1922-96), It's a Big, Wide, Wonderful World; composed by John Rox; from the 1940 Broadway musical "All in Fun". Irving Berlin (1888-1989), Louisiana Purchase. Boris Blacher (1903-75), String Quartet No. 2. Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Karen's Piece. Will Bradley Orchestra, Beat Me Daddy (Eight to the Bar); written by Don Raye. Nat King Cole Trio, Sweet Lorraine; by Cliff Burwell and Mitchell Paris. Xavier Cugat (1900-90) Orchestra, Perfidia; with Miguelito Valdes; big hit. Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, I'll Never Smile Again; vocals by Hoboken, N.J.-born singer Frank Sinatra (1915-98), who decides not to copy Bing Crosby's style and instead "to experiment a little and come up with something different"; Sinatra's first #1 hit, causing Crosby to later comment "Frank Sinatra is the kind of singer who comes along once in a lifetime, but why did it have to be my lifetime?" Jean Francaix (1912-97), L'Apostrophe (musical comedy). Benny Goodman Orchestra, How High the Moon (Feb. 7); vocals by Helen Forester; music by Morgan Lewis, lyrics by Nancy Hamilton; from the 1940 Broadway revue "Two for the Show". Woody Guthrie (1912-67), Dust Bowl Ballads (album) (debut); the first concept album?; incl. Dust Bowl Blues, Dust Bowl Refugee, Dust Can't Kill Me, Pretty Boy Floyd, Tom Joad. Sammy Kaye Orchestra, Blueberry Hill (May 31); vocals by Tommy Ryan; music by Vincent Rose (1880-1944), lyrics by Al Lewis and Larry Stock; other versions released by Gene Krupa (June 3), Glen Miller (1940) (#1 in the U.S.), Kay Kyser, Russ Morgan (1940), Gene Autry (1940), Connee Boswell (1940), Jimmy Dorsey (1940), Louis Armstrong (1949) (#29 in the U.S.), and Fats Domino (1956) (#2 in the U.S.). Walter Kent (1911-94) and Nat Burton, There's Always Be an England; giant hit in Britain; "There'll always be an England,/ And England shall be free/ If England means as much to you/ As England means to me"; When You Wish Upon a Star. Lead Belly (1888-1949), Goodnight Irene; based on the 1886 song by Gussie L. Davis; "Sometimes I take a great notion to jump in the river and drown." Paul Lincke (1866-1946), Ein Liebestraum (operetta) (Hamburg). Vera Lynn ("the forces' sweetheart") and the Glenn Miller Orchestra, (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover. Johnny Mercer (1909-76), Day In - Day Out; Fools Rush In. Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Quatuor pour la Fin du Temps (Quartet for the End of Time); composed while a POW in France for the only four available instruments (piano, violin, cello, clarinet). The Glenn Miller Orchestra, Tuxedo Junction (recorded on Feb. 5) (sells 115K copies the first week); Pennsylvania 6-5000; Careless; Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread); Blueberry Hill; The Woodpecker Song, When You Wish Upon a Star; In the Mood. Bill Monroe (1911-96) and His Blue Grass Boys, Mule Skinner Blues (RCA Victor); launches the Bluegrass music genre. Ray Noble (1903-78) and His Orchestra featuring Al Bowlly (1899-1941), It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow (Feb. 15). Elliot Harold Paul (1891-1958), The Last Time I Saw Paris. Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Lorenz Hart (1895-1943), Pal Joey (musical); incl. Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered. Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Pages from a Diary. Artie Shaw Orchestra, Everything is Jumpin'; Stardust (Oct. 7); written by Hoagy Carmichael; features a trumpet solo by Billy Butterfield. Dinah Shore (1916-94) and the Glenn Miller Orchestra, Yes, My Darling Daughter; her first hit; sells 500K copies. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), Ninth Symphony. Memphis Slim (1915-88), Beer Drinking Woman. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Symphony in C. Randall Thompson (1899-1984), Alleluia. Ernest Tubb (1914-84), Blue Eyed Elaine. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Ballad of Magna Carta; lyrics by Maxwell Anderson. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Moss Hart (1904-61), and Ira Gershwin (1896-1983), Lady in the Dark. Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys, New San Antonio Rose; sells 2M copies. Art: Milton Avery (1885-1965), Gaspe - Pink Sky. Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Circus Caravan. Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957), Bird in Space (sculpture). Howard Chandler Christy (1873-1952), Washington Presiding Over the Constitutional Convention. Stuart Davis (1894-1964), Hot Still-Scape for Six Colors. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Europe After the Rain II (1940-2); Lone Tree and United Trees; The Robing of the Bride; La Toilette de la Marie. Marsden Hartley (1877-1943), Fisherman's Last Supper (1940-1). Frida Kahlo (1907-54), Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird. Vassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), Sky Blue. Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Interior, Ciboure, The Rumanian Blouse. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Dark Light. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Air Raid Shelter Scenes; drawings and watercolors of scenes in air raid shelters, made for the British govt. 1940-1. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Red and Yellow Cliffs. John Piper (1903-92), St. Mary le Port, Bristol. Clyfford Still (1904-80), Self-Portrait (PH-382). Rex Whistler (1905-44), Miss Laura Ridly. Movies: John Cromwell's Abe Lincoln in Illinois (Feb. 12), based on the 1938 Robert Emmet Sherwood play stars Raymond Massey as Abe, Ruth Gordon (screen debut) as Mary Todd Lincoln, Gene Lockhart as Stephen Douglas, and Mary Howard as Ann Rutledge. Eddie Cline's The Bank Dick stars W.C. Fields, who also writes it under an alias. W.S. Van Dyke's Bitter Sweet (Nov. 8) (MGM), based on the 1929 Noel Coward operetta stars Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy; the score is so heavily cut that it pisses-off Coward, who utters the soundbyte: "I was saving up 'Bitter Sweet' as an investment for my old age. After MGM's dreadful film I can never revive it"; does $2.2M box office on a $1.1M budget. Jack Conway's B&W Boom Town (Aug. 30) (MGM) stars Clark Gable and Spencer Tracy as broke feuding friend oil wildcatters Big John McMasters and Square John Sand, and Claudette Colbert and Hedy Lamarr as their babes Elizabeth "Betsy" Bartlett McMasters and Karen Vanmeer; does $5M box office on a $1.6M budget; "I'm your girl, you can lick me all you want if it helps." A. Edward Sutherland's The Boys of Syracuse (Aug. 9), based on the 1938 Richard Rodgers-Lorenz Hart musical based on Shakespeare's "The Comedy of Errors" stars Allan Jones as Antipholus, Joe Penner as Dromio, Irene Hervey as Adriana, Rosemary Lane as Phyllis, and Martha Raye as Luce. Norman Taurog's Broadway Melody of 1940 (Feb. 9) stars Fred Astaire (1899-1987) and Eleanor Powell in their only onscreen pairing, and George Muraphy, and features the old Cold Porter Song "Begin the Beguine", and the new Cole Porter song I Concentrate on You. King Vidor's Comrade X (Dec. 13), written by Ben Hecht based on a story by Walter Reisch stars Clark Gable as Amerikansky spy McKinley B. "Mac" Thompson, Hedy Lamarr as Russian Communist true believer Theodore Yahupitz, Vladimir Sokoloff as her corrupt hero Michael Bastakoff, and Oskar Homolka as Commissar Vasiliev; after she marries Gable after knowing him for a few minutes, the plot gets sillier by the second. Alfred J. Goulding's A Chump at Oxford (Jan. 25) stars Stan Laurel and Laurel Hardy, who get jobs as a butler and maid at a fancy dinner party for the Vandeveres, and Stan dresses in drag. Irving Cummings' Down Argentine Way (Oct. 11) stars Don Ameche as a suave Argentine horse breeder, making a star of Elizabeth Ruth "Betty" Grable (1916-73), who is touted as having the most beautiful legs in Hollywood (thigh 18.5", calf 12", ankle 7.5"), which her studio insures with Lloyds of London for $1M; first U.S. film of Brazilian samba singer Carmen Miranda (1909-55), who likes to wear fruit on her head while singing. Ernest B. Schoedsack's Dr. Cyclops (Apr. 12) becomes the first U.S. sci-film made in Technicolor, starring Albert Dekker as nearsighted mad scientist Dr. Alexander Thorkel, who uses radiation from a hidden Peruvian mine to shrink animals, and turns it on scientists Thomas Coley, Victor Kilian, Janice Logan, and Charles Halton, shrinking them to 1-ft., and siccing his cat Satanus on them. Mervyn LeRoy's Escape (Nov. 1) stars Robert Taylor as Am. Mark Preysing, who arrives in Nazi Germany and finds that his mother is about to be executed, and saves her from Gen. Kurt von Kolb (Conrad Veidt) with the help of Countess Ruby von Treck (Norma Shearer) and Emmy Ritter (Alla Nazimova). Fitz Hippler's The Eternal Jew (Der Ewige Jude) (The Wandering Jew), witten by Eberhard Taubert and narrated by Hary Giese (1903-91) uses footage of the Nazi occupation of Poland to portray Jews as rats and useless eaters; too bad, they fail to mention Jewish big brains and geniuses like Albert Einstein? Walt Disney's animated 124-min. $2.28M Fantasia (Nov. 13), the first commercial film released in stereo mixes cartoons, abstract art, and classical music, conducted by Leopold Stokowski (1882-1977), incl. Paul Dukas' 1897 The Sorcerer's Apprentice starring Mickey Mouse (in his comeback after being eclipsed by Donald Duck), Amilcare Ponchielli's 1876 Dance of the Hours starring ballet-dancing Hyacinth Hippo, J.S. Bach's 1707 Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, Peter Tchaikovsky's 1892 Nutcracker Suite, Modest Mussorgsky's 1886 Night on Bald Mountain, and Igor Stravinsky's 1913 The Rite of Spring, which chucks the composer's pagan rite stuff and uses it to ilustrate the drawing room, er, Darwinian history of the Earth up to the extinction of the dinosaurs; Ben Ali Gator; the 1941 release uses the Fantasound system, using a separate film for the sound with four double-width optical sountracks; Deems Taylor (1885-1966) is the film's MC; too bad, despite being a landmark work, it opens in only 14 theaters because of the needed special equipment, and flops with classical music-hating audiences, almost bankrupting Disney, after which it is cut down to 81 min. in 1942 to try to make a buck; the Hewlett-Packard Co. scores its first big sale when Disney buys their audio oscillators for creating SFX. Thorold Dickinson's Gaslight (June 25) (British Nat. Films) (Anglo-Am. Film Corp.), based on the 1938 play "Gas Light" by Patrick Hamilton stars Anton Walbrook as calculating Brit Paul Mallen, who tries to drive his rich wife Bella Mallen (Diana Wynyard) nuts to get at her family nuts, er, jewels, while Scotland Yard dick B.G. Rough (Frank Pettingell) tries to protect her; meanwhile her only clue to him is the frequent dimming of the you know what?; refilmed in 1944 by MGM starring Ingrid Bergman; causes the term gaslighting to become popular. John Ford's The Grapes of Wrath (Jan. 24) (20th Cent. Fox), written by Nunnally Johnson based on the 1939 John Steinbeck novel stars starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad, Jane Darwell as Ma Joad, Russell Simpson as Pa Joad, Charley Grapewin as Grandpa Joad, John Carradine as Jim Casy et al. as the Okie Joad family migrating to Calif. to get away from the Dust Bowl, only to be treated like merde and go Socialist; it ends with Tom Joad (Fonda) uttering the soundbyte: "I'll be all around in the dark. I'll be everywhere. Wherever you can look, wherever there's a fight, so hungry people can eat, I'll be there. Wherever there's a cop beatin' up a guy, I'll be there. I'll be in the way guys yell when they're mad. I'll be in the way kids laugh when they're hungry and they know supper's ready, and when people are eatin' the stuff they raise and livin' in the houses they build, I'll be there, too", after which Ma Joad (Jane Darwell) utters the soundbyte: "Can't lick us. Can't wipe us out. We'll go on forever 'cause we're the people"; does $2.5M box office on an $800K budget. Charlie Chaplin's The Great Dictator (Oct. 15) (United Artists) is Chaplin's first all-dialogue film, playing duel roles as a Jewish barber with amnesia who is mistaken for Adenoid Hynkel, dictator of Tomania, effectively ridiculing Herr Hitler so much that he bans it in Germany; the world is a giant balloon to play with?; Jack Oakie plays Benzino Napaloni of Bacteria; Chaplin works so hard at using his mustache as a prop that he never appears with one onscreen again?; does $5M box office on a $2M budget; features the Globe Dance Scene. Preston Sturges' The Great McGinty (Aug. 15) stars Brian Donlevy as a small-time bribe-loving politician, and Akim Tamiroff as the party boss; it somehow sneaks past Hollywood censors while exposing U.S. politics; dir. debut of Preston Sturges (1898-1959). Edward Buzzell's B&W Go West (Dec. 6) (MGM) is another Marx Brothers vehicle, starring Groucho as S. Quentin Quale, and Chico and Harpo as Joe and Rusty Panello, co-starring John Carroll as Terry Turner and Diana Lewis as Eve Wilson; "I was gonna thrash them within an inch of their lives but I didn't have a tape measure" (Groucho); "Time wounds all heels" (Groucho). Veit Harlan's B*W Jud Suss (The Jew Suss) (Sept. 24), a Nazi anti-Jewish film backed by Joseph Goebbels based on German Jewish banker Joseph Suss Oppenheimer (1698-1738) and filmed in his hometown of Ludwigsburg in Baden-Wurttemberg 8 mi. N of Stuttgart, starring greasy, hooked-nose Austrian actor Ferdinand Marian (Haschkowetz) (1902-46) (forced to act in the movie by Goebbels after he finds out that his stepson is half-Jewish) as money and power-hungry "Court Jew" Suss, and Werner Krauss as a sinister rabbi "Ghetto Jew"; a typical fair and balanced Nazi treatment of their racial enemies, portraying them as creepy dirty mice who like to deflower lily-white Aryan girls and control the world economy; Harlan's blonde-blue Swedish 3rd wife Beata margareta Kristina Soderbaum (Söderbaum) (1912-2001) ("the Ideal Aryan Woman") also stars, gaining the nickname "Water Corpse of the Reich" for her habit of committing suicide by drowning in this and other flicks; on Sept. 30 Heinrich Himmler orders all SS men and police to view it. Howard Hawks' His Girl Friday (Jan. 11), based on the play "The Front Page" by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur stars Cary Grant as newspaper ed. Walter Burns, who tries to prevent his fast-talking reporter ex-wife Hildy Johnson (Rosalind Russell) from marrying hunk Bruce Baldwin (Ralph Bellamy) and leaving the biz to move in with him and his mother in Albany. Henry Hathaway's Johnny Apollo (Apr. 19) (20th Cent. Fox) stars Tyrone Power as Johnny Apollo AKA Bob Cain Jr., who resorts to crime to buy a pardon for his embezzler father Bob "Pop" Cain (Edward Arnold); Lloyd Nolan plays gangster Mickey Dwyer, Dorothy Lamour plays his moll Lucky Dubarry, and Charley Grapewin plays Judge Brennan; the film debut of tenor Anthony Caruso (1916-2003) as a henchman; "I'm leaving town"; "Where?"; "As far as 20 bucks and a mink coat will take me." Sam Wood's Kitty Foyle: The Natural History of a Woman (Dec. 27) (RKO Radio Pictures), based on the 1939 Christopher Morley novel stars Ginger Rogers as a hardworking white collar page-boy-with-victory-curls-wearing girl from Philly who falls for rich married socialite Wynnewood "Wyn" Strafford VI (Dennis Morgan) and debates running away to South Am. with him after he leaves his wife and young son; meanwhile her finance, poor physician Mark Elsen (James Craig) waits in the wings; Odette Myrtil plays Kitty's friend Delphine Detaille; does $2.385M box office ona $738K budget. Lloyd Bacon's and William K. Howard's Knute Rockne: All American (Oct. 4) (Warner Bros.) is the major film debut of Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911-2004), and his signature performance as Notre Dame U. football star "The Gipper" George Gipp (1895-1920), who dies in hospital room #23; Pat O'Brien plays Notre Dame coach Knute Rockne, uttering the immortal soundbyte: "Tell the boys to win one for the Gipper", which is deleted from the TV airing of the film after the Gipp family files a lawsuit. Albert S. Rogell's Li'l Abner (Nov. 1) (RKO Radio Pictures); co-written by Milton Berle based on the Al Capp comic series stars Granville Owen (Jeff York) as Li'l Abner, Martha O'Driscoll as Daisy Mae, Mona Ray and Mona Ray and Johnnie Morris as Pansy "Mammy" Yokum and Lucifer "Pappy" Yokum, and Kay Sutton as Wendy Wildcat, and features the Sadie Hawkins Day Race in Dogpatch. John Ford's The Long Voyage Home (B&W) (Oct. 8), based on the Eugene O'Neill play about a merchant steamer crew in 1939 stars John Wayne as young Swedish ex-farmer Ole Olsen, Thomas Mitchell as Driscoll, Ian Hunter as Smitty, Barry Fitzgerald as Cocky, and John Qualen as Axel; Gregg Toland's cinematography pioneers the film noir genre; does $580K box office on a $682K budget. H. Bruce Humberstone's Lucky Cisco Kid (June 28) (20th Cent. Fox) debuts, based on the O. Henry short stories, starring Cesar Romero, is the film debut of Covington County, Miss.-born Carver Dana Andrews (1909-92) as Sgt. Dunn. Frank Borzage's Mortal Storm (June 14), based on the 1938 Phyllis Bottome novel is a blatantly anti-Nazi Hollywood film, starring James Stewart as a Bavarian who refuses to join the mean nasty Nazis, and falls in love with non-Aryan (they never ay Jew) babe Freya Roth (Margaret Sullavan), and escapes with her; Robert Young plays a good Nazi whose conscience begins to bother him; the first Hollywood film to be set in Nazi Germany and mention Hitler's name, pissing-off the real Nazis, who ban all MGM films in Germany, costing them a lot of marks. Eddie Cline's My Little Chickadee (Mar. 15) (written by Mae West), the only movie in which Mae West and W.C. Fields appear together is about a fallen woman and a gambler marrying to appear respectable in order to fleece a town of suckers; "Once on a trek through Afghanistan we lost our corkscrew and were forced to live on food and water for several days" (Fields); 40-something West's screen career begins tanking after this, causing her to return to the stage, also with limited success, but she's rich, and WWII Army and Navy pilots begin calling their inflatable life vests after her, so what? Herbert Wilcox's No, No, Nanette (Dec. 20), based on the hit 1925 comedy stars his future wife Anna Neagle as perky blonde Nanette, who tries to save the marriage of her panty-chasing uncle "Happy" Jimmy Smith (Roland Young) and aunt Susan (Helen Broderick), ending up having her helpers Bill Trainor (Victor Mature) and Tom Gillespie (Richard Carlson) fall in love with her on the side. King Vidor's Northwest Passage (Feb.23), based on the 1937 novel by Kenneth Roberts about Rogers' Rangers in the French and Indian War of 1759 stars Spencer Tracy as Maj. Robert Rogers, Robert Young as painter Langdon Towne, Walter Brennan as "Hunk" Marriner, and Ruth Hussey as Young's babe Elizabeth Browne; the white racist depiction of the Abenakis and the Oct. 4, 1759 massacre at Saint-Francois-du-Lac, Quebec led by "White Devil" Rogers later makes it non-PC. Hal Roach's B&W One Million B.C. (Apr. 5) stars immature hunk Victor Mature as Tumak, who is exiled from the Rock tribe and joins up with the Shell tribe; Carole Landis plays Loana, making her a star; remade in 1966 starring Raquel Welch and who-cares. A. Edward Sutherland's One Night in the Tropics (Nov. 15) (Universal Pictures), based on the 1914 novel "Love Insurance" by Earl Derr Biggers is the film debut of the N.J.-born comedy team of William Alexander "Bud" Abbott (1895-1974) and Lou Costello (1906-59), who are supposed to have minor roles but steal the show with five classic routines, incl. Who's On First?; they were discovered by dir. Henry Koster at a nightclub in New York City; female lead Mary Jeanette "Peggy" Moran (1918-2002) becomes Koster 2nd wife in 1942, making him promise her that he will put her in every film he makes, which he ends up doing by using a sculptured head, usually on a piano, desk, or mantelpiece (a Grecian bust in a villa in "The Robe"); by 1942 Abbott and Costello become the most popular and highest paid actors in Hollywood. George Cukor's The Philadelphia Story (Dec. 1), based on the Philip Barry play stars Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant, and James Stewart in a comedy love triangle about a woman who divorces a man (Grant) then finds him irresistible despite the advances of another man (Stewart); music by Franz Waxman; Hepburn had revived her Broadway career with it and was advised by her "lustiest" lover Howard Hughes to buy the rights so they'd have to cast her in the lead; remade in 1956 as "High Society"; Grant donates his fee to the British war effort, and establishes his screen persona, sticking with it in future movies, saying "Well, who else could I portray? I can't portray Bing Crosy. I'm Cary Grant. I'm myself in that role." Walt Disney's Pinocchio (Feb. 7) is based on the story by Carlo Collodi (1826-90); features the song When You Wish Upon a Star, sung by Cliff Edwards (1895-1971) (as Jiminy Cricket), and composed by Ned Washington (1901-76) and Leigh Harline (1907-69). Hanna and Barbera's Puss Gets the Book, first in the animated theatrical short subject cartoon series Tom and Jerry is created by William Denby "Bill" Hanna (1910-2001) and Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera (1911-2006), and produced by MGM (until 1957) (114 shows), becoming famous for its violent gags, such as Tom the cat trying to kill Jerry the mouse with an axe, and Jerry slicing Tom in half, and going on to seven Academy Awards; a Hollyweird Jewish conspiracy to rehabiliate their "dirty mice" image created by the Nazis? Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca (Apr. 12) (United Artists), based on the 1938 Daphne Du Maurier novel stars Laurence de Olivier as widower Maxim de Winter, who moves 2nd wife Joan Fontaine into his Manderley country mansion in Cornwall only to find that the memory of his first wife Rebecca still rules it; Judith Anderson plays housekeeper Mrs. Danvers; features the famous opening line by poor unsophisticated country girl Joan Fontaine: "Last night I dreamed I went to Manderley again"; Florence Bates plays Mrs. Edythe Van Hopper, who utters the line: "Most girls would give their eyes to see Monte", to which Olivier replies: "Wouldn't that rather defeat the purpose?"; also stars George Sanders as caddish cousin Jack Favell, who utters the immortal soundbyte "I say, marriage with Max is not exactly a bed of roses, is it?"; Hitchcock's first Am. film and only Best Picture Oscar; does $6M box office on a $1.288M budget. Victor Schertzinger's Road to Singapore (Mar. 22) is based on the Frank Butler script "The Road to Mandalay", originally written for Burns and Allen and dug up out of the dustbin for Bob Hope and Bing Crosby after they first meet in New York City in 1932 and play two farmers meeting on the street in a vaudeville routine, which is seen by a Paramount big wig, who orders them to star in a feature film, after which they make it a hit with their great ad-libs; "Sarong Queen" Dorothy Lamour stars as the love interest (in love with one but won't say which); box office success leads to six sequels: Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Utopia (1946), Road to Rio (1947) (the year's highest grossing movie), Road to Bali (1953) (first in color), and Road to Hong Kong (1962) - no road to Timbuktu? Walter Forde's Sailors Three is an English comedy about three sailors (Michael Wilding, Tommy Trinder, and Claude Hulbert) straying onto a Nazi ship. Michael Curtiz' Santa Fe Trail (Dec. 18) (Warner Bros.), filmed at the Lasky Movie Ranch in Simi Hills, Calif. stars Ronald Reagan as Gen. George Armstrong Custer, and Errol Flynn as Gen. J.E.B. Stuart chasing charismatic Bible-thumping abolitionist John Brown (Raymond Massey) in a moose-hockey version of U.S. history; Olivia de Havilland plays Stuart's and Custer's babe Kit Carson Holliday. Michael Curtiz' The Sea Hawk (July 1) stars Errol Flynn as English pirate Geoffrey Thorpe, who works on a special sound stage with two full-size ships. H.C. Potter' Second Chorus (Dec. 3) is a musical starring Fred Astaire and Paulette Goddard, featuring Artie Shaw, Burgess Meredith, and Charles Butterworth; "The worst film I ever made" (Astaire). Seven Sinners (Oct. 25) (Universal) Marlene Dietrich as saloon singer Bijou, who is deported to Boni Komba, where she meets Navy Lt. Dan (John Wayne) at the you know what; fellow singer Dorothy is played by Anna Lee, who has to darken her blonde hair because Dietrich wanted to be the only blonde in the picture; also stars Albert Dekker as Dr. Martin, and Oskar Homolka as bad guy Antro. Ernst Lubitsch's B&W The Shop Around the Corner (Jan. 12) (MGM), written by Samson Raphaelson based on the 1937 play "Parfumerie" by Miklos Laszlo stars James Stewart and Margaret Sullavan in their 3rd of four screen pairings as feuding Budapest gift shop workers Alfred Kralik and Klara Novak, who each have secret pen pal lovers but don't know it's each other; Frank Morgan plays the soft-hearted shop owner Hugo Matuschek; the shop is on Balta St. just around the corner from Andrassy St.; also stars Joseph Schildkraut; remade in 1949 as the musical "The Good Old Summertime", and in 1998 as "You've Got Mail" with Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan. Boris Ingster's Stranger on the Third Floor (Aug. 16) (RKO Radio Pictures) (Ingster's dir. debut) stars Peter Lorre as the Stranger, and John McGuire as framed murderer Mike Ward, who sends his babe Jane (Margaret Tallchief, new wife of dir. William Wyler) to desperately search for him to clear him; regarded as the first true film noir; does ? box office on a $171K budget. Michael Powell's The Thief of Bagdad (Dec. 5), produced by Alexander Korda stars John Justin as Ahmad, Conrad Veidt as evil grand vizier Jaffar, Sabu as Abu the Thief, and Rex Ingram as the cool giant black Genie. Raoul Walsh's They Drive by Night (Aug. 3) stars George Raft and Humphrey Bogart as wildcat truck driver brothers Joe and Paul Fabrini, one of whom comes to harm, the other getting accused of his friend's murder; too bad, after this Bogart, who had been playing 2nd fiddle to Raft begins getting lucky as illiterate Raft turns down some of the best roles in screen history, incl. "High Sierra", "The Maltese Falcon", and maybe "Casablanca", and he grabs them; Raft also turns down "Double Indemnity", allowing Fred MacMurray to shine, while Raft's career tanks. Mervyn LeRoy's Waterloo Bridge (May 17) (MGM), a remake of the 1931 film based on the 1930 Robert E. Sherwood play stars Vivien Leigh in her first role after Scarlett O'Hara as a ballet dancer romancing English soldier Robert Taylor until he's listed as dead, causing her to go ho until he returns and they start over on the same tear-jerking bridge, the one with the best view in London; Maria Ouspenskaya plays tyrannical ballet troupe mistress Madame Olga. William Wyler's The Westerner (Sept. 20) (United Artists) stars Walter Brennan as hanging Judge Roy Bean of Vinegaroon, Tex., Gary Cooper as drifter Cole Harden, Forrest Tucker as Wade Harper, Paul Hurst as Chickenfoot, Dana Andrews as Hod Johnson, and Lilian Bond as Lily Langtry. Jules White's You Nazty Spy! (Jan. 19) (Columbia) is the Three Stooges' first anti-Hitler film, playing wallpaper hangers recruited for a mission to Moronica (between Jug O' Salvia, Staywayoff, and Woo-Woo, across the Hot Sea from Great Mitten); Curly plays Field Marshal Curly Gallstone, Larry plays Minister of Propaganda Larry Pebble, and Moe plays Dictator Moe Hailstone; "A poppaganda marries a mommaganda, and they raise a lot of little goslings"; "Our motto shall be Moronica for Morons." Ralph Staub's Yukon Flight (Jan. 2) stars James Newill as RCMP Sgt. Renfrew. Plays: Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Leocadia (Time Remembered). Samuel Behrman (1893-1973), The Talley Method. Ugo Betti (1892-1953), The Duck Hunter. Jerome Chodorov (1911-2004) and Joseph Albert Fields (1895-1966), My Sister Eileen; based on the 1938 book by Ruth McKenney; sisters Ruth and Eileen Sherwood travel from Columbus, Ohio to New York City in search of love and fortune; filmed in 1942; turned into the 1953 musical "Wonderful Town". William Douglas-Home (1912-92), Passing By. Vernon Duke (1903-69), John La Touche, and Lynn Root, Cabin in the Sky (musical) (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Oct. 25) (156 perf.); stars Ethel Waters as Petunia Jackson, Dooley Wilson as Little Joe Jackson, and Katherine Dunham as Georgia Brown; filmed by MGM in 1943. Horton Foote (1916-), Wharton Dance (Am. Actors Theater, New York). Paul Eliot Green (1894-1981), A Start in the Life. Georg Kaiser (1878-1945), The Soldier Tanaka. Morgan Lewis (1906-) and Nancy Hamilton (1908-85), Two for the Show (musical); features the song How High the Moon. Elliott Nugent (1896-1980) and James Thurber (1894-1961), The Male Animal (Cort Theatre, New York) (Aug. 3) (243 perf.); produced by Herman Shumlin; Midwestern State (really Ohio State U.) English prof. Tommy Turner (Nugent) reads a subversive letter by anarchist Bartolomeo Vanzetti in class while fending off football hero Joe Ferguson (Leon Ames) from his old flame, his wife Ellen (Ruth Matteson); Gene Tierney plays Ellen's co-ed sister Patricia Stanley; "If I can't read this letter today, tomorrow none of us will be able to teach anything except what Mr. Keller here and the legislature permit us to teach. Can't you see what that leads to, what it has led to in other places? We're holding the last fortress of free thought, and if we surrender to prejudice and dictation, we're cowards" (Tommy); filmed in 1942 by Nugent. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), Long Day's Journey Into Night (Pulitzer Prize); not produced until 1956; Act 1 takes place at 8:30 a.m., and Act 4 (last) takes place at midnight. Clifford Odets (1906-63), Night Music. Cole Porter (1891-1964), The Return of the Vagabond (New York( May 17) (7 perf.); a vagabond vows to become rich and marry his dream girl. Cole Porter (1891-1964), Herbert Fields (1897-1958), and Buddy DeSylva (1895-1950), Panama Hattie (musical); filmed in 1942. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Follow My Leader; Grey Farm. William Saroyan (1908-81), The Time of Your Life (Pulitzer Prize refused). Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955), There Shall Be No Night (Pulitzer Prize); contra the Soviet invasion of Finland. Konstantin Simonov (1915-79), The History of One Love (debut) (Komsomol Theater, Leningrad). Emlyn Williams (1905-87), The Corn is Green; produced by Herman Shumlin. Poetry: W.H. Auden (1907-73), Another Time; incl. The Fall of Rome; "Caesar's double-bed is warm/ As an unimportant clerk/ Writes I DO NOT LIKE MY WORK/ On a pink official form"; also incl. Lullaby; "Lay your sleeping head, my love,/ Human on my faithless arm;/ Time and fevers burn away/ Individual beauty from/ Thoughtful children, and the grave/ Proves the child ephemeral"; also incl. Epitaph on a Tyrant; "When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,/ And when he cried the little children died in the streets." Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Nightmare at Noon. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), Jupiter Laughs. Countee Cullen (1903-46), The Lost Zoo. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72) (tr.), The Georgics of Virgil. Richard Eberhart (1904-2005), Song and Idea. A.E. Housman (1859-1936), Collected Poems of A.E. Housman (posth.). Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), The Stars Go Over the Lonely Ocean; "Long live freedom and damn the ideologies." Josephine Jacobsen (1908-2003), Let Each Man Remember (debut). Louis MacNeice (1907-63), The Last Ditch. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), Make Bright the Arrows. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), A Winter Tide: Sonnets and Poems. Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82), In What Hour (debut). Giorgos Seferis (1900-71), Exercise Book; Deck Diary I. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Last Poems (posth.). Novels: Eric Ambler (1909-98), Journey into Fear. Henry Bellamann (1882-1945), Kings Row; Parris Mitchell and Drake McHugh in the Am. South; filmed in 1942 starring Ronald Reagan. Ludwig Bemelmans (1899-1962), Small Beer. Sally Benson (1897-1972), Stories of the Gods and Heroes (short stories). Johan Bojer (1872-1959), The King's Men. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Masks and Faces. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), Nuns in Jeopardy. Kay Boyle (1902-92), Three Short Novels (The Crazy Hunter, The Bridegroom's Body, Big Fiddle). Robert Briffault (1874-1948), Fandango. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Night in Bombay. Richard Brooks (1912-92), Splinters (first novel). Arthur Bryant, English Saga. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Other Gods. Dino Buzzati (1906-72), The Tartar Steppe (Il Deserto dei Tartari). Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Eagles Gather; sequel to "Dynasty of Death". John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Man Who Could Not Shudder; And So to Murder; Murder in the Submarine Zone (Nine - And Death Makes Ten) (Murder in the Atlantic). Joyce Cary (1888-1957), Charley is My Darling; displaced young people at the start of WWII. Adolfo Bioy Casares (1914-99), Morel's Invention; robot island. H.L. Chace, Ladle Rat Rotten Hut; garbled version of Little Red Riding Hood to prove a point about sounds and intonation conveying info. Raymond Chandler (1888-1959), Farewell, My Lovely; Philip Marlowe #2; filmed in 1944 starring Dick Powell as Philip Marlowe. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Sad Cypress (Mar.); Hercule Poirot #19; first Poirot courtroom drama; One, Two, Buckle My Shoe (The Patriotic Murders) (An Overdose of Death) (Nov.); Hercule Poirot #20. Walter Van Tilburg Clark (1909-71), The Ox-Bow Incident (first novel); about a lynching in Nev.; his masterpiece?; filmed in 1943 by William A. Wellman starring Henry Fonda and Harry Morgan. Warwick Deeping (1877-1950), The Man Who Went Back. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Nights at Serampore; The Secret of Dr. Honigberger. James T. Farrell (1904-79), Father and Son. William Faulkner (1897-1962), The Hamlet. Lion Feuchtwanger (1884-1958), Paris Gazette. Penelope Fitzgerald (1916-2000), The Bookshop. Ketti Frings (1909-81), Hold Back the Dawn; filmed in 1941 starring Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland. Winston Graham (1908-2003), No Exit. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Sergeant Lamb of the Ninth (Sergeant Lamb's America). Graham Greene (1904-91), The Power and the Glory (The Labyrinthine Ways); title taken from the Lord's Prayer; a "whiskey priest" in 1930s Tabasco, Mexico under anti-clerical pres. Plutaro Elias Calles is hunted by a ruthless police lt. (based on Tobasco gov. Tomas Garrido Canabal), uttering the soundbyte "Hate was just a failure of imagination"; based on his 1938 trip to Tabasco to view the govt.'s anti-Catholic secularization campaign, where he got religion; in 1953 the Holy Office tells him that the novel damages the rep. of the priesthood, but later Pope Paul VI tells him privately to disregard that. James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Doctor Dogbody's Leg. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) For Whom the Bell Tolls (Oct. 21); title taken from John Donne's 1624 "Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions, Meditations XVII"; based on killings that took place during the 1936-9 Spanish Civil War at the El Tajo cliffs of Ronda in S Spain; Am. North Am. Newspaper Alliance reporter and prof. Robert Jordan becomes an explosives expert for the rebels in the Spanish Civil War, and is assigned to blow up a bridge in Segovia while wooing Maria; filmed in 1943 by Sam Wood starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman. L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Final Blackout. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), Too Dear for My Possessing. Mary Margaret Kaye (1908-2004), Six Bars at Seven (first novel). Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887-1956), Ember Lane. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), Curtain Going Up. Eric Knight (1897-1943), Lassie Come-Home; set in Depression-era Yorkshire, England, where Mr. and Mrs. Carraclough are forced to sell their collie to the rich Duke of Rudling, who takes him to Scotland, where his granddaughter Priscilla helps him escape back to despondent young Joe Carraclough; filmed in 1943. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Darkness at Noon; Old Bolshevik Rubashov experiences the horrors of the Stalinist purges after being forced to make a false confession of treason. Dorothy Kunhardt (1901-79), Pat the Bunny; interactive baby book; sells 7M copies. Meyer Levin (1905-81), Citizens. Richard Orson Lockridge (1899-1982) and Frances Lockridge (-1963), The Norths Meet Murder; introduces married detectives Mr. and Mrs. North, named for the "stupid people who played the north hand in bridge problems"; first of a series of 26 novels, which are adapted for the stage, film, radio, and TV. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), And No Man's Wit. Curzio Malaparte (1898-1957), Donna Come Me (Woman Like Me). Thomas Mann (1875-1955), Die Vertauschten Kopfe. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Stars on the Sea; The Bucharest Ballerina Murders. Angela du Maurier (1904-2002), The Little Less. Carson McCullers (1917-67), The Heart is a Lonely Hunter; title taken from Fiona MacLeod's poem "The Lonely Hunter"; deaf John Singer in a 1930s Ga. mill town. William McFee (1881-1966), The Watch Below; Spenlove in Arcady. Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), The Voyage. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Portrait of Jenny; a Depression era artist paints portraits of a girl in a park who gets older each time she returns, "slipping through time"; filmed in 1948. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), No More Gas; filmed in 1942 as "The Tuttles of Tahiti". Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), Last Train Out; The Grassleyes Mystery (short stories). Edith Pargeter (1913-95), Masters of the Parachute Mail; Joylon Carr; Death Comes by Post; last in the Joylon Carr series; The Victim Needs a Nurse; John Redfern. Harold Elliot Paul, Hugger Mugger in the Louvre; Mayhem in B-Flat; Fracas in the Foothills; The Death of Lord Haw Haw. Dawn Powell (1896-1965), Angels on Toast. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Owen Glendower; his life as seen through the eyes of his young relative Rhisiart ab Owen of Hereford. Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), Baker's Dozen (posth.). Ellery Queen, The American Gun Mystery. Mary Renault (1905-83), Kind Are Her Answers. Conrad Michael Richter (1890-1968), The Trees. Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Great Mistake. Kenneth Lewis Roberts (1881-1941), Oliver Wiswell. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), The Marquis of Carabas (Master-At-Arms). Dr. Seuss (1904-91), Horton Hatches the Egg (Random House); Horton the Elephant l agrees to sit on a bird's egg while its irresponsible mother Mayzie takes off for Palm Beach; it turns out to be an elephant-bird, and takes months to hatch; "I meant what I said, and I said what I meant.../ An elephant's faithful - one hundred per cent!" Irwin Shaw (1913-84), Sailor off the Bremen (short stories). Nevil Shute (1899-1960), An Old Captivity (Vinland the Good); Landfall: A Channel Story. Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), World's End; first of 11 Lanny Budd novels (1940-53) telling the history of the 20th cent. C.P. Snow (1905-80), Strangers and Brothers (George Passant); first in the 11-vol. Strangers and Brothers series (1940-1970). Howard Spring (1889-1965), Fame is the Spur; bestseller about a labor leader's rise to power. Christina Stead (1902-83), The Man Who Loved Children; semi-autobio. novel about her childhood; doesn't become a hit until a 1965 reissue. Wallace Stegner (1909-83), On a Darkling Plain. Angela Thirkell (1890-1961), Cheerfulness Breaks. Dylan Thomas (1914-53), Portrait of the Artist As A Young Dog (short stories); ratty, fat, outgoing pisshead orator? Geoffrey Trease (1909-98), Cue for Treason; his biggest hit, about runaway boy actors Peter Brownrigg and Kit Kirkstone, who befriend William Shakespeare then foil a plot by Sir Philip Morton against Queen Elizabeth I. James Thurber (1894-1961), Fables for Our Times. John Roberts Tunis (1889-1975), The Kid from Tomkinsville; pitcher Roy Tucker cracks his elbow and switches to outfield. Peter De Vries (1910-93), But Who Wakes the Bugler? (first novel). Hugh Seymour Walpole (1884-1941), The Bright Pavilions. Frank Waters (1902-95), Dust Within the Rock. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Scarlet Impostor; Three Inquisitive People; Faked Passports; The Black Baroness. Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), While She Sleeps. Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867-1957), The Long Winter. Thomas Wolfe (1900-38), You Can't Go Home Again (posth.); more George Webber; his last autobio. novel. Richard Wright (1908-60), Native Son (Mar. 1); black Bigger Thomas kills his white sweetheart; first Book-of-the-Month Club selection by an African-Am. (next is Toni Morrison's "Song of Solomon" in 1977). Births: Am. "Richard Nixon" actor Frank A. Langella Jr. on Jan. 1 in Bayonne, N.J. Am. journalist Gavin Hall MacFayden (Galter) (d. 2016) on Jan. 1 in Greeley, Colo. Am. televangelist James Orsen "Jim" Bakker on Jan. 2 in Muskegon, Mich.; husband (1961-92) of Tammy Faye Bakker (1942-2007); father of Jay Bakker (197-5). Am. architect Helmut Jahn on Jan. 4 in Nuremberg, Germany; emigrates to the U.S. in 1966. Welsh Josephson Effect physicist Brian David Josephson on Jan. 4 in Cardiff; 1973 Nobel Physics Prize. Chinese novelist-dramatist Gao Xingjian on Jan. 4 in Ganzhou, Jiangxi; becomes French citizen in 1997; 2000 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. "The Hustle" musician-songwriter-producer (black) Van Allen Clinton McCoy (d. 1979) on Jan. 6 in Washington, D.C. Costa Rican pres. (1998-2002) Miguel Angel Rodriguez Echeverria on Jan. 9 in San Jose; educated at UCB. Am. "A Boy's Own Story" novelist-writer (gay) Edmund Valentine White III on Jan. 13 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. (Ga.) anti-war legislator Horace Julian Bond (d. 2015) on Jan. 14 in Nashville, Tenn.; educated at Morehouse College. English "Cats", "Les Miserables" stage-film-TV dir. Sir Trevor Robert Nunn on Jan. 14 in Ipswich, Suffolk; husband (1969-86) of Janet Suzman, (1986-91) Sharon Lee Hill, and (1994-2011) Imogen Stubbs; educated at Downing College, Cambridge U.; knighted in 2002: "Shakespeare has more wisdom and insight about our lives, about how to live and how not to live, how to forgive and how to understand our fellow creatures, than any religious tract, one hundred times more than the Bible. I'm sorry to say that, but over and over again in the plays there is an understanding of the human condition that doesn't exist in religious books." Kenyan Olympic track and field athlete (black) Kipchoge ("born near the grain storage shed") "Kip" Keino on Jan. 17 in Kipsamo. Australian climate scientist Tom Wigley on Jan. 18 in Adelaide; educated at the U. of Adelaide. Am. golfer ("the Golden Bear") Jack William Nicklaus on Jan. 21 in Columbus, Ohio; wins so many British Opens that in 2005 he becomes the first person other than the British Queen and Queen Mum to appear on a Scottish postage stamp. Am. football coach (San Francisco 49ers, 1989-96) (Carolina Panthers, 1999-2001) George Seifert on Jan. 22 in San Francisco, Calif. English "Caligula in I, Claudius", "The Elephant Man", "Kane in Alien" actor Sir John Vincent Hurt (d. 2017) on Jan. 22 in Shirebrook (near Chesterfield), Derbyshire; knighted in 2015. Am. "Wooden Heart" pop singer Joe Dowell on Jan. 23 in Bloomington, Ind. Am. "No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies" feminist intellectual historian Linda Kaufman Kerber on Jan. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Barnard College, NYU, and Columbia U. Am. installation artist Vito Hannibal Acconci on Jan. 24 in Bronx, N.Y. German pres. (2012-) Joachim Gauck on Jan. 24 in Rostock. English cyclist Hugh William Porter on Jan. 24 in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. Am. "Farmer Arthur Hoggett in Babe", "Capt. Dudley Liam Smith in L.A. Confidential", "Zefram Cochrane in Star Trek: First Contact" actor James Oliver Cromwell on Jan. 27 in Los Angeles, Calif. Mexican billionaire businessman Carlos Slim Helu (Helú) on Jan. 28 in Mexico City; Lebanese Marionite Catholic immigrant father. Am. feminist Dianic Wicca writer (lesbian) Zsuzsanna Budapest (Zsuzsanna Emese Mokcsay) on Jan. 30 in Budapest; emigrates to the U.S. in 1959; educated at the U. of Chicago. Austrian-Am. "Dr. Carol Marcus in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan", "Belle Marmillion in Steel Magnolias" actress Bibiana "Bibi" Besch (d. 1996) on Feb. 1 in Vienna; mother of Samantha Mathis (1970-). Am. soprano (black) Martina Arroyo on Feb. 2 in New York City. Egyptian jihadist pilot (Sunni Muslim) Gamil El-Batouty (Gameel Al-Batouti) (d. 1999) on Feb. 2 in Kafr al-Dabusi. Am. "On Wings of Song", "The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made Of" sci-fi writer-poet (gay) Thomas Michael Disch (d. 2008) on Feb. 2 in Des Moines, Iowa; educated at NYU. Am. TV journalist Jim Hartz on Feb. 3 in Tulsa, Okla. Am. football hall-of-fame QB (#10) (Minn. Vikings) (1961-6, 1972-8) Francis Asbury "Fran" Tarkenton on Feb. 3 in Richmond, Va. Am.-Canadian "Night of the Living Dead" filmmaker ("the Father of the Zombie Film") George Andrew Romero (d. 2017) on Feb. 4 in Bronx, N.Y.; Cuban immigrant father, Lithuanian-Am. mother; educated at Carnegie Mellon U. Swiss surrealist artist and "Alien" set designer Hans Rudolf "Ruedi" Giger (d. 2014) on Feb. 5 in Chur, Grisons Canton. Am. TV journalist Thomas John "Tom" Brokaw on Feb. 6 in Webster, S.D.; French Huguenot descent father, Irish mother. Japanese physicist Toshihide Maskawa on Feb. 7 in Nagoya; 2008 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. ABC Nightline and ABC News anchor (Jewish) Edward James "Ted" Koppel on Feb. 8 in Lancashire, England; German Jewish parents; emigrates to the U.S. in 1953; educated at Syracuse U. and Stanford U. Am. atmospheric physicist Richard Siegmund "Dick" Lindzen on Feb. 8 in Webster, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. South African novelist-critic John Maxwell Coetzee on Feb. 9 in Cape Town; Dutch-Polish ancestry; becomes Australian citizen in 2006; 2003 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. economist Herbert Malena Gintis on Feb. 11 in Philadelphia, Penn.; collaborator of Samuel Bowles (1939-); educated at the U. of Penn., and Harvard U. Turkish foreign affairs minister (1997-2002) Ismail Cem Ipekci (d. 2007) on Feb. 15 in Istanbul. Mexican singer-actor ("the Idol of Mexico") Vicente Fernandez Gomez on Feb. 17 in Huentitan el Alto, Jalisco; father of Alejandro Fernandez (1971-); sells 50M+ albums. Am. "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance", "Rubber Ball", "He's A Rebel", "Hello Mary Lou" singer-songwriter Gene Francis Alan Pitney (d. 2006) on Feb. 17 in Hartford, Conn. Am. "The Tears of a Clown" R&B singer-songwriter-producer (black) ("King of Motown") William "Smokey" Robinson Jr. (Smokey Robinson and the Miracles) on Feb. 19 in Detroit, Mich.; writes first song at age 7; is called Smokey by an uncle because he loves cowboy movies. Am. singer (black) Robert "Bobby" Rogers (Smokey Robinson and the Miracles) on Feb. 19 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Molly Ringwald's mother in Sixteen Candles" actress Carlin Glynn on Feb. 19 in Cleveland, Ohio; mother of Mary Stuart Masterson (1966-). Turkemenistan pres. #1 (1990-2006) Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (d. 2006) on Feb. 19 in Gypjak; educated at Leningrad Polytechnic Inst. U.S. Rep. (D-Ga.) (1987-2020) (black) John Robert Lewis (d. 2020) on Feb. 21 in Troy, Ala.; sharecropper parents; grows up in Pike County, Ala.; educated at Fisk U. Am. college basketball announcer Anthony William "Billy" Packer (Paczkowski) on Feb. 21 in Wellsville, N.Y.; educated at Wake Forest U. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers #25, 1962-9) (Chicago Bulls #25, 1969-75) Chester "Chet the Jet" Walker on Feb. 22 in Benton Harbor, Mich.; educated at Bradley U. Am. "Easy Rider" actor Peter "cage of pedophiles" Fondle, er, Peter Henry Fonda (d. 2019) on Feb. 23 in New York City; son of Henry Fonda (1905-82) and Frances Ford Seymour (1908-50); brother of Jane Fonda (1937-); father of Bridget Fonda (1964-) and Justin Fonda (1966-). Am. "Hannibal Heyes in Alias Smith and Jones" actor (alcoholic) Peter Ellstrom "Pete" Deuel (d. 1971) on Feb. 24 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at St. Lawrence U. Am. "Donald Duk" novelist-playwright Frank Chin on Feb. 25 in Berkeley, Calif.; educated at UCB. Am. baseball 3B player (Chicago Cubs #10, 1960-73) Ronald Edward "Ron" Santo (d. 2010) on Feb. 25 in Seattle, Wash. Am. "Dr. Johnny Fever Caravella in WKRP in Cincinnati", "Charlie Moore in Head of the Class" actor Howard Lex Hesseman (d. 2022)(AKA Don Sturdy) on Feb. 27 in Lebanon, Ore.; educated at the U. of Ore. Italian auto racer Mario Gabriele Andretti on Feb. 28 in Montona (Motovun), Istria; father of Michael Mario Andretti (1962-); grandfather of Marco Michael Andretti (1987-). Am. "Games People Play" singer-songwriter Joe South (Joseph Alfred Souter) on Feb. 28 in Atlanta, Ga. British historian (Marxist) Timothy Wright Mason (d. 1990) on Mar. 2 in Birkenhead; educated at Oxford U. Am. fashion designer (gay) Perry Edwin Ellis (d. 1986) on Mar. 3 in Portsmouth, Va.; educated at the College of William and Mary, and NYU. Am. scholar Haleh Esfandiari on Mar. 3 in Iran; emigrates to the U.S. in 1980; wife of Shaul Bakhash. Am. actress-writer Joanna Miles on Mar. 6 in Nice, France. German radical Alfred Willi "Red" Rudi Dutschke (d. 1979) on Mar. 7 in Schonefeld, Brandenburg. Italian "Fellini's 8-1/2", "Arabella Ducleau in Seven Seas to Calais" actress Edy Vessel (Edoarda Vselovsky) on Mar. 8 in Trieste. Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Petrovich Savinykh on Mar. 7 in Berezkiny, Kirov Oblast. Am. "Frank Furill in Hill Street Blues" actor Daniel J. (Danielo Giovanni) Travanti on Mar. 7 in Kenosha, Wisc.; Italian immigrant parents. Canadian "Katherine Papadapolis in Webster" actress Susan Clark (Nora Golding) on Mar. 8 in Sarnia, Ont.; wife of Alex Karras (1935-). Puerto Rican "Gomez in the Addams Family", "Romero", "Kiss of the Spider Woman" actor Raul Rafael Carlos Julia y Arcelas (d. 1994) on Mar. 9 in Rio Pedra. Am. "Walker, Texas Range" actor and martial artist (conservative Repub. Christian) Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris on Mar. 10 in Ryan, Okla.; of Irish and Cherokee descent; grows up in Prairie Village, Kan. and Torrance, Calif. Am. "Sticks and Bones" playwright-screemwriter (Roman Catholic) David William Rabe on Mar. 10 in Dubuque, Iowa; educated at Villanova U.; husband (1979-) of Jill Clayburgh (1944-2010); father of Lily Rabe (1982-). Am. "Dead Man's Curve", "The Little Old Lady from Pasadena" singer Dean Ormsby Torrence (Jan and Dean) on Mar. 10 in Los Angeles, Calif.; collaborator of William Jan Berry (1941-2004). Am. "We're in This Love Together" singer (black) Alwyn Lopez "Al" Jarreau on Mar. 12 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Am rock bassist Phillip Chapman "Phil" Lesh (Grateful Dead) on Mar. 15 in Berkeley, Calif. Iranian wrestler-actor ("The Iron Sheik") Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri on Mar. 15 in Tehran. Italian "Last Tango in Paris", "The Last Emperor" dir.-writer (Marxist) Bernardo Bertolucci on Mar. 16 in Parma. Canadian artist Ken Danby on Mar. 16 in Saul Ste. Marie, Ont. Dutch Labour Party politician-diplomat Johannes Pieter "Jan" Pronk on Mar. 16 in Scheveningen; educated at Erasmus U. Rotterdam. German physicist Gottfried Muenzenberg (Münzenberg) on Mar. 17 in Nordhausen; co-discoverer of elements #107-#112 with Peter Armbruster (1931-). Am. "Children of a Lesser God" playwright-actor (Jewish) Mark Medoff on Mar. 18 in Mount Carmel, Ill.; educated at Stanford U. Am. "Wild Thing", "Angel of the Morning" songwriter Chip Taylor (James Wesley Voight) on Mar. 21 in Yonkers, N.Y.; brother of Jon Voight; uncle of Angelina Jolie and James Haven. Canadian 5'9" hockey hall-of-fame player David Michael "Dave" Keon on Mar. 22 in Noranda, Quebec. Cambodian-Am. "Dith Pran in The Killing Fields" actor-physician-writer Hains Somnang Ngor (d. 1996) on Mar. 22 in Samrong Yong; Chinese descent father, Khmer mother. Welsh "Like I Do" singer Maureen Evans on Mar. 23 in Cardiff. Am. anti-gay activist-singer Anita Jane Bryant on Mar. 25 in Barnsdall, Okla. French computer scientist (inventor of Ada) (Jewish) Jean David Ichbiah (d. 2007) on Mar. 25. Italian pop singer Mina Anna Mazzini on Mar. 25 in Busto Arsizio; discovered on Sept. 24, 1958 by Natalino Otto. Am. "Sonny Corleone in The Godfather" 5'9" actor (Jewish) James Edmund Caan (d. 2022) on Mar. 26 in Bronx, N.Y; German Jewish immigrant parents; grows up in Sunnyside, Queens; educated at Mich. State U., and Hofstra U. Am. Dem. politician and Speaker of the House #52 (2007-2011, 2019-) (first woman) (Roman Catholic) Nancy Patricia Pelosi (nee D'Alesandro) on Mar. 26 in Baltimore, Md.; 5th of 5 children and only daughter of 3-term city mayor Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. (1903-87); her older brother Thomas Sr. also becomes mayor of Baltimore; grows up in the city's Little Italy neighborhood, then ends up as a U.S. rep. in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at Trinity College. Am. "Stuttering John Gibbons in My Cousin Vinny" actor-writer-dir. Austin Pendleton on Mar. 27 in Warren, Ohio; educated at Yale U. (Scroll & Key). Am. "Continental Drift", "Affliction" novelist-poet Russell Banks on Mar. 28 in Newton, Mass. Brazilian "The Girl from Ipanema" singer Astrud Gilberto (Astrud Evangelina Weinerrt) on Mar. 29 in Salvador, Bahia; German father, Brazilian mother; grows up in Rio de Janeiro; wife (1959-65) of Joao Gilberto (1931-); emigrates to the U.S. in 1963. Am. 6'8" basketball player (white) (Cincinnati Royals #16, 1963-9) (San Francisco Warriors #47, 1969-71) (New York Knicks #32, 1971-4) Jerry Ray Lucas on Mar. 30 in Middletown, Ohio; educated at Ohio State U. U.S. Rep. (D-Mass.) (1981-) (Jewish) (gay) Barney Frank on Mar. 31 in Bayonne, N.J.; educated at Harvard U. U.S. Sen. (D-Vt.) (1975-) Patrick Joseph Leahy on Mar. 31 in Montpelier, Vt.; Irish-Am. father, Italian-Am. mother; educated at Georgetown U. Kenyan biologist (Kikuyu) Wangari Muta Maathai on Apr. 1 in Ihithe, Nyeri; educated at the U. of Pittsburgh and U. of Nairobi; first woman Ph.D. in Kenya; 1940 Nobel Peace Prize (first African woman). English "Margo Leadbetter in The Good Life", "Audrey fforbes-Hamilton in To the Manor Born" actress Penelope Anne Constance Keith on Apr. 2 in Sutton, Surrey. Am. "Havlicek stole the ball" basketball player John Havlicek on Apr. 8 in Martins Ferry, Ohio. English historian Keith Gilbert Robbins on Apr. 4; educated at Magdalen and St. Antony's Colleges, Oxford U. Am. Protestant televangelist John Charles Hagee on Apr. 12 in Goose Creek, Tex. Am. "Cantaloupe Island", "Watermelon Man" jazz pianist-composer (black) Herbert Jeffrey "Herbie" Hancock on Apr. 12 in Chicago, Ill. Australian "A Stretch of the Imagination" playwright John Charles "Jack" Hibberd on Apr. 12 in Warracknabeal, Victoria. French "Le Proces-Verbal", "Desert" poet-novelist ("the Steve McQueen of French Literature") Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio (Clézio) on Apr. 13 in Nice; of Breton descent; dual French-Mauritian citizenship; likes to write about the desert; 2008 Nobel Lit. Prize. English "Lara Antipova in Doctor Zhivago" actress Julie Frances Christie on Apr. 14 in Chukua (Assam), India. Am. "The Rat Patrol" actor Justin Tarr (Howard Kenneth Barnes) (d. 2012) on Apr. 14 in Amarillo, Tex. Am. "Ensign Pulver", "Charlie X in Star Trek" actor Robert Hudson Walker Jr. on Apr. 15 in Queens, N.Y.; son of Robert Walker (1918-51) and Jennifer Jones (1919-2009). Danish queen (1972-) Margrethe (Margaret) II on Apr. 16 in Copenhagen; daughter of Frederick IX (1899-1972) and Ingrid of Sweden (1910-2000); educated at Girton College, Cambridge U., Aarhus U., the Sorbonne, and London School of Economics. English singer Billy Fury (Ronald William Wycherley) (d. 1983) on Apr. 17 in Liverpool. Am. "Little Green Apples", "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia", "Honey" singer-songwriter Bobby Russell (d. 1992) on Apr. 19 in Nashville, Tenn.; husband (1972-4) of Vicki Lawrence; not to be confused with Bob Russell (1914-70). Am. scientist Joseph L. Goldstein on Apr. 18 in Kingstree, S.C.; 1985 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "A is for Alibi" "Kinsey Millhone of Santa Teresa, Calif." detective novelist Sue Taylor Grafton on Apr. 24 in Louisville, Ky.; daughter of Cornelius Warren Grafton (1909-82); educated at the U. of Louisville. Am. "Then Came Bronson", "Jean Renault in Twin Peaks", "Long Lonesome Highway" actor-singer Michael (Harry Samuel) Parks on Apr. 24 in Corona, Calif. Australian atmospheric physicist Garth William Partridge on Apr. 24 in Brisbane, Queensland; educated at the U. of Queensland, and U. of Melbourne. Jordan princess Muna al-Hussein (Antoinette Avril Gardiner) on Apr. 25 in Chelmondiston, England; 2nd wife of King Hussein (1961-72); mother of Abdullah II (1962-), Prince Faisal (1963-), Princess Aisha (1975-), and Princess Zein (1968-). Am. "Michael Corleone in The Godfather", "Tony Montana in Scarface", "Frank Serpico in Serpico", "Lt. Col. Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman" actor Alfredo James "Al" Pacino on Apr. 25 in East Harlem, N.Y.; Italian-Am. parents. Italian "Midnight Express" musician-producer Giovanni Giorgio Moroder on Apr. 26 in Urijei, South Tyrol. Am. economist (Jewish) Peter Arthur Diamond on Apr. 29 in New York City; educated at Yale U. and MIT; teacher of Ben Bernanke (1953-); 2010 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Paulie Pennino in Rocky" actor Burt Young (Gerald Tommaso DeLouise) (d. 2023) on Apr. 30 in Corona, Queens, N.Y.; educated at the Actors Studio. Belizean PM #2 (1984-9) and PM #4 (1993-8) Manuel Esquivel on May 2 in Belize City; knighted in 2010. Am. Koch Industries oil magnate and libertarian activist (chemical engineer) ("the Tea Party's Wallet") David Hamilton Koch (d. 2019) (pr. like coke) on May 3 in Wichita, Kan.; brother of Charles G. Koch (1935-); educated at Deerfield Academy, and MIT. Am. "Coma", "Outbreak" medical thriller novelist Roert Brian "Robin" Cook on May 4 in New York City; grows up in Leonia, N.J.; educated at Wesleyan U., Columbia U., and Harvard U.; sells 400M+ copies. Am. "Detective Hal Vukovich in The Terminator", "Bishop in Aliens" actor Lance Henriksen on May 5 in New York City; Norwegian sailor father nicknamed Icewater. Am. "The Object of Beauty" dir.-writerMichael Lindsay-Hogg on May 5 in New York City; son of Geraldine Fitzgerald (1913-2005). English novelist-journalist (atheist) Angela Carter (nee Angela Olive Stalker) (d. 1992) on May 7 in Eastbourne; educated at Bristol College. Am. "Jaws" novelist Peter Bradford Benchley (d. 2006) on May 8 in New York City; son of children's author Nathaniel Benchley; grandson of humorist (Algonquin Round Table founder) Robert Benchley (1889-1945); brother of writer-actor Nat Benchley; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and Harvard U. Am. "Captain and Tennille" singer Cathryn "Toni" Antoinette Tennille on May 8 in Montgomery, Ala.; married to Daryl Frank Dragon (1942-). Am. "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet", "Hello Mary Lou", "Garden Party" actor-singer Eric Hilliard "Ricky" "Rick" Nelson (d. 1985) on May 8 in Teaneck, N.J.; son of Ozzie Nelson (1906-75) and Harriet Hilliard Nelson (1909-94); brother of David Nelson (1936-). Am. "Anna (Go to Him)" country soul singer (black) Arthur Alexander (d. 1993) on May 10 in Sheffield, Ala. Am. "Your Erroneous Zones" New Age writer Wayne Walter Dyer (d. 2015) on May 10 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Wayne State U. Am. "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "War", "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" songwriter-producer (black) Norman Jesse Whitfield (d. 2008) on May 12 in Harlem, N.Y.; collaborator of Barrett Strong (1941-). English novelist-writer (gay) Bruce Charles Chatwin (d. 1989) on May 13 in dronfield (near Sheffield); lover of Jasper Conran (1959-). Am. scholar (Roman Catholic) John Louis Eposito on May 14 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Temple U. Am. libertarian writer-artist Richard (Cory) Kostelanetz on May 14 in New York City; educated at Brown U., Columbia U., and King's College, London; nephew of Andre Kostelanetz (1901-80). Am. Fox News Channel CEO (1996-2016) Roger Eugene Ailes (d. 2017) on May 15 in Warren, Ohio; educated at Ohio U. Am. "Maria Portokalos in My Big Fat Greek Wedding", "Aunt Frieda in The Nanny" actress-singer (Jewish) Lainie Kazan (Levine) on May 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Ashkenazi father, Sephardic mother; educated at Hofstra U. Am. political scientist Alvin Rabushka on May 15. Am. computer scientist Alan Curtis Kay on May 17 in Springfield, Mass.; educated at the U. of Colo. Am. hall-of-fame bowler Don Johnson (d. 2003) on May 19 in Kokomo, Ind.; father of Jimmy Johnson. Czech 5'9" hockey hall-of-fame player (Chicago Blackhawks) Stan Mikita (Stanislav Guoth) on May 20 in Sokolce; emigrates to the U.S. as a young boy. Am. leftist writer (on China) Orille Hickock Schell III on May 20 in New York City: educated at Harvard U.; brother of Jonathan Schell (1943-). Am. CNN anchor (1980-2001) (black) Bernard Shaw on May 22 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill.; not to be confused with Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950). Am. "Lt. Ed Traxler in The Terminator", "Capt. Clark Terrell in Star Trek II" actor (black) Paul Edward Winfield (d. 2004) on May 22 in Los Angeles, Calif. Russian poet-writer (Jewish) Joseph (Iosif) Alexandrovich (Aleksandrovich) Brodsky (d. 1996) on May 24 in Leningrad; emigrates to the U.S. in 1972. Am. "Cpl. Radar O'Reilly in M*A*S*H" actor Gary Richard Burghoff on May 24 in Bristol, Conn. Am. "Sandy in Grease" actress-singer Carole Demas on May 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Vt., and NYU. Am. "The Weight", "Up on Cripple Creek" rock drummer-singer Mark Lavon "Levon" Helm (d. 2012) on May 26 in Marvell, Ark. Am. jazz musician Lew Tabackin on May 26 in Philadelphia, Penn.; huband (1969-) of Toshiko Akiyoshi (1929-). Am. "The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt", "Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan" biographer Edmund Morris on May 27 in Nairobi, Kenya; South African parents; educated at Rhodes U.; emigrates to Britain in 1964, and the U.S. in 1968. Irish "Circle of Friends" novelist-journalist Maeve Binchy on May 28 in Dalkey, County Dublin. Am. "Odo in Star Trek: DS9", "Father Mulcahy in M*A*S*H", "Clayton Endicott III in Benson", "Paul Lewiston in Boston Legal" actor Rene Murat Auberjonois on June 1 in New York City; son of Princess Laure Louise Napoleone Eugenie Caroline Murat (1913-86), great-great-granddaughter of Joachim Murat (1767-1815) and Caroline Bonaparte (1782-1839) (sister of Napoleon I). Am. mezzo-soprano Frederica "Flicka" von Stade on June 1 in Somerville, N.J. Am. theoretical physicist (atheist) Kip Stephen Thorne on June 1 in Logan, Utah; Mormon parents; educated at Caltech, and Princeton U.; 2017 Nobel Physics Prize. Greek king (last) (1964-73) Constantine II (XIII) on June 2 in Psychiko (near Athens); eldest son of Paul I and Princess Frederika of Hanover; nephew of George II (1890-1947); the Germans invade Greece when he is 1 mo. old, causing him to spend his first four years in exile in Egypt and Cape Town, South Africa. Welsh "It's Not Unusual", "What's New, Pussycat?" singer Sir Tom Jones (Thomas John Woodward) on June 7 in the South Wales village of Pontypridd (pr. "PONT-ee-preathe") (where actor Richard Burton was born on Nov. 10, 1925); starts out as Tommy Scott the Twisting Vocalist; named after the 1963 film; knighted in 2005. Am. serial murderer Samuel Little on June 7 in Reynolds, Ga. Am. singer "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'" singer-actress Nancy Sandra Sinatra on June 8 in Jersey City, N.J.; daughter of Frank Sinatra (1915-98) and Nancy Barbato Sinatra; godfather is Tommy Dorsey; sister of Frank Sinatra Jr. (1944-2016) and Tina Sinatra (1948-); wife (1960-5) of Tommy Sands (1937-). Kiwi meteorologist August H. "Augie" Auer Jr. (d. 2007) on June 10 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Colo. State U., and U. of Wyo.; emigrates to New Zealand in 1990. English musician Roy Harper on June 12 in Rusholme, Manchester. Am. "Art Donovan in Lou Grant" actor Jack Bannon on June 14; son of Jim Bannon and Bea Benaderet; husband of Ellen Travolta (1940-) (sister of John Travolta). Am. 6'8" football defensive end (Oakland Raiders, 1964-71) Benjamin Earl Franklin "Ben" Davidson Jr. (d. 2012) on June 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at East Los Angeles College, and U. of Washington. Am. economist (Jewish) George Arthur Akerlof on June 17; Swedish father, Jewish German-Am. mother; educated at Yale U., and MIT; 2001 Nobel Econ. Prize. French "La Maison des Atlantes" writer-critic Angelo Rinaldi on June 17 in Bastia, Corsica. English "Beat Girls" actor-singer Adam Faith (Terence "Terry" Nelhams-Wright) (d. 2003) (Roulette) on June 23 in East Acton, London. Am. Olympic sprinter (black) ("the Black Gazelle/Pearl") ("The Tennessee Tornado") Wilma Glodean Rudolph (d. 1994) on June 23 in St. Bethlehem, Tenn.; #20 of 22 children; recovers from childhood polio. Scottish Beatles founding member, artist and bassist Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (d. 1962) on June 23 in Edinburgh; namer of the Beatles along with John Lennon based on Buddy Holly's band The Crickets. Australian "Beneath Still Waters", "It's a Man's World (When You Have A Man Like Mine)" country-pop singer ("Miss Country Soul") Diana Roselyn Trask on June 23 in Camberwell (near Melbourne), Victoria. English rock bassist Clint Warwick (Albert Clinton Eccles) (Moody Blues) on June 25 in Aston, Birmingham. Am. "Zoot Suit", "La Bamba" playwright-dir. ("Father of U.S. Chicano Theater") Luis Valdez on June 26 in Delano, Calif.; Mexican parents. Bangladeshi banker-economist (Muslim) Muhammad Yunus on June 28 in Chittagong; 2006 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. "Sock It To Me Baby", "Knock Three Times", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" songwriter Lawrence "Larry" (L.) Russell Brown on June 29 in Newark, N.J. Spanish "The Spirit of the Beehive" dir. Victor Erice Aras on June 30 in Karrantza. Am. folk-blues singer-songwriter (Quaker-turned-Christian) Mark Warren Spelstra (d. 2007) on June 30 in Kansas City, Mo. English "The Railway Series" children's writer Christopher Vere Awdry on July 2 in Devizes; son of Rev. Wilbert Awdry (1911-97). Am. public interest atty. John Francis Banzhaf III on July 2 in New York City; educated at Stuyvesant H.S., MIT, and Columbia U. Soviet cosmonaut (first Bulgarian in space, 1979) Georgi Ivanov (Kakalov) on July 2 in Lovech. U.S. Sen. (R-Tenn.) (2003-21) Andrew Lamar Alexander Jr. on July 3 in Maryville, Tenn.; educated at Vanderbilt U., and NYU. Am. "Rescue Me" R&B singer (black) Fontella Bass on July 3 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. Olympic swimmer Lance Melvin Larson on July 3 in Monterey Park, Calif.; educated at USC. Am. "Zusu in It's a Wonderful Life" actress Karolyn Grimes on July 4 in Hollywood, Calif. Irish writer James Herbert "Herbie" Brennan on July 5. Am. painter-photographer Chuck Thomas Close on July 5 in Monroe, Wash.; known for massive-scale portraits; educated at the U. of Wash. Am. 6'4" basketball player (black) (Detroit Pistons #14, 1963-70) (Baltimore Bullets #15, 1970-1) (New York Knicks #42, 1971-2) Edward "Eddie" Miles Jr. on July 5 in North Little Rock, Ark.; educated at Seattle U. Kazakhstan pres. #1 (1990-) (Muslim) Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev on July 6 in Chemolgari. Am. "Don't Touch Me" country singer Marilyn Jeanne "Jeannie" Seely on July 6 in Titusville, Penn. English "Yellow Submarine", "Octopus's Garden", "With a Little Help from My Friends" musician-singer-composer (vegetarian) (teetotaler) Ringo Starr (Richard Starkey) (The Beatles) on July 7 in Dingle, Liverpool; husband (1965-75) of Maureen Cox and (1981-) Barbara Bach (1947-); father of Zak Starkey (1965-); first Beatle to become a grandfather. Am. R&B singer (black) Patricia Eva "Bonnie" Pointer (Pointer Sisters) on July 11 in Oakland, Calif.; sister of Ruth Pointer (1946-), Anita Pointer (1948-), Bonnie Pointer (1950-), and June Pointer (1953-2006); mother of Issa Pointer (1978-). Am. Cajun chef Paul "Lean Gene Autry" Prudhomme (d. 2015) on July 13 in Opelousas, La. English "Capt. Jean-Luc Picard in Star Trek: TNG", "Prof. Charles Xavier in X-Men", "Gurney Halleck in Dune", "King Leondegrance in Excalibur" actor Patrick Hewes Stewart on July 13 in Mirfield, Yorkshire. Am. "Mormon America: The Power and the Promise" writer-journalist Richard N. Ostling on July 14 in Endicott, N.Y.; husband of Joan K. Ostling (1939-2009); educated at the U. of Mich., Northwestern U., and George Washington U. Am. "Beatrice Travis in Vega$" actress Phyllis Davis on July 17 in Port Arthur, Tex. Am. 6'4" "Dr. Steven Kiley in Marcus Welby, M.D.", "Capricorn One", "The Amityville Horror" actor James Brolin (Craig Kenneth Bruderlin) on July 18 in Los Angeles, Calif.; husband (1986-95) of Jan Smithers and (1998-) Barbra Streisand (1942-); father of Josh Brolin (1968-). Am. baseball catcher-coach Joseph Paul "Joe" Torre on July 18 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. legal activist ("Mr. Anti-Smoking") John Francis Banzhaf III on July 20 in New York City; educated at MIT, and Columbia U. Cuban baseball player Tony (Pedro) Oliva on July 20 in Pinar Del Rio. Am. golfer Susie Maxwell Berning on July 22 in Pasadena, Calif. Canadian "Jeopardy!", "High Rollers", "Classic Concentration" game show host George Alexander "Alex" Trebek (Giorgi Suka-Alex Trebek) (d. 2020) on July 22 in Sudbury, Ont.; Ukrainian father George Edward Terebeychuck, French mother Lucille Lagace; educated at Malvern Collegiate Inst., and the U. of Ottawa; starts out as host of "Jackpot!" in 1970, "The Wizard of Oz" in 1973, and "High Rollers" in 1974; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1998, and gets a jury summons two weeks later?; Kebert Xela backwards; born the same year that Sudbury becomes the first Canadian city to install parking meters. Am. "Nappy-headed hos" shock jock radio personality (alcoholic) John Donald "Don" Imus Jr. (d. 2019) on July 23 in Riverside, Calif. Am. "The Milagro Beanfield War" novelist John Treadwell Nichols on July 23 in Berkeley, Calif. Am. "Drift Away" singer (black) Dobie Gray (Lawrence/Leonard Victor Ainsworth) (Laurence Darrow Brown) on July 26 in Fort Bend County, Tex. Am. celeb victim Mary Jo Kopchne (d. 1969) on July 26 in Wilkes-Barre, Penn. Am. sculptor Luis Alfonso Jimenez Jr. (d. 2006) on July 30 in El Paso, Tex.; Am. mother Alicia is visiting relatives in Juarez, Mexico when her water breaks, causing her to race back to the U.S. to have him? Iraqi diplomat-politician (Shiite Muslim) Mohammed (Muhammad) Saeed al-Sahhaf on July 30 in Hilla (near Karbala); educated at Baghdad U. Am. U.S. rep. (D-Colo.) (1973-97) Patricia Nell Scott "Pat" Schroeder on July 30 in Portland, Ore.; grows up in Des Moines, Iowa; educated at the U. of Minn., and Harvard U. English ZX80/ZX81 inventor Sir Clive Marles Sinclair (d. 2021) on July 30 near Richmond, Surrey. Am. Muslim Brotherhood leader (Sunni Muslim) Ahmed Elkadi (El-Kadi) (d. 2009) on Aug. 1 in Egypt. Am. football hall-of-fame WR Lance Dwight Alworth on Aug. 3 in Houston, Tex. Am. "Capt. Willard in Apocalypse Now", "Pres. Josiah Bartlett in The West Wing" actor Martin Sheen (Ramon Gerardo Antonio Estevez) (Estévez) on Aug. 3 in Dayton, Ohio; husband (1961-) of Janet Templeton; father of Emilio Estevez (1962-), Ramon Luis Estevez (1963-), Charlie Sheen (1965-), and Renee Estevez (1967-). Am. 6'6" football QB (Los Angeles Rams #5, 1962-72) (Philadelphia Eagls #18, 1973-7) Roman Ildonzo Gabriel Jr. on Aug. 5 in Wilmington, N.C.; son of a Filipino imigrant; educated at N.C. State U.; first Asian-Am. starting NFL QB, and first truly big NFL QB. Am. ACORN co-founder (1970) Wade Rathke on Aug. 5 in New Orleans, La. English "Myra Breckinridge" singer-actor-dir. Mike Sarne (Michael Scheuer) on Aug. 6 in Paddington, London. Am. "You've Got That Loving Feeling" singer Robert Lee "Bobby" Hatfield (d. 2003) (Righteous Brothers) on Aug. 10 in Beaver Dam, Wisc.; moves to Anaheim, Calif. at age 4; meets Bill Medley at Calif. State U. Long Beach. Am. singer Darrell "Dash" Crofts (Seals and Crofts) on Aug. 14 in Cisco, Tex.; collaborator of Jim Seals (1941-). Am. "Dreamgirls" playwright-lyricist (gay) Tom Eyen (d. 1991) on Aug. 14 in Cambridge, Ohio; educated at Ohio State U. Am. Laffer Curve economist Arthur Betz Laffer on Aug. 14 in Youngstown, Ohio; educated at Stanford U. and Yale U. Australian "Breaker Morant", "Tender Mercies" film dir.-writer-producer Bruce Beresford on Aug. 16 in Sydney. English politician-writer Stanley Patrick Johnson on Aug. 18 in Penzance; paternal grandson of Ali Kemal Bey (1867-1922); father of Boris Johnson (1964-); educated at Exeter College, Oxford U. Am. "I Can See Clearly Now" singer-songwriter (black) John Lester "Johnny" Nash Jr. (d. 2020) on Aug. 19 in Houston, Tex. Am. "Tiffany Case in Diamonds are Forever" actress (Jewish) Jill St. John (Jill Arlyn Oppenheim) on Aug. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif.; classmate of Nancy Sinatra; 162 I.Q.; admitted to UCLA at age 14; wife (1967-9) of Jack Jones and (1990-) Robert Wagner; not to be confused with Susan Saint James (1946-). Am. "Rhoda Morgenstern in the Mary Tyler Moore Show" actress (Roman Catholic) Valerie Harper on Aug. 22 in Suffern, N.Y. Am. baseball player-mgr. (Jewish)(New York Hankees, 1969, 1971-6) ("the Great Jewish Hope") Ronald Mark "Ron" "Boomer" Blomberg on Aug. 23 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. "Les Nessman in WKRP in Cincinnati" actor Richard Kinard Sanders on Aug. 23 in Harrisburg, Penn. Am. biochemist Thomas Arthur Steitz on Aug. 23; 2009 Nobel Chem. Prize. English rock group mgr. (Moody Blues, The Move, T.Rex) Anthony Michael "Tony" Secunda (d. 1995) on Aug. 24 in Epson, Surrey. Chinese table tennis champ Zhuang Zedong (Chuang Tse-tung) (d. 2013) on Aug. 24 in Yangzhou, Jiangsu. U.S. Repub. defense secy. #20 (1997-2001) (Jewish) William Sebastian Cohen on Aug. 28 in Bangor, Maine; Russian Jewish immigrant father, Protestant Irish descent mother; educated at Bowdoin College. U.S. White House press secy. #15 (1981-9) James Scott "Jim" Brady (d. 2014) on Aug. 29 in Centralia, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Indian climate scientist (IPCC chmn. in 2002-15) Rajendra Kumar Pachauri (d. 2020) on Aug. 20 in Naintal; educated at La Martiniere College. French writer Annie Ernaux (Annie Thérèse Blanche Ernaux (nee Duchesne) on Sept. 1 Lillebonne, Normandy; grows up in Yvetot; educated at the U. of Rouen, and U. of Bordeaux. Am. "Just a Dream" "swamp pop R&B teenage idol" singer (white) Jimmy Clanton on Sept. 2 in Baton Rouge, La. Am. "Lawrence Welk" ragtime pianist-accordionist Jo Ann Castle (Zering) on Sept. 3 in Bakersfield, Calif.; stage name comes from Castle Accordions; friend of Liberace. Uruguayan "Open Veins of Latin America" writer-journalist Eduardo Hughes Galeano on Sept. 3 in Montevideo; Welsh, German, Spanish, and Italian ancestry. Am. "Margie" actress Cynthia Pepper (Cynthia Anne Culpepper) on Sept. 4 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. "One Million Years B.C.", "Fantastic Voyage" "Myra Breckinridge", "Bandolero!" actress-model Raquel Welch (Jo Raquel Tejada) (d. 2023) on Sept. 5 in Chicago, Ill.; Bolivian father, English descent mother; wife (1959-64) of James Welch, (1967-72) Patrick Curtis, (1980-90) Andre Weinfeld, and (1999-2004) Richard Palmer. and (1999-) Richard Palmer; mother of Damon Welch (1959-) and Latanne (Tahnee) Welch (1961-). Am. ventriloquist (black) Willie Tyler on Sept. 8 in Red Level, Ala.; his puppet is Lester. Am. "Prophets of Regulation" business historian Thomas Kincaid McCraw (d. 2012) on Sept. 11 in Corinth, Miss.; educated at the U. of Miss. Am. "Carrie", "The Untouchables", "Mission: Impossible" dir.-writer Brian Russell De Palma on Sept. 11 in Newark, N.J.; educated at Columbia U.; husband (1979-83) of Nancy Allen (1950-) and (1991-3) Gale Anne Hurd (1955-). Am. biophysicist Joachim Frank on Sept. 12 in Siegen, Germany; educated at the U. of Freburg, Ludwig Maximilians U. of Munich, and Technical U. of Munich; 2017 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "Sue Ellen Ewing in Dallas" actress Linda Ann Gray on Sept. 12 in Santa Monica, Calif. U.S. Rep. (D-N.Y.) (1975-93) (Jewish) Stephen Joshua Solarz (d. 2010) on Sept. 12 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Brandeis U., and Columbia U. Costa Rican pres. (1986-90, 2006-) Oscar Rafael de Jesus Arias Sanchez on Sept. 13 in Heredia; educated at the U. of Costa Rica, U. of Essex, and London School of Economics; 1987 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. "Sugar Shack", "Bottle of Wine" singer Jimmy Gilmer (The Fireballs) on Sept. 15 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in Amarillo, Tex. Am. "Jonathan Garvey in Little House on the Prairie", "Father Murphy" 6'5" actor-football player (Los Angeles Rams #74, 1962-76) Merlin Jay Olsen (d. 2010) on Sept. 15 in Logan, Utah; educated at Utah State U. Am. "The Doomsday Machine episode of Star Trek: TOS" sci-fi novelist-screenwriter Norman Richard Spinrad on Sept. 15 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and CCNY. Scottish "Regeneration" screenwriter-producer Allan Scott (Shiach) on Sept. 16 in Elgin, Morrow; educated at McGill U. Am. "Venus" pop singer Frankie Avalon (Francis Thomas Avallone) on Sept. 18 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "You've Got That Loving Feeling" singer William Thomas "Bill" Medley (Righteous Brothers) on Sept. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif.; meets Bobby Hatfield at Calif. State U. Long Beach. Am. "An Old Fashioned Love Song", "We've Only Just Begun", "Bugsy Malone", "Evergreen" singer-songwriter-actor Paul Hamilton Williams Jr. on Sept. 19 in Omaha, Neb. Japanese PM #59 (2008-9) Taro Aso on Sept. 20 in Iizuka, Fukuoka; educated at Gakushuin U., and London School of Ecnomics. Afghan pres. #10 (2001) (Sunni Muslim) Burhanuddin Rabbani (d. 2011) on Sept. 20 in Badakhshan; Persian-speaking ethnic Tajij; educated at Kabul U., and Al-Azhar U. Am. "Hey Joe", "Morning Dew" singer-songwriter Timothy Alan Patrick "Tim" Rose (d. 2002) (Big Three) on Sept. 23 in Washington, D.C. Canadian rock drummer Dewey Martin (Buffalo Springfield) on Sept. 30 in Chesterville, Ont. Am. "Women and Madness", "Wonder Woman" feminist writer (Jewish) Phyllis Chesler on Oct. 1 in New York City; educated at Bard College, and New School for Social Research. Am. "Undercover Angel", "Angie Baby", "Rock and Roll Heaven" songwriter-singer Alan Earle O'Day (d. 2013) on Oct. 3 in Hollywood, Calif. Canadian hockey player Joseph Gilbert Yvon "Jean" Ratelle on Oct. 3 in Lac Saint-Jean, Quebec. English "Ritual" actor-novelist David John Pinner on Oct. 6 in Peterborough; Am. "Chachi's mother Louisa Arcola Delvecchio in Happy Days" actress Ellen Travolta on Oct. 6 in Englewood, N.J.; sister of John Travolta (1954-). Am. Adobe Systems co-founder John Edward Warnock on Oct. 6 in Salt Lake City, Utah; educated at the U. of Utah; collaborator or Charles Geschke (1939-). English Beatles composer-musician-singer and rock god ("1960s youth spokesman") John Winston (Ono) Lennon (d. 1980) on Oct. 9 in Liverpool; only son of Alfred "Alf" Lennon (1912-76) and Julia Stanley "Judy" Lennon (1914-56); raised by his maternal uncle George Toogood Smith (1903-55) and maternal aunt Mary Elizabeth "Mimi" Smith (nee Stanley) (1903-92) at Mendips House, 251 Menlove Ave., Liverpool; husband (1962-7) of Cynthia Powell and (1969-80) Yoko Ono (1933-); father of Julian Lennon (1963-) and Sean Lennon (1975-). Am. "Care of the Soul" psychotherapist and spiritual writer (Roman Catholic) Thomas Moore on Oct. 8 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at DePaul U., the U. of Mich., U. of Windsor, and Syracuse U. English Conservative MP (1970-97) and journalist Winston Spencer Churchill (d. 2010) on Oct. 10 in Chequers, London; son of Randolph Churchill (1911-68) and Pamela Digby Harriman (1920-97); grandson of Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965); educated at Eton College, and Christ Church, Oxford U.; sells his grandfather's personal papers to the U.K. for £12.5M. Am. tenor jazz saxophonist (black) Ferrell "Pharaoh" Sanders on Oct. 13 in Little Rock, Ark. English "Out of Time" R&B singer (white) Chris Farlowe (John Henry Deighton) (AKA Little Joe Cook) (Colosseum) (The Thunderbirds) on Oct. 13 in Islington, North London. Am. singer-actor Sir Cliff Richard (Harry Rodger Webb) (Shadows) on Oct. 14 in Lucknow, India; big name in corny British pop music before the Beatles, charting in the U.S. in each decade from the 1950s-2000s, selling 250M+ records. Australian surgeon Peter Charles Doherty on Oct. 15 in Brisbane; 1996 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Gen. Berenger in WarGames", "Roscoe Brown in Lonesome Dove", "Ellis in No Country for Old Men" actor Leonard Barrie "Barry" Corbin on Oct. 16 in Lamesa, Tex. Am. 6'6 hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (Detroit Pistons #22, 1962-8) (New York Knicks #22, 1969-74) (Detroit Pistons, 1964-7) David Albert "Dave" "Big D" DeBusschere (d. 2003) on Oct. 16 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Detroit U. Irish "Albus Dumbledore in Harry Potter" actor Sir Michael John Gambon (d. 2023) on Oct. 19 in Capra, Dublin; educated at St. Aloysius College; knighted in 1998. English "Secret Love" singer (Marilyn Monroe lookalike?) Kathy Kirby (Kathleen O'Rourke) on Oct. 20 in Ilford, Essex. Am. poet-writer-critic (Jewish) Robert Pinsky on Oct. 20 in Long Branch, N.J.; educated at Rutgers U., and Stanford U. Am. "Fire in the Lake" journalist Frances FitzGerald on Oct. 21. South African "Dooh-Wah Diddy Diddy" rock keyboardist-singer Manfred Mann on Oct. 21 in Johannesburg. Brazilian #1 soccer player ("the Black Pearl") (O Rei) (the King) Pele (Pelé) (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) (d. 2022) on Oct. 23 in Tres Coracores. Am. basketball coach (Indiana U.) (1971-2000) ("the General") Robert Montgomery "Bobby" "Bob" Knight on Oct. 25 in Massillon, Ohio. Soviet cosmonaut Gennadi (Gennady) Mikhailovich Strekalov (d. 2004) on Oct. 26 in Mytishchi. Russian astrophy7sicist Habibullo (Khabibullo) Ismailovich Abdussamatov on Oct. 27 in Samarkand, Uzbek SSR; of Uzbek descent; educated at Samarkand State U., and Leningrad State U. Am. Gambino family crime boss ("The Dapper Don") ("The Teflon Don") John Joseph Gotti Jr. (d. 2002) on Oct. 27 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. "The Woman Warrior" feminist novelist Maxine Hong Kingston on Oct. 27 in Stockton, Calif.; Chinese immigrant parents. Am. "Soap", "The Golden Girls", "Empty Nest" TV writer-producer Susan Harris (nee Spivak) on Oct. 28 in Mount Vernon, N.Y. Am. "Ballad of the Green Berets" singer U.S. Army Green Beret SSgt. Barry Allen Sadler (d. 1989) on Nov. 1 in Carlsbad, N.M. Am. football hall-of-fame kicker James Leroy "Jim" Bakken on Nov. 2 in Madison, Wisc. Am. "The Silence of the Lambs" novelist Thomas Harris on Nov. 4 in Jackson, Tenn.; grows up in Rich, Miss. Am. blues-rock singer Delbert McClinton on Nov. 4 in Lubbock, Tex. Ecuadorian pres. #33 (1979-81) Jaime Roldos (Roldós) Aguilera (d. 1981) on Nov. 5 in Guyaquil. German "A Shot in the Dark" actress Elke Sommer (Schletz) on Nov. 5 in Berlin. Am. "Cpl. Mark T. Hitch Hitchcock in The Rat Patrol" actor Lawrence P. Casey on Nov. 8 in New York City. Am. astronomer Charles Thomas Kowal (d. 2011) on Nov. 8 in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at USC. U.S. Sen. (D-Calif.) (1993-2011) (Jewish) Barbara Levy Boxer on Nov. 11 in New York City; educated at Brooklyn College. Am. SpaceShipOne test pilot Michael Winston "Mike" Melvill on Nov. 11. Am. "To Know Him Is To Love Him" singer-songwriter Carol Connors (Annette Kleinbard) on Nov. 13 in New Brunswick, N.J. Am. "Khrushchev: The Man and His Era" political scientist-biographer William Chase Taubman on Nov. 13 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, Harvard U., and Columbia U. Am. "Hey Looka Yonder (It's the Clear Water)" folk singer-writer (black) "Brother" Thomas Griffin "Tom" Winslow (d. 2010) (The Winslows, Pete Seeger Band) on Nov. 13 in Hobgood, N.C.; father of Thomasina Winslow and Gary Winslow. Am. economist Hugo Freund Sonnenschein on Nov. 14 in New York City; educated at the U. of Rochester, and Purdue U. Am. "Jack McCoy in Law & Order" actor Samuel Atkinson "Sam" Waterston on Nov. 15 in Cambridge, Mass.; Scottish immigrant father, Mayflower descendant mother; educated at Yale U., and the Sorbonne. Am. Olympic rower Philip Anthony "Tony" Johnson on Nov. 16 in Washington, D.C. Israeli-Am. chemist (Jewish) Arieh Warshel on Nov. 20 in Kibbutz Sde Nahum, palestine; 2013 Nobel Chem. Prize. Russian ballerina Natalia Romanovna Makarova on Nov. 21 in Leningrad. British "Monty Python" film dir. and cartoonist Terry Gilliam on Nov. 22 in Medicine Lake, Minn.; becomes British citizen in 1968. Cuban ML baseball pitcher (Cleveland Indians, 1964-9) (Boston Red Sox, 1971-8) (black) Luis Clemente Tiant Vega on Nov. 23 in Marianao; son of Luis Tiant Sr. (1906-76). Am. NFL commissioner (1989-2006) Paul John Tagliabue on Nov. 24 in Jersey City, N.J.; educated at NYU. Am. football hall-of-fame coach and NASCAR team owner (Washington Redskins, 1981-1992, 2004-7) Joe Jackson Gibbs on Nov. 25 in Mocksville, N.C. Am. "When a Man Loves a Woman" singer (black) Percy Sledge on Nov. 25 in Leighton, Ala.; Repub. strategist Lee Atwater once plays backup for him. English "The Foundations of Modern Political Thought" historian Quentin Robert Duthie Skinner on Nov. 26 in Oldham, Lancashire; educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge U. Chinese-Am. "Kato in The Green Hornet", "Fist of Fury" actor-dir.-producer-writer (founder of Jeet Kune Do) ("Be Like Water") ("We break tile"?) Bruce Lee (Lee Jun-fan) (d. 1973) on Nov. 27 in Chinatown, San Francisco; son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen (1901-65) and Grace Ho; brother of Robert Lee (1943-); raised in Hong Kong; emigrates to the U.S. in 1958; father of Brandon Lee (1965-93) and Shannon Lee (1969-). Am. "Hey! Baby" singer-songwriter Bruce Channel (pr. shuh-NELL) on Nov. 28 in Jacksonville, Tex. Am. "Feels So Good" flugelhorn player Charles Frank "Chuck" Mangione on Nov. 29 in Rochester, N.Y. Canadian singer-songwriter Dennis Gerrard Stephen "Denny" Doherty (d. 2007) (Mamas and Papas) on Nov. 29 in Halifax, N.S. Am. conservative writer Kevin Phillips on Nov. 30; educated at Bronx High School of Science, Colgate U., U. of Edinburgh, and Harvard U. Am. "Stir Crazy", "Bustin' Loose" comedian-actor (black) Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor III (d. 2005) on Dec. 1 in Peoria, Ill.; father of Rain Pryor (1969-). Am. football hall-of-fame cornerback (Oakland Raiders) (1967-78) (black) William Ferdie "Willie" Brown on Dec. 2 in Yazoo City, Miss.; educated at Grambling U. Am. murderer Gary Mark Gilmore (Faye Robert Coffman) (d. 1977) on Dec. 4 in McCarney, Tex. Am. philosopher James Henry Fetzer on Dec. 6 in Pasadena, Calif.; educated at Princeton U. and Indiana U. Am. "Abby Cunningham in Knots Landing" actress Donna Mills (Donna Jean Miller) on Dec. 11 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Do You Know the Way to San Jose", "Walk On By" singer-actress (black) Marie Dionne Warwick on Dec. 12 in East Orange, N.J.; sister of Dee Dee Warwick (1945-2008); niece of Cissy Houston (1933-); cousin of Whitney Houston (1963-); releases 56 top-100 singles in 1962-98. Am. "I Ain't Marching Anymore" leftist folk-protest singer (alcoholic) Philip David "Phil" Ochs (d. 1976) (pr. OAKS) (AKA John Butler Train) on Dec. 19 in El Paso, Tex.; Scottish-born mother; educated at Ohio State U.; calls his songs "topical" not "protest". Am. composer-singer-musician Francis Vincent "Frank" Zappa (Jr.) (d. 1993) on Dec. 21 in Baltimore, Md.; husband (1960-4) of Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman and (1967-) Gail Zappa (1945-); father of Moon Unit Zappa (1967-), Dweezil Zappa (1969-), Ahmet Zappa (1974-), and Diva Thin Muffin Zappa (1979-); known for his mustache and goatee. Chinese journalist Ching Cheong on Dec. 22 in Chaozhu, Guangdong; educated at the U. of Hong Kong. English rock bassist Brian "Licorice" Locking (The Shadows) on Dec. 22 in Bedworth, Warwickshire. Am. rock musician (Jewish) Jorma Ludwik Kaukonen Jr. (Jefferson Airplane) on Dec. 23 in Washington, D.C.; Finnish-Am. father, Jewish-Am. mother. Am. "Wall of Sound" record producer (the Crystals, the Ronettes, the Righteous Brothers, John Lennon) (Jewish) (alcoholic) (aviophobe) ("Tycoon of Teen" - Tom Wolfe) Phil Spector on Dec. 26 in Bronx, N.Y.; father commits suicide in 1949; wife Ronnie Spector is told to fake a pregnancy in 1968 so they can adopt a child and pretend it's theirs; she divorces him in 1972 after he knocks her down and threatens to blind her with his fingers? Am. economist Edward Christian Prescott on Dec. 26 in Glens Falls, N.Y.; educated at Swarthmore College, Case Western Reserve U., and Carnegie Mellon U.; 2004 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Shaggy Dog, "Swamp Fox", "Hardy Boys", "Mike Douglas in My Three Sons" actor Timothy Daniel "Tim" Considine on Dec. 31 in Los Angeles, Calif.; nephew of Bob Considine (1906-75); brother of John Considine (1935-); grandson of Alexander Pantages (1867-1936) and John Considine (1868-1943). Am. "An Insider's View of Mormon Origins" writer (Mormon) Grant H. Palmer on ? in ?; educated at Brigham Young U. Am. Modernist artist (Jewish) Elizabeth Murray (d. 2007) on ? in Chicago, Ill. Niger pres. #3 (1987-93) (black) Ali Saibou (d. 2011) near Ouallam. Am. Marxist Humanist writer-philosopher Marshall Berman on ? in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U. and Harvard U. Swiss art dealer Bruno Bischofberger on ? in Zurich; educated at the U. of Zurich. Am. bowler Jack Biondolillo on ? in Houston, Tex. Am. "Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream" historian (of the U.S. Civil War) Gabor S. Boritt on ? in Budapest, Hungary; emigrates to the U.S. in 1957; educated at Yankton College, U. of S.D., and Boston U. Australian "The Kingdom of the Hittites" historian Trevor Robert Bryce on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Queensland. Am. "How the Irish Saved Civilization" historian Thomas Cahill in New York City; educated at Queens College and Fordham U. French writer (coiner of the term "mediology") Jules Regis Debray on ? in ?. Am. "Winter in the Blood" native novelist-poet James Welch on ? in Browning, Mont.; Blackfeet father, Gros Ventre mother. Am. poet William Kilborn "Bill" Knott on ? in Carson City, Mich. Am. "In Country" novelist Bobbie Ann Mason on ? in Mayfield, Ky.; educated at the U. of Ky. Am. "Chick-A-Boom" singer-songwriter Daddy Dewdrop (Richard "Dick" Monda) on ? in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "The Golden Girls" TV writer Gail Parent on ? in ?. Afghan political leader (head of Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan) Burhanuddin Rabbani (d. 2011) on ? in Badakhshan. Am. Roman Catholic-turned-Episcopalian theologian Matthew (Timothy James) Fox on ? in Madison, Wisc. Italian archeologist Paolo Matthiae. Russian ballet star ("Cosmic Yuri") Yuri Vladimirovich Soloviev (d. 1977) on ? in ?; rival of Vaslav Nijinsky. Saudi royal prince (Sunni Muslim) Khalid (Khaled) al-Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud on ? in Mecca; son of King Faisal (1906-75); half-brother of Prince Saud al-Faisal (1941-) and Prince Turki al-Faisal (1945-); educated at the U. of Oxford. Am. political scientist William Chase Taubman; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, Harvard U., and Columbia U. Deaths: British Gen. Sir Bindon Blood (b. 1842) on May 16 in London. Am. peanut butter inventor Marcellus Gilmore Edson (b. 1849) on Mar. 6 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. Stanley Hotel founder Freelan Oscar Stanley (b. 1849) on Oct. 3 in Newton, Mass. Am. theatrical mgr.-producer Daniel Frohman (b. 1851) on Dec. 26. English physicist-writer Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge (b. 1851) on Aug. 22. Am. "Lincoln, the Man of the People" poet Edwin Markham (b. 1852) on Mar. 7. French neurologist Pierre Marie (b. 1853) on Apr. 13. U.S. Sen. (D-N.C.) (1901-31) Furnifold McLendel Simmons (b. 1854) on Apr. 30 in Bern, N.C. English physicist Sir J.J. Thomson (b. 1856) on Aug. 30 in Cambridge. Am. Volunteers of America founder Ballington Booth (b. 1857) on Oct. 5. Austrian psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg (b. 1857) on Sept. 27 in Vienna. Am. Mormon fundamentalist leader Matthias Foss Cowley (b. 1858) on June 16 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Dutch anthropologist Eugene Dubois (b. 1858) on Dec. 16 in Venlo; dies still believing that Java Man (Homo erectus erectus) is the missing link. Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlof (b. 1858); 1909 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. atty. Samuel Untermeyer (b. 1858) on Mar. 16 in Palm Springs, Calif. French journalist Paul Desjardins (b. 1859) on Mar. 13 in Pontigny. Swedish poet-novelist Verner von Heidenstam (b. 1859) on May 20 in Orvalid; 1916 Nobel Lit. Prize. British Labour politician George Lansbury (b. 1859). French tire manufacturer Edouard Michelin (b. 1859) on Aug. 25 in Orcines. German conductor Karl Muck (b. 1859) on Mar. 3 in Stuttgart. Am. Adm. Hugh Rodman (b. 1859) on June 7 in Bethesda, Md. Am. economist Frank William Taussig (b. 1859) on Nov. 11 in Cambridge, Mass. Am. "Son of the Middle Border" writer Hamlin Garland (b. 1860) on Mar. 4 in Hollywood, Calif. German inventor Paul Nipkow (b. 1860) on Aug. 24 in Berlin. German eugenicist Alfred Ploetz (b. 1860) on Mar. 20 in Herrsching, Bavaria; lives to see his dream of racial hygiene implemented by his idol Adolf Hitler. Am. Tommy Gun inventor John Taliaferro Thompson (b. 1860) on June 21; dies after going bankrupt, only to have WWII crank up the demand for his death sticks. Am. Tex. gov. #25 (1911-15) Oscar Branch Colquitt (b. 1861) on Mar. 8 in Austin, Tex. (influenza). German philosopher Carl Gruenberg (b. 1861) on Feb. 2 in Frankfurt. British gen. Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston (b. 1864) on Mar. 18. German Zimmermann Telegram foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann (b. 1864) on June 6 in Berlin (pneumonia). Am. isolationist Repub. Sen. William E. Borah (b. 1865) on Jan. 19 in Washington, D.C. English actress Mrs. Patrick Campbell (b. 1865) on Apr. 9 in Pau, France. Am. Arctic explorer Dr. Frederick Albert Cook (b. 1865) on Aug. 5. French bicyclist-journalist Henri Desgrange (b. 1865) on Aug. 16 in Beauvallon (prostate cancer). English historian H.A.L. Fisher (b. 1865) on Apr. 18. Am. gen. William Sidney Graves (b. 1865) on Feb. 27 in Shrewbury, N.J. English physician-missionary Sir Wilfred Thomason Grenfell (b. 1865). English chemist Sir Arthur Harden (b. 1865) on June 17; 1929 Nobel Chem. Prize. English soccer player Tinsley Lindley (b. 1865) on Mar. 31 in Nottingham. Am. New York City mayor #93 (1904-9) George B. McClellan Jr. (b. 1865) on Nov. 30 in Washington, D.C. Polish writer Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (b. 1865) on Jan. 18 in Warsaw. Norwegian industrialist Samuel Eyde (b. 1866) on June 21. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player Billy Hamilton (b. 1866) on Dec. 16 in Worcester, Mass. U.S. agriculture secy. #5 (1913-20) and treasury secy. #48 (1920-1) David Franklin Houston (b. 1866) on Sept. 2 in New York City (heart attack). English archeologist-writer E.F. Benson (b. 1867) on Feb. 29 in Univ. College, London. English-born Am. silent film actress Flora Finch (b. 1867) on Jan. 4 in Los Angeles, Calif. (blood poisoning from a cut on her arm). Am. social worker Lillian D. Wald (b. 1867). German architect Peter Behrens (b. 1868) on Feb. 27. German Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (b. 1868) on May 28 in Kassel. English newspaper publisher Lord (1st Viscount) Rothermere (b. 1868) on Nov. 26. German adm. Adolf von Trotha (b. 1868) on Oct. 11. French painter Edouard Vuillard (b. 1868) on June 21 in La Baule. English PM Neville Chamberlain (b. 1869) on Nov. 9 in Highfield Park (near Heckfield), Hampshire (bowel cancer). Am. historian-diplomat William Edward Dodd (b. 1869) on Feb. 9 near Round Hill, Va. (pneumonia). Lithuanian-born Am.-British anarchist Emma Goldman (b. 1869) on May 14 in Toronto, Canada; the U.S. allows her to be buried in German Waldheim Cemetery in Forest Park, Ill.; her tombstone reads "Liberty will not descend to a people, a people must raise themselves to Liberty": "Show me the country in which there are no strikes and I'll show you that country in which there is no liberty." Am. sculptor Janet Scudder (b. 1869) on June 9 in Rockport, Mass. Am. silent film actor Ben Turpin (b. 1869) on July 1 in Santa Monica, Calif. (heart attack). Am. electrical engineer Robert Bowie Owens (b. 1870). Irish Northern Ireland PM #1 (1921-40) Sir James Craig, 1st viscount Craigavon (b. 1871) on Nov. 24 in Glencraig, Northern Ireland. Moravian-born German sculptor Hugo Lederer (b. 1871) on Aug. 1 in Berlin. Romanian PM (1931-2) Nicolae Iorga (b. 1871) on Nov. 27 in Strejnic; a child prodigy polyglot polymath historian, leaves a gigantic body of 5,614 works, mainly on the history of the Ottoman Empire and SE Europe, keeping him from finishing his master history of Da World. Am. actor Wilfred Lucas (b. 1871) on Dec. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. writer Florence Scovel Shinn (b. 1871) on Oct. 17. German EEG inventor Hans Berger (b. 1873) on June 1 (suicide). Greek Olympic marathoner Spiridon Louis (b. 1873) on Mar. 26. Finnish pres. #4 (1937-40) Kyosti Kallo (b. 1873) on Dec. 19 in Helsinki; dies at the railroad station while trying to leave after writing a resignation note on Nov. 27. U.S. House Speaker (1936-40) William Brockman Bankhead (b. 1874) on Sept. 15. German chemist-industrialist Carl Bosch (b. 1874) on Apr. 26 in Heidelberg; 1931 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. philanthropist Edward Stephen Harkness (b. 1874) on Jan. 29. Am. Hawaiian ukelele maker Jonath Kumalae (b. 1874) on May 6 in Honolulu. Russian theatrical producer Vsevolod Meyerhold (b. 1874) on Feb. 2 (executed). Scottish statesman-novelist-historian and Canadian gov.-gen. Sir John Buchan (b. 1875) on Feb. 11. Am. auto magnate Walter Percy Chrysler (b. 1875) on Aug. 18. Australian singer Florrie Forde (b. 1875) on Apr. 18 in Aberdeen, Scotland. Am. baseball player Patsy Dougherty (b. 1876) on Apr. 30 in Bolivar, N.Y. Am. historian William Henry Schofield (b. 1878). Am. bacteriologist Hans Zinsser (b. 1878) on Sept. 4 in New York City. German-Swiss abstract painter Paul Klee (b. 1879) on June 29: "I want to be as though new-born, knowing nothing, absolutely nothing about Europe." Russian rev. leader Leon Trotsky (b. 1879) on Aug. 21 in Mexico (assassinated): "Old age is the most unexpected of all the things that happen to a man"; "In a country where the sole employer is the State, opposition means death by slow starvation. The old principle: Who does not work shall not eat, has been replaced by a new one: Who does not obey shall not eat." Spanish pres. #2 (1936-9) Manuel Azana (b. 1880) on Nov. 3 in Montauban, France (exile); after the Vichy French refuse to allow his coffin to be covered with the Spanish Repub. flag, the flag of Mexico is substituted; leaves Diarios Completos: Monarquía, República, Guerra Civil (pub. in 2003). Czech violinist-composer Jan Kubelik (b. 1880) on Dec. 5. Russian-born Israeli Zionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky (b. 1880) on Aug. 4 in Hunter, N.Y. (heart attack); dies while visiting a Jewish self-defense camp in an effort to form a Jewish army to fight Hitler. buried in New Montefiore Cemetery in N.Y. according to his will that reads: "I want to be buried outside Palestine, may NOT be transferred to Palestine unless by order of that country's eventual Jewish government." Am. cowboy actor Tom Mix (b. 1880) on Oct. 11 near Florence, Ariz. (automobile accident); dies on State Route 79 in his Cord 812 Phaeton when it goes over a washed-out bridge and a large aluminum suitcase filled with money and jewels breaks his neck; buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, Calif. Am. Marine Corps. gen. Smedley Darlington Butler (b. 1881) on June 21. French archeologist Henri de Genouillac (b. 1881) on Nov. 20. English "Gill Sans" typographer Eric Gill (b. 1882) on Nov. 17. British diplomat Philip Henry Kerr, 11th marquess of Lothian (b. 1882) on Dec. 12 in Washington, D.C.; dies of food poisoning after refusing treatment. Austrian "The Eyewitness" novelist Ernst Weiss (b. 1882) on June 15 in Paris, France (suicide). English artist-philosopher Arthur Eric Rowton Gill (b. 1882). Am. silent film actor-dir.-producer Edwin Carewe (b. 1883) on Jan. 22 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart disease). Austrian novelist Ernst Weiss (b. 1884) on June 14 in Paris (suicide). Am. novelist DuBose Heyward (b. 1885) on June 16. German-born Am. entomologist Otto Emil Plath (b. 1885) on Nov. 5 in Winthrop, Mass. (diabetes); freaks-out his daughter Sylvia Plath, who later writes the poem "Daddy". Am. Iron Lung co-inventor Louis Agassiz Shaw Jr. (b. 1886) on Aug. 27 in Back Bay, Boston, Mass. Am. black leader Marcus Garvey (b. 1887) on June 10. Am. "Buck Rogers" sci-fi writer Philip Francis Nowlan (b. 1888) on Feb. 1 in Philadelphia, Penn. German dramatist Walter Hasenclever (b. 1890) on June 22 in Les Milles (OD). Dutch writer Hendrik Marsman (b. 1890) on June 21 in the English Channel (ship torpedoed). Czech novelist Rudolf Medek (b. 1890) on Aug. 22. Russian dramatist Mikhail Bulgakov (b. 1891) on Mar. 10 in Moscow (kidney disease); leaves "The Master and Margarita" (pub. 1966). British Capt. Edward Fegen (b. 1891) on Nov. 5 in the Atlantic Ocean (KIA). German Marxist philosopher Walter Benjamin (b. 1892) on Sept. 26 in Port Bou, Catalonia (suicide) (murder?). Am. silent film actor-dir. Charley Chase (b. 1893) on June 20 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack); dies heartbroken over his brother James Parrott's death 13 mo. earlier. Polish Socialist leader Mieczyslaw Niedzialkowski (b. 1893) on June 21 in Palmiry (executed). Soviet writer Isaak Babel (b. 1894) on Jan. 15 in Lubyanka Prison (executed). Soviet NKVD dir. (1937-40) Nikolai Yezhov (b. 1895) on Feb. 4 in Moscow (executed); after his official photos are retouched out of existence, he becomes known as "the Vanishing Commissar". Italian Air Marshal Italo Balbo (b. 1896) on June 28 in Tobruk, Libya (KIA). Am. "Great Gatsby" writer F. Scott Fitzgerald (b. 1896) on Dec. 21 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack); dies while beset with financial worries and illness, leading to a crack-up, which he wrote about in a series of essays, leaving an unfinished novel and 160 short stories, incl. May Day, The Diamond as Big as the Ritz, The Rich Boy, The Last of the Belles, and Babylon Revisited: "There are no second acts in American lives"; "Optimism is the content of small men in high places"; "Show me a hero and I will write you a tragedy"; "Writers aren't exactly people... they're a whole lot of people trying to be one person" - the good die young? Am. silent film actress Agnes Ayres (b. 1898) on Dec. 25 in Los Angeles, Calif. (cerebral hemorrhage). Am. "Day of the Locust" novelist Nathanael West (b. 1903) on Dec. 22 near El Centro, Calif. (auto accident); runs a stop sign the day after his friend F. Scott Fitzgerald dies; his new wife Eileen McKenny, protagonist of her sister's play "My Sister Eileen" dies with him. Cuban composer Alejandro Caturla (b. 1906) on Nov. 12 in Remedios. German imperial heir Prince Wilhelm of Hohenzollern (b. 1906) on May 26 in Nivelles, Belgium (KIA). Kiwi RAF pilot Edward James Kain (b. 1918) on June 7 in Echemines, France (KIA while performing acrobatics). Tunisian-born French poet Jean Venturini (b. 1919) on June 17 near Sfax, Tunisia (KIA after his submarine Morse strikes a mine).



1941 - A Very Good Year for Herr Hitler, a Very Merry Pearl Harbor Year for Tojo, and a Horrible Year for Russians and Jews? The Sleeping Giant U.S. enters its first war filmed in living color after enjoying the Greatest Year in Sports?

Pearl Harbor Attack, Dec. 7, 1941 USS Shaw Exploding, Dec. 7, 1941 U.S. Adm. Husband Edward Kimmel (1882-1968) Japanese Capt. Mitsuo Fuchida (1902-76) Japanese Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki (1918-99) Pres. Roosevelt's Dec. 8, 1941 War Message to Congress FDR Declaring War on Germany, Dec. 11, 1941, 3:05 p.m. EST Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the U.S. (1882-1945) Tom Connally of the U.S. (1877-1963) Brains Trust, 1941 Henry Agard Wallace of the U.S. (1888-1965) Joseph Clark Grew of the U.S. (1880-1965) John Jay McCloy of the U.S. (1895-1989) Joseph Goebbels of Germany (1897-1945) Rudolf Hess of Germany (1894-1987) German Gen. Otto von Stülpnagel (1878-1948) German Capt. Franz von Werra (1914-41) German Cpl. Fritz Christen (1921-95) German Lt. Col. Otto Adolf Eichmann (1906-62) German Col. Karl Jäger (1888-1959) German Capt. Karl Fritzsch (1903-45) German SS Capt. Dieter Wisliceny (1911-48) Rudolf Hilferding of Germany (1877-1941) Bishop Theophil Wurm of Wurttemberg (1868-1953) Bishop Clemens Augen, Count von Galen (1878-1946) German Field Marshal Fedor von Bock (1880-1945) German Field Marshal Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist (1881-1954) German Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (1876-1956) German Field Marshal Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (1875-1953) Friedrich Werner Graf von der Schulenburg of Germany (1875-1944) German SS Brig. Gen. Walther Schellenberg (1910-52) German Gen. Alexander Löhr (1884-1947) German Gen. Friedrich August Jeckeln (1895-1946) German Gen. Erich Hoepner (1886-1944) German Col. Helmut Knochen (1910-2003) German Gen. Joachim Lemelsen (1888-1954) German Maj. Gen. Henning von Tresckow (1901-44) German SS Gen. Arthur Nebe (1894-1945) Soviet Gen. Vladimir Efimovich Klimovskikh (1894-1941) Soviet Gen. Maksim Purkayev (1894-1953) Soviet Gen. Ivan Vladimirovich Tyulenev (1892-1978) U.S. Gen. Henry H. 'Hap' Arnold (1886-1950) Romanian Gen. Petre Dumitrescu (1882-1950) Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi II of Iran (1919-80) Dragisa Cvetkovic of Yugoslavia (1893-1969) U.S. Gen. Leslie Richard Groves (1896-1970) Soviet Field Marshal Semyon Mikhailovich Budenny (1883-1973) Soviet Field Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) Soviet Field Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky (1896-1968) Soviet Gen. Mikhail Petrovich Kirponos (1892-1941) Soviet Gen. Aleksandr Shcherbakov (1901-45) Vladimir Dekanozov of the Soviet Union (1898-1953) Japanese Gen. Hideki Tojo (1884-1948) Japanese Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita (1885-1946) French Gen. Georges Catroux (1877-1969) Alexandros Koryzis of Greece (1885-1941) Japanese Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto (1884-1943) U.S. Maj. Gen. Walter Campbell Short (1880-1949) U.S. Adm. Chester William Nimitz (1885-1966) U.S. Adm. Isaac Campbell Kidd Sr. (1884-1941) U.S. Gen. Delos Carleton Emmons (1889-1945) German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (1882-1946) German Gen. Walther von Reichenau (1884-1942) German SS Lt. Gen. Hermann Fegelein (1906-45) Italian Gen. Annibale Bergonzoli (1884-1973) Enver Hoxha of Albania (1908-85) Gen. Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (1892-1980) Gen. Draza Mihailovich of Yugoslavia (1893-1946) Sir Arthur William Fadden of Australia (1894-1973) John Joseph Curtin of Australia (1885-1945) Konstantin Umansky of the Soviet Union (1902-45) Soviet Gen. Filipp Golikov (1900-80) German Gen. Hanns Albin Rauter (1895-1949) German Gen. Karl Wolff (1900-84) German Maj. Gerhard Engel (1906-76) German Gen. Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (1899-1972) German Col. Rudolf Lange (1910-45) German Capt. Erich Topp (1914-2005) French Gen. Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie (1900-69) French Capt. Pierre Messmer (1916-2007) U.S. Gen. Clarence Leonard Tinker (1887-1942) Dusan Simovic of Serbia (1882-1962) Rashid Ali al-Gaylani of Iraq (1892-1965) Sir Sri Kerala Varma VI of Cochin (1863-1943) Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam (1890-1969) U.S. Gen. Lewis Blaine Hershey (1893-1977) U.S. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault (1893-1958) David Eli Lilienthal of the U.S. (1899-1981) U.S. Adm. Ben 'King Bee' Moreell (1892-1978) Harlan Fiske Stone of the U.S. (1872-1946) James Francis Byrnes of the U.S. (1879-1972) Robert Houghwout Jackson of the U.S. (1892-1954) Francis Biddle of the U.S. (1886-1968) Oveta Culp Hobby of the U.S. (1905-95) James Bryant Conant of the U.S. (1893-1978) Harold LeClair Ickes of the U.S. (1874-1952) Leon Henderson of the U.S. (1895-1986) Maxim Litvinov of the Soviet Union (1876-1951) U.S. Gen. Holland McTyeire 'Howlin Mad' Smith (1882-1967) Soviet Gen. Mikhail Khatskilevich (1895-1941) Yosuke Matsuoka of Japan (1880-1946) Hinrich Lohse of Germany (1896-1964) German Lt. Friedrich Guggenberger (1915-88) Polish Gen. Wladyslaw Sikorski (1881-1943) Ivan Maisky of the Soviet Union (1884-1975) St. Maximilian Kolbe (1894-1941) Bernhard Lichtenberg (1875-1943) Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk (1906-41) German Col. Gen. Ernst Udet (1896-1941) Kiwi RAF Cmdr. Henry Neville Gynes Ramsbottom-Isherwood (1905-50) Soviet Pvt. Efim Diskin (-1941) Czech SSgt. Jan Kubis (1913-42) Kurt Russell (1951-) Slovakian SSgt. Jozef Gabcik (1912-42) German Capt. Engelbert Endrass (1911-41) Georges Bégué of France (1911-93) Maria Bruskina (1924-41) British Lt. Col. Mad Jack Churchill (1906-96) The Tuskegee Airmen British Group Capt. Percy Charles Pickard (1915-44) British Wing Cmdr. Robert Stanford Tuck (1916-87) Dorie Miller (1919-43) Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia (1922-) Ante Pavelic of Croatia (1889-1959) Vladimir Macek of Croatia (1879-1964) Gustav Celmins of Latvia (1899-1968) Marcel Déat of France (1894-1955) Mohammad Amin al-Husayni of Palestine (1895-1974) Scoop Jackson of the U.S. (1912-83) Warren Grant Magnuson of the U.S.(1905-89) Sir Mark Aitchison Young of Britain (1886-1974) Japanese Gen. Takashi Sakai (1887-1946) Dr. Horst Schumann of Germany (1906-83) German Lt. Hans-Dietrich von Tiesenhausen (1913-2001) Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya of the Soviet Union (1923-41) Indian Gen. Mohan Singh (1909-89) U.S. Capt. Hewitt Terrell Wheless (1913-86) George Edwin Bergstrom (1876-1955) U.S. Gen. Leslie Richard Groves Jr. (1896-1970) The Pentagon, 1941-3 Joseph Edward Davies of the U.S. (1876-1958) Dr. Leonardo Conti of Germany (1900-45) Henry Robinson Luce (1898-1967) Arthur Hays Sulzberger (1891-1968) Erwin Piscator (1893-1966) French Lt. Alain Le Ray (1910-2007) Nikolai Frantsevich Gastello of the Soviet Union (1908-41) Tor Borg (1899-1960) and Jackie David Harold Byrd (1900-86) Ernst Cahn (1889-1941) Igo Sym (1896-1941) Abul A'ala Maududi (1903-79) Fr. Marcial Maciel Degollado (1920-2008) Marshall Field III (1893-1956) Elrey Borge Jeppesen (1907-96) Tuvia Bielski (1906-87) Floyd Davis (1909-77) Mauri Rose (1906-81) Goose Tatum (1921-67) Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll (1901-41) Joe Staten Bain (1912-91) Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93) Sir Archibald McIndoe (1900-60) McIndoe Nose George Foster Peabody (1852-1938) Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915-2009) Wolfgang Friedrich Stolper (1912-2002) B.F. Skinner (1904-90) William Kay Estes (1919-2011) John Richard Whinfield (1901-66) James Tennant Dickson Mikhail Kalashnikov (1919-2013) Hans Haas (1919-) Roald Dahl (1916-90) Kenneth Fearing (1902-61) Erich Fromm (1900-80) Louis Fischer (1896-1970) Paul Gallico (1897-1976) Sigfrid Giedion (1888-1968) Dame Rebecca West (1892-1983) Sir William Stephenson (1897-1989) Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970) Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904-2004) Simon Kuznets (1901-85) 'Aquaman', 1941- William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) 'Wonder Woman', 1941- Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-68) Theodore Alvin Hall (1925-99) Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-99) Sir Richard Stone (1913-91) Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907-91) Joe Dimaggio (1914-99) Leo Durocher (1905-91) Ted Williams (1918-2002) Babe Dahlgren (1912-96) Eddie Robinson (1919-2007) Billy Conn (1917-93) Joe Louis (1914-81) 'John Crimmins Pvt. Willie Gillis James Agee (1909-55) Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965) William Morris Bioff (1900-55) Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) James Burnham (1905-87) W.R. Burnett (1899-1982) James M. Cain (1892-1977) Walter Farley (1915-89) 'The Black Stallion' by Walter Farley (1915-89), 1941 Ellen Glasgow (1874-1945) Oscar Handlin (1915-2011) William Bradford Huie (1910-86) William Kapell (1922-53) Victoria de los Angeles (1923-2005) Helen MacInnes (1907-85) Elsa Morante (1912-85) Jacobus Oud (1890-1963) Westbrook Pegler (1894-1969) Margaret Leech Pulitzer (1893-1974) John Crowe Ransom (1888-1974) Konstantin Simonov (1915-79) Valentina Serova (1917-75) George Rippey Stewart Jr. (1895-1980) Louis Zukofsky (1904-78) Joseph Kesselring (1902-67) 'Arsenic and Old Lace', 1941 'Blithe Spirit', 1941 'Watch on the Rhine', 1941 'Ball of Fire', 1941 'Citizen Kane', 1941 Orson Welles (1915-85) and Herman J. Maniewicz (1897-1953) 'Courageous Mr. Penn', 1941 William Alwyn (1905-85) 'The Devil and Daniel Webster', starring Walter Huston (1883-1950), 1941 'The Devil and Daniel Webster', 1941 James Craig (1912-85) 'The 49th Parallel', 1941 'How Green Was My Valley', 1941 Hellzapoppin', 1941 'Invisible Ghost', 1941 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde', 1941 'Dumbo', 1941 'King of the Zombies', 1941 'The Maltese Falcon', 1941 Maltese Falcon John Huston (1906-87) Sidney Greenstreet (1879-1954) 'The Little Foxes' starring Bette Davis (1908-89), 1941 Patricia Collinge (1892-1974) 'Major Barbara', 1941 'Meet Boston Blackie' starring Chester Morris (1901-70), 1941 'Meet John Doe', 1941 Jackie Gleason (1916-87) 'Mr. and Mrs. Smith', 1941 'Sergeant York', starring Gary Cooper (1901-61), 1941 'Sullivans Travels', 1941 'Suspicion', 1941 'The Wolf Man', 1941 Irving Rapper (1898-1999) Rita Hayworth (1918-87) Veronica Lake (1922-73) Jeanne Crain (1925-2003) Anita O'Day (1919-20060 Edith Piaf (1915-63) Gene Autry (1907-98) Judy Garland (1922-69) Johnny Mercer (1909-76) David Rose (1910-90) Josh White (1914-69) The Modernaires Bob Hope (1903-2003) Frances Langford (1913-2005) Ray Eberle (1919-79) Tex Beneke (1914-2000) Memphis Belle, 1941 Roddy McDowall (1928-98) Helen Traubel (1899-1972) Astrid Varnay (1918-2006) Botany Lamb Ties 'Captain America' #1, Mar. 1941 Joe Simon (1913-2011) and Jack Kirby (1917-94) 'Dora Maar with Cat' by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), 1941 Peggy Guggenheim (1898-1979) Max Ernst (1891-1976) The Antipope' by Max Ernst (1891-1976), 1941-2 'Moonrise, Hernandez, N.M.' by Ansel Adams (1902-84), 1941 Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904-2004) James Montgomery Flagg (1877-1960) 'I Want You Poster' by James Montgomery Flagg Walker Evans (1903-75) Example John Sloan (1871-1951) 'Sunbathers on the Roof' by John Sloan (1871-1951), 1941 Bailey Bridge, 1941 K-Ration, 1941 Henry John Kaiser (1882-1967) Liberty Ship Focke-Wulfe FW 190, 1941 Sir Winston Churchill of Britain (1874-1965) Yousuf Karsh (1908-2002) Australian War Memorial, 1941 Pierre Franey (1921-96) Henri Soulé (1903-66) Forrest Wilson (1883-1942) 'Gourmet' Mag., 1941-2009 P-47 Thunderbolt, 1941 Avro Lancaster Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet Cheerios, 1941 Carl Karcher (1917-2008) Carl's Jr., 1941

1941 Chinese Year: Snake. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) (1932, 1934). Collaboration with the Nazis in Netherlands causes the Jewish pop. to shrink from 154,887 this year to 14,346 in 1947. On Jan. 1 Stanford defeats Nebraska by 21-13 to win the 1941 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 Red Army size reaches 4,207,000. On Jan. 1 the Germans bomb Eire, incl. Counties Meath, Carlow, Kildare, Wicklow, Wexford, and Dublin, killing three and injuring two in Carlow; on Jan. 2 (a.m.) the Germans bomb Terenure S of Dublin, followed on Jan. 3 (a.m.) by the South Circular Rd. area of S Dublin, with no fatalities; on May 31 the Germans bomb N Dublin, killing 28 in the North Strand area; on June 2 they bomb Arklow, with no casualties; on July 24 they bomb Dundalk in County Louth, with no casualties. On Jan. 1-5 the British capture Bardia in Libya from the Italians under Lt. Gen. Annibale "Electric Whiskers" Bergonzoli (1884-1973), who retreat to Tobruk with a few thousand troops after losing 35,949 POWs. On Jan. 2-6 the Soviets hold strategic war games for the "Northern variant", followed on Jan. 8-11 by the "Southern variant", assuming that the Germans invade first; after the Southern variant counterattack proves more successful, this area is chosen as the main focus of Soviet forces. On Jan. 3 Scandinavian-descent Henry Martin "Scoop" Jackson (1912-83) becomes a Dem. U.S. Rep. from Wash., followed by U.S. Sen. on Jan. 3, 1953 (until his death on Sept. 1, 1983); meanwhile Scandinavian-descent Warren Grant "Maggie" Magnuson (1905-89) becomes Dem. U.S. Sen. from Wash. on Dec. 14, 1944 (until Jan. 3, 1981); they go on to work together to bring home the bacon, getting Wash. state nearly one-sixth of public works appropriations even though it ranks 23rd in pop.; Magnuson slips an amendment into a funding bill to get supertankers banned from Puget Sound. On Jan. 4 the Greek army resumes its offensive in Albania with 13 divs. against 16 Italian divs., driving them back across the border towards Klissura, which they capture on Jan. 10, causing Mussolini to personally supervise a counterattack on Mar. 9, which is called off in less than two weeks. On Jan. 6 the British launch Operation Excess, sending three escorted merchant ships from Gibraltar to Athens carrying military supplies. On Jan. 6 Pres. FDR delivers his Four Freedoms Speech (Annual Message to Congress), expressing the world aims of U.S. policy as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear, which sounds good until he adds: "Translated into world terms, means a worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor, anywhere in the world." On Jan. 7-13 Chinese Nationalist Kuomingtang troops, enjoying a $630M lend-lease plus a $500M loan from the U.S., ambush the Communist Chinese New Fourth Army, killing 3K in the New Fourth Army (Wannan) Incident; meanwhile the lovely Japanese forces in China one-up FDR by instituting a policy of "three alls" (kill all, burn all, destroy all) - as yellow kills yellow while white kills white from pole to shining pole on Garden Earth? On Jan. 10 the Germans stage their first air raid in the Mediterranean, with Sicily-based bombers attacking a convoy en route from Gibraltar to Malta, sinking two merchant ships, badly damaging aircraft carrier Illustrious, and crippling cruiser Southampton so bad that the British sink it, killing 80. On Jan. 10 all Jews in the Netherlands are required to register. On Jan. 11 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 22, pledging help to Mussolini, with the soundbyte: "Tripolitania must be held, and the danger of a collapse on the Albanian front must be eliminated", ordering troops to prepare to move to Albania "to go over to the offensive at a later date"; on Jan. 12 Brits in Malta give their answer by bombing German air bases in Sicily. On Jan. 13 Hitler invites King Boris I of Bulgaria to Berlin, asking him to join the Axis and help Germany attack Greece; Boris does a Franco and declines. On Jan. 13 Stalin holds a meeting with military cmdrs. in Moscow, telling them to prepare for a 2-front war with Germany and Japan. On Jan. 16 the Second Battle of Malta (first in 1565) begins as 70 German dive bombers from Sicily attempt to sink damaged British aircraft carrier Illustrious, known as "HMS Peppercoat" for its extensive damage, killing 50+ civilians and damaging 200 bldgs. while losing 10 aircraft, but failing to sink the carrier; on Jan. 16 85 German dive bombers attack the airfield at Luqa, destroying six British bombers. On Jan. 19 after breaking the Italian code so they can read all messages, 30K British troops launch a counteroffensive in East Africa in Eritrea, Somaliland, and Ethiopia, heading for Addis Ababa, entering Kassala on Jan. 20; meanwhile on Jan. 20 after the British 7th Armored Div. cuts it off, Australian troops attack Tobruk, causing Mussolini to beg Hitler for help, who sends the 15th Armored Div. under Gen. Rommel. On Jan. 20 the U.S. Supreme (Hughes) Court rules 6-3 in Hines v. Davidowitz that a Penn. law requiring aliens to register and carry ID cards is superseded by the 1940 U.S. Alien Registration Act under the preemption doctrine. On Jan. 20 U.S. pres. #32 Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated for an unprecedented 3rd term in the 45th U.S. Pres. Inauguration; Iowa-born U.S. secy. of agriculture #11 (1933-40) Henry Agard Wallace (1888-1965) becomes the 33rd U.S. vice-pres.; Philly-born John Jay McCloy (1895-1989), longtime associate of the Rockefeller family and lawyer for the German chemical firm I.G. Farben, who had long supported the Third Reich and sat with Hitler at the 1936 Berlin Olympics becomes asst. war secy. (until 1945), going on to stink himself up by refusing to bomb rail lines leading to the Nazi gas chambers while offering various phony excuses and later blaming it on FDR. On Jan. 21 the Iron Guard rebels against Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu and massacres 120 Jews in the streets of Bucharest, taking some to cattle slaughterhouses and butchering them Kosher-style as seen in the flick "The Eternal Jew"; the Iron Guard is quickly crushed with backing from Germany then outlawed, its top leaders executed or exiled, after which Antonescu forms an alliance with the Nazis, guaranteeing them Romanian oil reserves and participation in Operation Barbarossa in exchange for helping him recover Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from the Soviets, with the hopes of also getting back N Transylvania from Hungary after the war. On Jan. 22 Tobruk in Libya falls to the 6th Australian Div., who take 25K POWs; on Feb. 1 the Italians abandon Benghazi. On Jan. 23 Operation Rubble sees five Norwegian merchant ships escape with British help from Gothenburg to Scapa Flow, missing new German battle cruisers Gneisenau and Scharnhorst, which reach the Atlantic and sink 22 merchant ships before being sunk. On Jan. 24 Nazi fighter ace Franz Xaver Baron von Werra (1914-41), who was shot down over S England last June escapes a POW train in Canada to New York City, receiving mucho publicity, causing Hitler to award him the Knight's Cross; 3 mo. later while Canada seeks his extradition, he returns to Germany via Mexico, Panama, Brazil, and Spain; too bad, on Oct. 25 he crashes into the sea N of Vlissingen on a practice flight, and his body is never found. On Jan. 24 the Happy Valley Murder Case sees dissolute English-born Scottish peer Josslyn Victor Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll (b. 1904), member of the pink-walled British expatriate gin-and-tonic Muthaiga Country Club in Nairobi (founded 1913) found shot dead in his Buick on the Nairobi-Ngong Road in Kenya; old fart Sir Henry John Delves "Jock" Broughton, 11th Baronet (1883-1942), husband of young foxy Lady Diana Broughton, who was hooking up with Erroll is tried for the murder, and after his hairdresser becomes jury foreman he is acquitted, but commits suicide on Dec. 5, 1942 after returning to England; basis of the 1987 film "White Mischief". On Jan. 24 U.S. Navy secy. Frank Knox writes to the British War Dept. that a war with Japan might lead to a surprise attack at Pearl Harbor, with "inherent possibilities of a major disaster". On Jan. 25 as Ky.-born Adm. Husband Edward Kimmel (1882-1968) replaces Adm. Richardson as Pacific Fleet cmdr., they jointly write a letter to Naval CIC Adm. Stark discussing the possibility of a Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, causing new pursuit planes and B-17 bombers to be sent to Hawaii and the Philippines. On Jan. 26-31 the 4th Indian Div. captures Agordat, Eritrea; on Jan. 29 Italian troops evacuate Derna, Libya, and Australian troops occupy it on Jan. 30; on Apr. 6 the Germans retake it. On Jan. 27 the Anglo-British Conversations (ABC) between the U.S. and Britain begin to plan how they can work together to defeat Germany in the event that the U.S. enters the war, deciding on a united field command; on Mar. 27 they produce Joint Basic War Plan No. 1, calling for defeating Germany before Japan. On Jan. 29 after building the Metaxa Line, a network of fortifications in N Greece along the Bulgarian frontier, "Hell No" Greek PM (since Apr. 13, 1936) Gen. Ioannis Metaxis (b. 1871) dies in Athens of metataxemia, er, toxemia, causing rumors of being poisoned by the British, his rep as a dictator sweetened greatly by standing up to Mussolini; on Jan. 29 Bank of Greece pres. Alexandros Koryzis (1885-1941), becomes PM #131 of Greece (until Apr. 18), immediately facing a Nazi invasion. In Jan. The Brains Trust (originally "Any Questions") debuts on BBC, moving to Sun. afternoons and gaining a 29% audience share, with the audience submitting deep questions such as "What is the meaning of life?"; the original brains are philosopher Cyril Edwin Mitchison Joad (1891-1953), biologist Julian Huxley (1887-1975), and retired naval Cmdr. Archibald Bruce Campbell (1881-1966), with William Donald Hamilton McCullough (1901-78) as question master; Joad always answers with the phrase "It all depends on what you mean by", and becomes the #1 British philosopher with the public; it becomes a BBC-TV show in the 1950s, and ends on on PBS in the U.S. in the 1960s with the slogan "Five Panelists Versus the Universe"; too bad, in Apr. 1948 Joad is convicted of travelling on the Waterloo-Exeter train without paying, and receives a £2 fine, the nat. publicity getting him fired by BBC, ruining his hopes of a peerage and causing him to wither and die in a few years. In Jan. 2K Jews die in Warsaw from Nazi-imposed hunger; ditto in Feb. In Jan. the fascist-friendly Nat. Popular Rally (Front) (Rassemblement National Populaire) is organized in France, uniting Radical Socialists and producing an electoral program by Jan.; it is dissolved in 1945. In Jan. the Nazis get worked up over Finnish dog Jackie, who mocks Hitler by making a Nazi salute, causing them to try to ruin its 41-y.-o. wholesale merchant owner Tor Borg (1899-1960) of Tampere. In Jan. the monthly mag. Gourmet is founded by Earle R. MacAusland (1890-1980), becoming the first U.S. mag. devoted to food and wine; it ceases pub. in Nov. 2009. On Feb. 3 the U.S. Supreme (Hughes) Court unanimously rules in U.S. v. Darby Lumber Co. that the U.S. Congress has the power under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution to regulate employment conditions incl. minimum wage, max working hours, and overtime pay, overrturning Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918). On Feb. 5 Romanian Jews are told they will get double punishment for crimes - one for Christ, one for Caesar? On Feb. 5-7 the Italians lose the Tank Battle of Beda Fomm on the Libyan coast 120 mi. S of Benghazi, with 20K Italian POWs taken along with 200 big guns and 120 tanks vs. nine British KIA; on Feb. 6 Australian troops capture Benghazi, destroying 80 tanks and capturing seven generals incl. Gen. Bergonzoli; on Feb. 8 after being given command by Hitler of all German mechanized units in Libya on Feb. 6, with the order to hold Tripolitania to prevent the British from breaking through to Tunisia, Gen. Erwin Rommel and his 5th Panzer Div. leave Naples by sea. On Feb. 6 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 23, calling for stepping-up the sinking of British merchant shipping and air attacks on armament factories rather than enemy ships and planes in order to strangle the British war economy to hurt operations in Europe and Africa, causing Winston Churchill on Feb. 9 to utter the soundbyte: "Herr Hitler will do his utmost to prey upon our shipping and to reduce the volume of American supplies entering these islands. Having conquered France and Norway, his clutching fingers reach out on both sides of us, into the ocean." On Feb. 7 an editorial in Life mag. by conservative Repub. anti-New Deal big boss Henry Robinson Luce (1898-1967) calls the 20th cent. "the American Century", arguing that the U.S. should become like his Presbyterian missionary parents and forsake isolationism to spread democracy as the world's Good Samaritan, and ending with the big punchline, a call for the U.S. to enter WWII - his Skull & Bones connection makes this an Illuminati conspiracy? On Feb. 8 the U.S. House of Reps by 260-165 passes the U.S. Lend-Lease Bill, followed by the U.S. Senate by 60-31 on Mar. 8, with happy Winston Churchill uttering the soundbyte: "Give us the tools and we will finish the job"; on Mar. 11 FDR signs it, calling it "the end of compromise with tyranny". On Feb. 10 Operation Colossus sees the British launch their first airborne troop attack of the war, dropping 38 paratroopers at a railway viaduct in Trignano (near Potenza) in S Italy; too bad, they are captured, and don't do much damage. On Feb. 11 French Adm. Jean Louis Xavier Francois Darlan (1881-1942), cmdr. of French naval forces since 1939 becomes vice-PM of Vichy France, and the #2 most powerful figure after PM Henri-Philippe Petain. On Feb. 11 the British advance into Italian Somaliland in E Africa. On Feb. 11 the British govt. learns that the German force in Romania will soon be 35 divs., enough to conquer Greece, causing them to order resources to be shifted away from Tripoli to defend it to prevent the Germans from being at the door of Egypt, the Suez Canal, and Jew-filled Palestine. On Feb. 11 after fleeing Germany in 1933, settling in S France in 1938, then being offered immunity by the Vichy French only to be handed over to the Gestapo at the border, Jewish Socialist Dem. (ex-minister of finance of the Weimar Repub.) Rudolf Hilferding (b. 1877) dies in prison in Paris from abuse; his death isn't announced until fall; really murdered on Hitler's orders? On Feb. 12 after the whimpy Italians lose 20K killed or wounded and 130K POWs along with 850 big guns and 400 tanks vs. 500 British KIA and 1.4K wounded, German Gen. Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli, followed on Feb. 14 by the first units of the German Afrika Korps; lucky that all British fighters are off in Greece, leaving only one squadron in Cyrenaica. On Feb. 12 Mussolini tries in vain to talk Gen. Franco into joining the Axis - he saw the Charlie Chaplin movie? On Feb. 14 Hitler fails to talk Yugoslav PM (1939-41) Dragisa Cvetkovic (1893-1969) into joining the Axis; meanwhile FDR sends personal messages of support to Prince Paul, prince regent of Yugoslavia and Turkish pres. Ismet Inonu - duh, did you forget about WWI? On Feb. 22 Pelagia Bernatowicz of Grudziadz, Poland is sentenced to death for listening to a Polish radio broadcast by the BBC. On Feb. 22 after Wagnerian sopranos Kirsten Flagstad and Marjorie Lawrence become unavailable, Helen Traubel (1899-1972) gets her break with a live broadcast of the NBC Symphony Orchestra; too bad, the Metropolitan Opera lets her go in 1953 after she becomes too big a hit with appearances on Jerry Lewis, Groucho Marx et al., after which she becomes a hit at the Copacabana and on TV. On Feb. 24 Hitler gives his Road to the Future Speech in Munich, with the soundbyte: "When I first entered this hall 21 years ago, I was an unknown, nameless soldier, with nothing behind me but my own convictions. During the years since, a new world has been created. The road leading to the future will be easier than the road behind us." On Feb. 25 after 400 Jews are rounded up, strikes break out in Amsterdam, the Feb. 1941 Strike begins, causing Holland SS head Johann Baptist "Hanns" Albin Rauter (1895-1949) to order troops to fire on the strikers, killing 11, after which 389 are deported to Buchenwald, and 2 mo. later the remaining 364 are sent to the stone quarries of Mauthausen camp, which kills them all by fall; the Jewish Council is formed as a German vehicle to communicate their orders; in return for immunity for deportation, they must draw up the list of other Jews to be deported, resulting in the elite saving their own; a registration of Jews in Holland shows 140,552 pure Jew, 14,549 half-Jew, and 5,719 quarter-Jew. On Feb. 25 after seeing through Hitler's BS that daily German recon flights over the Baltic are for lulling Britain into not preparing for an invasion, new Soviet army chief of staff Gen. Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) issues a secret directive naming Germany as a probable enemy, instructing frontier regions to make preparations; the Baltic Fleet is issued a directive to prepare to lay minefields; too bad, there's a shortage of mines, roads, materials, factories, airfields, etc. On Feb. 26 a Douglas DC-3 airliner crashes outside Atlanta, Ga., gravely injuring Eastern Airlines owner Edward Vernon "Eddie" "Rick" Rickenbacker (1890-1973), who is taken for dead by emergency medical personnel. On Feb. 27 British Nigerian troops occupy Mogadishu. On Feb. 27 the 13th Academy Awards (first with sealed envelopes and the phrase "May I have the envelope, please?") awards the best picture Oscar for 1940 to United Artists' Rebecca, best actor to James Stewart for The Philadelphia Story, best actress to Ginger Rogers for Kitty Foyle, best dir. to John Ford and best supporting actress to Jane Darwell for The Grapes of Wrath; Walter Brennan wins his 3rd best supporting actor Oscar for The Westerner ("Come and Get It", 1936; "Kentucky", 1938). In Feb. the Communists in Vietnam reorganize into the First Co. of the Nat. Salvation Army, and are destroyed in an ambush by French troops in Sept. - but the other Commies can't live without their love? In Feb. Dutch communists organize a strike in protest of raids on Jewish neighborhoods, causing the Nazis to declare martial law on Mar. 8. In Feb. after being arrested by the French police last Dec. 13, Marcel Deat (Déat) (1894-1955) (known for the article "Why Die for Danzig?") founds the Nat. Popular Rally (Front) (RNP) (Rassemblement National Populaire) by uniting Radical Socialists, going on to collaborate with the Vichy regime. In Feb. USMC Gen. Holland McTyeire "Howlin' Mad" Smith (1882-1967) becomes cmdr. of the U.S. 1st Marine Div., going on to lead it on a Pacific island-hopping victory tour in WWII. In Feb.-Mar. Marshal Goering visits Paris 4x to steal art works from private Jewish collections, incl. paintings by Euro masters; when a local German official objects that he's breaking the law, Goering replies "The highest jurist in the state is me." On Mar. 1 after building stone bridges over the Danube River from Romania on Feb. 28, the first German troops enter Bulgaria as Hitler watches King Boris I join the Axis in Vienna. On Mar. 1 the U.S. ambassador in Moscow informs Stalin that U.S. intel believes that Germany is about to attack them. On Mar. 1 Heinrich Himmler orders the construction of Birkenau concentration camp (Auschwitz II) near Auschwitz. On Mar. 3 Krakow (Cracow) Ghetto is established. On Mar. 3 Hitler tells Gen. Jodl that after taking over Russia, the "Jewish-Bolshevik intelligentsia.. must be eliminated". On Mar. 3 German Jew Ernst Cahn (b. 1889) becomes the first person to be shot by a firing squad since the German occupation after his ammonia-based Koco Cafe fire protection system in Amsterdam accidentally triggers, spraying a group of German soldiers and causing a riot; on Mar. 5 Dutch Communist Leen Schijvenschuurer becomes #2 after being caught distributing leaflets calling for a strike. On Mar. 4 Operation Claymore sees the British raid the Lofoten Islands off Norway to capture an Enigma machine from German armed trawler Krebs, killing 14 sailors and capturing 25; too bad, Capt. Hans Kupfinger throws the machine overboard, but they capture the coding documents, allowing German naval messages to be read for several weeks in Apr.-May. On Mar. 5 Hitler issues his Commissar Decree, telling his troops: "The war against Russia cannot be fought in knightly fashion. The struggle is one of ideologies and racial differences, and will have to be waged with unprecedented, unmerciful, and unrelenting hardness"; it gleefully explains the Genocide Loophole: "The Commissars hold views directly opposed to those of National Socialism, hence they must be eliminated. Any German soldier who breaks international law will be pardoned. Russia did not take part in the Hague Convention and therefore has no rights under it." On Mar. 5 Operation Lustre begins, ferrying 60,364 British troops (four divs.) to Greece from Egypt. On Mar. 5 spy Richard Sorge sends Stalin microfilm of a telegram by German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to the German ambassador in Japan containing his guess of mid-June as the likely date of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. On Mar. 7 German sub U-47 is sunk, killing the entire crew incl. Royal Oak sinker Capt. Gunther Prien. On Mar. 7 Austrian-born Warsaw actor Karol Juliusz "Igo" Sym (b. 1896) is murdered by Polish patriots for declaring himself an ethnic German; when the murders won't give themselves up, the Germans take 160 hostages and shoot 17 of them. On Mar. 11 the U.S. begins to supply Britain and Russia under the Lend-Lease Act. On Mar. 14 Polish patriots Edward Lembicz (b. 1904) and Jan Mikolajczk (b. 1915) are sentenced to death in Poznan by the Germans for singing the Polish nat. anthem. On Mar. 15 Operation Savanna(h), led by Free French soldier Capt. (later gen.) Georges Roger Pierre Berge (Bergé) (1909-97) becomes the first successful insertion of subversives into France via parachute; too bad, their mission of blowing up a bus carrying Luftwaffe pilots is a bust, but the extraction is successful. On Mar. 17 Hitler orders Army Group South to move to Cracow. On Mar. 17 German recon aircraft are sighted over the Soviet Baltic port of Libava (Liepaja) in W Latvia, with Stalin personally countermanding Adm. Kuznetsov's order to fire on them or any German plane crossing the frontier; one plane makes a forced landing outside the harbor, and the piloted is rescued, given dinner, his plane refueled, and waved back to Germany. On Mar. 17 Hamilton Airport in Milwaukee, Wisc. is renamed Gen. Mitchell Field after USAF Brig. Gen. William "Billy" Mitchell. On Mar. 20 Sumner Welles tells Soviet ambassador (since June 6, 1939) Konstantin Aleksandrovich Umansky (1902-45) of news from Swedish diplomatic missions via the Greeks that the Germans intend to attack the Soviet Union; meanwhile intel div. chief Gen. Filipp Ivanovich Golikov (1900-80) sends Stalin a report describing in detail the coming attack, and giving the date as May 20, but concluding that it might be misinfo. from the British or Germans. On Mar. 22 Japanese agent Nagai (Nagao) Kita is ordered to obtain info. about naval movements in and out of Pearl Harbor; U.S. intel intercepts his instructions but don't get alarmed. On Mar. 24 Rommel captures El Agheila, then on Mar. 25 against Hitler's explicit instructions and Italian protests launches a full-scale offensive against the depleted Brits who are strung out in Greece. On Mar. 24 after replacing Adm. Richardson as Pacific fleet cmdr. in Jan., U.S. Adm. Husband Edward Kimmel (1882-1968) writes a letter to Navy CIC Adm. Stark, with the soundbyte: "The war may be initiated by enemy attack without warning, and these attacks may take any form. Such attacks may be directed against shipping, outlying possessions, naval units, or against Pearl Harbor itself." On Mar. 25/26 six Italian torpedo boats under Lt. Luigi Faggioni attack Suda Bay in Crete, damaging British cruiser HMS York so bad it has to be beached. On Mar. 25 after British intel figures him out on Mar. 18 and works against him, and four ministers resign on Mar. 20 after he asks them to join the Axis, regent Prince Paul of Yugoslavia has PM Cvetkovic sign the Axis Pact, triggering the British-organized Belgrade Coup on Mar. 26-27, overthrowing and replacing him with 17-y.-o. Prince Peter as head of state, and air force gen. Dusan Simovic (1882-1962) as PM #18 (until Jan. 12); the new govt. offers to sign a non-aggression pact with Germany, but Hitler goes nonlinear and orders the country's death and dismemberment "with merciless harshness and ... in Blitzkrieg style", issuing Fuhrer Directive No. 25 for Operation Punishment, a simultaneous attack on Yugoslavia and Greece, causing the invasion of the Soviet Union to be postponed from May to June. On Mar. 26 Stallin' Stalin issues Order No. 008130, ordering the Western Special Military District to go to a "state of readiness" until June 13, causing 58K men to begin working on fortifications in the Baltic district, 35K in the Western district, and 43K in the Kiev district; too bad, they leave several large gaps in their defense line, esp. around Grodno; at the end of Mar. Stalin calls up 500K men, followed a few days later by 300K more. On Mar. 27 after 12 days the British drive the Italians from Keren in Eritrea. On Mar. 27-29 thanks to British intel breaking Italian codes so they can surprise them, the Battle of Cape Matapan in S Greece and Gaudo Island S of Crete is a V for the British navy over the Italians, who lose 3 of 13 destroyers and 5 of 8 cruisers, along with 2.4K sailors, vs. only two British aircraft lost; British Lt. Prince Philip, son of Prince Andrew of Greece receives an honorable mention for directing the searchlights of the Valiant. On Mar. 30 Hitler tell 200 senior cmdrs. and their staff that the invasion of Hammer and Sickle Land will be on June 22, with the soundbyte: "We have the chance to smash Russia while our own back is free. That chance will not return so soon. I would be betraying the future of the German people if I did not seize it now", explaining his Commissar Decree with the soundbyte that cruelty is "kindness for the future", telling them that "It is not our job to see that these criminals [commissars] survive", telling the shocked generals to carry out his orders with absolute unconditional obedience. On Mar. 31 the Central Office for Jewish Emigration is created in the Netherlands. In Mar. the comic book series Captain America by Timely Comics (predecessor of Marvel Comics), created by Joseph Henry "Joe" (Hymie) Simon (1913-2011) and artist Jack Kirby (Jacob Kurtzberg) (1917-94) debuts with a cover showing him hitting Adolf Hitler in the face; his alter ego is Steve Rogers, born on July 4, 1917 in Lower East Side, Manhattan to Irish immigrants, who is a tall scrawny weakling until given the Super-Soldier serum designed by Abraham Erskine AKA Dr. Josef Reinstein; his popularity zooms during WWII then tanks, and he is retired in 1953, then revived in 1964 to become a member of the Avengers. In the spring U.S. polls indicate that 80% of Americans are opposed to joining WWII. On Apr. 2 British forces begin falling back in Cyrenaica in North Africa; on Apr. 4 Benghazi is recaptured by troops under Gen. Rommel. On Apr. 2 making use of decrypted messages, British torpedo aircraftsink four of five Italian destroyers en route from Massawa to Port Sudan. On Apr. 2 a pro-Axis Arab regime is set up in Iraq by Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (1892-1965), who seizes the Turkmeni town of Kirkuk in NE Iraq (90 mi. SE of Mosul), cutting off the oil pipeline to the Mediterranean used by the British, delighting Hitler, who sends military experts and arms from Vichy Syria, only to have the British retake it by June 1 after landing at Basra on Apr. 18; on Apr. 28 Rashid Ali seals off the British airbase RAF Habbaniya 55 mi. W of Baghdad, trapping 2.2K soldiers and 9K civilians; on May 2 British forces from the airfield launchd preemptive airstrikes on Iraqi forces throughout Iraq, beginning the Anglo-Iraqi War (ends May 31); the siege is lifted by the units based at Habbaniya along with pilots from the training school, a battalion of the King's Own Royal Regiment flown in at the last moment, No. 1 Armoured Car Co. RAF, and the RAF's Iraq Levies; the subsequent arrival of a relief column (Kingcol), part of Habforce sent from Palestine causes the rebel forces to retreat to Baghdad. On Apr. 3 after Hungarian PM Count Pal Teleki commits suicide over Hungarian regent Adm. Horthy's decision to join the Axis, Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 26, promising the Yugoslavian province of the Banat to Hungary, and Macedonia to Bulgaria; Italy is instructed to attack Yugoslavia only after the German attack "begins to be effective". On Apr. 4 disguised German raider KMS Thor sinks British armed merchant cruiser Voltaire; by the end of June German deception ships sink 38 merchantmen, while undisguised raiders incl. Pinguin sink 37. On Apr. 5 the Duke of Aosta, Italian viceroy of Ethiopia orders the evacuation of Addis Ababa; on Apr. 7 the British occupy Massawa, main Italian naval base in East Africa after the Italians lose 3K of 13K; on May 5 Emperor Haile Selassie returns to Addis Ababa 5 years to the day after leaving. On Apr. 6 (Palm Sun.) (5:00 a.m.) backed up by Bulgaria Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece, launching the April War (Operation 25), starting with Operation Retribution (Punishment) (Castigo), the bombing of Belgrade (ends Apr. 10), killing 17K civilians in one day; Luftwaffe Gen. Alexander Lohr (Löhr) (1885-1947), who runs the bombing and also the Sept. 1939 bombing of Warsaw is executed for it after the war; the Axis has 50 divs., Yugoslavia 28 divs., with far less armor; most of Yugoslavia's 600 aircraft are destroyed on the ground; German troops from Austria and Hungary move on Belgrade, while more from Bulgaria move on Nis, Skopje, and Monastir, and more from Bulgaria invade Greece, attacking Salonica; the Luftwaffe bombs Piraeus, sinking six Allied ships followed by Clan Fraser, carrying 200 tons of explosives, which blows up, taking 10 more ships with it; Northern Prince, carrying bomb-making materials for the Greeks is sunk in the E Mediterranean; on Apr. 8 the Germans occupy Salonica (Salonika); on Apr. 9 70K Greek troops under Gen. Konstantinos Th. Bakopoulos (1889-1950) surrender; on Apr. 9 (night) to get even for Belgrade, British bombers drop incendiary bombs on C Berlin, causing Hitler to head for his air raid shelter; on Apr. 10 the Germans occupy Zagreb, allowing Croat nationalist leader Ante Pavelic (1889-1959) to declare Croatian independence, with Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladimir "Vladko" Macek (1879-1964) being smart enough to turn down the job of PM after deciding that the Axis will lose the war, although it results in his arrest in Oct.; Hitler takes his train Amerika to Monichkirchen (Mönichkirchen) near Ahnuldland Graz in S Austria to watch the action, welcoming escaped Canadian POW Franz von Werra (and father a secret child to take over the world one day, named Arnold?); on Apr. 11 as German troops reach the outskirts of Belgrade, Italian troops from Albania, Istria, and Zara invade the Dalmatian coast, occupying Uljan Island and Ljubljana (May 3), while Hungarian troops invade the Banat, moving toward Novi Sad; more Italian troops reclaim the areas taken from them by the Greeks; on Apr. 13 German troops occupy Belgrade (8th Euro capital in 1.5 years), the first citizen to be murdered being a Jewish tailor who spits at the troops and shouts "You will all perish"; on Apr. 17 Yugoslavia surrenders to the Germans in Belgrade after losing 341K POWs incl. 6K officers, and after being refused permission by the king to resign, Greek PM Alexandros Koryzis commits suicide at 4 p.m. as the Germans close in on Athens (the Greek papers call it a heart attack to cover it up); on Apr. 18 after some frustrated Greek soldiers fire on their own officers, the Germans break through the Kiwi-held Aliakhmon Line, closing in on Athens, causing Greek PM (since Jan. 29) Alexandros Koryzis (b. 1885) (who was refused permission to resign by the king) to commit suicide at 4 p.m. (the Greek papers call it a heart attack to cover it up); on Apr. 23 Greece surrenders, with many battery cmdrs. committing suicide while the men sing the Greek nat. anthem; King George II of Greece flees to London and forms a govt. in exile; on Apr. 24-May 1 Operation Demon evacuates 50,732 British troops from Greece to Crete, while resistance inside Greece continues, hampered by ideological differences between the resistance groups; German paratroopers occupy the Greek islands of Lemnos, Thasos, and Samothrace; Bulgaria invades N Greece, and is granted an outlet to the Aegean Sea; Prince Peter and his govt. flee Yugoslavia, which ceases to exist, being replaced by the new supposedly independent Axis-run states of Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro, with some parts ceded to Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Italian protectorate of Albania; the V in Big Y backfires when the heavy-handed tactics of the SS cause Yugoslavians (working with Croats to ethnically cleanse Serbs) to develop a strong resistance movement consisting of two resistance armies, the pro-monarchy anti-Communist Chetniks under Gen. Draza Mihailovich (Drazha Mihajlovic) (1893-1946) and the pro-Soviet Partisans under half-Croatian half-Slovene Marxist Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980), who later after the war tries to wipe out his nationalist opponents, Serb, Slovene, and Albanian. On Apr. 7/8 the Belfast Blitz in Northern Ireland by the German Luftwaffe begins, followed on Apr. 15 (Easter Tues.) when 200 bombers attack military and industrial targets with high explosive bombs, killing 900 and injuring 1.5K, becoming the greatest loss of life in a night raid during the Blitz; on May 4/5 a 3rd raid kills 150 with incendiary bombs; on May 5/6 the 4th and final raid demolishes 1.3K houses, badly damages 5K, slightly damages 30K, and makes "first aid repairs" necessary to 20K; fire brigades from Dublin and Dun Laoghaire are sent to assist Belfast. On Apr. 8 (night) German bombers return to Coventrized Coventry, smashing three factories. On Apr. 9 while Hitler is looking the other way, the U.S. signs the U.S.-Danish Agreement with the Danish minister in Washington, D.C., placing Greenland under U.S. protection for the duration while maintaining Danish sovereignty and affirming loyalty to Christian X; FDR tells Churchill that the U.S. will extend its patrol area in the Atlantic as far E as the 25th meridian. On Apr. 10 the Germans under Gen. Rommel cut off 24K Australian troops in Tobruk, starting a siege, but they are repulsed by May 1. On Apr. 10 Stalin starts waking up and issues decrees to defend Moscow and Leningrad with fighter corps. On Apr. 10 the U.S. commits its first hostile action against Germany when destroyer USS Niblack drops depth charges against a U-boat that sunk a Dutch freighter. On Apr. 11 (night) the Germans bomb the docks of Bristol, England; on Apr. 12 Churchill visits it with new U.S. ambassador (until 1946) John Gilbert Winant (1889-1947), who observes high morale. On Apr. 12 French Lt. Alain Le Ray (1910-2007) becomes the first of many persons to escape from Germany's supposedly escape-proof Colditz Prison. On Apr. 13 two years after their 1939 border war, Japan and the Soviet Union sign the 5-year Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in Moscow, freeing Stalin to concentrate on the German threat, and Japan to concentrate on Asia and the Pacific; Stalin makes a rare public appearance at the railway station to say goodbye to foreign minister (1940-1) Yosuke Matsuoka (1880-1946), with the soundbyte "We are both Asiatics", making a point of making shows of friendships with the German ambassador and military attache. On Apr. 14 Stalin orders 2.3K artillery emplacements built in the W frontier area; only 1K are built by the time of the German invasion. On Apr. 14 Hungarian troops in N Yugoslavia arrest 500 Jews and Serbs and shoot or bayonet them to death. On Apr. 14 Gen. Rommel captures Sollum, Egypt, along with Halfaya Pass. On Apr. 15 the Germans occupy Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, immediately removing the 1930 Gavrilo Princip Plaque and destroying the new Sephardic Il Kal Grande Great Synagogue, with Bosnian Muslims joining in the fun. On Apr. 15 the Soviets force a German aircraft down near Rovno, and find a camera and detailed topographical map of the frontier region. On Apr. 15 Jews in the Netherlands are ordered to turn in their wireless sets. On Apr. 16 (night) to get even for Berlin, the Germans stage a massive bombing raid on London, killing 2.3K. On Apr. 19 British troops retreat to S Greek ports incl. Nauplia, Kalamata, and Monemvasia; on Apr. 20-25 as they evacuate to Crete, the Germans are held in rearguard action by Anzac troops at the Battle of Thermopylae in E Greece, who also evacuate to Crete, causing Hitler on Apr. 25 to issue Fuhrer Directive No. 28 for Operation Mercury to invade Crete. On Apr. 19 (night) attempting to relieve Tobruk, a British commando force lands at Bardia, but is driven off; on Apr. 21 after learning that Gen. Rommel is about to be reinforced with a tank div. at Tobruk, Churchill launches Operation Tiger, sending tanks from Britain to Egypt, hoping there will be no German invasion of Britain. On Apr. 20 Hitler celebrates his 52nd birthday. On Apr. 23 Cambodian king (since 1927) Sisowath Monivong (b. 1875) dies, and his son prince Sisowath Monireth is passed over for his daughter's more manageable 19-y.-o. son Norodom Sihanouk (1922-), who on Apr. 25 becomes king of Cambodia (until Mar. 2, 1955). On Apr. 24 the Lublin Ghetto is sealed. On Apr. 26 Hitler leaves Monichkirchen to visit Maribor (renamed Mariburg) in N Yugoslavia, then visits Graz, Austria, where he gets a "fanatical reception" - from Ahnuld's parents? On Apr. 27 German forces occupy Athens after total losses of 15.7K Greeks, 13,755 Italians, 3,712 British, and 2,232 Germans KIA; under German occupation 300K die of starvation, plus tens of thousands killed in reprisals. On Apr. 29 Hitler gives a speech to 9K officer cadets, with the soundbyte that he never knew the meaning of the word capitulation. On Apr. 29 after his efforts at promoting isolationism are foiled by FDR, German charge d'affairs (Nov. 1938-Dec. 11, 1941) Hans Thomsen (1891-1968) telegraphs from Washington, D.C. claiming that the U.S. has broken the Japanese Magic code used by ambassadors; too bad, neither the Germans nor Japanese believe him. On Apr. 30 a German U-boat sinks British troop transport SS Nerissa, killing 73 Canadian soldiers, the only lost at sea during the war while en route from Canada to Britain. On Apr. 30 Otto Frank first writes to Nathan Straus Jr. for help in emigrating to the U.S. In Apr. the Germans sink 394,107 tons of Allied merchant shipping, plus 187,054 tons in Greek ports during evacuation; the British lose 6,065 civilians to bombing. In Apr. eager-to-please Stalin keeps honoring the Aug. 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact, sending Germany 208K tons of grain, 90K tons of oil, 8.3K tons of cotton, 6,340 tons of metals, and 4K tons of rubber imported from Asia. In Apr. after being criticized by FDR for making politically-incorrect America First statements, Charles Lindbergh resigns from the Air Corps Reserve Commission - want me to take my hat off so you get a better look? In Apr. Rama Varma XVII dies, and his younger brother Sir Sri Kerala Varma VI (1863-1943) becomes king (maharaja) of Cochin (until Oct. 13, 1943) - big friggin' deal? On May 1 the Soviet May Day Parade sees Stalin put new Soviet ambassador to Berlin Vladimir Georgievich Dekanozov (Dekanozishvili) (1898-1953) in the place of honor next to him above Lenin's tomb; meanwhile a military bulletin warns that the Germans have accelerated troop movements to the border, esp. around Memel 60 mi. S of Libava, the most westerly Soviet naval base, and Herr Hitler orders Berlin bombed nightly to keep up the deception. On May 1 Jewish doctors in the Netherlands are banned from treating non-Jews; all Jews are banned from attending stock and commercial exchanges. On May 1 Cheerios (originally CheeriOats until 1945) brand oat breakfast cereal is intoduced by Gen. Mills, selling 1.8M cases (12 boxes/case) the first year; they are made with the same puffing gun technology used to make Kix brand creal since 1937; in the mid-1950s the Cheerios Kid is introduced in commercials, with the slogan "Big-G, little-o... Go-power"; in mid-1976 they introduce Cinnamon Nut Cheerios, followed in 1979 by Honey Nut Cheerios, which outsells the original in 2009, when Olympic gold medal gymnast Shawn Johnson becomes the first athlete to be featured on the box; in 1988 the introduce Apple Cinnamon Cheerios, followed by MultiGrain Cheerioes (1992), Frosted Cheerios (1995), Berry Burst Cheerios (2001), and Chocolate Cheerios (2010); in 2013 Gen. Mills airs an interracial ad "Just Checking", which causes a racist reaction and PC counterreaction, causing them to release the 2014 Super Bowl ad "Gracie", which rubs it in by the mother having a biracial baby, sans negative reactions; by 2015 one in every eight boxes of cereal sold in the U.S. is guess what. On May 4 Hitler gives a speech at the Reichstag in Berlin, with the soundbyte: "The most unscrupulous men of the present time had, as they admit today, decided as early as 1936 to involve the Reich, which in its peaceful work of reconstruction was becoming too powerful for them, in a new and bloody war and, if possible, to destroy it. They had finally succeeded in finding a state that was prepared for their interests and aims, and that state was Poland. All my endeavors to come to an understanding with Britain were wrecked by the determination of a small clique which, whether from motives of hate or for the sake of material gain, rejected every German proposal for an understanding due to their resolve, which they never concealed, to resort to war, whatever happened. The man behind this fanatical and diabolical plan to bring about war at whatever cost was Mr. Churchill. His associates were the men who now form the British government." On May 4-19 an Italian force of 7K collapses against a mixed force of British, Indian, South African, and Abyssinian troops at the Second Battle of Amba Alagi. On May 5 Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu informs Berlin that Soviet troops are moving W from Siberia and concentrating around Kiev and Odessa, and that factories in Moscow "have been ordered to transfer their equipment to the country's interior". On May 5 the blinders are taken off as Stalin gives a speech to military academy graduates, saying that the Red Army is ready to fight the most modern army", warning that Germany is attempting to seize all of Europe, making it necessary for Russia to be ready, with the soundbyte: "A good defense signifies the need to attack. Attack is the best form of defense... We must now conduct a peaceful, defensive policy with attack. Yes, defense with attack. We must now re-teach our army and commanders. Educate them in the spirit of attack"; he's really trying to bluff the Germans into dropping any invasion plans? On May 5 after a British rout of the Italian occupiers, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie (1897-1975) enters Addis Ababa exactly five years after the Italians captured it, regaining his throne. On May 5 French Resistance spy Georges Begue (Bégué) (George P. Begue) (1911-93) (AKA George Noble and George One) parachutes into Vichy France 20 mi. S of Chateauroux to set up an underground radio transmitter to communicate with London; on May 9 Pierre de Vomecourt (Vomécourt) (1906-86) joins him, becoming the first Special Operations executive (SOE) group leader in France. On May 6 Stalin replaces Molotov as Soviet PM as a last ditch attempt to rescue relations with Germany; meanwhile he orders reserve troops from the Urals and the Volga River to the Dnieper River, W Dvina, and border regions. On May 6 Operation Tiger II sees 13 British merchant ships leave Gibraltar, arriving in Egypt after losing one ship, bringing 238 tanks and 43 fighters. On May 6 London-born Am. comedian Leslie Townes "Bob" Hope (1903-2003) hold shis first USO show before an audience of servicemen in a broadcast from March Field in Riverside, Calif.; Am. singer-actress Frances Langford (1913-2005) joins Bob Hope's radio show, going on to accompany him on his WWII USO tours, singing her signature song "I'm in the Mood for Love", to which one GI shouts "You've come to the right place, honey!", which Hope later says got the biggest laugh he ever heard. On May 7 Spanish Civil War veteran Josip Broz (1892-1980) flees from Zagreb to Belgrade, setting up a Communist resistance org. under the name Valter, later changing it to Tito; on May 11 former Yugoslav army officer Col. Draza Mihailovic sets up a resistance org. in Ravna Gora plateau in W Serbia, attracting Chetniks to fight the Germans; after two years the Brits switch support to Tito after he opposes Serbian nationhood. On May 8 after sinking 28 merchant ships in 10 mo., German commerce raider Pinguin is sunk off Seychelles by British cruiser HMS Cornwall, which is later sunk by Japanese dive bombers on Apr. 5, 1942. On May 8 the British capture an Enigma machine from German U-boat U-110 in the Atlantic, which sinks while being towed to Iceland, killing all aboard incl. Capt. Julius Lemp, sinker of Athenia. On May 8 the Nazis force Belgian workers to blow up a monument to victims of the first German WWI gas attack in Belgium in Apr. 1915 in Steenstraat. On May 8 (night) German bombers miss the target of an aircraft engine factory in Derby by 20 mi. after the British use electronic jamming to bend their signal beam. On May 10 the Germans finish Operation Otto (begun Oct. 1, 1940), the construction of road and rail facilities to the Soviet border. On May 10 Hitler's deputy leader (since 1934) Rudolf Hess (1894-1987) (a pilot in WWI) steals a plane and flies to Scotland dressed up in a robe with a number of occult symbols, apparently to negotiate a peace with the Scots (he knew about Sir William Wallace and Sir Robert Bruce and thought Churchill was like Edward I Longshanks?); he parachutes out near Eaglesham just S of Glasgow, is captured, claims that he came to negotiate a peace with Britain, denies any planned attack on Russia, and is declared nuts after an official Nazi announcement says that he is suffering from "a mental disorder", and kept incommunicado and caged throughout the war, incl. a short stay in the Tower of London; the move foils British spy Ian Lancaster Fleming (1908-64), who was trying to use mystic Aleister Crowley to supply him with fake horoscopes - looking for Sir William Wallace to help him fight for his free-ee-ee-dom? On May 10 (night) the Germans badly damage the Houses of Parliament in London, destroying the debating chamber of the House of Commons, making one-third of the streets in C London impassible and killing a record 1,436 civilians; meanwhile the British bomb the U-boat base at Hamburg; on May 10 the London Blitz (begun Aug. 23, 1940) ends, leaving 20K dead and 1.4M homeless. On May 12 German Luftwaffe officer Maj. Axel von Blomberg (b. 1908) (son of Field Marshal Wener von Blomberg) arrives in Baghdad to help Rashid Ali, and on May 15 is killed by a stray bullet from a British plane; meanwhile the Japanese ambassador in Baghdad reports to Tokyo that Rashi Ali won't hold out for more than 3-8 days, esp. if the British advance from Palestine, which is intercepted by British intel, causing the Arab Legion under Maj. Glubb and the Transjordan Frontier Force to be sent 300 mi. to Habbaniya, with the Jordanians mutinying rather than fight rather Muslims, er, Arabs. On May 12 the German high command orders that high-ranking Russian officials and leaders "must be eliminated", making it look like an act of reprisal for reprisals against German pilots. On May 12 after rescuing a team of French nuclear scientists and their stockpile of heavy water (entire world's supply?) before the French defeat, the Holy Trinity of British bomb disposal experts incl. Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk, 13th Earl of Berkshire (b. 1906), his secy. Miss Morden, and his chauffeur Fred Hards are killed when their 35th bomb explodes in Erith Marshes, Kent. On May 13 Stalin divides the Soviet Union into seven districts in preparation for war with Hitler. On May 14 the Germans begin a massive air bombardment of Malta to deceive the Allies that they are about to invade, but British intel decodes their messages. On May 14 three Poles, Stanislaw Weclas, Leon Pawlowski, and Stanislaw Wencel are sentenced to death in Poznan for resistance, with the Germans pub. the warning "Everyone who believes in resistance will be destroyed." On May 15 the first British jet airplane, the Gloster Whittle E-28/39, developed by Sir Frank Whittle (1907-96) is test-flown; "If you had been given the money you would have been six years ahead of us. If Hitler or Goering had heard that there is a man in England who flies 500 mph in a small experimental plane and that it is coming into development, it is likely that World War II would not have come into being" (Hans Von Ohain). On May 15 after decoding German messages revealing that Gen. Rommel's forces are tired and need rest, the British attack at the Egyptian border in Operation Brevity, forcing them to withdraw from the Halfaya Pass; on May 27 Gen. Rommel recaptures Halfaya Pass, taking 3K POWs and 123 big guns; on May 29 Rommel counterattacks, but they decode the messages again and withdraw in time. On May 15 the Battle of Crete begins with German air attacks, invading early on May 20 in 493 Junkers JU 52 troop planes, most landing near the Maleme airfield, after which the 32K British and Anzac and 10K Greek troops only shoot down seven, although III Battalion 1st Assault Regiment loses 112 of 126 men; in the evening the Germans capture Hill 107, which overlooks the airfield, and on May 21 the Germans capture it, allowing refinforcements to be flown in; on May 22 German dive bombers sink British cruisers Fiji and Gloucester, machine-gunning survivors, killing 725, and damaging battleship Valiant, with Lt. Prince Philip of Greece aboard; on May 23 destroyer Kelly is sunk by 24 dive bombers, killing 130; Lord Louis Mountbatten is a survivor; on May 28 (night) the British begin evacuating from Sphakia, Paleohora, and Plakias while 2.7K Italians land at Sitia; on May 29 the Germans badly damage British flagship HMS Orion, killing 360 of 1,090; on June 1 (night) the British evacuation ends with 17K evacuated and 5K left behind; the Germans lose 1,990 KIA vs. 1,742 British troops and 2,265 sailors, after which Hitler abandons parachute assaults for good. On May 15 Richard Sorge sends Stalin a radio message pinning down the invasion date as June 20-22, causing Soviet troops to be rushed from the Far East to a line between Kreslava and Kremenchug sans equipment and arms. On May 15 after failing to find volunteers, German SS doctor Sigmund Rascher (1909-45) requests permission from Heinrich Himmler to use 2-3 "professional criminals" from Dachau for oxygen endurance tests, and is approved. On May 16 the Soviet Union and Iraq establish diplomatic relations. On May 17 Iceland announces its intention of separating from Denmark; after FDR accepts Churchill's request on June 14, U.S. forces replace British forces in July. On May 19 "Uncle" Ho Chi Minh ("He Who Enlightens") (1890-1969) (Nguyen Sinh Cung) (Nguyen Ai Quoc) (Nguyen That Thanh) (Nguyen Van Thanh) forms the Viet Minh (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh) (League for the Independence of Vietnam). On May 20 after several thousand Jews emigrate from France and Belgium to neutral Portugal followed by the U.S., German SS Brig. Gen. (deputy of Reinhard Heydrich) Walther Friedrich Schellenberg (1910-52) informs the Gestapo and German consulates that Jewish emigration is forbidden "in view of the undoubtedly imminent final solution of the Jewish problem"; Frontier (Border) Police School in Pretsch on the Elbe River that they will lead 3K SS troops in the rear of the German army in Russia for an "annihilation campaign against the racial enemy"; on June 1 Heydrich adds that the "Eastern Jews" are the "intellectual reservoir of Bolshevism", and "in the Fuhrer's view" must be liquidated - ha ha ha ha staying alive? On May 22 FDR directs the U.S. military to draft War Plan Gray for the occupation of the Portuguese Azores by 28K troops, half Marines. On May 24 the Battle of the Denmark Strait sees British ship HMS Hood (last British battle cruiser built, the pride of the Royal Navy) sunk (killing all but 3 of 1,418 aboard) by German battleship Bismarck (the pride of the German Navy) under Capt. Lindemann, which is itself hunted down and sunk (2.3K lives lost incl. Adm. Lutjens) off Brest, France on May 27 by the British Navy after HMS Dorsetshire puts three torpedoes in it, causing Adm. Lutjens to order it scuttled, and the Dorsetshire and Maori abandon rescuing survivors after a U-boat alarm, causing hundreds of German sailors to be cut to pieces by their propellers; Unsinkable Sam the cat survives, is renamed Oscar, and serves aboard HMS Cossack, which is sunk on Oct. 24, which he also survives, causing him to be renamed to Unsinkable Sam and shipped aboard HMS Ark Royal, which is sunk a few weeks later, after which he is retired in Belfast, Ireland. On May 24 a British sub sinks Italian liner SS Conte Rosso en route to Libya, killing all 1.5K aboard. On May 25 as the British counterattack the Germans at Galatos in Crete with 25 bayonet charges, Greek King George II is evacuated with his ministers to Egypt - old man take a look at my life, I'm a lot like you? On May 26-June 11 the Battle of Bir Hakeim in Libya sees Free French and French Foreign Legion troops repel an Italian attack; on May 28 French Capt. Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (1916-2007) (future French PM in 1972-4) holds back 15 German Panzers trying to finish the job; on June 12 the Germans finally take it after killing 72 of 2.5K French troops, causing the Brits to retreat to Egypt, leaving the Germans and Italians at its gates, threatening the Suez Canal - that'll get FDR's attention? On May 27 Pres. Roosevelt gives a radio Fireside Chat titled On An Unlimited Nat. Emergency, citing rising world tensions to proclaim an "unlimited national emergency", announcing that U.S. ports "are helping now to ensure the delivery of needed supplies to Britain", and uttering the immortal soundbyte "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." On May 30 after a fuel shortage ends Italian air support, Rashid Ali sends the mayor of Baghdad to ask for an armistice; on June 1-2 after getting whipped-up by pro-Nazi Jew-hating Jerusalem grand mufti (1921-48) Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (al-Husseini) (1895-1974) (who fled to Iraq in 1939 with 400 Palestinian supporters), helped by Nazi propaganda, the Farhud (Farhoud) (Arabic "violent dispossession") sees Muslim Nazi sympathizers in Baghdad and Basra, Iraq stage a pogrom against the long-settled (2.6K years) 140K Jewish pop., killing 180, wounding hundreds, and destroying 900 Jewish homes and 586 shops; British authorities stand by and don't pub. their official report until 1958; the dissolution of the Iraqi Jewish community begins, with Nuremberg-style laws, and 90% flee to Israel after 1948, along with 1M Jews from the Arab world. In May U.S. freighter Robin Moor is sunk by a German U-boat. On June 1 the Germans finish conquering Crete. By June 1 the Russians have 150 rifle divs., seven armored divs., and 38 armored brigades on their W border. On June 3 the SS Death Head Div. leaves Bordeaux for Marienwerder, East Prussia for the big fun in ha-ha-ha-ha Russia. On June 4 a pro-Allied govt. is installed in Iraq. On June 4 after refusing Hitler's offer to live on one of his former royal estates in Prussia, Kaiser Wilhelm II (b. 1859) dies in exile in Doorn, Netherlands before getting to see the new German invasion of hated Bolshevik Russia - was he feeling doorn high or doorn low? On June 6 Hitler orders Gen. Brauchitsch to issue the ha-ha-ha-ha Commissar Decree to all cmdrs. On June 8 (2:00 a.m.) to cut the Germans off from the easy route to Palestine and the Suez Canal, 9K British, 18K Australian, 2K Indian, and 5K Free French (De Gaullist) troops launch Operation Exporter, invading Vichy-held Syria and Lebanon from Iraq and Palestine, capturing Damascus on June 21, followed on July 9 by Tyre, and on July 12 by Beirut; an armistice is signed on July 12, and Syria becomes an Allied base for the rest of the war, with French Gen. Georges Catroux (1877-1969) promising them independence with Damascus as capital of the Repub. of Syria (until 1958); it isn't recognized until Jan. 1, 1944; 26-y.-o. Zionist Palestinian volunteer Moshe Dayan (1915-81) loses an eye in the early days. On June 8 German infantry units begin landing in Finland for the attack on Russia. On June 10 (751st anniv. of the drowning death of HRE Frederick I Barbarosa in 1190) the Germans launch Operation Warzburg, laying mines in the Baltic Sea for 10 days to trap the Russian fleet. On June 11 Hitler talks with Romanian leader Ion Antonescu, telling him he's not expecting active assistance but "merely expected of Romania that in her own interest she do everything to facilitate a successful conclusion of this conflict", promising him Bessarabia et al. - he has to do a balancing act like Nadia Comaneci? On June 11 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 32, laying down detailed plans for the military after it defeats the Soviet Union, incl. Operation Isabella to secure the Atlantic coasts of Spain and Portugal and take Gibraltar, while pressuring Turkey and Iran to help him drive the British from Palestine and Egypt, ordering Tobruk to be taken in Nov.; if possible, the Germans will send a force from Transcaucasia to retake Iraq, using Arabs to "tie down" the Brits "at the right moment by civil commotion or revolt"; after the East is secure, the invasion of Britain will begin. On June 11 (night) the British begin bombing industral targets in the Rhineland, Ruhr, and German North Sea ports for 20 straight nights. On June 12 the Croatian Ustashi Roman Catholic militant group, led by "Croatian Fuhrer" Ante Pavelic (1889-1959) makes a deal with pro-Nazi Muslim Jerusalem grand mufti Muhammad Amin al-Husayni (1895-1974) and the Nazi SS to begin persecuting Jews and Orthodox Christian Serbs in Croatia, causing the mufti to use his connections with Islam admirer Heinrich Himmler to raise the Nazi 13th SS Handzar Div. of mostly Bosnian Muslims who help murder 400K in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina by 1945; they are all issued al-Insani's booklet Islam and Judaism, which begins: "For us Muslims it is unworthy to utter the word Islam in the same breath with Judaism, since Islam stands high over its perfidious adversary"; Pope Pius XII officially backs Pavelic, and he is given sanctuary in the Vatican at the end of the war before escaping to Argentina; in Aug. 1943 after the Germans mistreat them, they mutiny, killing several Germans, causing the mufti to arrive and restore order. On June 12 Winston Churchill makes a speech on the radio, with the soundbytes: "It will not be by German hands that the structure of Europe will be rebuilt or union of the European family achieved. In every country into which the German armies and Nazi police have broken there has sprung up from the soil a hatred of the German name and contempt for the Nazi creed which the passage of hundreds of years will not efface from human memory"; "We shall aid and stir the people of every conquered country to resistance and revolt. We shall break up or derange every effort which Hitler makes to systematize and consolidate his subjugation. He will find no peace, no rest, no halting place, no parley." On June 13 Churchill offers Stalin to send British troops in the event of a German invasion, pissing-off Stalin because he considers it a provocation to push him into war with Germany; instead he ignores reports of a German military buildup on his borders, with the soundbyte: "You can't believe everything Intelligence says"; on June 14 he interrupts a military meeting with Gens. Zhukov and Timoshenko to accept a phone call from Ukraine Communist Party boss Nikita Khrushchev reporting a bumper crop. On June 14 the U.S. freezes German and Italian assets. On June 14 75 merchant ships incl. 30 flying the U.S. flag set sail for Egypt carrying military supplies incl. 200 U.S. tanks. On June 15 the British launch Operation Battleaxe to relieve Tobruk and push Gen. Rommel back through Libya, but it fizzles because of the superior German tanks and guns, and within four days they lose 122 troops and 100 tanks. On June 15 rumors spread in Berlin that an understanding with Stalin is imminent. On June 15 Stalin refuses a request from Ukrainian Gen. Mikhail Petrovich Kirponos (1892-1941) (awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on Mar. 21, 1940 for bravery in the Soviet-Finnish War, then appointed cmdr. of the Kiev Military District in Feb.) to evacuate 300K civilians from the frontier along the Bug River and set up anti-tank barriers, claiming it would be provocative. On June 16 the last German warship in Soviet waters in the Baltic Sea departs, causing Adm. Tributs on June 19 to report it to Moscow, receiving permission from Adm. Kuznetsov to go to Readiness Level 2 (alert). On June 16 Joseph Goebbels pub. the soundbyte in his diary: "The Fuhrer has assessed the [military] operation at four months; I think it will be less." The Bolsheviks will fall like a house of cards", after which the Wehrmacht will replace debased Jewish Bolshevism with "der echte Sozialismus" (real Socialism). On June 16 (night) Churchill delivers a Radio Broadcast to the People of the U.S., with the soundbyte: "Every month that passes adds to the length and to the perils of the journey that will have to be made. United we stand, divided we fall. Divided, the Dark Ages return. United, we can save and guide the world." On June 17 German military cmdrs. receive the codeword "Dortmund", an order to launch the invasion of Russia on June 22; "Altona" would have meant postponement or cancellation. On June 18 (noon) Soviet frontier troops in Bialystok E of the Bug River are put on alert. On June 18 Nazi brain man Alfred Rosenberg completes plans for the Berlin-Tiflis Axis to prevent a Russian comeback, breaking up the Caucasus region into German-administered "gen. commissariats" in Georgia, Azerbaijan, North Caucasus, Krasnodar, and Ordzhonikidze, along with "main commissariats" in Armenia and Kalmyk; it will work along with the Volga-Archangel Line to create a German satellite region incl. Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad, er, Hitlergrad. On June 18 FDR appoints WWI vet (Medal of Honor winner) William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (1883-1959) as coordinator of nat. security info. On June 19 the SS establishes a welfare fund for widows and orphans of SS men KIA. On June 19 Soviet defense minister Marshal Timoshenko orders forward airfields and military installations camouflaged. On June 20 the U.S. Army Air Forces is established, with Gen. Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold (1886-1950) as the first commanding gen., becoming the first/only USAF gen. with 5-star rank, and the first/only person to hold 5-star rank in two different U.S. military services. On June 20 on Stalin's orders the tomb of Mongol conqueror Tamerlane (Timur the Lane) (1336-1405) is opened despite public outcries, and sure enough, an inscription is found inside reading: "Whoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader even more terrible than myself"; no surprise, 2 days later the Nazis invade the Soviet Union, ultimately killing 30M Soviets; the remains are returned to the tomb on Dec. 20, 1942, after which the Soviets win the Battle of Stalingrad on Feb. 2, 1943. On June 20 (night) a German recon mission tries to cross the Soviet lines at Buraki on the Prussian-Lithuanian frontier, and is repulsed, with three KIA and two captured. On June 21 (2:40 a.m.) Soviet Gen. Vladimir Efimovich Klimovskikh (1894-1941), chief of staff of the Western Front radios Moscow from Panevezys, Lithuania, warning that "German aircraft with loaded bomb racks" crossed the frontier W of Kovno on June 20, and wire barricades along the frontier near Augustow and Siena were "removed towards evening", adding "From the woods, sounds of engines"; on June 21 (4:00 a.m.) a convoy of 32 German troop ships is spotted at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland; at 2:00 p.m. Stalin calls Moscow military cmdr. Gen. Ivan Vladimirovich Tyulenev (1892-1978) and tells him that "the situation is uneasy", ordering him to bring Moscow's air defenses to 75% of combat readiness, then does ditto to Nikita Khrushchev in Kiev; on June 30 after it goes bad, Klimovskikh is arrested, and he is executed on July 22. On June 21 (afternoon) Hitler writes Mussolini, with the soundbyte that he has just made "the hardest decision of my life". On June 21 the Blue Div. of 45K Spanish troops (incl. volunteers and conscripts) begins operation on the Eastern Front (until Mar. 21, 1944) incl. 1K men of the Portuguese Legion under the Spanish flag, going on to be awarded a medal by Adolf Hitler for impeding the advance of the Red Army. On June 21 (9:00 p.m.) (shortest night of the year) German sgt.-maj. Alfred Liskof (Liskow) (1910-42) deserts, swims the Bug River near Sokal (N of Lviv), and tells Soviet frontier guards at Vladimir-Volynsky that the big invasion is set for next morning, which Kiev district military cmdr. Gen. Maksim Alexeyevich Purkayev (1894-1953) relays to Marshal Zhukov in Moscow, causing Stalin to stall and call it a deception, finally agreeing to alert military cmds. of a "possible" German attack; Zhukov and Timoshenko order firing posts "secretly manned" in the early hours, and all aircraft dispersed and airfields camouflaged before dawn, with preparations made "for blocking out cities and other targets". On June 22 (Sun.) (12:30 a.m.) Hitler has an after-dinner conversation with Adm. Raeder and Albert Speer, boasting of his planned monumental Nazi bldgs. for Berlin, Linz et al., saying that they can get all the granite they want when they conquer Russia, and playing a recording of Franz Liszt's Les Preludes, calling it the "victory fanfare for the Russian campaign", describing his plans to make Trondheim, Norway into German's largest dockyard with a pop. of 250K Germans. Just when the Axis is looking like it's here to stay, high stakes gambling addict Hitler launches Operation Blunderossa and gambles the Third Reich away? On June 22 (Sun.) (4:15 a.m.) (1 year and 1 day after France signed the armistice with Germany) (129 years minus 4 days after Napoleon crossed the Nieman River to invade Russia) after Hitler utters the soundbyte "We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down", in defiance of the Non-Aggression Pact (claiming gross violations of the same by the Soviets), after 17K trains bring troops to the Russian border since Jan., Germany attacks the Soviet Union with 154 German, 18 Finnish, and 14 Romanian divs. (3.2M men) in Operation Barbarossa, facing 2.5M Soviet soldiers in the W, with 2.2M in reserve defending Moscow, Leningrad, the Donetz Basin, and the Urals, with only 30% having automatic weapons, and only 20% of the aircraft and 10% of the tanks of modern design; after bombing 66 airfields to destroy aircraft on the ground, while bombing Kovno, Minsk, Rovno, Odessa, Sevastopol, and Libava, the German army begins advancing along a 930-mi. front; if they had concentrated on securing the oil fields of the south first, they might have won, but thought they could win it all in one summer and lost it all?; Siemiatycze in NE Poland, attended by the local German border patrol and some Jews; at 7:00 a.m. Reich propaganda minister Paul Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) reads a Russian Invasion Proclamation by Hitler over the radio, with the soundbyte: "Weighted down with heavy cares, condemned to months of silence, I can at last speak freely, German people! At this moment a march is taking place that, for its extent, compares with the greatest the world has ever seen. I have decided today to place the fate and future of the Reich and our people in the hands of our soldiers. May God aid us, especially in this fight" (I'm getting seasick?); at 7:15 a.m. Marshal Zhukov issues an order to Soviet troops authorized by Stalin to "attack the enemy and destroy him", but not cross the frontier into Germany, although air strikes are permitted up to 150km (90 mi.) behind the lines against Konigsberg, Memel et al.; at 12:00 noon after frantic attempts to stop the war with diplomatic messages to Germany and Japan, Vyacheslav Molotov announces the attack to the Soviet people; at 9:15 p.m. after the Germans have an easy time penetrating Soviet territory, Marshal Timoshenko issues a directive ordering Soviet forces to go on the offensive and penetrate German territory to a depth of 50-75 mi.; by noon the Germans have destroyed 1K+ Soviet aircraft on the ground, 25% of their air force; on ? the Roman Catholic bishop of Eichstatt, Germany sends out a pastoral letter calling the German invasion "a crusade, a holy war... for faith and church"; by the time Berlin falls in May 1945, 30M+ are killed in "the greatest and most hideous land-air conflict in history (Chris Bellamy); Army Group North (27 divs.), commanded by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (1876-1956) heads through the Baltic States to Leningrad; Army Group Center (51 divs.), commanded by Field Marshal Fedor von Bock (1880-1945) heads for Moscow; Army Group South (38 divs.), commanded by Field Marshal Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (1875-1953) heads toward the Ukrainian capital of Kiev; the Russians have 170 divs. facing them, representing 54% of their total strength; the German advance ultimately reaches a line from Archangel on the White Sea to Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea; the Russkies shock the Nazis with their T-34 medium tank and KV-1 (Kliment Voroshilov) heavy tank, which outclass anything they have, causing a rush to catch up; after German ambassador Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenberg (1875-1944) tells Russian minister Vyacheslav Molotov that Germany has been forced to take "countermeasures" in light of Russian military buildup on the border, he replies "Surely, we have not deserved that"; Stalin has a "nervous collapse" and does not speak for 11 days. On June 22 Italy declares war on the Soviet Union. On June 22 Germany declares war on the Soviet Union. On June 22 the Soviet Southwestern Front is formed to defend Ukraine along a 865km line from the Pripyat River and the town of Wlodawa to the Prut River and the town of Lipkany on the Romanian border; the Soviet Western Front is formed to defend a 470km line down to the S border of Lithuania; on June 25 the Soviet Southern Front is formed to defend the area S to Odessa on the Black Sea. On June 22 Operation Kilpapurjehdus (Regatta) is launched by Finland to militarize the Aland Islands to prevent Soviet occupation. On June 22 (eve.) Germany overruns W border frontier fortress towns Kobryn (Kobrin) and Pruzhany, later herding the Jews of Bialystok into the latter to create a ghetto. On June 22 (night) Hitler arrives at the secret camouflaged Wolf's Lair (Wolfschanze) in the pine forests of Mauerwald in East Prussia at Gierloz near the Teutonic Knights town of Rastenburg 110 mi. from Danzig, where for 3.5 years (until Mar. 20, 1945) he lives in a miserable hut and rules the biggest army in history, becoming one of the best-kept secrets of the war. On June 22-July 3 the Luftwaffe achieves air superiority over the Soviets, destroying 2K Soviet aircraft while losing only 35 aircraft, of which 15 are non-combat-related. On June 23 a 3-member Soviet Evacuation Council incl. future PM Alexei Kosygin is set up in Moscow to relocate 1.5K armament and industrial plants in W Russia and Ukraine E beyond the Urals to Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Siberia, and Kazakhstan. On June 23-30 the Tank Battle of Dubno (Dubna) (Brody) sees the Soviets under Maj.-Gen. Konstantin Rokossovsky (1896-1968) counterattack and successfully delay the advance into Ukraine of German Army Group South under Gen. von Rundstedt. On June 24 NKVD head Lavrentiy Beria forms the 100-to-200-man Destruction Battalions of men unfit for military service to guard important installations behind the lines; they have the greatest impact in N Estonia since it's the last Baltic territory the Germans capture. On June 24-25 Soviet gens. Mikhail Grigorevich Khatskilevich (b. 1895) and I.S. Nikitin become the first to be KIA in the German offensive. On June 25 the Germans capture Slonim; on July 1 a Soviet counterattack E of the city allows two tank brigades to escape encirclement; on July 17 the Germans round up 1.2K Jewish men and murder them on the outskirts of the city; Jewish men are taken to a stadium where for three days they are given no food or water, and have to sleep in the open; on Breger St. a German amuses his fellows by commanding Jews to dance, with "Tanzen sie, verfluchten Juden!" (Dance you damn Jews). On June 25 after German troops burn the border village of Slochy and execute all 100 of its pop., Gen. Joachim Hermann August Lemelsen (1888-1954) of the 47th Panzer Corps protests the "senseless shootings of both prisoners of war and civilians", and is ignored, then five days later changes his tune and approves the shooting of commissars and partisans to liberate the Russian people "from the oppression of a Jewish and criminal group". On June 25 the Germans occupy Dubno, Baranowicze (Baranovichi), Lida, and Lutsk, where they discover the Zionist Gordonia underground; Jewish doctor Benjamin From (b. 1894) is dragged from the operating room while operating on a Christian woman, and killed with his entire family. On June 25 after A. Philip Randolph convinces him, FDR signs Executive Order 8802, creating the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) within the U.S. Office of Production Management to eliminate discriminatory employment practices in U.S. defense industries, i.e. help blacks find jobs; too bad, it can only hear and investigate complaints, but has no enforcement powers, and is terminated on June 30, 1946 after being superseded by the Committee on Fair Employment Practice in May 1943. On June 25-29 the Kaunas Pogrom in Lithuania sees 600 members of the Lithuanian Activist Front backed by the Germans massacre 5K Jews. On June 26 Finland declares war on the Soviet Union; on June 27 Gen. Mannerheim appeals to the Finns to fight a "holy war". On June 26 the Germans occupy Dvinsk 185 mi. inside the Soviet border, allowing them to cross the Dvina River. On June 26 the Germans occupy Kovno on the Nieman River in Lithuania, causing locals to stage a 2-day pogrom on the 35K Jews there, killing 1K+. On June 26 Soviet aviator Nikolai Frantsevich Gastello (b. 1908) becomes the first to conduct a "fire taran" suicide attack with his plane on a ground target near the village of Dekshany in Belarus, becoming a hero of the Soviet Union and household name. On June 27 Hungary declares war on the Soviet Union. By June 27 most of the Russian air force is destroyed by the Germans. On June 27 several thousand Jews are shot in the courtyard of the police HQ in Jassy (Iasy) in NE Romania; Romanian soldiers massacre 250, killing 1,194 more by sending them S in a sealed train for eight days. On June 27 two German Panzer groups link forces E of Minsk, trapping and capturing 300K Russian troops, most of whom don't survive a year. On June 27 the council of deputies of Leningrad organizes "First response groups" of civilians, going on to mobilize 1M citizens for the construction of fortifications; 30K workers are sent from Moscow to Luga S of Leningrad to dig anti-tank ditches and fortifications. On June 27 Nikita Khrushchev organizes 140 partisan units of 10-20 men (2K total) to infiltrate German-occupied territory. On June 27 British cryptographers in Bletchley Park break the German Vulture Enigma key used by the German troops on the Eastern Front; on June 28 Churchill authorizes intel to be passed to the Soviets via British embassy official Lt. Cecil Barclay (1915-) in Moscow. On June 27 Jewish Pole Shalom Cholawski sees a Soviet POW singled out and beaten by a German soldier in Nieswiez, then lined up against a fence and executed for slapping him back. On June 27 the Minn. offices of the Socialist Workers Party are raided by the FBI, after which a grand jury indicts 28 members of violation of the 1861 U.S. Sedition Act (1st time), and the 1940 U.S. Smith Act, and on Oct. 27 their trial begins, and 23 are found guilty of violating the Smith Act for distributing written material encouraging insubordination in the armed forces, and sentenced to 12-to-16-mo. terms; strangely, the U.S. Communist Party supports the trial because they're their enemies the Trotskyists. On June 28 Albania declares war on the Soviet Union. On June 28 the Germans capture Minsk, one-third of the way to Moscow. On June 29 Black Sunday sees the Germans capture Lvov in East Galicia, with the Soviet NKVD massacring 3K Ukrainian POWs before evacuating, after which Ukrainian nationalists slaughter Jews in the streets. On June 29 the Nazi Party newspaper Volkischer Beobachter pub. the soundbyte about the supposedly inferior Russian soldier, that he "surpasses our adversary in the West in his contempt of death. Endurance and fatalism make him hold out until he is blown up with his trench, or falls in hand-to-hand fighting." On June 29 212,209 children begin to be evacuated from Leningrad to Yaroslavl on the Volga River. On June 29 Moscow orders a scorched earth policy for retreating troops. On June 29 the Germans launch Operation Silver Fox (ends Nov. 17) to take the Soviet Arctic port of Murmansk. On June 29 Polish PM #1 (1919) Ignace Jan Paderewski (b. 1860) dies in New York City, and is interred in Arlington Cemetery in a casket mounted on wheels for return to Poland after the war; it isn't moved until ?, and his heart is left in Arlington. On June 29-July 2 all Jewish males ages 16-60 in Dvinsk are arrested. On June 30 Soviet gen. Mikhail Kirponos orders a withdrawal from the Lvov Salient to a new line on Korosten, Novgorod, Shepetovka, Starokonstantinov, and Proskurov, which they reach on July 9, receiving reinforcements. On June 30 HMAS Waterhen is sunk off Sidi Barrani en route to Tobruk, becoming the first Australian warship lost to enemy action in the war; the crew is saved by a British destroyer, after which on July 19 Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney sinks Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni to get even. On June 30 Lev Kantorovich (b. 1911) becomes the first writer from Leningrad to be KIA by the Germans, becoming a local hero. On June 30 the SS murders 300 Jews in Lutsk, and 1,160 more on July 2, then 3K on July 4 in nearby Ft. Lubart, followed on ? by 180 Jews in Tarnopol, and on ? by 300-500 in Zolochew. On June 30-July 1 Jewish Soviet motorized infantry Gen. Jakov Kreiser slows down the Panzers of Gen. Guderian in the Borisov area on the E bank of the Beresina River, earning him a Hero of the Soviet Union medal; too bad, on June 28 more Germans capture Bobruisk and establish a beachhead on the river. In June the British break the Italian Navy's C38m cypher machine. In June the Germans occupy Lithuania (until 1944), and have their fun with the large Jewish pop. in Vilnyus (Vilnius) and other cities, who violently riot in vain; the mobile SS killing squad Einsatzkommando massacres the entire Jewish pop. of 900-y.-o. Eishyshok (Eisiskes) in two days, killing 3,446, incl. 929 males, 1,636 females, and 821 children; the Tower of Life (Faces) in the U.S. Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C. (opened in 1993) is a 3-floor display of photos of the dead inhabitants. In June Operation Munchkin is launched in Dachau Camp by Heinrich Himmler to breed fluffy angora rabbits to make fur-lined coats, gloves, socks, and underwear for Nazi soldiers, expanding to 30 other camps, with 6.5K rabbits raised this year, growing to 25K by 1943, collecting 5 tons of fur before the program ends in 1943. In June Jewish RAF Flight Sgt. Sydney Cohen (-1946) veers off-course en route to Malta and makes an emergency landing in his Swordfish biplane in Lampedusa Island, after which the entire 4.3K-man Italian garrison runs out waving white flags and surrenders and makes him cmdr. of the island, the news raising British morale, with the News Chronicle headline reading "London Tailor' Cutter is Now King of Lampedusa", inspiring Yiddish playwright to compose the Yiddish musical "The King of Lampedusa", which debuts in 1943 at the New Yiddish Theatre on Adler St. in New York City, becoming the longest-running production in Yiddish, and is later staged at the Grand Palais in London starring Meier Tzelniker and his daughter Anna; the BBC later broadcasts an English version starring Jewish-English actor Sidney Tafler; Lord Haw-Haw threatens the English theater with a Luftwaffe attack; too bad, Cohen disappears during a flight over the English Channel on Aug. 26, 1946 after viewing the play in Haifa, Palestine in 1944. In June the Am. Council for Judaism is founded by Reformed Jewish rabbis Henry Cohen, Abraham Cronbach, Morris Lazaron, David Philipson, and Louis Wolsey, who don't think that Jews should have a nat. state and oppose Zionism; supporters incl. Sumner Welles and Dean Acheson; New York Times publisher (1935-61) Arthur Hays Sulzberger (1891-1968) (a Reform Jew), who told his editors to bury news of the Nazi genocide on the back pages and omit descriptions of victims as Jews enthusiastically supports it with frequent coverage; in 1946 after visiting a Nazi concentration camp, he gives a speech with the soundbyte: "It is my judgment that thousands dead might now be alive" if the Zionists had put "less emphasis on statehood." On July 1 the Germans launch Operation Salmon Trap (Lachsfang) to take the railway line between Belomorsk and Kandalaksha. On July 1 the Germans occupy Riga, Latvia, inciting the pop. against the city's 40K Jews, causing pogroms that kill 6K in 3 mo.; on July 4 the Great Choral Synagogue is burned with 300 Jews locked in the basement. On July 1 Finnish and German troops begin an offensive E from C Finland to cut off Russia's N lifeline, being surprised by stubborn Russian resistance. On July 1 U.S. Navy aircraft begin anti-submarine patrols from bases in Newfoundland. On July 1 von Ribbentrop fails to talk the Japanese into attacking the Soviet Union in the Far East, deciding to invade French Indochina instead; on July 6 spy Richard Sorge informs Moscow, allowing more reinforcements to be sent to the Western Front. On July 1 the FCC authorizes commercial TV in the U.S.; NBC-TV begins operation on WNBT (formerly W2XBS, later WNBC) New York (Channel 1), with Ray Forrest reading the first formal on-camera announcement, followed on July 4 by the first live TV commercial, for Adam Hats, who give him a free hat; Bulova Watch Co. sponsors the first TV commercial, "America runs on Bulova time" on WNBT before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies, at a cost of $4-$9; the shows a ticking watch but has no announcer; CBS-TV begins operation on WCBW New York (Channel 2); there are only 1K TV sets in operation in the viewing area; on Dec. 7 Forrest becomes the first TV announcer to break into a program with a news bulletin, interrupting the Sun. afternoon movie "The Playboy" (1938) to announce the Pearl Harbor Attack. On July 1 (night) art historian Vladimir Levinson-Lessing (1893-1972) leaves Leningrad on a train bound for the E carrying the Hermitage's art treasures and jewels; another treasure train arrives at Sverdlovsk on July 20. On July 2-21 the Germans and Romanians stage Operation Munchen (München) to retake Bessarabia and N Bukovina from the Russians, crossing the Prut River and advancing on Vinnitsa; on Aug. 21 after big Vs, Ion Antonesco is made the 3rd marshal in Romanian history. On July 3 after 12 days Stalin breaks out of his funk and gives his Comrades, Citizens, Brothers and Sisters Speech on the radio: "In spite of the heroic resistance of the Red Army, and although the enemy's finest divisions have met their doom on the field of battle, the enemy continues to push forward, hurling fresh forces to the front... "Comrades, citizens, brothers and sisters, fighters of our Army and Navy... A grave threat hangs over our country. How could it have happened that our glorious Red Army surrendered a number of our cities and districts to Fascist armies? Is it really true that German Fascist troops are invincible, as is ceaselessly trumpeted by the boastful Fascist propagandists? Of course not! History shows that there are no invincible armies and never have been. Napoleon's army was considered invincible but it was beaten successively by Russian, English and German armies. Kaiser Wilhelm's German Army in the period of the first imperialist war was also considered invincible, but it was beaten several times by the Russian and Anglo-French forces and was finally smashed by the Anglo-French forces... We must immediately put our whole production to war footing. In all occupied territories partisan units must be formed to foment guerrilla warfare everywhere, to blow up bridges and roads, damage telephone and telegraph lines, set fire to forests, stores, transports", ordering Hitler "and all his accomplices" to be "hounded and annihilated at every step"; just in case anybody gets any ideas, "Military tribunals will pass summary judgment on any who fail in our defense, whether through panic or treachery, regardless of their position or rank"; after justifying the Aug. 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact on the grounds that it gave him time to build up defenses, he expresses "a feeling of gratitude" to Britain and the U.S. for offers of assistance, and signs an agreement with the Polish govt.-in-exile, whom he had not talked with since Sept. 1939; clueless Gen. Franz Halder (1884-1972) writes the soundbyte in his diary: "It is no exaggeration to say that the campaign against Russia has been won in 14 days"; on July 16 Hitler tells Gen. Keitel et al. that the fact that the Soviets are waging partisan warfare behind the front lines "enables us to exterminate everyone who opposes us". FDR now has all cylinders working as he plunges the U.S. into WWII? On July 3 after Charles Evans Hughes retires, along with all four of the conservative justices, Chesterfield, N.H.-born liberal pro-FDR Harlan Fiske Stone (1872-1946) takes over as U.S. Chief Justice #12 (until Apr. 22, 1946), to which FDR has already appointed liberals Hugh L. Black (1937), Stanley F. Reed (1938), Felix Frankfurter (1939), William O. Douglas (1939), and Frank Murphy (1940), and to which on July 8 he appoints Charleston, S.C.-born Irish-Am. James Francis Byrnes (1879-1972) (until Oct. 3, 1942), followed on July 11 by Spring Creek, Penn.-born Robert Houghwout Jackson (1892-1954) (who never attended college) (until Oct. 9, 1954) as Supreme Court justices #81 and #82; only Hoover appointee Owen J. Roberts hangs on for un-PC conservatism; the new PC U.S. Supreme Court upholds the U.S. Federal Wage and Hour Law - this little ole light of mine, I'm gonna let it shine? On July 4 after the Germans improve air defenses, a British bombing raid on Bremen loses five of 12 aircraft. On July 4 the SS murder 463 Jews in Kovno; on July 6 they kill 2,514 more. On July 4 the SS murder 54 Jews in Vilna, and 93 more on July 5; ditto to 600 Jews in Tarnopol and 600 in Zborow. On July 5 Yugoslavian (Serbian) resistance leader Josip Broz Tito issues an Appeal to Resist, with the soundbyte: "Now is the time. The hour has struck to rise like one man in the battle against the invaders and hirelings"; on July 7 Tito's forces have their first battle with the German police at Bela Crkva, Serbia. On July 5 Hitler's Table Talk at his HQ begins to be recorded by his secy. Martin Bormann, and preserved for posterity; he gives his views on vegetarianism, economics, religion et al.; "The deliberate lie in the matter of religion was introduced into the world by Christianity... Let it not be said that Christianity brought man the life of the soul, for that evolution was in the natural order of things"; "The best thing is to let Christianity die a natural death... When understanding of the universe has become widespread... Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity... Christianity has reached the peak of absurdity... and that's why someday its structure will collapse... The only way to get rid of Christianity is to allow it to die little by little"; "Christianity is an invention of sick brains. One could imagine nothing more senseless, nor any more indecent way of turning the idea of the Godhead into a mockery"; "I realize that man, in his imperfection, can commit innumerable errors, but to devote myself deliberately to errors, that is something I cannot do. I shall never come personally to terms with the Christian lie. Our epoch in the next 200 years will certainly see the end of the disease of Christianity." On July 6 the Germans occupy Tartu 200 mi. from Leningrad; meanwhile two German divs. are driven back from Zhlobin, and a German Panzer attack at Rogachev is repulsed as the Soviets bring up reinforcements to Orel and Bryansk. On July 7 First Battle of Kiev (Kiev Defensive Operation) begins (ends Sept. 26) as German troops stage the largest encirclement of troops in history (until ?). On July 7 the U.S. launches Operation Indigo, occupying Iceland with a U.S. Marine brigade, allowing U.S. patrols to reach within 400 mi. of N Scotland. On July 7 1,150 Jews are shot by the SS in Dvinsk; ditto to 7K Jews in Lvov, and to 132 Jews in Dobromil. On July 7 Churchill writes Stalin offering to do "everything to help you that time, geography, and our growing resources allow", ordering the RAF to work for the "devastation of the German cities" to force the Germans to siphon air power from the Eastern Front. By July 8 more than half of the 164 Soviet divs. have been destroyed, with 500K POWs taken, incl. 287K POWs and 2,585 tanks in the Minsk Salient - I'm driven to overcome? On July 8 Stalin removes Gen. ? Korbokov for "permitting the destruction of his army by the Germans", having him shot. On July 8 at Eagle's Lair Gen. Halder writes the soundbyte in his diary: "Fuhrer is firmly determined to level Moscow and Leningrad to the ground, and to dispose fully of their population, which otherwise we shall have to feed during the winter." On July 8 all Jews in Baltic countries are ordered to wear the Star of David. On July 9 the British break the Enigma key used by the German army to direct ground-air operations on the Eastern Front. On July 9-23 the Germans occupy Pskov 180 mi. from Leningrad. On July 10 the Germans cross the Dnieper River in the Ukraine, driving back a massive Soviet counterattack at Korosten; meanwhile the Germans set up the Maly Trostenets (Trastianets) camp for Soviet POWs, which abuses them to the max. On July 10 200-350 Jews in Jedwabne, Poland 120 mi. NE of Warsaw are massacred by their Roman Catholic neighbors by burning in a barn, after which their property is looted, launching a conspiracy of silence; they take until July 12, 2011 to apologize. On July 10 the first volunteer div. leaves Leningrad for the front lines, with many not issued rifles, although they all get hand grenades and Molotov cocktails. On July 10 Hitler utters the soundbyte to Walther Hewel: "It is I who have discovered the Jews as the bacillus and ferment that causes all decay in society. And what I have proved is this, that nations can survive without Jews, that the economy, culture, art, and so on can exist without Jews and in fact better. That is the cruelest blow I have dealt the Jews." On July 12 the Anglo-Soviet Mutual Assistance Pact is signed, pledging not to make a separate peace - you kill Nazis, we kill Nazis? By July 13 German Army Group Center has penetrated 450 mi. beyond Bialystock ("the Jerusalem of Poland"), coming within 200 mi. of Moscow, where Russian Field Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) and Gen. Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (1895-1970) are directing defenses. On July 14 the British occupy Syria. On July 14 the British step up bombing intensity with a raid on Hanover, followed by July 23 by two more, along with two on Hamburg, two on Frankfurt, and Mannheim, and one on Berlin; on July 14 Churchill gives his Do Your Worst; We'll Do Our Best speech on the radio, with the soundbyte: "In the last few weeks alone we have thrown upon Germany about half the tonnage of bombs thrown by the Germans upon our cities during the whole course of the war. But this is only a beginning." On July 14 Hitler issues a Supplement to Directive No. 32, laying out a plan to reduce German military size after taking Russia. On July 14 Soviet artillery Capt. Ivan Flerov first uses the Katyusha (named after a love song) rocket launcher in combat near Orsha, Vitebsk; it can fire 320 rockets in 25 sec. On July 15 Jews in Minsk are ordered by Hinrich Lohse to wear yellow badges on the chest and the back, to avoid public facilities and walk in the gutters, to be given food only deemed "surplus" to local needs, and to join forced labor gangs; the Minsk Ghetto is established on July 20. On July 15-Aug. 8 the Battle of Uman sees the Germans encircle the 6th and 12th Soviet armies S of Uman, Ukraine. On July 15 a top secret British govt. committee concludes that "the scheme for a uranium bomb is practicable and likely to lead to decisive results in the war", recommending that work continue "on the highest priority and on the increasing scale necessary to obtain the weapon in the shortest possible time." On July 16 the German begin encircling Smolensk halfway between Minsk and Moscow (200 mi. from Moscow), completing it on July 27, taking 100K POWs. On July 16 Hitler holds a meeting of his ministers incl. Hermann Goering to discuss the admin. of the occupied Soviet territories, in which live 4M pesky Jews, and says that the lands W of the Ural Mts. are to become a "German Garden of Eden", adding the comment "This vast area must be pacified as quickly as possible; this will happen best by shooting anyone who even looks sideways at us", which they take to mean approval for the Final Solution, and on July 31 Gory Goering gives written authorization to Reinhard Heydrich to go ahead with it. On July 17 Churchill sends Stalin intercepted intel that the Germans are getting disturbed by the extent of Russian resistance and their own casualties, and can no longer provide adequate air protection to Panzers at the front or strategic positions at the rear. On July 17 700 Jews are taken from Vilna by the SS to nearby Ponar and shot. On July 17 Carl's Jr. fast food restaurant chain is founded in Anaheim, Calif. with a $311 loan by Carl Nicholas Karcher (1917-2008) and his wife Margaret as a hot dog cart, which on Jan. 16, 1945 becomes Carl's Drive-in Barbecue, and Carl's Jr. in 1954, with the logo featuring a bright yellow 5-pointed Happy Star; by 1974 it expands to 100 restaurants, and 300 by 1981 before going public; in 1979 the first restaurant outside Calif. opens in Las Vegas, Nev.; in 1988 Karcher is fined $500K for insider trading in Oct. 1984; in 1997 it acquires Hardee's; in 2002 it acquires the Green Burito brand; by 2015 it has 1K locations in 10 countries; too bad, Carl Karcher's ultraconservative political views start getting him attacked by the PC police in 1971. On July 18 in an effort to prevent war with the U.S., Japanese PM Prince Fumimaro Konoye ousts anti-Am. foreign minister Yosuke Matsuoka and replaces him with "pro-Anglo-Saxon" Adm. Tojido Toyoda (according to Herbert Hoover); too bad, on July 25 the U.S. freezes all Japanese assets and cuts off all imports and exports, denying it needed oil, stunning Konoye, who wins secret support from the navy and army to meet FDR on the U.S. side of the Pacific to hear and respond to U.S. demands; FDR secretly wants war so bad he does everything he can to provoke Japan into it? On July 18 after bombing the town on June 22 and occupying it on June 23, 53 Jews are shot by the SS at Mariampole, Poland. On July 18 SS Operational Situational Report for the U.S.S.R. No. 26 gives the total number of Jews "liquidated" inside the Lithuanian border by a task force based in Tilsit as 3,302. On July 18-31 10K Jews are murdered in Kishinev (Chisinau) in Bessarabia. On July 19 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 33, ordering the army to try to "to prevent any further sizeable enemy forces from withdrawing into the depths of Russia, and wipe them out"; on July 20 Adm. Canaris tells his staff that the mood at Hitler's Wolf Lair is "very jittery, as it is increasingly evident that the Russian campaign is not going by the book", adding: "This war will not bring about the expected national collapse so much as the invigoration of Bolshevism." On July 20 Stalin orders all Red Army units "purged of unreliable elements". On July 20 Minsk Ghetto is established; on July 24 Kishinev (Chisinau) Ghetto is established; on Aug. 1 Bialystok Ghetto is established on Aug. 1; on July 25-27 Petliura Days sees the Ukrainians massacre 2K Jews in Lvov. On July 20 the German army reports that the triangle of Polotsk, Vitebsk, and Nevel 50 mi. NW of Smolensk has become a "partisan region", with roads mined daily. On July 20 a British minelayer is sent to Archangel with military supplies; on July 23 a British naval force leaves Scapa Flow to attack German shipping between the Norwegian port of Kirkenes and the Finnish port of Petsamo. On July 21 Vichy France yields military control of Indochina to the Japanese while retaining some sovereignty, and on July 28 140K (125K?) troops occupy it, although the French only authorized 40K; on July 29 they occupy Cam Ranh Bay naval base 800 mi. from Manila and Singapore; on July 26 pissed-off FDR seizes all Japanese assets in the U.S., after which the British and Dutch East Indies do ditto, cutting off 75% of Japan's overseas trade and 90% of its oil imports, leaving it a 3-year supply; the Panama Canal is closed to Japanese shipping; Gen. Douglas MacArthur assumes command of U.S. forces in the Far East and Philippines, who face the Japanese in French Indochina across the South China Sea; the Japanese occupy Saigon with Vichy approval. On July 21 Hitler visits Army Group North HQ and orders that Leningrad be "finished off speedily". On July 21 the SS forces 45 Jews to dig a pit in ?, then throws them in and orders 30 White Russians to cover them with earth; when they refuse, they machine-gun them all. On July 21 the German Luftwaffe begins nightly air raids on Moscow (until July 27), missing the Kremlin; on July 27-Aug. 27 they stage 24 more air raids, killing 750. On July 23 after holding out for 30 days being pounded by special German mortar Karl with 2-ton projectiles, Brest-Litovsk surrenders, boosting morale of Soviet troops. On July 23 the SS murders 95 Jews and 30 Communists in Kedainiai, Lithuania. On July 23 Hitler issues a Supplement to Fuhrer Directive No. 33, saying that commanders of all rear areas are "to be held responsible together with the troops at their disposal for quiet conditions in their areas", and that they must "contrive to maintain order... not by requesting reinforcements, but by employing suitably draconian methods". On July 24 Operation Sunrise sees the RAF unsuccessfully attack British battle cruisers Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Prinz Eugen at Brest and La Pallice. On July 25 the British propaganda film Target for Tonight, produced by Harry Watt debuts, showing squadron leader Percy Charles "Pick" Pickard (1915-44) at the controls while bombing Germany, causing the phrase to enter the jargon. On July 25-29 Ukrainians stage a pogrom in Lvov, killing 2K Jews. On July 27 after four bomb attacks on military vehicles in Belgrade, Serbia, the Germans round up 1,200 Jews then shoot every 10th one - no we're not pinching pennies? On July 27 Hinrich Lohse (1896-1964), German commissar for the Baltic states and White Russia is ordered to give Jews in ghettos "only the amount of food that the rest of the population could spare, and in no case more than was sufficient to sustain life", and to continue "until such time as the more intensive measures for the Final Solution can be put into effect". On July 27 Soviet gens. Pavlov, Klimovskikh, and Korobkov are sentenced to death; Gen. Pyadyshev, organizer of Leningrad's Luga defense line is shot in secret. On July 28 the Germans occupy Kingisepp 70 mi. from Leningrad, after which 30K Leningrad citizens are made to build defense works around it, followed by 100K more around Krasnogvardeisk (Gatchina). On July 28 the Vyazma (Viazma) Plan creates a 350-man partisan unit in Vyazma to work behind the lines; meanwhile SS chief Heinrich Himmler orders his men to take "cleansing actions" against "racial inferiors" and anybody suspected of helping partisans, executing them then burning their village down. On July 29 the Soviets erect a defense line for Moscow between Rzhev and Vyazma. By July 30 the Germans capture 800K Russian POWs and 12K tanks - they should remember Napoleon and just turn around and skedaddle? On July 30 Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 34, ordering the German army to annihilate Soviet troops W of the Dnieper River NW of Kiev, while Army Group Center is ordered "to go over to the defensive". On July 30 the Sikorski-Maisky Agreement, negotiated by Wladyslaw Eugeniusz Sikorski (1881-1943) and Soviet ambassador (to the U.K.) Ivan Mikhailovich Maisky (1884-1975) declares the 1939 Soviet-Nazi Pact null and void, and allows for hundreds of thousands of Poles to be released from Soviet Gulags. On July 30 Polish journalist W. Sakowicz writes about the Jew-killing SS in Ponar, Lithuania: "About 150 persons shot. Most of them were elderly people. The executioners complained of being very tired of their 'work', of having aching shoulders from shooting. That is the reason for not finishing the wounded off, so that they are buried half alive." By July 31 the British can easily read all German U-boat orders sans delay, causing the number of merchant ship sinkings to drop to below 30 vs. 90+ in May. On July 31 Hermann Goering writes SS #2 man Reinhard Heydrich a letter calling for a Final Solution (Entlosung) to the Jewish problem in German territories - I only meant uncircumcize them, give them rhinoplasty, steam clean, and baptize them? On July 31 FDR "co-president" and emissary Harold Lloyd "Harry" Hopkins (1890-1946) has a meeting with Stalin in the Kremlin, telling him "Hitler's greatest weakness was found in the vast numbers of oppressed peoples who hated Hitler and the immoral ways of his government", to which Stalin adds "and countless other millions in nations still unconquered could receive the kind of encouragement and moral strength they needed to resist Hitler only from one source, the United States", welcoming U.S. troops on any part of the Russian front under U.S. cmdrs.; on Aug. 1 Hopkins reports that Stalin has an "unbounded determination to win"; Hopkins is really a Soviet agent? Trust us, your hanging will be happy? On July 31 after a Pole escapes from a labor detail and 10 of 600 men in his block are picked at random to be starved to death in a locked cell, Polish Franciscan friar (St.) Maximilian (Raymund) Kolbe (b. 1894) volunteers to take one of their places, and becomes the last to die; in 1971 lucky Francis Gajowniczek attends his beatification ceremony; on Oct. 10, 1982 Pope John Paul II canonizes him, calling him "The Patron Saint of Our Difficult Century". In July pro-Nazi Latvian officials incl. Gustavs Celmins (1899-1968) return to Nazi-controlled Latvia and set up shop; too bad, the Gestapo arrests Celmins on Mar. 14, 1944 for pro-Latvian underground activities, and he ends up in a concentration camp until the war ends, then ends up in the U.S. in 1949, preaching against Soviet Communism. In July German Gen. Herrmann Karl Robert "Henning" von Tresckow (1901-44)of Army Group Center tries unsuccessfully to get Field Marshal von Kluge (who was dismissed from his command in 1938 then reinstated) to join a klugey risky hair-raising plot to arrest and depose Hitler. In July FDR orders his military cmdrs. to prepare for the total defeat of Germany and Japan? In July-Aug. the Pripyat March, led by SS Lt. Gen. Hans Georg Otto Hermann Fegelein (1906-45) (Eva Braun's brother-in-law), the first planned mass extermination program of the Nazis sees 17,288 Jews from the territories of nine raions of Belorussia and three raions of Ukraine in the region of the Pripyat swamps of the Pripyat River murdered; the villages of Dvarets, Khochan, Azyarany, Starazhowtsy, and Kremna are completely destroyed by burning, and Turaw is partially destroyed; most are shot, and some are drowned in a swamp. On Aug. 1 the U.S. announces an oil embargo against aggressor states. On Aug. 1 SS chief Heinrich Himmler is splashed with brains in Minsk while watching an execution, causing him to go "very green and pale" (and vomit?), causing him to order SS Gen. Arthur Nebe (1894-1945) to find a new method of mass murder, inventing gas vans; he ends up executed for the July 20, 1944 Plot; after the war a film is found in his Berlin apt. showing a gas chamber fed by a truck's exhaust; in Aug. Auschwitz deputy commandant Capt. Karl Fritzsch (1903-45) conducts killing experiments on Russian POWs with Zyklon-B commercial pesticide, removing the warning irritant from the cans, with new label "without irritant". On Aug. 2-29 the Tank Battle of the Yelnya Salient is the first Soviet V over the Germans; on Aug. 4 Hitler tells Field Marshal von Bock and Panzer Gen. Guderian: "If I had known they had that many tanks, I'd have thought twice before invading." On Aug. 8 the Germans siege Odessa, Ukraine (ends Oct. 16). On Aug. 8-11 new regulations are issued in the Netherlands requiring all Jews to register their assets with the Lippmann-Rosenthal Bank. On Aug. 11 after FDR leaves New London, Conn. on his pres. yacht USS Potomac (AG-25) on Aug. 3 allegedly for a fishing trip, banning the press, then on Aug. 4 secretly boards heavy cruiser USS Augusta, Churchill and FDR hold their first official war meeting in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland aboard new British battleship HMS Prince of Wales, with Churchill wanting a U.S. declaration of war, and FDR only wanting a declaration about the postwar peace, and after Churchill warns FDR "that he would not answer for the consequences if Russia was compelled to sue for peace and, say, by the spring of next year, hope died in Britain that the United States were coming into the war", he agrees to give aid to Russia "on a gigantic scale", and to issue a statement that any "further encroachment" by Japan in the SW Pacific will "produce a situation in which the United States Government would be compelled to take countermeasures, even though these might lead to war between the United States and Japan"; on Aug. 12 they issue the Atlantic Charter, calling for the renunciation of aggression and disarmament of aggressor nations, with no territorial changes "that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the people concerned", becoming a foundation stone of the United Nations; FDR utters the soundbyte to the press: "There has never been, there isn't now and there never will be, any race of people on earth fit to serve as masters over their fellow men... We believe that any nationality, no matter how small, has the inherent right to its own nationhood"; they agree to send a joint military mission to Moscow headed by Lord Beaverbrook and W. Averell Harriman to discuss Soviet war production needs. On Aug. 11 the Soviets stage their first air raid on Berlin, causing Hitler on Aug. 12 to issue a Supplement to Fuhrer Directive No. 34, calling for the Crimea to be occupied followed by an offensive over the Kerch Straits towards Batum to destroy Soviet airfields. On Aug. 13 after three starving Jews buy a sack of potatoes from a Lithuanian peasant outside the ghetto of Kovno, the Germans round up and shoot 28 Jews at random. On Aug. 15 the Germans stage a pogrom at Roskiskis on the Lithuanian-Latvian border, killing 3.K Jews; ditto to 600 Jews in Stawiski on the German-Soviet border. On Aug. 15 Heinrich Himmler visits Minsk again along with Gen. Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to see 98 Jewish men and two women executed, walking up to one and asking him if he and his parents and ancestors are all Jewish, to which he replies "Then I can't help you"; after watching the executions and getting nauseated, Himmler searches for a less stressful (on himself) form of murder, coming up with gas? On Aug. 15 100+ German bombers attack the railway station at Chudovo on the Leningrad-Moscow line. On Aug. 15 British Wing Cmdr. Roland Robert Stanford Tuck (1916-87) leads the first air mission by fighters based in E England against enemy-occupied territories in a "Rhubarb" sweep of Holland for ground targets by two Hawker Hurricanes. On Aug. 15 spy Richard Sorge radios Stalin that the Japanese won't declare war "before the winter season" because it might "exert an excessive strain on the Japanese economy". On Aug. 18 the Soviets evacuate the Black Sea port of Nikolayev (Nikolaev). On Aug. 18 the Butt Report is released by the British Air Ministry, finding a widespread failure of bombers to deliver their payloads to the correct target based on cameras mounted on their er, undersides. In mid-Aug.-mid-Oct. the Germans under SS Gen. Theodor Eicke (1892-1943) murder 18K Russian POWs at Sachsenhausen concentration camp (300 a day). On Aug. 18 Hitler refuses Gen. von Brauchitsch's request to resume the attack on Moscow, but tells Joseph Goebbels that he hopes to be "beyond" Moscow by the winter. On Aug. 18 after being lured by a promise of a job at the city archives, 534 Jewish intellectuals in the Jewish ghetto in Kovno, Lithuania are shot, causing the musicians to be disguised as policemen to save their lives, later forming an orchestra next summer; on Aug. 18 German Lt. Kurt Josef Waldheim (1918-2007) receives a cavalry assault badge for valor E of Kovno. On Aug. 19 Hitler tells visitors at Wolf's Lair: "For the good of the German people we must wish for a war every 15 or 20 years. An army whose sole purpose is to preserve peace leads only to playing at soldiers - look at Sweden and Switzerland"; on Aug. 20 he tells Albert Speer to place captured Soviet artillery and tanks on granite pedestals in the plans for his new Nazi Berlin. On Aug. 20 after being arrested in a demonstration in Paris on Aug. 13, Communists Henry Gaultherot and Szmul Tyszelman (a Jew) are executed. On Aug. 20 Italian troops occupy Gospic and Pag Island on the Dalmatian coast, finding evidence of mass murder of Serbs and Jews by the Ustachi, incl. 791 on Pag (293 women and 93 children) and 3.5K at Jadovno 12 mi. from Gospic. On Aug. 20 (night) the Germans reach Gatchina 28 mi. S of Leningrad. On Aug. 21 (a.m.) after an attack on a German patrol, Germans massacre Jews and Serbs in Sabac, Yugoslavia, then order other Jews to hang them from lamp posts; on Aug. 22 they order them to cut them down and throw them in garbage trucks. On Aug. 21 the Germans occupy Chudovo, cutting the Leningrad-Moscow railway line. On Aug. 21 Australian troops in besieged Tobruk sail back to Egypt after losing 832 KIA and 7K taken POW, and are replaced by British troops. On Aug. 21 French Communist Pierre Georges (1919-44) AKA Col. Fabien assassinates young German naval officer Alfons Moser at a Paris Metro station, becoming the first violent anti-German act of the Paris occupation; after they can't find out who did it, German gov. of Paris Gen. Otto von Stuelpnagel (Stülpnagel) (1878-1948) orders 22 civilian hostages executed in the Gestapo prison in Mont Valerien, Suresnes in W Paris, announcing their names on special red posters posted around Paris. On Aug. 24 Churchill delivers a radio broadcast to the British people, with the soundbyte: "Scores of thousands, literally scores of thousands of executions in cold blood are being perpetrated by the German police troops upon the Russian patriots who defend their native soil. Since the Mongol invasions of Europe in the sixteenth century there has never been methodical, merciless butchery on such a scale, or approaching such a scale", with the soundbyte: "We are in the presence of a crime without a name"; he doesn't mention Jews since that would give away their ability to decode their messages?; he meant 13th cent. not 16th cent.? On Aug. 25 Britain launches Operation Countenance, occupying Iran's S oilfields while the Soviets occupy the N, issuing a joint ultimatum to the Iranian govt. to accept their "protection", causing Shah (since 1925) Reza Pahlavi I (b. 1878) to abdicate on Aug. 28 in favor of his pro-West Swiss-educated son Mohammed Shah Pahlavi II (1919-80), who on Sept. 16 becomes Iranian shah (last) (until Feb. 11, 1979). On Aug. 25 the Germans occupy industrial city Dnepropetrovsk in Ukraine, finding empty bldgs. On Aug. 25-Sept. 3 Operation Gauntlet sees British, Canadian, and Norwegian commandos invade Spitzbergen and destroy fuel reserves, evacuating 2K Russian civilians to Archangel aboard the Empress of Canada, and rescuing 50 French officers who escaped East Prussia to Russia and were sent there by the Russians. On Aug. 26 Hitler tours the rubble of Brest-Litovsk with Mussolini. On Aug. 26 the Soviets launch a failed counterattack at Velikiye Luki. On Aug. 26 the Islamic anti-Western Jamaat-e-Islami (Urdu "party of Islam") is founded in Lahore, Pakistan, becoming the oldest religious political party in Pakistan. On Aug. 26-29 after being deported by the Hungarian govt., which refused to take them back when asked, 23.6K Jews are murdered by the SS under orders of Gen. Friedrich August Jeckeln (1895-1946) at Kamenets Podolsk by mowing them down with machine guns in bomb craters; after reaching the 100K mark, he is captured by the Soviets on Apr. 28, 1945, and hanged in Victory Square in Riga, Latvia on Feb. 3, 1946. On Aug. 27 Hitler and Mussolini fly to Field Marshal von Rundstedt's HQ at Ulman in the Ukraine 200 mi. E of Kamenets Podolsk. On Aug. 27-31 the Soviets evacuate 23K soldiers and civilians by sea from Tallinn, Estonia on 190 ships, losing 25 of 29 large troop transports and 10K killed, becoming known as the Baltic Dunkirk; Capt. Vyacheslav Kaliteyev of the Kazakhstan is executed for deserting under fire. On Aug. 28 Grafeneck Euthanasia Center dir. Dr. Horst Schumann (1906-83) visits Auschwitz and selects 575 Soviet POWs for use in lethal medical experiments in Sonnenstein near Dresden - walk this way? On Aug. 28 the Japanese ambassador to the U.S. presents a secret letter from Prince Fumimaro Konoye asking for a personal meeting with FDR; too bad, on Sept. 3 it leaked by the Herald-Tribune, spilling the beans and imperiling Konoye's govt. On Aug. 28 the SS murders 2,076 Jews incl. 599 children at Kedainiai, Lithuania. On Aug. 28 Roman Catholic pastor Bernhard Lichtenberg (1875-1943) of St. Hedwig's Church in Berlin writes a protest letter to Reich chief physician Leonardo Conti (1900-45) protesting the euthanasia program, saying that it "will call forth the vengeance of the Lord on the heads of the German people"; he is sentenced to two years in prison. On Aug. 29 Finnish forces capture Terijoki (changed to Zelenogorsk in 1948) 30 mi. NW of Leningrad, then refuse to advance to Leningrad since they only wanted to restore their pre-1939 frontier; other Finnish troops keep advancing toward Lake Onega E of Leningrad to cut Soviet communications between the Baltic and White Seas. On Aug. 29 Liberal PM (since 1939) Robert Gordon Menzies suddenly resigns, and after the United Australian Party defers to the Country Party, Sir Arthur William Fadden (1894-1973) becomes PM #13 of Australia; on Oct. 7 after the two independent MPs switch their vote, causing him to joke that he was the Flood PM (40 days and 40 nights), he is replaced by Labor Party leader (since Sept. 23, 1935) John Joseph Curtin (1885-1945), who becomes PM #14 (until July 5, 1945), going on to become one of the best Australian PMs so far. On Aug. 30 the Neva Squadron begins shelling the Germans at Gatchina, firing 340 shells at it on Aug. 31, then relocating naval guns on shore at Pulkovo Heights incl. from 1917 Russian Rev. cruiser Aurora. The F-ckn' 872 worst days of WWII for Russia begin? On Aug. 30 German Army Group North takes Mga 10 mi. E of Leningrad, and cuts the last rail line to Leningrad; on Aug. 31 the Soviets retake Mga; on 'Sept. 1 the Germans retake it - Hitler never gets the hint? On Aug. 30-Sept. 8 the Soviets recapture Yelnya between Smolensk and Kaluga, becoming their first major V against the Germans, causing Hitler to give up on taking the Crimea and Caucasus and issue Fuhrer Directive No. 35, ordering Army Group Center to launch Operation Typhoon, the capture of Moscow (Oct. 2). On Aug. 31 the Germans shoot 3.7K Jews and bury them in mass graves at Ponar 6 mi. from Vilna (Vilnius), Lithuania, followed by 3.4K more on Sept. 6,; eventually they kill 70K Jews and 30K non-Jews, and bury them in oil storage tanks. In Aug. Jasenovac Concentration Camp (AKA "the Auschwitz of the Balkans") in Jasenovac village at the confluence of the Sava and Una Rivers is established by the Ustase regime, becoming the only quisling regime in occupied Europe to operate extermination camps solely for Jews and other ethnic groups, becoming the 3rd largest concentration camp in Europe; it is dismantled in Apr. 1945 killing 77K-99K. In Aug. the Flying Tigers (1st Am. Volunteer Group) is founded in Kunming, China by the new U.S. Army Air Forces to fight for China against Japan; after relocating from Mandalay, Burma on Dec. 8, it is led by Col. (later Lt. Gen.) Claire Lee Chennault (1893-1958) (adviser to the Chinese govt. since July 1937), with three squadrons of P-40s that later see action in Burma et al., becoming known for "defensive pursuit". In Aug. British intel intercepts a message from the Japanese ambassador in Berlin, who reports that "In the event of a collision between Japan and the United States, Germany would at once open hostilities with the United States", passing it to FDR - the smoking gun? On Sept. 1 Stalin announces the deportation of all 440K ethnic Volga Germans living in the Volga River region to the E, leaving hundreds of towns and villages from Marxstadt to Strassburg deserted; on Aug. 28 Stalin abolishes the Autonomous Socialistic Soviet Repub. of the Volga Germans. On Sept. 1 76K Jews in Berlin are ordered to wear a yellow Star of David. On Sept. 1 after a public outcry by Lutheran Bishop Theophil Wurm (1868-1953) of Wurttemberg and Roman Catholic Bishop Clements August, Count von Galen (1878-1946) of Munster, the German euthanasia program Aktion T-4 (founded Sept. 1939) is officially ended after killing 90K-250K Germans incl. 80K mental patients and 10K POWs with alleged intellectual or physical disabilities, most by gassing; it still goes on unofficially - in case we missed any? On Sept. 3 600 Soviet POWs and 250 Polish POWs are gassed with Zyklon-B at Auschwitz in their 2nd experiment, which is a success. On Sept. 4 U.S. destroyer USS Greer is attacked by German U-boat U-652 off Iceland after it wrongly connects depth charges dropped by a British aircraft to it, causing FDR to start an undeclared state of war with Germany in the North Atlantic. On Sept. 6 Japanese Prince Fumimaro Konoye holds a 3-hour dinner with U.S. ambassador to Japan (since 1932) Joseph Clark Grew (1880-1965), informing him that Japan now agrees with the four principles the Americans were demanding as the basis for peace; there is no response; on Sept. 29 Grew sends a "prayer" (Herbert Hoover) to FDR to not pass up this chance for peace; on Sept. 30 Grew writes Washington: "Konoye's warship is ready waiting to take him to Honolulu, Alaska or any place designated by the president." On Sept. 6 U.S. merchant ship SS Steel Seafarer en route to Egypt is sunk by German aircraft in the Red Sea 200 mi. S of Suez. On Sept. 6 after influence by SS Capt. Dieter Wisliceny (1911-48), all Jews in German-occupied areas age 6 years and up must begin wearing a yellow Star of David - that ain't mustard that's pure shit? On Sept. 8 German Army Group North begins the 872-day Siege of Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Russia's 2nd-biggest city (ends Jan. 27, 1944); 1.3M-1.5M Soviet citizens are killed incl. 641K from starvation and 17K from shelling; 150K shells and 100K bombs are dropped on the city; signs are stenciled on bldgs. that they are more likely to be killed by artillery shells on the N side of streets; during the fun and games, the Nazis strip Catherine II the Great's Amber Room (donated to Peter I the Great by Prussia in 1716) in St. Petersburg, and take it to Konigsberg, after which the whereabouts remain unknown until ?; after the war the room is painstakingly reconstructed. On Sept. 8 the Germans capture Shlisselburg (Schlusselburg) (Schlüsselburg) at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga 22 mi. E of St. Petersburg, but can't take Oroshek Fortress; meanwhile Finnish troops cut the Leningrad-Murmansk railway at Lodeynoye Polye 152 mi. NE of St. Petersburg, while German bombers drop 6K+ incendiary bombs on Leningrad, destroying the 4-acre Badayev Warehouse containing food supplies. On Sept. 8 Otto Frank writes to Nathan Straus Jr. to see about obtaining visas for Cuba. On Sept. 9 Soviet Marshal Semyon (Simon) Mikhailovich Budenny (Budyenny) (Budyonny) (1883-1973) asks Stalin's permission to evacuate Kiev, and is refused. On Sept. 9 German Army Group North under Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb begins the Siege of Leningrad while being bombarded by Soviet cruiser Maxim Gorky, battleship Krasny Oktyabr (October Rev.), and battleship Marat; an SS div. from Crete is ordered to cross the Neva River NW of Mga to invade Leningrad from the N, but doesn't have enough pontoons. On Sept. 9 (night) 16 German U-boats attack a convoy of 65 merchant ships in the North Atlantic en route to Britain from Sydney, Cape Breton, Canada, sinking 15 before U-501 is forced to the surface by depth charges from Canadian corvettes Chambly and Moosejaw, scuttling itself before it can be captured, after which Chambly is sunk, along with U-207 - ripped off for the 1942 Humphrey Bogart flick "Action in the North Atlantic"? On Sept. 10 Josef Terboven proclaims a state of emergency in Oslo, launching mass arrests of trade union leaders and shutting down newspapers. On Sept. 10 the govt. of Slovakia in Bratislava issues German-style Nuremberg Laws to oppress the country's 135K Jews. On Sept. 10 Hitler issues a new order to delay the attack on Moscow until Soviet forces in the C Ukraine are encircled E of Kiev between Nezhin and Lubny, which they finish on Sept. 16, capturing 600K POWs - he lost it to General Winter right here? On Sept. 10 Hitler and Hungarian Adm. Horthy visit Marienburg in E Prussia, where Hitler tells him "We don't have your Jewish problem." On Sept. 11 Soviet Marshal Budenny and senior Communist Party official Nikita Khrushchev appeal to Stalin for permission to withdraw from Kiev, causing Budenny to be dismissed, and new cmdr. Gen. Mikhail Petrovich Kirponos (1892-1941) to be told to "search for ways to resist, and only resist." On Sept. 11 Marshal Georgi Zhukov arrives by air in Leningrad to take charge of the city's defenses, ordering a counterattack at Schlusselburg on Sept. 14 then removing Col. Gen. Aleksandr Sergueyevich Shcherbakov (1901-45) (dir. of the Soviet Info. Bureau) and commissar ? Chukhov when they tell him it can't be done. 9/11, Pentagon, naw? On Sept. 11 ground is broken for the 6.6M sq. ft. 5-floor Pentagon in Arlington County, Va. near Washington, D.C. on Hell's Bottom, an abandoned railyard, designed by architects George Edwin Bergstrom (1876-1955) and David J. Witmer (1888-1973), and supervised by Gen. Leslie Richard Groves Jr. (1896-1970), who later heads the Manhattan Project; it has five ring corridors per floor with a total length of 17.5 mi., housing 23K+ employees, surrounding a 5-acre plaza called Ground Zero; it is dedicated on Jan. 15, 1943; before this, war was managed from 17 different locations around Washington, D.C., then consolidated in Foggy Bottom (between Penn. Ave. and Constitution Ave.) (built on a swamp known for its vapors), which was too small and ends up as the HQ of the State Dept.; FDR ordered the building of a temporary structure for the duration of the war, but the generals secretly appealed to Virginia's Congressional delegation for permanent funds - guess what happens exactly 60 years later? The beginning of the PC Police? On Sept. 11 American hero Charles Augustus Lindbergh (1902-74) gives a speech in Des Moines, Iowa, charging that "the British, the Jews and the Roosevelt administration" are trying to drag the U.S. into WWII, saying "Instead of agitation for war the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way, for they will be among the first to feel its consequences... Their greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio, and our government"; the media backlash causes him to go on the defensive and deny that he is anti-Semitic, hampering his efforts to keep the U.S. out of the war. On Sept. 12 the first surreal Nappy-nightmare snows falls on the Russian Front, but doesn't stick; Hitler orders the Leningrad offensive halted, preferring to starve the city into submission, allowing troops to concentrate on Moscow, ordering five Panzer divs., two motorized divs., and most of the Luftwaffe to leave within a week although 30 Soviet divs. trapped in Leningrad are on the verge of capitulating? On Sept. 12 the British RAF sees its first action in N Russia at Vianga 17 mi. NE of Murmansk, shooting down three German aircraft while losing one, causing Kiwi Cmdr. Henry Neville Gynes Ramsbottom-Isherwood (1905-50) and three airmen to become the first and only Allied troops to be awarded the Order of Lenin. On Sept. 12 German police murder 1,255 Jews near Ovruch, Ukraine, after which a monument is erected. In mid-Sept. Hitler orders Albert Speer to increase purchases of monumental granite from Sweden, Norway, and Finland for Berlin and Nuremberg. On Sept. 15 "Forbidden for Jews" signs begin appearing in the Netherlands; Jews are banned from most public places. On Sept. 16 the Germans capture Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo) near Leningrad, along with the tram station at Alexandrovka, but leave the airport N of the Neva River in Soviet hands, keeping German troops from ever marching in the city itself as a massive airlift begins on Sept. 13 (ends Dec. 1), bringing 6K tons of freight incl. 1,660 tons of arms and munitions and 4,325 tons of food; the Germans go on to engage in atrocities against the Jews in Pushkin. On Sept. 16 German Paris ambassador Heinrich Otto Abetz (1903-58) visits Hitler at Wolf's Lair, and is treated to a Speech on the Future of Nazi Russia; "poisonous nest" Leningrad is to be razed to end "250 years of Asiatic pestilence"; Russia W of the Ural Mts. will become "Germany's India", with the Urals the new frontier; with help from the iron ore fields at Krivoi Rog Germany will become economically self-sufficient; meanwhile 10 members of the French Resistance, mostly Jews are executed in Paris for sabotage. On Sept. 16 German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel issues OKW Order No. 888/41, ordering German troops in occupied Europe to kill 50 Communists for every wounded German soldier, and 100 for each dead German soldier. On Sept. 16 SS troops and Ukrainian militia murder several hundred Jews in Uman, incl. women and children, causing some German soldiers to suffer nervous breakdowns. On Sept. 16 Atlantic convoy HX 150 sets sail from Halifax, N.S., becoming the first to be escorted by U.S. warships. On Sept. 17 the U.S. Navy increases it role in escorting Allied convoys in the Atlantic bound for England. On Sept. 18 Italian troop transports Neptunia and Oceania are sunk by British sub HMS Upholder, causing German U-boats to arrive in the Mediterranean by Nov. On Sept. 19 German CIC Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (1882-1946) issues an order reminding his soldiers that "a human life in unsettled countries counts for nothing, and a deterrent effect can be obtained by unusual severity"; after the war this helps get him hanged - movie gangster Harvey Keitel's many evil characters would be proud? On Sept. 19 after the Soviets under Gen. Kirponos (who is KIA on Sept. 16) obey Stalin's orders to fight to the last man until he changes his mind and orders a withdrawal on Sept. 18, the Germans occupy Kiev in the Ukraine after the Soviets lose 1M troops incl. 500K POWs (greatest military D in history?) (only 15K escape); they go on to take Kremenchug 160 mi. to the SE by the end of Sept., allowing the German Sixth Army under Gen. Walther von Reichenau to advance toward Kharkov, the German 17th Army under Gen. Carl-Heinrich von Stulpnagel to advance toward Poltava and then Voroshilovgrad, German Army Group South to advance toward the coast of the Sea of Azov, the German 11th Army under Gen. Erich von Manstein to advance toward the Crimea, taking the entire peninsula except for Sevastopol by fall, and the First Panzer Army under Gen. Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist (1881-1954) to head for Melitopol then Rostov, gateway to the Caucasus. On Sept. 19 276 German bombers attack Leningrad, killing 1K+; on Sept. 21 180 bombers attack Kronstadt, seriously damaging the dockyard. On Sept. 20 Soviet hero gen. Mikhail Kirponos (b. 1892) is KIA in Lokhvytsia, Ukraine. On Sept. 22 Britain asks Finland to end its war with the Soviet Union, followed by the U.S. on Oct. 3, but it fights on. On Sept. 23 after three SS sentries are killed, the SS murders the entire pop. of the village of Krasnaya Gora. On Sept. 24 Waffen SS Totenkopf Div. Cpl. Fritz Christen (1921-95) remains at his gun after his entire battery is KIA, knocking out 13 Soviet tanks and receiving the Iron Cross First Class with Knight's Cross personally from Hitler. On Sept. 24 after British agent Col. D.T. Hudson lands near Petrovac on Sept. 17, Josip Broz Tito and his 70K partisans capture Uzice, Yugoslavia, which has a rifle factory producing 400 rifles a day. On Sept. 24 Japanese consul Nagai Kita is instructed by Tokyo to divide Pearl Harbor into five zones and report the number of warships moored in each; it takes until Oct. 9 for the U.S. govt. to decrypt the message, only to consider it unimportant. On Sept. 25 German Army Group South launches an offensive toward Kharkov and the Crimea, meeting unexpectedly strong defenses incl. the new T-34 Soviet supertank, which the SS Death Head Div. counters with special squads carrying hand-held bombs in satchels; on Sept. 26 SS Capt. Max Seela leads a squad that wastes seven of them. On Sept. 26 after a Lithuanian policeman in Kovno thinks he hears a shot, 1.8K street Jews are rounded up, trucked to a WWI fort, and shot. On Sept. 27 the Germans occupy Perekop, cutting off the Crimea. On Sept. 27 the SS murders 3,446 Jews incl. 800+ children in Eisiskes, Lithuania in specially-dug pits in the Jewish cemetery - I would find it kind of hard to believe in the Jewish God Jehovah after this? On Sept. 27 10K-ton merchant ship USS Patrick Henry is launched in Baltimore, Md., becoming the first of thousands of standardized mass-produced prefab Liberty Ships, produced by Henry John Kaiser (1882-1967), "Father of Modern U.S. Shipbuilding"; the USS Robert E. Peary is built in a record four days. On Sept. 28 ? Vershovsky, Russian mayor of Kremenchug tries to save several hundred Jews from the SS by having them baptized, getting arrested and shot. On Sept. 29 Convoy PQ-1, the first British military supply convoy to Russia leaves Hvalfiord, Iceland for Archangel, arriving on Oct. 11. On Sept. 29 a memorandum written by the chief of staff of the German naval command to Army Group North states: "The Fuhrer is determined to raze Petersburg [Leningrad] to the ground"; on Nov. 27 Hitler tells Finnish foreign minister (1940-3) Rolf Johan Witting (1879-1944) that former Petersburg is to be given to the Finns, with the River Neva forming the postwar border between the German Reich and Finland. On Sept. 29 Moscow orders the evacuation of Russia's largest heavy machine works at Kramatorsk SE of Kharkov. On Sept. 29-30 the Babi Yar Massacre of 33,771 Jews by machine gun takes place in a ravine near Kiev; after the war 726 mass graves of 1.7M Ukrainian Jews are discovered. On Sept. 30 the Finnish army breaks through to Petrozavodsk on Lake Onega. On Sept. 30 after Averell Harriman agrees to send them 400 tons of barbed wire a month, Lord Beaverbrook agrees to send the Soviets Britain's entire supply quota from the U.S. incl. 1.8K fighter aircraft, 2,250 tanks, 500 anti-tank guns, 23K Tommy guns, 25K tons of copper, 27K tons of rubber, and 250K greatcoats, with a further 1.8K British Hurricanes and Spitfires, 900 U.S. fighters, and 900 U.S. bombers promised in nine monthly deliveries, plus 150 sets of Asdic submarine detection units, 1.5K naval guns, 5K anti-aircraft machine guns, and eight destroyers before the end of the year, plus 1K tanks and spare parts, 300 anti-aircraft guns, 300 anti-tank guns, and 2K armored cars with anti-tank guns a month, plus 4K tons of aluminum, 13K tons of steel, and other essential materials, machine tools, medical supplies, and clothing - so much for the Great American Depression? On Oct. 1 Jewish children in Amsterdam are required to attend segregated schools. On Oct. 1-6 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) 4-1 to win the Thirty-Eighth (38th) (1941) World "Subway" Series; the Dodgers play in their first WS in 21 years under mgr. Leo "Lippy" Durocher (1905-91). 10-02-41 - the high water mark of Nazism? On Oct. 2 Operation Typhoon (ends Jan. 7) begins with 2K Panzers as the Russkies enact a scorched-earth policy, with ham Hitler uttering the immortal soundbyte: "Today begins the last great decisive battle of the war", giving Germany "the three greatest industrial districts of the Bolsheviks", concluding "At last we have created the prerequisites for the final tremendous blow which, before the onset of winter, will lead to the destruction of the enemy" - the German version of Ty Cobb? On Oct. 2 the Zagare (Zhager) Massacre sees the SS machine-gun 533 Jewish men, 1,017 women, and 496 children. On Oct. 2 the SS murders 976 Jews in Butrimonys in S Lithuania after furnishing benches so that the local Lithuanian pop. can enjoy the view. On Oct. 2 SS Operational Situational Report No. 101 reports 35,782 "Jews and Communists" murdered in Nikolayev and Kherson on the Black Sea coast. On Oct. 2 under orders of SS chief I-hear-an-empty Col. Helmut Knochen (1910-2003), seven synagogues in Paris are dynamited; after one fuse fails, #7 is blown up on Oct. 3. On Oct. 3 the Germans capture Orel before the Soviets can destroy its factories, causing Hitler to travel specially to address a huge crowd in the Berlin Sportpalast, with the soundbyte: "48 hours ago there began new operations of gigantic dimensions. They will lead to the destruction of the enemy in the East. The enemy has already been routed and will never regain his strength"; he then gives his Grand Conspiracy Speech in Berlin, claiming that a "conspiracy of democratic Jews and Freemasons dragged Europe into war two years ago", that "We had no idea how gigantic the preparations of Russia were against Germany and Europe and how immeasurably great was the danger, how by the skin of our teeth we have escaped destruction not only of Germany but also of Europe", and that Russia has been "broken and will never rise again" - look in the mirror when you say that? On Oct. 3 the British Tube Alloys Project passes its results to James Bryant Conant of the U.S., who tells FDR on Oct. 6 that a 25-lb. A-bomb core will explode with the equivalent of 1.8K tons of TNT; Soviet spy Klaus Fuchs passes the same info. to Stalin. On Oct. 4 the Germans lock-in the staff and patients of a Jewish hospital and orphanage in Kovno then set it on fire, killing any who escape. On Oct. 4 U.S. Army Pvt. Willie Gillis appears on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post for the first of 11x, modeled by Norman Rockwell on his neighbor Robert Buck. On Oct. 6 the Germans occupy Berdyansk, Russia, capturing 100K Russian POWs; the 2nd snow of the year falls on the Russian Front, mere flurries. On Oct. 7 snow flurries fall on Hitler's Wolf's Lair. On Oct. 7 17K Jews are massacred in Rovno (Rivne), Poland. On Oct. 8 Mariupol, Ukraine is captured by the Germans, who reach the Sea of Azov, causing Hitler's press chief Otto Dietrich to tell reporters in Berlin on Oct. 9: "In a military sense Soviet Russia has been vanquished." On Oct. 8 Vitebsk Ghetto in Russia is liquidated of 3K Jews. On Oct. 8 Stalin issues an order to deploy three women's air force units, incl. the 588th Night Bomber Regiment AKA as the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, which grows to 40 2-woman crews and flies 23K missions against the Germans, dropping 3K tons of bombs and 26K incendiary shells in Polikarpov U-2 biplanes, previously used for training and crop dusting; the first mission is on June 13, 1942 on the Southern Front; the Germans nickname them the Night Witches. On Oct. 10 as the first Leningrad starving deaths occur, Gen. Zhukov is recalled to Moscow to halt the German advance, with Gen. Nikolai Bulganin as his political advisor. On Oct. 10 Theresienstadt Ghetto N of Prague is established, followed on Oct. 11 by Chernovtsy Ghetto. On Oct. 10 Hitler utters the soundbyte: "The law of existence prescribes uninterrupted killing so that the better may live"; meanwhile German Sixth Army cmdr. Marshal Walther von Reichenau issues a directive, containing the soundbyte: "The most essential aim of the campaign against the Jewish-Bolshevist system is the complete crushing of its means of power, and the extermination of Asiatic influences in the European region", which "poses tasks for the troops that go beyond the one-sided routine of conventional soldiering", making it necessary for the German soldier to "have full understanding of the necessity of a severe but just atonement on Jewish subhumanity" - E=MC squared might just be a Jewish atonement on you German supermen? On Oct. 12 the Germans occupy Vyazma and Bryansk 235 mi. SW of Moscow (until Sept. 17, 1943), which becomes a center for 60K Soviet partisans; the German armies trap and destroy eight Soviet armies and take 648K POWs; Russian tank soldier Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (1919-2013) is wounded by a German shell in the Battle of Bryansk in W Russia, and has a brainstorm in the hospital, resulting in 1947 in the super-reliable AK-47 (Avtomat Kalashnikov), which fires at 600 rpm, and is too late for WWII service but becomes standard Soviet army issue in 1949, produced by the state-controlled Izhmash Co. in Izhevsk; as good Socialists, they don't attempt to get a patent; by the end of the cent. there are 100M of them, accounting for 80% of all assault rifles, selling for as little as $15; in 2007 Mikhail K. says "I sleep well; it's the politicians who are to blame for failing to come to an agreement and resorting to violence", and adding that it was before he designed it, when Nazi soldiers used superior weaponry against the Red Army that he slept badly. On Oct. 12 the Germans occupy Kaluga 93 mi. SW of Moscow. On Oct. 12 after a 17-day voyage around the North Cape, the first British supply convoy arrives in Archangel with 20 heavy tanks and 193 fighters, followed on Oct. 19 by 140 heavy tanks and 100 fighters, followed on Oct. 22 by 200 heavy tanks and 200 fighters. On Oct. 12 108 Muslim leading citizens of Sarajevo sign the Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims, condemning Ustase persecution of Serbs, disavowing connection with the Muslims who helped them, and asking for help in stopping persecution of Muslims by Serbs. On Oct. 13-Jan. 18 the Battle of Borodino Field is a German V in Oct., followed by a Soviet V in Jan. On Oct. 14 the Germans take Kalinin 90 mi. NW of Moscow. On Oct. 14 the first snow falls in Leningrad, and the temperature on the Russian Front falls below zero, with Hitler uttering the soundbyte: "Weather prediction is not a science that can be learned mechanically"; on Oct. 15 10 in. of snow falls, and after it melts the roads turn to thick mud, which only the wide-tread Soviet T-34 tanks can navigate; Hitler failed to learn the lesson of the Rasputitsa AKA Gen. Mud. On Oct. 15 after a test-run at the 1939 New York City's World Fair, Le Pavillon restaurant on 5 E. 55th St. in Manhattan, N.Y. on Fifth Ave. across from the St. Regis Hotel opens, run by French-born chef Henri Soule (Soulé) (1903-66) and Saint Vinnemer, Yonne, France-born chef Pierre Franey (1921-96), becoming the #1 French restaurant in the U.S. until it closes in 1971, with clientele incl. the Kennedy family, spawning a slew of offshoots. In 1960 after a revolt by the staff over low pay, Franey and his apprentice Jacques Pepin leave to work for the Howard Johnson's restaurant chain, and Franey assists Craig Claiborne of The New York Times in writing restaurant reviews on his weekends off, leaving Howard Johnson's in 1975 to begin his own column "The 60 Minute Gourmet" for the NYT, which is syndicated in 360+ newspapers worldwide. On Oct. 14-26 the Germans stage Operation Karlsbad to clear out partisans between Minsk and Smolensk. On Oct. 15 all Soviet govt. offices in Moscow are ordered to prepare to evacuate to Kuibyshev on the Volga River, filling 200 trains, plus another 80K trucks and 12 trains which evacuate 500 factories; meanwhile 56 bridges leading to Moscow are mined, plus 16 more inside the city. On Oct. 15 after the number of Jews in Germany declines to 163K, the Nazis officially forbid Jewish emigration, and begin deporting Jews from the Reich, with 1K transported by train from Vienna to Lizmannstadt, ending up in a ghetto. On Oct. 15 after 200 starved last month, the Germans impose a death penalty on all Jews leaving the Warsaw Ghetto without permission, as well as on any Pole who tries to hide them; meanwhile 20K Jews and 5K Gypsies from around Germany are deported to the Lodz Ghetto, where 100 starved last month - the ACLU would make a mint here? On Oct. 16 after 120K Soviet troops evacuate to Sevastopol in a 3rd Dunkirk, the Germans take Odessa on the Black Sea coast, and Romanian troops penetrate as far as Odessa after occupying Bukovina; on Oct. 22-24 after seeing that the Communists blew up the Romanian HQ, Bolshevik and Jew-hating (same thing to him?) Ion Antonescu orders the Odessa Massacre, a mass extermination of 25K-34K Jews in Odessa and surrounding towns in Transnistria (border between Romania and Ukraine). On Oct. 16 after five U.S. destroyers come to the aid of a convoy from Sydney, Cape Breton, destroyer USS Kearney is torpedoed by a German U-boat off the Iceland coast, killing 11 but not sinking it, causing FDR to utter the soundbyte "Hitler's torpedo was directed at every American" on Navy Day (Oct. 27). On Oct. 16 Prince Fumimaro Konoye resigns, and on Oct. 18 military leader Gen. Hideki Tojo (1884-1948) becomes PM #40 of Japan (until 1944), and now the Party of Complete Agreement with the Rule of the Showa Emperor is poised to showa the world; the Japanese mistakenly believe that the U.S. insists on total troop pullout of Manchuria, causing them to attack needlessly?; meanwhile Stalin pulls 8 divs., half of his Far Eastern force incl. 1K tanks and 1K aircraft for the defense of Moscow - I really want to go? On Oct. 16-25 the Germans take Rzhev, Stalino (Donetsk) (reducing its pop. from 507K to 175K by the end of the war), Taganrog, and Belgorod (Oct. 25) in S Russia, and Mozhaisk, Maloyaroslavets (Oct. 18), Tarusa (Tarussa) (Oct. 24) S of Moscow, while Gen. von Manstein breaks into the Crimea, causing Hitler to celebrate and muse about highways from Germany to the Crimea and Caucasus which "will be studded along their whole length with German towns, and around these towns our colonists will settle" incl. people from "Western countries and America", adding "The Jew, that destroyer, we shall drive out." On Oct. 18 Stalin's spy Richard Sorge and 35 members of his ring are arrested by the Japanese in Tokyo. On Oct. 19 Stalin proclaims a state of siege, ordering Moscow to be defended to the last man and woman; 500K men and women are sent to dig 5M mi. of anti-tank ditches between Moscow and er, Kuntsevo, and at Naro-Fominsk, also laying 185 mi. of barbed wire. On Oct. 19 Hermitage dir. Iosif Orbeli obtains Stalin's permission to release half a dozen orientalists from the front line to celebrate the 800th anniv. of Azerbaijan nat. poet Nizami. On Oct. 20 the Germans reach within 65 mi. from Moscow after occupying 600K sq. mi. of Soviet territory with a pop. of 65M and capturing 3M POWs, shooting any who can't march to Smolensk. On Oct. 20 the Nazi-appointed Joodsche Raad Jewish Council sanctions the creation of a card index of Netherland Jews. On Oct. 20 the first show of Reveille With Beverly, with host Jean Ruth (Hay) (1917-2004) is broadcast at 5:30 a.m. on radio station KFEL in Denver, Colo.; it is soon picked up by the Armed Forces Radio Service, reaching 11M U.S. soldiers by the end of 1942. On Oct. 20-21 German Wehrmacht and Croatian Ustachi forces massacre 2.3K Serbian men and boys at Kragujevac, Serbia, 1.7K at Kraljevo, and 6K at Macva. On Oct. 21 SS Operational Situation Report No. 120 reports 2.2K Serbs and Jews shot in reprisal for an attack on a train near Topola which killed 22 German soldiers; also 1,757 executed at Kraljevo, and two Greek villages near the Strumen Estuary burned down and the entire male pop. of 202 shot for supporting partisans. On Oct. 21 the Germans shoot 50 hostages in Nantes for the assassination of region military cmdr. Lt. Col. ? Hotz (Hötz) on Oct. 20. On Oct. 21 (noon) lunchtime with Hitler utters the tasty soundbyte; "Didn't the world see, carried on right into the Middle Ages, the same old system of martyrs, tortures, faggots? Of old, it was in the name of Christianity. Today it's in the name of Bolshevism. Yesterday the instigator was Saul: the instigator today is Mardochai. Saul has changed into St. Paul, and Mardochai into Karl Marx. By exterminating this pest, we shall do humanity a service of which our soldiers can have no idea"; in the evening dinner with Hitler waxes lyrical about his new Nazi Master Race Capital of Berlin, with the soundbyte: "Nothing will be too good for the beautification of Berlin. When one enters the Reich Chancellery one should have the feeling that one is visiting the master of the world. One will arrive there along wide avenues containing the Triumphal Arch, the Pantheon of the Army, the Square of the People, things to take your breath away", adding "Granite will ensure that our monuments last forever." On Oct. 21 after three weeks of effort dissassembling the Kramatorsk Heavy Machine Works SW of Kharkov and packing it on trains, 2.5K workers walk 20 mi. E to find a train of their own. On Oct. 22 the Germans murder 25K Jews in Odessa, locking half of them into four large warehouses then setting three on fire and shelling the 4th. On Oct. 23 Jewish emigration from Germany is prohibited, even to Vichy France. On Oct. 24 the German Sixth Army under Gen. Walther von Reichenau retakes Kharkov (Kharkiv), and on Oct. 30 begins the Siege of Sevastopol (ends July 3, 1942). On Oct. 24 3.7K Jews incl. 885 children are rounded up in the Jewish ghetto in Vilna, Lithuania and taken to Ponar to be murdered. On Oct. 24 Hitler arrives at Wolf's Lair, giving speech, with the soundbyte: "From the rostrum of the Reichstag I prophesied to Jewry that, in the event of war proving inevitable, the Jew would disappear from Europe. That race of criminals has on its conscience the two million dead of the First World War, and now already hundreds of thousands more. Let nobody tell me that all the same we can't park them in the marshy parts of Russia. Who's worrying about our troops? It's not a bad idea, by the way, that public rumor attributes to us a plan to exterminate the Jews. Terror is a salutary thing." On Oct. 24 after being put in charge of Jewish deportation to Riga, Berlin civil servant Adolf Otto Eichmann (1906-62) approves a proposal by Hinrich Lohse to use mobile poison gas vans on Jews to save transportation costs; on Oct. 27-30 the first experimental gassings are carried out on 290 elderly Jews in Kalisz in W Poland in a truck linked to its exhaust pipe, after which the other Jews in town are presented with the transportation bill. On Oct. 25 deep snow falls on the Moscow Front. On Oct. 26 the Germans stage their first public hanging in Minsk of three partisans incl. 17-y.-o. Maria "Masha" Bruskina (b. 1924). On Oct. 27 the Germans occupy Volokolamsk 80 mi. NW of Moscow (until Dec. 20); in Nov. 28 Soviet soldiers of the 316th Rifle Div. disable 18 German tanks headed to the Volokolamsk-Moscow Hwy. On Oct. 29 the Great Action sees 9.2K Jews incl. 4,273 children murdered in Fort No. 9 in Kovno. On Oct. 29 the first Soviet troops from the Far East see action at Borodino near Moscow. On Oct. 29 as Germany is winning the war, Winston Churchill gives his Harrow School Speech to his alma mater, with the soundbytes: "This is the lesson: Never give in. Never give in. Never, never, never, never - in nothing, great or small, large or petty - never give in", and "These are not dark days; these are great days - the greatest days our country has ever lived; and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race." Happy Helloween? On Oct. 31 (05:25) U.S. destroyer Reuben James is sunk off Iceland by German U-boat U-552 under handsome Capt. (later Rear Adm.) Erich Topp (1914-2005) while escorting Convoy HX-156 from Halifax, N.S., killing 115 of 159, becoming the first U.S. warship lost in WWII, causing FDR to wire Stalin that he approves $1B in lend-lease aid sans interest, with repayment to begin five years after the war ends. On Oct. 31 as the Luftwaffe stages 45 bombing attacks on Moscow, the Soviets evacuate 17,614 armament factory workers and 8,590 wounded military officers from Leningrad. On Oct. 31 SS Gen. Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (Erich Julius Eberhard von Zelewski) (1899-1972) reports to Berlin: "Today there are no more Jews in Estonia." In Oct. the Nazis begin evacuating Jews from Germany, Austria, and Czech. to the east; lone wolf SS Col. Martin Franz Erwin Rudolf Lange (1910-45) has them shot by the trainload as they arrive in Riga, Latvia, but some of his soldiers balk; Lange's Einsatzgruppe A goes on to murder 250K in Latvia in less than 6 mo. on Oct. 25 Hitler allegedly tells Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich that "It is good when terror precedes us that we are exterminating the Jews. We are writing history anew from a racial standpoint"; too bad, the German D in Moscow during the winter causes the prospect of a long war to loom, making them change from evacuation to extermination, causing Heydrich to send out invitations on Nov. 29 to a meeting in Wannsee lakeside resort in W Berlin to discuss it, and after the Pearl Harbor attack delays it, it is reset for next Jan. 20. On Nov. 1 Belzec Concentration Camp in Poland is established, opening for gassing business on Mar. 13. On Nov. 2 Hitler proposes renaming the Crimea to Gothenland. On Nov. 3 the Germans cut the railway line to Vologda E of Leningrad, and advance toward the air hub of Tikhvin. On Nov. 3 the Japanese high command issues an order to attack Pearl Harbor in 34 days, along with Malaya, the Philippines, and the Dutch East Indies; on Nov. 6 they stage a practice bombing run on Kagoshima Bay. On Nov. 3 the Nazis blow up the Cathedral of the Dormition in Kiev. On Nov. 4 Soviet gunboat Konstruktor en route from Osinovets to Novaya Ladoga on Lake Ladoga carrying refugees is sunk by a German dive bomber, killing 170 refugees and 34 crew. On Nov. 5 U.S. interior secy. (1933-46) Harold LeClair Ickes (1874-1952) is appointed to the key post of petroleum and solid fuels administrator just prior to U.S. entry into WWII - making him into a 1-man OPEC? On Nov. 6 Stalin addresses a rally for the 24th anniv. of the 1917 Russian Rev. underground in Mayakovsky Metro station, saying that the Germans are "men with the morals of beasts", with the soundbyte: "If they want a war of extermination, they shall have one." On Nov. 7 after dropping leaflets for several days warning the pop. to"Prepare for death", the Germans bomb Leningrad. On Nov. 7 Stalin reviews his troops in Red Square from the top of the Lenin Mausoleum; an overnight frost provides good traction for his tanks, which head straight to the front. On Nov. 7 FDR officially extends the U.S. Lend-Lease Act to cover the Soviet Union. On Nov. 7 the Germans mince, er, murder 12K Jews in pits outside Minsk. On Nov. 7 Jews are banned from travelling in the Netherlands sans official permission. On Nov. 7 a Naval Intelligence report claims that Japanese aircraft carriers are still in home waters. On Nov. 7-9 after the Germans make Rovno a capital city and kill 2K-3K Jews, the Massacre at Sosenki Forest sees 15K-18K Jews working in Rovno marched into the forest on phony work assignments and killed, after which a ghetto is established in the Wola neighborhood of Rovno, holding 5K Jews; next Dec. they are shipped by train to the forest near Kostopol and killed. On Nov. 8 the Germans occupy Tikhvin, completing the encirclement of Leningrad. On Nov. 8 a 7-ship Italian-German supply convoy for Gen. Rommel in North Africa is sunk by British Naval Force K out of Malta after they decode all the Italian radio traffic giving its route, strength, and date of departure - make way for a sailor? On Nov. 8 Hitler hosts the annual beer hall celebration in Munich, with the soundbytes: "However long the war may last, the last battalion in the field will be a German one", and "We are deciding the fate of Europe for the next thousand years." On Nov. 9 the Germans occupy Yalta in the Crimea. On Nov. 9 Chetnik leader Gen. Mihailovic tells the Germans that they want to ally with them against the Communist partisans of Josip Broz Tito. On Nov. 9 German double-agents Jack and OK (AKA Mutt and Jeff) stage a fake firebombing of a food depot in Wealdstone near London, fooling the Germans. On Nov. 9 (night) the Leningrad Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Karl Eliasberg performs Beethoven's 9th Symphony live on BBC; a German air raid at the end doesn't stop them. On Nov. 10 former foreign minister (1930-9) Maxim Maximovich Litvinov (1876-1951) is appointed as Soviet ambassador to the U.S. (until Aug. 22, 1943), where his Jewish background can't hurt? On Nov. 10 Phillips 66 oil well Petunia No. One is built in a flower bed directly in front of the State Capitol bldg. in Oklahoma City, Okla. On Nov. 11 the Australian War Memorial near Canberra is dedicated. On Nov. 12 the temp in Moscow falls to -12C, causing German soldiers to begin suffering from frostbite. On Nov. 13 after FDR sends a special message to talk them into it, the U.S. Congress by 212-194 amends the U.S. Neutrality Act to allow U.S. merchant ships to be armed and pass through war zones. On Nov. 13 British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal is torpedoed off Gibraltar by German sub U-81 under Lt. Friedrich Guggenberger (1915-88), sinking on Nov. 14. On Nov. 13 Winston Churchill writes a Letter to the Jewish Chronicle of London on its centenary, with the soundbyte: "None has suffered more cruelly than the Jew the unspeakable evils wrought on the bodies and spirits of men by Hitler and his vile regime", assuring world Jewry that "in the day of victory the Jew's sufferings and his part in the present struggle will not be forgotten." On Nov. 14 SS Operational Situation Report No. 133 reports the murder of 900 Jews in Mstislavl, 2.2K in Gorky, and 3,726 in Mogilev. On Nov. 15 after ordering murders of Jews stopped in White Russia and the Baltic states and queried by his superiors, Reich commissar Hinrich Lohse replies that economic factors need to be considered first, to which Eastern territories minister Albert Rosenberg replies that those factors "should be ignored". On Nov. 15 Heinrich Hitler issues a decree in Hitler's name making homosexual behavior by SS or police subject to the death penalty. On Nov. 16 exceptionally wintry conditions on the Russian Front see Soviet ski troops go into action for the first time; by this time German sentries falling asleep at their post often freeze to death. On Nov. 16 the town of Berwyn, Okla. changes its name to Gene Autry, Okla. in honor of the Singing Cowboy. On Nov. 16 Joseph Goebbels pub. the article The Jews Are Guilty! in his weekly mag. Das Reich, which was broadcast on radio and given out with monthly ration cards, claiming that it has been proved beyond doubt that world Jewry started WWII, and warning Germans that any showing of sympathy with the doomed Jews will be punished; "The Jews wanted the war, and now they have it. The prophecy which the Fuhrer made in the German Reichstag on 30 Jan. 1939 is also coming true, that should international finance Jewry succeed in plunging the nations into a world war once again, the result would not be the Bolshevization of the world and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe. We are in the midst of that process and thereby a fate fulfills itself for Jewry which is hard but which is more than deserved. Compassion or regret are entirely out of place here." On Nov. 17 after German fighters on the Eastern Front are grounded for two weeks, and Hermann Goering tries to cover his tracks with Hitler by blaming lack of equipment on him, German WWI ace (62Vs) Col. Gen. Ernst Udet (b. 1896) (dir.-gen. of equipment for the Luftwaffe) commits suicide, leaving a suicide note: "Iron One [Hermann Goering], why have you left me?"; on the way back from his funeral, fellow ace Werner Molders crash-lands in fog and rain in Breslau en route to the Crimea, and is killed. On Nov. 17 after taking Melitopol in Oct., the Battle of Rostov sees the German First Panzer Army under Gen. Ewald von Kleist and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, and the Romanian Third Army under Gen. Petre Dumitrescu (1882-1950) siege then take Rostov-on-Don on Nov. 20, after which the Soviet 37th Army under Lt.-Gen. Anton Ivanovich Lopatin (1897-1965) retakes it on Nov. 28 despite personal orders by Hitler to hold it, becoming the first significant German withdrawal of the war. On Nov. 17 after his anti-tank battery is wiped out, severely wounded Soviet Jewish soldier Efim Diskin (1923-2012) kills five German tanks, receiving a Hero of the Soviet Union medal. On Nov. 17 Heinrich Himmler calls Reynhard Heidrich in Prague to discuss "getting rid of the Jews". On Nov. 18 the German advance on Moscow is met head-on by the Soviet Sixth Army under Gen. Konstantin Rokossovsky, who goes over Zhukov's head to Marshal Boris Shaposhnikov to obtain permission to withdraw to better positions, causing Zhukov to revoke his own superior officer's order and force him to hold, after which his mechanized army is creamed but slows the German 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups down, although leaving them with strategic points N of Moscow. On Nov. 18 German troops attack Venev, and are counterattacked by a newly-arrived Siberian armored div. complete with T-34 tanks and white camouflage uniforms, causing the Germans to panic for the first time as far back as Bogorodisk. On Nov. 18 the British launch Operation Crusader (ends Dec. 30) to divert the Germans from the Eastern Front by attacking Gen. Rommel in North Africa and relieving the siege of Tobruk. On Nov. 19 German raider Komoran sinks Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney off Australia, killing all 645 aboard; the Komoran also sinks but most of its crew are rescued. On Nov. 20 German Gen. Erich von Manstein (1887-1973) at Roston-on-Don issues an order to his troops, with the soundbyte: "The Jews are the mediators between the enemy in our rear and the still fighting remnants of the Red Army and Red leaders"; as "the bearer of a ruthless ideology" German soldiers must "have understanding of the necessity of a severe but just revenge on subhuman Jewry" - poor innocent creatures, they expect to be shot? On Nov. 21 Gen. Rommel defeats the British 7th Armored Div. at Sidi Rezegh; on Nov. 23 Rommel dashes to the Egyptian border in an effort to mop the British forces up, then on Nov. 24 heads for for Sidi Omar, then on Nov. 25 attacks Sidi Azeiz, but fails to find any concentrated British force, overextending his supply lines and making him retreat to Bardia. On Nov. 21 Albert Speer asks for and receives 30K Soviet POWs to help him with his monumental building projects incl. a Liberation Monument in Linz near Hitler's birthplace, and a Great Hall for the Chancellery in Berlin along with an office for Goering. On Nov. 22 Soviet Maj. V.A. Porchunov leads the first convoy of 60 trucks from Kobona across frozen Lake Ladoga to Kokkoreva on the Road of Life; 3.5K trucks eventually operate, with 1K out of service needing repairs at any one time, not enough to prevent 400+ dying a day from starvation in Leningrad. On Nov. 22 after sinking 140K tons of Allied merchant shipping, German commerce raider Atlantis is sunk in the S Atlantic by British cruiser Devonshire while refuelling a German U-boat. On Nov. 23 the Germans occupy Istra AKA New Jerusalem 30 mi. from Moscow. On Nov. 24 the Germans occupy Klin and Solnechnogorsk on the main highway N from Moscow. On Nov. 24 the worried U.S. govt. informs all Pacific cmdrs. of a possible "surprise aggressive movement in any direction, including an attack on the Philippines or Guam"; no mention of Pearl Harbor. On Nov. 24 the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules unanimously in Edwards v. Calif. that a state may not enforce an "Anti-Okie Law" making it a crime to bring an indigent person into the state, citing the Commerce Clause and the 14th Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause. On Nov. 25 the Germans in Berlin celebrate the 5th anniv. of the Anti-Comintern Pact; Hitler tells his adjutant Maj. Gerhard Michael Engel (1906-76) that they attacked Moscow 1 mo. too late, making them a pawn of the Russian winter; "Time is his greatest nightmare now." On Nov. 25 the Soviets are pushed back through Venev to Piatnitsa 4 mi. from the Oka River bridge at Kashira; meanwhile German troops N of Moscow cross the Volga-Moscow Canal at Yakhroma and Dmitrov, nearly circling Moscow, but never take Dmitrov; the Germans take Peskhi E of Istra, causing the Soviets to retreat to Kryukovo, where Soviet Gen. Rokossovsky is ordered to make his final stand because "There is nowhere to fall back to." On Nov. 25 German ships SS Maritza and SS Procida en route to Benghazi to supply Gen. Rommel are sunk by the British, leaving him dangerously low on fuel for his airplanes, causing Hitler to order more U-boats to the Mediterranean. On Nov. 25 German sub U-331 under Lt. Hans-Dietrich Freiherr von Tiesenhausen (1913-2001) sinks British battleship HMS Barham off Sollum, Egypt, killing 841 of 1,184. On Nov. 25 the Japanese deadline for end to U.S. sanctions against them is reached, causing automatic military reaction, with troop transports passing Formosa (Taiwan) en route to Malaya; meanwhile FDR's war council meets, with secy. of war Henry L. Stimson writing the soundbyte: "The question was how we should maneuver them [the Japanese] into... firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves", and Navy secy. Frank Knox writing: "We can wipe the Japanese off the map in three months"; meanwhile Naval CIC U.S. Adm. Harold R. Stark in Washington, D.C. tells U.S. Adm. Husband E. Kimmel, new fleet cmdr. at Pearl Harbor that he believes the Japanese might launch a surprise attack, suggesting the Burma Road, although the Philippines would be "the most embarrassing". On Nov. 25 and 29 4,934 German Jews are shot by the SS at Fort No. 9 near Kaunas, Lithuania, becoming the first systematic extermination of German Jews. On Nov. 26 after Free French and British troops occupy it in June, Lebanon proclaims independence from France, which has been under Vichy control since 1940, pissing-off Syria. On Nov. 26 the U.S. presents Japan with its terms for ending economic sanctions, incl. giving up occupied territory in China and Indochina, withdrawing recognition of the puppet govt. in Nanking, and withdrawal from the Axis. On Nov. 26 FDR personally warns Francis Sayre, high commissioner of the Philippines of a possible surprise Japanese attack on the Burma Road, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Dutch East Indies, and Philippines. On Nov. 26 the Japanese First Air Fleet of six aircraft carriers, two battleships, nine destroyers, three subs et al. under Harvard-educated Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto (1884-1943) sails from Tankan Bay in the Kurile Islands for Pearl Harbor, led by 72K-ton flagship Yamamoto, er, Yamato, the largest battleship ever built; Japanese battleship Musashi is #2; despite radio silence, do the British and Russians detect the fleet on the way and fail to warn the U.S., or what what what? On Nov. 27 FDR decides that Japan is bent on war, causing all Asian and Pacific fleets to be sent a "warning of state of war", with the soundbyte: "If hostilities cannot be avoided, United States desires that Japan commit the first overt act." On Nov. 27 the ever-reinforcing Soviets halt the German advance on Moscow and push them back 2-3 mi., taking POWs; a night attack by partisans on the SS Death Head Div. S of Lake Ilmen kills four, wounds 12, and burns their camp. On Nov. 27 German U-boat U-559 sinks Australian sloop Parramatta off Tobruk, killing 138 of 162. On Nov. 28 fuel-starved Gen. Rommel decides to retreat from Tobruk, and circle around to attack El Duda from the SW; on Nov. 30 Rommel attacks Sidi Rezegh, followed on Dec. 1 by Belhamed, mauling the Kiwi 20th Battalion, who lose 880 KIA, 1,699 wounded, 2,042 taken POW; on Dec. 4 Rommel is repelled from El Duda, and withdraws from the E perimeter of Tobruk. When you got rats you need a cat? On Nov. 28 Adolf Hitler meets with Jerusalem grand mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini, telling him that Germany is "determined... to challenge the European nations one by one into a settlement of the Jewish question and, when the time came, Germany would turn to the non-European peoples with the same call", promising him that after German troops deployed in the Caucasus region break through "the southern exit" they will liberate the Middle East and its Arabs and exterminate the 350K Jews living under British protection there, with Germany's only objective being their destruction, after which al-Husseini will rule a Muslim State of Palestine; after talking Hitler into ordering the end of Jewish emigration to Palestine in return for Muslim support for the Axis, happy al-Husseini utters the soundbyte: "The Arab world is firmly convinced of a German victory, by virtue not only of the large army, brave soldiers, and brilliant military strategists at Germany's disposal, but because Allah could never grant victory to an unjust cause", and begins broadcasting over German shortwave radio to large audiences in the Middle East; “The Arabs were Germany's natural friends because they had the same enemies as had Germany, namely the English, the Jews, and the Communists"; too bad, the Germans are being forced back in the Caucasus, evacuating Taganrog on Nov. 29; Hitler secretly converted to Islam? On Nov. 29 the Germans hang well-read 18-y.-o. Soviet partisan Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodenyanskaya (b. 1923) in Petrishchevo behind the Moscow Front for arson, her last words being: "Comrades! Why are you so gloomy? I am not afraid to die! I am happy to die for my people!"; and "You'll hang me now, but I am not alone. There are two hundred million of us. You can't hang us all", becoming a big Soviet hero. On Nov. 29 after repeated attacks the Germans in S Russia withdraw behind the Mius River, causing reinforcements meant for Moscow to be sent from Kharkov, pissed-off Hitler telegraphs Field Marshal von Kleist with the soundbyte "Further cowardly retreats are forbidden." On Nov. 29 Fritz Todt meets with Hitler, and utters the soundbyte: "Given the arms and industrial supremacy of the Anglo-Saxon powers, we can no longer militarily win this war", to which Hitler replies: "How am I supposed to end it, then? I can't see much possibility of ending it politically." On Nov. 30 1K Jews from Berlin and 9K from Riga, Latvia are murdered in Rumbula Forest near Riga, too late to obey an order from Himmler to spare the ones from Germany for forced labor; on Dec. 8 another massacre brings the total to 25K Jews killed; 19 more trains carrying German Jews arrive within 1 mo. On Nov. 30 the first 1K Jews from Prague reach the new concentration camp at Theresienstadt 35 mi. N of Prague, soon followed by all remaining loose Jews from Germany and Czech.; 32K eventually die of hunger and disease, but few are murdered. In Nov. 11K die of starvation and 522 are killed by German shelling in Leningrad. In Nov. U.S. Adm. Ben "King Bee" Moreell (1892-1978) founds the Seabees (originally the Naval Construction Battalion) just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack, and goes on to become the first Navy Civil Engineer Corps officer to attain the rank of 4-star Adm. (until ?). In Nov. Gvozdavka-1 Concentration Camp in Ukraine is set up by Romanian troops allied with the Nazis to house Jews from the Ukraine and Moldova, where they are forced to live in the open and starved, 5K dying during the war; bones are discovered in 1974 but the Soviet Union covers it up, and excavations don't begin until 2007. In Nov. the new State of Jefferson is proclaimed in N Calif. and S Ore.; it shuts down voluntarily after 10 mo. when WWII makes it pointless? In Nov. Aquaman debuts in DC's More Fun Comics #73, about the king of Atlantis, who goes on to become a founding member of the Justice League. On Dec. 1 the Siege of Leningrad enters Day 92. On Dec. 1 the Germans attempt to break through Soviet defenses at Zvietkovo W of Moscow, and Kolomna S of Moscow, but are thrown back; a Panzer assault at Naro-Fominsk is ditto; by Dec. 2 (dawn) many German soldiers allegedly scream that they can't go on; meanwhile the Soviets form a 2nd defense line in a huge arc from Vytegra on Lake Onega to Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea incl. Kostroma, Gorky, and Saratov on the Volga River, where they amass 59 rifle divs. and 17 cavalry divs. for a counterattack, all without the Germans' knowledge. On Dec. 1 the Jaeger (Jäger) Report by Swiss-born Gestapo head in Lithuania Col. Karl Jaeger (Jäger) (1888-1959) reports that the SS killed 229,052 Jews in Latvia and Lithuania since June, plus 1K in Estonia, and that the only ones left are working in forced labor factories in Vilna, Kovno, and Siauliai; in Feb. he reports that in the past 7 mo. the SS killed 138,272 Jews incl. 34,464 children. On Dec. 1 as Japanese troop ships approach, the British declare a state of emergency in Malaya. On Dec. 1 the govt. of Cuba gives Otto Frank a visa, then cancels it on Dec. 11. On Dec. 1 after being pushed by Tex. oilman David Harold "Dry Hole" Byrd (1900-86) (cousin of explorer Richard E. Byrd) et al., the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is founded as a nonmilitary auxiliary of the U.S. Air Force. On Dec. 1 (night) Hitler meets with Walter Hewel, and utters the soundbyte: "Probably many Jews are not aware of the destructive power they represent. Now, he who destroys life is himself risking death. That's the secret of what is happening to the Jews." On Dec. 2 in a blinding snowstorm with 50-ft. visibility a German recon battalion reaches Khimki 12 mi. N of the Kremlin, only to be repelled by hastily-armed Russian workers; meanwhile German Panzers attempt unsuccessfully to break through Akulovo 6 mi. S of the Moscow-Mozhaisk Road, and are driven away on Dec. 3, becoming their last attempt to break through to Moscow. On Dec. 2 German Army Group South retreats to Mariupol. On Dec. 2 the Japanese cabinet is reorganized "because of the deteriorating international situation". On Dec. 3 the Soviets evacuate the naval base at Hango, Finland, which was under siege since June 29. On Dec. 4 the Germans attack between Tula and Venev S of Moscow; too bad, overnight the temp drops to -35C, and their tanks won't start in the morning, while thousands of Germans suffer from frostbite after a last-minute drive in Germany to send them women's fur coats proves inadequate. On Dec. 4 Nazi gov. Hinrich Lohse issues a declaration that gypsies are a "double danger" because they carry disease ("especially typhus") and are "unreliable elements who cannot be put to useful work", also passing on "hostile" news reports hurting the German cause, with the soundbyte: "I therefore determine that they should be treated in the same way as Jews." On Dec. 5 (3:00 a.m.) three fresh Soviet reserve armies (88 divs.) equipped for winter fighting launch a major counterattack in a blizzard, attacking along a 500-mi. front from Kalinin to Yelets, forcing the 67 ailing German divs. back from Yakhroma and opening the railway line N from Moscow; despite Hitler's order to hold at all costs, they are driven back 11 mi. from Moscow; German losses on the Moscow Front since Nov. 16 reach 85K; after writing the May 2 soundbyte: "The war against the Soviet Union is the old struggle of the Germans against the Slavs, the warding off of Jewish Bolshevism. No mercy should be shown towards the carriers of the present Russian Bolshevist system", Fourth Panzer Group cmdr. Gen. Erich Hoepner (1886-1944) disobeys Hitler's hold order and orders a retreat, causing him to be dismissed from the Wehrmacht next Jan. 8, causing him to successfully sue to get his pension back, later joining the July 20 Plot. On Dec. 5 Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa declare war on Finland, Hungary, and Romania. On Dec. 5 all non-Dutch Jews are ordered to register for "voluntary emigration" to the East. On Dec. 6 the U.S. govt. S-1 Uranium Subcommittee meets in Washington, D.C. to determine if, when, and at what cost an atomic bomb can be produced by the U.S., with answers due in 6 mo. On Dec. 6 Christian Science Monitor journalist Joseph Close Harsch (1905-98) interviews U.S. Adm. Hubbard E. Kimmel, who utters the soundbyte: "Since you have been traveling, you probably don't know that as of six days ago the German high command announced that the German armies in Russia had gone into winter quarters. That means that Moscow is not going to fall to the Germans this year. That means that the Russians will still be in the war in the spring. That means that the Japanese cannot attack us in the Pacific without running the risk of a two-front war. The Japanese are too intelligent to run the risk of a two-front war unnecessarily. They will want to wait until they are sure that the Russians have been defeated"; although he might never have never been warned about the Pearl Harbor attack, and didn't know that the Japanese consulate in Honolulu was keeping close tabs on his fleet, his belief that Japan isn't going to war at all sets him up for disaster? Fatal Blunder Two for Hitler: Declaring war on the U.S. while overengaged in Europe leads to the very world war he blames on the Jews? On Dec. 7 (7:55 a.m.) after U.S. ambassador to Japan (since 1932) Joseph Clark Grew (1880-1965) warns FDR of a possible attack, and minutes before/after Japan declares war on the U.S. and U.K., after running overnight with no lights and in radio silence in heavy seas, catching the entire U.S. Pacific Fleet minus its three aircraft carriers and their escorts (which are delivering planes to Midway) anchored like sitting ducks, the Japanese First Air Fleet attacks the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on "the Gathering Place" Oahu, with a first wave of 183 planes from six Japanese carriers 275 mi. N led by Capt. Mitsuo Fuchida (1902-76) (who leads the attack on Darwin, Australia next Feb. 19, becomes a Christian evangelist in 1950, and a U.S. citizen in 1960), while U.S. Army planes are caught on the ground at nearby Hickam and Wheeler Airfields; the Japanese code signal to begin the Pearl Harbor attack is "Climb Mount Nitaka"; the planes reach Ford Island at 7:55 a.m.; the 2nd wave of 167 planes arrives at 8:40 a.m.; the U.S. loses 188 planes at Hickham, Wheeler, and Bellows Airfields (incl. 159 damaged), and 320 aircraft total that day, with not one U.S. fighter taking off; the Japanese drop 20 tons of bombs, sinking 12 ships and heavily damaging nine more (9 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 auxiliary vessels, a minelayer and a target ship), with 2,403 killed incl. 68 civilians and 1,178 wounded, which the U.S. govt. understates to the public; the Japanese lose 29 aircraft and five midget subs along with 64 men KIA; Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki (1918-99) becomes the first Japanese POW after his midget sub runs aground on Oahu (make me some saki, sucker?); too bad, the Japanese screw up by failing to destroy repair facilities, submarine pens, and fuel storage tanks; the U.S. is only left with two battleships capable of combat (out of 9) vs. 10 for the Japanese; the battleships sunk are the USS Arizona, which sinks after a torpedo hits a gun magazine, going down in 9. min, killing 1,177 of 1,500 (80%), along with Adm. Isaac Campbell Kidd Sr. (b. 1884); the USS Oklahoma, which rolls over on its side, pinning many underwater, killing 429 of 1,301 crew; the USS West Virginia, which is struck by many bombs and torpedoes; the USS California (salvaged); and the USS Utah; only damaged are the battleships USS Maryland, USS Nevada (beached), USS Pennsylvania, and USS Tennessee; a Photo of the USS Shaw Exploding becomes one of the most famous combat photos of WWII, along with a Movie of the USS Arizona Sinking; African-Am. mess attendant Doris "Dorie" Miller (1919-43) of the battleship USS West Virginia becomes a hero after he takes the place of a dead machine-gun operator and shoots down four Japanese airplanes sans training, receiving a Navy Cross; he is then promoted, er, assigned to the aircraft carrier Liscome Bay as a steward until a Jap sub sinks it on Nov. 24, 1943. On Dec. 7 the Japanese attack U.S.-held Guam (9:00 a.m.), Wake Island, and Midway Island. On Dec. 7 the Japanese Second Fleet escorts 24K troops to Malaya. On Dec. 7 after the Germans lose 55K killed, Hitler gives up the battle for Moscow and orders a withdrawal W to the N-S line of Rzhev, Medyn, Orel, and Kursk. On Dec. 7 Hitler issues the Night and Fog Decree (Nacht und Nebel), calling for those guilty of offenses against the Reich or against its occupation forces not to merely die, but to disappear into the night and fog without a trace. On Dec. 7 (midnight) Hitler learns of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, uttering the soundbyte: "Now it is impossible for us to lose the war. We now have an ally who has never been vanquished in three thousand years." On Dec. 8 (04:30 a.m.) the Japanese attack Singapore, killing 61 from the air. On Dec. 8 (8:00 a.m.) the Japanese attack Hong Kong, destroying 7 of 8 British aircraft on the ground at Kai Tak Airport. On Dec. 8 (12:30 p.m.) the U.S. declares war on Japan as Pres. Roosevelt addresses a joint session of Congress in the House chamber in his 6-min. Date Which Will Live in Infamy Speech, with the soundbyte: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of Japan", claiming that "one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the secretary of state a formal reply to a recent American message... It contained no threat or hint of armed attack", adding the soundbyte: "No matter how long it may take us to overcome the premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory; Congress gives Roosevelt the greatest ovation of his presidency, and the declaration of war is on his desk in only 2.5 hours; he signs it at 4:10 p.m.; only Mont. Repub. Rep. Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973) votes against war, just like in 1917; Roosevelt freezes Japanese assets in the U.S. and suspends relations; Japan-savvy Joseph Clark Grew (1880-1965) becomes acting U.S. secy. of state for the rest of the war (until Aug.), going on to become the main member of the Committee of Three with secy. of state Henry L. Stimson and war secy. James Forrestal, attempting to find a way to make Japan surrender without having to use the A-bomb, proposing that they be allowed to keep their emperor, which is er, torpedoed by nuke-happy Truman; Stimson talks him out of targeting Kyoto because of its religious significance; Francis Biddle (1886-1968) is appointed U.S. atty.-gen. (until 1945); FDR supporter Tex. Rep. Lyndon Baines Johnson (b. 1908) becomes the first member of Congress to enlist in the Armed Forces after the attack, serving in the Navy in the Pacific and winning a Silver Star; the USS Arizona is left partially submerged with the remains of 1,103 U.S. sailors as a memorial after the war, with the battleship USS Missouri anchored nearby; writer James A. Michener waves his exemption as a Quaker and joins the Navy; many actors enlist: actor Jason Robards Jr. is a Navy radioman on duty aboard the USS Northamption 100 mi. from Pearl Harbor during the attack; actor Ronald Reagan joins the U.S. Officers' Reserve Corps of the Cavalry as a 2nd lt., but is not allowed to serve overseas because of poor eyesight, transferring to the Army Air Forces and reaching the rank of capt., appearing in training films and going on to become the face of the U.S. war effort; actor Carl Reiner joins the army, becoming a teletype operator, and touring the South Pacific as a comedian; actor Don Rickles joins the U.S. Navy, serving on a destroyer; actor Mickey Rooney becomes a PFC in the U.S. Army, serving with a unit that entertains troops; journalist Andy Rooney becomes a sgt. in the U.S. Army, joining the staff of Stars and Stripes in London, becoming one of the first journalists allowed aboard B-17 bombers attacking Germany in 1943; Western writer Louis L'Amour becomes a 2nd lt. in the Army; writer William Styron becomes a lt. in the Marines; actor Tyrone Power joins the Marines, becoming a pilot in the South Pacific; writer Norman Mailer joins Army intel; writer J.D. Salinger becomes a counterintel agent; writer Ernest Hemingway becomes a soldier and receives a Bronze Star; actor Jason Robards earns a Navy iron cross at Pearl Harbor; dir. John Ford becomes a Navy cmdr. and films the takeoff of the Doolittle planes, the Battle of Midway, and D-Day; cowboy star George O'Brien joins the Navy, and after the war stays in the Navy Reserve, becomes a sailing nut and losing his love of acting. On Dec. 8 (midnight) the Japanese Fifth Army (24K men), led by Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita (1885-1946) invades N Malaya, after which Britain declares war on Japan. On Dec. 8 the Japanese invade Wake Island, and take possession on Dec. 23 as U.S. forces surrender. On Dec. 8 Japanese aircraft attack Luzon Island in the Philippines, destroying 86 of 160 U.S. aircraft vs. seven Japanese aircraft. On Dec. 8 the Japanese invade Bataan Island in the N Philippines. On Dec. 8 Japanese troops capture the U.S. garrisons at Shanghai and Tientsin (Tianjin) in China; U.S. gunboat USS Wake surrenders at Shanghai after a botched attempt at scuttling. On Dec. 8 Chelmno Concentration Camp near Lodz, Poland opens; meanwhile 700 Jews from nearby Kolo are gassed with exhaust in vans, becoming the first of 360K neatly disposed of without public oversight at Chelmno. On Dec. 8 Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, and Honduras declare war on Japan - no coffee or bananas for Tojo, Hitler, or Mussolini? On Dec. 8 Guatemala declares war on Japan to express solidarity with the U.S. - yes, we have no bananas for you? On Dec. 8 after the Soviets retake Tikhvin, Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 39, ordering German forces in Russia to switch to the defensive, with a scorched earth policy. On Dec. 8 the relocated Kharkov factory in the Urals produces its first 25 T-34 tanks. On Dec. 8 turncoat British Sgt. ("worst traitor of the war") Harold "Harry" (Paul) Cole (1906-46) (who deserted at Dunkirk) helps the Germans break the Pat Escape Line in France helping Allied pilots and POWs escape to Spain, getting 50 arrested and shot; he is killed resisting arrest in Paris on Jan. 9, 1946. On Dec. 8 the Japanese occupy Tuguegarao, Philippines. On Dec. 9 China declares war on Japan, Italy, and Germany, making the undeclared war official. On Dec. 9 Thailand yields to Japanese occupation after 5 hours of token resistance in Bangkok; the Japanese also occupy Singora and Patani in S Thailand on the Malay Peninsula. On Dec. 9 the Japanese occupy Tarawa Island and Makin Island in the Gilbert Islands. On Dec. 9 FDR delivers a Fireside Chat, with the soundbytes: "The sudden criminal attacks perpetrated by the Japanese in the Pacific provide the climax of a decade of international immorality. Powerful and resourceful gangsters have banded together to make war upon the whole human race. Their challenge has now been flung at the United States of America. The Japanese have treacherously violated the long-standing peace between us. Many American soldiers and sailors have been killed by enemy action. American ships have been sunk. American airplanes have been destroyed... The Congress and the people of the United States have accepted that challenge"; "We also know that Germany and Japan are conducting their military and naval operations in accordance with a joint plan. That plan considers all peoples and nations which are not helping the Axis powers as common enemies of each and every one of the Axis powers. That is their simple and obvious grand strategy. That is why the American people must realize that it can be matched only with similar grand strategy. We must realize for example that Japanese successes against the United States in the Pacific are helpful to German operations in Libya, that any German success against the Caucasus is inevitably an assistance to Japan in her operations against the Dutch East Indies, that a German attack against Algiers or Morocco opens the way to a German attack against South America"; "Remember always that Germany and Italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the United States at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with Britain and Russia. And Germany puts all the other republics of the Americas into the category of enemies. The people of the hemisphere can be honored by that"; "We are now in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not for vengeance, but for a world in which this nation, and all that this nation represents will be safe for our children. We expect to eliminate the danger from Japan, but it would serve us ill if we accomplished that and found that the rest of the world was dominated by Hitler and Mussolini. We are going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows"; on Dec. 9 after arriving in Berlin, Hitler is informed by FDR that the U.S. wants to avoid war with Germany to avoid a 2-ocean war, and Hitler tells the German navy to begin operations against U.S. ships incl. within the Pan-Am. Security Zone. On Dec. 10 Guam becomes the first U.S. possession to surrender to the Japanese. On Dec. 10 British battleships HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse are sunk by Japanese torpedo aircraft en route to land troops at Kuantan, Malaya, killing 840 of 2,125, becoming the first British capital ships to be sunk by air attack on the high seas, leaving Malaya with no naval defenses; the Japanese lose four of 84 aircraft. On Dec. 10 2K Japanese troops land at Aparri and Gonzaga at the N end of Luzon Island; 2K more land at Vigan in the NW. On Dec. 10 Heinrich Himmler issues an order to all medical boards to visit concentration camps and select all who are unfit for work, ill, or "psychopaths", and ship them to carbon monoxide gas chambers; tens of thousands are gassed. On Dec. 11 (early a.m.) the Japanese bomb Penang, Malaya, killing 600 civilians; meanwhile the British evacuate Victoria Point, Burma On Dec. 11 (9:30 a.m. EST) Germany declares war on the U.S., with Hitler saying that the Yanks' entry into the war will make very little difference to the final outcome, thinking that Japan will absorb all their energies and not realizing that Germany-hating FDR will make Germany the top priority; later Italy declares war against the U.S.; at 3:05 p.m. EST the U.S. declares war on Germany, with U.S. Sen. (D-Tex.) (1929-63) Thomas Terry "Tom" Connally (1877-1963) standing next to FDR holding a watch to fix the exact time; Connally goes on to help create NATO and the U.N.; Churchill utters the soundbyte: "The accession of the United States makes amends for all, and with time and patience will give certain victory" - Hitler's biggest mistake was to misunderstand the U.S. and underestimate the power of Uncle Sam? On Dec. 11 Cuba, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua declare war on Germany and Italy; Mexico breaks diplomatic relations with Germany and Italy. On Dec. 11 after the Japanese kill 23 of 524 U.S. troops and 1,216 construction workers on Wake Island on Dec. 7 and 21 more on Dec. 8, the U.S. fights back, sinking Japanese destroyers Hayate and Kisaragi (first two major Japanese warships sunk in WWII), killing 5,350, and downing three Japanese bombers. On Dec. 11 430 U.S. Marines and sailors hold off 5.4K Japanese troops at Guam for nine hours before surrendering, with 19 U.S. vs. one Japanese killed. On Dec. 11 amid grumbling that FDR and/or the Brits (don't say the Jews) maneuvered the U.S. into war, the America First Committee in Chicago, Ill. decides to disband and support the war effort. By Dec. 11 the Soviets recapture 400 towns and villages from the Germans incl.Istra on the Moscow-Volokolamsk Road, driving them back from the Moscow-Volga Canal; Churchill utters the soundbyte in the House of Commons: "In Hitler's launching of the Nazi campaign on Russia we can already see, after less than six months of fighting, that he has made one of the outstanding blunders of history." On Dec. 12 Romania declares war on the U.S. On Dec. 12 Haiti, Honduras, and Panama declare war on Germany and Italy. On Dec. 13 Bulgaria declares war on the U.S.. On Dec. 13 the reorganized British 8th Army attacks fuel-starved Gen. Rommel at Gazala. On Dec. 14 the Japanese occupy Alor Star, Malaysia; Sikh POW Maj. (later Gen.) Mohan Singh (1909-89) First Indian Nat. Army of 12K POW Indians, Burmese, and Thais to fight the British, with the slogan "Asia for the Asiatics". On Dec. 14 a German policeman pulls on a Jewish funeral procession in Warsaw, killing two - eternal rest jokes here? On Dec. 14 U.S. Pilot Capt. (later Lt. Gen.) Hewitt Terrell "Shorty" Wheless (1913-86) falls behind his squadron at Legaspi, Philippines, is attacked by 18 Japanese fighters, drops his bombs, and on the return flight shoots down 11 of them, winning the Distinguished Service Cross from FDR. On Dec. 15 the Soviets retake Klin. On Dec. 15 Field Marshal von Leeb asks Hitler for permission to withdraw from Leningrad, and is refused; on Dec. 17 en route back to Wolf's Lair from Berlin Hitler drafts his first Halt Order for the Russian Front, ordering troops to put up a fanatical resistance in their lines, even when out-flanked and cut-off by Russians, in order to give time for transport of reinforcements from Germany and the West, with the soundbyte: "Any large scale retreat by major sections of the army in midwinter, given only limited mobility, insufficient winter equipment, and no prepared positions in the rear, must inevitably have the gravest consequences." On Dec. 15 the Gestapo in Paris shoots 40 Jews for resistance, incl. four born in Warsaw. On Dec. 15 Bill of Rights Day is declared by FDR to celebrate the 150th anniv. of the U.S. Constitution (1791). On Dec. 15 the Nazis take 16K of the 30K Jews out of Kharkov and murder them in a ravine Drobitsky Yar 5 mi. to the S during a cold spell (-15C, 5F); children are thrown alive into pits to save ammo; by Jan. another 14K are murdered. On Dec. 16 after losing 38K KIA vs. 18K British in one week, Gen. Rommel begins a retreat to El Agheila in North Africa, where he had been 8 mo. earlier. On Dec. 16 the Soviets retake Kalinin. On Dec. 16 the Japanese occupy Miri, Sarawak and Seria, Brunei, seizing the oilfields. On Dec. 16 Czech. declares war on all countries at war with Great Britain, Russia, or the U.S. On Dec. 16 a conference on the pesky Jews called by Reynhard Heydrich in Cracow is attended by Hans Frank, who utters the soundbyte: "Do you imagine they're going to be housed in neat estates in the Baltic provinces? We are told in Berlin: why all this bother? We've got no use for them either in the Ostland or in the Eastern Territories. Liquidate them yourselves... I ask nothing of the Jews except that they should disappear", adding that what's needed are "steps which, one way or another, will lead to extermination, in conjunction with the large-scale measures under discussion in the Reich." On Dec. 17 Albania declares war on the U.S. On Dec. 17 the Japanese send envoys to British Hong Kong gov. #21 (since Sept. 10) Sir Mark Aitchison Young (1886-1974) to demand surrender, and he tells them to fuck off and not return, after which on Dec. 18 the Japanese under Lt. Gen. Takashi Sakai (1887-1946) invade Hong Kong, with first wave troops under Col. (later Maj. Gen.) Tanaka Ryosaburo taking no prisoners, shooting and bayoneting them, causing Young to surrender the colony on Dec. 25 (Black Christmas), becoming a POW until Aug. 1945, causing Hitler to utter the soundbyte to Heinrich Himmler: "What is happening in the Far East is happening by no will of mine. For years I never stopped telling all the English I met that they'd lose the Far East if they entered into a war in Europe... "The Japanese are occupying all the islands one after the other. They will get hold of Australia too. The white race will disappear from those regions." On Dec. 17 U.S. Army Air Forces Lt. Gen. Delos Carleton Emmons (1889-1965) becomes cmdr. of the Hawaiian Dept. (until June 1943), overseeing the replacement of U.S. banknotes with special ones overstamped with "Hawaii" in case of Japanese occupation, building up U.S. aircraft in anticipation of the Battle of Midway, and intervening to stop loyal local Japanese U.S. citizens from being relocated. On Dec. 17 Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz debut their live comic act at the Ritz Theatre in Newburgh, N.Y. On Dec. 19 Col. Chennault's Flying Tigers see their first action, shooting down 9 of 10 Japanese planes from Hanoi and Kunming. On Dec. 19 Italian Chariots (manned torpedoes) badly damage British battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Valiant, leaving the Italians with more heavy warships. On Dec. 19 SS Operational Situation Report No. 148 reports 5,281 Jews murdered by the SS in Bobruisk, 1,013 in Parichi, 835 in Rudnya, and 4,090 in Vitebsk. On Dec. 20 the Japanese occupy Mindanao Island, Philippines, turning it into a large fortified military base. On Dec. 20 the Soviets recapture Volokamsk, finding eight hanging corpses of members of the Moscow Young Communist League caught 6 weeks earlier on a spy mission, awarding them the Order of Lenin. On Dec. 20 Nicaragua declares war on Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria. On Dec. 21 pissed-off Mister Christmas Adolf Hitler summarily dismisses Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch as a coward and poltroon responsible for his failures in Russia, and after his suggested replacement of too-eager Nazi Party member Gen. Walther Karl Ernst August von Reichenau (1884-1942) (who opposed the invasion of the Soviet Union, but went on to capture Kiev, Belgorod, Kharkov, and Khursk, then tried to talk Hitler into recruiting the Ukrainians and White Russians to fight Bolsheviks, which isn't held against him when he supports the Jewish extermination program) is rejected by senior army leaders, he personally takes complete command of the German army as its CIC, sacrificing many German soldiers to hold the German line in Russia; "The ice of Russia has been conquered by the genius of Hitler" (Joseph Goebbels); too bad, the resistance finds out about von Reichenau, and starts a disinfo. campaign to make Hitler think he's planning a coup, after which he conveniently suffers a stroke and heart attack next Jan. 17, dying en route from Poltava to a hospital in Leipzig. On Dec. 21 Thailand concludes a 10-year treaty of alliance with Japan, with both nations enjoying the honor of having never been colonized by Western powers. On Dec. 21 after a 6-day battle by nine German U-boats against British convoy HG-76 en route from Gibraltar to Britain, four U-boats are sunk incl. U-567, which is lost without a trace NE of the Azores along with ace cmdr. Capt. Engelbert Endrass (b. 1911); they only sink one of 32 Allied merchant ships, causing Adm. Doenitz to write the soundbyte: "In view of the unsatisfactory results of the preceding two months, my staff was inclined to voice the opinion that we were no longer in a position to successfully combat the convoy system." On Dec. 22 Japanese troops land on Luzon Island, and advance toward Manila. On Dec. 22 British PM Winston Churchill arrives in Washington, D.C. for a wartime conference with FDR (ends Jan.), deciding to create an Anglo-Am. Gen. Staff to coordinate war strategy against Germany and Japan and prepare for the invasion of Nazi-held Europe. On Dec. 22 the Roberts Commission, chaired by Supreme Court justice Owen J. Roberts launches the first of eight investigations of the Pearl Harbor attack over the next five years; Ky.-born U.S. Pacific Fleet cmdr. (since Jan. 1941) Adm. Husband Edward Kimmel (1882-1968) (who was brushed by a .50 cal machine gun bullet from a Japanese Zero as he watched the Dec. 7 attack through his window) and army cmdr. Lt. Gen. Walter Campbell Short (1880-1949) are shortkimmeled, charged with failing to ring the camp bell, er, "dereliction of duty"; a congressional investigating committee in 1945-6 returns a verdict of "errors of judgment", and Kimmel is short, er, demoted and relieved of command in the midst of planning an effort to relieve Wake Island, taking early retirement in 1942; Short is reduced from temporary rank of Lt. Gen. to his permanent rank of Maj. gen., and retires on Feb. 28, 1942; they were scapegoats?; Tex.-born Adm. Chester William Nimitz (1885-1966) (leading Navy authority on submarines, and chief of the Navy Bureau of Investigation in 1939) becomes the CIC of the U.S. Pacific Fleet (CinCPac), uttering the soundbyte: "It was God's mercy that our fleet was in Pearl Harbor on December 7" because if Kimmel "had advance notice that the Japanese were coming, he most probably would have tried to intercept them. With the difference in speed between Kimmel's battleships and the faster Japanese carriers, the former could not have come within rifle range of the enemy's flattops. As a result, we would have lost many ships in deep water and also thousands more in lives." On Dec. 22 Archie Comics debuts, created by publisher John L. Goldwater, written by Vic Bloom and drawn by Bob Montana; in Dec. Wonder Woman debuts in All Star Comics #8, created by polygraph inventor William Moulton "Charles" Marston (1893-1947), about an Amazon warrior princess AKA Princess Diana of Themyscira AKA Diana Prince, who was sculpted from clay by her mother Queen Hipollyta and given life and superhuman powers by the Greek gods. On Dec. 23 after 2K Japanese from two aircraft carriers overwhelm U.S. forces, losing 820 KIA vs. 120 Americans, Wake Island surrenders to the Japanese; a relief force from Pearl Harbor is 425 mi. away. On Dec. 23 10K Japanese troops land on Luzon Island, causing Gen. MacArthur on Dec. 24 evening to leave Manila for fortified Corregidor Island, declaring Manila an open city, which doesn't stop the Japanese from bombing it. On Dec. 23 Mexico breaks off relations with Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania. On Dec. 24 (night) 54 Japanese bombers and 24 fighters attack airfields in Rangoon, Burma; the Flying Tigers take off in time and shoot down six Japanese planes while losing only two. On Dec. 24 Benghazi is reoccupied by the British. On Dec. 25 Hong Kong surrenders to the Japanese, who take 11K British POWs, becoming the first British possession to go Japanese (until Aug. 1945). On Dec. 25 3.7K die of starvation in Leningrad. On Dec. 25 (night) 3K Russian troops land on the Kerch Peninsula to establish a new Crimean front and relieve pressure on Sevastopol. On Dec. 25 Tacoma, Wash.-born crooner-actor Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby Jr. (1903-77) debuts White Christmas by Russian-born composer Irving Berlin (Israel Beilin) (1888-1989) at the Kraft Music Hall, then records it in Los Angeles for Decca Records on May 29, 1942 along with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra and the Ken Darby Singers; on July 30 it is released, becoming #1 for 11 weeks, becoming Bing's best-selling record, best-selling Xmas single, and best-selling single of all time (50M copies) - somehow with all them corpses in the Russian snow, this song is a little macabre? On Dec. 26 Winston Churchill becomes the first British PM to address a joint session of the U.S. Congress, with the soundbyte: "The fact that my American forebears have for so many generations played their part in the life of the United States, and that here I am, an Englishman, welcomed in your midst, makes this experience one of the most moving and thrilling in my life, which is already long and has not been entirely uneventful. I wish indeed that my mother, whose memory I cherish, across the vale of years, could have been here to see. By the way, I cannot help reflecting that if my father had been American and my mother British instead of the other way around, I might have got here on my own"; when visiting the White House he surprises the staff by going around in the nude - get the straight jacket? On Dec. 26 the Germans evacuate Kaluga. On Dec. 27 Operation Archery sees the British stage a commando raid on the German naval base at Vaagso in W Norway, sinking five merchantmen with total displacement of 16K tons, pissing-off Hitler, who mumbles about turning his occupied hellhole into Fortress Europe, ordering the building of coastal defenses all the way from the Norwegian-Finnish border to the Spanish-French border in the Bay of Biscay; Lt. Col. John Malcolm Thorpe Fleming "Mad Jack" "Fighting jack" Fleming (1906-96) (known for killing a German sgt. near L'Epinette, France in May 1940 with a longbow) comes off the first landing craft playing "March of the Cameron Men" on his bagpipes, throwing a grenade then fighting the Germans with a sword and longbow, with the soundbyte: "Any officre who goes into action without his sword is improperly dressed." On Dec. 27-29 after retreating to a line between Ajedabia and El Haseia and rebuilding his tank force, Gen. Rommel wins the Tank Battle of El Haseia, forcing the British to withdraw, permitting Rommel to fall back to El Agheila by mid-Jan. On Dec. 28 Operation Anthropoid parachutes Czech resistance leader Ssgt. Jan Kubis (1913-42) and Slovak resistance leader SSgt. Jozef Gabcik (1912-42) near Pilsen in preparation for the assassination of "Blonde Beast" Reinhard Heydrich. On Dec. 30 Japanese aircraft attack Corregidor; on Oct. 31 U.S. and Filipino troops complete the evacuation of Manila. On Dec. 30 Winston Churchill visits Ottawa, Ont., Canada, waxing eloquent about the partisans in Yugoslavia, with the soundbyte: "The people manage to keep the flag of freedom flying"; a photo of him by Canadian-Armenian photographer Yousuf Karsh (AKA Karsh of Ottawa) (1908-2002) becomes iconic. On Dec. 31 the Soviet recapture Kozelsk W of the Medyn-Orel defense line established by the Germans in early Dec. On Dec. 31 40K Russian troops land at Feodosiya in the Crimea, forcing the Germans to break off the attack on Sevastopol to fight them. On Dec. 31 14K German soldiers in Russia undergo amputation for frostbite; 62K more are classified as "moderate", meaning unable to fight. By Dec. 31 750 tanks, 800 fighters, 1.4K vehicles, and 100K tons of stores reach Archangel via British convoys. On Dec. 31 after telling his friends "Let's hope 1942 brings me as much good fortune as 1941", Hitler sends his New Year's Order of the Day to the German Troops; he also delivers a New Year's Message to the German People, with the soundbyte: "He who fights for the life of a nation, for her daily bread and her future, will win; but he who, in this war, with his Jewish hate, seeks to destroy whole nations, will fail." By Dec. 31 after failing to defend Kampar in the W and Kuantan in the E, British and Indian troops abandon Malaya to the Japanese, along with 38% of the world's rubber production and 58% of its tin production. In Dec. Lwow (Lviv) Ghetto is established - like, wow? In Dec. the Nazis starve 100K Soviet POWs to death in an open field in Hola, Poland, with the POWs digging er, holes and eating grass and roots to try to survive; villagers who throw them food are shot. In Dec. the Bielski Partisans, led by Tuvia Bielski (1906-87) escape with 13 neighbors from the Nowogrodek Ghetto to the Belorussian forest, where they organize a resistance against the Nazis and help 1,230 Jews survive WWII intact until the Soviets liberate the area in the summer of 1944. In Dec.-Jan. the British take Cyrenaica, Egypt. Enver Halil Hoxha (1908-85) sets up a provisional Communist govt. in Albania. The U.S. Office of Price Admin. (OPA) is established to regulate prices, with Leon Henderson (1895-1986) as its head (until 1942); it freezes steel prices and begins rubber rationing. The Air Training Corps is established in Britain; the Air Raid Precautions (ARP) program is reorganized as the Civil Defence, complete with cool heavy battle dress uniforms. Tinker Air Force Base (originally Midwest Air Depot until Jan. 13, 1948) in Oklahoma City, Okla. is established, named after Maj. Gen. Clarence Leonard Tinker (1887-1942), an Osage Indian from Pawhuska, Okla., the first Native Am. maj. gen. in U.S. Army history, who commanded the 7th Air Force in Hawaii in WWII before being killed in the June 1942 Battle of Midway when his plane crashed into the sea, becoming the first U.S. gen. killed in WWII. becoming home of the 72nd Air Base Wing and the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Complex. The Communist Tudeh Party in Iran is formed, becoming influential in getting PM (1951-3) Mohammad Mosaddeq to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil. Co. New Zealand enacts socialized medicine. David Eli Lilienthal (1899-1981) becomes chmn. of the U.S. Tenn. Valley Authority (TVA) (until 1946). James Bryant Conant (1893-1978), pres. of Harvard U. since 1933 becomes dir. of the Nat. Defense Research Committee (founded 1940), and deputy dir. of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, which develops the atomic bomb et al.; in 1942 the $2B U.S. Manhattan Project begins, leading to the first atomic bomb; it employs as many as 130K people, and is headed by Pentagon builder Gen. Leslie Richard Groves Jr. (1896-1970) and big brain physicist Julius Robert Oppenheimer (1906-54); Philly-born physicist Robert Serber (1909-97) writes The Los Alamos Primer, which is distributed in Apr. 1943 to all scientific staff, causing the NYT to call him "the intellectual midwife at the birth of the atomic bomb"; his wife (since 1933) Charlotte Serber (1911-67) is appointed the project's librarian, her leftist background getting both of them into hot water for awhile; Jewish-Am. physicist Theodore Alvin "Ted" Hall (1925-99) passes atomic secrets to the Soviets allegedly to keep the U.S. from having a monopoly, and is never caught, admitting it to CNN in 1998 right before his death; by 1951 67.5K nuclear missiles are built, and by 1964 the total cost of the program reaches $1T; the U.S. nuclear arsenal ends up costing $5.5T by 1996 ($21.6K per capita); the HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance) Filter is developed for the Manhattan Project to prevent the spread of airborne radioactive contaminants, and commercialized in the 1950s. After WWI Army testing reports that claim that blacks aren't mentally or physically up to it are questioned, the Tuskegee Inst. in Ala. begins training nig, er, ape, black pilots for WWII, resulting in the all-black (segregated) squadrons of the 450 Tuskegee Airmen, who train at Moton Field in Ala. (built 1940-2); Lt. Col. Lee Andrew Archer (1919-2010) becomes their only confirmed ace, with 4-1/2 kills; the local white pop. claims that they're ruining the neighborhood and lowering property values, petitioning Washington, D.C. in vain; the first class graduates on Mar. 6, 1942; in July 1942 enough graduate to comprise the 99th Fighter Squadron of red-tailed P-51s; they become the first squadron never to lose a bomber they're escorting. Venezuelan novelist Romulo Gallegos and Romulo Betancourt rename the liberal 1937 Partido Democratio Nacional to Accion Democratica Party, which nominates Gallegos for pres.; too bad, dictator Gen. Isaias Medina Angarita rules with an iron hand and prevents elections. The Nat. Rev. Movement (MNR) is founded in Bolivia by populist middle class intellectuals and lawyers. Sunni theologian Abul A'ala Maududi (1903-79) founds Jamaat-e-Islami to restore Pakistan to a purely Islamic state with Sharia, with the soundbyte: "Democracy begins in Islam" - it's howdy maududi time? The Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WACs) is organized by Oveta Culp Hobby (1905-95), wife of Houston Post pub. William Pettus Hobby; in 1942 she is appointed its dir., and in 1943 is made a col. in charge of the new U.S. Women's Army Corps (until 1945); she is awarded the Distinguished Service Medal in 1944. The Special Air Service (SAS) is founded as a special forces unit of the British army, starting out as a regiment then reconstituted as a corps in 1950, engaging in counter-terrorism, covert recon, hostage rescue et al. The British govt. begins sending their POWs Monopoly Escape Kits, disguised as Monopoly sets and containing tiny silk escape maps, a file, and real money; one-third of 35K escaping Allied POWs make use of them; the operation isn't declassified until 2007. A Ferry Command aircraft crosses the Atlantic from W to E in 8 hours 23 min. Clothes rationing begins in Britain, and "utility" clothing and furniture are encouraged. U.S. Savings Bonds and Stamps begin to be sold. To counter the fact that only 25% of U.S. drivers have auto liability insurance, N.Y. passes a fiscal responsibility law for drivers, causing all the other states to follow by the mid-1950s. Round the rugged rock the ragged rascal ran, as the woman said as she kissed the cow, "Each one to his own tastes"? James Montgomery Flagg (1877-1960) draws posters to aid the U.S. govt. defense program prior to its entrance into WWII. 6'6" Welsh-born British writer Roald Dahl (1916-90), who joined the RAF in 1939 and almost died in a training accident in Egypt last year is almost shot down over Greece by the Luftwaffe, causing him to change jobs and become a British attache to Washington, D.C. next year, where he becomes a big hit with the social set; meanwhile he secretly joins the New York City-based MI6 spy ring of Canadian agent Intrepid (Sir William Stephenson) (1897-1989), and attempts to infiltrate the German Bund and America First. The John Frum (Jon From) Cargo Cult is founded on Tanna Island in the New Hebrides (Vanuatu), worshipping a WWII U.S. soldier as their god. After hearing of the Pearl Harbor attack, dental surgeon Lytle S. Adams conceives of the Bat Bomb, a flock of bats carrying small bombs that can be unleashed on mainland Japan; too bad, in Dec. 1943 after $2M spent for multiple disastrous tests, news of the A-bomb causes the program to be canceled. The Wright Aeronautical Corp. in Ohio begins bribing Army inspection officers to pass defective military aircraft engines until 1933, when some assembly line employees blow the whistle to Mo. Sen. Harry Truman, who sets up a Congressional investigation that results in Army Air Force officers Lt. Col. Frank C. Greulich, Maj. Walter A. Ryan, and Maj. William Bruckmann convicted of neglect of duty and relieved next year. Hollywood actress Jeanne Elizabeth Crain (1925-2003) wins the Miss Long Beach title, and is runner-up in the Miss America contest. Max Fleischer produces Superman movie cartoons for Paramount (ends 1943). Nash introduces unit-body construction on cars. Ford produces a prototype plastic car made from soybean derivatives. The first simple nutrition guide is pub. by the USDA. Outward Bound is founded in Wales for sailors. The first gen. public broadcasting of television (TV) begins in the U.S., five years behind England. Adolph Coors Co. of Golden, Colo. introduces the first light beer ("13% less calories per glass"); after it is pulled because of wartime grain rationing, it is reintroduced in 1978 as the Silver Bullet (Coors Light). The U.S. whooping crane pop. reaches a low of 16 this year (1.3K-1.4K in 1860); each year they migrate along with hundreds of thousands of sandhill cranes 2.7K mi. from Wood Buffalo Nat. Park in the Northwest Territories in Canada to the Arkansas Nat. Wildlife Refuge along the Texas Gulf Coast, stopping to rest on the Platte River between Kearney and Grand Island, Neb.; adults stand 5-ft. tall with a wingspan of over 7 ft., and fly with their legs straight out in flight; after establishing the Bosque del Apache Nat. Wildlife Refuge S of San Antonio and N of the Jornada del Muerto on the old Camino Real as a rest stop, and putting whooping crane eggs on sandhill crane nests, their numbers are back up to around 400 by the end of the cent. The Ph.D. program of the MIT Dept. of Economics is founded, making it one of the Big Five for economics incl. the U. of Chicago, Harvard U., Princeton U., and Stanford U. The George Foster Peabody Award, named for banker-philanthropist George Foster Peabody (1852-1938) for excellence in radio broadcasting is first awarded; awards for TV are added in 1948, followed by material distributed via the World Wide Web in the 1990s. Scripps Howard journalist (1933-44) and Hearst syndicate journalist (1944-62) Westbrook Pegler (1894-1969) becomes the first journalist to win the Pulitzer Prize for journalism for exposing racketeering in Hollywood, esp. William Morris "Willie" Bioff (1900-55). The Carlingue (French Gestapo) is founded (until 1944) by ex-policeman Pierre Bonny (1895-1944), with HQ in the 16 arrondissement of Paris. The Guinea Pig Club (originally the Maxillonians) is founded at the Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, West Sussex England by RAF airmen receiving burn treatment by Kiwi plastic surgeon Sir Archibald Hector McIndoe (1900-60), who pioneers the walking-stalk skin graft, and discovers the benefit of immersion in sale for burn patients, becoming known for the McIndoe Nose. The Roman Catholic Legion of Christ is founded in Mexico by priest Marcial Maciel Degollado (1920-2008); on Mar. 31, 2009 Pope Benedict XVI announces an investigation into it after the founder fathered a child along with claims of molestation of seminarians. French poet Thomas Merton (1915-68) enters the (Shut-Your-?) Trappist monastery of Our Lady of Gethsemani in Bardstown, Ky.; in 1949 he is ordained as Father M. Louis. Pulp magazines reach their zenith in the U.S. this year. Marshall Field III (1893-1956), grandson of dept. store king Marshall Field founds the progressive newspaper The Chicago Sun. Gourmet mag. is founded in the U.S. in Jan. by Earle R. McAusland (1891-1980) (until Oct. 5, 2009), becoming the first U.S. mag. on the topic, going on to run articles on food, wine and good living by Ray Bradbury and Ogden Nash et al. Camp Lejeune in N.C. is established by the U.S. Marine Corps; it has 14 mi. of beaches for amphibious assault training. The Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka is discovered. German "epic" (sociopolitical) theatrical producer Erwin Piscator (1893-1966) founds Studio Theater in New York City. German-born surrealist artist Max Ernst (1891-1976) escapes Nazi-occupied France with the help of Am. art collector Peggy Guggenheim (1898-1979), and marries her next year (until 1946), then helps pump up the Am. abstract expressionist movement. William Kapell (1922-53) debuts in New York City, going on to become the #1 Am. pianist of his generation until his early death from an airplane accident. 18-y.-o. Spanish soprano Victoria de los Angeles (1923-2005) debuts as Countess Mimi in The Marriage of Figaro at the Liceu in Barcelona, going on to debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 1951 as Marguerite in Faust. Swedish-Hungarian soprano Astrid Varnay (1918-2006) debuts at the Metropolitan Opera on Dec. 6 as Sieglinde in Richard Wagner's "Die Walkure" after Lotte Lehmann gets sick, becoming an instant hit, getting her a job as Brunhilde six days later, replacing the sick Helen Traubel. Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Orson Welles, Samuel Goldwyn, David O. Selznick, Alexander Korda, and Walter Wanger found the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers. The big band vocal group The Modernaires, consisting of Hal Dickinson, Chuck Goldstein, and Bill Conway, founded in 1935 adds singer Paula Kelly (1919-92) (Dickinson's wife) and becomes a regular with the Glenn Miller Band, appearing in the 1941 film Sun Valley Serenade, then having 10 chart hits this year, incl. "Chattanooga Choo-Choo". Ga.-born "Jeepers, Creepers", "Fools Rush In" songwriter John Herndon "Johnny" Mercer (1909-76) begins an affair with 19-y.-o. Judy Garland (1922-69), who is engaged to British-born "The Stripper" composer David Rose (1910-90, causing the latter to marry her faster on July 28; they divorce in 1944 after she has an abortion to avoid being a bad mother, er, having children. Am. pin-up artist George Petty (1894-1975) creates Memphis Belle for Esquire as part of his "Petty Girl" series (1933-56) (known for longer legs and smaller heads than the models), which ends up painted onto the fuselage of a WWII B-17F Flying Fortress bomber and gets famous in May 1943. Greenville, S.C.-born blues singer Joshua Daniel "Josh" White (1914-69), known for his civil rights songs becomes the first black singer to give a command White House performance to his good friend FDR, going on to become the first black star in Hollywood films and on Broadway, first to have a million-selling record ("One Meatball", 1944), and first to make a solo concert tour of the U.S. (1945). Former airmail pilot Elrey Borge Jeppesen (1907-96) and his former United Airlines stewardess wife move to Denver, Colo. (Grape St.) and found Jepp Charts to produce "Jeppesen Airway Manuals" with critical elevations for air navigation, which are adopted by the U.S. Navy in WWII; "I wouldn't be here if it wasn't for you" (John Glenn). Botany Mills airs the first animated TV commercial, using their Botany Lamb to promote their wool ties. Pixy Stix (originally Lik-M-Aid) sweet-sour citric powder is invented by J. Fish Smith of Sunline Inc. of St. Louis, Mo., based on the 1-cent Fruzola Jr. drink mix sold by Fruzola Co. of Salt Lake City, Utah., selling the powder in packages, followed in 1959 by color-striped straws; in 1962 they introduce SweeTarts candy tablets, followed in 1965 by Spree; in 1975 after becoming the Sunmark Co. it acquires the Quaker Co.'s Willy Wonka brand and founds the Willy Wonka Candy Co., becoming the Sunmark Co.; in 1986 it is acquired by Rowntee Mackintosh of the U.K., which in 1988 is acquired by Nestle. Sports: On Jan. 11 Eddie Funaro bowls a 239 game at the Jack White Classic duckpin tournament in New Haven, Conn., setting a world record (until ?). On Apr. 6-12 the 1941 Stanley Cup Finals see the Boston Bruins sweep the Detroit Red Wings 4-0. On May 15-July 17 New York Yankees star Joseph Paul "Joe" DiMaggio (1914-99) gains sports immortality with a 56-game hitting streak, breaking Willie Keeler's record of 44 games set in 1897 with the Baltimore Orioles; he is finally stopped by Al Smith and Jim Bagby of the Cleveland Indians, and holds out for a stunning $35K salary; meanwhile Boston Red Sox outfielder (1939-60) ("Beantown's Splendid Splinter") Theodore Samuel "Ted" Williams (1918-2002) bats .406 (last ML player to bat .400 until ?), making for a memorable baseball season marked by looming war, causing Phil Rizzuto to utter the soundbyte: "You read the sports section a lot because you were afraid of what you'd see in the other parts of the paper"; Williams becomes a WWII Marine Corps fighter pilot, returns to win the triple crown, leaves to fight in the Korean War, and comes back to become an All-Star. On May 30 the 1941 (29th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Floyd Eldon Davis (1909-77) and Mauri Rose (1906-81), who takes over for him on lap 72 while in 12th place, with Davis uttering the soundbyte: "I was ready to go into the lead when they called me in"; he is so disgusted that he never drives in another Indy 500? On June 18 William David "Billy" Conn (1917-93), "the Pittsburgh Kid" surrenders his light-heavyweight boxing title to challenge heavyweight Joe Louis (Joseph Louis Barrow) (1914-81) (who dehydrated himself to weigh less for the fight to make it seem more fair), outpointing him until round 13, then trying to knock him out and getting KOd instead, with the soundbyte: "What the use of being Irish if you can't be thick"; When he asks Louis, "Why couldn't you let me hold the title for a year or so?", he replies: "You had the title for 12 rounds and you couldn't hold onto it." Whirlaway (jockey Eddie Arcaro) becomes the 5th horse to win horse racing's Triple Crown (Belmont, Preakness, Kentucky Derby) (last in 1937). On Sept. 29 First BPAA All-Star Tournament is held at the Chicago Coliseum in Chicago, Ill, with 71 entrants playing 76 games; the winner is John "the General" Crimmins of Detroit, Mich., who loses on Dec. 10, 1942 to Ned Day, who retains the Nat. Match Game title. Bobby Riggs wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. amateur men's title, and Mrs. Sarah Palfrey Cooke wins the women's title; Marvin Ward wins the U.S. Golf. Assoc. Amateur title, and Craig Wood wins the Open. To quell rumors of marijuana use, New York Yankees 1B player Ellsworth Tenney "Babe" Dahlgren (1912-96) (Lou Gehrig's replacement) becomes the first ML baseball player to take a drug test. German boxer Max Schmeling is seriously injured while fighting for the German Wehrmacht in N Africa. Edward "Eddie" Robinson (1919-2007) becomes head football coach at Grambling State U. in La. (until 1997), racking up 45 winning seasons. After playing baseball for the Negro Leagues with Satchel Page, and being discovered by Abe Saperstein, 6'4" Reece "Goose" Tatum (1921-67) (with an 84 in. armspan allowing him to touch his kneecaps without bending, and giant hands allowing him to hold a basketball with one hand) joins the Harlem Globetrotters (until 1955), becoming the original "Clown Prince", inventing the (Sky) Hook Shot. After Pee Wee Reese and Pat Reiser are beaned, the Brooklyn Dodgers start using plastic batter helmets. The Am. Bowling Congress (ABC) Hall of Fame is founded, becoming the 3rd oldest U.S. sports shrine after baseball (1936) and golf (1940). Architecture: On Mar. 17 the Nat. Gallery of Art opens in Washington, D.C. on the Mall; it ends up concentrating on eight particular cents. On June 16 Washington Nat. Airport on the W bank of the Potomac River S of the 14th St./I-395 Bridge near Crystal City in Arlington, Va. 5 mi. S of downtown Washington, D.C. opens, becoming the nearest and 2nd largest D.C. airport after Dulles Internat. Airport 30 mi. to the W; on July 1 the airport's weather station becomes the official weather observation station for the Nat. Weather Service in Washington, D.C.; in 1998 the name is changed to Ronald Reagan Washington Nat. Airport. On Nov. 1 the steel arch Rainbow Bridge over Niagara Falls, N.Y., built over the site of the collapsed Honeymoon Bridge (Jan. 27, 1938) opens. The 1-mi.-wide Gatun Locks in the Panama Canal (looking N toward the Atlantic Ocean) are begun; the Pacific side needs two sets of locks, Miraflores and Pedro Miguel. The Shell Co. HQ Bldg. in The Hague, designed by Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud (1890-1963) opens; too bad, when photos of it are pub. in the U.S. in 1945, he is summarily kicked out of the Modernist movement for using embroidery (ornament). Nobel Prizes: No awards. Inventions: On Jan. 9 the £50K British 4-engine Avro Lancaster "Lanc" heavy bomber, based on the Avro Manchester makes its first flight, entering service in Feb. 1942 and becoming the go-to wartime night bomber, also used for daylight precision bombing, delivering 608K* long tons of bombs in 156K sorties, incl. 4-ton and 6-ton blockbuster bombs, the 6-ton Tailboy and 11-ton Grand Slam earthquake bombs, and bouncing bombs; 7,377 are produced by 1963. On May 6 the $85K Republic P-47 Thunderbolt makes its first flight, becoming the largest and heaviest piston engine-powered aircraft ever made, carrying a double quartet of .50-cal. M2 Browning machine guns for ground attack, or up to 2.5K lbs. of bombs; 15.6K are built by 1966. On Sept. 1 the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet rocket-powered fighter aircraft makes its test flight; in July 1944 test pilot Heini Dittmar reaches 700 mph (1,130 km/h) in it; too bad, although 300+ are built, they only shoot down nine Allied aircraft in 16 air Vs, with 10 losses. The simple, low-cost Sten Gun 9mm submachine gunis developed by the British govt., and named after its chief designers Maj. Reginald V. Shepherd and Harold Turpin, plus "en" for Enfield; 4M+ are manufactured by the end of the decade; Jewish guerrillas in Palestine adopt it, and in 1945 build a secret underground ammo factory under a laundromat 28 mi. NW of Jerusalem in Ayalon Kibbutz. Johannes Croning invents shell molding, a powder metallurgy process for making accurate and cheap castings. Sir Donald Bailey (1901-85) invents the portable military steel Bailey Bridge. Hans Haas (1919-) pioneers underwater photography. In Aug. the Germans introduce the Focke-Wulfe FW 190 air superiority fighter, giving them superiority over the RAF for over a year. English chemists John Richard Whinfield (1901-66) and James Tennant Dickson of the Calico Printer's Assoc. in Manchester in July patent the polyester fiber Terylene (Dacron) (polyethylene terephthalate) (PET), which is tougher and more resilient than nylon; in 1946 Du Pont purchases the patent and begins large scale U.S. production in 1953. Russian tank soldier Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (1919-2013) is wounded by a German shell in the Battle of Bryansk in W Russia, and has a brainstorm in the hospital, resulting in 1947 in the super-reliable AK-47 (Avtomat Kalashnikov), which fires at 600 rpm, and is too late for WWII service but becomes standard Soviet army issue in 1949, produced by the state-controlled Izhmash Co. in Izhevsk; as good Socialists, they don't attempt to get a patent; by the end of the cent. there are 100M of them, accounting for 80% of all assault rifles, selling for as little as $15; in 2007 Mikhail K. says "I sleep well; it's the politicians who are to blame for failing to come to an agreement and resorting to violence", and adding that it was before he designed it, when Nazi soldiers used superior weaponry against the Red Army that he slept badly. Science: Am. physiologist Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904-2004) develops the K-ration for the U.S. war dept., consisting of three meals (28 oz., 3K cal.), incl. hard biscuits, dry sausages, hard candy and chocolate bars, plus coffee, cigarettes, toilet paper, and a wooden spoon; the first K-rations, produced by the Cracker Jack Co. are issued next year to U.S. Airborne troops. Russian physicist Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-68) pub. the Landau Theory of Cryogenic Gases, showing that helium below -455.8 deg F moves like a wave rather than as single particles (superfluid), giving it the ability to creep uphill - is that like the 1st time you had sex? Methadone, a synthetic substitute for heroin is discovered by German scientists; ironically, it ends up as a new drug problem after it is tried as a way to end H addiction. On Mar. 28, 1941 Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-99) and Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907-91) of the U.S. discover Plutonium (Pl) (#94), named after the planet not the dog; in 1944 Americium (Am) (#95) and Curium (Cm) (#96) are discovered by Seaborg et al. at the U. of Chicago and UCB. Susquehanna, Penn.-born behaviorist psychologist B.F. (Burrhus Frederic) Skinner (1904-90) and his Minneapolis, Minn.-born student William Kaye Estes (1919-2011) introduce the Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) paradigm via their study of rats. London, England-born economist Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (1913-91) develops Britain's first nat. account, the first using double-entry accounting based on inspiration from Francois Quesnay, winning him the 1984 Nobel Econ. Prize. The advent of airplines which can cruise at 30K ft. where the atmospheric pressure drops by two-thirds causes a rash of cases of bends, spurring scientific research, which discovers that nitrogen is the culprit, causing pilots to be equipped with pure oxygen and long-range craft to be equipped with pressurized cabins. Nonfiction: Mortimer Adler (1902-2001), A Dialectic of Morals: Towards the Foundation of Political Philosophy. Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Bohemian, Poet, Soldier, Novelist & Wanderer (autobio.). Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), The Golden Flood: An Informal History of America's First Oil Field. Adm. Reginald Bacon (1863-1947), Modern Naval Strategy. Joe Staten Bain (1912-91), The Profit Rate as a Measure of Monopoly Power; launches his career as "the Father of Modern Industrial Org. Economics". Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened, 1939-1940 (London). Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), On the Place of Gilbert Chesterton in English Letters. P. Birdsall, Versailles Twenty Years After. Edwin Garrigues Boring (1886-1968), Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology (Dec. 6); popularizes the term "Zeitgeist". Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93), Economic Analysis; "a contribution to the development and systematization of the body of economic analysis itself"; makes him a star; doesn't mention Keynesian economics until the 2nd ed. (1948). Louis Dembitz Brandeis (1856-1941), The Brandeis Guide to the Modern World. Paul Brunton (1898-1981), The Hidden Teaching Beyond Yoga. James Burnham (1905-87), The Managerial Revolution; claims that the Great Depression proves that Capitalism is "not going to continue much longer", and that in the U.S. it is moving in a "managerial direction". Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976), The New Testament and Mythology. Emile Cammaerts (1878-1953), The Prisoner at Laeken: King Leopold, Legend and Fact. Joyce Cary (1888-1957), The Case for African Freedom. Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961), Les Beaux Draps (The Fine Mess); pub. in France during the German occupation, pleasing them with its anti-Semitism. Sir Edmund Kerchever Chambers (1866-1954), Shakespearean Gleanings. Stuart Chase (1888-1985), A Generation of Industrial Peace: Thirty Years of Labor Relations at Standard Oil Company. Winston Churchill (1874-1965), Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Speeches by the Right Honourable Winston S. Churchill. Geoffrey Cox, The Red Army Moves (London). Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), History as the Story of Liberty. F.B. Czarnomski (ed.), They Fight for Poland: The War in the First Person (London). Edward Dahlberg (1900-77), Do These Bones Live (essays); rev. in 1947 as "Song O Barren". George Dangerfield (1904-86), Victoria's Heir: The Education of a Prince. William Edward Dodd (1869-1940), Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-38 (posth.). Carl Van Doren (1885-1950), Secret History of the American Revolution. Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), Walks (Promenader) (essays). Walker Evans (1903-75), Let Us Now Praise Famous Men; photos of Hale County, Ala. in 1936, becoming an icon of the Great Depression. Guglielmo Ferrero (1871-1942), The Reconstruction of Europe. Louis Fischer (1896-1970), Men and Politics (autobio.). Hermann Flohn, The Activity of Man as a Climate Factor; chief meteorologist for the Luftwaffe; first paper on CO2-induced global warming is by a Nazi? John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964), As We Go Marching; how fascism starts out well-meaning but ends in the Abyss, and can happen in the U.S.; "We are always moving forward with high mission, a destiny imposed by the Deity to regenerate our victims while incidentally capturing their markets, to civilise savage and senile and paranoid peoples while blundering accidentally into their oil wells". Erich Fromm (1900-80), Escape from Freedom (Fear of Freedom); founds Political Psychology; "The destruction of the world is the last, almost desperate attempt to save myself from being crushed by it." Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), Toward a Philosophy of History; "We are given no escape from last questions." Sigfrid Giedion (1888-1968), Space, Time, and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition; backs the Modernist movement, becoming a hit. Etienne Gilson (1884-1978), God and Philosophy. John Gunther (1901-70), Inside Latin America. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Science in Peace and War; New Paths in Genetics. Oscar Handlin (1915-2011), Boston's Immigrants, 1790-1865: A Study in Acculturation (first book) (Dunning Prize) (his Harvard dissertation); founds the field of U.S. immigration history; "The first historical case study of the impact of immigrants upon a particular society and the adjustment of the immigrants to that society. The writer has opened a new field for historical research and has also made a significant contribution to the literature of race and culture contacts." (Am. Journal of Sociology) Alvin Harvey Hansen (1887-1975), Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles; first major U.S. work to back John Maynard Keynes' analysis of the causes of the Great Depression. S.I. Hayakawa (1906-92), Language in Action; followed by "Language in Thought and Action" (1949); helps popularize Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), The Craft of Musical Composition. William Bradford Huie (1910-86), How to Keep Football Stars in College; pub. in the Jan. 1 issue of Colliers, causing a firestorm of controversy by revealing how college football tries to win at all costs, with the soundbyte: "We who have recruited Alabama's players know who our competitors have been. And we've offered no higher prices than were necessary to compete in the open market." Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics; Cardinal Richelieu's agent Father Joseph (Francois Leclerc du Tremblay) (1577-1638). Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975), The Uniqueness of Man. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), The Gay Galliard: The Story of Mary, Queen of Scots. Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880-1940) et al., The Battle for Jerusalem. Madame Chiang Kai-shek, China Shall Rise Again. Vassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), The Art of Spiritual Harmony. Simon Kuznets (1901-85), National Income and Its Composition, 1919-1938; becomes a std. work. Eric Linklater (1899-1974), The Man on My Back (autobio.). Denis Mackail (1892-1971), The Story of J.M.B. (Barrie). Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Reason and Revolution; Hegel and Marx. John Masefield (1878-1967), The Nine Days Wonder: The Operation Dynamo; the evacuation of Dunkirk. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), Strictly Personal (autobio.); WWII experiences. H.L. Mencken (1880-1956), Newspaper Days. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Interventionism: An Economic Analysis; written after fleeing the Nazis to the U.S. in 1940. Henri de Montherlant (1896-1972), Le Solstice de Juin; blames the French Third Repub. for the defeat by Germany, whose army he praises. Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1891-1967), The Fight Against Inflation. Frank Luther Mott (1886-1964), American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States through 250 years, 1690 to 1940; followed by "American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960" (1962); becomes a std. work. Edward R. Murrow (1908-65), This Is London. George Jean Nathan (1882-1958), The Bachelor Life. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man (1941-3). Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Pool of Memory (autobio.). Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), The Time is Now!; That Day Alone. Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968) et al., The Battle for Jerusalem. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), When Britain Saved Europe. John Crowe Ransom (1888-1974), The New Criticism; founds a new school that dominates Am. lit. criticism for decades. Paul A. Samuelson (1915-2009) and Wolfgang Friedrich Stolper (1912-2002), Protection and Real Wages; proposes the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, that a rise in the relative price of a good will lead to a rise in the return to that factor which is used most extensively in its production, and conversely. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Everybody's Political What's What. Margaret Leech Pulitzer (1893-1974), Reveille in Washington, 1860-1865 (Pulitzer Prize) (first woman to win for history); about Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln, Confed. spy Rose Greenhow, and how the U.S. Civil War changed Washington, D.C.; it helps that she was married to Joseph Pulitzer's late son Ralph?; "Rich with the wastage of armies, the perennial fields were green. On the Capital dome, Armed Freedom rested on her sheathed sword." (last line) William L. Shirer (1904-93), Berlin Diary; his experience as a CBS-Radio reporter in Germany until Dec. 1940. Enid Starkie (1897-1970), A Lady's Child (autobio.). Philip Toynbee (1916-81), A School in Private. Peter Viereck (1916-2006), Metapolitics: From Wagner and the German Romantics to Hitler; condemns Hitler in terms of the Judaic-Christian ethical tradition, and traces his Nazism to German Romantic poetry and music esp. Wagner. Robert Forrest Wilson (1883-1942), Crusader in Crinoline: The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe (Pulitzer Prize). Rebecca West (1892-1983), Black Lamb and Grey Falcon; 1,181 pages about her trip to the Balkans, showing the effects of Nazism; a classic of travel lit. Richard Wright (1908-60), Twelve Million Black Voices: A Folk History of the Negro in the United States; disses FDR for dragging his feet on civil rights. Art: Ansel Adams (1902-84), Moonrise, Hernandez, N.M.. Milton Avery (1885-1965), Self-Portrait. Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947), Large Landscape, South of France (Le Cannet). Stuart Davis, New York Under Gaslight. Max Ernst (1891-1976), The Antipope (1941-2); Day and Night (1941-2). Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Hotel Room. Fernand Leger (1881-1955), Divers against Yellow Background. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Invasion of the Night; Ecouter Vivre; Theorie de l'Arbre; Composition Abstraite; Origine d'un Extreme; Foeu. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Refugees in London Air Raid Shelters (drawings). Paul Nash (1889-1946), Bombers over Berlin. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Dora Maar au Chat (Dora Maar with Cat); auctioned by Sotheby's for $95M on May 3, 2006. John Sloan (1871-1951), Sunbathers on the Roof. Stanley Spencer (1891-1959), Shipbuilding in the Clyde. Feliks Topolski (1907-89), British Armed Forces (drawings). Victor Vasarely (1906-97), Self-Portrait. Music: Roy Acuff (1903-92), Worried Mind. Richard Addinsell (1904-77), The Warsaw Concerto. The Almanac Singers, Songs for John Doe (album); from New York City, incl. Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Millard Lampell, and Lee Hays, part of the Popular Front of the Communist Party of the USA; incl. The Strange Death of John Doe; against U.S. entry into WWII; like typical Am. Commies, after Pearl Harbor they release Round and Round Hitler's Grave, supporting U.S. entry. Harold Arlen (1905-86) and Johnny Mercer (1909-76), Blues in the Night; from the film "Blues in the Night"; first in a string of hits; One for My Baby (and One More on the Road) (hit by Fred Astaire). Gene Autry (1907-98), Blueberry Hill; You Are My Sunshine. Sidney Bechet, The Sheik of Araby; first artist to play several musical instruments in a song (6) by repeated re-recording. Irving Berlin (1888-1989), White Christmas; best-selling single of all time (50M copies) (until ?). Marc Blitzstein (1905-64), No for an Answer (musical play). Benjamin Britten (1913-76), Violin Concerto. Hoagy Carmichael (1899-1981), Skylark; written by Johnny Mercer. John Alden Carpenter (1876-1951), Symphony No. 2. Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, The Princess and the Pea (opera). Duke Ellington (1899-1974), Take the 'A' Train (by Billy Strayhorn); goes from E Brooklyn to Harlem to N Manhattan. Duke Ellington (1899-1974) and Paul Francis Webster, I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good. The Ranch Party Gang, Deep in the Heart of Texas. Roy Harris (1898-1979), Folk Song Symphony (Boston). Harry James (1916-83) and the Music Makers, You Make Me Love You (Dec.) (first hit). Walter Kent (1911-94) and Nat Burton, (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover; Vera Lynn makes it a hit next year. Gene Krupa Band with Anita O'Day (1919-2006), Let Me Off Uptown. Vera Lynn (1917-), Yours; My Sister and I. The Glenn Miller Orchestra with the Modernaires, At Last (#9 in the U.S.); written by Mack Gordon and Harry Warren for the film "Orchestra Wives" (1942); sung by Ray Eberle (1919-79); Chattanooga Choo-Choo (#1 in the U.S.) (first gold record in history, 1.2M copies); written by Mack Gordon and Harry Warren for the film "Sun Valley Serenade"; sung by Gordon Lee "Tex" Beneke (1914-2000); Song of the Volga Boatmen, You and I, Elmer's Tune. Vaughn Monroe (1911-73), Racing With the Moon. Edith Piaf (1915-63), L'Accordeoniste. Cole Porter (1891-1964), Let's Face It! (musical). John Powell (1882-1963), Symphony on Virginian Folk Themes (Virginia Symphony) (1941-51). William Howard Schuman (1920-92), Symphony No. 3; his most popular symphony. Pete Seeger (1919-2014), Songs for John Doe (album); "It wouldn't be much thrill to die for Du Pont in Brazil"; pushes "the mendacious Moscow tune" that "Franklin Roosevelt is leading an unwilling people into a J.P. Morgan war" (Time mag.). Eddie Seiler, Sol Marcus, Bennie Benjamin, and Eddie Durham, I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire, Ted Shapiro (1899-1980), Winter Weather. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), Symphony No. 7 ("the Leningrad"); written during the Siege of Leningrad, and conducted personally in the Philharmonic Hall to a packed house as shells are falling. Memphis Slim (1915-88), Grinder Man Blues. Sons of the Pioneers, Chant of the Wanderer. Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915-73), Up Above My Head. Michael Tippett (1905-98), A Child of Our Time. Ernest Tubb (1914-84), Walking the Floor Over You (#23 in the U.S.); first hit to feature a solo by an electric guitar, popularizing the Honky Tonk Style of country music, getting him an invite to join the Grand Ole Opry in Feb. 1943, putting together his band the Texas Troubadors and remaining a regular for four decades, becoming the first to use an electric guitar on the show, played by Tommy "Butterball" Page and William Lewis "Billy" Byrd (1920-2001). Fats Waller (1904-43) and His Orchestra, All That Meat and No Potatoes; lyrics have a dirty double entendre. William Turner Walton (1902-83), Scapino (overture). Kurt Weill (1900-50), Fun to be Free. Bob Wills (1905-75) and his Texas Playboys, Take Me Back to Tulsa. Movies: Howard Hawks' Ball of Fire (Dec. 2) (a morphing of "The Wizard of Oz") is about eight zany professors, incl. Oscar Homolka as Prof. Gurkakoff, Richard Haydn as Prof. Oddly, and too-young-to-be-one Gary Cooper as Bertram Potts, an English prof. studying to write an encyclopedia article on modern slang, and Barbara Stanwyck as Katherine "Sugarpuss" O'Shea, a tempting gang moll using his Totten Foundation house as a hideout; while sexually-naive bookworm Potts studies phrases such as "drum boogie", "killer diller", "hoiti toiti", "slap happy", "bim buggy", "shove in your clutch", "shout the sherbert to me Herbert", "what's buzzin', cousin?", "what's boolin', shug?"; "crabapple Annie", "mankika", and "mahaha", they fall in love, and now all he has to do is beat her gangster beau Joe Lilac (Dana Andrews) in a fistfight; co-stars "Queen of the Mafia" Virginia "Sugar" Hill (1916-66), who is escorted to the premiere by her beau Bugsy Siegel, whose friend George Raft testifies on his behalf this year to get him off bookmaking charges; features Drum Boogie, composed and performed by Gene Krupa, with Stanwyck's singing dubbed by Martha Tilton; too bad, the comedy is overshadowed by the tragedy of the entire post-WWI gen. about to march to WWII? Tay Garnett's Bataan (B&W), about the U.S.-Filipino resistance stars Robert Taylor as Sgt. Bill Dane; also stars Lloyd Nolan, Robert Walker, Thomas Mitchell, George Murphy, and Desi Arnaz. Charles Riesner's The Big Store (June 20) stars the Marx Brothers in their final MGM film (before they "retire") as store dicks Wolf J. Flywheel, Ravelli, and Wacky; Groucho sings "Sing While You Sell", and Tony Martin sings "Tenement Symphony" and "If It's You". Rouben Mamoulian's Blood and Sand (May 30) (Fox), a remake of his 1922 silent Rudolph Valentino film stars Tyrone Power as lusty bullfighter Juan Gallardo, who forsakes bulls for broads, and makes a star of "Hollywood Love Goddess" Rita Hayworth (Margarita Carmen Cansino) (1918-87), who plays Dona Sola des Muire, getting the role because bottle blonde Carole Landis refuses to dye her hair red, going on to become a top starlet known for her dancing ability, marrying Orson Welles in 1943-8 and Prince Aly Khan in 1949-53. Raoul Walsh's The Bowery (Oct. 7) (20th Cent. Pictures), based on the novel by Michael L. Simmons about the Bowery in the Gay Nineties, "the Livest Mile on the Face of the Globe" stars Wallace Beery and George Raft (who get in a great fight scene), along with Jackie Cooper and Fay Wray; the film debut (uncredited) of Jamestown, N.Y.-born Lucille Desiree Ball (1911-89), who is picked to be a Goldwyn Girl this year, and ends up under contract to RKO, where she becomes known as "Queen of the Bs" for her many small parts, moving to MGM after marrying Desi Arnaz in Nov. 1940, and ending up with her own TV show "I Love Lucy" (1951), which rockets her to the top with her own studio Desilu Productions. Arthur Lubin's Buck Privates (Jan. 31) stars Bud Abbott and Lou Costello as Slicker Smith and Herbie Brown, and features the hot Andrews Sisters to draw audiences. Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (May 1) (Mercury Productions) is the dir. debut of Orson Welles (1915-85); co-written by Herman J. Mankiewicz based on the life of William Randolph Hearst incl. his push to defeat Socialist Upton Sinclair i n the 1934 Calif. gov. race; about Charles Foster Kane, his gloomy Xanadu estate, and his rise from idealistic newspaperman to ruthless Caesar, his dying word being "Rosebud" as a glass snow globe drops and smashes, causing reporter Jerry Thompson (William Alland) to try to find out what it means; considered by many critics to be the best movie ever made, the real Hearst gets pissed-off at it and prohibits its mention in any of his newspapers; gains nine Oscar nominations, but only wins for best screenplay; launches the careers of the Mercury Players, incl. Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead, Ruth Warrick, and Ray Collins; "I guess Rosebud is just a piece in a jigsaw puzzle... a missing piece" (William Allandon); "There but for the grace of God goes God" (Herman Mankiewicz about Welles); after he loses his favorite sled Rosebud, he gets the Crusader. Brian Desmond Hurst's Dangerous Moonlight (Suicide Squadron) (June 26) features the Rachmaninoff-style Warsaw Concerto, composed by Richard Addinsell. William Dieterle's The Devil and Daniel Webster (All That Money Can Buy) (Oct. 29), based on the 1937 Stephen Vincent Benet novel (who stole it from Goethe's Faust) stars hunk James Craig (1912-85) as N.H. farmer Jabez Stone, who despite being graced with beautiful pious wife Mary Stone (Anne Shirley) and Bible-thumping Ma (Jane Darwell) sells his soul to Mr. Scratch, played by Walter Huston (1884-1950) for seven years of good luck and fortune, and is saved by Daniel Webster (Edward Arnold); Simone Simon plays devilish temptress Belle Dee. Sam Wood's The Devil and Miss Jones (Apr. 11) stars Robert Cummings as the boss posing as a sales clerk to weed out union organizers, and finding out how wicked his own mgt. is and what a babe his employee Jean Arthur is? Victor Fleming's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Aug. 12), a remake of the 1931 film based on the 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson novella stars Spencer Tracy babing it up with Ingrid Bergman and Lana Turner; music by Franz Waxman. Don Winslow of the Navy (Universal Pictures), a 12-part film series based on the comic strip by Cmdr. Frank V. Martinek, starring Don Terry as Cmdr. Don Winslow, Walter Sande as Lt. Red Pennington, Claire Dodd as Mercedes Colby, and Kurt Katch as the Scorpion. Walt Disney's animated Dumbo (Oct. 23) stars Jumbo Jr., who is nicknamed Dumbo for his big ears, which allow him to fly, and whose only friend besides his mother is Timothy Q. Mouse; does $1.3M box office on a $950K budget. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's 49th Parallel (The Invaders) (Oct. 8) (Gen. Film Distributors) (Columbia Pictures), an attempt to scare the neutral U.S. into joining WWII is about six Nazis trying to escape to the U.S. across non-neutral Canada, starring Laurence Olivier as Johnnie the Trapper, Leslie Howard as writer Philip Armstrong Scott, Raymond Massey as AWOL Canadian soldier Andy Brock, and Eric Portman as German Lt. Ernst Hirth; the U.S.-Canadian border is at the 49th parallel, but the film ends up in Niagara Falls, which is farther S; does £250K U.K. and $5M U.S. box office on a £120K budget. H.C. Potter's Hellzapoppin' (Dec. 26) (Universal Pictures), based on the hit 1938 musical comedy "Helzapoppin" by the comedy team John Sigvard "Ole" Olsen (1892-1963) and Harold Ogden "Chic" Johnson (1891-1962), starring Martha Raye as Betty Johnson, Shemp Howard as Louie, and Mischa Auer as Pepi features a great Lindy Hop Dance Scene. Alexander Hall's Here Comes Mr. Jordan (Aug. 7), based on the Harry Segall play stars Claude Rains as the title character, a guardian angel of boxer Joe Pendleton (Robert Montgomery) (father of Elizabeth Montgomery), who can't die as long as he carries his lucky sax, and is sent to heaven by mistake 50 years too early by rookie angel Edward Everett Horton, and returned in the body of murdered millionaire playboy Bruce Farnsworth, hooking up with Betty Logan (Evelyn Keyes), whose father was swindled by him; Rita Johnson plays his murdering wife Mrs. Farnsworth; "I don't want anybody's body - I want my body"; "Mr Pendleton, I say let's go" (Horton); "Your body, what is it after all, just a physical covering worth 32 cents" (Rains). Raoul Walsh's High Sierra (Jan. 25), based on the W.R. Burnett novel is the first starring role for Humphrey Bogart, who plays Roy "Mad Dog" Earle, hiding out from the fuzz in the High Sierras. Mitchell Leisen's Hold Back the Dawn (Sept. 26), based on the 1940 Ketti Frings novel stars Charles Boyer as Romanian gigolo Georges Iscovescu, who marries Am. schoolteacher Emmy Brown (Olivia de Havilland) in Mexico in order to gain admission to the U.S. John Ford's How Green Was My Valley (Oct. 28), based on the 1939 Richard Llewellyn novel stars Walter Pidgeon, Maureen O'Hara, Donald Crisp, and Anna Lee, spanning 50 years in the life of a Victorian S Welsh mining family, shot in a fake Welsh valley set up in Calif.; the film debut of 13-y.-o. Roddy McDowall (1928-98). Mitchell Leisen's I Wanted Wings (Mar. 26), about three Army Air Corps recruits (Ray Milland, William Holden, Tom Cassidy) is the breakthrough hit for blonde actress Veronica Lake (1922-73) (known for her peekaboo hairdo), who later utters the soundbyte "I never did cheesecake, I just used my hair"; her look is created by Paris-born fashion designer Oleg Cassini. Joseph H. Lewis' B&W Invisible Ghost (originally "Murder by the Stars", "The Phantom Monster") (Apr. 25) (Monogram Pictures) (Astor Pictures Corp.) stars Bela Lugosi as homocidal maniac Charles Kessler, whose wife (Betty Compson) left him for another man than got into an auto accident that left her brain-damaged, and is kept in the cellar in secret by Kessler's gardener Evans (Clarence Muse); the first of nine Lugosi movies for Sam Katzman at Monogram Pictures. On May 14, 1941 Jean Yarbrough's B&W King of the Zombies (May 14) (Monogram Pictures) stars Dick Purcell as pilot James "Mac" MCarthy, whose Capelis XC-12 transport plane crashes on a remote Caribbean island filled with zombies run by Dr. Miklos Sangre (Henry Victor after Bela Lugosi and Peter Lorre turn it down); his passengers incl. Bill Summers (John Archer), his non-PC black valet Jefferson Jackson (Mantan Moreland), and Barbara Winslow (Joan Woodbury). Carol Reed's Kipps (June 28), based on H.G. Wells' 1905 novel "The Remarkable Mr. Kipps" stars Michael Redgrave as a young British shopkeeper who inherits a fortune and tries to join high society while snubbing working-class girlfriend Phyllis Calvert, who takes him back after he loses it; sets the stage for the musical "Half a Sixpence". William Wyler's The Little Foxes (Aug. 21), based on the 1939 Lillian Hellman play stars Bette Davis in the Tallulah Bankhead role as Regina Giddens, along with Herbert Marshall as Horace Giddens, and Teresa Wright as Alexandra Giddens, and is the film debut of Irish stage actress Patricia Collinge (1892-1974), who also starred in the play as Birdie Hubbard; after finding out that Warner Bros. (whom she tried to free herself from in 1937 unsuccessfully) was paid $385K for her appearance, she haggles them into upping her $3K a week salary. Gabriel Pascal's B&W Major Barbara (Aug. 2) (Gen. Film Distributors), based on the 1905 George Bernard Shaw play is edited by David Lean and stars Wendy Hiller as Major Barbara Undershaft, Robert Morley as her wealthy munitions manufacturer father Andrew Undershaft, and Rex Harrison as foundling Adolphus Cusins; parts were filmed during the 1940 London Blitz. ohn Huston's The Maltese Falcon (Oct. 3) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1930 Dashiell Hammett novel stars Humphrey Bogart (after George Raft turns it down) as San Francisco detective Sam Spade ("the Blond Satan"), who ends every dictation to his secy. Effie with "Period. End of Report"; "In 1539 the Knight Templars of Malta paid tribute to Charles V of Spain by sending him a Golden Falcon encrusted from beak to claw with rarest jewels, but pirates seized the galley carrying this priceless token, and the fate of the Maltese Falcon remains a mystery to this day"; Spade's partner Miles Archer (a bit part played by Walter Huston, who also plays Capt. Jacobi) was "done in by Brigid O'Shaughnessy" (played by Mary Astor after Geraldine Fitzgerald loses the part in a clash with Jack Warner, becoming the first of several films with Bogart) in Burritt Alley; Peter Lorre plays gay bud Joel Cairo; Elisha Cook Jr. plays Wilmer Cook; Gladys George plays Archer's wife Iva; John Hamilton plays DA Bryan; Lee Patrick plays Effie Perine; Barton MacLane plays Det. Lt. Dundy; Ward Bond plays Det. Tom Polhaus; the dir. debut of Nevada, Mo.-born former artist John Marcellus Huston (1906-87), who goes on to dir. 37 films over 46 years, garnering 15 Oscar nominations and two wins; the talkies film debut of English actor Sidney Hughes Greenstreet (1879-1954) as "the Fat Man" Kaspar Gutman (who inspires the name of the A-bomb dropped on Nagasaki), who says "I distrust a man that says when. If he's got to be careful not to drink too much it's because he's not to be trusted when he does"; Bogey utters the soundbytes: "When you're slapped, you'll take it and like it"; "It's the stuff dreams are made of"; "The cheaper the crook, the gaudier the patter"; "We didn't exactly believe your story, Miss O'Shaugnessy, we believed your 200 dollars"; "You're a good man, sister" (to Effie); "Don't be too sure I'm as crooked as I'm supposed to be." Robert Florey's Meet Boston Blackie (Feb. 20), produced by Columbia Pictures based on the Jack Boyle stories revives the career of Brylcreem-loving Chester Morris (1901-70), and launches a 14-film series; "Enemy to those who make him an enemy, friend to those who have no friend." Frank Capra's Meet John Doe (May 3) (Warner Bros.), written by Robert Riskin stars Gary Cooper as unemployed baseball pitcher Long John Willoughby, who agrees to impersonate nonexistent John Doe and claim to be planning to commit suicide on the city hall steps to protest unemploment in the Depression for struggling reporter Ann Mitchell (Barbara Stanwyck) in return for getting his bad throwing arm fixed, posing in a hotel room for ghostwritten articles to build the paper's circulation; too bad, the public goes crazy and launches John Doe Clubs everywhere, forcing him to play along with a plot to put unscrupulous fatcat D.B. Norton (Edward Arnold) into the White House; "I protest against the condition of civilization"; also stars Spring Byington as Ann's mother, and Walter Brennan as John's Helot-hating bum friend the Colonel. Walter Lang's Moon Over Miami (June 18) is a big budget musical starring Betty Grable, Don Ameche, Jack Haley, Robert Cummings, Carole Landis, and Charlotte Greenwood. Alfred Hitchcock's B&W Mr. and Mrs. Smith (Jan. 31) (RKO Radio Pictures) stars Robert Montgomery and Carole Lombard in a screwball comedy about David and Ann Krausheimer Smith, who are married three years until a technicality voids the marriage; refilmed in 2005 starring Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie. Lloyd Bacon's Navy Blues (Sept. 13) (Warner Bros.) stars Ann Sheridan, Jack Oakie, Martha Raye, Jack Haley, Herbert Anderson, and Jack Carson, becoming the film debut of Brooklyn, N.Y.-born John Herbert "Jackie" Gleason (1916-87), w ho appears in several films before making it big with his TV show "The Honeymooners" in 1951. Hans Steinhoff's Ohm Kruger (Apr. 4) is another lame anti-British Nazi propaganda film showing the artistic talent of a paper hanger? Lance Comfort's B&W Penn of Pennsylvania (Courageous Mr. Penn) (British Nat. Films) (Anglo-Am. Film Corp.) stars Clifford Evans as William Penn, Deborah Kerr as his first wife Gulielma Maria Springett, and Dennis Arundell as Charles II; the film is a flop, but the music is a hit, composed by Northampton, England-born composer William Alwyn (Smith) (1905-85), who goes on to compose scores for 60+ films incl. "Odd Man Out" (19456), "Escape" (1948), "The Fallen Idol" (1948), "The Winslow Boy" (1948), "The Rocking Horse Winner" (1949), "Madeleine" (1949), "State Secret" (1950), "The Magic Box" (1951), "Malta Story" (1953), "The Black Tent" (1956), "Shake Hands with the Devil" (1959), "Swiss Family Robinson" (1960), "The Naked Edge" (1961), and "The Running Man" (1963). George Stevens' Penny Serenade (Apr. 24) stars Cary Grant and Irene Dunne as Roger and Julie Gardiner Adams, who has a miscarriage and becomes barren after an earthquake, after which their adopted daughter becomes fatally ill, and are about to split up until she reminisces through a stack of recordings. Howard Hawks' Sergeant York (Sept. 27) stars Gary Cooper as backward naive Bible-thumping Tenn. hillbilly Alvin C. York, who gets drafted into WWI and becomes a hero, while his babe Gracie Williams (Joan Leslie) waits for him back home; Walter Brennan plays pastor Rosier Pile; Margaret Wycherly plays his mother; the real York wouldn't let any other actor play him. Irving Rapper's Shining Victory (June 7), based on a play by A.J. Cronin and starring James Stephenson and Geraldine Fitzgerald is the dir. debut of English-born Irving Rapper (1898-1999). Preston Sturges' Sullivan's Travels (Dec.) (Paramount), written by Preston Sturges is a satire starring Joel McCrea as film dir. John L. Sullivan, who wants to make a socially relevant drama called "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", and ends up making a comedy; also stars Veronica Lake, who is credited as "The Girl". Alfred Hitchcock's Suspicion (Nov. 14) (RKO Radio Pictures), based on the 1932 Francis Iles novel "Before the fact" is a suspense thriller about dowdy heiress Lina McLaidlaw Aysgarth (Joan Fontaine), who is seduced by killer hunk Johnnie (Cary Grant) into eloping, then finds out that he is a sponger and may be the other type of killer and have her on his list for her life insurance; RKO messes up the ending with its insistence that their main man not "really" be a killer, leaving his guilt up in the air with her legs?; music by Franz Waxman; does $4.5M box office on a $1.1M budget. John Ford's Tobacco Road (Feb. 20), written by Nunnally Johnson based on the 1938 Taylor Caldwell novel stars Charley Grapewin as Jeeter Lester, Gene Tierney as Ellie May Lester, William Tracy as Dude Lester, Marjorie Rambeau as Sister Bessie Rice, and Dana Andrews as Capt. Tim Harmon. George Cukor's Two-Faced Woman (Nov.), based on the Ludwig Fulda play stars Greta Garbo as an Americanized ski bunny pretending to be her twin sister to lure hubby Melvyn Douglas away from old flame Constance Bennett; after it proves a flop, 36-y.-o. Garbo retires; "Two Garbos in one". George Waggner's The Wolf Man (Dec. 12) (Universal Pictures) stars Lon Chaney Jr. (Creighton Till Chaney) (1906-73), who is bitten by werewolf Bela Lugosi, and becomes one; features Maria Ouspenskaya as a gypsy; writer Curt Siodmak invents the transformation to lupine form in the light of a full moon, and the idea that silver bullets kill them; the plants on the Universal set have no roots?; "Night monster with the blood lust of a savage beast!" Lewis Seiler's You're in the Army Now (Dec. 25) features Regis Toomey and Jane Wyman (Mrs. Ronald Reagan) in the longest screen kiss (185 sec.) until ?. Plays: Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Eurydice (Point of Departure, Legend of Lovers); Le Rendez-vous de Senlis (Dinner with the Family). Philip Barry (1896-1949), Liberty Jones. Caryl Brahms and S.J. Simon, No Bed for Bacon; Shakespeare in love. Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956), Mother Courage and Her Children (Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder). James Boyd (1888-1944), One More Free Man. Noel Coward (1899-1973), Blithe Spirit (comedy) (Piccadilly Theatre, West End, London) (July 2) (St. James's Theatre) (Duchess Theatre) (1,997 perf.) (Morosco Theatre, New York) (Nov. 5, 1941) (Booth Theatre, New York) (May 18, 1942) (657 perf.); title comes from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "To a Skylark": "Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never wert!"; middle-aged writer Charles Condomine (Cecil Parker) hosts a seance with medium Madame Arcati (Margaret Rutherford) and conjures up his first wife Elvira (Kay Hammond), pissing-off 2nd wife Ruth (Fay Compton) when she decides to stay and is audible only to him; Broadway production stars Clifton Webb as Charles, Peggy Wood as Ruth, Leonora Corbett as Elvira, and Mildred Natwick as Arcati; the longest running comedy in British theatre for three decades. Owen Davis Sr. (1874-1956), Mr. and Mrs. North; based on the stories by Richard Lockridge (1899-1982) and his wife Frances Lockridge. Edna Ferber (1885-1968) and George S. Kaufman (1889-1961), The Land is Bright. Horton Foote (1916-), Texas Town (Weidman Studio, New York). Rose Franken (1896-1988), Claudia (New York) (722 perf.); makes a star of Dorothy McGuire. Gerhart Hauptmann (1862-1946), Iphigenie in Delphi. Lillian Hellman (1905-84), Watch on the Rhine (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Apr. 1) (378 perf.); written in response to the Aug. 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, calling for an internat. alliance against Hitler despite the Communists; produced by Herman Shumlin; anti-fascist underground activists Sarah and Kurt Mueller (Mady Christians and Paul Lukas) are blackmailed at their mother's home in Washington, D.C. by Romanian count de Brancovis (George Coulouris), causing Kurt to kill him and return to Germany to continue the fight; filmed in 1943. Joseph Kesselring (1902-67), Arsenic and Old Lace (comedy) (Fulton Theatre, New York) (Jan. 10) (Hudson Theatre, New York) (Sept. 25, 1943) (1,444 perf.); the mad Brewster family, descended from the Mayflower, incl. two spinster aunts Martha (Jean Adair) and Abby (Josephine Hull), who poison lonely old men with elderberry wine laced with arsenic, strychnine, and "just a pinch" of cyanide; Boris Karloff plays brother Jonathan Brewster, who had so much bad plastic surgery that he looks like you know who; Allyn Joslyn plays drama critic Mortimer Brewster; filmed in 1944 by Frank Capra starring Cary Grant. John Knittel (1891-1970), Sokrates. John P. Marquand (1893-1960), H.M. Pulham, Esquire. Clifford Odets (1906-63), Clash by Night. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), La Marguerite. Konstantin Simonov (1915-79), A Lad from Our Town. Poetry: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), La Creve-Coeur. W.H. Auden (1907-73), The Double Man. Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Des Tonnes de Semence. Leonard Bacon, Sunderland Capture (Pulitzer Prize). Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), Cautionary Verses; his nonsense poetry. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Listen to the People; A Summons to the Free. William Rose Benet (1886-1950), The Dust Which Is God (Pulitzer Prize). Chong Chiyong, White Deer Lake (Paengnoktam); influened by Walt Whitman and William Blake. Mark Van Doren (1894-1972), The Mayfield Deer. Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), Ferrysong (Farjesang). Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), Be Angry at the Sun; Shine, Perishing Republic; "Corruption never has been compulsory; when the cities lie at the monster's feet there are left the mountains." Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Plant and Phantom. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Illinois Poems. Phyllis McGinley (1905-78), Husbands Are Difficult. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), Collected Sonnets. Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957), Antologia. Marianne Moore (1887-1972), What Are Years. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), The Journal of Albion Moonlight. Theodore Roethke (1901-63), Open House (debut); plants as symbols for human flowering and decay. Dorothy L. Sayers (1893-1957), The Man Born to Be King; cycle of 12 plays on the life of Jesus. Paul Mark Scott (1920-78), I Gerontius (debut). Konstantin Simonov (1915-79), Wait for Me; big hit in Russia about his actress wife Valentina Serova (1917-75). Melvin Beaunorus Tolson (1898-1966), Dark Symphony. William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), The Broken Span. Louis Zukofsky (1904-78), 55 Poems (debut). Novels: James Agee (1909-55), Let Us Now Praise Famous Men; a flop until he dies, after which it is praised as one of the top novels of the cent. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Creve-coeur (Crève-coeur). Frans Gunnar Bengtsson (1894-1954), The Long Ships (Red Orm) (2 parts) (1941, 1945). Sally Benson (1897-1972), Junior Miss (short stories). Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Manhold. Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), The Garden of Forking Paths (short stories). Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Formidable to Tyrants; London Pride; Mansion House of Liberty. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Today and Forever. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), High Sierra; filmed in 1941, and in 1956 as "I Died a Thousand Times". James M. Cain (1892-1977), Mildred Pierce; a struggling divorced Glendale, Calif. woman starts a restaurant and pie while juggling boyfriends and her wayward daughter Veda; filmed in 1945. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Earth is the Lord's; about Genghis Khan; Time No Longer (under alias Max Reiner). John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Man Who Could Not Shudder; Seeing is Believing (Cross of Murder). Joyce Cary (1888-1957), A House of Children; Herself Surprised; #1 in the First Trilogy (1941-4); artist Gulley Jimson. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Evil Under the Sun (June); Hercule Poirot #21. N or M?; Tommy and Tuppence Beresford #3. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), Parents and Children. James Gould Cozzens (1903-78), Ask Me Tomorrow. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), The Keys of the Kingdom; bestseller about a Scottish missionary in China; filmed in 1944. Joseph Edward Davies (1876-1958), Mission to Moscow; bestseller (700K copies); filmed in 1943 starring Walter Huston as Davies, U.S. ambassador #2 to the Soviet Union (1936-8), who is known for the soundbyte "Communism holds no serious threat to the United States. Friendly relations in the future may be of great general value." Harold Lenoir Davis (1896-1960), Harp of a Thousand Strings. E.R. Eddison (1882-1945), A Fish Dinner in Memison. Ilya Ehrenburg (1891-1967), The Fall of Paris; at first blocked for being anti-German, on Apr. 25, 1941 Stalin calls Ehrenburg to tell him that he's personally passing it by censorship, with the soundbyte "We'll work together on this", causing Ehrenburg to realize that Stalin is preparing for war with Germany. Walter Farley (1915-89), The Black Stallion; bestseller about an Arab sheikh's wild stallion Shetan (The Black), who is shipwrecked on a deserted island with redheaded teenie Alec Ramsay, who becomes his owner, befriending racehorse trainer Henry Dailey, who helps him defeat champions Cyclone and Sun Raider; followed by "The Black Stallion Returns" (1945), in which the sheikh returns and claims him, causing Alec to follow him to Arabia and win his first offspring Satan as a gift; "Son of the Black Stallion" (1947), in which he tries to tame Satan, "The Island Stallion" (1948), about discovering the wild stallion Flame on the remote Caribbean island Azul; "The Black Stallion and Satan" (1949), in which Alec inherits the Black and finds out which is fastest in a forest fire; "The Blood Bay Colt" (1951), the Black's 2nd offspring Bonfire, who becomes a harness racer; "The Island Stallion's Fury" (1951); "The Black Stallion's Filly" (1952); the Black's 3rd offspring Minx, who is trained for the Kentucky Derby; "The most famous fictional horse of the century" (NYT); filmed in 1941, 1983, and 2003; reaches 20 sequels by 1989. James T. Farrell (1904-79), Decision; Ellen Rogers. Howard Fast (1914-2003), The Last Frontier. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), Dagger of the Mind. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), Saratoga Trunk. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), The Last Tycoon (posth.); about Hollyweird and Monroe Stahr's (Irving Thalberg) rise to power in a contest with rival Pat Brady (Louis B. Mayer); filmed in 1976; rev. ed. pub. in 1993 under the title "The Love of the Last Tycoon". C.S. Forester (1899-1966), The Captain from Connecticut. Paul Gallico (1897-1976), The Snow Goose: A Story of Dunkirk; a tear-jerker about Philip Rhayader and his babe Fritha, who nurses a you know what back to health, while he is killed saving British soldiers at Dunkirk, and the bird carries his soul. Ellen Glasgow (1874-1945), In This Our Life (last novel) (Pulitzer Prize). Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), Green Centuries. Winston Graham (1908-2003), Night Journey; Britain might be losing the war, but will "go down fighting". Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Proceed, Sergeant Lamb. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985) and Alan Hodge, The Long Week-End. Josephine Herbst (1892-1969), Satan's Sargeants. James Hilton (1900-54), Random Harvest. Molly Keane (1905-96), Two Days in Aragon. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), The Beautiful Woman. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), All That Glitters. Janet Lewis (1899-1998), The Wife of Martin Guerre; based on the true story of a 16th cent. French peasant who abandoned his wife and child, allowing an impersonator to move in. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), Above Suspicion (first novel); bestseller. Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), The Monarch of the Glen. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), Delilah Upside Down, a Tract, with a Thrill. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Hang My Wreath; pub. under alias Ward Weaver; Military Intelligence 8; The Rio Casino Intrigue. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), Frenchman's Creek. Carson McCullers (1917-67), Reflections in a Golden Eye (Feb. 14); six chars. with repressed homosexuality. Elsa Morante (1912-85), The Secret Game (Il Gioco Segreto) (first novel). Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), The Empty Room. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), The Real Life of Sebastian Knight. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), They Went Together. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Botany Bay; filmed in 1953. Kathleen Norris (1880-1966), The Venables. Flann O'Brien (1911-66), The Poor Mouth. Kate O'Brien (1897-1974), The Land of Spices; banned in Ireland for lezzie themes. Mary O'Hara (1885-1980), My Friend Flicka; 10-y.-. Ken McLaughlin, his father Rob, mother Nell, older brother Howard, and part-mustang sorrel filly Flicka (Swedish for little girl), who tries to jump a barbed wire fence on the Goose Bar Ranch in Wyo., and gets a near-fatal infection, which is cured by a night in a brook; followed by "Thunderhead" (1943), "Green Grass of Wyoming" (1946); writes it at the Remount Ranch near Cheyenne, Wyo.; filmed in 1943 starring Roddy McDowall; turned into a CBS/NBC TV series in 1956-7. Will Oursler (1913-85), The Trial of Vincent Doon (first novel). Edith Pargeter (1913-95), Ordinary People (People of My Own). John Dos Passos (1896-1970), The Ground We Stand On. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Intoxication Made Easy. Olive Higgins Prouty (1882-1974), Now, Voyager; Boston blueblood Charlotte Vale is turned by her domineering mother into a middle-aged spinster who ends up in an asylum until a pshrink fixes her, after which she goes on a Mediterranean cruise, has a fling with Jerry Durrance, then helps his equally depressed daughter after deciding she doesn't need men, making the novel a hit with lesbians; title taken from Walt Whitman's poem "The Untold Want": "The untold want by life and land ne'er granted,/ Now voyager sail thou forth to seek and find." Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), Flotsam (Love Thy Neighbour) (serialized in Collier's and filmed as So Ends Our Night); the sufferings of exiles fleeing Hitler's paradise. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), Columbus. William Saroyan (1908-81), Fables. Budd Schulberg (1914-2009), What Makes Sammy Run? (first novel). Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), Between Two Worlds; Lanny Budd #2; covers 1919-29. Cornelia Otis Skinner (1901-79), Soap Behind the Ears. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), An American at Oxford. Marguerite Steen (1894-1975), The Sun is My Undoing. Wallace Stegner (1909-83), Fire and Ice. George R. Stewart (1895-1980), Storm; about a Pacific storm named Maria, causing the U.S. Nat. Weather Service to begin naming tropical storms after people, and inspiring Lerner and Loewe's song "They Call the Wind Maria" from "Paint Your Wagon" (1951). Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Fortunate Lady. Frank Waters (1902-95), People of the Valley. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), No Truce with Time. Eudora Welty (1909-2001), The Worn Path (short story). Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), Strange Conflict; The Sword of Fate; Total War. Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), She Faded into Air. Patrick White (1912-90), The Living and the Dead; the Standishes in 1930s London. Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867-1957), Little Town on the Prairie. Thomas Wolfe (1900-38), The Hills Beyond (posth.); an incomplete novel et al. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), Between the Acts (last novel); pub. after her suicide. Births: Am. folk musician Sandy Bull (d. 2001) on Jan. 1 in New York City. English scientist ("Father of Stem Cell Research") Sir Martin John Evans on Jan. 1 in Stroud, Gloucestershire; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge U., and Univ. College London; 2007 Nobel Med. Prize. Canadian "Stuart Pierce in Bright Promise", "Dan Fox in Ryan's Hope" actor Peter Ratray on Jan. 3 in Kingston, Ont.; father of Devin Ratray (1977-). Canadian Liberal Party politician Christine Susan Stewart (d. 2015) on Jan. 3 in Hamilton, Ont.; educated at the U. of Toronto. Am. "Sheriff Gilmore in Falcon Crest" actor John Bennett Perry on Jan. 4 in Williamstown, Mass.; father of Matthew Perry (1969-). Am. tennis player Charles Robert "Chuck" McKinley Jr. (d. 1986) on Jan. 5 in St. Louis, Mo. English chemist Sir John Ernest Walker on Jan. 7 in Halifax, Yorkshire; educated at St. Catherine's College, Oxford U.; 1997 Nobel Chem. Prize. English Monty Python actor (gay) Graham Chapman (d. 1989) on Jan. 8 in Leicester, Leicestershire; educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge U. Am. "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" folk singer-songwriter-activist (Quaker) Joan Chandos Baez on Jan. 9 in Staten Island, N.Y.; of Mexican-English-Scottish descent; daughter of physicist Albert Baez (1912-2007) and Scottish-born Joan Bridge Baez; sister of Mimi Farina (1945-2001); her grandfather Rev. Alberto Baez left the Roman Catholic Church to become a Methodist, and she and her daddy converted to Quakerism. Am. "Bone Me Like You Own Me" blues musician (black) Barbara Carr on Jan. 9 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Charlene Darling in The Andy Griffith Show" actress Maggie Peterson on Jan. 10 in Greeley, Colo. Syrian foreign affairs minister (2006-) Walid al Muallem on Jan. 13 in Damascus. Am. "Bonnie Parker in Bonnie and Clyde", "Chinatown", "Network", "Mommie Dearest" actress Dorothy Faye Dunaway on Jan. 14 in Bascom, Fla. Am. historian Mary J. Carruthers on Jan. 15 in ?; educated at Wellesley College, and Yale U. Am. singer Donald Glen "Don" Van Vliet (d. 2010) (Captain Beefheart) on Jan. 15 in Glendale, Calif. Am. "Honey" singer-songwriter Bobby Goldsboro (Goldsborough) on Jan. 18 in Marianna, Fla.; educated at Auburn U. Spanish opera tenor Placido Domingo (Sp. "peaceful Sunday") 'on Jan. 21 in Madrid. Am. "Motherless Child", "Here Comes the Sun" folk singer (black) Richard P. "Richie" Havens on Jan. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y. French computer scientist Alain Colmerauer on Jan. 24. Am. "Solitary Man", "Song Sung Blue", "Cherry, Cherry", "Kentucky Woman", "Holly Holy" singer-actor (Jewish) ("the Jewish Elvis") Neil Leslie Diamond on Jan. 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Jewish Russian-Polish parents; receives fencing (epee) scholarship to NYU. Am. "Tell It Like It Is' R&B singer (black) Aaron Neville on Jan. 24 in New Orleans, La.; black and Native Am. descent. Israeli physicist Daniel "Dan" Schechtman on Jan. 24 in Tel Aviv; 2011 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. auto racer Elzie Wyler "Buddy" "Leadfoot" Baker Jr. on Jan. 25 in Florence, S.C. Am. "Det. Sgt. Chano Amenguale in Barney Miller", "El Puerco in Soap", "Edward James Olmos' predecessor Lt. Lou Rodrigruez in Miami Vice" actor Gregory Sierra on Jan. 25 in New York City. Am. biochemist Joan Elaine Argetsinger Steitz on Jan. 26 in Minneapolis, Minn.; educated at Antioch College, and Harvard U.; first female grad student at the lab of James Watson. Italian-Am. "Charging Bull" sculptor Arturo di Modica on Jan. 26 in Vittoria, Sicily. Am. "Sisterhood is Powerful" radical feminist writer Robin Morgan on Jan. 29 in Lake Worth, Fla.; mother of Blake Morgan; educated at Columbia U. starts out as a child actor playing Dagmar Hansen in the 1950s TV series "Mama"; "I feel that man-hating is an honorable and viable political act, that the oppressed have a right to class hatred against the class that is oppressing them." U.S. Repub. vice-pres. #46 (2001-9) Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (Fr. "oak tree") on Jan. 30 in Lincoln, Neb.; grows up in Casper, Wyo.; husband (1964-) of Lynne Cheney (1941-); father of Elizabeth Cheney Perry (1966-) and Mary Claire Cheney (1969-). U.S. rep. (D-Mo.) (1977-2005) Richard Andrew "Dick" Gephardt on Jan. 31 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Northwestern U., and U. of Mich. Am. "Pat Stoddard in Grand Prix", "Melanie McIntyre in Trapper John, M.D." actress Jessica Walter on Jan. 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. Motown "Money (That's What I Want)" singer (black) Barrett Strong (d. 2023) on Feb. 5 in West Point, Miss. Am. 6'3" golfer Carol Mann on Feb. 3 in Buffalo, N.Y. Am. 5Rhythms dancer-musician Gabrielle Roth (d. 2012) on Feb. 4 in San Francisco, Calif. English rock drummer John Steel (The Animals) on Feb. 4 in Gateshead. Am. "Magnum, P.I.", "The Rockford Files", "The A-Team", "Wiseguy", "21 Jump Street" TV actor-producer-writer-novelist (dyslexic) Stephen Joseph Cannell (d. 2010) (rhymes with channel) on Feb. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at the U. of Oregon; uses an IBM Selectric. Am. "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "War", "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" singer-songwriter (black) Barrett Strong on Feb. 5 in West Point, Miss.; collaborator of Norman Whitfield (1940-2008). Am. composer Stephen Albert (d. 1992) on Feb. 6 in New York City; teacher of Daniel Asia (1953-). Pakistani Lt. Gen. (Sunni Muslim) Mohammad Asad Durrani on Feb. 7 in Lahore, Punjab. English "Storm", "Arthur" children's writer Kevin John William Crossley-Holland on Feb. 7 in Mursley, Buckinghamshire; educated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford U. Am. 6'2" basketball player (white) (Los Angeles Lakers #22, 1963-6) (San Francisco Warriors #21, 1966-9) (Cincinnati Royals #16, 1969-70) (Chicago Bulls #21, 1970-3) James Staton "Jim" Country" King on Feb. 7 in Tulsa, Okla.; educated at the U. of Tulsa. Am. physicist John Harmen Marburger III (d. 2011) on Feb. 8 in Staten Island, N.Y.; educated at Princeton U., and Stanford U. Am. "Jack Cates in 48 Hours", "Jerry Baskin in Down and Out in Beverly Hills", "Tom Wingo in The Prince of Tides" actor Nicholas King "Nick" Nolte on Feb. 8 in Omaha, Neb.; educated at Iowa State U. Am. folk-blues musician Tom Rush on Feb. 8 in Portsmouth, N.H.; educated at Groton School, and Harvard U. Am. "Dr. Helen Noel in Star Trek: TOS", "Lani Kaimana in Paradise, Hawaiian Style", "Callie Travers in High Plains Drifter" actress Marianna Hill (Mariana Schwarzkopf) on Feb. 9 in Santa Barbara, Calif.; cousin of Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf. Am. "Zelda Gilroy in Dobie Gillis" actress and Dem. politician (lesbian) Sheila James Kuehl on Feb. 9 in Tulsa, Okla.; educated at Harvard Law School. Am. "The Runner Stumbles" playwright Milan Stitt (d. 2009) on Feb. 9 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich., and Yale U. English "Coal Miner's Daughter", "Gorky Park", "Gorillas in the Mist", "The World is Not Enough" dir.-producer Michael Apted on Feb. 10 in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Brazilian "The Look of Love", "The Fool on the Hill" musician Sergio Santos Mendes (Brasil 66) on Feb. 11 in Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro. German Pop Art painter-photographer Sigmar Polke on Feb. 13 in Oelsnitz, Lower Silesia. Am. "Olaf Big Swede Gustavsen in Here Come the Brides", "Michael McBain in Breaking Point" actor Bo Svenson on Feb. 13 in Gothenburg, Sweden; emigrates to the U.S. in 1958. U.S. HHS secy. #18 (1993-2001) Donna Edna Shalala on Feb. 14 in Cleveland, Ohio; Marionite Catholic Lebanese immigrant parents; educated at Western College for Women (Miami U.), and Syracuse U. Am. songwriter-producer (black) Brian Holland on Feb. 15 in Detroit, Mich.; brother of Eddie Holland (1939-). Am. 6'5" Denver, Colo. mayor #42 (1991-2003) (black) Wellington E. Webb on Feb. 17 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Colo. State College, and U. of Northern Colo.; husband (1969-) of Wilma J. Webb (1944-). Am. "Outlaw Man" folk musician-actor (Jewish) David Blue (Stuart David Cohen) (de. 1982) on Feb. 18 in Providence, R.I.; Jewish father, Irish Roman Catholic French Canadian descent mother. Am. "The Night Soldiers" historical novelist Alan Furst on Feb. 20 in New York City; educated at Oberlin College and Penn State U. Am. "The Circle Game", "Up Where We Belong" singer-songwriter-activist Beverly "Buffy" Sainte-Marie (Beverly Jean Santamaria) on Feb. 20 in Stoneham, Mass.; Italian descent father, English descent mother; educated at the U. of Mass.; claims to be a Canadian Piapot Cree born in Qu'Appelle Valley, Sask. Am. molecular biologist W. Ford Doolittle on Feb. 21 in Urbana, Ill.; educated at Harvard U., and Stanford U. English "Chariots of Fire", "Midnight Express" film producer David Terence Puttnam, Baron Puttnam on feb. 25 in Southgate, London; Jewish descent mother; knighted in 1995; created baron in 1997. Am. poet Robert L. Hass on Mar. 1 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at Stanford U. English "Fatal Attraction", "Nine-1/2 Weeks", "Flashdance" dir. Adrian Lyne on Mar. 4 in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. Tunisian "Les Miserables", "Miss Saigon" lyricist (Jewish) Alan Boubil on Mar. 5; collaborator of Claude-Michel Schonberg (1944-). German free jazz saxophonist Peter Brötzmann on Mar. 6 in Remscheid, North Rhine-Westphalia. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player (black) (lefty) (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1962-82) Wilver Dornell "Willie" "Pops" Stargell (d. 2001) on Mar. 6 in Earlsboro, Okla. Am. biologist George Pearson Smith on Mar. 10 in Norwalk, Conn.; educated at Haverford College, and Harvard U.; 2018 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "Agent 99 in Get Smart" actress Barbara Feldon on Mar. 12 in Butler, Penn. Am. "The Limits to Growth" environmental scientist Donella H. "Dana" Meadows (d. 2001) on Mar. 13 in Elgin, Ill.; educated at Carleton College, and Harvard U.; wife of Dennis L. Meadows (1942-). U.S. nat. intel dir. #4 (2010-) Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper Jr. on Mar. 14. German "Das Boot", "The Neverending Story", "Air Force One" dir. Wolfgang Petersen on Mar. 14 in Emden, Lower Saxony. German physicist Frank Steglich on Mar. 14; educated at the U. of Munster, and U. of Gottingen. Am. govt. consultant (creator of the Shock & Awe doctrine) Harlan Kenneth Ullman on Mar. 15; educated at Tufts U. Am. singer Michael Edward "Mike" Love (Beach Boys) on Mar. 15 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Wheel of Fortune", "Love Connection", "Scrabble" TV host Charles Herbert "Chuck" Woolery on Mar. 16 in Ashland, Ky.; original host of "Wheel of Fortune" (1974-82); holds two fingers up to mean 2 min. for a commercial plus 1 sec. out and 1 sec. in. Am. rock musician Paul Lorin Kantner (Jefferson Airplane) on Mar. 17 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. "Midnight Hour" R&B singer (black) Wilson "Wicked" Pickett (d. 2006) on Mar. 18 in Pratville, Ala. Belgian astrophysicist-astronaut (first Belgian in space) Dirk Dries David Damiaan, Viscount Frimout on Mar. 21 in Poperinge. English "Yesterday's Gone" folk singer Jeremy Clyde (Michael Thomas Jeremy Clyde) (Chad and Jeremy) on Mar. 22 in Dorney, Buckinghamshire; collaborator of Chad Stuart (1941-). Am. "Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes", "Fishing on the Susquehanna in July" poet William James "Billy" Collins on Mar. 22 in New York City; educated at the College of the Holy Cross, and UCR. English "The Selfish Gene", "The God Delusion" evolutionary biologist (atheist) ("Darwin's Rottweiler") Clinton Richard Dawkins on Mar. 26 in Nairobi, Kenya; educated at Balliol College, Oxford U.; coiner of the term "meme"; "We admit that we are like apes, but we seldom realise that we are apes" - he's got a handle on God because he's studied his genetic codes? Am. country musician Charles Ray "Charlie" McCoy on Mar. 28 in Oak Hill, W. Va. Am. climate scientist James Edward Hansen on Mar. 29 in Denison, Iowa; educated at the U. of Iowa. Am. astrophysicist Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. on Mar. 29 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Haverford College, and Harvard U.; 1993 Nobel Physics Prize. English "Well I Ask You" singer Eden Kane (Richard Graham Sarstedt) on Mar. 29 in Delhi, India. English rock drummer Graeme Charles Edge (Moody Blues) on Mar. 30 in Rochester, Staffordshire. Am. "George F. Kennan" historian-biographer ("Dean of Cold War Historians") John Lewis Gaddis on Apr. 2 in Cotulla, Tex.; educated at UTA. Am. "Tightrope" pianist-singer-songwriter ("Master of Space and Time") Leon Russell (Claude Russell Bridges) on Apr. 2 in Lawton, Okla. Am. "Dead Man's Curve", "The Little Old Lady from Pasadena" singer William Jan Berry (d. 2004) (Jan and Dean) on Apr. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif.; collaborator of Dean Ormsby Torrence (1940-). German "Victor Newman in The Young and the Restless", "Hans Dietrich in The Rat Patrol" actor Eric Braeden (Hans-Jorg Gudegast) on Apr. 3 in Bredenbek; immigrates to the U.S. in 1959; educated at the U. of Mont. Canadian-Am. "Ben Stone in Law & Order" actor Michael Moriarty on Apr. 5 in Detroit, Mich. English punk fashion designer Dame Vivienne Westwood (nee Vivienne Isabel Swire) on Apr. 8 in Tintwistle, Cheshire (Derbyshire); lover of Malcolm McLaren (1946-). Am. "The Great Railway Bazaar" novelist and travel writer Paul Edward Theroux on Apr. 10 in Medford, Mass.; French-Canadian father, Italian mother. Am. hall-of-fame sports writer Dave Kindred on Apr. 12 in Atlanta, Il.; educated at Ill. Wesleyan U. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (New York Knicks #22, 1964-5) (Baltimore Bullets #41, 1965-6) (Los Angeles Lakers #23, 1966-8) (Chicago Bulls #14, 1968) (Boston Celtics #28, 1968-70) (Baltimore Bullets #12, 1970) Velvet James "Jim" "Bad News" Barnes (d. 2002) on Apr. 13 in Tuckerman, Ark.; educated at UTEP. Am. geneticist Michael Stuart Brown on Apr. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Penn.; 1985 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. baseball player-mgr. (Cincinnati Reds, 1963-78, 1984-6) Peter Edward "Pete" "Charlie Hustle" Rose on Apr. 14 in Cincinnati, Ohio. German historian (co-founder of the Bielefeld School of Historians) Jurgen (Jürgen) Kocha on Apr. 19 in Haindorf; educated at the Free U. of Berlin. French chef (in Britain) Michel Roux Sr. on Apr. 19 in Charolles, Saone-et-Loire, Vichy. Am. "Oliver Barrett IV in Love Story" actor Charles Patrick Ryan O'Neal on Apr. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif.; partner (1982-97, 2001-9) of Farrah Fawcett (1947-2009); father of Tatum O'Neal (1963-). Am. Dem. Okla. gov. #21 (1975-9) and U.S. Sen. (1979-94) David Lyle Boren on Apr. 21 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Yale U., Balliol College, Oxford U., and U. of Okla. U.S. U.N. ambassador #22 (1999-2001) (atheist Jewish-turned Quaker?) Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke (d. 2010) on Apr. 24 in New York City; Polish Jewish immigrant father named Goldbrajch, German Jewish immigrant mother; educated at Brown U. Am. "Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism" historian David Albert Hollinger on Apr. 25 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at La Verne College, and UCB. Jordanian princess Muna al-Hussein (Antoinette Gardiner) on Apr. 25 in Chelmondiston (near Ipswich), Suffolk, England; 2nd wife (1961-71) of King Hussein I (1935-99); mother of Abdullah II (1962-), Faisal (1963-), and twin daughters Aisha (1968-) and Zein (1968-); meets him on the set of "Lawrence of Arabia", where she works as a secy.; amateur radio call sign JY2. French "L'Horloger de Saint-Paul" dir. Bertrand Tavernier on Apr. 25 in Lyon, Rhone. Am. soprano Judith Blegen on Apr. 27 in Missoula, Mont. Turkish Sunni Muslim imamFethullah Gulen (Gülen) on Apr. 27 in Pasinier, Erzurum. Swedish-Am. "Bye Bye Birdie" actress-singer Ann-Margret (Olsson) on Apr. 28 in Valsjobyn; emigrates to the U.S. in 1946; becomes U.S. citizen in 1949; discovered by George Burns at the Dunes in Las Vegas; wife (1967-) of Roger LaVerne Smith (1932-) - hometown sounds like? Irish pres. #9 (2011-) Michael Daniel Higgins on Apr. 18 in Limerick; educated at Univ. College Galway, Indiana U., nd U. of Manchester. Am. chemist Karl Barry Sharpless on Apr. 28 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Dartmouth College, and Stanford U.; 2001 and 2022 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. hall-of-fame bowler Michael William Durbin on May 3 in Calif. Swiss economist Bruno S. Frey on May 4 in Basel; educated at the U. of Basel, and Cambridge U. Am. conservative journalist-writer (agnostic) George Frederick Will on May 4 in Champaign, Ill.; educated at Trinity College, Magdalen College, Oxford U., and Princeton U. Soviet cosmonaut Anatoli Semyonovich Levchenko (d. 1988) on May 5 in Krasnokutsk, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. Am. "Thunder Road" actor James "Jim" Mitchum on May 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of actor Robert Mitchum (1917-). Am. "Ten Long Fingers" rockabilly singer Arnold Joseph "Groovey Joe" Poovey (d. 1998) on May 10 in Dallas, Tex. English "The House of the Rising Sun", "See See Rider" rock singer Eric Victor "Eggs" Burdon (Animals, War) on May 11 in Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne; likes to break eggs over naked girls, causing him to be rumored to be the Eggman in the Beatles' song "I Am the Walrus". Am. Chicano "La Bamba" rocker Ritchie Valens (Ricardo Esteban Valenzuela Reyes) (d. 1959) on May 13 in Pacoima, Calif. Am. composer-programmer David Cope on May 17 in San Francisco, Calif. French face transplant physician Jean-Michel Dubernard on May 17 in Lyon. Am. R&B singer (black) Robert Joseph "Bobby" Sheen (d. 2000) (Bob. B. Soxx and the Blue Jeans, Coasters, Robins) on May 17 in St. Louis, Mo.; grows up in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Spinout", "Daphne Dutton in Surfside 6" actress Diane McBain on May 18 in Cleveland, Ohio; raped in Hollywood in 1982. Am. "Mickey Mouse Club", "Lawrence Welk" dancer Robert Wilkie "Bobby" Burgess on May 19 in Long Beach, Calif.; son-in-law of Myron Floren (1919-2005). Am. "Silkwood", "When Harry Met Sally", "Sleepless in Seattle", "You've Got Mail", "Julie and Julia" dir.-producer-writer-actress (Jewish) Nora Ephron on May 19 in New York City; daughter of Henry Ephron (1912-92) and Phoebe Ephron (1914-71); sister of Delia G. Ephron (1944-), Amy Laura Ephron (1952-), and Hallie Ephron; educated at Wellesley College; wife (1967-76) of Dan Greenbur, (1976-80) of Carl Bernstein (1944-), and (1987-) of Nicholas Pileggi (1933-). Am. R&B singer (black) Ronald "Mr. Biggs" Isley (Isley Brothers) on May 21 in Cincinnati, Ohio; 3rd of six brothers, incl. Ernie Isley (1952-) and Marvin Isley (1953-). Am. sculptor Martin Puryear on May 23 in Washington, D.C. Am. musician-singer (vegetarian) Bob Dylan (Robert Allen Zimmerman) on May 24 in Duluth, Minn.; raised in the mining town of Hibbing; attends the U. of Minn. in 1960; goes to New York City in 1960; changes his name in 1962 in honor of poet Dylan Thomas; 2016 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. linguist George P. Lakoff on May 24 in Bayonne, N.J.; educated at Indiana U., and MIT; husband of Robin Lakoff (1942-). Am. writer (Acoma Pueblo) Simon J. Ortiz on May 27 in Albuquerque, N.M. Am. "Vera Louise Gorman in Alice" actress Elizabeth "Beth" Howland on May 28 in Boston, Mass. Am. "60 Minutes" TV journalist (1996-2015) (Jewish) Robert David "Bob" Simon (d. 2015) on May 29 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Brandeis U. Am. pharmacologist Louis J. Ignarro on May 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; 1998 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. economist (Jewish) William Dawbney "Bill" Nordhaus on May 31 in Albuquerque, N.M.; German Jewish immigrant father Max Nordhaus (1865-1935); educated at Phillips Academy, Yale U. (Skull & Bones), and MIT; 2018 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. R&B singer (black) William Guest (Gladys Knight (1944-) and the Pips) on June 2 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. "Frank James in The Long Riders" actor Walter Stacy Keach Jr. on June 2 in Savannah, Ga.; son of Stacy Keach Sr. (1914-2003); brother of James Keach (1947-); educated at UCB, and Yale U. Am. rock drummer Charles Robert "Charlie" Watts (Rolling Stones) on June 2 in London. Peruvian Inst. for Liberty and Democracy economist Hernando de Soto Polar on June 3 in Arequipa; educated at the Internat. School of Geneva; "The world's greatest living economist." (Pres. Bill Clinton) Am. R&B singer (black) Floyd Butler (Friends of Distinction) on June 5. Am. NFL New England Patriots owner (Jewish) Robert Kenneth Kraft on June 5 in Brookline, Mass.; educated at Columbia U., and Harvard U. Australian Roman Catholic cardinal (2003-) George Pell on June 8 in Ballarat, Victoria; educated at Corpus Christi College, Campion Hall, Oxford U., and Monash U. English rock organist-composer Jonathan Douglas "Jon" Lord (d. 2012) (Deep Purple, Whitesnake, The Artwoods, The Flower Pot Men, Ashton & Lord) on June 9 in Leicester. Am. "A Rumor of War" novelist Philip Caputo on June 10 in Winchester, Ill.; educated at Loyola U. German "the Captain in Das Boot", "Duke Leto in Dune" actor Jurgen Prochnow on June 10 in Berlin. Am. hall-of-fame basketball announcer (Jewish) ("the Voice of Basketball") (New York Knicks, 1967-2004) Marv Albert (Marvin Philip Aufrichtig) on June 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Syracuse U., and NYU; father of Kenny Albert (1968-). Am. jazz musician (Scientologist) Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea (Miles Davis Band, Return to Forever) on June 12 in Chelsea, Mass. English "Have a Cigar" singer-songwriter Roy Harper on June 12 in Rusholme, Lancashire. English "Wild Thing" singer-songwriter Reg Presley (Reginald Maurice Ball) on June 12 in Andover, Hampshire. Am. "Brothers and Keepers" novelist-writer (black) John Edgar Wideman on June 14 in Washington, D.C.; grows up in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn. and New College, Oxford U. Am. "Everybody's Talkin'", "One", "Coconut" composer-singer Harry Edward Nilsson III (d. 1994) on June 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Swedish descent. Am. songwriter-producer (black) Lamont Herbert Dozier on June 16. English Delia Effect chef Delia "Dee" Smith on June 18 in Woking, Surrey; Welsh mother; wife of Michael Wynn-Jones (1941-); bakes the cake on the 1969 Rolling Stones album "Let It Bleed". Czech. PM #1 (1993-8) and pres. #2 (2003-13) Vaclav (Václav) Klaus on June 19 Prague; educated at the U. of Prague. German astronaut Ulf Dietrich Merbold on June 20 in Greiz, Thuringia. Canadian-Am. "Count Floyd in SCTV" comedian Joe Flaherty on June 21 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. CBS News correspondent (black) Edward Rudolph "Ed" Bradley Jr. (d. 2006) on June 22 in Philadelphia, Penn. Slovakian geochemist Jan Veizer on June 22 in Pobedim, Slovakia. Am. 6'5" basketball player (Jewish) (New York Knicks #4, 1963-5) Arthur Bruce "Art" Heyman (d. 2012) on June 24 in New York City; educated at Duke U. Am. mass murderer Charles Joseph Whitman (d. 1966) on June 24 in Lake Worth, Fla. Am. "Testament", "In Her Own Time" dir. Lynne Littman on June 26 in New York City. U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (2001-) Michael Makoto "Mike" Honda on June 27 in Walnut Grove, Calif.; 3rd gen. (sansei) Japanese-Am. Am. baseball pitcher (black) (New York Yankees, 1961-76) Alphonso Erwin "Al" Downing on June 28 in Trenton, N.J.; pitched Hank Aaron's homer #715 on Apr. 8, 1974 in Atlanta Am. Black Panther activist (black) Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael (Kwame Toure) (d. 1998) on June 29 in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Am. "Peggy Harris Nolan in Another World" singer-actress-writer-composer (black) Micki Grant on June 30 in Chicago, Ill.; first African-Am. daytime soap opera cast member (1965). Upper Volta pres. (1982-3) (black) Maj. Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo (Ouédraogo) on June 30. Canadian hockey forward Rodigue Gabriel "Rod" Gilbert on July 1 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. biochemist Alfred Goodman Gilman on July 1 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at Yale U.; 1994 Nobel Med. Prize. Canadian Black-Scholes Formula economist Myron Samuel Scholes on July 1 in Timmins, Ont.; educated at McMaster U., and the U. of Chicago; 1997 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. terpsichorean dancer-choreographer Twyla Tharp on July 1 in Portland, Ind. Am. USO entertainer Chris Noel on July 2 in West Palm Beach, Fla. Am. "Fight Back and Win" atty. (Jewish) Gloria Rachel Allred (Bloom) on July 3 in Philadelphia, Penn.; mother of Lisa Bloom (1961-). Cuban 5'9" bodybuilder (black) ("the Myth") Sergio Oliva on July 4; beats Ahnuld for the Mr. Olympia title in 1969. Am. "MacBird" playwright-writer-activist Barbara Garson on July 7 in Brooklyn, N.Y. English musician James Walter "Jim" Rodford (Argent, Kings, Swinging Blue Jeans) on July 7 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. German ballet dancer Karin von Aroldingen (Karin Awny Hannelore Reinbold von Aroedingen and Eltzinger) on July 9 in Greiz, East Germany. Am. "Sgt. Joseph Getraer in CHiPs" actor Robert (Granville Whitelaw) Pine on July 10 in Scarsdale, N.Y. Am. auto racer Benjamin Stewart "Benny" Parsons (d. 2007) on July 12 in Wilkes County, N.C.; brother of Phil Parsons (1957-). Am. "Spiritual Healing" holistic psychotherapist (Jewish) Daniel J. Benor on July 13 in New York City; educated at UCLA, and the U. of Cincinnati. Am. activist (black) (Kwanzaa founder) Maulana Karenga (Ronald McKinley "Ron" Everett) on July 14. Am. 6'2" (black) (Los Angeles Lakers #21, 1966-8) (Philadelphia 76ers #21, 1968-71) (Baltimore Bullets #21, 1971-4) (Seattle SuperSonics #21, 1974-5) (Detroit Pistons #11, 1975-6) Archie L. Clark on July 15 in Conway, Ark.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "The Invaders", "It's Alive" film dir.-producer-writer (Jewish) Lawrence G. "Larry" Cohen on July 15 in Kingston, N.Y.; educated at CCNY; brother of Ronni Chasen (1946-2010). Jamaican "Israelites" singer (black) Desmond Dekker (Desmond Adolphus Dacres) (d. 2006) on July 16 in Kingston. Am. biochemist Ronald Wayne "Ron" Davis on July 17 in ?; educated at Caltech. Am. football QB (Oakland Raiders #3, 1967-74) Daryle Pat "the Fireman" "the Mad Bomber" Lamonica on July 17 in Fresno, Calif. Am. physician John Edmond Buster on July 18 in ?; educated at Stanford U., and UCLA. Am. "Jimmy Mack", "Dancing in the Street" R&B singer (black) Martha Rose Reeves (Vandellas) on July 18 in Eufaula, Ala.; grows up in Detroit, Mich. Am. canoeist Marcia Jones Smoke on July 18 in Oklahoma City, Okla. Am. singer Vikki Carr (Florencia Bisenta de Casillas Martinez Cardona on July 19 in El Paso, Tex. Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Afanasiyevich Lyakhov on July 20 in Antratsyt, Voroshilovgrad (Luhansk) Oblast. Am. "The American Pageant" historian David Michael Kennedy on July 22 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at Yale U. Canadian jockey Ron Joseph Morel Turcotte on July 22 in Drummond, N.B.; rider of Secretariat in 1973. Am. singer (black) Estelle Bennett (THe Ronettes) on July 22 in New York City; sister of Ronnie Spector (1943-); cousin of Nedra Talley (1946-). Am. "One Nation Under a Groove" funk musician (black) George Clinton (Parliament, Funkadelic) on July 22 in Kannapolis, N.C.; "Once you do the best you can, funk it." Am. serial murderer (black) Lemuel Waren Smith on July 23 in Amsterdam, N.Y. Am. 6'11" basketball player (black) Nathaniel "Nate the Great" Thurmond on July 25 in Akron, Ohio; educated at Bowling Green State U. Am. "Danny Glover's wife in Lethal Weapon", "He's a Rebel" actress-singer (black) Darlene Love (Wright) (Blossoms) on July 26 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "The Oogum Boogum Song", "Gimme Little Sign" singer (black) Brenton Wood on July 26 in Shreveport, La. Am. "Harold and Maude", "Nine to Five" dir.-writer-producer Colin Higgins (d. 1988) on July 28 in Noumea, New Caledonia, France; Am. father, Australian mother; educated at Stanford U. U.S. atty.-gen. #81 (2007-) (Jewish) Michael Bernard Mukasey on July 28 near Baranavichy, Belarus; emigrates to the U.S. in 1941; educated at Columbia U., and Yale U. Italian orchestra conductor Riccardo Muti on July 28 in Naples. Canadian "My Way", "Diana", "She's A Lady", "The Tonight Show Theme" singer-songwriter Paul Mustapha Abdi Anka on July 30 in Ottawa; of Lebanese descent; becomes U.S. citizen in 1990. Am. "Abul Rafai in The Delta Force", "Max Cherry in Quentin Tarantino's Jacie Brown" actor Robert Wallace Forster Jr. (d. 2019) on July 13 in Rochester, N.Y.; English-Irish descent father, Italian-Am. mother; educated at the U. of Rochester. U.S. Dem. commerce secy. #30 (1993-6) (black) Ronald Harmon "Ron" Brown (d. 1996) on Aug. 1 in Washington, D.C. Italian "Infiltrating Terminator" 5'5" (5'3"?) bodybuilder-actor Franco Columbu on Aug. 2 in Ollolai, Sardinia; friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-). French biologist Jules A. Hoffmann on Aug. 2 in Echternach, Luxembourg; educated at the U. of Strasbourg; 2011 Nobel Med. Prize. Canadian "Until It's Time for You to Go", "Cod'ine", "Universal Soldier" First Nations activist-singer-songwriter-educator Beverly "Buffy" Sainte-Marie on Aug. 2 in Piapot Cree Rez, Qu'Appelle Valley, Sask.; orphaned and adopted by U.S. parents; educated at the U. of Mass. Am. twist king (black) Chubby Checker on Aug. 3 in Spring Gulley, S.C.; raised in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. domestic diva and lifestyle guru Martha Helen "Grace" Stewart (nee Kostyra) on Aug. 3 in Jersey City, N.J.; Polish-descent teacher parents; educated at Barnard College. Am. guitarist Leonard Harold "Lenny" Breau (d. 1984) on Aug. 5 in Auburn, Maine; country-western musician parents. Soviet cosmonaut Leonid Denisovich Kizim (d. 2010) on Aug. 5 in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Indian "The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid" mgt. consultant Coimbatore Krishnarao Prahalad (d. 2010) on Aug. 8 in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu; educated at Harvard U. English "Only Sixteen" singer ("the Singing Milkman") Craig Douglas (Terence Perkins) on Aug. 12 in Newport, Isle of Wight; one of twins; starts out as a milkman. Am. Heritage Foundation pres. (1977-2013, 2017-18) (ROman Catholic) Edwin John "Ed" Feulner Jr. on Aug. 12 in Chicago, Ill.; German immigrant grandparents; educated at Regius U., Wharton School of Business, Georgetown U., London School of Economics, and U. of Edinburgh. Am. "Paul Newman's wife Francine Dunlop in Slap Shot" actress-dir. Jennifer Warren on Aug. 12 in Greenwich Village, N.Y. Dutch serial murderer ("the Beast of Harkstede") Willem van Eijk on Aug. 13 in Korteraar, Niewukoop, South Holland. Am. Second Lady (2001-9) Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney on Aug. 14 in Casper, Wyo.; wife (1964-) of Dick Cheney (1941-); educated at the U. of Colo.; mother of Elizabeth Cheney Perry (1966-) and Mary Claire Cheney (1969-). Am. "Wooden Ships" rock singer-songwriter David Van Cortlandt Crosby (The Byrds, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) on Aug. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Floyd Crosby (1899-1985). Am. country singer Connie Smith (Constance June Meador) on Aug. 14 in Elkhart, Ind.; wife (1992-) of Marty Stuart (1958-). Am. baseball 1B player (Baltimore Orioles) John Wesley "Boog" Powell on Aug. 17 in Lakeland, Fla. Czech roller bearing magnate Maria-Elisabeth Schaeffler on Aug. 17 in Prague; mother of Georg F.W. Schaeffler. Tunisian PM (1999-) Mohamed Ghannouchi on Aug. 18 in Sousse. Am. actor-singer Christopher (William Frank "Billy") Jones (Max Frost and the Troopers) on Aug. 18 in Jackson, Tenn. Serbian pres. (1989-97) and Yugoslavian pres. (1997-2000) Slobodan Milosevic (d. 2006) on Aug. 20 in Pozarevac, Serbia. U.S. Rep. (D-Penn.) (1979-91) William Herbert Gray III (d. 2013) on Aug. 20 in Baton Rouge, Ill.; educated at Franklin and Marshall College, and Duke U. Am. football coach ("The Big Tuna") (New York Giants, 179, 1981-90), New England Patriots (1981, 1993-6) (New York Jets, 1997-9) (Dallas Cowboys, 2003-6) Duane Charles "Bill" Parcells on Aug. 22 in Englewood, N.J.; educated at Wichita State U. Am. "Lovesick" film dir.-writer Marshall Brickman on Aug. 25 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Danish string theory physicist Holger Bech Nielsen on Aug. 25. English rock drummer Chris Curtis (Crummy) (d. 2005) (The Searchers, Deep Purple) on Aug. 26 in Oldham, Lancashire. Am. feminist humanist writer (atheist) Barbara Ehrenrich (nee Alexander) on Aug. 26 in Butte, Mont.; educated at Carnegie Mellon U., Reed College, and Rockefeller U. Japanese "Aki in You Only Live Twice" actress Akiko Wakabayashi on Aug. 26 in Ota, Tokyo. Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Vasilievich Malyshev (d. 1999) on Aug. 27 in Nilolayevsk. English "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" host-producer Robin Douglas Leach on Aug. 29 in London. Am. "Cooter Davenport in The Dukes of Hazzard" actor and Dem. politician Ben Lewis Jones on Aug. 30 in Tarboro, N.C. U.S. Sen. (I-Vt.) (2007-) (Jewish) (Socialist) Bernard "Bernie" Sanders on Sept. 8 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant paint salesman father Eli Sanders (1904-62) and Jewish mother Dorothy Glassberg (1913-59) (born to Jewish immigrant parents); the family Eli left behind after immigrating in the 1910s ended up dying in the Holocaust; brother of Lawrence "Larry" Sanders (1934-), who started out a Jewish-Am. radical like him before immigrating to Britain in 1968/9 and becoming a Green Party politician; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. "Dock of the Bay" soul singer (black) Otis Ray Redding Jr. (d. 1967) on Sept. 9 in Dawson, Ga.; grows up in Macon, Ga. Am. Unix programmer (creator of the C programming language) Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (d. 2011) on Sept. 9 in Bronxville, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U.; collaborator of Ken Thompson (1943-). Am. evolutionary zoologist (Jewish agnostic) "America's unofficial evolutionist laureate") Stephen Jay Gould (d. 2002) on Sept. 10 in Queens, N.Y.; Marxist father; educated at Antioch College, and Columbia U.; originator of the theory of crucified, er, punctuated equilibrium. Am. engineer ("the Father of the Personal Computer") Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts (d. 2010) on Sept. 13 in Miami, Fla.; educated at the U. of Miami, Oklahoma State U., and Mercer U. English "Spinning Wheel" singer David Clayton-Thomas (David Henry Thomsett) on Sept. 13 in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey; grows up in Willowdale (near Toronto), Ont. Polish cosmonaut Miroslaw Hermanszewski on Sept. 15 in Lipniki. Am. atty. (dirty trickster for Pres. Nixon) Donald Henry Segretti on Sept. 17 in San Marino, Calif.; educated at USC, and UCB. Italian "Gen. Kala in Flash Gordon" actress Mariangela Melato on Sept. 18 in Milan. Am. "Mamas and Papas" singer (Jewish) "Mama" Cass Elliot (Ellen Naomi Cohen) (d. 1974) on Sept. 19 in Baltimore, Md. Australian "Eucalyptus" novelist Murray Bail on Sept. 22 in Adelaide, South Australia. Am. pastor (black) Jeremiah Alvesta "Jerry" Wright Jr. n Sept. 22 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Guy Lee Hovis Jr. on Sept. 24 in Tupelo, Miss.; educated at the U. of Miss.; husband (1969-84) of Ralna English (1942-). Am. photographer-musician (Jewish) Lady Linda Louise McCartney (nee Eastman) (d. 1998) (Wings) on Sept. 24 in New York City; father Leopold "Lee" Vail Eastman (1910-91) is son of Russian-Jewish immigrants named Epstein; mother Louise Sara Lindner Eastman (1911-62) is heiress to the Lindner Dept. Store fortune; wife (1969-98) of Paul McCartney; mother of Heather Louise McCartney (1962-), Mary Anna McCartney-Donald (1969-), Stella Nina McCartney (1971-), and James Louis McCartney (1977-). Am. football hall-of-fame tight end (black) John Mackey on Sept. 24 in New York City. Am. country singer David Frizzell on Sept. 26 in El Dorado, Ark.; brother of Lefty Frizzell (1928-75). Am. real estate tycoon (Jewish) Samuel "Sam" Zell (Shmuel Zielonka) on Sept. 27 in Chicago, Ill.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents named Zielonka; educated at the U. of Mich.; owner (2007-) of the Tribune Co. (Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times) and Chicago Cubs. English Egyptologist John Lewis Romer on Sept. 30 in Surrey. Am. jazz poet-activist (founder of the White Panther Party) John Sinclair on Oct. 2 in Flint, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. cross-county skier Michael Donald "Mike" Gallagher (d. 20913) on Oct. 3 in Yonkers, N.Y. Am. "Interview With the Vampire" novelist Anne Rice (AKA Anne Rampling, A.N. Roquelaure) on Oct. 4 in New Orleans, La.; sister of Alice Borchardt (1939-2007); suffers from achluophobia (fear of the dark). Am. "Bobbie Jo Bradley in Petticoat Junction" actress Lori Saunders (Linda Marie Hines) on Oct. 4 in Kansas City, Mo. Am. "Einstein on the Beach" playwright-dir. Robert Wilson on Oct. 4 in Waco, Tex.; educated at the U. of Tex. Argentine pres. (2002-3) Eduardo Alberto Duhalde on Oct. 5 in Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; South African playwright-actor (black) Winston Ntshona on Oct. 6 in Port Elizabeth. Am. civil rights leader and Baptist minister (black) (Freemason) (founder of Rainbow/PUSH) Jesse Louis Jackson Sr. on Oct. 8 in Greenville, S.C.; father of Jesse Jackson Jr. (1965-); "Red, yellow, blue, we're all precious in God's sight." U.S. Sen. (R-Miss.) (1989-2007) Chester Trent Lott Sr. on Oct. 9 in Grenada, Miss.; educated at the U. of Miss. Am. "Keys in E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial" actor-dir.-writer (Jew-turned-Zen Buddhist) Peter Coyote (Robert Peter Cohon) on Oct. 10 in New York City; grows up in Englewood, N.J.; educated at Grinnell College; names himself after a peyote-induced vision combined with the logo of "Coyote's Journal". Am. football coach (Atlanta Falcons, 1990-3) Jerry Michael Glanville on Oct. 14 in Perrysburg, Ohio; educated at N Mich. U. Am. "Mrs. Robinson", "Bridge Over Troubled Water" singer-musician (Jewish) Paul Frederic Simon (Simon and Garfunkel) on Oct. 13 in Newark Heights, N.J.; Hungarian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Queens College; collaborator of Art Garfunkel (1941-); father of Harper Simon (1972-). Am. country singer-songwriter Earl Thomas Conley on Oct. 17 in Portsmouth, Ohio. Am. R&B musician-songwriter-producer (white) Steven Lee "Steve" "the Colonel" Cropper (Booker T. and the M.G.'s, Blues Brothers) on Oct. 21 in Dora, Mo. Am. Intel 4004 microprocessor co-inventor (Jewish) Stanley Mazor on Oct. 22 in Chicago, Ill. Australian "I Am Woman" singer-actress Helen Reddy on Oct. 25 in Melbourne, Victoria. Am."Breathing Lessons", "The Accidental Tourist" novelist Anne Tyler on Oct. 25 in Minneapolis, Minn.; grows up in Raleigh, N.C.; educated at Duke U., and Columbia U. Irish "Tyrian in Dragonslayer","Light in Doctor Who" actor John William Francis Hallam (d. 2006) on Oct. 28 in Lisburn. German physicist Theodor Wolfgang Hansch (Hänsch) on Oct. 30 in Heidelberg; 2005 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. singer (black) Otis Williams (Temptations) on Oct. 30 in Texarkana, Tex. Am. "Beyond the Bedroom Wall" novelist-poet Larry Alfred Woiwode on Oct. 30 in Carrington, N.D. Am. 6'9" basketball forward (Philadelphia 76ers #54, 1964-72) (black) Lucious Brown "Luke" Jackson on Oct. 31 in San Marcos, Tex.; educated at Pan Am. U.; plays under the shadow of Wilt Chamberlain. Am. "Ed's mother in Edtv" actress Sally Kirkland on Oct. 31 in New York City; goddaughter of Shelley Winters; daughter of Vogue fashion ed. Sally Kirkland (1912-89). Am. 6'5" basketball player (black) (Detroit Pistons #21, 1964-5) (St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks #27, 1965-70) (Carolina Cougars, 1970-5) Joe Louis "Pogo Joe" "Jumping Joe" Caldwell on Nov. 1 in Texas City, Tex.; educated at Arizona State U. Am. "Agatha Addie Cramer in One Life to Live" actress Pamela Payton-Wright (d. 2019) on Nov. 1 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; Am. "Chase Gioberti in Falcon Crest" actor Robert Heath Foxworth on Nov. 1 in Houston, Tex. Am. "The Sounds of Silence", "The Boxer" singer (Jewish) Arthur Ira "Art" Garfunkel on Nov. 5 in Forest Hills, Queens, N.Y.; Romanian Jewish immigrant paternal grandparents; educated at Columbia U.; 1st cousin of Lou Pearlman (1954-); collaborator of Paul Simon (1941-). Am. "L.A. Freeway", "Desperadoes Waiting for a Train" country-folk singer-songwriter Guy Charles Clark on Nov. 6 in Monahans, Tex. Am. "She's About a Mover" Tex-Mex musician Douglas Wayne "Doug" Sahm (d. 1999) (Sir Douglas Quintet) on Nov. 6 in San Antonio, Tex. Am. "Jeff in The Guns of will Sonnett", "Jack Ewing in Dallas", "Steve Jacobi in All My Children", "Grant Harrison in Another World" actor (bi) Dack Rambo (Norman Jay Rambeau) (d. 1994) on NOv. 13 in Earlimart, Calif.; twin brother of Dirk Rambo. English "photographer in Blowup" actor-dir.-producer David Edward Leslie Hemmings (d. 2003) on Nov. 18 in Guildford, Surrey; known for his eyebrows; founder of Hemdale Film Corp. (1967). German historian Klaus Hildebrand on Nov. 18 in Bielefeld. Canadian sports owner (Edmonton Oilers) Peter Pocklington on Nov. 18 in London, Ont. Am. "Grizzly Adams" actor Dan Haggerty (d. 2016) on Nov. 19 in Pound, Wisc.; family raises wild animals. English "Phoebe Figalilly" actress Juliet Maryon Mills on Nov. 21 in London; siser of Hayley Mills (1946-). Am. string theory physicist John Henry Schwarz on Nov. 22 in North Adams, Mass.; educated at UCB. Am. "Suspicion", "Amarillo by Morning" singer-songwriter Terry LaVerne Stafford (d. 1996) on Nov. 22 in Hollis, Okla.; grows up in Amarillo, Tex. Am. "Surfin' Bird" singer Steve Wahrer (d. 1989) (The Trashmen) on Nov. 22 in Minneapolis, Minn. Am. "Get Together" singer Jesse Colin Young (Youngbloods) on Nov. 22 in New York City. Italian "Force 10 from Navaronne" actor Franco Nero (Francesco Sparanero) on Nov. 23 in San Prospero. English rock drummer Randolph Peter "Pete" Best (The Beatles) on Nov. 24 in Madras, India; his mother Mona Best is owner of the Casbah Club in Liverpool, where the Beatles play. Am. blues-soul bassist-songwriter-producer Donald "Duck" Dunn (Booker T. and the M.G.'s, Blues Brothers) on Nov. 24 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "Alexander Bumstead in Blondie" actor-handball player (Jewish) Simon "Stuffy" Singer on Nov. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif. Egyptian PM #49 (2011) Ahmed Mohamed Shafik Zaki on Nov. 25 in in Cairo. Am. "Suspicions", "Friends and Lovers" singer-songwriter Edward Thomas "Eddie" Rabbitt (d. 1998) on Nov. 27 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Irish immigrant parents; grows up in East Orange, N.J. Mauritanian pres. (1984-2005) (Sunni Muslim) Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya on Nov. 28 in Atar. Am. "Queen of the House" country singer Jody (Myrna Joy) Miller on Nov. 29 in Phoenix, Ariz. Iraqi minister ("Chemical Ali") Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikritieh (d. 2010) on Nov. 30; first cousin of Saddam Hussein (1937-2006). Am. physicist (Intel 4004 and 8008 co-inventor) Federico Faggin on Dec. 1 in Vicenza, Italy; educated at the U. of Padua; emigrates to the U.S. in 1968. Am. "Oracle #2 in The Matrix Revolutions" actress (black) Mary Alice (Smith) on Dec. 3 in Indianola, Miss. English writer-actor-dir. Sheridan Morley (d. 2007) on Dec. 5 in Ascot, Berkshire; eldest son of Robert Morley (1908-92); grandson of Dame Gladys Cooper (1888-1971). Am. tennis player Martin Riessen on Dec. 4 in Hinsdale, Ill. Am. "I Don't Want to Have to Marry You" country singer Helen Cornelius (Helen Lorene Johnson) on Dec. 6 in Monroe City, Mo. Am. serial murderer (gay) Richard Benjamin Speck (d. 1991) on Dec. 6 in Kirkwood, Ill. Am. "Run From Fear - Fun From Rear" installation artist Bruce Nauman on Dec. 6 in Fort Wayne, Ind.; educated at UCD; husband (1989-) of Susan Rothenberg (1945-); likes to work in neon. Am. "Maximum Bob" actor Lloyd Vernet "Beau" Bridges (III) on Dec. 9 in Hollywood, Calif.; son of Lloyd Bridges (1913-98); brother of Jeff Bridges (1949-); nickname comes from Ashley Wilkes's son in "Gone With the Wind". Am. "Last Train to Hicksville" jazz singer-songwriter Dan Hicks (Hot Licks) on Dec. 9 in Little Rock, Ark. Am. "The Shaggy Dog" actor (gay) Thomas Lee "Tommy" Kirk on Dec. 10 in Louisville, Ky.; screen brother of Kevin "Moochie" Corcoran (1949-). Am. TV "Jeff Miller in Lassie" star Thomas Noel "Tommy" Rettig (d. 1996) on Dec. 10 in Queens, N.Y.; Jewish father, Christian mother; after giving up acting, he goes on to become a computer programmer working for Ashton-Tate. Japanese "Sukiyaki" singer-actor Kyu (Jap. "nine") Sakamoto (Hisashi Oshima) (d. 1985) on Dec. 10 in Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture. English "Yesterday's Gone" folk singer Chad Stuart (David Stuart Chadwick) (Chad and Jeremy) on Dec. 10 in Windmere, Cumbria; collaborator of Jeremy Clyde (1941-). U.S. Rep. (D-Mont.) (1975-8), U.S. Sen. (1978-), and U.S. ambassador to China (2014-7) Max Sieben Baucus (nee Enke) on Dec. 11 in Helena, Mont.; educated at Stanford U. Am. "Hollywood Squares" singer-actor and TV host John Hamilton Davidson Sr. on Dec. 13 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; Baptist minister parents. Am. leftist feminist journalist (Jewish) Ellen Jane Willis (d. 2006) on Dec. 14 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Barnard College, and UCB. Am. CBS News correspondent (Jewish) Lesley Rene Stahl on Dec. 16 in Lynn, Mass.; educated at Wheaton College. Am. rock musician-singer-composer Sam Houston Andrew III (Big Brother and the Holding Company) on Dec. 18 in Taft, Calif. Australian musician Raja Ram (Ronald Rothfield) (Quintessence) on Dec. 18 in Melbourne, Victoria. South Korean pres. (2008-13) Lee Myung-bak on Dec. 19 in Osaka, Japan; educated at Korea U. Am. R&B singer (black) Maurice White on Dec. 19 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. chemist ("Founding father of Lithium-Ion Batteries") Michael Stanley Whittingham on Dec. 22 in Nottingham; educated at New College, Oxford U. Am. "If I Were a Carpenter", "Reason to Believe" folk singer-songwriter (heroin addict) Timothy James "Tim" Hardin (d. 1980) on Dec. 23 in Eugene, Ore. Am. "Norman in Nashville" actor David Arkin (d. 1991) on Dec. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif.; known for appearances in films by Robert Altman. English "Col. Paul Foster in UFO" actor Michael Billington (d. 2005) on Dec. 24 in Blackburn, Lancashire. English rock musician Michael Thomas "Mike" Pinder (Moody Blues) on Dec. 27 in Erdington, Birmingham. Polynesian "Maimiti in Mutiny on the Boundy" actress Tarita Teriipia on Dec. 29 in Bora, Bora, French Polynesia; wife (1962-72) of Marlon Brando (1924-2004); mother of Simon Tehotu and Tarita Cheyenne Brando (1970-95). English rock flautist Ray Thomas (Moody blues) on Dec. 29 in Stourport-on-Severn, England. Am. Peavey Electronics founder Hartley Peavey on Dec. 30 in Meridian, Miss.; educated at Miss. State U. Palestinian father of global jihad (Sunni Muslim) Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (d. 1989) on ? in as-Ba'ah al-Hartiyeh (Silat al-Harithiya) (8km NW of Jenin, West Bank). Iraqi cleric (Sunni) Harith Sulayman al-Dhari (Harith ibn Sulayman ibn Dhari al-Zoba'i al-shamri) (d. 2015) on ? in Anbar. Am. "Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs' children's writer Judi Barrett (nee Nielsen-Smith) on ? in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the Pratt Inst.; wife of Ron Barrett. Am. economist (Peterson Inst. founder) C. Fred Bergsten on ? in ?; educated at Central Methodist U. Am. historian (Jewish) Ira Berlin on ?. Am. economist Truman Fassett Bewley on ? in ?. Am. historian Caroline Walker Bynum on ? in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at the U. of Mich., and Harvard U. Argentine Calvo Pricing Model economist Guillermo Antonio Calvo on ? in Buenos Aires; educated at Yale U. Am. "The Name Game" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Shirley Ellis (Shirley Marie Elliston) on ? in Bronx, N.Y.; of West Indian origin. Saudi foreign minister (1975-) (Muslim) prince Saud Al Faisal (Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud on ? in Taif; brother of Prince Turki (1945-) and Prince Khalid (1940-). Tunisian Islamist leader (Sunni Muslim) Rashid al-Ghannushi (Ghannouchi) on ? in al-Hama. Am. "The American Book of the Dead" New Age writer-artist Eugene Jeffrey "E.J." Gold on ? in New York City; son of Horace L. Gold; "The best-kept secret in North America" (Harry Nilsson). Am. "Bowling Alone" political scientist Robert David Putnam on ? in Port Clinton, Ohio; educated at Swarthmore College, Balliol College, Oxford U., and Yale U. Spanish "Loves That Bind", "Monstruary" postmodernist novelist Julian Rios on ? in Vigo, Galicio; collaborator of Octavio Paz (1914-98). Am. billionaire media mogul (Media Networks) (Jewish) David I. Saperstein on ? in Baltimore, Md. Spanish Catalan composer-conductor Jordi Savall i Bernadet on ? in Igualda, Catalonia. Am. physicist John Henry Schwarz on ? in North Adams, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. and UCB. Am. "Brothers and Keepers" writer (black) John Edgar Wideman on ? in Washington, D.C.; grows up in Pittsburgh, Penn.; 2nd African-Am. to win a Rhodes scholarship (New College, Oxford U.). Deaths: Am. New Thought writer Harriet Emilie Cady (b. 1848) on Jan. 3 in New York City. Austrian gen. Rudolf Brudermann (b. 1851) on Jan. 21. English archeologist Sir Arthur Evans (b. 1851) on July 11 in Youlbury, Oxfordshire. Scottish "Golden Bough" anthropologist Sir James George Frazer (b. 1854) on May 7. Am. FDR's mother Sara Delano Roosevelt (b. 1854) on Sept. 7. French chemist Paul Sabatier (b. 1854) on Aug. 14 in Toulouse; 1912 Nobel Chem. Prize. U.S. Supreme Court justice (1916-39) Louis Dembitz Brandeis (b. 1856) on Oct. 5 in Washington, D.C.: "History is not life, but since only life makes history, the union of the two is obvious." Norwegian composer Christian Sinding (b. 1856) on Dec. 3; joins the Norwegian Nazi party 8 weeks before his death, causing his popularity to tank. Am. Dr. Pepper inventor Charles Courtice Alderton (b. 1857) on May 29 in Waco, Tex. English Boy Scouts founder Sir Robert Baden-Powell (b. 1857). Austrian composer Wilhelm Kienzl (b. 1857) on Oct. 3 in Vienna. English (Welsh) feminist suffragist Lady Rhondda (b. 1857) on Mar. 11. British diplomat Edgar Vincent, 1st viscount D'Abernon (b. 1857) on Nov. 1 in Hove (Parkinson's); dies childless. Am. Calif. gov. #21 (1903-7) George Cooper Pardee (b. 1857) on Sept. 1 in Oakland, Calif. Canadian ice hockey pioneer Joseph Patrick (b. 1857) on Jan. 28 in Vancouver, B.c. French artist Maximilien Luce (b. 1858) on Feb. 6 in Paris. German pacifist politician Ludwig Quidde (b. 1858) on Mar. 4; 1927 Nobel Peace Prize. French vitalist philosopher Henri Bergson (b. 1859); "Academic. Philosopher. Nobel Prize winner. Jew." (his police station registration) - the elan vital of him and his buddy Hans Driesch poops out? U.S. Supreme Court justice (1910-37) Willis Van Devanter (b. 1859) on Feb. 8 in Washington, D.C. German last emperor (1888-1918) Wilhelm II (b. 1859) on June 4 in Doorn, Netherlands: "Give me a woman who truly loves beer and I will conquer the world." Am. Shakespearean scholar George Lyman Kittredge (b. 1860) on July 23: "There are three persons who know what the word Victorian means, and the other two are dead." Polish pianist-composer and PM #1 (1919) Ignace Jan Paderewski (b. 1860) on June 29 in New York City; in ? his heart is buried in Arlington Nat. Cemetery in Washington, D.C. and his body in Warsaw. Am. writer Charles Edward Russell (b. 1860) on Apr. 23. German mathematician Friedrich Engel (b. 1861) on Sept. 29. Danish sculptor Niels Hansen Jacobsen (b. 1861). Indian poet Sir Rabindranath Tagore (b. 1861) on Aug. 7; 1913 Nobel Lit. Prize: "Each child comes with the message that God is not yet discouraged of man"; "Praise shames me, for I secretly beg for it." Austrian MP Karl Hermann Wolf (b. 1862) on June 11 in Vienna. Am. politician William G. McAdoo (b. 1863) on Feb. 1 in Washington, D.C.: "It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument." Am. theologian Shailer Mathews (b. 1863) on Oct. 23 in Chicago, Ill. German sociologist-economist Werner Sombart (b. 1863) on May 18 in Berlin; "The very concept of capital is derived from this way of looking at things; one can say that capital, as a category, did not exist before double-entry bookkeeping. Capital can be defined as that amount of wealth which is used in making profits and which enters into the accounts." Russian expressionist painter Alexei von Jawlensky (b. 1864) on Mar. 15 in Wiesbaden, Germany. French novelist Maurice Leblanc (b. 1864) on Nov. 6 in Peripagnan. German chemist-physicist Hermann Walther Nernst (b. 1864) on Nov. 18; 1920 Nobel Chem. Prize. Australian "Waltzing Matilda" bush poet Banjo Paterson (b. 1864) on Feb. 5 in Sydney (heart attack). English automobile manufacturer Sir Herbert Austin (b. 1866) on May 23 (heart attack). British gov.-gen. of Canada (1926-31) and viceroy of India (1931-6) Freeman Freeman-Thomas, marquess of Willingdon (b. 1866). Am. Mt. Rushmore sculptor Gutzon Borglum (b. 1867) on Mar. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; his son Lincoln Borglum (1912-86) runs out of funds to finish the project on Oct. 31, and issues the soundbyte "I do not think anymore should be done on figures of the Memorial. It looks very well as it is and I think it is more effective this way than if carried down [to torsos) as shown on the models". German vitalist philosopher Hans Driesch (b. 1867) on Apr. 17. German selenographer Philipp Johann Heinrich Fauth (b. 1867) on Jan. 4 in Grunwald, Bavaria. Am. actor-comedian Lew Fields (b. 1867) on July 20 in Beverly Hills, Calif. Am. philanthropist Simon Guggenheim (b. 1867) on Nov. 2 in New York City. Am. anthropologist-economist William Zebina Ripley (b. 1867) on Aug. 16 in Edgecombe, Maine. German world chess champ #2 (1894-1921) Emanuel Lasker (b. 1868) on Jan. 11 in New York City (kidney failure). German embryologist Hans Spemann (b. 1869) on Sept. 9; 1935 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. film pioneer Edwin Stanton Porter (b. 1870) on Apr. 30 in New York City. Greek PM (1936-41) Ioannis Metaxas (b. 1871) on Jan. 29 in Athens (toxemia). Italian soprano Luisa Tetrazzini (b. 1871) on Apr. 28 in Milan. Am. medium Joseph Sieber Benner (b. 1872) in Akron, Ohio. Am. roller-coaster designer John A. Miller (b. 1872) on June 24 in Houston, Tex. Italian tensor mathematician Tullio Levi-Civita (b. 1873) on Dec. 29. Am. oil tycoon and Dem. politician Ernest Whitworth Marland (b. 1874) in Ponca City, Okla. English-born Am. film producer James Stuart Blackton (b. 1875) on Aug. 13. French mathematician Henri Leon Lebesgue (b. 1875) on July 26. German mathematician Issai Schur (b. 1875) on Jan. 10. U.S Sen. (D-Tex.) (1913-41) Morris Sheppard (b. 1875) on Apr. 9 in Washington, D.C. (brain hemorrhage). Am. "Winesburg, Ohio" novelist Sherwood Anderson (b. 1876) on Mar. 8 in Colon, Panama; dies of peritonitis from a toothpick. Swiss candymaker Theodor Tobler (b. 1876) on May 4. English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith (b. 1877) in London (KIA in the Blitz). Austrian-born German politician Rudolf Hilferding (b. 1877) on Feb. 11 in Paris; his death isn't announced until fall; murdered on Hitler's orders? Swiss-born Am. Chevrolet Motor Co. co-founder Louis Chevrolet (b. 1878) on June 6 in Detroit, Mich. Am. music critic Pitts Sanborn (b. 1879) on Mar. 7 in New York City (heart failure). Hungarian PM (1920-1, 1939-41) Count Paul Teleki (b. 1879) on Apr. 3 in Budapest. German Nazi Reich minister of justice Frank Guertner (b. 1881) on Jan. 29. U.S. Sen. (D-Miss.) (1919-41) Pat Harrison (b. 1881) on June 22 in Washington, D.C. German psychologist Kurt Koffka (b. 1886) on Nov. 22 in Northampton, Mass. Am. novelist Elizabeth Madox Roberts (b. 1881) on 'Mar. 13. Irish "Ulysses" novelist James Joyce (b. 1882) on Jan. 13 in Zurich, Switzerland. English "Mrs. Dalloway" novelist-critic Virginia Woolf (b. 1882) on Mar. 28 in Lewes, England (suicide); jumps in a body of water with a rock in her pocket after writing that "I am certain now that I am going mad again": "The compensation of growing old is this... the power of taking hold of experience, of turning it round, slowly, in the light"; "On the outskirts of every agony sits some observant fellow who points"; "The older one grows the more one likes indecency." German Nazi Party founder Gottfried Feder (b. 1883) on Sept. 24 in Murnau. Am. cyclist Marcus Hurley (b. 1883) on Mar. 28. Am. marine biologist Ernest E. Just (b. 1883) on Oct. 27 in Washington, D.C. English pacifist writer Max Plowman (b. 1883) on June 3 in Langham (pneumonia). French bicyclist Henri Cornet (b. 1884) on Mar. 18 in Prunay-le-Gillon. Kiwi-born British novelist Sir Hugh Seymour Walpole (b. 1884) on June 1 in Keswick (heart attack). French artist Robert Delaunay (b. 1885) on Oct. 25 in Montpellier (cancer). Greek PM (1941) Alexandros Koryzis (b. 1885) on Apr. 18 in Athens (suicide). Am. "It Had to Be You", "Side by Side" lyricist Gus Kahn (b. 1886) on Oct. 8 in Beverly Hills, Calif. Spanish king (1886-1931) Alfonso XIII (b. 1886) on Feb. 28 in Rome. German vice adm. Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere (b. 1886) on Feb. 24 near Paris; killed in a plane crash while engaging in secret negotiations with the Vichy govt. Polish marshal Edward Rydz-Smigly (b. 1886) on Dec. 2 in Warsaw (heart attack); poses as a common underground soldier to fight the Nazis. English songwriter Clifford Grey (b. 1887) on Sept. 25 in Ipswich, Suffolk (heart attack). German Nazi politician Hans Kerrl (b. 1887) on Dec. 12. Am. poet Aline Murray Kilmer (b. 1888) on Oct. 1 in Stillwater, N.J. Am. dir.-producer-composer Victor L. Schertzinger (b. 1888) on Oct. 26 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack). Russian artist El Lissitzky (b. 1890) on Dec. 30 in Moscow (TB). Am. jazz musician Jelly Roll Morton (b. 1890) on July 10 in Los Angeles, Calif. British-born Canadian industrialist Arthur Blaikie Purvis (b. 1890) on Aug. 14 in Scotland (plane crash after takeoff from RAF Heathfield). Canadian physician Frederick G. Banting (b. 1891) on Feb. 21; 1923 Nobel Med. Prize for discovering insulin with J.J.R. Macleod (1876-1935). Hungarian-born Am. Dolly Sister Jenny Dolly (b. 1892) on June 1 in Hollywood, Calif. (suicide). Soviet gen. Mikhail Kirponos (b. 1892) on Sept. 20 in Likhvytsia, Ukraine (KIA). Am. country musician Henry Whitter (b. 1892) on Nov. 17 in Morganton, N.C. (diabetes). Thai king (1925-35) Rama VII (b. 1893) on May 30 in Surrey, England. Polish friar-martyr St. Maximilian Kolbe (b. 1894) on Aug. 14 in Auschwitz (executed); beatified on Oct. 17, 1971; canonized on Oct. 10, 1982. Austrian-born Polish actor Igo Sym (b. 1896) on Mar. 7 in Warsaw (murdered). German WWI #2 ace Ernst Udet (b. 1896) on Nov. 17 in Berlin. Am. linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf (b. 1897) on July 26 (cancer). Mozambique-born English singer (inventor of crooning) Al Bowlly (b. 1899) on Apr. 17 in London (killed in the Blitz). Am. electric guitar inventor George Beauchamp (b. 1899) on Mar. 30 near Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack while deep-sea fishing). English-born Scottish peer Josslyn Victor Hay, 22nd earl of Erroll (b. 1901) on Jan. 24 in Nairobi-Ngong Road, Kenya (murdered). Am. "Iron Horse" baseball player Lou (Henry Louis) Gehrig (b. 1903) on June 2 in New York City (ALS); played 2,130 straight games; lifetime batting avg. .340. English aviator Amy Johnson (b. 1903) on Jan. 5; drowned after bailing out over the Thames River while on duty with the British Auxiliary Air Force. English travel writer Robert Byron (b. 1905) on Feb. 24 off Cape Wrath, Scotland; dies on ship SS Jonathan Holt after it is torpedoed by a German U-boat. English bomb disposal expert Charles Howard, 20th earl of Suffolk (b. 1906) on May 12 in Erith Marshes, Kent (KIA). Am. mobster Abe Reles (b. 1906) on Nov. 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; falls from a window at the Half Moon Hotel in Coney Island while under police custody when his bedsheets break before he can testify against Albert Anastasia, causing the press to call him "The Canary Who Could Sing, But Couldn't Fly"; the Cosa Nostra bribed the guards to do it? German Luftwaffe Maj. Axel von Blomberg (b. 1908) on May 15 in Baghdad (KIA). German U-boat Capt. Engelbert Endrass (b. 1911) on Dec. 21 NE of the Azores (KIA). English film dir. Pen Tennyson (b. 1912) on July 7 (killed in an airplane crash en route from Scapa Flow to Rosyth). German Luftwaffe ace (100 Vs) Col. Werner Molder (b. 1913) on Nov. 22 in Breslau (KIA). German ace Franz von Werra (b. 1914) on Oct. 25 near Vlissingen, Netherlands (airplane accident). Am. Wampas Baby actress Dorothy Drake (b. 1916) on Oct. 3 in Wakefield, Mass. Soviet hero Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (b. 1923) on Nov. 23 Petrischevo (near Moscow) (hanged). Belarusian partisan Maria Bruskina (b. 1924) on Oct. 26 in Minsk (hanged).



1942 - The Stalin Time Mag. Man of the Year Pan-Am Clipper Guadalcanal Cocoanut Grove Executive Order 9066 The Earth Is a 42nd Street Flaming Ball of Hate and Dingalings Storm of the SS in Eastern Europe Year?

Cocoanut Grove Fire, Nov. 28, 1942 U.S. Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) German Gen. Friedrich Paulus (1890-1957) British Gen. Bernard Law 'Monty' Montgomery (1887-1976) U.S. Adm. Ernest Joseph King (1878-1956) U.S. Adm. William Frederick 'Bull' Halsey Jr. (1882-1959) U.S. Vice-Adm. John Sidney 'Slew' McCain (1884-1945) U.S. Lt. Col. James Harold 'Jimmy' Doolittle (1896-1993) U.S. Gen. Carl Andrew Spaatz (1891-1974) German Gen. Hermann 'Papa' Hoth (1885-1971) British Gen. William Joseph Slim (1891-1970) U.S. Gen. Russell Peter Hartle (1889-1961) Jawaharlal Nehru of India (1889-1964) German Gen. Kurt Zeitzler (1895-1963) Albert Speer of Germany (1905-81) Alfried Krupp of Germany (1907-67) Martin Bormann of Germany (1900-45) Erich Koch of Germany (1896-1986) Otto Georg Thierack of Germany (1889-1946) Miklós Kállay de Nagy-Kálló of Hungary (1887-1967) Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell of Britain (1886-1957) U.S. Brig. Gen. Evans Fordyce 'Gung-Ho' Carlson (1896-1947) U.S. Gen. Ira Clarence Eaker (1896-1987) U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) Australian Gen. Sir Thomas Albert Blamey (1884-1951) U.S. Gen. Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (1883-1953) British Gen. Arthur Ernest Percival (1887-1966) Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson of Britain (1880-1964) U.S. Adm. Raymond Ames Spruance (1886-1969) U.S. Cpl. Desmond Doss (1919-2006) Chester Bliss Bowles of the U.S. (1901-86) William Joseph 'Wild Bill' Donovan of the U.S. (1883-1959) William Henry Beveridge of Britain (1879-1963) Dr. Corydon McAlmont Wassell of the U.S. (1884-1958) Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes of the U.S. (1882-1964) Culbert Olson of the U.S. (1876-1962) Nels Hansen Smith of the U.S. (1884-1976) Ralph Lawrence Carr of the U.S. (1887-1950) South African Gen. Hendrik Klopper (1903-77) German Gen. Alexander Löhr (1884-1947) German Capt. August Hirt (1898-1945) Fritz Sauckel of Germany (1894-1946) Franz Stangl of Germany (1908-71) Reinhard Heydrich of Germany (1904-42) German SS Col. Viktor Hermann Brack (1904-48) Martin Franz Julius Luther of Germany (1895-1945) Josef Bühler of Germany (1904-48) German Gen. Walter Kuntze (1883-1960) Wilhelm Stuckart of Germany (1902-53) German Lt. Col. Otto Adolf Eichmann (1906-62) Dr. Irmfried Eberl of Germany (1910-48) German Gen. Wilhelm Schneckenburger (1891-1944) Mile Budak of Croatia (1889-1945) Dr. Carl Clauberg of Germany (1898-1957) Genevieve de Gaulle-Anthonioz (1920-2002) Germaine Tillion of France (1907-2008) Karl Friedrich Stellbrink of Germany (1894-1943) Charles Edward Wilson of the U.S. (1886-1972) U.S. Col. Telford Taylor (1908-98) Dutch Adm. Karel Doorman (1889-1942) French Adm. Jean de Laborde (1878-1977) U.S. Gen. Mark Wayne Clark (1896-1984) The Sullivan Brothers Ann Agnes Bernatitus of the U.S. (1912-2003) Gerald R. Ford (1913-2006) in the U.S. Navy William Henry Davis 'Alfalfa Bill' Murray of the U.S. (1869-1956) U.S. Lt. Col. Lee Andrew Archer Jr. (1919-2010) George Henry Gay Jr. (1917-94) U.S. Adm. John Duncan Bulkeley (1911-96) German Capt. Werner Hartenstein (1908-43) German Gen. Georg Stumme (1886-1942) South African Squadron Leader John Dering Nettleton (1917-43) Norwegian Lt. Cmdr. Leif Andreas Larsen (1906-90) Helmuth Hübener of Germany (1925-42) Maurice Papon of France (1910-2007) Russian Sgt. Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov (1917-81) Yakov Pavlov's House Vasily Zaitsev of the Soviet Union (1915-91) German Col. Hermann Graf (1912-88) Aribert Ferdinand Heim of Germany (1914-92) Vitka Kempner (1920-88) Father William T. Cummings (1903-45) Archbishop William Temple (1881-1944) Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise (1874-1949) Bishop Gorazd (1879-1942) Adolf Liebeskind (-1942) Subhas Chandra Bose of India (1897-1945) Croatian Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac (1898-1960) Mary Lindell (1895-1986) St. Edith Stein (1891-1942) U.S. Navy Lt. John James Powers (1912-42) Klaus Barbie of Germany (1913-91) Sydir Kovpak of Ukraine (1887-1967) Alexander Saburov of Ukraine (1908-74) Jose Abad Santos of the Philippines (1886-1942) Johann von Leers (1902-65) Anne Frank (1929-45) Miep Gies (1909-2010) Pridi Banomyong of Thailand (1900-83) Czech Pvt. Karel Curda (1911-47) Jean Moulin (1899-1943) Hotel Terminus, Lyon Herbert Baum (1912-42) Fritz Thyssen (1873-1951) Prescott Sheldon Bush (1895-1972) W. Averell Harriman of the U.S. (1891-1986) Kay Summersby (1908-75) Stanislaw Ulam (1909-84) Georgy Flyorov (1913-90) Enrico Fermi (1901-54) George Herbert Hitchings (1905-98) Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-98) Geoffrey Nathaniel Pyke (1894-1994) Ding Ling (1904-86) Wang Shiwei (1906-47) Stan Musial (1920-2013) Isaac Asimov (1920-92) Fairleigh Stanton Dickinson Sr. (1866-1948) Lloyd Cassel Douglas (1877-1951) James L. Farmer (1920-99) Herblock (1909-2001) Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976) Joseph Needham (1900-95) Francis Ponge (1899-1988) Spyros P. Skouros (1893-1971) Han Suyin (1917-) Franz Werfel (1890-1945) Jack Williamson (1908-2006) Philip Knight Wrigley (1894-1977) Dorothy 'Dottie' Kamenshek (1925-2010) Buck Jones (1889-1942) 'Connie Schwoegler (1917-82) Charlotte Auerbach (1899-1994) Walter Baade (1893-1960) Vera Caspary (1899-1987) Ernst Mayr (1904-2005) Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-75) Jacques Cousteau (1910-97) Emile Gagnan (1900-79) Klaus Fuchs (1911-86) Harald Sverdrup (1888-1957) Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) Earle Birney (1904-95) Harry Coover Jr. (1917-2011) Jean-Pierre Aumont (1913-2001) Sally Benson (1897-1972) Arthur Clifford Hartley (1889-1960) Aram Khachaturian (1903-78) Franz Leopold Neumann (1900-54) Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. (1888-1965) Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1917-2007) Morihei Ueshiba (1883-1969) Nelson Algren (1909-81) Margaret Wise Brown (1910-52) Albert Camus (1913-60) Elting Elmore Morison (1909-95) Blanche Oelrichs (1890-1950) Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950) Elmer Davis (1890-1958) Howard Fast (1914-2003) Paul Goodman (1911-72) Marion Hargrove (1919-2003) Randall Jarrell (1914-65) Alfred Kazin (1915-98) Mario Lanza (1921-59) Joseph Edward Levine (1905-87) Ding Ling (1904-86) Mary McCarthy (1912-89) Agnes de Mille (1905-93) Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955) G.M. Trevelyan (1876-1962) Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953) Monty Woolley (1888-1963) Capitol Records Johnny Mercer (1909-76) Buddy DeSylva (1895-1950) Glen Wallichs (1910-76) Ella Mae Morse (1924-99) Lionel Hampton (1908-2002) Illinois Jacquet (1922-2004) Tex Ritter (1905-74) T-Bone Walker (1910-75) Noor Jehan (1926-2000) Hedy Lamarr (1913-2000 George Antheil (1900-59) Gilbert Murray (1866-1957) Cornelia Otis Skinner (1901-79) Thomas Gilcrease (1890-1962) Ricardo Montalban (1920-2009) Margaret Whiting (1924-) James J. Kilroy Wojtek the Bear (1942-63) Frances Farmer (1913-70) Frances Farmer (1913-70), 1942 James Dougherty (1921-2005) and Marilyn Monroe (1926-62) Alan Ladd (1913-64) Joyce Grenfell (1910-79) Lena Horne (1917-2010) Rags Ragland (1905-46) 'Bambi', 1942 'Casablanca' starring Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) and Ingrid Bergman (1915-82), 1942 'Cat People', 1942 Val Lewton (1904-51) 'The Fleets In', starring Betty Hutton (1921-2007), 1942 Victor L. Schertzinger (1888-1941) 'Holiday Inn', 1942 'In Which We Serve' 1942 Cela Johnson (1908-82) Sir David Lean (1908-91) 'Kings Row', 1942 'The Mad Monster', 1942 'Mrs. Miniver' starring Greer Garson (1904-96), 1942 'The Pride of the Yankees', 1942 'Saludos Amigos', 1942 'Son of Fury', 1942 'We Dive at Dawn', 1942 'Woman of the Year', 1942 'Yankee Doodle Dandy', 1942 Edward Hopper (1882-1967) 'Nighthawks' by Edward Hopper (1882-1967), 1942 'Ivan Maisky' by Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), 1942 'Infinite Divisibility' by Yves Tanguy (1900-55), 1942 Pixy Stix German Gen. Walter Robert Dornberger (1895-1980) V-1 Flying Bomb, 1942 Wernher von Braun (1912-77) V-2 Rocket, 1942 Grumman F6F Hellcat, 1942 He 219 Uhu P-61 Black Widow V-173 Flying Pancake Grumman TBF Avenger Charles Horton Zimmerman (1908-96) 'The Tetons and the Snake River' by Ansel Adams (1902-84), 1942 Grand Coulee Dam, 1933-42)

1942 Chinese Year: Horse. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) (1939); beginning this year Boris Chaliapin (1902-79), son of Russian opera singer Feodor Chaliapin begins drawing the covers for Time's Man of the Year (until Richard Nixon in 1970). The need for the U.S. Navy to withdraw ships from the Atlantic to protect Hawaii and the West Coast from possible Japanese attack helps the Germans sink more than 2x as many ships in the North Atlantic this year as in 1941, plus more along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The coalition against Nazi Azis, er, Axis comes into full formal existence? On Jan. 1 reps of 26 Allied nations incl. the U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union sign the United Nations Declaration (Declaration by United Nations), pledging their full resources against the Axis, and promising not to make peace separately, with the goal being "to ensure life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve the rights of man and justice" - Stalin broke that New Year's resolution in a millisecond? On Jan. 1 after 60K of 80K Jews are murdered in Vilna (Vilnius) Ghetto in Lithuania, 150 Jewish leaders issue a declaration, which incl. the soundbyte: "Hitler plans to destroy all the Jews in Europe, and the Jews of Lithuania have been chosen as the first in line. We will not be led like sheep to the slaughter!"; meanwhile on Jan. 1 Operation Reinhard begins to exterminate all the Jews in Poland, murdering 25% of all Holocaust victims in 3 mo., and ending in Nov. 1942 after they run out of Jews to exterminated. On Jan. 1 after tearing it down stone by stone for 4 mo., the Nazis finish demolishing Zagreb Synagogue in Croatia. On Jan. 1 former mayor of Chartres Jean Moulin (1889-1943) AKA Max parachutes into France to organize resistance groups to unite under Gen. Charles de Gaulle. On Jan. 1 Bletchley Park cracks German Enigma codes Pink, Gadfly, Hornet, and Wasp, followed on Jan. 2 by Kite. On Jan. 1 Oregon State defeats Duke U. by 20-16 to win the 1942 Rose Bowl. wartime regs cause it to be hosted at Duke in Durham, N.C. instead of in Calif., becoming the first not hosted in Pasadena until ? On Jan. 2 the Japanese occupy Manila and Cavite in the Philippines, causing pres. Manuel Quezon y Molina and vice-pres. Sergio Osmena to be evacuated and form a govt. in exile while U.S. and Philippine forces fortify their position on the Bataan Peninsula, being advised on Jan. 3 that there will be no U.S. relief forces; on Jan. 3 the Japanese occupy Labuan and Brunei, staging an air attack on Rabaul in New Britain on Jan. 4; on Jan. 7 the Siege (Battle) of Bataan begins (ends Apr. 9); U.S. military chaplain Father William T. Cummings (1903-45) allegedly utters the soundbyte: "There are no atheists in foxholes". On Jan. 2 Hitler orders the German Ninth Army that just evacuated Kalinin to make a stand and give up not even "one inch of ground"; meanwhile the Red Army breaks through the German line NW of Rzhev, while the Second Panzer Army reports that the local pop. is feeding the Red Army intel, causing them to stop all civilian movement between fronts. On Jan. 2 FDR and Churchill hold a meeting that decides to boost U.S. arms production 3x to 45K airplanes, 45K tanks, and 500K machine guns by the end of 1943, with other categories increased 70%. On Jan. 5 the Dutch Council of Churches protests the "complete lawlessness" of German treatment of the Jews. On Jan. 5 British MI-9 agent Donald Darling AKA Sunday arrives in Gibraltar to create an overland escape route for Allied POWs from Marseilles to Barcelona to Gibraltar or Lisbon; co-agent Michael Creswell AKA Monday is based in N Spain. On Jan. 6 the Pan-Am Pacific Clipper arrives in New York City after making the first round-the-world trip by a commercial airplane. On Jan. 7 the Germans begin a drive against the Communist partisans of Tito in Yugoslavia, driving them 50 mi. S from Olovo to Foca. On Jan. 7 in -40C temps the Soviets launch the Novgorod Offensive N of Lake Ilmen, with the Germans unable to fight back because of frostbite; on Jan. 11 Field Marshal von Leeb begs Hitler to pull back from the exposed Demyansk Pocket, and is refused, trapping 100K Germans, after which von Leeb resigns. On Jan. 9-Feb. 15 the SS murders 10K Jews inSimferopol in the Crimea; really shot on Dec. 9-13? On Jan. 10 Japan declares war on the Netherlands. On Jan. 10 the Japanese occupy Port Swettenham in Malaya, followed on Jan. 11 by Kuala Lumpur. On Jan. 10 the first Jews are sent from Amsterdam to Nazi work camps. On Jan. 11-12 the Japanese capture Tarakan Island off NE Borneo, containing 700 oil wells. On Jan. 11-13 the Japanese capture the key airbase of Manado in Celebes, followed by Rabaul on Jan. 23, New Ireland on Jan. 25, the Solomon Islands on Jan. 26, and Amboina on Jan. 31. On Jan. 12 U.S. Pres. Roosevelt creates the Nat. War Labor Board - it's not the New Deal anymore, its war? On Jan. 12 the German Kriegsmarine begins Operation Drum Roll, a U-boat offensive along the U.S. East Coast, sinking many boats close to the shore because of bright lights from the coastal cities that allow them to be silhouetted, the first ship sunk being British merchant ship SS Cyclops; by the end of Jan. 46 ships (196K tons) are sunk; a gen. blackout is stalled for 6 mo. due to pressure from the tourist trade; the U.S. responds with Q-Ships, heavily-armed anti-sub ships disguised as merchant ships. On Jan. 12 the SS executes 5K Jews in Kovno. On Jan. 12 the Germans begin deporting 19,582 Jews from Odessa; by mid-1943 15K are dead of murder, starvation, or disease. On Jan. 12-23 the SS executes 8K Jews in Kiev. On Jan. 13 reps of nine occupied countries incl. Gen. Sikorski of Poland and Gen. Charles de Gaulle of France sign a London War Crimes Declaration, vowing "the punishment, through the channels of organized justice, of those guilty of, or responsible for, these crimes, whether they have ordered them, perpetrated them, or participated in them." On Jan. 14 the SS murders 807 Jews in Ushachi, and 925 in Kublichi in White Russia; local peasants search their teeth for gold. On Jan. 14-22 the Battle of Muar, the last major battle of the Malaysian campaign is a V for 8K Japanese over 4K Brits, who lose 3.1K KIA vs. 700 Japanese. On Jan. 15 Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) succeeds Mohandas K. Gandhi as head of India's Nat. Congress Party. On Jan. 15 the U.S. 34th Infantry Div. under Maj. Gen. Russell Peter "Scrappy" Hartle (1889-1961) become the first U.S. troops of WWII to arrive in Britain. On Jan. 15 Hitler tells his guests of plans to build various monuments to Nazism in Konigsberg, Nuremberg, and Trondheim. On Jan. 16 the War Production Board (WPB), established by executive order #9024 of FDR supersedes the Office of Production Mgt., with Sidney Hillman as dir. of the labor div.; happy Sid ends up playing a key role in delivering organized labor to the Dem. Party. On Jan. 17 (dawn) as Winston Churchill is returning to Britain from the U.S. via flying boat, it deviates off course towards Brest; when it corrects course, British radar mistake it for a hostile bomber and send six aircraft to shoot it down, but they all miss. On Jan. 17 British destroyer HMS Matabele is sunk en route from Iceland to Murmansk by a German U-boat, killing 247. On Jan. 18-23 1,643 Soviet paratroopers are dropped behind the German lines SE and SW of Vyzama in Russia, disrupting German comm and supply lines. On Jan. 19 the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules 7-2 in Glasser v. U.S. that the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment requires reversal of a conviction if the defendant's atty.'s representation was limited by a conflict of interest, and that a jury must be drawn from a "cross-section of the community", meaning that women can't be excluded just because they didn't attend a jury training class or aren't members of the League of Women Voters, becoming the first jury discrimination case to invoke the Sixth Amendment rather than the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. On Jan. 20 the Soviets recapture Mozhaisk, protecting Moscow from direct assault; meanwhile partisans attack German railway guards all the way back to Minsk and Baranowicze. On Jan. 20 Jakob (Yakov) Grojanowski (real name Szlamek Bajiler) escapes from Chelmno where he was forced to bury bodies of gassed fellow Jews, reaching the nearby village of Grabow, where he tells the local rabbi: "Don't think I'm crazed and have lost my reason. I am a Jew from the nether world. They are killing the whole nation of Israel. I myself have buried a whole town of Jews, my parents, brothers, and the entire family"; he goes on to pub. the Grojanowski Report On Jan. 20 the 90-min. Wannsee Conference of 15 top Nazis in the Wannsee lakeside resort in W Berlin, led by Reich Security Chief ("the Blonde Beast") Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (1904-42) incl. Martin Franz Julius Luther (1895-1945), Roland Freisler (1893-1945), Josef Buhler (Bühler) (1904-48), Wilhelm Stuckart (1902-53), and Adolf Otto Eichmann (1906-62) introduces a wide range of German govt. agencies to the Final Solution to the pesky Jews of Europe, who are calculated at 11M after 530K already emigrated from Germany and Austria since 1933, and establishes Heydrich's authority over it, arranging mass railway transit, with Eichmann put in charge; after the war the only remaining copy of the minutes, owned by Luther is found, and it says the solution is to evacuate them to E Europe then work them to death, not murder them, but in 1962 Eichmann (under duress?) allegedly tells Jewish interrogators that they held a non-recorded cognac discussion where they freely talked about exterminating them; "Darwin would be astounded at the progress we're going to make in one year as we move the human race forward"; from this point to the war's end 6M Jews are allegedly murdered (5K a day or 150K per mo. for 40 mo.?); by 2010 Yad Vashem claims to ID 4M of them; in 2010 Poland officially lowers the Auschwitz death toll from 4M to 1.5M. On Jan. 21 Gen. Rommel begins a counteroffensive from El Agheila, driving the British back halfway from Benghazi to Tobruk. On Jan. 21 6K Japanese troops attack 1K Australians at Raubal, killing most of the Australian POWs. On Jan. 21 Gen. MacArthur in the Bataan Peninsula orders a retreat from the Mauban-Abucay line to the Pilar-Bagac road; at night the Japanese begin landing S of Bagac. On Jan. 21 retreating Australian troops at Parit Sulong, Malaya leave their wounded near a roadblock and try to reach British lines through the jungle; on Jan. 23 the Parit Sulong Massacre sees the Japanese bayonet the wounded to death. On Jan. 23 the Japanese begin landing at Kieta in the Solomon Islands, at Balikpapan in Borneo, and at Kendari in the Celebes Islands. On Jan. 23 the Soviets begin retaking the Kholm Pocket (ends May 5), and nearly encircle Rzhev, staging to break through near Izyum to isolate German troops in Kharkov by a S offensive. On Jan. 23 Hungarian troops drive 550 Jews and 292 Serbs onto a frozen river in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, then shell it until they all drown. On Jan. 23 Hitler meets with Heinrich Himmler et al., and utters the soundbyte: "One must act radically. When one pulls out a tooth, one does it with a single tug, and the pain quickly goes away. The Jew must clear out of Europe", adding that if they "break their pipes" on the journey, "I can't do anything about it, but if they refuse to go voluntarily, I see no other solution but extermination", adding "Why should I look at a Jew through other eyes than if he were a prisoner of war?" On Jan. 23 Hitler gives yet another speech on the Jews, with the soundbyte: "A good three or four hundred years will go by before the Jews set foot again in Europe. They'll return first of all as commercial travellers, then gradually they'll become emboldened to settle here - the better to exploit us." On Jan. 23-24 U.S. forces score their first naval V of WWII at First Battle of Balikpapan sees U.S. forces score their first naval V of WWII, sinking four of 16 Japanese transports with no losses; too bad, the Japanese score a land V. On Jan. 24 Japanese troops land at Point Longoskayan S of Gen. MacArthur's forces, cutting them off, but they hold them off, destroying the bridgehead on Point Longoskayan on Jan. 29, causing them to send for reinforcements. On Jan. 25 Japanese troops land at Lae, Philippines. On Jan. 25 occupied Thailand is forced to make a declaration of war against the U.S. and Britain; popular politician Pridi Banomyong (Phanomyong) (1900-83) refuses to sign the war declaration of Field Marshal Pibun Songkram, and becomes the regent for young king Ananda Mahidol, founding the anti-Japanese underground Free Thai Movement (Khabuan Kan Seri Thai), working with the Allies, causing Lord Louis Mountbatten in late 1945 to end up in the unique situation where "the Supreme Allied Commander was exchanging vital military plans with the head of a state technically at war with us". On Jan. 26 despite protests from pres. Eamon de Valera, 37K U.S. troops arrive in Ulster, Northern Ireland, becoming their first overseas deployment after the Pearl Harbor attack; the local pop. greets them warmly, esp. the women, making some men jealous. On Jan. 26 the Zemun Death March sees several hundred Jewish women and children forced to march in the snow from Ruma to Zemun in Yugoslavia, losing many children on the way; in May most of the survivors are murdered. On Jan. 27 Hitler gives yet another speech on the Jews, with the soundbyte: "Let them go to Russia. Where the Jews are concerned, I'm devoid of all sense of pity. They'll always be the ferment that moves people against one another... They'll also have to clear out of Switzerland and Sweden. It's where they're found in small numbers that they're most dangerous. Put five thousand Jews in Sweden, soon they'll be holding all the posts there... We cannot allow them to retain bases of withdrawal at our doors. We want to be out of danger of all kinds of infiltration." On Jan. 28 Japanese troops land on the Russell Islands E of New Guinea, threatening Australia. On Jan. 29 Gen. Rommel occupies Benghazi. On Jan. 29 the Soviets retake Sukhinichi, inflicting heavy losses on the Germans SW of Kaluga. On Jan. 29 Britain and the Soviet Union sign a Treaty of Alliance with Iran, allowing their troops to remain there until 6 mo. after the end of the war, establishing the Persian Corridor as the main supply route from the W to Russia; the shah agrees "not to adopt in his relations with foreign countries an attitude which is inconsistent with the alliance". On Jan. 30 Hitler gives a speech to a huge crowd at the Sportspalast in Berlin on the 9th anniv. of coming to power, with the soundbyte: "The war will not end as the Jews imagine it will, namely with the uprooting of the Aryans, but the result of this war will be the complete annihilation of the Jews", gloating that the time will come "when the most evil universal enemy of all time will be finished, at least for a thousand years." On Jan. 31 the Germans report that the partisan movement "is gaining the upper hand" in the Yelnya-Dorogobuzh area. On Jan. 31 U.S. aircraft carriers see their first action of the war 2.8K mi. E of Bataan at Kwajalein, Wotje Atoll, and Maloelap Atoll; the USS Enterprise is damaged by a Japanese torpedo. On Jan. 31 Australian troops surrender at Dutch Timor, with several hundred commandos taking to the jungle, killing 1.5K Japanese while losing only 40 in 11 mo. On Jan. 31 SS Operational Situation Report No. 170 says that 85,201 Jews, Communists, partisans, and criminals have been shot in the Crimea so far. On Jan. 31 a Soviet report claims that 200K+ have died of starvation and cold in Leningrad since the siege began 5 mo. earlier; meanwhile on Jan. 22 a shorter 2-3 hour route across Lake Ladoga is set up, eventually evacuating 554,186 incl. 37,713 wounded soldiers. In Jan. the Rio de Janeiro Conference of foreign ministers of 21 Am. republics passes resolutions severing all ties with Axis nations. In Jan. vice-adm. William Frederick "Bull" Halsey Jr. (1882-1959) is promoted to full adm., and bullishly leads the attack against the palsy-stricken Japanese on Marshall and Gilbert Islands. In Jan. Bougainville Island in the Solomons is occupied by the Japanese, who develop harbors and construct airfields. In Jan. former U.S. secy. of war (1929-33) Patrick Jay Hurley (1883-1963), a WWI army officer in France is recalled to active military duty as a brig. gen. and assigned to the Far East theater of operations, then in 1942-3 becomes FDR's personal rep. in the Soviet Union and Far East, then is promoted to Maj. Gen. in 1944, becoming U.S. ambassador to China - not bad for a Choctaw Indian? In Jan. the Nazis kill 1.5M Jews, so that Churchill could not have prevented the Holocaust by making peace with Herr Hitler? In Jan. the first Coty Am. Fashion Critics' Awards are announced by cosmetics co. Coty Inc. to promote Am. fashion on the worldwide fashion scene; the first Winnie (for women's wear) goes to Norman Norell; the first men's wear award is given in 1968. On Feb. 1 Joseph Terboven, German commissioner for Norway appoints Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonsson Quisling (1887-1945) as minister-pres. of a puppet regime; on Feb. 7 Quisling abolishes the Norwegian constitution and makes himself a virtual dictator; he tries to create an Italian-style chamber of corporations, but mass resignations from the trade unions kill it. On Feb. 1 the Japanese bayonet 10 Australian POWs to death at Sowacoad on Amboina Island, followed by 30 more on Feb. 4; 426 of 809 Australians defending the principal port are ditto. On Feb. 1 the ultra-secure German U-boat 4-wheel Enigma Machine version called Triton (known to the Allies as Shark) goes into operation; it isn't broken until Dec. 13, letting the German Navy operate freely most of this year; meanwhile British codes for North Atlantic convoys are broken by the Germans, while the British break Enigma codes GGG (between Berlin and Gibraltar) and Orange 11 (between Berlin and the SS units on the Eastern Front). On Feb. 2 the SS murders 1K Jews in Sompolno near Chelmno, sending the rest to Chelmno Camp. On Feb. 4 Gen. Rommel retakes Cyrenaica, with the soundbyte: "It went like greased lightning." On Feb. 4 the naval Battle of Macassar Strait (Flores Sea) is a V for the Japanese over U.S. forces, losing 70 U.S. seamen KIA. On Feb. 4 a troop convoy bringing Indian soldiers to Singapore is attacked by the Japanese, sinking Empress of Asia, with only 16 of 1820 killed but all the weapons and equipment lost. On Feb. 4 Egyptian King Farouk I has a humiliating confrontation with British ambassador Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson (1880-1964), surrounding his Abdin Palace with tanks and issuing an ultimatum, taking the poop out of his plans to become an autocrat by forcing him to reinstate the nationalist Wafdist Party as a counter to Axis sympathizers; Ahmed Maher El-Sayid becomes PM (until 1945); Lampson is created Baron Killearn next year after earning it through his big killing with the Egyptians; Egypt remains officially neutral throughout the war until Feb. 1945 but cooperates with the British; the Wafd govt. of Egypt passes a Trade Union Act (Law 85) permitting unions except in agriculture while giving the state extensive powers to regulate them. On Feb. 5 Operation Disclaim sees British troops parachute near Sarajevo to support partisans. On Feb. 7 after an amphibious assault on N Malaya and Thailand on Dec. 8, the Battle of Singapore sees 36K Japanese invade the island of Singapore ("Gibraltar of the East") from the N by land and force the British to unconditionally surrender on Feb. 15, capturing 16K British, 14K Australian, and 32K Indian POWs, with 2K British KIA and 5K wounded vs. 1,713 Japanese KIA and 2,772 wounded, becoming the largest surrender of British troops in history, which Winston Churchill calls the "worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history", causing Japanese Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita (1885-1946) to become known as the "Tiger of Malaya"; during the surrender negotiations on Feb. 15 he thumps his fist on the table demanding unconditional surrender, hoping they don't realize they outnumber the Japanese by 2-1, while British Lt. Gen. Arthur Ernest Percival (1887-1966) sucks his thumb?; the surrender permanently undermines British prestige in the Far East, and Percival is later snubbed for a knighthood, even though his army was underfunded and had no tanks because Churchill diverted 350 tanks to the Soviet Union after the German invasion; Percival spends the rest of the war in a POW camp in Manchuria near Hsian (100 mi. NE of Mukden) with U.S. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright. On Feb. 8 after telling Hitler that war production is being increased by 55%, Fritz Todt (b. 1891) dies in an aircraft explosion after takeoff en route from Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg to Berlin, and his asst. Albert Speer (1905-81) (who almost took the same plane) becomes German minister for armaments and munitions, exploiting slave labor to supply the Nazi war machine; the naval Battery Todt at Haringzelles on the Channel coast is named for him. On Feb. 8 German troops from the Moscow Front in the Demyansk Pocket S of Leningrad are surrounded by the Red Army; on Mar. 21 they attempt to exit through the Ramushevo Corridor, succeeding on Apr. 21 after losing 3,335 killed and 10K wounded of 100K men. On Feb. 9 the Germans launch Operation Malaria against Soviet partisans in Osipovichi. On Feb. 9 German anthropologist-surgeon SS Capt. August Hirt (1898-1945) of the U. of Strasbourg writes Heinrich Himmler for permission to use the heads of executed Jewish-Bolshevist commissars for study as examples of "the prototype of the repulsive but characteristic subhuman"; by next year he gets 125; after Strasbourg is captured in 1944, he disappears, and commits suicide before he can be tried for war crimes. On Feb. 9 the U.S. Congress institutes Daylight Saving Time; first time since 1918. On Feb. 10 the Glen Miller record (on the RCA Victor label) Chattanooga Choo Choo (recorded last May 7) is awarded the first solid gold record for sales of 1M+ (1.2M). On Feb. 11 the Germans launch Operation Cerebus (AKA the Channel Dash), sending war cruisers Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Prinz Eugen from Brest through the English Channel into the North Sea, dispiriting the British public; Scharnhorst and Gneisenau are damaged by mines laid on their anticipated route based on intel, putting them out of action for 6 mo.; on Feb. 23 British sub HMS Trident torpedoes Prinz Eugen off the coast of Norway, killing 50. On Feb. 11 U.S. troops arrive on Aruba and Curacao in the Antilles to relieve the British force; on Feb. 16 German sub U-156 attacks tankers Pedernales, Oranjestad, and USS Arkansas near Aruba, killing 23 sailors; only the Oranjestad sinks; too bad, while attempting to fire on the refinery with its deck gun, the crew of U-156 forgets to remove the saltwater plug from the barrel, and the gun explodes, killing one and injuring another; on Feb. 17 U-156 narrowly misses USS Arkansas with a torpedo, forcing it onto Eagle Beach; on Feb. 18 a Navy salvage team tries to dismantle it, and the torpedo explodes, killing four and injuring two; meanwhile on Feb. 17 German sub U-502 hits the reef in front of Oranjestad and has to surface for several minutes to free itself, drawing several bombers but escaping. On Feb. 13 the Japanese occupy the port of Bandjarmasin in SE Borneo. On Feb. 13-15 the Battle of Palembang, sees the Japanese capture Sumatra along with the Palembang oilfield and the Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at Pladju (Pladjoe), and make Indonesian nationalist revolutionary Achmed (Achmad) Sukarno (Soekarno) (1901-70), founder of the Poetara Party (who is living in exile by Dutch authorities there) the head of a puppet govt. On Feb. 14 the Japanese begin invading Sumatra (ends Mar. 28). On Feb. 14 the Japanese sink the Arawak royal yacht SS Vyner Brooke (carrying 300 civilians) off the coast of SE Sumatra; on Feb. 16 they massacre the 100 survivors (incl. wounded and children) on the beach. On Feb. 14 the Air Ministry Area Bombing Directive reverses its Nov. 13 directive to hold back because of the threat of Luftwaffe night fighters, and orders the RAF to focus its operations "on the morale of the enemy civil population and in particular the industrial workers", esp. in the cities of Cologne, Duisburg, Dusseldorf, and Essen; on Mar. 30 Churchill's rabidly anti-Nazi science advisor ("Baron Berlin") (of German descent, with a German accent and aristocratic manner) Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (1886-1957) advocates carpet bombing of German cities to break the spirit of the civil pop. - aaa-men? On Feb. 15 while in Berlin for Dr. Todt's funeral, Hitler addresses a graduate class of SS officers, uttering the soundbyte: "Stem the Red Tide and save civilization." On Feb. 17 in -52C temps the Soviets launch an offensive in Rzhev, dropping 7,373 paratroopers behind German lines in heavy fog, of which 25% drop on German positions and are taken POW, allowing the Germans to hold; one SS regiment loses all but 35 of 2K men. On Feb. 18 the Japanese round up 5K Chinese civilians on Singapore, murdering them within two weeks, many by decapitation. On Feb. 19 after his incompetence results in Leningrad being surrounded, Red Army chief Grigory "the Body Ventura", er, Kulik, known for dissing mines and machine guns as defensive weapons is demoted from Field Marshal to Maj. gen., and spared the firing squad because of his connections with Stalin. Executive Order 9066 = Executive Order 666 for Japs with thick eyeglasses? On Feb. 19 (Thur.) U.S. Pres. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, creating de facto martial law on the West Coast and ordering 115K West Coast Japanese-Ams. ("yellow devils") interned in camps; Calif. Dem. gov. (1939-43) Culbert Levy Olson (1876-1962) calls them a "menace"; Wyo. Repub. gov. (1939-43) Nels Hansen Smith (1884-1976) says that they should be "hanging from every pine tree", etc.; only Colo. Repub. gov. Ralph Lawrence Carr (1887-1950) stands up to FDR, saying that the Constitution must apply to "every man or we shall not have it to protect any man", adding "If you harm them, you must harm me. I was brought up in a small town where I knew the shame and dishonor of race hatred. I grew to despise it because it threatened the happiness of you and you and you", causing thousands of protest letters and cables threatening to kill or impeach him, ending his political career in 1943; on Apr. 1 Calif. announces that all Japanese citizens will be arrested and deported to internment (concentration) camps in Idaho. On Feb. 19 188 Japanese warplanes launched from four aircraft carriers in the Timor Sea followed by 54 land-based bombers attack the N Australian city of Darwin, killing 240 and sinking all 17 ships in the harbor incl. U.S. destroyer USS Peary, along with 22 Australian and U.S. planes vs. only five Japanese planes shot down, becoming the first and largest Japanese attack on Australia of the war - yellow Japs making a monkey of whites? On Feb. 19 Sweden sends a Report on Euthanasia in Germany to Britain, telling of gassings and lethal injections in mental asylums; the extra space is used to house wounded German soldiers. On Feb. 19-May 21 Paul Reynaud, Leon Blum, and Edouard Daladier are tried by the Vichy govt. for treason in the Riom Trial, but Blum's eloquent speech causes the trial to be cut short without a verdict. On Feb. 20 the Japanese capture Timor, then conquer all of Java in the Battle of the Java Sea on Feb. 27-Mar. 12, opening the way for conquest of the East Indies, starting with Batavia (Jakarta) on Mar. 6; they are finally stopped in the jungles of New Guinea, checking the threat to Australia; meanwhile U.S. Navy physician Corydon McAlmont Wassell (1884-1958) disobeys orders to leave the wounded in stretchers as the Americans evacuate Java, risking his life to save them and winning a Navy Cross. On Feb. 20 Philippines Pres. Manuel Quezon is evacuated from Luzon in a U.S. sub. On Feb. 21 FDR orders Gen. MacArthur to evacuate the Philippines to Australia; on Feb. 23 the HQ staff on Java is evacuated; on Feb. 23 FDR gives Fireside Chat No. 2, On the Progress of the War, with the soundbyte: "We Americans have been compelled to yield ground, but we will regain it. We and other United Nations are committed to the destruction of the militarism of Japan and Germany. We are daily increasing our strength. Soon we, and not our enemies, will have the offensive, and we, not they, will win the final battles, and we, not they, will make the final peace." On Feb. 23 U.S. troops land on the Russell Islands 30 mi. NW of Guadalcanal. On Feb. 23 the Jewish refugee ship Sturma, which picked up 769 refugees in Constanza, Romania sinks after being refused entry into Palestine. On Feb. 23 Uruguayan pres. Gen. Alfredo Baldomir dissolves the legislature and creates a state council with members from all parties except Communists and Herreristas; he then relegalizes the two main parties to create a 2-party system. On Feb. 24 the Soviets surround and cut off a German army corps in Staraya Russa. On Feb. 24 the Voice of America (VOA) begins broadcasting; "The news might be good, it might be bad, but we will tell you the truth". On Feb. 24-25 the Battle of Los Angeles, Calif. against invading Japanese forces turns out to be a false alarm; it was really a UFO attack? On Feb. 25 the British withdraw from oil-rich Java; on Feb. 27 an ABDACOM Allied naval task force under Dutch Rear Adm. Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman (1889-1942) attacks a Japanese fleet en route to Java in the Java Sea, losing flagship De Ruyter along with Doorman (Feb. 28); they also lose cruiser Java and British destroyers Electra and Jupiter, sinking only one Japanese troop transport; U.S. heavy cruiser USS Houston ("Galloping Ghost of the Java Coast") and Australian cruiser HMAS Perth escape but are sunk on the night of Feb. 28/Mar. 1 in the Battle of Sunda Strait; on Feb. 28 the Japanese invade Java; on Mar. 7 the Dutch surrender, and the Japanese take 100K POWs incl. 34K Dutch soldiers, 8.5K of which die in captivity; they also take 80K civilians, of which 10.5K die in captivity. On Feb. 26 the Allies sink Japanese sub I-23, the first Japanese warship used in the Pearl Harbor attack. On Feb. 26 the 14th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1941 to 20th Century-Fox's How Green Was My Valley along with best dir. to John Ford (born Sean Aloysius O'Fearna) and best supporting actor to Donald Crisp; best actor goes to Gary Cooper for Sergeant York, best actress to Joan Fontaine for Suspicion (only actor to win for a perf. in an Alfred Hitchcock film) (her sister Olivia de Havilland was also nominated for Hold Back the Dawn, a first - next in ?), and best supporting actress to Mary Astor for The Great Lie. On Feb. 27 the U.S. Navy's first aircraft carrier USS Langley is sunk by Japanese planes along with all 32 aircraft. On Feb. 27-28 Operation Biting (the Bruneval Raid) sees British paratroopers seize a German radar at Bruneval near Le Havre, with two British vs. six Germans KIA. On Feb. 28 Bengali radical Socialist Indian nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945) leader of the left-wing opposition to Gandhi broadcasts a Call for Indian Independence, saying that he's ready to cooperate with Germany, pissing-off the British. In Feb. the Bank of Japan Law, modeled after the 1939 German Reichsbank Act reforms the central bank. In Feb. 4,618 Jews die of starvation in Warsaw. In Feb. 100K die in Leningrad of starvation. In Feb. the Second Leningrad Partisan Brigade receives a printing press from Boston, Mass. by parachute, and begins pub. The People's Avenger. In Feb. Philly printer Maurice Gomberg creates a Post-War New World Map proposing a "New World Moral Order for permanent peace, justice, security and world reconstruction", dividing the world up between the U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union, and displays it in his store window until Helen Somers sees it and purchases and distributes several copies, incl. to the Library of Congress. On Mar. 1 British cruiser HMS Exeter, British destroyer HMS Encounter, U.S. destroyer USS Pope, and Australian sloop HMAS Yarra are sunk, making the Japanese masters of the Java Sea. On Mar. 1 new Army Group South cmdr. Field Marshal (Der Sterber) (The Dier) (known for lecturing troops about the glory of dying for the Fatherland) Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich Fedor von Bock (1880-1945) (former Army Group Center cmdr.) tells Hitler that the Russians might be able to counter a German spring offensive with new troops; Gen. Halder reports 202,257 Germans KIA, 725,642 wounded, 400K taken POW, and 112,617 incapacitated by frostbite in the 8 mo. since the start of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. On Mar. 1 along with 50+ others, Australian Pvt. Colin F. Brien is executed by sword over a shallow grave in Malaya, but survives, escapes, is recaptured, and kept as a novelty in a POW camp, later testifying at the Tokyo War Crimes Trials. On Mar. 2 the SS murders 5K in Minsk Ghetto. On Mar. 2 the SS gasses 900 Jews in vans in Krosniewice, Poland. On Mar. 3 the SS gasses 3.2K Jews in vans in Zychlin, Poland. On Mar. 3 an air raid by the Japanese on Broome, West Australia kills 70 and destroys 23 Allied aircraft. On Mar. 3 (night) 200+ British bombers bomb the Renault vehicle plant in Billancourt, France, killing five of 3K workers along with 500 civilians in nearby homes. On Mar. 4 the SS murders 3K Jews in Baranowicze, White Russia. On Mar. 5 the Dutch evacuate Batavia. On Mar. 5 the Japanese occupy Pegu, Burma 40 mi. from Rangoon; on Mar. 6 Gen. Sir Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander (1891-1969) (last man to leave Dunkirk) orders the evacuation of Rangoon. On Mar. 6 the SS murders 270 Jews and 30 Gypsies in Klintsy, Russia. On Mar. 7 the Nazis order the deportation of Belgians to alleviate worker shortages. On Mar. 7 the British evacuate Rangoon, Burma, and on Mar. 8 Japanese troops occupy it; on Apr. 30 Japanese troops capture Lashio, Burma, causing British and Chinese troops to withdraw; the Japanese close the Burma Road; British Lt. Gen. William Joseph "Bill" Slim (1891-1970) is recalled to India, leading the retreating Brits to safety at the Battle of Imphal, Manipur, India on Mar. 8-July 3 and the Battle of Kohima, Nagaland, India on Apr. 4-June 22 (biggest Japanese defeat of WWII so far, becoing the turning point of the Burma Campaign), and going on to command the new Fourth Army next Oct., plotting a comeback - no more need to make after shave for hairy Westerners? On Mar. 7 after escaping to Tjerba Island off Sumatra, 19 British officers begin dying of disease and exposure, starting with Cmdr.Pendarvis Lister Frampton (-1942), followed on Mar. 10 by Air Vice-Marshal Conway Walter Heath Pulford (-1942), followed on ? by Rear Adm. E.J. "Jackie" Spooner (-1942); the remnant are later taken POW. On Mar. 7 Croatian Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac (1898-1960) writes a letter to the Croatian interior minister protesting mass arrests of Jews to be sent to concentration camps; he is ignored. On Mar. 7 Joseph Gobble Gobble Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary: "The situation is now ripe for a final settlement of the Jewish question. Later generations will no longer have either the willpower or the instructive alertness. That is why we are doing good work in proceeding radically and consistently. The task we are assuming today will be an advantage and a boon to our descendants." On Mar. 8 the Japanese occupy Lae and Salamaua in New Guinea, followed on Mar. 9 by Buka in the Solomon Islands. On Mar. 8 the U.S. provides the Nationalists in China with a $500M credit, while Britain provides them with a £50M credit. On Mar. 9 after Hungarian regent Miklos Horthy appoints him to reverse the pro-Nazi policies of Laszlo Bardossy, Miklos Kallay de Nagy-Kallo (1887-1967) becomes PM of Hungary (until Mar. 19, 1944), going on to refuse to help the Nazis round up Jews while giving the left-wing press freedom and making peace overtures to the Allies, pissing-off the Nazis, who occupy Hungary in Mar., forcing Kallay to flee, after which the Nazis put a puppet in his place; too bad, Kallay is captured and sent to Dachau, then Mauthausen, and is liberated by U.S. troops on May 5, 1945 in Tyrol, going into self-imposed exile in the U.S. for life starting in 1951. On Mar. 8 (night) 212 British bombers attack Essen, Germany, but do little damage; on Mar. 11 they attack the wrong town, Hamborn 8 mi. from Essen. On Mar. 9 the U.S. Army's Services of Supply assumes direction of those parts of the Dept. of War's office engaged in procurement and production. The U.S. Supreme Court swims in the shark-infested waters of homeland fascism during a war against it, starting ripples that are never worked out completely? On Mar. 9 the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules unanimously in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire that a pesky Jehovah's Witness can be jailed for calling a cop a "damned fascist" or "damned racketeer" in public while escorting him to the station, and/or because he started out preaching that "religion is a racket" because it might inflame listeners to violence, although the latter are not subject to arrest, articulating the "fighting words" doctrine; another such conviction is not upheld until ?, although police depts. seize on it to routinely arrest anyone they want just for opening their mouth to a cop, knowing they'll be covered for in the courthouse they bring him to, which reaches nat. proportions with the 2009 arrest of Pres. Obama's personal friend Henry Louis Gates Jr.; meanwhile on Nov. 22, 1943 (the war being won) the court rules in Cafeteria Employees Union Local 302 v. Angelos that the word "fascist" is now "part of the conventional give-and-take in our economic and political controversies", and on May 16, 1949 (after the war is won) it rules 5-3 in Terminiello v. Chicago that a Chicago ordinance outlawing a speech that "stirs the public to anger... or creates a disturbance" is unconstitutional under the 1st and 14th Amendments, and that they should arrest the violent members of the crowd not the speaker. On Mar. 11 "Dugout Dug" Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) leaves the Philippines by torpedo boat, reaching Mindanao 560 mi. away after 35 hours, then flying to Darwin, Australia on Mar. 17, where he utters one of the biggest soundbytes of the war: "I came through, and I shall return" (accomplished Oct. 20, 1944); he becomes supreme cmdr. of Allied forces (SAC) in the SW Pacific theater, refusing to withdraw and fight behind the Brisbane line, preferring to advance N from Australia and attack the Japanese on New Guinea; motor torpedo boat squadron cmdr. John Duncan Bulkeley (1911-96) evacuates MacArthur, his family and staff to Mindanao aboard his 77-ft. boats through 600 mi. of open ocean, and ends up rising to vice-adm. On Mar. 13 the first 6K Jews arrive at Belzec from Mielec, Poland, and are gassed in vans; on Mar. 4 1.6K more Jews from Lublin are ditto, followed by 1K from Tarnopol on Mar. 25, and 6K from Stanislawow on Mar. 31; by the end of the year 360K from 200 villages and towns are ditto, along with 1K Poles for "helping Jews". On Mar. 14 British intel concludes that the next major German offensive will be in S Russia on May 15, causing Churchill to promise Stalin a major British air offensive against Germany to take the heat off. On Mar. 15 Hitler gives a speech in Berlin, with the soundbyte that Russia will be "annihilatingly defeated" in the summer. On Mar. 17 the SS murders 900 Jews in Ilya (Ilja) N of Minsk. On Mar. 19 the Germans launch Operation Munich against partisans in the Yelnya-Dorogobuzh area. On Mar. 19 German cmdr. in Serbia Gen. Walter Kuntze (1883-1960) issues a directive to occupation troops in Serbia and Croatia, telling them to stage severe reprisals against Yugoslav partisans incl. burning houses and villages, and shooting 100 for each German killed and 50 for each German wounded. On Mar. 20 the Germans shoot 100 Poles in Zgierz, Poland, making all 6K inhabitants watch. On Mar. 21 Fritz Sauckel (1894-1946) (Nazi Party member since 1923) is appointed gen. plenipotentiary for labor deployment on the recommendation of Albert Speer, working directly under Adolf Hitler to force 5M people from the conquered eastern territories into slave labor in Germany. On Mar. 23 the U.S. govt. begins moving Japanese-Ams. from their West Coast homes to Japanese-Am. Detention Centers (concentration camps); at the same time 600K Italian-Ams. are registered as enemy aliens, and 10K end up in detention camps. On Mar. 23 the Japanese occupy the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. On Mar. 23 the Italians sink four British ships bringing oil to Malta, salvaging only 5K of 26K tons of gasoline. On Mar. 25 Kolomyia Ghetto is established, followed on Apr. 30 by Pinsk Ghetto; on May 1 Dvinsk Ghetto is liquidated. On Mar. 26 the first Jews are deported to Auschwitz, 999 women from Slovakia, followed on Mar. 27 by a "special train" from Paris carrying 1,112, of which only 21 survive 5 mo. On Mar. 26-Apr. 6 Operation Bamberg sets Russian villages near Bobruisk SE of Minsk on fire, killing 3.5K, fanning hatred of Germans and cooperation with partisans. On Mar. 28 (a.m.) British naval forces stage Operation Chariot, a raid on the Nazi-occupied French port of St. Nazaire, Normandy, the only dry dock on the Atlantic coast able to repair Germany's last remaining battleship the Tirpitz, taking it out for the rest of the war while killing 400 Germans, many in their own crossfire, and losing 205 of 611 British commandos, the rest taken POW; 185 British sailors are KIA, along with 300 French civilian workers. On Mar. 28 Nazi foreign minister von Ribbentrop attempts unsuccessfully to talk Japanese Berlin ambassador Count Oshima into attacking Vladivostok during Russia's spring offensive. On Mar. 28 the British make their first successful parachute drop of supplies to agents in France at Blyes. On Mar. 28 (night) 234 British bombers attack the port of Lubeck (Lübeck), Germany, becoming the first time they use a first wave to start a fire that guides a 2nd wave, destroying 2K bldgs. incl. most of the medieval city, and killing 312 civilians, leaving 15K homeless; on Apr. 7 after delivering a Palm Sun. sermon attributing the bombing to divine punishment, Lutheran pastor Karl Friedrich Stellbrink (1894-1943) is arrested by the Nazis along with three Roman Catholic priests for criticizing Nazi rule, becoming known as the Lubeck (Lübeck) Martyrs; they are all beheaded in Hamburg 7 mo. later on Nov. 10, 1943, becoming a symbol of German Ecumenism; meanwhile the Nazis plan the Baedeker Raids as retribution on the Allies. On Mar. 31 the Japanese occupy phosphate-rich Christmas Island S of Java, becoming their southernmost conquest; after finding it too small and rocky to build an airfield, they evacuate it on Apr. 4. On Mar. 31 a German labor decree orders deportees to Auschwitz to be sorted into the "fit" to work and the "unfit", the fit to be transferred to nearby Birkenau, the unfit to be gassed. In Mar. Adolf Hitler approves Operation Aida, a German offensive to be led by Gen. Erwin Rommel to cross N Africa to the Nile River and the Suez Canal. In Mar. Operation March Fever by the Germans under SS Gen. Franz Jaeckeln kills 8,350 Jews, 389 partisans, and 1,274 more shot for suspicion. In Mar. U.S. Adm. Ernest Joseph King (1878-1956) (CIC of the U.S. fleet since Pearl Harbor) becomes chief of naval ops. in charge of the entire U.S. Navy (until Dec. 1945), building it to 92K ships and craft and 4M men; his post of CIC of the U.S. fleet is abolished after the war, making him the only man to hold both appointments - the original king of the world? It's becoming hard to keep up with the Josephs? In Mar. Sobibor Concentration (Extermination) Camp in Poland is established, becoming operational on May 16-18; camp cmdr. is Franz Stangl (1908-61), who allegedly presides over the killing of 100K Jews before leaving for Treblinka in Sept., then escapes to Syria via Italy with Vatican help after the war, moving to Brazil in 1951 and finally getting captured in 1967 and imprisoned. In Mar. the Axis sinks a record 273 Allied merchant ships incl. 95 in the North Atlantic and 98 in the Far East, for a total of 834,184 tons. In Mar. Dutch social worker Marion van Binsbergen (1920-2016) (later Pritchard) begins helping save 150 Dutch Jews, most of them children. On Apr. 1 Operation Performance sees 10 Norwegian merchant ships attempt to break out of the Swedish port of Gothenburg; only two make it to Britain. On Apr. 1 the Japanese launch Operation C, with five Pearl Harbor aircraft carriers attacking Colombo, Ceylon on Apr. 5, sinking British cruisers Dorsetshire and Cornwall, armed merchant cruiser Hector, and destroyer Tenedos, killing 500; they then attack Trincomalee, sinking aircraft carrier Hermes and destroyer Vampire, and sink 23 merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal, threatening Calcutta. On Apr. 3 the Japanese bomb Mandalay, Burma, burning much of the city and killing 2K. On Apr. 3 129 Jews are deported to Belzec from Augsburg along with 1.2K from Tlumacz; on Apr. 4 1.5K are deported from Horodenka. The original springtime for Hitler? On Apr. 5 (Easter Sun.) Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive #41, praising his soldiers for their "great defensive success" in Russia, and directing them to seize the initiative again when spring comes; meanwhile in the spring Hitler's Russian command post known as Werewolf (Werwolf) 10 mi. N of Vinnitsa, Ukraine is completed, and Hitler spends the entire summer there after moving in on July 16, complaining about the flies and mosquitoes. On Apr. 5 right after HMS Warspite is "adopted" by the London Stock Exchange and presented with a plaque and other gifts for the crew, heading for sea, 91 Japanese bombers and 36 fighters from Vice Adm. Chuichi Nagumo's five carriers stage a sneak attack on Colombo, Ceylon, downing 19 British planes vs. seven Japanese; six Swordfish torpedo bombers blunder into the dogfights and are downed; the Japanese pound Colombo Harbor, sinking armed merchant cruiser HMS Hector and destroyer HMS Tenedos; 500 British troops are KIA. On Apr. 5 the Japanese bomb Mandalay, Burma, killing 2K. On Apr. 5 as U.S. and Filipino troops attend Easter Sun. services, Japanese forces attack Bataan, Philippines; at 10 a.m. the 4th Japanese Div. attacks, and is resisted by the 21st Philippine Div., which is pushed back, losing the division HQ, along with Brig. Gen. Mateo Capinpin; on Apr. 6 the U.S. 26th Cavalry Regiment attacks sans horses, which have all been eaten, and after being pummeled they scatter into the hill and turn guerrilla; the Japanese take Bataan with a total of only 630 casualties; 11 Navy and 66 Army Nurses are captured and imprisoned near Manila, becoming known as the Angels of Bataan (Battling Belles of Bataan), nursing POWs until they are liberated in Feb. 1945; Ann Agnes Bernatitus (1912-2003), who was evacuated from the Philippines before the fall of Corregidor becomes the only Navy nurse to evade captue, becoming the first Am. recipient of the Legion of Merit in Oct. 1942. On Apr. 5 USS O'Bannon sinks Japanese sub RO-34 near Russell Island, Solomon Islands. On Apr. 5 Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler dine at Rastenburg, and agree to take all Germanic children away from their parents in occupied lands and raise them up as good Nazis - the only job I do well is here on the farm? On Apr. 5 654 of 699 Lutheran ministers in Oslo, Norway issue a Declaration of the Sovereignty of God over Nazism and all ideologies, resigning from their govt. posts. On Apr. 6 the Japanese bomb Cocanada (Kakinada) and Vizagapatam in Madras, India; on Dec. 1 the British No. 7 Squadron is based at Vizagapatam (until Mar. 1943). On Apr. 6 Japanese troops invade Lorengau in the Admiralty Islands 800 mi. from Cape York, Australia. On Apr. 6 HMS King George V and USS Washington rendezvous at Scapa Flow; when the officers parley, the Yanks are surprised by the the British plan to "head in there just as fast as they could to about 10,000 yards, which for big guns is like shooting a rifle across the room, and letting the enemy have it. This idea of closing the enemy and shooting it out in the Nelsonian tradition was certainly firmly implanted." On Apr. 7 the first 2.5K Jews from Zamosc, Poland are sent to the new death camp of Sobibor to be gassed; by the end of the year 250K Jews mainly from C Poland are ditto. On Apr. 7-9 after declining an invitation to join the more militant Am. Concil of Christian Churches (founded Sept. 1941), the Nat. Assoc. of Evangelicals (NAE) (originally Nat. Assoc. of Evangelicals for United Action) is founded by 147 evangelicals in St. Louis, Mo. to help win the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy by fighting the Nat. Council of Churches; Pres. Eisenhower becomes a fan, inviting them to the White House. On Apr. 8 to divert German aircraft from the Russian Front, the British begin a series of air raids along the English Channel coast of France, losing 259 aircraft vs. 58 German. On Apr. 8 Wojtek the Bear (1942-63) is discovered as a cub in the mountains of Iran by a group of Polish PWs en route from Sibera to Alexandria, Egypt, ending up in Italy after the Allies make a pact with Stalin to release them; the bear grows up to like to smoke cigarettes and drink beer, becoming the mascot of the 22nd Artillery Support Co. of the 2nd Polish Corps; after the war he is sent to Hutton, Berwickshire, Scotland to live on a farm with Polish fighters; in Nov. 2015 a bronze statue of him is unveiled in Edinburgh. On Apr. 9 after 2K cross to Corregidor on Apr. 8 to join Gen. Wainwright's men, Bataan falls after 96 days, and 12K U.S. and 64K Filipino POWs are forced into the week-long (97km) Bataan Death March from Balanga to Camp O'Donnell, during which the Japanese treat the POWs like mangy animals, torturing and murdering them and depriving them of food and water, killing 600+ Americans and 5K+ Filipinos, after which 1K+ Americans and 16K Filipinos die in the first few weeks at the camp; on May 30, 2009 at the 64th and final reunion of survivors in San Antonio, Tex., the Japanese ambassador to the U.S. finally apologizes; meanwhile the remaining 11,574 U.S. and Filipino defenders under U.S. Lt. Gen. Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (1883-1953) hole-up in the rocky island fortress of Corregidor in Manila Bay, where they endure constant air and artillery bombardment (until May 6). On Apr. 10 Heinrich Himmler's personal secy. tells the inspector of statisics for the Reich to change the words "special treatment [Sonderbehandlung] of the Jews" in reports to "transportation of the Jews to the Russian East". On Apr. 12 after hearing of Japanese claims, Congress Party leader Jawaharlal Nehru utters the soundbyte: "It distresses me that any Indian should talk of the Japanese liberating India." On Apr. 13 after finding a gap between two Australian posts, the Germans attack Tobruk, but are driven back by Cpl. Jack Edmondson (b. 1915), who is KIA and awarded Australia's first Victoria Cross of WWII. On Apr. 15 after learning that they suffered 1.7K tons of bombs that destroyed 300 houses and bldgs. and killed 300 (incl. 70 children) and injured 329 since Apr. 1, George VI writes a letter awarding the British island of Malta the George Cross, a bravery medal usually given to individuals, causing them to display it on their flag; it is not publicly presented in Valletta until Sept. 13. On Apr. 15 the trains begin running in Leningrad for the first time in several months, causing German POW Cpl. N. Falkenhorst to tell the Russkies that he's lost faith in Hitler. On Apr. 17 12 British bombers stage a daring low-level (500 ft.) bombing raid on the diesel works at Augsburg, Germany, losing seven bombers; South African Squadron Leader John Dering Nettleton (1917-43) becomes a hero and is awarded the Victoria Cross. On Apr. 17 French Gen. Henri Honore (Honoré) Giraud (1879-1949), who was captured in June 1940 escapes from the maximum security castle prison in Konigstein, Saxony to France, then takes a British sub to North Africa while the Gestapo tries to kill him, pissing-off Hitler, whom Goebbels describes as "in a black rage". On Apr. 17 archbishop of York (since 1929) William Temple (1881-1944) becomes archbishop of Canterbury (until Oct. 26, 1944). We may do little, but it makes a big statement that your homeland isn't invulnerable to attack from Yankees? On Apr. 18 (Sat.) after the aircraft carrier USS Hornet sails across the Pacific and is refueled on Apr. 17 in a storm, WWI flying ace Lt. Col. James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle (1896-1993) (who is awarded the Medal Honor for it) leads the Doolittle Raid 823 mi. away on naval and oil installations in Tokyo (Kobe, Yokosuka, Yokohama, Nagoya) by 16 Army B-25 Mitchells (codename Shangri-La) as a big publicity stunt for the U.S., becoming its first offensive action in the Pacific War, killing 87 and injuring 462; aircraft carrier Ryuho at Yokosuka is damaged; one of the B-25s is the Ruptured Duck, piloted by Maj. Ted W. Lawson (1917-92), who is portrayed by Van Johnson in the 1944 film Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo; all of the pilots parachute out after dropping their bombs and running out of fuel, and some of them land in Japanese-occupied China, and are rescued by Capt. John Morrison Birch (1918-45), a Baptist missionary in China who joined the Flying Tigers and set up a spy network; one bomber crashes in Vladivostok, and the crew is imprisoned in the Urals, but on May 11 they escape, making it to Quetta, India via Persia with help from a British consul; two bombers crash on Japanese-occupied territory, and three of eight captured are beheaded; the Japanese occupy the Chinese province of Chekiang to prevent further missions; the raid isn't announced until May 10; it causes Americans to fear an air attack by the Japs?; on Apr. 15, 2015 U.S. House and Senate leaders present the Congressional Gold Medal to the WWII Doolittle Raiders, known for bringing the war to Tokyo on Apr. 18, 1942; too bad, the Japanese vent their fury on the Chinese in a 3-mo. balls of fury Summer Campaign, killing 250K, which incl. bacteriological warfare. On Apr. 18 after its wounded cmdr. Col. ? Yefremov commits suicide to avoid capture, a Soviet partisan force in Dorogobuzh is destroyed by the Germans, with only a few escaping to fight again. On Apr. 20 the British and Americans launch Operation Calendar to deliver 47 Spitfire fighters to Malta on U.S. carrier Wasp; too bad, the Germans destroy 10 of them on the ground in Malta, after which Mussolini begs Hitler to carry out Operation C3 (Herkules), the German occupation of Malta, but Hitler refuses because of the coming Russian offensive; on Apr. 24 Churchill asks FDR to send the Wasp in again. On Apr. 2 the comic strip Barnaby debuts, by Crockett Johnson (David Johnson Leisk) (1906-75), about 5-y.-o. Barnaby Baxter and his short cigar-chomping fairy godfather Jackeen J. O'Malley, with four wings; makes Dorothy Parker a fan. On Apr. 21 the Germans begin launching tanker U-boats from France to supply 32 U-boats operating off the E coast of the U.S. On Apr. 23 the Baedeker Raids (Blitz), German night air raids against cathedral cities in Britain selected from the Baedeker Tourist Guide to Britain to get even for the Mar. 28 night bombing of Lubeck begin, starting with Exeter; after it fails, they do it again on Apr. 24; meanwhile 150 German bombers attack Bath, killing 400 civilians, while the British bomb Rostock on the Baltic Sea, destroying 70% of the houses in the old city center and damaging the Heinkel aircraft works, pissing-off Hitler; on Apr. 27 Hitler tells Goebbels that he will "repeat these raids night after night until the English were sick and tired of terror attacks", causing Goebbels to utter the soundbyte: "He shares my opinion absolutely that cultural centers, health resorts, and civilian centers must be attacked now. There is no other way of bringing the English to their senses. They belong to a class of human beings with whom you can talk only after you have first knocked out their teeth"; on Apr. 27 the Germans bomb Norwich; on Apr. 28 they bomb Norwich and York, destroying the 15th cent. Guildhall; too bad, too many German planes are shot down, causing the Germans to begin using instructional crews from reserve training units. On Apr. 26 an explosion in Honkeiko Colliery in Manchuria kills 1,549 - the first big fire of the decade? On Apr. 26 Hitler delivers his I'm Better Than Napoleon Speech in the Sportpalast in Berlin, claiming that he had succeeded where Napoleon had failed despite the worst winter in 140 years, with the soundbyte: "A world struggle was decided this winter... We have mastered a destiny which broke another man a hundred and thirty years ago", predicting "great victories" in the spring as long as there is "obedience to only one idea, the fight for victory", saying: "Let nobody now preach about his well-earned rights. Let each man clearly understand, from now on there are only duties"; he then asks for and is given the title of Oberster Gerichtsherr (Supreme Law Lord) with life and death power over every German, a title not even the Roman emperors claimed? On Apr. 26 British bombers attack railways facilities in Hazebrouck and St. Omer in France; on Apr. 26 (night) British bombers strike Rostock, Germany for the 3rd night in a row, destroying 70% of it and causing a panic as 100K are evacuated; another attack targets the Skoda arms plant in Pilsen. On Apr. 28 FDR deliver his radio fireside chat "On Sacrifice", with the soundbyte: "It is even reported from Japan that somebody has dropped bombs on Tokyo and on other principal centers of Japanese war industries. If this be true, it is the first time in history that Japan has suffered such indignities." On Apr. 29 the Japanese seize Lashio, Burma, terminus of the Burma Road. On Apr. 30 after asking for permission on Apr. 27, Gen. Stillwell in Burma is authorized to withdraw to India with 100K Chinese troops under his command. In Apr. 102,497 starve to death in Leningrad. In Apr. Soviet physicist Georgy Nikolayevich Flyorov (1913-90) warns Stalin that the U.S., U.K., and Germany might be building an a-bomb, urging him to "build the uranium bomb without delay". In Apr. future U.S. pres. Gerald R. Ford joins the U.S. Navy, followed in Aug. by Richard M. Nixon. On May 1 Warthegau gov. (1939-45) Arthur Greiser writes to Heinrich Himmler for permission to ship Poles with TB to Chelmno for "special treatment"; meanwhile 2.1K Jews are deported from Dortmund to Sobibor or Belzec for gassing. On May 2 the Japanese capture Mandalay - do you know the road to it? On May 2 Philippines chief justice #5 (since Dec. 24, 1941) Jose Abad Santos y Basco (b. 1886) is executed for refusing to work for a Japanese puppet govt. On May 2 the U.S. War Dept. sets up the 834th Photo Signal Detachment, with seven Hollywood scriptwriters told to create a series of films titled "Why We Fight"; the first film "Prelude to War", dir. by Frank Capra is released next May. On May 3 Jews in the Netherlands are ordered to wear a Star of David. On May 4 the British evacuate the port of Akyab on the Bay of Bengal less than 100 mi. from the Indian border. On May 4 the Germans and Italians launch Operation Trio against Tito and his Communist partisans in Foca, Yugoslavia, driving them 200 mi. N to Bihac. On May 4-8 the Battle of the Coral Sea sees a U.S. fleet use decrypted intel to intercept a Japanese fleet escorting invasion forces to Tulagi in the Solomon Islands and Port Moresby in New Guinea, becoming the first-ever air-naval battle where the planes do all the fighting and the ships never sight each other; the Japanese lose light aircraft carrier Shoho, while the U.S. loses aircraft carrier USS Lexington (Lady Lex), along with 216 crew; in Mar. 2018 it is found by research vessel Petrel, funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen; the U.S. sinks 100K tons of Japanese shipping between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, halting the Japanese advance to the S begun at Pearl Harbor, and protecting Australia and the New Hebrides from invasion; on May 8 U.S. Navy Lt. John James Powers (b. 1912) becomes a hero when he tells fellow pilots "Remember, the folks back home are counting on us. I am going to get a hit if I have to lay it on their flight deck", then dive-bombs a Japanese carrier, releasing the bomb at less than 200 ft. and getting killed in its explosion, winning him a posth. Medal of Stupidity, er, Honor. On May 5 after the Germans execute 18 young Norwegians caught trying to escape to England 2 mo. earlier from Alesund, Joseph Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary: "I hope these executions will have their effect in changing the attitude of the Norwegian population. If they don't want to learn to love us, they must at least fear us." On May 5 Operation Ironclad sees British and Free French forces land at the Diego Suarez Naval Base on N Magadascar held by Vichy French forces, then occupy the island and enter the capital of Tananarive on Sept. 23, denying the Japanese a base to control the Indian Ocean. On May 5 after firing 16K artillery shells in 24 hours, Japanese troops land on Corregidor Island in Manila Bay; on May 6 after losing 800 men vs. 1.2K Japanese, Gen. Wainwright surrenders 15K U.S. and Filipino forces, becoming the largest surrender in U.S. history (until ?) - will the last one leaving please correg the door? On May 7 Jewish partisan Isai Kazinets is executed in Minsk after being tortured and not talking, getting made a posth. Hero of the Soviet Union in 1965. On May 7 an order is issued by the German high command directing the staff at Buchenwald to cease preparing shrunken heads other than for medical reasons after visitors begin showing up all over Europe with souvenirs?; meanwhile SS "Doctor Death" Aribert Ferdinand Heim (1914-92) stinks up Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and Mathausen camps by performing experiments on prisoners without anesthesia, extracting organs, injecting poison etc., later escaping capture and dying in Egypt under the alias Tarek Hussein Farid. On May 8 Case Blue (Fall Blau), the German Summer Offensive begins in the Crimea, attacking the Kerch Peninsula with dive bombers, trapping 170K Red Army troops (three armies, 21 divs.) and taking them POW; on May 18 German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein wins the Battle of Kerch Peninsula, capturing Izyum SE of Kharkov, along with 214K Soviet POWs and 1.2K tanks, opening the way to Sevastopol (Sebastopol). On May 9 Operation Bowery sees U.S. aircraft carrier Wasp and British aircraft carrier Eagle help bring 62 Spitfire fighters to Malta; this time they are quickly refuelled and take off before the Germans can destroy them despite nine German-Italian air raids, giving the Allies air supremacy; on May 10 British minelayer HMS Welshman arrives with 340 tons of supplies. On May 9 (night) three French partisans blow up the main transmitter of Radio Paris near Melun, putting it out of action for two weeks. On May 10 the secret Maly Trostenets Death Camp 7 mi. SE of Minsk begins operation, gassing tens of thousands of Jews with exhaust in vans. On May 12 the Soviets surprise-attack the Germans S of Kharkov, causing them to postpone their spring offensive. On May 15 gasoline rationing (3 gals. a week) begins in 17 E U.S. states, and on Nov. 26 FDR extends it to the rest of the U.S., effective Dec. 1 (ends July 1, 1945); the OPA freezes rents; sugar and coffee rationing begin. On May 18 Jose Key of Gibraltar is sentenced to death in London for passing info. to the Germans. On May 18 Communist Jews post anti-Nazi posters and sabotage an anti-Soviet exhibition at the Berliner Lustgarten, causing the Germans to arrest 27 and sentence 20 to death, shooting them all incl. Herbert Baum (b. 1912) on June 1. On May 19 (night) the British bomb Mannheim, Germany. On May 21 I.G. Farben sets up a synthetic oil-rubber factory at Monowitz outside Auschwitz, employing hundreds of thousands of workers, tens of thousands of whom die. On May 21 4.3K Jews are deported from Chelm to Sobibor to be gassed; meanwhile 2K Jews are murdered in Korzec. On May 22 Mexico declares war on Germany, Italy, and Japan. On May 24 45K German troops launch Operation Hanover (ends May 29) to search and destroy 20K partisans along the Bryansk-Vyazma railway, killing thousands. On May 26 taking advantage of the 24-hour day, Allied convoy PQ-16 en route to Archangel is attacked by 260 German aircraft in the Arctic Circle, losing seven ships but making it through. On May 26 Gen. Rommel begins an offensive against the Gazala Lined, defended by the Free French at Bir Hakeim; it breaks by June 13. On May 26 the Twenty-Year Anglo-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty is signed in London by Sir Anthony Eden and Vyacheslav Molotov, promising mutual military and other assistance in the war against the Axis, and agreeing not to negotiate a separate peace. On May 27 SS Chief Reinhard Heydrich (b. 1904) is ambushed and shot in Prague by Czech partisans incl. Jan Kubis (b. 1913) and Josef Gabcik (b. 1912), who were trained by the Allies under Operation Anthropoid and provided with modified Gammon grenades filled with Botulin toxin, after which they hide in the crypt of an Orthodox church in Prague, are betrayed by Czech a-hole Pvt. Karel Curda (1911-47) and surrounded, then get killed shooting it out on June 16, killing 14 Germans, after which on June 27 the church's head Bishop Gorazd (Matej Pavlik) (b. 1879) is arrested, tortured, then killed on Sept. 4; on June 4 Heydrich dies of infection, and on June 10 the Nazis at Hitler's orders wipe out the males in the innocent towns of Lidice and Lezaky (Ležáky) (13 mi. NW of Prague) in revenge; a total of 13K are killed, arrested, or deported. On May 27 after being docked in Norfolk, Va. during the Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor Attack, and carrying U.S. Marines to Am. Samoa from San Diego on Jan.6, 1942, then participating in the Battle of the Coral Sea on May 4-8, 1942, U.S. aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (launched Apr. 4, 1936) enters dry dock at Pearl Harbor for accelerated repairs, steaming out on May 30 en route to the Battle of Midway on June 4-7, 1942, where she is sunk. On May 27 U. of Baltimore night law school student grad. Spiro T. Agnew (b. 1918) marries Elinor Isabel "Judy" Judefind (1921-); they have one son James, and three daughters Pamela, Susan, and Kimberly; Agnew serves in the U.S. Army until 1946. On May 28 200 Poles are murdered by the Germans in Magdalenka, Poland. On May 28 4-foot-something Joseph Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary: "Ten Jews either in a concentration camp or six feet under are preferable to one roaming at large"; on May 29 Hitler visits Berlin, and agrees to Goebbels' request to remove all Jews immediately from the city; on May 30 he tells Goebbels that "all restraint be dispensed with, and that the interests of the security of the Reich be placed above the interests of single individuals from whom we can expect little good". On May 29 Jews in Paris are ordered to wear a yellow Star of David. On May 29 3K Jews are rounded up by the Germans for murder in Radziwillow (Chervonoarmeisk), Poland; Asher Czerkaski leads a breakout, and the Germans murder 1.5K as they flee, hunting down and murdering most of the rest in the forest. On May 30 working for German Adm. Canaris, Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer flies to Sweden and meets with Bishop Bell of Chichester, England, telling him of the crimes of the Nazis and assuring him of growing resistance inside Germany. On May 30 Hitler addresses a group of newly-commissioned German officers at the Berlin Sportspalast, uttering the soundbyte: "On this January 30th, I can tell you that I am sure of only one thing. How this year is going to end I don't know. Whether or not the war will end this year I do not know. But I do know one thing. Wherever the foe may appear, he will this year be fought as before. It will again be a year of great victories, and even as I held the flag high before this, at all times, so I will hold it high even now because I find myself in such a different position. My German countrymen, my soldiers. We have a full measure of fame and glory behind us. One likes so much to draw analogies from it. In this fight German heroes have fought in similar situations, which also seemed hopeless. We should not draw any comparisons with former times at all. We have no right to do so. We have the strongest army in the world. We have the strongest air force in the world." On May 30 the Soviets set up a Central HQ of the Partisan Movement in Moscow to coordinate anti-German activity. On May 30 (night) the RAF stages Operation Millennium, its first "thousand bomber raid" on Cologne, dropping 1,455 tons of bombs in 90 min., losing 39 shot down plus two who collide in mid-air, smashing the perfume, er, chemical and machine tool works, killing 469, destroying 13K houses, and making 45K homeless, becoming a big V for Jews under German occupation; Lord Haw-Haw broadcasts from Berlin the Nazi response: "The German attitude is, 'Give us more hell, as much as you can, and we shall repay the hell with interest'." On May 31 two Japanese midget subs sneak into Sydney Harbor and fire torpedoes at U.S. cruiser Chicago, but miss, sinking Australian depot ship HMAS Kuttabul, killing 20; after two Japanese crew are killed and the other two commit suicide, they are cremated in Sydney with military honors and the ashes returned to Japan. On May 31 Japanese midget subs sink British merchant ship British Loyalty in Diego Suarez, Madagascar, and damage battleship Ramillies; all the Japanese crew are KIA. In May Gen. Carl Andrew Spaatz (1891-1974) becomes cmdr. of the U.S. Eighth Air Force, moving its HQ to England in July; in Jan. 1944 he becomes cmdr. of the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, while Lt. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle takes over the Eighth Air Force; Spaatz orders daylight bombings in Germany and Austria against the advice of the Brits, which turns out to break the back of the Nazi Luftwaffe and give air supremacy to Allied air forces, causing Gen. Eisenhower to later comment that he was one of the two U.S. generals who contributed most to the V in Europe (along with Gen. Omar Bradley). In May the Germans launch Operation Olympus to hunt down Greek partisans, but the local pop. gives them food and shelter. In May the SS gasses 19K+ Jews at Chelmno, 6K+ at Auschwitz, 5K+ at Belzec, and 36K at Sobibor. In May the Germans execute 5K "non-productive" Jews in Dubno outside the town hall. In May the Germans murder 30K Russian Jews in fields and ditches. In May German U-boats on the E U.S. coast sink 111 merchant ships, making 377 for the year. In May Mao Tse-tung calls the Yan'an Forum on Art and Literature to lay down the law on art and lit.; writer Ding Ling (1904-86) gets the raspberry for her bourgeois feminist mistake of singling out male Commies for mistreating women; in June the Yan'an Rectification Movement (ends 1944) drums slackers out of the burgeoning Chinese Communist Party, incl. Wang Shiwei (Sidao) (Shuhan) (1906-47) (executed in 1947), causing some to commit suicide? Springtime for Hitler? In May U.S. Gen Dwight D. Eisenhower arrives in London, setting up the Supreme HQ Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) in Little America in Grosvenor Square, London to prepare for D-Day; Irish-born divorcee Kay Summersby (1908-75) is assigned as his driver, and later secy. (until Nov. 1945), going on to become a U.S. citizen and capt. of the Women's Army Corps (WACs), causing rumors of an affair. On June 1 the Warsaw underground Socialist newspaper Liberty Barricade pub. the first account of the exhaust gassings at Chelmno using info. from Emanual Ringelblum via Jakub Grojanowski; those at Belzec, Sobibor, Maly Trostenets etc. are still unknown by the Allies. On June 1 after a self-taught lawyer argues successfully, the U.S. Supreme Court rules unanimously in Skinner v. State of Okla. that the 1935 Okla. Habitual Criminal Sterilization Act, pushed through by Dem. gov. (1931-5) William Henry Davis "Alfalfa Bill" Murray (1869-1956) mandating involuntary sterilization is unconstitutional for violating the Equal Protection Clause because it lets white collar criminals have kids. On June 3 Operation Kottbus begins, with 16K German troops attacking the Repub. of Palik Soviet partisan stronghold near Polotsk, followed on June 5 by Operation Birdsong, with 5K German troops wiping out 1,193 of 2.5K partisans between Roslavl and Bryansk within four weeks; too bad, they return within 2 mo. On June 3 the Germans shoot 110 Jews in Gesiowka (Gesia or Goose Street) Prison in Warsaw, Poland. On June 4 Adolf Hitler secretly visits Finnish Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim in Imatra in S Finland on the latter's birthday, discussing the situation in the Soviet Union; a portion of his conversation is secretly recorded, becoming the only recording of Hitler's normal speaking voice to survive the war. Six months after Pearl Harbor, the Yankees are already midway to defeating the Japanese? On June 4-7 the Battle of Midway Island sees an 86-warship fleet of four Japanese aircraft carriers incl. Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu, seven battleships, and 150 support ships attempt to sneak-attack Midway Island to open the way to Fiji and Samoa, with a diversionary action in the Aleutian islands of Kiska and Attu, but U.S. codebreakers tip the U.S. Navy off, allowing them to defeat them with three carriers and 50 support ships, failing in four attacks, losing 65 planes, then on lucky #5 sinking all four Japanese carriers (incl. three that took part in the Pearl Harbor attack) and a heavy cruiser (the first three carriers are burning by 10:30 a.m.), shooting down 332 aircraft and killing 3.5K men incl. 200 pilots while losing U.S. carrier Yorktown and one destroyer along with 150 planes and 307 men, becoming the turning point in the Pacific War, allowing U.S. forces to go on the offensive; U.S. Navy ensign George Henry Gay Jr. (1917-94) is the sole survivor of the 30-man Torpedo Squadron 8 operating from the USS Hornet; after Adm. William Halsey comes down with severe psoriasis, he is replaced by Adm. Raymond Ames Spruance (1886-1969) right before the big battle, who goes on to become cmdr. of the U.S. 5th Fleet in Apr. 1944, going on to direct the campaigns in Iwo Jima and Okinawa. On June 5-July 3 the Germans siege and capture Sevastopol (Sebastopol) after capturing Ft. Stalin on June 13, Ft. Siberia in June 17, Ft. Maxim Gorky on June 18, and Ft. Lenin on June 20, taking tens of thousands of Soviet POWs; the big V causes Hitler on July 1 to give Gen. Mainstein a Field Marshal's baton; as a taste of what's to come, some pesky Soviet fighters hang on in the catacombs of the quarries for months; Sevastopol is given the title of Hero City. On June 6 the Japanese occupy Attu in the Aleutian Islands, and land on Kiska, becoming the high water mark of their success. On June 8 three Jewish partisans incl. Vitka Kempner (1920-88) sneak out of Vilna Ghetto and blow up a German military train; the Gestapo shoots 32 families in reprisal. On June 8 the British break German Eastern Front Enigma code Mosquito, followed on June 16 by Skunk. On June 9 Heinrich Himmler leads the state funeral for Reinhard Heydrich in Berlin, uttering the soundbyte that it is the "holy obligation" of the SS to avenge his death "and to destroy with even greater determination the enemies of our nation, mercilessly and pitilessly"; on June 10 Operation Heydrich begins with the SS deporting 1K Jews to Maly Trostenets; meanwhile they shoot 199 men in Lidice, Czech. 6 mi. NW of Prague, then send all 60 women and their 88 children to Ravensbruck, Mathausen, and Auschwitz to be gassed; meanwhile 17 men and 16 women are shot in Lezaky, Czech., and 14 children are sent to death camps, two surviving the war; on June 12-13 2K Jews are deported from Theresienstadt to Maly Trostenets; on June 22 Adolf Eichmann sends his plan for Operation Heydrich to his subordinates, calling for 40K Jews to be deported from France, 40K from Holland, and 10K from Belgium, with a daily train to Auschwitz that carries 1K. On June 9 Polish Gen. Wladyslaw Sikorski delivers a speech in London on mass murder of Jews by the Germans in the last 12 mo., with the soundbyte: "The Jewish population in Poland is condemned to death in accordance with the slogan 'Slaughter all Jews, no matter how the war ends'. "Massacres of tens of thousands of Jews have been carried out this year... People are being starved to death in ghettos. Mass executions are held. Even those suffering from typhus are shot... To smash the resistance of the railwaymen at the Upper Silesian junctions, gallows have been erected in 18 Silesian towns. Members of the educated classes, railwaymen, and workers are being hanged there, and all the schoolchildren herded to watch this cruel spectacle. And the application of reprisals where these are possible may stay the fury of German killers and save hundreds of thousands of innocent victims from inevitable annihilation"; on June 10 the London Times carries the headline: "Mass Butchery in Poland". On June 11 German Gen. Rommel's forces capture French-held Bir Hakeim, and head towards the Egyptian border. On June 11 Iron Cross 2nd Class winning co. cmdr. Michael Kitzelmann (b. 1916) is shot by a firing squad in Orel for speaking out against German atrocities in the Eastern Front, with the soundbyte: "If these criminals should win, I would have no wish to live any longer." On June 12 U.S. bombers based in the Nile Delta bomb the Ploesti oilfields in Romania 900 mi. away. On June 12 the Germans hang 10 poles, er, Poles for sabotage of an iron foundry in Dabrowa Gornicza in Silesia, leaving their bodies hanging as a warning. On June 12 (his birthday) 18-y.-o. future U.S. pres. George Herbert Walker Bush (b. 1924) enlists in the U.S. Navy's flight training program, becoming one of the youngest commissioned pilots in the Navy, and, at 6 ft. 2 in., also one of the tallest? On June 12-15 Operation Harpoon (Vigorous) attempts to get supplies to the strategic island of Malta in vain, losing British cruiser HMS Hermione to German sub U-205 N of Sollum on June 15, and scuttling British destroyer HMS Hasty and Australian destroyer HMAS Nestor, also losing British destroyers HMS Airedale, HMS Bedouin, and HMS Oakley (Kujawiak) (manned by Polish sailors), while sinking Italian heavy cruiser Trento; Operation Pedestal on Aug. 9-15 succeeds; Malta is awarded the George Cross. On June 13 the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) iss formed by William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (1883-1959) to recruit anti-Hitler elements inside Germany as fifth columnist; after the war it recruits Nazis like Klaus Barbie (who fled to Argentina in 1951, followed by Brazil), Gen. Reinhard Gehlen, and Nazi scientists to help it fight the Soviet Union. On June 13 the 12-ton (1-ton warhead) A4 (V-1) rocket (using calcium permanganate propellant), developed by Wernher von Braun (1912-77) is tested by the Germans at Peenemunde in front of 35 senior officials incl. Albert Speer, crashing within 1 mi. despite its promised 200 mi. range; too bad, they get it right. On June 15 Jewish journalist in Switzerland Richard Lichtheim writes the soundbyte: "The destruction of the Jewish communities is continuing. The whole of Europe is anxiously awaiting the day when the Allied nations will liberate this tortured Continent." On June 17 the first labor camp prisoners arrive for work at the Blechhammer (Ger. "sheet metal hammer") area of Upper Silesia. On June 17 a consultative board for the Netherlands East Indies is set up in London to assist the govt.-in-exile. On June 17 the 5-cent newspaper Wank, er, Yank, the Army Weekly, founded by U.S. Maj. John Hartzell Spence (1908-2001) debuts (until Dec. 1945), featuring articles written by enlisted soldiers and art by Jack Banham Coggins (1911-2006) is pub. in 21 eds. in 17 countries, with a worldwide circ. of 2.6M., becoming the most widely read U.S. military mag.; the cover of the Aug. 2, 1945 issue shows Norma Jeane Dougherty on the assembly line at the Radioplane munitions factory in Burbank, Calif., opening doors to her acting career as Marilyn Monroe; it also incl. the cartoons G.I. Joe by Irving David "Dave" Breger (1908-70) and The Sad Sack (debuts June 1942), by Sgt. George Baker (1915-75); Sad Sack debuts on CBS radio on June 12, 1946, starring Herb Vigan, followed by a film in 1957 starring Jerry Lewis. On June 19 Heinrich Himmler gives a speech to officers of the Das Reich SS div., with the soundbyte: "The German soldier has in the past frequently operated under long-outmoded conceptions that once went unquestioned - these he carried with him to the battlefield in 1939... This erroneous notion of what war is all about showed itself unmistakably. Thus, for instance, it was thought that one had to say that in the case of a Jewess, even if she had been caught harboring partisans at the time, one couldn't touch her - she was, after all a lady... The same held for this Eastern campaign too, when the whole German nation took the field, their heads filled with such absolute rubbish and overrefined, civilized decadence. We SS men were less encumbered, one might even say practically unencumbered by such rubbish. After a decade of racial education we, the entire cadre of the SS, entered this war as unshakeable champions of our Germanic people. We ought to spare neither or own nor foreign blood if the nation requires." On June 19 after meeting him at age 15, Norma Jeane Baker (b. 1926) marries James Edward "Jim" Dougherty (1921-2005), who works with Robert Mitchum in a defense plant, and next year joins the U.S. Merchant Marine, heading for Santa Catalina Island, where she joins him, then heading overseas in 1944 while she works for the Radioplane Co. in Burbank, Calif., which features her in some war propaganda photos that are pub. in the Aug. 2, 1945 issue of Yank, the Army Weekly, becoming her start as a model; after getting ideas about going bigtime, she divorces him on Sept. 13, 1946; in 1947 he joins the Los Angeles Police Dept. and marries Patricia Scoman. On June 20 (5:30 a.m.) Gen. Rommel begins his assault on Tobruk, Libya; at 7:00 p.m. the first German Panzers enter; on June 21 (8:00 a.m.) South African Gen. Hendrik Balzazar Klopper (1903-77) surrenders his 30K men, along with 20K vehicles, 2K tons of gasoline, and 5K tons of rations; Churchill tells FDR "Defeat is one thing, disgrace is another", causing FDR to reply "What can we do to help?"; Hitler immediately awards Rommel a field marshal's baton, causing Rommel to reply "I'm going to Disneyland", er, "I'm going to Suez", telling his wife "I would rather he had given me one more division"; on June 22 the British fall back to Mersa Matruh, Egypt 180 mi. from Alexandria. Weather empathy? On June 21 Tirat Tsvi, Israel reaches an Asian record high temp. of 129 F (54 C). On June 22 a Japanese sub shells Ft. Stevens, Ore. on the Columbia River, becoming the first attack by a foreign power on a U.S. continental military installation since 1812; next in ?. On June 23 the first group of Polish and Jewish mental patients are transported to Auschwitz. On June 23 300 British POWs arrive at Bampong, Thailand to begin construction of the Japanese Railway of Death from Thailand to Burma; in Sept. 3K Australian POWs arrive at Thanbyuzayat, Burma to begin at the other end; 15K are killed building it; Australian artist Ray Parkin (1910-2005) records the fun in the sun. On June 23 Odilo Globocnik's henchman SS. Col. Viktor Hermann Brack (1904-48) (organizer of Aktion T-4) writes a letter to Heinrich Himmler, proposing that 2M-3M out of the 10M Euro Jews be saved for work after sterilizing them using X-rays so they're not aware of it. On June 25 U.S. Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) arrives in London to supervise the D-Day invasion of Nazi Europe - how come we're out to destroy a country with no industry, no bases, no value to anyone? On June 25 the Gestapo orders 25K Jews in Paris to be rounded up and shipped to the Fun Zone in the E. On June 25 (night) 1,006 British RAF bombers bomb Bremen, Germany (their 3rd 1K-bomber raid), losing 49; too bad, clouds make target ID impossible, and the raid is a dud. On June 26 the BBC in London broadcasts a segment on the Jews in Poland, based on info. from Emanuel Ringelblum claiming that the Nazis have murdered 700K and are bent on annihilating them all; the Allies now have a moral blank check to bomb Germany to the Stone Age? On June 28 the SS ships 966 Jews by train from Paris to Auschwitz, killing Belzec-born Adolf Ziffer (b. 1862) for attempting to escape. On June 30 Russian-trained Red Orchestra radio operator Johann Wenzel (1902-69) is captured in Brussels and tortured into giving up several hundred Soviet agents in W Europe; the five wireless sets of the Red Orchestra are used by the Germans to feed the Soviets disinfo. for the next 9 mo. On June 30 after launching Operation Aida, Gen. Erwin Rommel pushes the British back to El Alamein ("the two flags") 60 mi. W of Alexandria, taking 6K POWs, causing Mussolini to fly to Cyrenaica to prepare a triumphal entry into Cairo, while the U.S. and Britain frantically divert military resources to Egypt, and Jews in Palestine prepare to defend Haifa; on July 1-27 the First Battle of Alamein sees Rommel, reduced to 55 tanks stopped by the Allies' strongly fortified line, causing Mussolini to give up and return to Italy. In June the Axis attempts to capture the oilfields of the Caucasus. In June the Nazis send teams of saboteurs to the U.S., incl. U.S. citizen Herbert Hans Haupt (b. 1920); after they are detected and arrested by the FBI, FDR has them tried and executed in the electric chair in Washington, D.C. as enemy combatants seven weeks after capture. In June five German U-boats on the U.S. E coast sink 121 Allied merchant ships, but thanks to decrypted intel all five are sunk by the British by the end of June. In June after protests by Britain to Spain, German supply ships SS Charlotte Schliemann and SS Corrientes are forded to leave Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, allowing the British to hunt them. In June the mass murder of 1.1M people (90% Jews) at Auschwitz-Birkenau 30 mi. W of Cracow (named after the nearby town of Oswiecim and the many birch trees surrounding the complex) begins, mainly in gas chambers using Zyklon B?; in June the Nazis deport 1K Jews from Paris to Auschwitz 4x; after 52K Slovaks are deported there, Auschwitz kills 150K this month - they are too dumb to just drown them but have to use messy self-defeating insecticide, then burn the messy corpses, ruining the atmosphere too, and killing the Nazis themselves? If they buried the corpses instead, where did they go? If they burned them, where did they get enough fuel? Why couldn't they use carbon monoxide? Sounds like a little, ahem, exaggeration in the numbers later quoted after the Allies won and wanted to extort reparations from Germany, history will have to decide, stay tuned? In the summer the Roman Catholic and Protestant Dutch Reformed churches organize a joint demonstration against deportation of not only foreign but Dutch Jews, which began this year, which only causes the Nazis to turn around and begin deporting Jews who have converted to Catholicism too? - do you know what a class action is? In June the Nat. Agrarian Party (PAN), an offshoot of the MNR is founded in Bolivia, pushing Bolivia's Indian heritage and agrarian reform. In June Operation North Pole (The England Game) sees the Germans use a captured British agent's wireless transmitter in Holland to hoodwink the Brits into dropping 50+ Dutch partisans along with supplies, executing 47 of them. In late June the British force Lt. Armin Faber, pilot of a German Focke-Wulf 190 fighter to land on a British airfield by mistake, allowing them to clone the plane and produce the Spitfire Mark IX in July to restore parity. In June the Office of War Info. (OWI) is established to coordinate govt. propa, er, info. services, with Elmer Davis (1890-1958) as dir., and playwright (FDR speechwriter) Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955) as asst. dir. in charge of overseas operations. In the summer aide Martin Bormann gives Adolf Hitler an Alsatian bitch puppy named Blondi (1941-5) to make up for the death of his beloved Alsatian Muck. In June German-born Jew Anne Frank (1929-45) and her family go into hiding in hidden rooms of her father Otto Frank's office bldg. in Amsterdam with help of non-Jewish office secy. Miep Gies (1909-2010); too bad, they are betrayed and captured on Aug. 1, 1944 after 25 mo.; Anne keeps a diary from June 12, 1942 to Aug. 1, 1944 before she is carted off to Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, and dies of typhus on Mar. 12, 1945, after which Gies saves it without reading it, and the family's only survivor Otto pub. it in 1947; they aren't really betrayed, just discovered while searching for something else? In June the Germans sink 124 Allied merchant ships in the North Atlantic. On July 1 a Japanese ship carrying 849 Australian POWs from Rabaul is sunk by a U.S. sub, killing all aboard. On July 2 the Croatian Orthodox Church is founded by the Ustashi for any Serbs they didn't massacre; it gains little support. On July 3 Hitler flies to Poltava and tells Field Marshal von Bock that the Red Army has "sapped its last reserves". On July 3 the Germans launch their final assault on Tito's partisans in Kozara, Yugoslavia, killing 2K while losing only 150, then deporting 60K peasants; on July 22 statistical expert Lt. Kurt Waldheim (1918-2007), who helps calculate how many trucks and trains to use is awarded the silver medal of the crown of King Zvonimir with oak leaves by Croat leader Ante Pavelic. On July 3 the Germans murder 93 Gypsies in Szczurowa, Poland (near Cracow). On July 4 Operation Knight's Move (Rösselsprung) sees Allied convoy PQ-17, which left Iceland on June 27 attacked by the Germans from the air and sea, scattering to avoid approaching German warships, losing 19 ships totalling 99,316 tons, and 153 killed; only 11 ships reach Archangel; it passes returning convoy QP-13, which runs into a British minefield by mistake on July 6, losing five ships incl. Soviet ship Rodina carrying wives and families of Soviet diplomats stationed in London. On July 5 Margot Frank, eldest daughter of Otto Frank receives a call-up letter ordering her to report for transport to the East;on July 6 Otto Frank and his family go into hiding. On July 6 as Soviet resistance in the Crimea peters out, the Germans launch Operation Swamp Flower (Sumpfblute) against partisans in the Dorogobuzh region, capturing Voronezh; on July 7 after being stopped by a Soviet counterattack, they stop advancing E, and Hitler orders them to swing S along the S bank of the Don River. On July 7 Heinrich Himmler holds a conference in Berlin with German gynecologist Carl Clauberg (1898-1957) et al., agreeing to start secret sterilization experiments on Jewish women in Auschwitz without their knowledge; on July 10 the first 100 women are treated. Famous Blunders #? On July 9 the Germans begin a drive towards Stalingrad at the junction of the Don and Volga Rivers NW of the Caspian Sea, expecting that Stalin's brand name city is going to be their next easy mark. On July 9 Chinese Nationalist armies win a major V over the Japanese in the Battle of Kiangsi (Jiangxi) Province. On July 9 Heinrich Himmler visits Hitler at Wolf's Lair, and they decide to resettle the German-speaking pop. of South Tyrol, Italy in the Crimea after they win the war. On July 10 the Germans occupy Rossosh and cross to the E bank of the Don River; on July 11 they occupy Lisichansk on the Donetz River. On July 11 Hitler issues a directive for the planning of Operation Blucher (Blücher), an attack from the Crimea across the Kerch Straits into the Caucasus. On July 11 Nazi Party Chancellery head Martin Bormann (1900-45) issues an order to SS leaders from Hitler that from now on "in public discussion of the Jewish question any mention of a future total solution must be avoided, however, one may discuss the fact that all Jews are being interned and detailed to compulsory labor forces." On July 12 Stalin appoints Field Marshal Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (1895-1970) as the cmdr. of a new front to defend Stalingrad. On July 12 Australian troops from Port Moresby arrive at Koda, New Guinea, determined to prevent the Japanese from occupying the N coastal town of Buna. On July 13 the British stop Gen. Rommel at the Battle of Ruweisat (Kidney) Ridge, inflicting enough damages that he abandons hopes of occupying Cairo and Alexandria; on July 22 the Second Battle of Ruweisat Ridge is like the Charge of the Light Brigade with tanks, becoming a German V. On July 13 as the Germans advance between the Donetz and Don Rivers, the British give intel to Moscow giving details of their defensive line in the Voronez region. On July 13 the Allies announce that 693 German and Italian aircraft were shot down over Malta, and 190 more were destroyed by British aircraft based there. On July 13-Aug. 1 the German U-boat Wolf Pack Blucher (Blücher) attacks Freetown, Sierra Leone to Liverpool convoys SL-118 and SL-119, sinking six ships for a total of 41,984 gross register tons, damaging one (10,552 GRT). On July 15 the Germans occupy Millerovo on the Voronezh-Rostov railway, along with Kamensk on the Donetz River. On July 15 Bletchley Park cracks the German Enigma Weasel code used by AA and anti-tank batteries; the Germans don't change it for the rest of the war. On July 15 the Germans ship the first 2K Jews from Holland to Auschwitz, saying that they are being sent for "labor service in Germany"; on July 16 after Hitler moves into Werewolf Lair at Vinnitsa, Heinrich Himmler visits him from his HQ at Zhitomir 80 mi. N, and they decide that when they conquer the Caucasus it won't be incorporated into German territory but only military occupied to secure its oil and borders; on July 17 Himmler visits Auschwitz and watches the 2K Jews from Holland unloaded, 1,551 being tattooed on the forearms and sent to Birkenau, the remaining 449, mainly children, old, and sick sent to be gassed, after which he watches their corpses being thrown into pits; on July 18 Himmler tours Auschwitz, witnesses some Poles being beaten, orders an expansion of Birkenau, and promotes commandant Rudolf Hoess to SS maj.; on July 19 he orders the "total cleansing" of the rest of the Jews in German-occupied Poland, to be completed by Dec. 31. On July 15 the Germans murder 1K Jews in Bereza Kartuska, Poland. On July 16-17 13K non-French Jews are rounded up in the Vel d'Hiv Roundup for deportation to Auschwitz; a total of 76K are deported during the war. On July 18 the Germans murder 600 Jews in Szarkowszczyzna, Poland; 900 escape into the forest. On July 20 the Germans launch Operation Eagle (Adler) against Soviet partisans in Chechivichi, White Russia (Belarus). On July 20 the Germans attempt to murder the Jewish village of Kletsk, Russia, but this time they fire their village and run for it; too bad, they are mowed down by machine guns, with a few escaping and joining the partisans; leader Moshe Fish is killed next Jan. On July 21 French Resistance leader Genevieve de Gaulle-Anthonioz (1920-2002), niece of Charles de Gaulle is arrested, and sent to Ravensbruck Camp, where she survives after Heinrich Himmler orders her put in isolation to use her as a possible exchange prisoner; she is buried in the Pantheon. On July 21 there is a Jewish uprising at Nesvizh (Nieswiez) in Belorussia, followed by mass executions on July 22; leader Shalom Cholawski sets up a Jewish partisan unit. On July 21 Mussolini returns from North Africa to Italy with a stomach ailment, and goes into seclusion while his country falls apart. On July 21 (night) 16K Japanese troops land in Buna and Gona, New Zealand, then move S along the Kokoda Trail, causing the Australians to retreat toward Port Moresby. On July 22 on Heinrich Himmler's orders, the first deportations from the Warsaw Ghetto begin to the new Treblinka Concentration Camp in Poland, later run by Sobibor cmdr. (Mar.-Sept. 1942) Franz Stangl after cmdr. #1 (July 11-Aug. 26) 1st Lt. Dr. Irmfried Eberl (1910-48) (who euthanized 180K German patients in 1.5 years) lets the corpses build up, panicking incoming trains; in seven weeks 250K Jews are taken to Treblinka and killed, becoming the largest fastest Jewish genocide of the war - gone in treblinka the eye? On July 23 Hitler signs Fuhrer Directive No. 45, ordering simultaneous offensives to be launched against Stalingrad, the E Black Sea coast from Novorossisk to Batum, and the Caucasus oilfields of Baku, Grozny, and Maikop, after which a defensive line is to be set up on the Don River while Leningrad is being captured. On July 24 the Germans occupy Rostov-on-Don again (until Feb. 14), but this time the Red Army escapes intact to fight again. On July 25 the Germans reach within 100 mi. of Stalingrad; meanwhile the Soviets send three reserve armies to defend it. On July 25 several thousand German POWs are paraded through the streets of Leningrad, becoming the only German troops to see the city center during the war. On July 26-27 the Germans under Gen. Wilhelm "Willi" Schneckenburger (1891-1944) cross the Don River S of Rostov and occupy Bataisk, Russia; Schneckenburger is KIA on Oct. 14 by low-flying aircraft. On July 28 to stiffen resistance at Leningrad, Stalin issues Order No. 227, ordering "panic-makers and cowards" who take one step backwards without orders to be killed on the spot; needing no prodding, on July 28 Soviet partisans in the Leningrad area murder Adolf Beck, the German official running the economic admin. of the occupied territories thats sends Soviet agricultural produce to Germany, burning his inventory, becoming a big V for partisans in the Dno-Pskov region. On July 28 Jews in Warsaw establish the Jewish Fighting Org. to resist deportation to Treblinka; on July 29 the Germans fool thousands of Jews into "volunteering for the East" by offering 3kg of bread and 1kg of jam to each family who signs up, deporting them to gassy dead-ends in Treblinka. On July 29 the Japanese occupy Kokoda, New Guinea. On July 29 the Germans occupy Proletarskaya, Russia, gateway to the Caucasus. On July 29 Stalin creates the Military Order of Suvorov, named after Catherine II the Great's gen. who crossed the Alps in 1799; he also creates the Military Order of Nevsky, named after German butt-kicking Russian hero Alexander Nevsky. On July 31 (midnight) the 1942-44 Musicians' Strike against the major Am. recording cos. over royalty payments boycotts recording sessions but not live radio shows or concerts; on Oct. 27, 1943 musicians are allowed to make special V-Discs for the armed forces; in Sept. 1943 Decca Records settles, followed by Capitol Records on Oct. 11, 1943; on Oct. 4, 1944 Pres. FDR tries to get the union to capitulate, but they stand firm, and on Nov. 11, 1944 RCA Victor and Columbia capitulate, ending the strike; too bad, record sales jump from 127M in 1941 to 275M in 1946, and 400M in 1947, mainly hurting the big bands as vocalists move into the vacuum. No need to send Croatian Jews to Auschwitz, they're do-it-yourselfers? On July 31-Aug. 29 the Ustashi Massacres sees a total of 5K adults and 800 children killed; on Aug. 29 Peter Brzica of the Roman Catholic Croatian Ustashi cut the throats of 1,360 Orthodox Catholic Serbs and Jews with a butcher knife, winning a gold watch, silver tea service, a roasted pig, and wine, with Roman Catholic priests blessing him for ethnically cleansing Croatia; 2nd prize goes to a Roman Catholic priest?; on July 22, 1941 Ustashi leader Mile Budak (1889-1945) utters the soundbyte: "We shall slay one third of the Serbian population, drive away another third, and the rest we shall convert to the Roman Catholic faith and thus assimilate them into becoming Croats. Thus we will destroy every trace of theirs, and all that which will be left will be an evil memory of them"; by the end of the war they murder 800K Serbs and Jews, force 200K Serbs to convert to Roman Catholicism, and force 250K into exile after confiscating their property. In July Gen. Franco reestablishes the 1876 Spanish Cortes (abolished by Franco during the Civil War) as the supreme organ of the state, composed of 438 members (Procuradores) in 10 groupings, most of whom are appointed to office: the nat. council (103 members), the reps of the authoritarian nat. syndicates (142 members), reps of the provincial capitals and muncipalities (102 members), 13 cabinet ministers, 12 univ. heads, 6 reps of various professions, and 50 appointees of the chief of state (him). In July French-born British agent Yvonne Rudellat sneaks into the French Riviera, and sets up an escape route for Allied airmen based in Tours. In July Jewish Soviet history grad. Polina Gelman becomes a navigator for the RAF, flying hundreds of missions against the Nazis and becoming a Hero of the Soviet Union. In July the German Jewish family of Otto and Edith Frank, incl. daughters Margot and Anne and mother-in-law Rosa Hollander go into hiding after attempts to immigrate to the U.S. are stifled by U.S. laws, and a visa to Cuba is canceled in Dec. 1941 when the Germans declare war on the U.S. In July FDR orders U.S. congressmen and senators serving in the military to resign one of the two positions, causing U.S. Sen. (R-Mass.) (since 1937) Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. to return to Washington from North Africa, where he was a Maj. in the 1st Armored Div.; after winning reelection in Nov. and serving his first year, he resigns on Feb. 3, 1944 to return to active duty in Italy and France, singlehandedly capturing a 4-man German patrol and getting a promotion to lt. col. In July Jewish residents of Thessalonica (Salonica) pay a ransom of 1.9B drachmas to the Nazis to secure the release of 10K Jewish men from brutal forced labor, which doesn't stop them from sending them to German death camps along with the rest of the 50K Jewish pop., 95% of which are killed in the camps; in 2014 the survivors unsuccessfully sue Germany for reparations. On Aug. 1 the Germans occupy Salsk, Russia, cutting the railway line between Novorossisk and Stalingrad; some German units reach the Kuban River. On Aug. 1 the London Controlling Section under Col. John Bevan is set up by the British War Cabinet to spread disinfo. to the Germans to make them send reinforcements where they're not needed, incl. fake Operation Solo against Narvik and Trondheim, fake Operation Overthrow against Calais and Boulogne, and fake Operation Kennecott against S Italy, Greece, and Crete. On Aug. 2 the Sleepy Lagoon Case begins when the body of Jose Diaz is found near you know what in SE Los Angeles, causing 600 Latino youths to be arrested and 22 to be put on trial for murder in front of an all-white jury, of which three are convicted of 1st-degree murder and sentenced to life, nine more are convicted of 2nd-degree murder and sentenced to 5-to-life, five more convicted of assault and sentenced to time served, and the lucky final five acquitted; after the Hispanic community rises up, the convictions are reversed in Oct. 1944; decades later Louie Encinas is ID'd by his sister as the true perp after he commits suicide. On Aug. 3 the Germans occupy Stavropol, Russia (until Feb. 1943), making a big impression on 11-y.-o. Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931); they cross the Don River at Tsimlyansky, and reach Kotelnikovo less than 100 mi. SW of Stalingrad. On Aug. 4 the first daily trains from Luxembourg and Holland begin arriving at Auschwitz. On Aug. 4 Winston Churchill arrives in Cairo en route to Russia, and is told by chief of staff Gen. Sir Alan Brooke that if the Germans occupy the Caucasus, the British might have to abandon North Africa to defend the Persian Gulf because if they take the oilfields in Abadan and Bahrain, Britain would suffer a 20% reduction in military capability. On Aug. 5 the Germans cross the Kuban River at Kropotkin and advance towards Armavir heading towards the Caucasus oilfields. On Aug. 5 a Japanese sub docks at the new massive concrete submarine pens at Lorient built by the Todt Org. of slave labor under Albert Speer; it is sunk near Malaya 6 weeks later; submarine pens are also built at Brest, St. Nazaire, and La Pallice. Adjust your skirt and click your barefoot heels together in the sand? The first offensive U.S. land action against the Japanese in WWII? On Aug. 7 U.S. forces under Adm. Bull Halsey launch Operation Watchtower, landing 16K men of the 1st Div. of U.S. Marines at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands in the SW Pacific, marking the start of the first major WWII Allied land offensive in the Pacific (ends Feb. 9, 1943); during the landings U.S. heavy cruisers Quincy, Astoria, and Vincennes, and Australian heavy cruiser Canberra are sunk, killing 1K+; after two weeks of savage hand-to-hand combat, Tulagi, Florida, Gavutu, and Tanambogo islands, and Japanese airfields on Guadalcanal are captured; in 1 mo. 9K Japanese are KIA vs. 1.6K Americans, most Japanese fighting to the death or committing suicide to avoid capture; beachheads are established on three other of the British Solomon Islands; the U.S. V throws the Japanese war effort from offensive to defensive; Vice-Adm. John Sidney "Slew" McCain (1884-1945) (grandfather of U.S. Sen. John McCain), known for his cursing and gambling is commander of land-based aircraft at Guadalcanal, supporting the Marines on the island, and in 1944 is made cmdr. of a fast carrier task force that sinks hundreds of Japanese ships and destroys thousands of Japanese aircraft, causing Halsey to call him "my right arm". On Aug. 7 German theoretical physicist Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs (1911-88) (pr. FOOKS) becomes a British citizen, although he is a secret Soviet agent passing A-bomb secrets to Stalin; his arrest later convinces Pres. Eisenhower to authorize the H-bomb program. On Aug. 7 Philly-born Italian-Am. tenor Mario Lanza (Alfred Arnold Cocozza) (1921-59) makes his debut as Fenton in Otto Nicolai's "The Merry Wives of Windsor" at the Berkshire Music Festival, going on to become "the most famous tenor in the world", with some RCA liner notes describing him as having the "cosmic misfortune" of possessing the personality of a devil coupled with the voice of an angel. On Aug. 8 six convicted Nazi saboteurs who landed in the U.S. are executed in Washington, D.C., while two others receive life in prison. On Aug. 9 the Battle of Savo Island is a V for the Japanese. On Aug. 9 the Germans capture the Maikop Oil Fields in the Caucasus, only to find that the retreating Soviets blew up the oil wells. On Aug. 9 Krasnodar 160 mi. S of Rostov on the Don in Russia is occupied by the Germans after the Soviets blow up the oil wells. On Aug. 9 Roman Catholic nun Edith Stein (b. 1891) (AKA Sister Benedicta), converted daughter of a Jewish timber merchant from Breslau, who had been deported from Holland dies at Auschwitz as a martyr for both Jews and Catholics, gassed along with hundreds of Dutch Jews; in 1987 she is sanctified; in 1998 she is canonized as St. Teresia Benedicta of the Cross. On Aug. 9 the Mir Ghetto is liquidated; armed Jews resist. On Aug. 9 Japanese heavy cruiser Kako is sunk in the Solomon islands. On Aug. 9-15 Operation Pedestal sees a British convoy leave Gibraltar for Malta, only to be mauled by the Germans and Italians, losing aircraft carrier Eagle, destroyer Foresight, AA ship Cairo, and cruiser Manchester; only five ships reach Malta; on Aug. 15 (Feast of St. Maria) U.S. oil tanker SS Ohio makes it through to Malta with 10K tons of oil, although it has to be scuttled. On Aug. 10 Gerhart Riegner, secy. of the World Jewish Congress in Geneva alerts Jews in London and New York City of intel from Hitler's HQ, that "a plan has been discussed, and is under consideration, according to which all Jews in countries occupied or controlled by Germany, numbering three and a half to four million, should, after deportation and concentration in the East, be at one blow exterminated, in order to resolve, once and for all the Jewish question in Europe""; it's way past the consideration stage, but they don't know it?; Polish-born Zionist Chaim Pozner passes the info. from Switzerland to Jerusalem and British intel; one of the German leaks is German industrialist Eduard Schulte, CEO of Giesche Corp., which owns the villa that Heinrich Himmler stayed in at Auschwitz. On Aug. 10 1K Jews from Theresienstadt arrive at Maly Trostenets; 40 are put in a labor camp and 960 are gassed; two weeks later ditto, with 22 put in the labor camp, one escaping in May 1943 and joining the Soviet partisans. On Aug. 11 the Germans begin deporting Frenchmen to work in the coal mines of Jawiszowice near Auschwitz. On Aug. 11 the Japanese GHQ estimates that only 3K-4K U.S. Marines have landed on Guadalcanal and nearby islands, and decides that Japan's top priority in the South Pacific is still the Australian base at Port Moresby, New Guinea; in fact, 17K Marines are in the Guadalcanal area. On Aug. 12 after allegedly uttering the soundbyte "I can handle this peasant", Churchill meets Stalin in Moscow, and informs him that there will be no W Europe offensive this year, causing Stalin to utter the soundbyte "So afraid of the Germans?"; after explaining the planned landing in North Africa that will "threaten the belly of Hitler's Europe", and that the bombing campaign will "shatter almost every dwelling in almost every German city", Stalin replies "It would not be bad". On Aug. 13 the Germans occupy Elista, Russia 200 mi. S of Stalingrad and 155 mi. from the Caspian Sea; they also occupy Mineralniye Vody in the Caucasus. On Aug. 13 Hitler meets with Albert Speer and orders him to build an Atlantic Wall of fortifications consisting of 15K concrete bunkers, with cost no object because "Our most costly substance is the German man. The blood these fortification will spare is worth billions." I'm warming to my work like a wolf to a flock of sheep? On Aug. 13 SS Lt.-Gen. Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff (1900-84) writes a letter to the German ministry of transportation, with the soundbyte: "It gave me great pleasure to learn that already, for the last fourteen days, one train goes daily with five thousand passengers of the Chosen People to Treblinka, and we are even in a position to complete this mass movement of people at an accelerated rate." On Aug. 13 after being betrayed by priest Robert Alesch, French resistance leader Germaine Tillion (1907-2008) is arrested, and sent to Ravensbruck Camp, seeing her mother killed there in Mar. 1945 before escaping in spring with help from the Swedish Red Cross and Folke Bernadotte; in 2014 she is buried in the Pantheon. On Aug. 14 the Germans launch Operation Griffin against Soviet partisans in the Orsha-Vitebsk area who are threatening to cut the Moscow Highway from Brest-Litovsk to Minsk and Smolensk. On Aug. 14 Bletchley Park breaks the German Enigma Quince code used by the SS, and read their messages for the rest of the war; they never break the Gestapo code TGD. On Aug. 15 the Germans shoot five civilian hostages in Rotterdam, Holland to deter sabotage. On Aug. 16 Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish pub. the article The New Isolationism in the New York Times, containing the soundbyte "Isolationism in America is dead", however "Old isolationists never really die: they merely dig in their toes in a new position. And the new position, whatever name is given it, is isolation still." On Aug. 16-18 the Radom Ghetto is liquidated, with 30K sent in cattle trucks to Treblinka by July 1944. On Aug. 17 the Germans occupy Kislovodsk in the Caucasus Mts. near 18K-ft. Mt. Elbruz. On Aug. 17 U.S. Marines land on the Makin Atoll, which the Japanese seized on Dec. 10, losing 30 KIA and scaring the Japanese into fortifying the Gilbert Islands, causing U.S. Gen. Holland M. Smith to call it a "piece of folly"; after the Marines withdraw on Aug. 20, nine Marines are accidentally marooned, captured, and beheaded at Kwajalein. On Aug. 17 (night) the first all-U.S. air attack in Europe takes place as U.S. 8th Air Force bombers attack Rouen, France. On Aug. 18 British Gen. Bernard Law "Monty" Montgomery (1887-1976) takes command of the Eighth Army in North Africa. On Aug. 19 the "experimental venture" of Operation Jubilee, an Allied raid on the strongly fortified English Channel port of Dieppe, France turns into a fiasco as 907 of 4,963 Canadian troops are killed, 1,400 wounded, and 1,874 taken POW; 2K British, 24 Free French, and 50 U.S. Rangers participate, making this the first action pitting U.S. against German forces in the war; the Germans lose 345 KIA and four POWs; Lt. Edwin V. Loustalot becomes the first U.S. soldier KIA in France in WWII; "This is the first time that the British have had the courtesy to cross the sea to offer the enemy a complete sample of their weapons... The British have also learned. We must reckon with a totally different mode of attack and at quite a different place" (Hitler); the raid "gave the Allies the priceless secret of victory" (Lord Mountbatten). On Aug. 19 the Soviets counterattack the Germans outside Leningrad, but fail to break their grip. On Aug. 21 the swastika begins flying on Mt. Elbruz, the highest point in the Caucasus Mts., electrifying the German people with the news that white-is-right Aryan Jew-free Germany now rules all the land between the Pyrenees and the Caucasus; actually the flag is planted 130 ft. below the summit because of a blizzard; Hitler comments that his army's ambition should be to defeat the Russians not conquer mountains; the Germans advance to Grozny 160 mi. E. On Aug. 23 the Battle of Izbushensky at the great bend of the Don River sees 600 Savoy Cavalry soldiers from Italy defeat 2K Soviets armed with mortars and machine guns, becoming the last successful cavalry charge of the war. On Aug. 23 the German Sixth Army under Gen. Friedrich Paulus (1890-1957) reaches the W bank of the Volga River N of Rynok a few mi. N of Stalingrad (Tsaritsyn); the Germans have now invaded more Russian area than anybody since the time of the Mongol Horde; on Aug. 23 the Battle of Stalingrad begins with a massive 600-bomber German air raid, followed by invasion on Sept. 13; the Germans conquer up to 90% of the city, but the Russkies hold out on the thin strip along the city's steep cliff overlooking the Volga River, with the Soviet forces commanded by totally ruthless Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (1894-1971) (who arrives on Sept. 22) from a command post hidden in a ravine; the Germans end up fighting five battles for Stalingrad over 5.5 mo., getting bled white by the Soviets, who show them what Cossacks can do, using waves of new recruits as cannon fodder, shooting shirkers like dogs, becoming the turning point of the war when Hitler forgets his own policy of mobility and Blitzkrieg and gets drawn into a long siege just because the city is named after Stalin; if he had captured it the Soviet govt. would have collapsed, so it was worth the gamble? Ryuho is sunk by the Americans in the E Solomon Islands, along with a light cruiser, destroyer, and troop transport, killing several thousand Japanese, along with 90 Japanese aircraft vs. 20 U.S. aircraft; the Japanese almost destroy the carrier USS Enterprise in a battle near Guadalcanal; the Tokyo Express attempts to reinforce Guadalcanal in the face of Allied attacks. On Aug. 24 the U.S. intercepts a German telegram reporting on a plan by Hitler to kill between 3.5M-4M Jews, possibly using cyanide, which is passed on by U.S. treasury secy. Henry Morgenthau Jr. to the U.K., which is indifferent, their attitude being "a Satanic combination of British chill and diplomatic double talk, cold and correct and adding up to a sentence of death". On Aug. 25 the Japanese land near Rabi, New Guinea, and are forced by the Australians to withdraw on Sept. 8, becoming the first Japanese defeat on land in the war; meanwhile the Japanese continue to advance from Buna towards Port Moresby. On Aug. 25 the Japanese occupy Ocean Island W of the Gilbert Islands. On Aug. 25 the Malgre-Nous (Malgré-nous) (Fr. "despite our will") force of Alsatians is drafted into the German Wehrmacht and/or Waffen SS by order of Alsace gov. Robert Heinrich Wagner (1895-1946), going on to fight on the Eastern Front and repress French citizens; after the war they claim they had no choice. On Aug. 27 the Vichy authorities agree to round up Jews and hand them to the Germans, meeting opposition from Roman Catholic priests et al., causing the Germans on Aug. 28 to order all priests who shelter Jews to be arrested and shipped E; on Aug. 28 1K Jews are deported from Paris incl. 150 children under age 15, whose gassing is witnessed by new Auschwitz surgeon Johann Kremer, who writes the soundbyte: "By comparison, Dante's Inferno seems almost a comedy. Auschwitz is justly called an extermination camp"; Bordeaux police chief Maurice Papon (1910-2007) deports 1.6K Jews to concentration camps, and is convicted of crimes against humanity in 1998 after becoming chief of Paris police in 1958 and ordering the 1961 Paris Massacre of Algerian protesters. On Aug. 28 after sinking two fuel ships headed for Gen. Rommel, the British uses decoded intel to sink German supply ship Delphi with 2.2K tons of aircraft fuel, followed on Aug. 30 by San Andrea carrying tank fuel, leaving Gen. Rommel's war machines sucking dirt. On Aug. 29 the Swiss govt. flops and allows Jews from Vichy France to emigrate to Switzerland; this doesn't stop Vichy France from rounding up 9,872 Jews by Sept. 5 for deportation to Auschwitz via Paris; Lyons area military cmdr. Gen. ? de St. Vincent refuses to cooperate. On Aug. 30 Monsignor Theas (Théas), bishop of Montauban, France has his protest against German deportation of Jews read in all the churches in his diocese, calling them "painful and at times horrible", carried out "with the most barbarous savagery". On Aug. 30-Sept. 5 after writing "The decision to attack today is the most serious I have taken in my life. Either the army in Russia succeeds in getting through to Grozny, and we in Africa manage to reach the Suez Canal, or..." a last-chance German thrust toward the Nile Delta by Gen. Rommel is driven back by Gen. Montgomery in the Battle of Alam el Halfa, on the Alam el Halfa ridge in front of El Alamein, with heavy German tank losses, becoming Montgomery's first desert V; Kiwi troops first encounter German butterfly "breadbasket" anti-personnel bombs; on Sept. 3 Rommel begins his retreat from Egypt, and from now on is on the loser's team. On Aug. 31 Hitler tells Gen. Halder at Werewolf Lair: "Upon penetration into the city, the entire male population must be eliminated, since Stalingrad with its one million uniformly Communist inhabitants is extremely dangerous", adding that the female pop. "must be shipped off". In Aug. the Bracero (Sp. "strong arm") Program is created by the U.S. to permit importation of temporary contract laborers; the paperwork required by this program causes employers to skirt it, causing the U.S. at first to legally incorporate them into the program after they arrive, then turn around and deport 1M by the early 1950s; the program is terminated in 1964. On Sept. 2 the Germans launch Operation North Sea against Soviet partisans in the Mogilev region threatening to cut communication and supply lines through Smolensk. On Sept. 3 the RAF heavily bombs Karlsruhe, Germany, a center for the manufacture of railroad carriages and locomotives. On Sept. 4 1K German bombers attack Stalingrad; on Sept. 5 the Soviets stage their first counterattack, and are beaten back; on Sept. 6 Soviet air reinforcements arrive, stopping a massive German attack on Sept. 7, causing FDR to utter the soundbyte on Sept. 7: "Millions of German troops seem doomed to spend another cruel and bitter winter on the Russian front." On Sept. 7 Hitler fires Caucasus Front CIC Field Marshal Wilhelm List for failing to break through to the Caspian Sea, replacing him with Field Marshal Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist (1881-1954); he also meets with Nazi Ukraine gov. (gauleiter) Erich Koch (1896-1986), who has been murdering 70K Jews in Rovno and Volhynia since early Aug. On Sept. 7 1.8K Jews from Kislovodsk, 2K from Essentuki, and 300 from Pyatigorsk are murdered by the SS at Mineralnye Vody. On Sept. 9 a small Japanese plane takes off from a Janaese sub and drops incendiary bombs near Brookings, Ore., starting a forest fire, becoming the only Japanese attack inside the Continental U.S. of WWII. On Sept. 10 the U.S. launches an air raid from their new base at Adak Island in the Aleutian Islands on the Japanese forces occupying Kiska Island 250 mi. away. On Sept. 10 (night) the British bomb Dusseldorf, Germany, dropping 2-ton Blockbuster bombs. On Sept. 12 Operation Aquatint sees 10 British commandos raid Port-en-Bessin, Normandy, killing seven Germans, then losing all but one, who escapes with help from the French Resistance to Spain, only to be arrested by Gen. Franco's police and handed over to the Gestapo in Paris, who shoot him. On Sept. 12 German U-boat U-156 under Capt. Gustav Julius Wener Hartenstein (1908-43) sinks British troop ship RMS Laconia, carrying 1.5K Italian POWs en route to Canada along with 180 Polish guards and 811 British passengers and crew, killing 1.4K+ of 2,491; after learning about Italians in the water, Hartenstein radios that he won't attack Allied ships attempting to rescue them, causing two British and one French warship to arrive, but too bad, a U.S. Army aircraft from Ascension Island bombs the U-boat, causing Adm. Doenitz to order all naval vessels to cease rescue attempts on sunken enemy ships - those barbaric Anglo-Saxons? On Sept. 13 the Germans break into the Leningrad suburb of Minina in the S, threatening Mamayev Kurgan. On Sept. 13 after 32 British and Australian bombers fly to N Russian bases on Sept. 4 to protect Arctic convoys, and one is captured before destroying secret documents telling about it, Allied Convoy PQ-18 is destroyed by the Germans, who sink 13 of 40 merchant ships along with destroyer Somali and minesweeper Leda; the Germans lose four U-boats and 41 aircraft. On Sept. 13 the British launch Operation Bluebottle, with British ship Tarana successfully rescuing British POWs from a beach near Perpignan, France. On Sept. 13 (night) the British stage their 100th raid of the war on Bremen, Germany. On Sept. 13-14 the British launch Operation Agreement, attacking German supply depots at Tobruk, losing destroyers Sikh and Zulu, and AA ship Coventry, along with several hundred KIA. On Sept. 14 the Germans and Soviets fight cat-and-dog style for the C of Stalingrad, with it changing hands several times; Soviet hospital ship Borodino is sunk in the Volga River, killing several hundred wounded soldiers; steamer Josef Stalin is sunk, killing 1K+ civilians. On Sept. 14 the Japanese push the Australians on New Guinea back to Imita Ridge, last peak before Port Moresby 32 mi. away, but the Australians halt them with a counterattack; on Sept. 15 the first U.S. troops reach Port Moresby from Australia. On Sept. 15 Japanese sub IJN I-19 sinks U.S. aircraft carrier USS Wasp in the New Hebrides, and badly damage battleship North Carolina. On Sept. 18 Soviet Marines ferry across the Volga River to Stalingrad, and set up in a giant grain elevator in the S part of the city, fending off 10 German attacks. On Sept. 18 German justice minister (1942-5) Otto Georg Thierack (1889-1946) makes a deal with Heinrich Himmler to deliver "asocials" for "execution of their sentences", incl. Jews, Gypsies, gays, and ethnics serving prison time for civil crimes, and they are shipped to slave labor camps; in Dec. he has the execution shed at Plotzensee Prison in Berlin outfitted with eight iron hooks for hanging perps, supplementing the guillotine. On Sept. 19 several hundred of 3K Jews being deported by the SS from Brody, Poland break out and run; too bad, all but a dozen are shot fleeing; several hundred of 5K Jews being deported from Parczew, Poland to Treblinka escape to a partisan camp in the Parczew Forest; too bad, most are killed later by German soldiers on two major sweeps. On Sept. 20 Operation Musketoon sees British commandos Capt. G.D. Black and Capt. B.J. Houghton land on the coast of Norway and blow up the hydroelectric power station at Glomfjord, Norway; too bad, they are captured and executed. On Sept. 20 using his standard-issue Mosin–Nagant rifle (effective range 900m), Urals-raised wolf-hunting sharpshooter Vasily Grigorevich Zaitsev (1915-91) kills five German officers at Stalingrad, and is used as a poster boy by the Soviets to motivate the cannon fodder troops; by Nov. 10 he kills 32 soldiers; between Nov. 10-Dec. 17 he kills 225 soldiers and officers incl. 11 enemy snipers; by Jan. 1943 he's up to 400 kills, some over 1Km. On Sept. 22 after German troops reach the city center of Stalingrad but the Soviets refuse to surrender, and he questions the wisdom of overextending German forces into Mother Russia, Hitler dismisses Gen. Franz Halder and replaces him as chief of the army gen. staff by young egghead (known for his ability to manage large mobile formations) Gen. Kurt Zeitzler (1895-1963) (until July 1944). On Sept. 23 (a.m.) the Soviets launch a counterattack in the NW suburbs of Stalingrad with 2K fresh Siberian troops, driving the Germans out of an oil storage depot. On Sept. 23 the Germans launch Operation Attika, an offensive along the coast of the Black Sea through Tuapse, Sochi, Suchumi, and Batum; too bad, the Soviets stop them at Tuapse. On Sept. 23 the Germans at Leningrad begin fielding the first models of the new Tiger 1 Tank, twice as big as a U.S. Sherman tank or Soviet T-34 tank, with redesigned 88mm anti-aircraft guns mounted on it; too bad, they are rushed into the field in experimental form, and one is captured by the Soviets, allowing them to study it; once they finish the design it proves impossible to knock out from the front, causing opponents to have to use 4-5 tanks to maneuver it into exposing its flanks, causing "Tigerphobia" as Allied tanks run from it rather than take it on; being so heavy it has to ford streams rather than use bridges, and breaks down a lot, but if you see one, run?; by the end of the war almost a dozen Tiger tank cmdrs. rack up 100+ tank kills; too bad, they are too expensive to produce, and don't affect the outcome of the war much. On Sept. 23 Brig. Gen. Leslie R. Groves is appointed dir. of the top-secret Manhattan Project to build an atomic bomb, with money being no object. On Sept. 24 600 Soviet partisans incl. some dressed in German uniforms burn down Ryabchichi, Russia, a German supply depot on the Smolensk-Bryansk highway. On Sept. 24 von Ribbendrop orders all German embassies "to hurry up as much as possible the evacuation of Jews from the various countries in Europe" incl. Bulgaria, Denmark, and Hungary. On Sept. 25 British aircraft bomb the Gestapo HQ in Oslo during a Nazi Party rally in an attempt to destroy records on the Norwegian resistance, and miss, but break up the rally. On Sept. 25 German tanks from Gorodishche penetrate Stalingrad to the Krasny Oktyabr (Red Oct.) Factory and the Barrikady Factory; on Sept. 27 the Germans fly the swastika flag above the HQ of the Stalingrad Communist Party, while the Soviets rush in reinforcements over the Volga River, holing-up in cellars and basements, causing Hitler to hold back on announcing the city's capture in Berlin. On Sept. 26 SS Lt.-Gen. August Frank sends an order on Disposition of Evacuated Jewish Property to all German concentration camps, ordering gold, jewels, and other bling given to the German Reichsbank or SS, and other items distributed to ethnic Germans or front line troops. On Sept. 26 Hitler sends Danish king Christian X a long congratulatory telegram on his 72nd birthday, to which kingie replies with only "Meinen besten Dank. Chr. Rex." (My best thanks. King Christian), pissing Hitler off, causing him to expel the Danish ambassador from Germany and force a new govt. run by more pro-German puppets; on Oct. 19 Christian X falls from his horse on his daily ride unaccompanied by a bodyguard ("All of Denmark is his bodyguard"), causing him to become an invalid for the rest of his reign, although he remains super popular as a nat. symbol of disdain for the Germans; a story later circulates that he wore a yellow Jewish Star of David on his sleeve, not true but cool? On Sept. 26 German Luftwaffe Col. Hermann Graf (1912-88) becomes the first pilot ever to score 200 Vs, making him a nat. hero and getting him a cushy job in Top Gun, er, fighter pilot school in France; too bad, the war turns against Germany, and he returns to combat in Nov. 1943. On Sept. 27 Soviet troops cross the Volga River near Rzhev 680 mi. NW of Stalingrad, reclaiming 25 villages. On Sept. 27 German sub U-161 is sunk off Brazil by U.S. aircraft. On Sept. 27 (night) Russian Sgt. Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov (1917-81) seizes a 4-story residential bldg. from the Nazis in Stalingrad, which becomes known as "Pavlov's House", and with a platoon of 50 men manages to hold it against the Nazis for 2 mo. until relieved by advancing Soviet forces, getting him the Hero of the Soviet Union medal on June 27, 1945. On Sept. 27 Glenn Miller and his Orchestra perform together for the last time at the Central Theatre in Passaic, N.J. before Miller enters the U.S. Army. On Sept. 28 young Jewish spy Chaim Barlas overhears two Germans in a restaurant in Istanbul saying that Hitler has lost the war. On Sept. 29 the Germans sentence 255 Czechs to death for complicity in the murder of Nazi St. Heydrich. On Sept. 29 Hitler orders the construction of anti-aircraft Flak Towers in Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Linz, and Nuremberg. On Sept. 30 Bletchley Park breaks the German Enigma Osprey key used by the Todt Org., and uses it for the rest of the war. On Sept. 30 Hitler addresses a mass meeting for the Nazi Party's Winter Aid Program in Berlin, with the soundbyte: "I said that if Jewry started this war in order to overcome the Aryan people, then it would not be the Aryans but the Jews who would be exterminated. The Jews laughed at my prophesies. I doubt if they are laughing now." On Sept. 30 the Germans in the Caucasus are reissued Manstein's Nov. 20, 1941 order that the German soldier is "not merely a fighter according to the rules of war, but also the bearer of a ruthless ideology", and must understand "the necessity for a severe but just revenge on subhuman Jewry" - too bad they missed Einstein? On Sept. 30-Oct. 5 the St. Louis Cardinals (NL) defeat the New York Yankees (AL) 4-1 (incl. the last four) to win the Thirty-Ninth (39th) World Series; the first Yankees loss to the Cardinals since the 1926 WS; Cardinals outfielder Stanley Frank "Stan the Man" Musial (Stanislaw Franciszek Musial) (1920-2013) is in his first season, going on to compile a record of 3,630 hits and 24 All-Star selections (tied with Willie Mays); Ted Williams becomes the 8th player to win baseball's triple crown (#7 is Joe Medwick in 1937). In Sept. Gen. Electric pres. (since 1939) Charles Edward "Electric Charlie" Wilson (1886-1972) becomes vice-chmn. of the U.S. War Production Board, supervising the hugh U.S. military production effort until Aug. 1944, when he resigns over a bitter jurisdictional dispute with the military and fellow board members. By Sept. the Nazis under Adolf Hitler have conquered 1.37M sq. mi., incl. most of continental Europe, from the English Channel to the outskirts of Moscow, and from North Africa to Norway (the maximum extent of the Third Reich); they lose it all within three years? On Oct. 1 the Soviets end the German advance in the Caucasus. On Oct. 1 Gen. Rommel tells Hitler that he has given up on taking Cairo. On Oct. 1 the British sink Japanese ship Lisbon Maru, killing 840 of 1,816 British POWs after the Japanese batten down the hatches and shoot any attempting to break out. On Oct. 3 after 50 telegraph poles are blown up near Peklina on Oct. 2, the Germans launch Operation Regatta, hunting down Soviet partisans near Gorky. On Oct. 3, 1942 the 3rd test launch at Peenemunde of the pulsejet-powered (50 Hz) 400 mph V-1 Flying Bomb (AKA Buzz Bomb, Doodlebug, Cherystone, Maybug) is the first success, causing Hitler to authorize mass production; program leader Maj.-Gen. Walter Robert Dornberger (1895-1980) later utters the soundbyte that this day "is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel"; the first V-1 is launched at London on June 14, 1944 one week after D-Day, with firings reaching 100+ per day until Oct. 1944 (9,521 total), then 2,448 more launched at Antwerp et al. until Mar. 29, 1945. On Oct. 3 the Hollywood Canteen at 1451 Cahuenga Blvd. in Hollywood, Calif. opens (until Nov. 22, 1945), created by Bette Davis, John Garfield, Jules Stein et al. based on Broadway's Stage Door Canteen to entertain servicemen on their way to their deaths, er, overseas, manned by 3K Hollywood stars and other personnel, incl. Hedy Lamarr and Betty Grable, hosting 3M servicemen by the time it closes. On Oct. 3-4 Operation Basalt, a British commando raid on Sark Island in the Channel Islands sees five captured Germans get shot attempting to escape while manacled, pissing-off Hitler, who orders all British POWs captured at Dieppe manacled, and Oct. 18 issues the Commando Order, with the soundbyte: "The terror and sabotage squads of the British and their accomplices act more like bandits than soldiers. In the future they will be treated as such by German troops and ruthlessly put down in battle wherever they may appear", i.e., the execution of all captured British commandos sans trial. On Oct. 5 after 160K Soviet soldiers crossed the Volga River to Stalingrad since Sept. 25, Stalin orders Stalingrad liberated from the Germans at all costs, getting the Brits to rush more fighter aircraft. On Oct. 5 the SS murders 1.5K Jews in the town of Dubno in the Ukraine, marching them to pits and shooting them; German engineer Hermann Graebe later gives an eyewitness account. On Oct. 9 the U.S. and Britain announce the relinquishment of extraterritorial rights and special privileges in China; later ratified by treaties on Jan. 11, 1943. On Oct. 10-19 600 German planes from Sicily attack Malta, while the British use decoded intel to intercept each wave en route. On Oct. 11 after 51 days of fighting, the Germans refrain from fighting at Stalingrad to prepare the final assault. On Oct. 11 (night) after the U.S. uses decoded intel to intercept a Japanese fleet bringing reinforcements to Guadalcanal, the Battle of Cape Esperance in the Solomon Islands begins, becoming another V for the U.S. over the Japanese; the Japanese lose heavy cruiser Furutaka and three destroyers, vs. one for the U.S.; U.S. destroyer Duncan is caught in a Japanese-Am. crossfire, killing 48; U.S. cruiser Boise is hit by Japanese shellfire after turning on a searchlight, killing 100+; many Japanese sailors refuse to be rescued, preferring to be eaten by sharks? On Oct. 12-16 Allied convoy SC-104 is attacked by 13 German U-boats, who sink eight merchant ships while losing three. On Oct. 13 specially-trained Soviet partisans blow 178 gaps in the Bryansk-Lgov railway. On Oct. 14 the Germans renew their assault on Stalingrad with 300 tanks; too bad, they fail to take the Tractor Factory; at night 3.5K wounded Soviet troops are ferried across the Volga River; on Oct. 17 the Germans renew the attack, again coming up short. On Oct. 14 the Germans deport 22K Jews from Piotrkow, Poland to Treblinka - for Adolf Trebek's version of Jeopardy? On Oct. 16 a cyclone in West Bengal, India kills about 40K - the one big storm of the decade? On Oct. 16 the Germans hang 50 Polish Communists in Warsaw, and leave them hanging. On Oct. 17 the Germans deport 10K Jews from Buchenwald and 7K Jews from Sachsenhausen to Auschwitz. On Oct. 18 1,594 Dutch Jews are gassed at Auschwitz, with three women shot by the SS for begging for their lives. On Oct. 18 the British launch Operation Swallow to destroy the German heavy water plant in Rjukan, Norway, dropping four parachutists; on Nov. 19 it is expanded to Operation Grouse, landing 32 men on two gliders; too bad, they both crash, along with the airplane towing them, killing 17; the survivors are murdered. On Oct. 18 British squadron leader (low level recon expert) Tony Hill is shot down over Le Creusot in SE France, breaking his back, which doesn't stop the French Resistance from requesting a special rescue plane from Britain; too bad, on Nov. 12 he dies as he is being carried to it. On Oct. 19 (night) brainy and beautiful but alcoholic blonde Hollywood starlet Frances Farmer (1913-70) is arrested by police in Santa Monica, Calif. for driving while intoxicated with her headlights on in a wartime blackout zone, jailed overnight, fined $500 and given a 180-day suspended sentence; too bad, next Jan. she fails to pay the last $250 of the fine and is also charged with dislocating the jaw of a hairdresser on the set, and is arrested in bed and/or the bathroom at the Knickerbocker Hotel in Hollywood (nude?), and resists arrest, signing "Cocksucker" as her occupation at the police station, then chews out the pigs in court, and throws an inkwell at Judge Hickson, getting a 180-day contempt sentence, after which she resists arrest again, and is dragged away while being denied an atty., shouting "Have you ever had a broken heart?"; after her mother Lillian V. Farmer has her committed, she is put in the psycho ward of L.A. Gen. Hospital, diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, and given daily insulin shock therapy without her family's consent, walking away from the hospital 9 mo. later; her mother then gets legal guardianship and moves her into her home in Seattle, Wash., but after they fight she has her committed to the hellhole Western State Hospital in Steilacoom, Wash., where she is given electroshock, more insulin, and freezing water hydrotherapy, and released in summer of 1944 after her will appears to be broken, soon getting arrested for vagrancy in Antioch, Calif., and recommitted in May 1945, staying until Mar. 23, 1950 after allegedly being given a secret prefontal lobotomy, during all of which time the studios pub. fake reports of her upcoming appearances in various films to sell tickets; in 1953 she finally has her competency restored by a judge, and gets a second chance, and is never recommitted, but the jury is still out on what they did to her? On Oct. 20 the assets of Union Bank in New York City are seized by the U.S. govt. under the Trading With the Enemy Act after an FBI investigation proves they are financing Nazi iron and explosives through Nazi front Freidrich "Fritz" Thyssen (1873-1951); Prescott Sheldon Bush (1895-1972), father of future pres. George H.W. Bush is the dir. and a shareholder, along with E. Roland "Bunny" Harriman (1895-1978), brother of W. Averell Harriman; on Nov. 17 the assets of the Silesian-Am. Corp. are also seized. On Oct. 20 after losing the Tractor Factory, the Soviets in Stalingrad cling to 1K yards of the W bank of the Volga River; on Oct. 21 German Field Marshal Keitel writes the soundbyte: "The Fuhrer is convinced the Russians are collapsing. He says that 20 million will have to starve." On Oct. 20 English Red Cross worker Mary Lindell (1895-1986) parachutes to France to establish an escape line that rescues hundreds of Allied airmen and POWs. On Oct. 21 the Germans discover and raid a Jewish camp in the forest in ?, Poland, killing all but 12 of 461, along with two Polish peasant families who aided them. On Oct. 22 U.S. Maj. Gen. Mark Wayne Clark (1896-1984) lands by sub in Algiers for talks about the coming Operation Torch Anglo-Am. amphibious landing in North Africa. On Oct. 23 (8 p.m.) 150K British forces under Gen. Montgomery launch Operation Supercharge, beginning the Second Battle of El Alamein (ends Nov. 1), attacking the Germans and Italians starting with a barrage by 1K of 2,182 artillery; Montgomery's 1K tanks, 500 fighters, and 200 bombers incl. U.S. Sherman tanks defeat the 480 German Panzers, which are suffering fuel shortages, plus Gen. Rommel is on sick leave in Germany; too bad, on Oct. 24 Rommel's replacement Gen. Georg Stumme (1886-1942) dies of a heart attack near El Alamein during an attack on his car while reviewing front troops, and Rommel returns on Oct. 25; on Oct. 27 the British score a V, with 2.3K Germans and Italians KIA and 27,900 taken POW. On Oct. 26 the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands sees another all-aircraft battle between five Japanese aircraft carriers and two small U.S. naval task forces incl. aircraft carrier USS Hornet, which is sunk on Oct. 27, vs. no Japanese carriers sunk; the Japanese lose 100 aircraft vs. 74 for the U.S.; the battle is a push, but keeps the Japanese from reinforcing Guadalcanal. On Oct. 26 Norwegian naval Lt. Cmdr. Leif Andreas "Shetland" Larsen (1906-90), operator since 1941 of the Shetland Bus arrives by a British ship in a Norwegian fjord, attempting to sink German ship Tirpitz with two torpedoes hidden beneath his fishing boat; too bad, an unusual squall kills his plan. On Oct. 26 1,866 Jews are deported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz, with all but 350 gassed, only 28 surviving the war; by the end of 1944 25 trains carrying 44K Jews leave Theresienstadt for Auschwitz, of which only 4K survive the war. On Oct. 27 Hitler Youth member (Mormon) Helmuth Gunther (Günther) Guddat Huebener (Hübener) (b. 1925) is guillotined in Berlin for translating and spreading BBC news, with the soundbyte: "Now I must die, even though I have committed no crime. So now it's my turn, but your turn will come"; on Oct. ? German student Helmut Hulmut (Hülmut) (b. 1925) is ditto. On Oct. 28 German Balkans forces cmdr. Gen. Alexander Lohr (Löhr) (1885-1947) orders his troops to treat captured partisans with "the most brutal hardness" (execution). On Oct. 28 a top secret SS directive orders all children's stockings and mittens stored in death camps to be sent to SS families. On Oct. 29 leading British churchmen hold a public meeting in London to denounce German persecution of the Jews, with Winston Churchill uttering the soundbyte: "Free men and women denounce these vile crimes, and when this world struggle ends with the enthronement of human rights, racial persecution will be ended." On Oct. 29 after tunneling begins in Apr., the Mini Great Escape sees three USAF POWs, Lt. Michael Codner, Flight Lt. Eric Williams, and Flight Lt. Oliver Philpot escape from supposedly escape-proof Stalag Luft III near Sagan (Zagan), Poland (100 mi. SE of Berlin), with Williams and Codner stowing away on a Danish ship in Stettin and returning to Britain, while Philpot poses as a Norwegian margarine manufacturer and takes a train to Danzig, then stows away on a Swedish ship to Stockholm and returns to Britain; on Mar. 24/5, 1944 after tunnels Tom, Dick, and Harry are built using bedboards, tables, tin KLIM (powdered milk) cans, and mutton fat lamps, and Dick is turned into a storage tunnel, while Tom is caught by the Germans, 76 more POWs escape via Harry in the Great Escape before the 77th is spotted by a guard. On Oct. 30 the Gestapo arrests 100+ Jewish orphans in the Wezembeek Orphanage in Brussels and transports them along with the staff to a camp at Malines, causing a protest by Belgian minister of justice L.C. Platteau et al. and the intervention of Queen Elisabeth, resulting in their return. On Oct. 30 four British destroyers hunt down and capture another Enigma machine from German U-boat U-559 N of the Nile Delta, letting the British geeks at Bletchley Park finally break the new Shark code on Dec. 13; the first thing they find is that the Germans had broken the Allied merchant shipping codes so that for most of the year they knew where Allied convoys were; Lt. Tony Fasson and Seaman Colin Grazier go down with the U-boat, and canteen asst. Tommy Brown survives, all three receiving the George Cross; after Brown turns out to be only 16-y.-o., he is discharged, and is killed in 1944 in a slum tenement fire. On Oct. 31 British convoy SL-125 en route from Freetown, Sierra Leone to England is attacked by 10 U-boats NE of Madeira, losing 13 of 37 merchant ships in seven days incl. President Doumer, killing 174; the diversion allows troops from Scotland for the North Africa offensive to slip through to Gibraltar. In Oct. the Germans kill 49K Jews in Belzec, 11K in Sobibor, and 100K in Treblinka. By Oct. 60K Soviet POWs die in Suchozebry, E Poland (20 mi. from Treblinka) since July 1941. The tide finally turns? In Oct. Billboard mag. begins pub. charts for R&B Singles under the name "Harlem Hit Parade", changing it to "Race Records" in Feb. 1945, "Rhythm & Blues Records" in June 1949, and "R&B" in Oct. 1958, dropping the listing from Nov. 30, 1963-Jan. 23, 1965 because of the pop crossover from Motown, changing the title to "Soul Singles" on Aug. 23, 1969, "Black Singles" in June 1982, then back to R&B in 1990, adding "Hip-Hop" on Dec. 11, 1999. The tide finally turns? On Nov. 2 110K Jews are deported from 65 villages and towns in Bialystok, Poland to Auschwitz and Treblinka; all 360 Jews in Marcinkance (Marcinkonys) are shot resisting arrest. On Nov. 3 the Australians in New Guinea retake Kodoka; on Nov. 7 on the road to Gona the Japanese attempt to stop them with a bayonet charge, losing 580 KIA. On Nov. 3 centrist Los Angeles, Calif.-born Calif. atty. gen. #20 (since Jan. 3, 1939) Earl Warren (1891-1974) (son of a Norwegian immigrant father named Varren and a Swedish immigrant mother) is elected Repub. gov. #30 of Calif., taking office next Jan. 4 (until Oct. 5, 1953); he is reelected in 1946 as the nominee of both the Repub. and Dem. parties, and reelected again in 1950, becoming the first person elected to three consecutive terms (until ?) - and could have gone on forever if they hadn't kicked him upstairs to the Supreme Court? On Nov. 3 well-travelled conservative anti-Communist playwright Clare Boothe Luce (1903-87), wife of Time mag. publisher Henry Luce is elected to the U.S. House (R-Conn.), taking a seat formerly held by her late stepfather Dr. Austin, and going on to help found the Atomic Energy Commission and get reelected in 1944; too bad, on Jan. 11, 1944 her Stanford student daughter Ann is killed in an auto accident, and after psychotherapy she converts to Roman Catholicism with the help of Bishop Fulton J. Sheen. On Nov. 3 famed "Fighting Liberal" Sen. George W. Norris of Neb. runs for reelection as an independent after his support for many New Deal policies causes the Repub. Party to dump him, and he is defeated by the Repub. candidate whats-his-name. On Nov. 4 after getting Hitler to reverse his Nov. 3 orders to fight to the last man, Gen. Rommel begins a retreat from El Alamein, becoming Germany's first D by the Western Allies as its grip on North Africa, the Suez Canal, and the Middle East begins to loosen; Rommel is driven back to the Libyan border, defending Sidi Barrani, Egypt 200 mi. W of El Alamein on Nov. 9, causing Sir Winston Churchill on Nov. 10 to utter the soundbyte: "Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning. Henceforth Hitler's Nazis will meet equally well armed, and perhaps better armed troops. Henceforth they will have to face in many theatres of war that superiority in the air which they have so often used without mercy against other, of which they boasted all round the world, and which they intended to use as an instrument for convincing all other peoples that all resistance to them was hopeless." On Nov. 4 Hitler makes contingency plans if his troops fail to occupy the oilfields of Grozny to have them bombed; too bad, British intel decodes the messages and warns Stalin on Nov. 7; on Nov. 6 the Germans make a last attempt to break through to Grozny, and are repulsed at Ordzhonikidze. You mean all those people are here because of him? On Nov. 8 (a.m.) Hitler's train en route from the Eastern Front to Munich is stopped to give him an urgent message that U.S. forces are landing at Algiers, Oran, and Casablanca, but continues to believe that the real attack will come against Malta, Sicily, or to reinforce Gen. Montgomery, refusing to divert troops; Operation Torch (largest amphibious landing until D-Day), led by U.S. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower begins landing 107K men on 300 warships and 370 merchant ships in French North Africa off Casablanca on 850 ships, invading French Morocco and Algeria and overrunning French garrisons at Casablanca, Oran and Algiers, resulting in an armistice on Nov. 10 arranged by Vichy French vice-PM Jean Francois Darlan, who insures the end of the Vichy resistance in return for being appointed high commissioner of French North Africa by the U.S.; after the Fighting French of Charles de Gaulle repudate him, he is assassinated on Dec. 24, and replaced by Gen. Henri Honore (Honoré) Giraud (1879-1949) (who became a German POW after the fall of Sedan in 1940 and escaped to S France in Apr., then was rescued on Nov. 6 in Operation Minerva by a British sub and taken to Gibraltar); French Vichy troops switch to the U.S. side and advance to Tunisia, where they meet stiff German opposition; by Nov. 11 the Allies have control of 1.3K mi. of the coast from Safi to Algiers; French Jewish actor Jean-Pierre Aumont (1911-2001) participates in Operation Torch, and is wounded twice, receiving a Legion d'Honneur and Croix de Guerre. On Nov. 8 (night) the Allies bomb Genoa, Italy. On Nov. 9 Majdanek (KL Lublin) Concentration Camp outside Lublin, Poland opens for business with 4K Lublin Jews, half of which are sent to labor barracks, the rest gassed, the first of several hundred thousand during the war. On Nov. 9 to stop the Allies from taking Tunisia and opening up the Mediterranean, eliminating the need for rounding the Cape of Good Hope, the Germans rush troops to Bizerta; on Nov. 12 British troops land at Bone; to defend Tunisia the Germans transfer several hundred transport aircraft from Stalingrad, causing bombers to have to be used for transport, with Hermann Goering uttering the soundbyte: "There died the core of the German bomber fleet"; the Germans also transfer their torpedo bombers from Banak, Norway, diminishing their threat to Allied Arctic convoys. On Nov. 9 after dictatorial threats by FDR to pack it, the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules unanimously in Wickard v. Filburn that the U.S. Constitution's Commerce Clause trumps the Ninth and Tenth Amendments giving the federal govt. unlimited power over state govts. and states rights by claiming that "even if appellee's activity be local and though it may not be regarded as commerce, it may still, whatever its nature, be reached by Congress if it exerts a substantial economic effect on interstate commerce and this irrespective of whether such effect is what might at some earlier time have been defined as 'direct' or 'indirect'", all to justify FDR's Socialistic U.S. Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938; Ohio farmer Roscoe Filburn just wanted to grow extra wheat beyond the federal govt. quota to feed his own animals, claiming it's not commerce, interstate or otherwise; the worse ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court to survive to modern times, used to justify Obamacare et al.? On Nov. 9-12 a naval battle in the Solomon Islands ends in a V for U.S. forces, with one Japanese battleship, five cruisers, and 12 transports sunk. On Nov. 10 Winston Churchill gives a speech in London, with the soundbyte: "I have not become the king's first minister to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire." In Nov. Operation (Case) Anton, the military occupation of Vichy France by Germany and Italy begins, with Italy taking Toulon and all of Provence to the Rhone River, annexing Nice and Corsica; the French Resistance doesn't crank up in the Italian zone of France until summer 1943. On Nov. 11 British forces reenter Libya, with the Germans and Italians in full retreat. On Nov. 11 the Germans cut the Soviet defenders of Stalingrad in two, reaching the Volga River on a 500-yard front and capturing most of the Krasny Oktyabr Factory; floating ice on the Volga River makes evacuation of wounded Soviet soldiers nearly impossible; Soviet aircraft drop food and ammo on the wrong side. On Nov. 11 Turkey passes a law requiring non-Muslims to pay a much higher tax rate than Muslims. On Nov. 12-15 the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, the turning point of WWII in the Pacific sees a landing by 10K Japanese troops foiled by the U.S. Navy, who sink heavy cruiser Kinugasa (Nov. 13), battleships Hiei (Nov. 14) and Kirishima (Nov. 15), two destroyers, and 7 of 11 troop transports, allowing only 2K to land to reinforce the 20K Japanese troops pitted against 23K U.S. troops; cruiser USS Juneau is sunk by Japanese sub I-26; U.S. warship USS Juneau is sunk, killing 600; 100 men cling to the wreckage, and all but 10 are eaten by sharks or go mad and drown; the five Sullivan Brothers of Waterloo, Iowa incl. George (oldest), Frank, Matt, Joe, and Al (youngest) are killed, after which their parents tour the U.S. in support of the war effort, and the brothers' only sister joins the WAVES, giving Steven Spielberg's 1998 film Saving Private Ryan a factual basis. On Nov. 13 British forces retake Tobruk, pushing the Germans and Italians back to Gazala on Nov. 14; on Nov. 15 church bells are rung throughout England to celebrate the V in Egypt. On Nov. 15 British troops recapture Derna, Liya. On Nov. 16 British forces occupy Tabarka, Tunisia; on Nov. 17 U.S. paratroopers land at Souk el-Arba; meanwhile former French Vichy troops fight the Germans at Beja. On Nov. 16 Japanese newspapers announce that all Allied air crews caught raiding Japan will receive the death penalty. On Nov. 17 (night) the U.S. Eighth Air Force bombs German U-boat base St. Nazaire, France, dubbing it Flak City for its AA defenses. On Nov. 18 200 Poles are murdered in a Gestapo prison in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland. On Nov. 18 a navigational training plane crashes on 13,710-ft. Mt. Mendel in Kings Canyon Nat. Park near Fresno, Calif.; on Oct. 16, 2005 an ice-encased body of one of the crew wearing a parachute is found by two climbers. The tide turns in Russia in Stalintown? On Nov. 19 Operation Uranus sees the Soviets led by Gen. Semyon Timoshenko begin their winter counteroffensive at Stalingrad with a surprise attack on the green Romanian divs. protecting the German flank along the Don River, starting with a massive artillery bombardment by 3.5K guns on a 14-mi. front, taking 65K Romanian POWs by Nov. 20; on Nov. 22 the Soviets capture the Kalach Bridge on the Don River 50 mi. W of Stalingrad and encircle the 300K-man German Sixth Army under Gen. Friedrich Paulus, whose Nov. 21 request to withdraw towards the Don River is refused by Herr Hitler, who orders him to "hedgehog" his army in and transform the ruined city into "Fortress Stalingrad", while they suffer from lack of supplies and temperatures as low as -28 deg. F.; on Nov. 24 Hitler assumes personal command of the German Wehrmacht, refusing Paulus' request to break out of the encirclement, and approving Reichmarshall Hermann Goering's plan to use his Luftwaffe to fly in 500 tons of supplies a day; too bad, he only manages 100 tons a day for the first 10 days of Dec., and less each day thereafter, down to 16 tons on Jan. 19, and 55 tons on Jan. 20, for a total of 8.3K tons in 72 days with the loss of 500 aircraft and 1K crewmen; on Nov. 26 Leningrad Front Field Marshal Erich von Manstein goes to Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg, and is ordered to take command of the newly-formed Army Group Don to relieve Paulus, which he does over objections. On Nov. 19 Mexico reestablishes diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union - a thaw? On Nov. 20 Operation Stone Age sees an Allied convoy reach Valetta, Malta from Egypt to band music, ending the German siege of Malta. On Nov. 20 Gen. Rommel evacuates Benghazi, falling back to El Agheila. On Nov. 21 the Alaska (Alcan) Highway across Canada (begun Mar. 8) formally opens. On Nov. 24 after preventing shipment of food packages to Polish Jews for fear of giving aid to the Nazis in 1941, Budapest-born Am. Zionist leader Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise (1874-1949) holds a press conference in Washington, D.C., and announces that he is authorized by the U.S. State Dept. to confirm that the Nazis have murdered 2M Jews as part of a plan to exterminate all Jews in Europe; too bad, the nat. newspapers don't consider it front page news. On Nov. 25 U.S. troops attack Djedeida, Tunisia, destroying 30 German-Italian aircraft on the ground. On Nov. 26-27 the Battle of Brisbane (not likely planned by their generals) sees U.S. and Australian troops fight it out on the streets of the central business district. On Nov. 27 German and U.S. tanks meet for the first time in Tunis; the U.S. Shermans are no match for the German Panzer IVs. On Nov. 27 as SS troops arrive to take possession under Operation Lila, the French navy at Toulon under Adm. Jean de Laborde (1878-1977) scuttles its 41 ships incl. two battleships and 16 subs to keep them out of Nazi hands; three subs escape to Algiers, joining the Allies; another sub tries to escape but is captured and taken by the Germans to Carthage. On Nov. 28 Gen. Rommel visits Hitler at Wolf's Lair and fails to talk him into permitting withdrawal from North Africa, warning that since the shipping situation can't be expected to improve, his army will be destroyed, with Hitler calling it a "political necessity" to stay. On Nov. 28 (Sat.) (night) satin decorations covering the 900-sq.-ft. ceiling of the basement Melody Lounge of the Cocoanut Grove nightclub (cap. 460) in Bay Village, Boston, Mass. catch fire, causing an inferno that kills 492, incl. cowboy film star Buck Jones (b. 1889), mainly from asphyxiation caused by inward-opening exit doors; earlier that day the 8-0 Boston College Eagles football team was upset 55-12 by 3-4-1 Holy Cross, and canceled their reservations? On Nov. 29 the Germans murder 107 villagers in Verkhne-Bakanskaya in the Caucasus for dealings with partisans. On Nov. 30 (night) the Battle of Tassafaronga (Lunga Point) (Fourth Battle of Savo Island) sees a Japanese attempt to reinforce Guadalcanal turned back by the Americans, who lose heavy cruiser USS Northampton, killing 58; heavy cruisers Pensacola, New Orleans, and Minneapolis are heavily damaged. On Nov. 30 15K Australians and 15K Americans recapture Buna, New Guinea, but the 2-to-1 outnumbered Japanese hold out at Buna Mission and Soputa-Sanananda Road. On Nov. 30 Berlin issues a secret directive to all mental asylums to put inmates on a "special" starvation diet. In Nov. German U-boats sink 83 Allied merchant ships carrying 721,700 tons of shipping. In Nov. Operation (Case) Anton, the military occupation of Vichy France by Germany and Italy begins, with Italy taking Toulon and all of Provence to the Rhone River, annexing Nice and Corsica; the French Resistance doesn't crank up in the Italian zone of France until summer 1943. In Nov. SS officer Klaus Barbie (1913-91) is sent to Lyon as head of the Gestapo, with HQ at Hotel Terminus, going on to kill 4K incl. French Resistance leader Jean Moulin, earning him the name "Butcher of Lyon"; in Apr. 1944 he deports 44 Jewish children from an orphanage at Izieu to Auschwitz. On Dec. 1 USAF gen. Ira Clarence Eaker (1896-1987) (who flew a B-17 on a bombing raid on Rouen on Aug. 17) is appointed cmdr. of the U.S. Eighth Air Force (until Dec. 1943), building up a strategic bombing force of 40 groups of 60 heavy bombers supported by 1.5K fighter aircraft. On Dec. 4 Pres. Roosevelt orders the dismantling of the Works Progress Admin. (WPA), his great make-work paycheck machine - they've got plenty of jobs now? On Dec. 4 U.S. bombers strike the Italian mainland for the first time in WWII, helping British bombers attack the naval installation at Naples, Italy, sinking light cruiser Muzio Attendolo and killing 159 Italians. On Dec. 4 the Germans in Tunisia counterattack, destroying 25 British tanks and taking 400 POWs; on Dec. 6 they break through U.S. positions at El Guettar, Tunisia. On Dec. 4 after the Provisional Committee of mainly Polish Roman Catholics (founded Sept. 27) dissolves, the Zegota (Council to Aid Jews) is created, helping 25K Jews to survive the Holocaust in Poland. On Dec. 5 the U.K. News Chronicle first uses the term Holocaust to describe the extermination of the Jews, with the soundbyte: "Holocaust... Nothing else in Hitler's record is comparable to his treatment of the Jews... The word has gone forth that... the Jewish peoples are to be exterminated... The conscience of humanity stands aghast." On Dec. 6-9 the Germans stage a manhunt against 1K Jews hiding in Parczew Forest in Poland; on Dec. 7 they shoot 96 Poles in Bialka, Poland for complicity, followed by seven more on Dec. 10 in Wola Przybyslawska, Poland; on Dec. 24 the Germans stage a new manhunt in Parczew Forest, killing several hundred until partisan leader Yekhiel Grynszpan (1918-) fights them off. On Dec. 7 (night) three Italian Chariots (manned torpedoes) attempt to enter Gibraltar harbor; on Dec. 11 (night) three more try it again and sink four Allied supply ships. On Dec. 7-12 Operation Frankton sees 12 British Royal Marines in six canoes stage a commando raid on shipping in Bordeaux, losing 10 while winnin a big V, becoming "the most courageous and imaginative of all raids ever carried out by the men of Combined Operations", shortening the war by 6 mo. according to Winston Churchill. On Dec. 8 the Japanese try twice unsuccessfully to reinforce troops in Guadalcanal. On Dec. 9 the Australians take Gona, New Guinea after killing 500 Japanese who refuse to surrender. On Dec. 11 the Germans give up on their drive to the Caspian Sea, and withdraw to the Mozdok-Elista line. On Dec. 12 12 British commandos travel up the Gironde River by canoe and attach limpet mines to eight ships, which all blow up, pissing-off Hitler. On Dec. 12-23 Operation Winter Storm (Unternehmen Wintergewitter) sees the German Fourth Panzer Army under Gen. Hermann "Papa" Hoth (1885-1971) attempt to rescue Paulus' encircled troops, reaching within 30 mi. of the S perimeter of Stalingrad on Dec. 21 where they can see the Sixth Army's signal fires, only to have Hitler refuse the last chance of the Sixth Army to break out and join them; on Dec. 16 the Soviets wipe out the Italian Eighth Army along the Don River NW of Stalingrad, causing Hoth to have to send reinforcements to cover, slowing him down; on Dec. 19 a last attempt to break through to the trapped Nazis fails; on Dec. 20 Hitler accepts that they can't break out because the Panzers have less than 15 mi. of fuel left. On Dec. 13 Gen. Rommel withdraws from El Agheila, writing the soundbyte in his diary about the Italians: "They protect Italian Jews both in Tunis and in occupied France and won't permit their being drafted for work or compelled to wear the Star of David." On Dec. 15-Jan. 23 the Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse (Battle of the Gifu) in the hills near the Matanikau River area of Guadalcanal sees 50K U.S. soldiers painfully dislodge 20K Japanese forces in thick jungles, with 250 U.S. vs. 3K Japanese KIA. On Dec. 16 Hitler and Mussolini meet, with the latter seeking peace on the Eastern Front in vain. On Dec. 16 at Hitler's order, German CIC Field Marshal Keitel issues a Directive on the Partisans, order his troops to be ruthless, authorizing reprisals against women and children, with the soundbyte that any "consideration" for them "is a crime against the German people". On Dec. 16 Heinrich Himmler orders all people with mixed Gypsy blood who won't agree to be sterilized sent to Auschwitz; meanwhile 90 castration experiments are made on non-Jewish Poles, who after crawling on the floor in pain are gassed. On Dec. 17 after murdering 2M-3M Jews in Poland, leaving little to do but mop-up labor camps, the Germans murder 557 Jews at a labor camp in Kruszyna, Poland; on Dec. 24 they do ditto to 218 in Minsk Mazowiecki, Poland; on Dec. 31 they do ditto to 400 in Karczew, Poland. On Dec. 17 after ULTRA reports confirm the massacre of East European Jews, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin issue a Condemnation of the German Policy of Extermination, and promise retribution; British foreign secy. Sir Anthony Eden tells the British House of Commons "The German authorities are now carrying into effect Hitler's oft-repeated intention to exterminate the Jewish people of Europe", causing the U.S. to declare that these crimes will be avenged. On Dec. 22 six members of the Jewish Fighting Org. attack a cafe in Cracow popular with the SS and Gestapo armed only with pistols; Polish-born leader Adolf Liebeskind is killed by machine-gun fire after uttering the soundbyte: "We are fighting for three lines in the history books." On Dec. 24 Vichy French leader Adm. Francois Darlan is assassinated in Algiers by Charles de Gaulle follower Bonnier de la Chapelle, who is in training to be a British agent; despite the help Darlan provided, the Allies rejoice, with Winston Churchill uttering the soundbyte: "Darlan's murder, however criminal, relieved the Allies of their embarrassment at working with him." On Dec. 24 at his Christmas party, Gen. Rommel is presented with a miniature gasoline drum containing captured British coffee, causing him to remark "Thus proper homage was paid to our most serious problem." On Dec. 24 the Germans murder 300 Poles for partisan support in Bialowieza, Poland. On Dec. 24 to counter the German-Am. Bund, a Christmas Declaration by Men and Women of German Ancestry condemning Nazism, written by Dorothy Thompson and signed by 50 prominent German-Ams. incl. Babe Ruth is printed in 10 major U.S. daily newspapers incl. the New York Times, paid for by the World Jewish Congress. On Dec. 26 beaten U.S. forces withdraw from Tunis. On Dec. 27 Hitler accepts the advice of Gen. Zeitzler that if his army doesn't withdraw from the Caucasus "you will have a second Stalingrad on your hands". On Dec. 28 the U.S. Supreme Court rules that all states have to recognize divorces granted in Nevada, causing it to become a divorce mecca. On Dec. 29 the Soviets retake Kotelnikovo, lynchpin of the failed German attempt to spring the Stalingrad trap. On Dec. 29 the Germans shoot 69 villagers in a school house in Bialowola, Poland. On Dec. 30 Harvard historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. gives the pres. address What Then Is the American, This New Man? for the annual meeting of the Am. Historical Assoc.; in 1954 he retires from Harvard U.; meanwhile his son Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. (1917-2007) carries on as a history prof. at Harvard U. in 1954-61 sans doctorate, eating up his daddy's tides theory and talking JFK into believing that it's time for the liberal mood in 1961-2. On Dec. 31 the Battle of the Barents Sea between German and British ships takes place. On Dec. 31 Hitler receives a report from Heinrich Himmler listing 363,211 Jews "executed" in Aug.-Nov. On Dec. 31 (night) British bombers attack Dusseldorf, Germany using the new Oboe radar bomb sight. In the last week of Dec. Allied Convoy PQ-19 causes German warships Hipper and Lutzow big trouble. In Dec. after breaking the German Enigma Shark code, only 44 Allied merchant ships are sunk by U-boats, followed by 33 in Jan. In Dec. the Germans launch Operation Munich II against Soviet partisans in the Radoshkovichi area of White Russia; meanwhile Soviet partisans Sydir Artemovych Kovpak (1887-1967) and Alexander Nikolayevich Saburov (1908-74) establish partisan bands to the S in the Pripet Marshes, disrupting German lines of communication in the Ukraine, earning them promotions to maj. gen. in 1943 and 1944. In Dec. the Allies launch the Arakan Campaign (ends May 1943), the first Allied invasion of Burma with nine British and Indian brigades. Pierre Laval succeeds Marshal Petain as PM of Vichy France, adopting a policy of complete cooperation with the Axis powers and organizing the govt. along Nazi lines with the parliamentary system dissolved. Hitler replaces Adm. Erich Raeder with Adm. Karl Doenitz (Dönitz) (1891-1980). Australian gen. Sir Thomas Albert Blamey (1884-1951) becomes CIC of Allied ground forces in the SW Pacific (until 1945) - there's a fine line between being confident and being cocky? Advertising exec (liberal Dem.) Chester Bliss Bowles (1901-86) becomes dir. of the Conn. branch of the U.S. Office of Price Admin., and dir. of the whole agency next year. Am. historian Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1882-1964) becomes U.S. ambassador to Spain (until 1944), where his pro-Franco sympathies raise eyebrows, although he keeps Franco from an outright alliance with the Axis? The Hukbalahap (Huk) Rebellion (Insurrection) of Marxist guerrillas ramps up during the war; it is put down in 1954. James F. Byrnes resigns from the U.S. Supreme Court to become dir. of the Office of Economic Stabilization (established on Oct. 3). The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staffs are formed to work with the British Chiefs of Staff Committee; they don't get a permanent chmn. until 1949. The Venona Project is launched by the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service under Gen. Carter W. Clarke to intercept and decrypt Soviet intel, ending in 1980 and finally being declassified in 1995 after helping to break the Manhattan Project and the Cambridge spy ring; Sen. Joseph McCarthy is given intercepts by FBI dir. Herbert Hoover, making him confident that he was on the right track in exposing Soviet agents, but couldn't reveal the source, opening him to smears that he is framing them on insufficient evidence?; the leads the FBI gave him were their own, and full of errors, causing him to accuse many innocent people and hold the real intel effort back? In reply to a statement issued by 90 reform rabbis charging that Zionism is incompatible with Judaism, 757 Am. rabbis sign Zionism an Affirmation of Judaism. Rocky Mt. Arsenal in Colo. NE of Denver is established, slowly turning into a giant nuclear waste dump. English economist William Henry Beveridge (1879-1963) pub. the Beveridge Report (Social Insurance and Allied Services), by identifies the Five Giant Evils in society, incl. squalor, ignorance, want, idleness, and disease, which is used by the Labour Party to enact a Socialist welfare state after it is elected in 1945 - if he didn't write it somebody else would have? The U.S. assumes responsibility for the defense of Curacao (Curaçao) and Aruba for the duration of the war. The U.S. Army sets up the short-lived War Art Unit in San Blas off the coast of Central Am., with artists incl. Frank Mechau painting war propaganda, some of which ends up being used by the U.S. Post Office. Camp Pendleton in San Diego County, Calif. is established by the U.S. Marine Corps. Alfried Krupp (1907-67) succeeds his father Gustav as head of the Krupp Works, making munitions for the Nazis using Jewish slave labor. The first Ratlines are set up by the Nazis and the Vatican to escape to Argentina and other havens in South Am., later North Am.; one goes from Germany to Spain then Argentina, the other from Germany to Rome to Genoa then South Am. The motto "Loose lips sink ships" is advertised by the U.S. govt. to defense industry workers during the war, its sexual connotations maybe not unintentional? The Gilcrease Inst. of Am. History and Art in Tulsa, Okla. is founded by oil millionare William Thomas Gilcrease (1890-1962) (a part Creek Indian dude who sponsors archeological excavations in Mo. and Ark.), with an Old West collection - that beats the rawhide off your'n chaps? U.S. automakers suspend civilian vehicle production and switch over to armaments; Pres. Roosevelt reduces the speed limit to 35 mph. Navajo Codetalkers take part in every U.S. Marine operation in the Pacific from 1942-5. Sell-by dates begin appearing on U.S. food products. Britain introduces the wartime National Wheatmeal Loaf - watch for the splinters? Macy's donates its rubber floats for the war effort, and the Thanksgiving Day parade isn't held again until after the war. The slogan "gung-ho" (Chinese for work together) becomes the slogan of Lt. Col. (later Brig Gen.) Evans Fordyce Carlson (1896-1947) of the U.S. Marines and his Carlson's Raiders, who make successful raids on Little Makin Island and later in Guadalcanal. English embryologist Joseph Needham (1900-95) (AKA Li Yuese) becomes dir. of the Sino-British Science Cooperation Office in Chongquing, China (until 1926), going on to devote his life to proving that Chinese are as good as Westerners in science despite the obvious evidence that they were passed up as if they were standing still. The signature of Quincy, Mass. Navy shipyard inspector James J. Kilroy on passed equipment finds its way to so many American war zones that a grassroots movement arises to put his signature on every wall they can: "Kilroy was here". The night before their first mass jump, U.S. paratroopers at Ft. Benning, Ga. see a film about Geronimo, and began shouting his name during jumps, starting a trend; the 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment (first airborne unit in the U.S.) names their motto and slogan after him. Fairfield U. is founded in Fairfield, Conn. by the Jesuits. Fairleigh Stanton Dickinson U. in Rutherford, N.J. is founded by medical supply magnate Col. Fairleigh S. Dickinson Sr. (1866-1948). The Council of Christians and Jews (CCJ) is founded in Britain to counter anti-Semitism and intolerance by Canterbury Archbishop (1942-4) William Temple (1881-1944) and Chief Rabbi (since 1913) Joseph Herman Hertz (1872-1946); in 1954 the Vatican orders the head of the English Roman Catholics to resign because of its indifferentist attitude. Classical scholar Gilbert Murray (1866-1957) founds the Oxfam charity at Oxford for Greek famine relief, and it turns into an org. to end world poverty and suffering. Herblock (Herbert L. Block) (1909-2001) wins his first Pulitzer Prize for political cartoons. Greek-born Spyros P. Skouros (1893-1971) becomes pres. of 20th Cent. Fox; by the 1950s he also controls Nat. Theaters, Fox West Coast Theaters, United Artists Theater Circuit, Skouras Theaters, Magna Corp. and Todd A-O, becoming richer than the Jewish theater owners, incl. the Schencks, Warners, or Schuberts; he later signs Marilyn Monroe, introduces CinemaScope in 1953, and oversees the production of film classics incl. "The Robe", "The King and I", "The Seven Year Itch", and "The Hustler"; too bad, after the expensive film "Cleopatra" flops, he is replaced by Darryl F. Zanuck, a non-Jew also. The U.S. govt. purchases Blair House (built 1824) at 1651-3 Pennsylvania Ave. NW in Washington, D.C. opposite the West Wing of the White House next to Lafayette Park, and it becomes the official state guest house for the U.S. pres.; by 1990 it consists of four townhouses with 110 rooms and 70K sq. ft. of floor space, with the adjacent Trowbridge House reserved for visiting former U.S. presidents. Vint Hill Farms Station is established in Warenton, Va. by the U.S. Army Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) as a cryptography school, becoming a top signals intel and electronic warfare facility; it is closed in 1997. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (originally Committee of Racial Equality) is founded by James L. "Jim" Farmer (1920-99) et al. in Chicago, Ill. based on the pacifist views of Mahatma Gandhi. In Brazil the money unit and silver coin milreis (1K reis) is superseded by the cruzeiro. Sir Arnold Edward Trevor Bax (1883-1953), known for his atonal Celtic Irish music is appointed Master of the King's Musick in Britian, pissing-off the British musical establishment. Frank Sinatra leaves the Tommy Dorsey band to become the first singer since Bing Crosby to have a successful solo career, signing with Columbia Records, R.K.O. Pictures, and the radio program "Your Hit Parade"; his first solo performance at the Paramount Theatre in New York City sees 5K screaming kids pay 35 cents each. Embassy Pictures Corp. (later AVCO Embassy Pictures, Embassy Film Assocs.) is founded by Joseph Edward Levine (1905-87) to distribute foreign films in the U.S., going on to distribute the Steve Reeves "Hercules" films and "Godzila" before making a $30M deal in 1963 with Paramount Pictures to produce their own films, going on to produce "The Capetbaggers" (1964) "Nevada Smith" (1966), "The Graduate" (1967), "The Lion in Winter" (1968), and "The Producers" (1968); in 1968 it is acquired by Avco for $40M, going on to produce low budget genre films incl. "The Manitou" (1978), "Phantasm" (1979), "The Fog" (1979), "Scanners" (1981), "Time Bandits" (1981), and "The Howling" (1981) before going defunct in 1986. The daily newspaper Stars and Stripes for U.S. forces in Europe begins pub., reaching 1M circ. during WWII. The Brewers Assoc. of Am. (originally the Small Brewers Committee) is founded at the Palmer House in Chicago, Ill.; in 2005 it merges with the Assoc. of Brewers (founded 1979). The John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for the best work of lit. by a British Commonwealth author age 35 or under written in English is established by Jane Oliver in memory of her hubby RAF bomber pilot John Llewellyn Rhys, who was KIA on Aug. 5, 1940; the first winner is Michael Richey for "Sunk by a Mine". The U.S. Armed Forces Inst. (USAFI) in Madison, Wisc. is founded to provide correspondence courses from high school through college to members of the U.S. armed forces. Nazi SS prof. Johann von Leers (1902-65) pub. an article in Die Judenfrage, containing the soundbyte: "The hostility of Muhammad towards the Jews had a consequence: the Oriental Jews were totally paralyzed. If the rest of the world had adopted a similar policy, we would not have the 'Jewish question'. Islam has made an eternal service to the world by preventing the conquest of Arabia by the Jews"; after the war many Nazis flee to Muslim countries and convert to Islam, incl. von Leers (changing his name to Omar Amin), and SS officer (Adolf Eichmann's asst.) Alois Brunner (1912-). Farleigh Dickinson U. in Madison, N.J. is founded, becoming the largest independent univ. in N.J. and the first U.S. univ. to own a campus in England. German-born Am. altimeter inventor Paul Kollsman (1900-82) opens Snow Valley near Manchester, Vt. in Jan. (until 1984), becoming one of the first U.S. ski areas. Am. writer John Stewart "Jack" Williamson (1908-2006) coins the term "terraforming" in a story pub. in Astounding Science Fiction. The Mildenhall Treasure, a hoard of Roman silverware is discovered in Suffolk, England. Fritos, the first successful commercial corn chips begin to be marketed by a small Texas co., with a recipe for "Frito Chili Pie" on the back, causing chili con carne and once-disdained "Mexican food" to finally become popular in the U.S., spawning a Mexican restaurant boom after the war. Songwriter John Herndon "Johnny" Mercer (1909-76), songwriter-film producer George Gard "Buddy" DeSylva (1895-1950), and record store owner Glen Wallichs (1910-71) found Capitol Records (originally Liberty Records) in Los Angeles, Calif., becoming the first record co. on the U.S. West Coast. Sports: On Feb. 19 the New York Yankees announce that they will admit 5K uniformed servicemen free of charge to each home ball game throughout the coming season. On Apr. 4-18 the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals see the Toronto Maple Leafs defeat the Detroit Red Wings 4-3 after losing the first three games, becoming the first to go to seven games; Red Wings coach (1927-63) Jack Adams punches a referee in Game 3, becoming the first coach to be suspended in a Final. On Dec. 5-13 the 2nd BPAA All-Star Tournament at the Chicago Serviceman's Center in Chicago, Ill. with 102 entrants is won by Connie Schwoegler (1917-82) of Madison, Wisc., who becomes the Nat. Match Game champion, repeating in 1948; in 1948 he invents the Schwoegler extended fingertip grip for bowling balls. In the 1942-3 season, the Original Six Era in the NHL begins, incl. the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and Toronto Maple Leafs, which ends with the 1967-8 expansion into 12 teams. FDR decides to keep ML baseball alive during the war for morale, causing chewing gum magnate Philip Knight Wrigley (1894-1977) to form the All-Am. Girls Prof. Baseball League (until 1953); 1B player Dorothy "Dottie" Kamenshek (1925-2010) becomes their top star; portrayed in the 1992 film "A League of Their Own" - there's no crying in baseball? F.R. Schroder Jr. wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Pauline M. Betz wins the women's singles title. The first all-star bowling tournament is held in the U.S. In 1942-5 during WWII after 6M men go overseas, 3K+ bowling lanes are installed in U.S. military bases in Great Britain by Brunswick Corp., causing 10-pin bowling to catch on, creating 4M new bowlers; meanwhile women industrial workers take the place of men in U.S. bowling centers; too bad, their leisurely pace combined with a shortage of pinboys makes them less welcome; after the war, Brunswick encourages manufacturers to sponsor industrial bowling leagues to promote esprit de corps as well as fight tendencies of workers to go Commie; women leave industry, but are encouraged to organize ladies' leagues sponsored by their new employers; industrial leagues dominate organized bowling until the mid-1950s. Japanese martial arts expert Morihei Ueshiba (1883-1969) of Iwama, Ibaraki Prefecture founds the new discipline of Aikido ("the Way of the Harmonious Spirit"), based on using the opponent's energy against him, with the soundbyte: "Budo is not the felling of an opponent by force, nor is it a tool to lead the world to destruction with arms. True Budo is to accept the spirit of the Universe, keep the peace of the world, correctly produce, protect and cultivate all beings in nature"; also "There are many paths leading to the top of Mount Fuji, but there is only one summit, love" - too late for his country now? Architecture: On Jan. 31 Camp Carson (later Ft. Carson) is built by the U.S. Army in the 50K pop. resort town of Colo. Springs, Colo. On Mar. 11 after the first one opened in 1817 becomes unsafe and has to be rebuilt by Peter Lind and Co., the Waterloo Bridge over the Thames River in London (known for the best ground-level views in London) is partially reopened on Mar. 11, and completed on Dec. 10, 1945, becoming the only Thames River bridge to be damaged by German bombing in WWII; despite Deputy PM Herbert Morrison had declared that "The men that built Waterloo Bridge are fortunate men" during the opening ceremony, it was largely built by wartime female labor, causing it to become known as the Ladies' Bridge, but not confirmed until photos are discovered in 2015 by historian Chrstine Wall. On June 1 the 550-ft. Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Wash. State (begun July 16, 1933) begins operation, becoming the largest electric power plant and largest concrete structure in the U.S.; in 1974 a 3rd powerhouse is completed, making it the largest power station in the U.S. by nameplate cap. (6,809 MW). Douglas Field (Orchard Depot Airport) in Chicago, Ill. is built as a manufacturing plant for Douglas C-54 aircraft; on Sept. 19, 1949 it is renamed after WWI Navy flying ace Lt.-Cmdr. Edward Henry "Butch" O'Hare (1914-43). After its initial flight on Aug. 7, 1941 the Grumman TBF Avenger AKA TBM torpedo bomber built by Gen. Motors (GM) enters service for the U.S. Navy and USMC, first seeing acting in the Battle of Midway, where five of six are destroyed; it goes on to become the most effective and widely-used torpedo bomber in WWII, sinking the super-battleships Yamato and Musashi; it remains in use until the 1960s. Shannon Airport in Shannon, County Clare, Ireland opens, extending the runways in 1945 to handle transatlantic flights; on Oct. 24, 1945 the Flagship New England (Am. Overseas Airlines DC-4) becomes its first scheduled commercial flight. Nobel Prizes: No awards. Inventions: On May 16 the $190K all-metal twin-engine twin-boom Northrop P-61 Black Widow night interceptor makes its first flight, becoming the first aircraft designed to use radar; it becomes operational in 1944, and 706 are produced by 1954. On June 26 the $35K carrier-based Grumman F6F Hellcat fighter aircraft makes its first flight, becoming the U.S. Navy's #1 fighter in WWII, supporting the U.S. Marine Corps in land operations; 12,275 are built by 1945. On Nov. 6 the Heinkel He 219 Uhu (Eagle Owl) night fighter makes its first flight, becoming the first military aircraft with ejection seats, and the first German WWII aircraft with tricycle landing gear; too bad, although it is a super veapon that might turn the RAF strategic night bombing offensive around, only 294 are built by the war's end. On Nov. 23 the Vought V-173 Flying Pancake experimental aircraft, designed by Olathe, Kan.-born "Zimmer's Skimmers" designer Charles Horton Zimmerman (1908-96) makes its first flight, featuring an all-wing design with disc-shaped lifting surfaces, and two piston engines buried in the body that drive two props on the leading edge wingtips, making it capable of nearly vertical takeoff and landing; too bad, the complex gearbox produces unacceptable amounts of vibration, and only one is built; test pilots incl. Charles Lindbergh; last flight is on Mar. 31, 1947 after 190 flights and 131.8 hours of flying time. The first Electronic Digital Computer is completed at Iowa State U. to perform ballistic computations for the military. In winter 1942/3 the Aqua-Lung is invented in Paris by French navy diver lt. Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910-97) and French engineer Emile Gagnan (1900-79), becoming the first SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) to reach worldwide commercial success. Am. chemists Harold Wesley "Harry" Coover Jr. (1917-2011) and Fred Joyner of Kodak Labs. invent Cyanoacrylate by accident while trying to develop an optically clear plastic for gunsights; in 1951 they rediscover it, along with its adhesive properties, creating Eastman 910 AKA Super Glue in 1958. Magnetic recording tape is invented by ?. British civil engineer Arthur Clifford Hartley (1889-1960) of the Imperial College in London invents the FIDO (Fog Investigation and Dispersion) device for clearing fog from airfields. Brainy Vienna-born Hollywood sex goddess Hedy Lamarr (Hedwig Eva Maria Kissler) (1913-2000) and Am. inventor George Johann Carl Antheil (1900-59) patent Frequency Scrambling, which later becomes the basis for cellular telephones. Max Mueller of Junkers Aircraft in Germany develops the first production turbo-prop engine. English Jewish inventor Geoffrey Nathaniel Pyke (1894-1994) proposes giant half-mi.-long "ice ships" with 30-ft. hulls to be used as floating mid-Atlantic airstrips, getting the govt. to launch Project Habbakuk (Hab. 1:5); it proves too costly and is abandoned. On Dec. 2 after Ukrainian-born Jewish-Am. mathematician Stanislaw Marcin Ulam (1909-84) proposes the concept, the first Nuclear Chain Reaction occurs in an atomic pile at the Univ. of Chicago, built under a squash court at Stagg Field under the dir. of Italian-Am. physicist Enrico Fermi (1901-54). On Dec. 24 the Germans at Peenemunde successfully test a jet-propelled pilotless V-1 Flying Bomb, which flies 1.5 mi. The Corn Dog (patented 1929) is popularized by Carl and Neil Fletcher at the Texas State Fair; 15 cents each. Science: In Mar. German SS doctor Sigmund Rascher (1909-45) begins using Jews in experiments of high-alt. exposure, concluding after killing 80 of 200 that it is "impossible" to survive sans oxygen and pressure suits above 12km. DDT is discovered and used by the U.S. military to protect against typhus. The U.K. experiments with anthrax at Gruinard Island off the coast of Scotland. German geneticist Charlotte "Lotte" Auerbach (1899-1994) (student of Hermann Joseph Muller) et al. discover that mustard gas can cause mutations in fruit flies, founding the science of Mutagenesis; in 1948 she uses mutations in chalcone isomerase activity to affect substrate specificities in Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation) flowers, pioneering the field of Chemogenetics. German-born Am. astronomer Walter Baade (1893-1960) of Mount Wilson Observatory makes use of wartime blackout conditions to resolve stars at the center of the Andromeda Galaxy for the first time. Am. physician George Herbert Hitchings (1905-98), and Am. biochemist Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-98) of Wellcome Research Labs begin working on chemotherapy drugs, going on to develop pyrimethamine for malaria, thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine for leukemia, allopurinol for gout, azathioprine for organ transplanation, and co-trimoxazole for bacterial infections, leading the way to research for antiviral drugs for herpes (acyclovir) and AIDS (zidovudine), winning them the 1988 Nobel Med. Prize. German-born devout atheist evolutionist biologist Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), collaborator of devout Christian evolutionist Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-75) proposes a new biological species concept that is accepted in scientific circles as the answer to the "species problem", incl. genetic drift, natural selection, and peripatric and allopatric speciation - evolution is just a scientific explanation for a natural process, you can do this? Nonfiction: Herbert Sebastian Agar (1897-1980), A Time for Greatness. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), Water and Dreams. Adm. Reginald Bacon (1863-1947), Britain's Glorious Navy. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Social Institutions in an Era of World Upheaval. L.L. Bean (1872-1967), Hunting, Fishing and Camping. Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), Places (travel book). Robert Benchley (1889-1945), Inside Benchley. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), The English Regional Novel. William Beveridge (1879-1963), Report on Social Security. Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966), Basic Forms and the Realization of Human Being-in-the-World; Existential Psychotherapy. Emory Stephen Bogardus (1882-1973), Democracy by Discussion. Edwin Garrigues Boring (1886-1968), Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. Albert Camus (1913-60), The Myth of Sisyphus. E.H. Carr, Conditions of Peace. Ilka Chase (1900-78), Past Imperfect (2 vols.) (1942, 1948) (autobio.). R.G. Collingwood (1889-1943), The New Leviathan. Ely Culbertson (1891-1955), The World Federation Plan - if only everybody played bridge? Richard N. Current (1912-2012), Old Thad Stevens: A Story of Ambition (first book). Salvador Dali (1904-89), The Secret Life of Salvador Dali. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), Mark Twain at Work. The Year of Decision, 1846. Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005), The Future of Industrial Man. Guglielmo Ferrero (1871-1942), Principles of Power. E.M. Forster (1879-1970), Virginia Woolf. John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), Machine Warfare: An Enquiry into the Influence of Mechanics on the Art of War; written after WWII vindicates his theory about tank warfare. Romulo Gallegos (1884-1969), El Forestero. Lawrence Henry Gipson (1880-1971), Some Reflections Upon the American Revolution and Other Essays in American Colonial History. Paul Goodman (1911-72), Meyer Liben, and Edouard Roditi, Pieces of Three. James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Under a Thatched Roof (essays). Edith Hamilton (1867-1963), Mythology. Earnest Albert Hooton (1887-1954), Man's Poor Relations. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960), Dust Tracks on a Road (autobio.). Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), The Art of Seeing. Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975), Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880-1940), The War and the Jew. Sir James Jeans (1877-1946), Physics and Philosophy. Alfred Kazan (1915-98), On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature; review of U.S. lit. between 1890-1940, showing it to be wanting; launches his rep. as a top U.S. lit. critic. Simon Kuznets (1901-85), Uses of National Income in Peace and War; disproves John Maynard Keynes' 1936 Absolute Income Hypothesis that predicts an increase in marginal savings with increase in aggregate income, shocking Keynesians. Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Bolivar. Beryl Markham (1902-86), West with the Night (autobio.). Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), The Sangamon. Garrett Mattingly (1900-62), Catherine of Aragon. Andre Maurois (1885-1967), I Remember, I Remember (autobio.). Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), Systematics and the Origin of Species; his big new definition of biological species as a dynamic concept saves Darwin from the dust bin and freshens him up until ? Ashley Montagu (1905-99), Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race; written by a Columbia-educated British anthropologist; the fact that he disguises his Jewish identity with an Anglo-Saxon name riles 'em up? John Moody (1868-1958), Fast by the Road (autobio.); more on his conversion to Roman Catholicism despite being such a sharp securities analyst. Douglas Moore (1893-1969), Guide to Musical Styles: From Madrigal to Modern Music. Elting Elmore Morison (1909-95), Admiral Sims and the Modern American Navy (Dunning Prize) (first book); about the prophet of the aircraft carrier, pub. a few mo. after the Pearl Harbor Attack, which makes it more popular, becoming a std. work. Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976), Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (2 vols.) (Pulitzer Prize); written after personally sailing to all the places visited by Columbus on the Harvard Columbus Expedition, four voyages starting in 1936; the 4th voyage leaves New York Harbor on Aug. 28, 1939 aboard the 147-ft. ketch Capitana, arriving in Lisbon, Portugal then switching to the 45-ft. ketch Mary Otis, sailing to Cadiz, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Trinidad, then down the coasts of South Am. and Central Am. before returning to Trinidad on Dec. 15, 1939, then back to New York Harbor on Feb. 2, 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner Veragua. George Edwin Mowry (1909-84) and C.H. Pegg, American Society in a Changing World (first book). L.B. Namier (1888-1960), Conflicts: Studies in Contemporary History. Franz Leopold Neumann (1900-54), Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism; revised ed. 1944; named after Thomas Hobbes' 1668 book "Behemoth"; a Marxist analysis of the Nazis, claiming that their rule is really lawlessness based on hatred of the Jews, er, labor movement, he doesn't say Communist, making him a hit among the Allies, who make him a consultant to justice Robert H. Jackson in the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, where he tries to prove that the Nazis tried to destroy Christianity as well as Judaism. Sean O'Casey (1890-1964), Pictures in the Hallway (autobio.); vol. 2 in "Mirror in My House". Sean O'Faolain, The Great O'Neill. Fritz Perls (1893-1970), Ego, Hunger, and Aggression (first book). Olga Petrova (1884-1977), Butter With My Bread (autobio.). David Morris Potter (1910-71), Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis. Harold S. Quigley, Far Eastern War 1937-41 (Boston). Hans Reichenbach, Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. James Reston (1909-95), Prelude to Victory (first book); argues against U.S. isolationism. John Andrew Rice Jr. (1888-1968), I Came Out of the Eighteenth Century (autobio.); 1933 founder of Black Mountain College in N.C. disses outdated educational methods incl. overreliance on Great Books, memorization, and basing grades on attendance - but does he come up with something better or worse? Joan Robinson (1903-83), An Essay on Marxian Economics (2nd ed. 1966); restores Karl Marx's reputation as an economist. Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-87), Counseling and Psychotherapy; advocates respect and a non-judgmental approach to therapy. Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy; develops the concept of creative destruction unleashed by capitalism. William Buehler Seabrook (1884-1945), No Hiding Place (autobio.). Alexander P. de Seversky (1894-1974), Victory Through Air Power (Apr.); bestseller (5M copies) by Russian-born founder of the Seversky Aircraft Co. advocating strategic air bombardment and that the U.S. dump its "Maginot line mentality" and become the #1 air power nation "even as England in its prime was the dominant sea-power nation of the world"; filmed in 1943 by Walt Disney. Howard K. Smith (1914-2002), Last Train from Berlin: An Eye-Witness Account of Germany at War; his experiences working for CBS under Edward R. Murrow in Berlin in Jan. 1940-Dec. 6, 1941, incl. interviewing Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels in Berchtesgaden and getting thrown out of Germany for failing to put Nazi propaganda in his reports. Howard Spring (1889-1965), In the Meantime (autobio.). Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Men and Mice, 1863-1942 (autobio.). Wallace Stegner (1909-93), Mormon Country; romanticized story of the Mormon Migration to Utah. Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh (1874-1947), The Life of Sir J.J. Thomson. Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (1888-1957), Martin W. Johnson, and Richard H. Fleming, The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology; becomes std. textbook of oceanography; 2nd ed. 1970. William Temple (1881-1944), Christianity and Social Order. Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961), Listen, Hans. George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876-1962), A Shortened History of England; English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries: Chaucer to Queen Victoria; pub. during Britain's darkest days in WWII, a complementary volume to "History of England", painting a nostalgic picture of England's glorious past as the beacon of freedom and proress, filled with patriotic emotion, becoming his biggest hit and last major history work; too bad, after living through WWI and WWII and seeing Britain go down the toilet, Trevelyan dies in a state of denial, and his works go out of favor (until ?). Julian Tuwim (1894-1953), We Polish Jews. Kenneth Walker, The Diagnosis of Man. Beatrice Webb (1858-1943) and Sidney Webb (1869-1947), The Truth About Soviet Union; oh, what a paradise, send me there when I die? William L. White, They Were Expendable; U.S. torpedo boat squadron cmdr. John Duncan Bulkeley (1911-96), who evacuated Gen. MacArthur from Corregidor in 1941. Philip Wylie (1902-71), Generation of Vipers; bestselling essays that inspire the term "Momism". William B. Ziff, The Coming Battle of Germany. Art: Ansel Adams (1902-84), The Tetons and the Snake River; becomes one of 115 images on the Voyager Golden Record aboard the Voyager spacecraft in 1977. Balthus (1908-2001), The Living Room; Landscape Near Champrovent (1942-5). Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947), L'Oiseau Bleu. Margaret Bourke-White (1904-71), Shooting the Russian War (photos). Georges Braque (1882-1963), Black Fish; Interior with Palette; Patience. Alexander Calder (1898-1976), Red Petals (mobile). Joseph Cornell (1903-72), Medici Slot Machine. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Surrealism and Painting. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Verbum (lithograph). Redd Evans (1912-72) and John Jacob Loeb, Rosie the Riveter; named after Convair (San Diego) worker Rosie Bonavitas, based on the Ronnie the Bren Gun Girl poster in Canada, used for a series of posters for Westinghouse Co. modeled by Geraldine Doyle (1925-2010) of Mich., who inspires Norman Rockwell's 1943 portrait. Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Nighthawks; his most famous work; a restaurant in Greenwich Village; the Nighthawks are the three customers, not the man behind the counter, and they are like lonely hawks trapped in a cage; popular for college dorms. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Portrait of Ivan Maisky (Soviet ambassador to London); contains "a subtle warning against Soviet imperialism". Roberto Matta (1911-2002), The Hanged Man; The End of Everything; The Disasters of Mysticism; The Apples We Know. Piet Mondriaan (1872-1944), Broadway Boogie Woogie. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Bull's Head (Tete de taureau) (sculpture); made from a bicycle seat and handlebars from a junk pile. John Piper, Windsor Castle. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Male and Female; Stenographic Figure. Endre Rozsda (1913-99), Surrealistic Figure (Figure Surrealiste) (drawing). David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974), The Liberation of Chile (mural at the Mexican School, Chillan, Chile). Graham Sutherland (1903-88), Red Landscape. Yves Tanguy (1900-55), Infinite Divisibility. Music: Harold Arlen (1905-86) and Johnny Mercer (1909-76), That Old Black Magic; recorded by the Paul Weston Orchestra, with vocals by Margaret Whiting (1924-); the 1943 RCA Victor version by Glenn Miller goes #1. Ernest Bacon, A Tree on the Plain (opera) (Converse College). Irving Berlin (1888-1989), This is the Army (musical) (New York); incl. the hit song I Left My Heart at the Stage Door Canteen. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Jeremiah (symphony). Benjamin Britten (1913-76), A Ceremony of Carols; Sinfonia da Requiem. Aaron Copland (1900-90) and Jerome Robbins (1918-98), Rodeo (ballet) (Oct. 16) (Metropolitan Opera House, New York); choreographed for the Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo by Cecil B. de Mille's niece Agnes George De Mille (1905-95), who goes on to choreograph "Bloomer Girl" (1944), "Carousel" (1945), "Brigadoon" (1947) et al.; the first truly Am. ballet?; features Hoedown. Joyce Grenfell (1910-79), I'm Going to See You Today; becomes her signature song. Alexei Haieff (1914-94), Symphony No. 1. Lionel Hampton (1908-2002) and His Orchestra, Flying Home; features the honking tenor sax of Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet (1922-2004), setting the style for jazz and rock roll; becomes Hampton's signature song. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Ludus Tonalis. Noor Jehan (1926-2000), Khandaan. Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Dolores ou Le Miracle de la Femme Laide (opera). Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Miss Underground (operetta). Sammy Kaye (1910-87) and His Orchestra, Remember Pearl Harbor (#3 in the U.S.). Aram Khachaturian (1903-78), Gayane (ballet) (Dec. 3) (Kirov Ballet); set on a Soviet collective farm; incl. Sabre Dance Theme, Adagio. Zarah Leander (1907-81), Devon Geht die Welt Nicht Unter (This Is Not the End of the World); Ich Weiss, es Wird Einmal ein Wunder Gescheh'n (I Know That Someday a Miracle Will Happen). Peggy Lee (1920-2002), Somebody Else is Taking My Place; her first hit. Frank Loesser (1910-69), Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition. Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), The Island God (opera) (New York). Glenn Miller Orchestra, American Patrol; Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree (With Anyone Else But Me); (I've Got a Gal) in Kalamazoo (written by Harry Warren (1893-1981) and Mack Gordon); A String of Pearls; Moonlight Cocktail; too bad, he receives an officer's commission in the USAF, and his dominance of U.S. pop. music ends. Mills Brothers, Paper Doll. Ella Mae Morse (1924-99) and the Freddie Slack Orchestra, The Cow Cow Boogie; first gold single from Capitol Records. Cole Porter (1891-1964), Something for the Boys. Tex Ritter (1905-74), Jingle, Jangle, Jingle. Carl Robison (1890-1957), Remember Pearl Harbor; "Then from the sky without warning, Hiding behind their peace talks, they stabbed our boys in the back"; "Remember Pearl Harbor, when you sight down the barrel of your gun.... Remember Pearl Harbor, and the crime we can never forgive"; "Remember how we used to call them our little brown brothers? What a laugh that turned out to be"; "They asked for it, and now they're gonna get it. We'll blow every one of them right off the face of the Earth." Pete Seeger (1919-2014), Dear Mr. President (album); "Now, Mr. President,/ We haven't always agreed in the past, I know,/ But that ain't at all important now./ What is important is what we got to do,/ We got to lick Mr. Hitler, and until we do,/ Other things can wait." Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Duo for Violin and Piano. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), Seventh (Leningrad) Symphony (Kuibyshev, Mar. 5) (Moscow, Mar. 29). Charlie Spivak (1905-82) and His Orchestra, At Last. Richard Strauss (1864-1949), Capriccio (opera) (Munich). Randall Thompson (1899-1984), Solomon and Balkis (opera). Antony Tudor (1908-87), Pillar of Fire (ballet) (Metropolitan Opera House) (Apr. 8); set in Austria in 1900; middle sister Hagar fears suffering the same fate as her elder spinster sister. T-Bone Walker (1910-75), Mean Old World; first electric guitar solo on a blues record. Kurt Weill (1900-50), And What Was Sent to the Soldier's Wife? (Und Was Bekam des Soldaten Web?); lyrics by Bertolt Brecht; Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory. Mary Lou Williams (1910-81), Camel Hop; written for Camel cigarettes, sponsor of the Benny Goodman radio show; Roll 'Em. Movies: John Huston's Across the Pacific (Sept. 5) stars Humphrey Bogart as army secret agent Capt. Rick Leland, who penetrates a Japanese spy ring in Panama on the eve of the attack on Pearl Harbor while flirting with babe Alberta Marlow (Mary Astor) and bad guy Dr. Lorenz (Sydney Greenstreet); the same cast and crew as "The Maltese Falcon". Lloyd Bacon's Action in the North Atlantic stars Humphrey Bogart as first officer Joe Rossie, who with his captain Raymond Massey have to play cat and mouse with a U-boat and the Luftwaffe en route to Murmansk with a cargo of bombers for the Soviets; so realistic it's used by the Merchant Marine for training; later stolen blind by the TV series Star Trek, incl. the Scottish engineer? Walt Disney's animated Bambi (Aug. 9), the #1 box office hit of the year, based on the 1923 Felix Salten book is stolen by Thumper and his Thumper Song; Bambi, his babe Faline, his rabbit friend Thumper, striped skunk Flower, Friend Owl, Mr. Mole; Babi is shot by Man, but survives, and after the furry residents survive a forest fire on a riverbank, Faline gives birth to twins, while Bambi becomes the new Great Prince of the Forest; does $267.4M box office on an $848K budget; Bambi is loaned to the govt. for fire prevention programs for one year, after which a new poster featuring a bear is released on Aug. 9, 1944, named after "Smoky" Joe Martin, a New York City Fire Dept. fireman known for a daring 1922 rescue; a real bear model is not found until 1950. Jack Eaton's Better Bowling (Jan. 22) is a documentary narrated by Ted Husing. Michael Curtiz' Casablanca (Nov. 26) (Warner Bros.), based on the unproduced stage play "Everybody Comes to Ricks" by Murrayy Burnett and Joan Alison stars Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine (age 37, brown eyes), and Ingrid Bergman as hot Swedish blonde Ilsa Lund, romancing it up at Rick's Cafe Americain in Morocco during WWII; often considered the best film ever made, changing Bogie from 1-note gangster roles to sensitive romantic roles filled with immortal 1-liners; Peter Lorre plays Ugarte, who killed two German couriers to obtain precious letters of transit (free passes through Nazi-controlled Europe and neutral Portugal), and after he tries to sell them to the highest bidder, and Rick's rival Signor Ferrari (Sydney Greenstreet) tips him off, Vichy French Capt. Louis Renault (Claude Rains) (who always loses to Rick at chess) arrests Ugarte, but Rick hides the letters for him, after which his old flame Ilsa and her Czech resistance leader hubby Victor Laszlo (Paul Henried) (for whom she left Rick in Paris) reenter Rick's life, complicating it and causing him to waffle then give the letters to them so they can escape to the U.S. together instead of requiring her to stay with him, uttering the soundbyte "Maybe not today, maybe not tomorrow, but soon and for the rest of her life" she'd regret not going with her hubby, after which Rick shoots Nazi Maj. Heinrich Strasser (Conrad Veidt), and Renault saves Rick's life by telling the police to "round up the usual suspects", after which they go off together to join the Free French in Brazzaville, with Rick uttering the closing soundbyte: "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship"; "Here's looking at you, kid" was originally "Here's good luck to you, kid"; Rick and Ilse met for the last time in Paris in La Belle Aurore saloon, where black pianist Sam (Dooley Wilson) (did I mention black?) played "As Time Goes By", so for old time's sake Ilse says to Sam "Play it, Sam", later turned into the catchphrase "Play it again, Sam"; "Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine" (Rick); "It doesn't take much to see that the problems of three little people don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world" (Rick); "I stick my neck out for nobody" (Rick); Rick to Strasser: "Your business is politics, mine is running a saloon"; Jack Warner wanted George Raft to play Rick, but producer Hal Wallis won out; does $3.7M box office on an $878K budget; there was no offscreen Bogey-Bergman romance? Jacques Tourneur's B&W Cat People (Dec. 6) (RKO Radio Pictures), written by DeWitt Bodeen based on producer Val Lewton's short story "The Bagheeta" stars Simone Simon as young Serbian babe Irena Dubrovna of New York City, who believes herself to be a descendant of a race of people who turn into cats when sexually aroused or deeply angered; Kent Smith plays her new hubby Oliver Reed, and Jane Randolph his asst. Alice Moore, who wants him; Tom Conway plays pshrink Dr. Louis Judd; does $8M box office on a $134K budget; the first film produced by Yalta, Russia-born novelist Val Lewton (1904-51) for financially-ailing RKO Radio Pictures, with a limit of $150K budget and 75 min. time limit per film, going on to produce "I Walked With a Zombie" (1943), "The Leopard Man" (1943), "The Body Snatcher" (1945), "Isle of the Dead" (1945), and "Bedlam" (1946), helping to turn them around before RKO head Charles Koerner dies in 1946 and he is fired, moving to Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Columbia before dying of a heart attack on Mar. 14, 1951, becoming the subject of the Kirk Douglas film "The Bad and the Beautiful" (1952). Looney Tunes' The Ducktators satirizes the Nazis and Japs. Herbert Kline's Five Were Chosen (Jan. 1), written by Budd Schulberg is the film debut of classy Mexican hunk Ricardo Montalban (Richardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalban Merino (1920-2009). Raoul Walsh's Gentleman Jim (Nov. 25) stars Errol Flynn as boxer James J. "Jim" Corbett (1866-1933), and Ward Bond as aging John L. Sullivan, whom Corbett defeats for the title, afterwards giving him dignity with the line "And tonight I was just mighty glad that you weren't the John L. Sullivan of 10 years ago"; Flynn does his own stunts, incl. fancy footwork, and has a mild heart attack in the ring; "Darling, that gentleman stuff didn't fool you, did it? I'm no gentleman." William Keighley's George Washington Slept Here (Nov. 28), based on the Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman play stars Jack Benny and Ann Sheridan as New Yorkers Bill and Connie Fuller, who move to a dilapidated house in the country where you know who once slept; also stars Percy Kilbridge as handyman Mr. Kimber, Hattie McDaniel as maid Hester, Charles Coburn as rich uncle Stanley J. Menninger, and Charles Dingle as mean neighbor Prescott. Victor L. Schertzinger's The Fleet's In (Jan. 24) (his final film before an unexpected heart attack) stars William Holden and Dorothy Lamour, and makes a star of Betty Hutton (1921-2007), who steals the show with a frilly costume with bunny ears and crotch exposure (the place Hugh Hefner gets his Playboy bunny idea?); the tagline is "It's Ankles Aweigh"; features Schertzinger's hit songs I Remember You, Tangerine, and Arthur Murray Taught Me Dancing in a Hurry, all with lyrics by Johnny Mercer (1909-76). Mark Sandrich's Holiday Inn (Aug. 4) (Paramount Pictures) stars Bing Crosby and Fred Astaire as rival song-and-dance men Jim Hardy and Ted Hanover, who woo the same women (Marjorie Reynolds, Virginia Dale) while working to turn a Conn. farm into an entertainment inn only open on holidays 15 days a year; a vehicle for the 12 Irving Berlin songs incl. "Easter Parade", "White Christmas", and "Be Careful, It's My Heart"; Astaire performs the Firecracker Dance; Crosby stinks himself up in blackface in Abraham; does $3.75M box office; remade in 1954 as guess what "White Christmas"? Rene Clair's I Married a Witch (Oct. 30) stars Veronica Lake as a colonial Salem witch who plans revenge on Frederic March but falls in love. Noel Coward's and David Lean's B&W In Which We Serve (Sept. 17) (British Lion Film Corp.) (United Artists), produced by Coward is a British patriotic war propaganda film made with the assistance of the Ministry of Info., inspired by the exploits of Lord Louis Mountbatten, whose destroyer HMS Kelly was sunk on May 23, 1941 in the Battle of Crete; stars Coward as Capt. E.V. Kinross, John Miles as Seaman Shorty Blake, and Benard Miles as Chief Petty Officer Walter Hardy of the HMS Torrin (played by the HMAS Nepal), and stage actress Celia Elizabeth "Betty" Johnson (1908-82) (wife of writer Peter Fleming, elder brother of James Bond 007 author Ian Fleming) in her feature film debut as Noel's wife Alix Kinross; Richard Attenborough plays Young Stoker; does £300K in the U.K. and $2M in the U.S. on a £240K budget; the debut of Croyden, Surrey-born dir. Sir David Lean (1908-91); first of four collaborations between dir. Lean and producer-writer Coward, incl. "This Happy Breed" (1944), "Blithe Spirit" (1945), and Brief Encounter (1945). Sam Wood's Kings Row (Apr. 18), based on the 1940 Harry Bellamann novel stars childhood friends Ann Sheridan and Ronald Reagan growing up in a macabre Southern town while depending on pshrink Parris Mitchell (Robert Cummings); held for a year before release. Sam Newfield's B&W The Mad Monster (May 18) stars George Zucco as mad scientist Lorenzo Cameron, who is rejected by his peers and gets even by transforming his gardener Petro (Glenn Strange) into a killer wolfman. Elliott Mugent's The Male Animal (Apr. 4), based on hi 1940 play stars Henry Fonda and Olivia de Havilland. William Keighley's The Man Who Came to Dinner (B&W) (Jan. 1), based on the play by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman stars Monty Woolley (1888-1963) (gay lover of Cole Porter) as Sheridan Whiteside, a cranky radio personality who slips on the ice and injures himself on the steps of the home of the prominent Stanley family of Ohio, then moves in and takes over; Bette Davis plays his spinster asst. Maggie Cutler. Albert Lewin's The Moon and Sixpence (Oct. 27), based on the W. Somerset Maugham novel stars George Sanders as artist Paul Gaugin. William Wyler's Mrs. Miniver (June 4) stars redheaded upper-class Greer Garson (after Norma Shearer turns it down, then marries Sun Valley ski instructor Martin Arrouge and retires, going on to discover Janet Leigh and Robert Evans) struggling through the London Blitz, lowering herself democratically per the specs of the U.S. Office of War Info. to make Yanks want to fight for their former enemy Britain; Dame May Whitty plays Lady Beldon; the film ends with a pure war propaganda speech delivered by Henry Wilcoxon in a service in a bombed-out village church: "This is the people's war. It is our war. We are the fighters. Fight it, then. Fight it with all that is in us. And God defend the right." Irving Rapper's Now, Voyager (Oct. 22), based on the 1941 Olive Higgins Prouty novel stars Bette Davis as middle-aged spinster Charlotte Vale, who ends up in a sanatorium and is helped by an understanding pshrink, then goes on a cruise, where Jerry Durrance (Paul Henreid) lights two cigs in his mouth and hands her one, creating a movie fad; "Oh, Jerry, don't let's ask for the Moon, we have the stars". Archie L. Mayo's Orchestra Wives (Sept. 4) is the 2nd film featuring the Glenn Miller Orchestra, and stars George Montgomery and Ann Rutherford. Norman Z. McLeod's Panama Hattie (Sept.), a MGM musical based on the 1940 Cole Porter musical stars Red Skelton as Red, and Ann Sothern as Hattie; the major studio film debuts of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, N.Y.-born "Bronze Venus" Lena Mary Calhoun Horne (1917-2010) and comic actor John Lee Morgan Beauregard "Rags" Ragland (1905-46), who goes on to star in MGM comedies with Abbott and Costello, Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Lucille Ball, and Red Skelton before his sudden tragic death from alcoholism. Sam Wood's The Pride of the Yankees: The Life of Lou Gehrig (July 14) (RKO) (B&W), based on a story by Paul Gallico stars Gary Cooper as New York Yankees "Bronx Bombers" first baseman Lou "Iron Horse" Gehrig, who died on June 2, 1941 of ALS after playing 2,130 straight games; features Babe Ruth, Bob Meusel, Mark Koenig, Bill Dickey, and sportscaster Bill Stern playing themselves; Teresa Wright plays his babe Eleanor; Gene Collins play 8-y.-o. sick kid Billy, who is promised two homers in a single World Series game by Gehrig; last line "People all say that I've had a bad break, but today, today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the Earth." William A. Wellman's Roxie Hart (Feb. 20), a remake of the 1927 silent film "Chicago" based on the 1926 play by Maurine Dallas Watkins stars Ginger Rogers. Alfred Hitchcock's Saboteur, his first with an all-Am. cast stars Robert Cummings as Calif. aircraft factory worker Barry Kane, who is framed for firebombing the plant, causing him to chase the real Nazi agent Fry (Norman Lloyd) all the way to the Statue of Liberty while hooking up with blonde-blue billboard model Pat (Priscilla Lane). Norman Ferguson's, Wilfred Jackson's, Jack Kinney's, Hamilton Luske's, and Bill Roberts' animated Saludos Amigos (Sp. "greetings, friends") (Aug. 24) (Walt Disney Productions) debuts, becoming the first of six anthology films produced during WWII to save money, which later help finance "Cinderella" (1950); produced to satisfy the U.S. Dept. of State-sponsored Disney goodwill tour of South Am., its live-action documentary sequences showing modern Latin Am. cities helps change U.S. public opinion and cement er, goodwill; does $1.135M box office worldwide. Walter Lang's Song of the Islands (Mar. 13) stars Betty Grable and Victor Mature; features Hilo Hattie performing The Cockeyed Mayor of Kaunakakai. John Cromwell's Son of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake (Jan. 29), based on the Edison Marshall novel stars Tyrone Power as Benjamin Blake, who is cheated out of his estate by his uncle and goes to the South Seas to make his fortune; also stars Gene Tierney as Eve, and Frances Farmer as Isabel Blake; too bad, Farmer is fired by Paramount for alcoholism, and gets a divorce from hubby (since 1936) Leif Erickson, beginning her epic downhill slide to the nuthouse. Robert Z. Leonard's Stand By for Action (Dec. 31) about a WWI destroyer pulled out of mothballs for WWII service stars Robert Taylor as Lt. Gregg Masterman, Charles Laughton as Rear Adm. Stephen Thomas, Brian Donlevy as Lt. Cmdr. Martin J. Roberts, and Walter Brennan as Chief Yeoman Henry Johnson. George Stevens' The Talk of the Town is a madcap romantic comedy starring Cary Grant as borsch-loving escaped arson suspect Leopold Dilg, who hides out at the home of childhood friend Nora (Jean Arthur), only to see Supreme Court candidate Michael Lightcap (Ronald Colman) move in as a renter, causing him to pose as gardener Joseph and try to convince him of his innocence, while both vie for the babe; Edward Buchanan plays Dilg's atty., who happens to have gone to college with Lightcap; Lloyd Bridges has a bit part. Harold Young's There's One Born Every Minute (June 26), written by Robert B. Hunt is the screen debut of 8-y.-o. Elizabeth Taylor, who loves the patented prepared pudding of Lemuel P. Twine (Hugh Herbert) because it has a treasure of Vitamin Z and is full of Zumph. Raoul Walsh's They Died With Their Boots On (?) stars Errol Flynn as flamboyant Gen. Armstrong Custer at Little Bighorn; Olivia de Havilland plays his wife Libbie in their 8th and last film together, featuring a teary goodbye scene onscreen, with no fulfilled offscreen romance. Frank Tuttle's This Gun for Hire (May 13), based on the Graham Greene novel "A Gun for Sale" stars Alan Ladd (1913-64) as hired killer Raven, and Veronica Lake as Ellen in their first of seven movies together (only time he plays the villain?); #7 is Saigon (1948). Ernst Lubitsch's To Be or Not To Be (Mar. 6) stars Carole Lombard in her final screen appearance as Maria Tura, and Jack Benny as Josef Tura, the Barrymores of the Polish stage, who resist the Nazi occupation; the opening sequence is to kill for? Richard Thorpe's White Cargo (Sept.), based on the Ida Vera Simonton novel and Leon Gordon play stars Walter Pidgeon as Harry Witzel, and Hedy Lamarr as half-Egyptian half-Arab Tondelayo in "a mix of Lolita and Mandingo". Marcel Carne's Les Visiteurs du Soir (The Evening Visitors) is about the Devil trying to interfere with a love affair in 15th cent. France and failing to cool it; released after the Nazi occupation of France, and the Krauts never 'get' it? Anthony Asquith's B&W We Dive at Dawn (May 20) (Gaumont British Picture Corp.) (Gainsborough Pictures) (Gen. Film Distributors), produced by Edward Black stars John Mills as Lt. Taylor, and Eric Portman as Seaman James Hobson on the Royal Navy Sea Tiger submarine in WWII on a mission to sink new German battleship Brandenburg. George Stevens' Woman of the Year (Jan. 19), written by Ring Lardner Jr. and Michael Kanin stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn as married rival journalists Sam Craig and Tess Harding (based on Dorothy Thompson), becoming the first of 10 films pairing married Irish Catholic alcoholic Tracy and women's libber Scottish Protestant slut, er, actress of the cent. Hepburn, whose offscreen romance beats out their onscreen acting for fan appeal; they stay together until his death in 1967 even though he never divorces his wife; she gets the part by wearing 4-in. heels to bully Louis B. Mayer into freeing her from making "The Yearling"?; Hepburn's role is based on Dorothy Thompson. Michael Curtiz' Yankee Doodle Dandy (June 6) is a jingoistic musical starring James Cagney as recently deceased born-on-the-4th-of-July George M. Cohan (1878-1942), rapping and dancing on a Hollywood sound stage, incl. a number as a singing-dancing polio-free FDR; does $11.8M box office; features the jingoistic songs Yankee Doodle, Give My Regards to Broadway ("Remember me to Herald Square, give my regards to Broadway"), Harrigan, Mary's a Grand Old Name, You're a Grand Old Flag, and Over There (with Frances Langford); "My mother thanks you. My father thanks you. My sister thanks you. And I thank you." Plays: Maxwell Anderson (1888-1959), The Eve of St. Mark. Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Antigone. Philip Barry (1896-1949), Without Love; filmed in 1945 starring Katharine Hepburn as widow Jamie Rowan, and Spencer Tracy as scientist Patrick Jamieson, who marry sans love then fall for each other. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Megaree (Mégarée) (Grand Theatre, Monte-Carlo). Horton Foote (1916-), Only the Heart (Provincetown Playhouse); becomes his Broadway debut in 1944; Out of My House (New York). Ketti Frings (1909-81), Mr. Sycamore; stars Stuart Erwin as a mailman who plants himself and tries to become a tree; also stars Lillian Gish; filmed in 1975 starring Jason Robards and Sandy Dennis. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), School for Bufoons. Molly Keane (1905-96), Ducks and Drakes. Sidney Kingsley (1906-95), The Patriot. Leonid Leonov (1899-1994), Invasion. Alfred Neumann (1895-1952), War and Peace; first successful stage adaptation. Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), Red Roses for Me. Clifford Odets (1906-63), The Russian People. John Patrick (1905-95), The Willow and I (New York); stars Gregory Peck and Martha Scott. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Flare Path. Konstantin Simonov (1915-79), The Russian People; wartime cheer-em-up. Thornton Wilder (1897-1975), The Skin of Our Teeth (Oct. 15) (Shubert Theatre, New Haven) (Pulitzer Prize); George and Maggie Antrobus (Gr. "anthropos" = human) (Adam and Eve), their children Henry and Gladys, and family maid Sabrina (as in Rape of the Sabine Women); Henry used to be called Cain until he murdered his brother Abel; takes place in the Ice Age, Great Flood, and the Napoleonic Wars, and cycles back to the beginning; "That's all we do - always beginning again, over and over again, always beginning again" (Sabrina); Tallulah Bankhead is the first Sabrina, followed by Miriam Hopkins; first stage play to be aired live on U.S. TV (Jan. 18, 1983). Poetry: Franklin Pierce Adams (1881-1960), Innocent Merriment. Jorge Carrera Andrade (1902-78), Registro del Mundo. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Cantique a Elsa; Les Yeux d'Elsa; Borceliande. Earle Birney (1904-95), David and Other Poems (debut). Harold Lenoir Davis (1896-1960), Proud Riders and Other Poems. Robert Frost (1874-1963), A Witness Tree (Pulitzer Prize). Paul Goodman (1911-72), Stop-Light: Five Dance Poems. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Shakespeare in Harlem. Randall Jarrell (1914-65), Blood for a Stranger (debut). John Frederick Lehmann (1907-87), Forty Poems. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Along the Illinois. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Dunkirk: A Ballad. Charles Norman (1904-96), The Savage Century. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), The Dark Kingdom; The Teeth of the Lion. Francis Ponge (1899-1988), Le Parti Pris des Choses (The Voice of Things) (The Way Things Are) (debut); introduces his prose poem form that minutely examines everyday objects incl. cigarettes, oranges, and potatoes. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Flare Path. Karl Shapiro (1913-2000), Person, Place and Thing (debut). Genevieve Taggard (1894-1948), Long View. Charles Vildrac (1882-1971), Trois Mois de Prison. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), Eleven Poems on the Same Theme. Novels: Nelson Algren (1909-81), Never Come Morning; a doomed young criminal; pisses-off the Polish community in Chicago, causing it to be banned by the Chicago Public Library; after he dies they stop Chicago from renaming West Evergreen St. (where he lived at #1958) after him, although they let them name a fountain in the Polish Triangle after him. Jorge Amado (1912-2001), The Life of Luis Carlos Prestes (The Knight of Hope). Eric Ambler (1909-98), A Time to Be Born; hack writer Amanda Keller Evans and her newspaper magnate hubby Julian Evans, modelled after Clare Boothe Luce and Henry Luce. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Les Voyageurs de l'Imperiale. Sholem Asch (1880-1957), Children of Abraham. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), Runaround (short story); introduces Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. Nigel Balchin (1908-70), Darkness Falls from the Air. Ludwig Bemelmans (1899-1962), Rosebud. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Short Stories (short stories). Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), Moonkeep (Lunegarde). Sally Benson (1897-1972), Meet Me in St. Louis (short stories); original title "5135 Kensington". Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), Seis Problemas para Don Isidro Parodi (short stories). Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), The Heart of a Child. Kay Boyle (1902-92), Primer for Combat. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Until the Day Break. Margaret Wise Brown (1910-52), The Runaway Bunny; illustrated by Clement G. Hurd (1908-88); makes her a hit children's writer; speaking of runaway bunnies, next year Brown shacks up with her rich lezzie lover Michael Strange (Blanche Oelrichs) (1890-1950) (wife of John Barrymore in 1920-5) at 10 Gracie Square, Manhattan, N.Y. until her 1950 death. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Dragon Seed. Gelett Burgess (1866-1951), Ladies in Boxes. Virginia Lee Burton (1909-68), The Little House. Dino Buzzati (1906-72), The Seven Messengers (short stories). James Branch Cabell (1879-1958), The First Gentlemen of America. James M. Cain (1892-1977), Love's Lovely Counterfeit. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Strong City; German immigrants to the U.S. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87) and Margaret Bourke-White (1904-71), Shooting the Russian War. Albert Camus (1913-60), The Stranger (The Outsider) (L'Etranger) (L'Étranger); French Algerian Meursault kills an Arab he recognizes in Algiers; "Mother died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don't know" (opening); inspires the song "Killing an Arab" by The Cure. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Gilded Man; The Case of the Constant Suicides; The Gilded Man (Death). Joyce Cary (1888-1957), To Be a Pilgrim; #2 in the First Trilogy. Vera Caspary (1899-1987), Ring Twice for Laura; filmed in 1944. Camilo Jose Cela (1916-2002), The Family of Pascual Duarte (first novel). Raymond Chandler (1888-1959), The High Window; 3rd Philip Marlowe novel. Brainard Cheney (1900-90), River Rogue. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Body in the Library (Feb.); Miss Marple; Five Little Pigs (Murder in Retrospect) (May); Hercule Poirot #22; The Moving Finger (July); Miss Marple. James Gould Cozzens (1903-78), The Just and the Unjust. Lloyd Cassel Douglas (1877-1951), The Robe; bestseller by a Lutheran minister about what happened to Jesus Christ's robe after the crucifixion; filmed in 1953. Oliver La Farge (1901-63), The Copper Pot. Howard Fast (1914-2003), The Unvanquished. William Faulkner (1897-1962), Go Down, Moses. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), Clark Gifford's Body. Paul Goodman (1911-72), The Grand Piano; or, The Almanac of Alienation. Winston Graham (1908-2003), My Turn Next (Cameo). Elgin Groseclose (1899-1983), The Firedrake. Marion Hargrove (1919-2003), See Here, Private Hargrove; bestseller; filmed in 1944 starring Robert Walker and Donna Reed. William Bradford Huie (1910-86), Mud on the Stars (first novel). Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), Lonely Parade. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), The Family Pattern. Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Soong May-ling) (1898-2003), Little Sister Su: A Chinese Folk Tale. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887-1956), The Secret Son. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), Michaels's Girls. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Dialogue with Death. C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), The Screwtape Letters; 31 letters in which senior demon Screwtape of the Lowerarchy of Hell explains how he ensares souls to his nephew Junior Tempter Wormwood to help him ensnare the Patient originally pub. in "The Guardian" in May-Nov. 1941; followed by "Screwtape Proposes a Toast" (1959). George Lowther, Superman. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), Assignment in Brittany. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Life with Topsy. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Oriental Division G-2; Rivers of Glory. Angela du Maurier (1904-2002), Treveryan. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), The Company She Keeps (first novel). Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), The Murder of Lidice; the Nazi destruction of a Czech. town. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Sea-Gull Cry. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Men Without Country; filmed in 1944 by Michael Curtiz'as "Passage to Marseille". Martha Ostenso (1900-63), Love Passed This Way. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), She Goes to War. Elliot Paul (1891-1958) and Luis Quintanilla, The Last Time I Saw Paris; With a Hays Nonny Nonny; mocks the Hays Code by rewriting Bible stories to comply with it. Dawn Powell (1896-1965), A Time to Be Born. Ellery Queen, Calamity Town. Vita Sackville-West (1892-1962), Grand Canyon; the Nazis invade the U.S. Gladys Schmitt (1909-72), The Gates of Aulis (first novel). Irwin Shaw (1913-84), Welcome to the City (short stories). Nevil Shute (1899-1960), Pied Piper; Most Secret. Ignazio Silone (1900-78), The Seed Beneath the Snow; life in Fascist Italy. Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), Dragon's Teeth (Pulitzer Prize); Lanny Budd #3. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), Darkness and the Light. John Steinbeck (1902-68), The Moon is Down (Mar.); Norway's resistance to Nazi occupation; title is from a phrase by Fleance in Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Han Suyin (1917-), Destination Chungking. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), Thankless Child. Jim Thompson (1906-77), Now and On Earth (first novel). Frank Waters (1902-95), The Man Who Killed the Deer. Frank Waters (1902-95) and Houston Branch, River Lady. Eudora Welty (1909-2001), The Robber Bridegroom. Franz Werfel (1890-1945), Das Lied der Bernadette (The Song of Bernadette); bestseller about the 1858 Lourdes miracles, written by a Jew. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), V for Vengeance; Mediterranean Nights. Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), Midnight House (Her Heart in Her Throat); filmed as "The Unseen" (1945). Stewart Edward White (1873-1946), Stampede; Andy Burnett Saga #4 of 4. Harold Bell Wright (1872-1944), The Man Who Went Away. Births: Am. "The Vietnam Song" singer Joseph Allen "Country Joe" McDonald (Country Joe and the Fish) on Jan. 1 in Washington, D.C.; Scottish Presbyterian father, Russian Jewish descent mother. Soviet cosmonaut Air Force Col. Gennadi (Gennady) Vasiliyevich Sarafanov (d. 2005) on Jan. 1. Am. Repub. politician and House Speaker (1999-2007) John Dennis "Denny" Hastert on Jan. 2 in Aurora, Ill.; educated at Wheaton College, and North Ill. U. Am. TV talk show host Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose Jr. on Jan. 5 in Henderson, N.C.; educated at Duke U. French "Air France in Boeing Boeing" actress Danielle Nadine Suzanne "Dany" Saval on Jan. 5 in Paris. English theoretical physicist ("Newton's replacement at Cambridge") (atheist) Stephen William Hawking (d. 2018) on Jan. 8 in Oxford; educated at University College, Oxford U., and Trinity Hall, Cambridge U.; father of Lucy Hawking (1969-); doesn't learn to read until age 8; develops ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) at age 21 while at Oxford U., immobilizing him but propelling him from a lazy student to a star, going on to communicate using a single cheek muscle attacked to a speech-generating device; "Newton occupied the Lucasian chair at Cambridge that I now hold, though it wasn't electrically operated in his time"; if they had done a genetic test in the womb, he would have been aborted? Japanese PM (2001-6) Junichiro Koizumi on Jan. 8 in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture; educated at Univ. College London. Am. "Would You Believe in Me", "Lady Love" smooth jazz singer Jon Lucien (Harrigan) (d. 2007) on Jan. 8 in Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Am. "Weena in The Time Machine" actress Yvette Carmen Mimieux on Jan. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; French father, Mexican mother. Am. rock drummer John Petersen (d. 2007) (Beau Brummels, Harpers Bizarre) on Jan. 8 in Rudyard, Mich. Am. Repub. Ohio gov. (1999-2007) Robert Alphonso "Bob" Taft III on Jan. 8 in Boston, Mass.; son of Robert Taft Jr. (1917-93); grandson of Robert Alphonso Taft (1889-1953); great-grandson of pres. William Howard Taft (1857-1930); distant relative of pres. George W. Bush and vice-pres. Dick Cheney; educated at Yale U., and Princeton U.; record lowest 6.5% approval rating in Nov. 2005 Soviet cosmonaut Vyacheslav Dmitriyevich Zudov on Jan. 8 in Bor, Gorki Oblast. Am. Rahn Curve economist Richard W. Rahn on Jan. 9 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Fla. State U., Columbia U., and Pepperine U.; husband (1985-90) of Peggy Noonan (1950-). Am. rock saxophonist Clarence "Big Man" Clemons (E Street Band) on Jan. 11 in Norfolk, Va. Am. Weather Underground leader Bernardine Rae Dohrn on Jan. 12 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; Jewish father, Swedish descent Christian Scientist mother; educated at the U. of Chicago. Swiss astrophysicist Michel Gustave Edouard Mayor on Jan. 12 in Lausanne; educated at the U. of Lausanne, and U. of Geneva; 2019 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. 6'3" heavyweight boxing champ (black) (aviophobe) (Muslim) (inventor of rap?) ("The Greatest") ("The Louisville Lip") ("The People's Champion") Muhammad Ali (Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.) (d. 2016) on Jan. 17 in Louisville, Ky.; father of Laila Ali (1977-); raised a Baptist, he converts to the Nation of Islam in 1964. Am. "Randy Benton in The Virginian", "Francis Wilde in Cimarron Strip" actor Clyde Randall "Randy" Boone on Jan. 17 in Fayeteville, N.C.; cousin of Pat Boone (1934-); nephew of Richard Boone (1917-81); ancestor of Daniel Boone. Am. "Baby Don't Get Hooked on Me" country singer-songwriter Morris Mac Davis on Jan. 21 in Lubbock, Tex. Am. "War" soul singer (black) Edwin Starr (Charles Edwin Hatcher) (d. 2003) on Jan. 21 in Nashville, Tenn. Am. "Wes Hightower in Urban Cowboy", "Cmdr. Bart Mancuso in The Hunt for Red October", "Jack Crawford in The Silence of the Lambs" actor Theodore Scott Glenn on Jan. 26 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at the College of William and Mary. Japanese immunologist Tasuku Honjo on Jan. 27 in Kyoto; educated at Kyoto U.; 2018 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. casino and real estate tycoon (Jewish) Steven Alan "Steve" Wynn (Weinberg) on Jan. 27 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at the U. of Penn.; father Michael Weinberg is a bingo parlor operator who dies of heart disease in 1963, leaving him $350K in gambling debts, making him more determined. Am. "The Party" singer-actress Claudine Georgette Longet on Jan. 29 in Paris; wife (1961-75) of Andy Williams (1927-). Cuban cosmonaut Arnold Tamayo Mendez (Méndez) on Jan. 29 in Guantanamo. Am. "Elaine Robinson in The Graduate" actress Katharine Juliet Ross on Jan. 29 in Hollywood, Calif. Italian "Tatiana Romanova in From Russia With Love" actress Daniela Bianchi on Jan. 31 in Rome. British (Welsh) "Monty Python" comedian Terry Jones on Feb. 1 in Colwyn Bay. Japanese prof. wrestler Masanori "Masa" Saito (d. 2018) on Feb. 1 in Tokyo. Am. Fox Broadcasting Co. media mogul (Jewish) Barry Diller on Feb. 2 in San Francisco, Calif. in Beverly Hills, Calif.; starts in the mailroom of William Morris Agency; father of the Killer Dillers (Michael Eisner, Dawn Steel, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Garth Ancier, Don Simpson). English singer-songwriter Graham William Nash (The Hollies, Crosby, Stills and Nash) on Feb. 2 in Blackpool, Lancashire. English "The Woman in Black" novelist-writer Susan Hill on Feb. 5 in Scarborough, North Yorkshire; educated at King's College London. Am. football hall-of-fame QB (Dallas Cowboys, #12) (1969-79) Roger Thomas "Roger the Dodger" "Captain Comeback" "Captain America" Staubach on Feb. 5 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. singer Cory Wells (Emil Lewandowski) (The Enemys, Three Dog Night) on Feb. 5 in Buffalo, N.Y. French theoretical physicist Eugene (Eugène) Cremmer on Feb. 7 in Paris. Am. musician-producer (Byrds, Beach Boys) Terry Melcher (Jorden) (d. 2004) on Feb. 8; son of trombonist Al Jorden and Doris Day (1924-). Am. "Tapestry" singer-songwriter (Jewish) Carole King (Klein) on Feb. 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Queens College. Am. R&B singer (black) Otis Clay on Feb. 11 in Waxhaw, Miss. Am. musician-actor Peter Tork (Peter Halsten Thorkelson) (d. 2019) (The Monkees) on Feb. 13 in Washington, D.C. Am. Dem.-Repub. billionaire financier-politician and New York City mayor #108 (2002-13) (Jewish) Michael Rubens "Mike" Bloomberg on Feb. 14 in Boston, Mass.; parents are descended from Russian Jewish immigrants; educated at Johns Hopkins U., and Harvard U. (Kappa Beta Phi). Canadian cardiologist Adolfo J. De Bold on Feb. 14 in Parana, Argentina; emigrates to Canada in 1968. Am. "Terry Williams in The Danny Thomas Show", "Andrea in Star Trek: TOS" actress Sherry Jackson on Feb. 15 in Wendell, Idaho. North Korean 5'3" dictator (1994-2011) ("Dear Leader") Kim Jong-il (Jong Il) (Chong-il) (d. 2011) (Yuri Irsenovich Kim) on Feb. 16 in a "secret camp" on the N Korea-China border (really the Soviet Union on Feb. 16, 1941?); eldest son of Kim Il-sung (1912-94) and 1st wife Kim Jung Sook; father of Kim Jong-un (1983-). Am. Black Panther Party co-founder (black) (alcoholic) Huey Percy Newton (d. 1989) on Feb. 17 in Monroe, La.; Baptist minister father; youngest of seven children; grows up in Oakland, Calif.; educated at the U. of Calif. Australian "The Removalists" playwright David Keith Williamson on Feb. 19 in Melbourne. Canadian 6'1" "hockey hall-of-fame center Philip Anthony "Phil" "Espo" Esposito U.S. Sen. (R-Ky.) (1985-) Addison Mitchell "Mitch" McConnell Jr. on Feb. 20 in Sheffield, Ala.; of Scots-Irish and English descent; grows up in Athens,Ala.; comes down with polio at age 2; educated at the U. of Louisville, and U. of Ky. on Feb. 20 in Saul Ste. Marie, Ont. English geophysicist Dan Peter McKenzie on Feb. 21 in Cheltenham; educated at Westminster School, and King's College, Cambridge U. Am. AOL founder William F. von Meister (d. 1995) on Feb. 21. Am. "Eve of Destruction", "You Baby", "Secret Agent Man" songwriter-producer (Jewish) Steve Barri (Steven Barry Lipkin) on Feb. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; collaborator of P.F. Sloan (1945-). Am. atty. Ronald Dale "Ronnie" Earle on Feb. 23 in Fort Worth, Tex.; grows up in Birdville Tex.; educated at the U. of Tex. Malian pres. (2012-13) (black) Dioncounda Traore (Traoré) on Feb. 23 in Kati, French Sudan. English singer-actor Paul Jones (Pond) (Manfred Mann) on Feb. 24 in Portsmouth; father of Matthew David Jones (1968-). U.S. Sen. (I-Conn.) (1989-2013) (Jewish) Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman< (d. 2024) on Feb. 24 in Stamford, Conn.; educated at Yale U.; first Jewish candidate on a U.S. major party pres. election (vice-pres., 2000). Am. "Caroline Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie" actress Karen Grassle on Feb. 25 in Berkeley, Calif.; educated at UCB. Am. chemist Robert Howard Grubbs on Feb. 27 near Possum Trot, Ky.; educated at Columbia U.; 2005 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "Herb Tarlet in WKRP in Cincinnati" actor Frank Bonner (Frank Woodrow Boers Jr.) (d. 2021) on Feb. 28 in Little Rock, Ark. ; grows up in Malvern, Ark. English rocker Lewis Brian Jones (Hopkin-Jones) (d. 1969) (Rolling Stones) on Feb. 28 in Park Nursing Home, Cheltenham. Am. "The World According to Garp" novelist John Winslow Irving on Mar. 2 in Exeter, N.H.; writes the last line of each novel first? Am. "Walk on the Wild Side" singer (Jewish) (bi) Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed (Lewis Allen Rabinowitz) (Velvet Underground) on Mar. 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Syracuse U.; called Louis Firbanks by Lester Bangs of Creem mag. Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Vasiliyevich Kovalyonok on Mar. 2 in Beloye, Minsk. Iranian PM #79 (1981-9) Mir Hussein (Hossein) Mousavi Khameneh on Mar. 2 in Khameneh. English musician Mike Pender (Michael John Prendergast) (The Searchers) on Mar. 3 in Kirkdale, Liverpool. Am. environmental activist-atty. James Gustave "Gus" Speth on Mar. 4 in Orangeburg, S.C.; educated at Yale U., and Balliol College, Oxford U. Spanish Socialist PM (1982-96) Felipe Gonzalez Marquez on Mar. 5 in Seville; son of a dairy farmer; educated at Seville U. Am. movie studio CEO (Paramount Pictures, 1976-84) (Walt Disney Co., 1984-2005) (Jewish) Michael Dammann "Mike" Eisner on Mar. 7 in Mt. Kisco, N.Y; educated at Denison U. Am. televangelist Tamara "Tammy" Faye Bakker (Messner) (d. 2007) on Mar. 7 in International Falls, Minn.; wife (1961-92) of Jim Bakker (1940-) and (1993-2007) Roe Messner (1935-); known for tattooed-on eyebrows, fake eyelashes, and heavy mascara. Am. baseball player (black) (Philadelphia Phillies, 1963-9)Richard Anthony "Dick" Allen on Mar. 8 in Wampum, Penn. Welsh musician John Davies Cale (The Velvet Underground) on Mar. 9 in Garnant, Carmarthenshire. English marine geologist (climate change denier) Robert Merlin "Bob" Carter (d. 2016) on Mar. 9 in Reading, England; emigrates to New Zealand in 1956; educated at Lindisfarne College, U. of Otago, and U. of Cambridge. Am. "Kicks", "Steppin' Stone" singer Mark Lindsay (Paul Revere and The Raiders) on Mar. 9 in Eugene, Ore.; 9th of 18 children. Am. "King Cassiodorus in Dragonslayer", "The Pope in Orlando", "Lord Apthorpe in Princess Caraboo" actor Peter Eyre on Mar. 11 in New York City. English "Jo in A Taste of Honey", "The Girl in Doctor Zhivago" actress Rita Tushingham on Mar. 14 in Garston, Liverpool. Canadian 5'8" hockey goalie Roger Allan Crozier (d. 1996) on Mar. 16 in Bracebridge, Ont. Am. "Mr. Bojangles" country singer-songwriter Jerry Jeff Walker (Ronald Clyde Crosby) on Mar. 16 in Oneona, N.Y. Am. serial murderer John Wayne Gacy Jr. (d. 1994) on Mar. 17 in Chicago, Ill. Am. 6'4" basketball player-coach (white) (St. Louis Hawks #44, 1964-6) (San Francisco Warriors #23, 1966-76) (U. of N.C, 1985-96) Jeffrey Vincent "Jeff" Mullins on Mar. 18 in Queens, N.Y.; educated at Duke U. Am. Repub. ambassador and CEO of Eli Lilly & Co. Randall L. Tobias on Mar. 20. French "Cul-de-Sac" actress Francoise Dorleac (Dorléac) (d. 1967) on Mar. 21 in Paris; daughter of Maurice Dorleac and Renee Deneuve; sister of Catherine Deneuve (1943-). Yemeni Repub. pres. #1 (1978-2011) (non-Hashimi Zaydi Shiite) field marshal Ali Abdullah Saleh on Mar. 21 in Cameno. Am. biochemist Arthur Brouhard "Art" Robinson on Mar. 24 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Caltech, and UCSD. 3 Am. "RESPECT" R&B-pop singer-songwriter (black) ("the Queen of Soul") ("Sister Ree") (aviophobe) Aretha Louise Franklin (d. 2018) on Mar. 25 in Memphis, Tenn.; daughter of Baptist minister Clarence LaVaughn "C.L." Franklin (1915-84). English "The Rocky Horror Show" writer-actor Richard O'Brien (Richard Timothy Smith) (Kimi & Ritz) on Mar. 25 in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; grows up in New Zealand; becomes dual British-Kiwi citizen in 2011; husband (1971-9) of Kimi Wong. Am. "Fear of Flying" feminist writer Erica Jong on Mar. 26 in New York City. English "Logan's Run" actor Michael York on Mar. 27 in Fulmer. English "The World Guide to Beer", "The Malt Whisky Companion" writer-journalist (Jewish) Michael James Jackson (d. 2007) on Mar. 27 in Wetherby, West Riding of Yorkshire; Luthianian Jewish immigrant parents named Jakowitz. English biologist Sir John Edward Sulston on Mar. 27; educated at Northwood and Pembroke College, Cambridge U.; knighted in 2001; 2002 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Brainstorms", "The Mind's I" philosopher (atheist) Daniel Clement "Dan" Dennett III on Mar. 28 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, Harvard U., and Hertford College, Oxford U. British Labour politician Neil Gordon Kinnock, Baron Kinnock on Mar. 28 in Tredegar, Wales. English "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" dir. Michael Cormac "Mike" Newell on Mar. 28 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire; educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge U. Am. opera bass Samuel Edward Ramey on Mar. 28 in Colby, Kan. Am. 6'5" basketball player-coach (Chicago Bulls, 1966-76, 1978-82) (Utah Jazz, 1985-2011) Gerald Eugene "Jerry" Sloan (d. 2020) on Mar. 28 in McLeansoboro, Ill.; educated at Evansville U. Am. "The Savage Nation", "Liberalism is a Mental Disorder" conservative TV-radio host-writer (Jewish) Michael Savage (Michael Alan Weiner) on Mar. 31 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at UCB; of Russian Jewish descent. Am. "Babel 17", "The Einstein Intersection" sci-fi writer (black) (gay) Samuel Ray "Chip" Delany Jr. on Apr. 1 in Harlem, N.Y.; educated at Bronx High School of Science; husband (1961-80) of Marilyn Hacker (1942-); father of Iva Hacker-Delany (1974-). Am. economist (Jewish) Martin Lawrence "Marty" Weitzman on Apr. 1 in New York City: educated at Swarthmore College, Stanford U., and MIT. Japanese "Iron Chef" chef Hiroyuki Sakai on Apr. 2 in Kagoshima Prefecture. French serial murderer ("the Ogre/Beast of Ardennes") Michel Fourniret on Apr. 4 in Sedan. German mathematical physicist Gerhard Gerlich (d. 2014) on Apr. 6 in Prague, Czech.; educated at Christian Albrechts U. Kiel. English rock musician Roger Maxwell "Chappo" Chapman (Family) on Apr. 8 in Leicester. Am. "Love Train", "Me and Mrs. Jones" songwriter (black) Leon A. Huff on Apr. 8 in Camden, N.J.; collaborator of Kenny Gamble (1943-). English rock musician Alan Price (The Animals) on Apr. 19 in Fatfield, Washington, County Durham. Am. "Down in the Boondocks", "Cherry Hill Park" singer Billy Joe Royal on Apr. 3 in Marietta, Ga.; starts out as a star in Savannah, Ga. Am. 6'4" "Danke Schoen", "Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast" singer-actor ("Mr. Las Vegas") ("Mr. Entertainment") ("The Midnight Idol") Carson Wayne Newton on Apr. 3 in Norfolk, Va.; Irish-Powhatan father, German mother. Am. "Jackie Oh!" journalist-writer Kitty Kelley on Apr. 4 in Spokane, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wash. Am. "Something Queer is Going On" children's writer (Jewish) Elizabeth Levy on Apr. 4 in Buffalo, N.Y. British "The Cook, the Thief, His Wife and Her Lover" writer-dir. Peter Greenaway on Apr. 5 in Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales. Am. "Good Morning, Vietnam" dir. Barry Levinson on Apr. 6 in Baltimore, Md. English rock singer Roger Maxwell "Chappo" Chapman (Family, Streetwalkers) on Apr. 8. Am. "Blade Runner", "Silent Running", "Brainstorm" dir. and SFX supervisor Douglas Huntley Trumbull on Apr. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Donald Trumbull (1909-2004). Am. "Joey in Shane" actor Andre Brandon de Wilde (d. 1972) on Apr. 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; debuts on Broadway at age 7 in "The Member of the Wedding". Am. "Clarence Lumpy Rutherford in Leave it to Beaver" actor Frank Bank (d. 2013) on Apr. 12 in Los Angeles, Calif. South African pres. #4 (2009-18) (black) Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma on Apr. 12 in Nkandla. Am. "Rocky" composer-conductor William "Bill" Conti on Apr. 13 in Providence, R.I.; educated at La. State U., and Juilliard School of Music. Russian high jumper Valeri Nikolayevich Brumel (d. 2003) on Apr. 14 in Tolbuzino, Siberia. English "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Grows)", "Gimme Dat Ding" singer Anthony "Tony" Burrows (Kestrels, Ivy League, Flower Pot Men, Edison Lighthouse) on Apr. 14 in Exeter, Devon. Soviet cosmonaut Valentin Vitalyevich Lebedev on Apr. 14 in Moscow. Am. baseball player (Cincinnati Reds #14) ("Charlie Hustle") Peter Edward "Pete" Rose Sr. on Apr. 14 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. Enron Corp. CEO (1982-2002) Kenneth Lee "Ken" Lay (d. 2006) on Apr. 15 in Tyrone, Mo.; educated at the U. of Houston. Am. 6'2" basketball player-coach (black) Walter Raphael "Walt" Hazzard Jr. (Mahdi Abdul-Rahman) (d. 2011) on Apr. 15 in Wilmington, Del.; educated at UCLA. Am. 6' bodybuilder-actor ("the Blond Bomber") David "Dave" Draper on Apr. 16 in Secaucus, N.J. Am. historian and TV exec Tim Brooks on Apr. 18. Am. music journalist ("Dean of American Rock Critics") Robert Christgau ("Xgau") on Apr. 18 in New York City; educated at Dartmouth College. German-Austrian auto racer Karl Jochen Rindt (d. 1970) on Apr. 18 in Mainz. Am. atty. and head #4 of the EPA (1981-3) Anne Gorsuch Burford (Anne Irene McGill) (d. 2004) on Apr. 21 in Casper, Wyo.; grows up in Denver, Colo.; educated at the U. of Colo. Boulder. Am. "Gidget" actress Sandra Dee (Alexandra Cymboliak Zuck) (d. 2005) on Apr. 23 in Bayonne, N.J.; wife (1960-7) of Bobby Darin (1936-73). Am. "Airships", "Ray" novelist Barry Hannah on Apr. 23 in Ala. Am. Chicago Dem. mayor (1989-) Richard Michael Daley on Apr. 24 in Chicago, Ill.; son of Richard J. Daley (1902-76). Am. "Yentl" "photograph my left side" singer-actress-dir.-producer (Jewish) Barbara Joan "Barbra" "Babs" Streisand on Apr. 24 [Taurus] in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Austrian Jewish immigrant father; sings in the school choir at Erasmus Hall H.S. with Neil Diamond; sells 68.5M albums in the U.S. and and 150M records worldwide, incl. 53 gold albums, 31 platinum albums, and 14 multi-platinum albums in the U.S. U.S. Sen. (R-Ariz.) (1995-) Jon Llewellyn Kyl on Apr. 25 in Oakland, Neb.; educated at the U. of Ariz. Am. R&B singer (black) Walter Williams Sr. (O'Jays) on Apr. 25 in Canton, Ohio. French "Dominique 'Domino' Derval in Thunderball" actress Claudine Auger (Oger) on Apr. 26 in Paris. Am. "Wild One" singer-actor Bobby Rydell (Robert Louis Ridarelli) on Apr. 26 in Philadelphia, Penn. Soviet cosmonaut Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov on Apr. 27 in Tula. Am. journalist (exec ed. of The Washington Post, 1991-2008) Leonard "Len" Downie Jr. on May 1; grows up in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Ohio State U. Am. "Stand By Your Man" country singer-songwriter ("First Lady of Country Music") Tammy Wynette (Virginia Wynette Pugh) on May 5 near Tremont, Miss.; named after Debbie Reynolds in the 1957 film "Tammy and the Bachelor" - there's a dear in my beer? Am. "Patrick Henry" historian-biographer Richard Roy Beeman on May 6 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at UCB, and College of William and Mary. Am. JFK mistress Marion Fay "Mimi" Alford (nee Beardsley) on May 7 in ?; raised in Red Bank, N.J. Am. "Sheila", "Hooray for Hazel", "Sweet Pea", "Dizzy" singer-songwriter Thomas David "Tommy" Roe on May 9 in Atlanta, Ga. French "L'Irrevolution" novelist Pascal Laine (Lainé) on May 10 in Anet, Eure-et-Loir. Am. atty. Harvey Allen Silverglate on May 10 in ?; educated at Princeton U., and Harvard U. English "Sex and Drugs and Rock & Roll" punk rock vocalist Ian Robins Drury (d. 2000) (Blockheads) on May 12 in Harrow, Middlesex. Am. "I Can Help" singer-songwriter Billy Lance Swan on May 12 in Cape Girardeau, Mo. Australian Tasmanian gov.. #25 (2003-4) and U.N. weapons inspector Richard William Butler on May 13 in Coolah, N.S.W.; educated at the Australian Nat. U. Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Aleksandrovich Dzhanibekov on May 13 in Iskandar, Uzbekistan. German actor Rudiger (Rüdiger) Vogler on May 14 in Biberach. Am. blues musician (black) Taj Mahal (Henry Saint Clair Fredericks) on May 17 in Harlem, N.Y. English "A Troublesome Inheritance" writer-journalist Nicholas Wade on May 17 in Aylesbury; grandson of RMS Titanic survivor Lawrence Beesley (1877-1967); educated at Eton College, and King's College, Cambridge U.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1970. Am. personal computer rev. founder Gary Arlen Kildall (d. 1994) on May 19 in Seattle, Wash. Am. football hall-of-fame RB (black) Leroy Kelly on May 20 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. mass murder ("the Unabomber") Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski on May 22 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Harvard U., and the U. of Mich.; collaborator of Chip Davis (1947-). Canadian-Am. "Betty Anderson in Peyton Place" actress Barbara Parkins on May 22 in Vancouver, B.C.; emigrates to the U.S. at age 16. Am. Mannheim Steamroller co-founder Jackson Berkey on May 24 in Huntingdon, Penn.; educated at Wilkes College. Am. chemist Sir James Fraser Stoddart on May 24 in Edinburgh, Scotland; Melville College, and U. of Edinburgh; knighted in 2006; 2016 Nobel Chem. Prize. English rock drummer Brian "Blinky" Davison (d. 2008) (The Nice) on May 25 in Leicester. Am. motorsports announcer Richard "Dick" Berggren on May 27 in Westerly, R.I.; educated at Tufts U.; known for wearing a flat cap. Am. neurologist (1982 discoverer of prions) Stanley Benjamin Prusiner on May 28 in Des Moines, Iowa; educated at the U. of Penn.; 1997 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Roland Weary in Slaughterhouse-Five", "Kahless the Unforgettable in Star Trek: TNG" actor Kevin Conway on May 29 in New York City. English actress-singer Anita Madeleine Harris on June 3 in Midsomer Norton, Somerset. Am. "Superfly", "Freddie's Dead" R&B singer (black) Curtis Lee Mayfield (d. 1999) on June 3 in Chicago, Ill. Equatorial Guinea dictator pres. #2 (1979-) (black) (Esanguii) Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasoso on June 6 in Acoacan, Spanish Guinea; nephew of Francisco Macis Nguema. Libyan daffy dictator (1969-) (Sunni Muslim) Col. Muammar (Moammar) Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (al-Gadhafi) (al-Qaddafi) (al-Qadhafi) (Arab. "sword of Islam") (d. 2011) on June 7 in Sirt, Tripolitania; father of bedouin shepherd Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi (1972-); his mother is Jewish, and he was really born out of wedlock to an Italian soldier and Jewish woman in a village E of Tripoli, who gave him to a Catholic cardinal, who gave him to the shepherd? Am. "The Limits to Growth" scientist Dennis L. Meadows on June 7; educated at Carleton College, and MIT; husband of Donella Meadows (1941-2001). Swiss biophysicist Jacques Dubochet on June 8 in Aigle; educated at the U. of Geneva; 2017 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. singer-songwriter Charles "Chuck" Negron (Three Dog Night) on June 8 in Manhattan, N.Y.; grows up in Bronx, N.Y. Am. "The Diamond in Your Pocket" New Age writer Gangaji (Merle Antoinette "Toni" Roberson) on June 11 in Tex.; educated at the U. of Miss.; wife (1989-) of Eli Jaxon-Bear (Elliot J. Zeldow) (1947-). Am. "1-2-3" singer-songwriter-producer Len Barry (Leonard Borisoff) on June 12 in West Philadelphia, Penn. Am. physicist Sherwood B. Idso on June 12 in Thief River Falls, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn.; father of Craig Idso and Keith E. Idso. Am. mathematical psychologist David Everett Rumelhart (d. 2011) on June 12 in Wessington Springs, S.D.; educated at Stanford U. German physiologist Bert Sakmann on June 12 in Stuttgart; 1991 Nobel Med. Prize. Nigerian pres. #11 (1998-9) (black) (Sunni Muslim) Abdulsalami Alhaji Abubakar on June 13 in Minna. Am. rock musician Lee Dorman (Iron Butterfly) on June 15 in St. Louis, Mo. Australian Olympic track athlete Peter George Norman (d. 2006) on June 15 in Coburg, Victoria. Am. prof. wrestler Paul JOnes (Frederik) (d. 2018) on June 16 in Port Arthur, Tex. English "Let Me Be There", "Please Mr. Please", "If You Love Me, Let Me Know" musician-songwriter John Rostill (d. 1973) (Shadows) on June 16 in Kings Norton, Birmingham. Egyptian IAEA dir. #4 (1997-2009) (Sunni Muslim) Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei on June 17 in Cairo; educated at the U. of Cairo and NYU; 2005 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. #1 film critic (Roman Catholic) Roger Joseph Ebert (d. 2013) on June 18 in Urbana, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill., U. of Cape Town, and U. of Chicago. South African pres. #2 (1999-2008) (black) Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki on June 18 in Mbewuleni; Communist father; educated at the U. of London, and U. of Sussex. English composer-musician-producer-activist (vegetarian) Sir James Paul McCartney (Beatles, Wings) on June 18 in Liverpool; brother of Mike McCartney (1944-); husband (1969-98) of Linda Eastman (1941-98), (2002-7) Heather Mills (1968-), and (2011-) ?; father of Stella McCartney (1971-); knighted in 1996. Am. record producer Richard Perry on June 18 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Ralna Eve English on June 19 in Haskell, Tex.; wife (1969-84) of Guy Hovis (1941-). Am. "Coach Dan Devine in Rudy", "Capt. Talcott in Basic Instinct", "Kenneth King in The Gift" actor Chelcie Claude Ross on June 20 in Oklahoma City, Okla. Am. "Good Vibrations", "Help Me, Rhonda" singer-songwriter-bassist Brian Douglas Wilson (Beach Boys) on June 20 in Inglewood, Calif.; brother of Dennis Wilson (1944-83) and Carl Wilson (1946-98); grows up in Hawthorne, Calif.; educated at El Camino College. Am. "The Flying Change" poet Henry S. Taylor on June 21 in Loudoun County, Va.; educated at the U. of Va. English cosmologist and astronomer royal (1995-) Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow on June 23 in York; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U.; created baron in 2005. English "Fire" rocker Arthur Brown (Wilton) on June 24 in Whitby, Yorkshire; 4-octave range? Brazilian psychic healer Joao de Deus (John of God) (Joao Teixeira de Faria) on June 24 in Cachoeira da Fumaca (Cachoeira de Goias), Goias. Am. "Karen Cooper Fairgate MacKenzie in Knots Landing" actress-singer-producer-dir. Michele Lee (Dusick) on June 24 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. bowler Nelson "Bo" Burton Jr. on June 25 in St. Louis, Mo.; son of Nelson Burton Sr. (1906-94). Am. 6'10" hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (black) (New York Knicks #19, 1964-74) (Creighton U., 1981-5) (New Jersey Nets, 1987-9) Willis Reed Jr. on June 25 in Lincoln Parish, La.; educated at Grambling State U. Brazilian singer-songwriter (black) Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira on June 26 in Salvador, Bahia. Am. rock bassist Samuel "Larry" Taylor (Canned Heat) on June 26 in New York City; brother of Mel Taylor (1933-96). Am. "I Write the Songs" singer-songwriter Bruce Arthur Johnston (Benjamin Baldwin) (Beach Boys, Rip Chords) on June 27 in Peoria, Ill.; joins the Beach Boys on Apr. 9, 1965 after Glen Campbell quits, recording "California Girls" with them. English New Age biochemist (coiner of the term "Morphic Field") Rupert Sheldrake on June 28 in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire; educated at Clare college, Cambridge U. Am. Titanic oceanographer Robert Duane Ballard on June 30 in Wichita, Kan.; great-grandson of Bat Masterson (1853-1921); grandfather was a U.S. marshal who was killed in a gunfight; educated at UCSB, and U. of Hawaii; discovers the remains of the Titanic in 1985, also the German battleship Bismarck, the U.S. aircraft carrier Yorktown, JFK's PT-109, and the Lost Fleet of Guadalcanal. Canadian actress Genevieve Bujold on July 1 in Montreal. Iraqi Gen. (Sunni Sufi Naqshbandi) Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri on July 1 in Tikrit. Am. country singer Clay Hart (Henry Clay Hart III) (Lawrence Welk) on July 1 in Providence, R.I.; educated at Amherst College; husband (1974-) of Sally Flynn (1946-). English "Bobby's Girl" singer Marion Susan Maughan on July 1 in Consett, County Durham. Mexican 6'7" pres. (2000-6) Vicente Fox Quesada on July 2 in Mexico City; Am. father, Basque immigrant mother; partly of German Fuchs descent. Mexican TV comedian Francisco Jorge "Paco" Stanley Albaitero (d. 1999) on July 3. Am. football hall-of-fame RB (black) (Denver Broncos, 1967-75) ("The Franchise") Floyd Douglas Little on July 4 in New Haven, Conn.; first 1st-round draft pick of the Denver Broncos (1967). Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Phoenix Suns, 1969-73) (Los Angeles Lakers, 1973-5) (Atlanta Hawks, 1975-6) Cornelius L. "Connie" "the Hawk" Hawkins on July 17 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Iowa. U.S. Rep. (D-Tex.) (1979-85) and U.S. Sen. (R-Tex.) (1985-2002) William Philip "Phil" Gramm on July 8 in Ft. Benning, Ga.; educated at the U. of Ga. Am. "John Shaft in Shaft" actor (black) Richard Roundtree on July 9 in New Rochelle, N.Y.; in 1993 he contracts breast cancer. Am. musician Ronnie James Dio (Ronald James Padavona) (d. 2010) (Rainbow, Elf, Black Sabbath, Dio) on July 10 in Portsmouth, N.H.; popularizes the cornuto (Devil's horns) hand gesture. Soviet cosmonaut Pyotr Ilyich Klimuk on July 10 in Komarovka, Belorussia. Am. "Indiana Jones in Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Han Solo in Star Wars", "Jack Ryan in Patriot Games" actor (Jewish) Harrison Ford on July 13 in Chicago, Ill.; Irish Roman Catholic descent father, Russian-Jewish descent mother; not to be confused with silent film star Harrison Ford (1884-1957); educated at Ripon College; gives up acting for awhile to become a prof. carpenter; husband (1964-79) of Mary Marquardt, (1983-2004), Melissa Mathison ("E.T." screenwriter), and (2010-) Calista Flockhart (1964-); uses stunt double Vic Armstrong (1946-). Am. "Turn! Turn! Turn!" singer-songwriter James Roger "Jim" McGuinn (nee James Joseph McGuinn III) (Byrds) on July 13 in Chicago, Ill.; known for his jangly 12-string Rickenbacker guitar. Australian tennis player Margaret Jean Court Smith (Smith Court) on July 16 in Albury, NSW. Canadian "We'll Sing in the Sunshine" singer-songwriter-actor Gale Zoe (Zoë) Garnett on July 17 in Auckland, New Zealand; emigrates to Canada at age 11. Am. auto racer Peter "Pete" Hamilton on July 20 in Newton, Mass. Japanese journalist-astronaut Toyohiro Akiyama on July 22 in Tokyo. Am. "Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898" historian Mike Wallace on July 22 in New York City; educated at Columbia U. English "Just Like Eddie" singer Heinz Burt (Heinz Henry Georg Schwartze) (d. 2000) (Tornados) on July 24 in Detmold, Germany. Am. "Prince Humperdinck in The Princess Bride", "Leon in Dog Day Afternoon" actor Chris Sarandon on July 24 in Beckley, W. Va.; Greek immigrant parents. Am. writer Paulette Marcia Cooper on July 26 in Belgium; emigrates to the U.S. in 1948. Am. "Richard Avery in Knotts Landing" actor John Pleshette on July 27 in New York City; cousin of Susan Pleshette (1937-). Am. tennis player Richard Dennis Ralston on July 27 in Bakersfield, Calif. Am. actress-singer Susan Silo on July 27 in New York City; wife of Burr DeBenning (1936-2003). Am. "God: A Biography" writer (Roman Catholic0 John R. "Jack" Miles on July 30 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Xavier U., Pontifical Gregorian U., Hebrew U., and Harvard U. Spanish chef Juan Mari Arzak on July 31 in San Sebastian; father of Elena Arzak (1969-). Am. musician-singer-songwriter (heroin addict) Jerome John "Jerry" Garcia (d. 1995) on Aug. 1 (Grateful Dead) in San Francisco, Calif.; of Galician, Irish, and Swedish descent; named after "Show Boat" composer Jerome Kern. Italian "Inspector Renaldo Pazzi in Hannibal" "Mathis in Casino Royale" actor Giancarlo Giannini on Aug. 1 in La Spezia. Am. music promoter ("Father of the 1967 Summer of Love") Chester Leo "Chet" Helms (d. 2005) (Big Brother and the Holdng Company) on Aug. 2 in Santa Maria, Calif. Am. "House of the Spirits", "City of the Beasts" novelist Isabel Allende Llona on Aug. 2 in Lima; first cousin once removed of Chilean pres. Salvador Allende; becomes U.S. citizen in 2003; always starts a new novel on Jan. 8. Am. chef Mary Ann Esposito on Aug. 3 in Bufflo, N.Y. Am. "Nordic Man in The Firm", "Jigsaw in Saw" actor Tobin Bell (Joseph Henry Tobin Jr.) on Aug. 7 in Queens, N.Y.; grows up in Weymouth, Mass.; Irish descent father, English-born mother; educated at Montclair State U. Am. "A Prairie Home Companion" 6'3" humorist (Plymouth Brethren-turned-Episcopalian/Lutheran) Gary Edward "Garrison" Keillor on Aug. 7 in Anoka, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "Hooked on a Feeling", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" singer B.J. (Billy Joe) Thomas (d. 2021 on Aug. 7 in Hugo, Okla.; raised in Houston, Tex. Brazilian singer-composer ("the Bob Dylan of Brazil") Caetano Emanuel Viana Telles Veloso on Aug. 7 in Santo Amaro da Purificacao, Bahia. Canadian comedian (Jewish) David Steinberg on Aug. 9 in Winnipeg, Man. Am. over-the-top fashion designer Betsey Johnson on Aug. 10 in Wethersfield, Conn.; educated at Pratt Inst., and Syracuse U.; mother of Lulu Johnson; known for doing a cartwheel at the end of her shows. Am. football hall-of-fame WR (black) (Kansas City Chiefs) Otis Taylor on Aug. 11 in Houston, Tex. Am. "learned helplessness", "authentic happiness" psychologist Martin E.P. Seligman on Aug. 12 in Albany, N.Y.; educated at Princeton U., and the U. of Penn. Am. bluesman (black) Frank "Son" Seals (d. 2004) on Aug. 13 in Osceola, Ark. English rock drummer Pete York (Spencer Davis Group, Hardin and York) on Aug. 15 in Redcar, Yorkshire. Am. "A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus" biblical scholar (Roman Catholic) John Paul Meier on Aug. 8 in N.Y; educated at St. Joseph's Seminary, and Gregorian U., Rome. Am. "DA Arthur Branch in Law & Order", "Rear Adm. Joshua Painter in The Hunt for Red October" actor-atty.-politician (Repub.) Fred "Freddie" Dalton Thompson (d. 2015) on Aug. 19 in Sheffield, Ala.; educated at Memphis State U., and Vanderbilt U. Am. "Shaft", "Chef in South Park" singer-musician-composer (black) (Scientologist) Isaac Lee Hayes Jr. (d. 2008) on Aug. 20 in Covington, Tenn. Am. tennis player Nancy Richey Gunter on Aug. 23 in San Angelo, Tex. Am. ballet dancer Patricia McBride on Aug. 23 in Teaneck, N.J. Am. "If You Wanna Be Happy" singer (black) Jimmy Soul (James McCleese) (d. 1988) on Aug. 24 in Weldon, N.C. Am. mathematician Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck on Aug. 24 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at the U. of Mich., NYU, and Brandeis U. Am. "Love Will Keep Us Together", "Do That to Me One More Time", "Muskrat Love" singer Daryl Frank Dragon (d. 2019) on Aug. 27 in Los Angeles, Calif. (Captain & Tennille); son of Carmen Dragon (1914-84); husband (1975-2014) of Toni Tennille (1940-); gets nickname Captain from Mike Love of the Beach Boys. Am. "The Strawberry Statement" dir. Stuart Hagmann on Sept. 2 in Sturgeon Bay, Wisc. Am. "Help Me, Rhonda" singer-songwriter Alan Charles "Al" Jardine (The Beach Boys) on Sept. 3 in Lima, Ohio. Am. historian Timothy H. Breen on Sept. 5 in Ohio; educated at Yale U. German "Fitzcarraldo" New German Cinema film dir. Werner Herzog on Sept. 5 in Munich. Italian physicist Gabriele Veneziano on Sept. 7 in Florence. Am. "Laugh Laugh", "Just a Little" rock singer Sal Valentino (Beau Brummels) on Sept. 8 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. blues guitarist Danny Kalb (The Blues Project) on Sept. 9 in Mount Vernon, N.Y. Am. singer Daniel Anthony "Danny" Hutton (Three Dog Night) on Sept. 10 in Buncrana, Donegal, Ireland. Am. "Gira Gira" singer-actress-dancer (black) ("the Black Venus") Loletha Elayne "Lola" Falana on Sept. 11 in Camden, N.J.; Cuban immigrant father. Chad pres. #7 (1982-90) (black) Hissene Habre (Hissène Habré) on Sept. 13 in Faya-Largeau, French Equatorial Africa. Am. "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" R&B singer (black) Franklin Joseph "Frankie" Lymon (d. 1968) (Teenagers) on Sept. 13 in Harlem, N.Y. Chinese PM #6 (2003-) Wen Jiabao on Sept. 15 in Beichen, Tianjin; graduates from Nankai High School, alma mater of Zhou Enlai; educated at the Beijing Inst. of Geology. Am. Zodiac Killer true crime writer Robert Graysmith (Gray Smith) on Sept. 17 in Pensacola, Fla. Am. "Tucker's Witch", "The Colbys" writer-artist-actor (gay) Paul Anthony Huson on Sept. 19 in London, England; emigrates to the U.S. in 1968; partner of William Bast (1931-2015). Am. "Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America" writer John Gordon Melton on Sept. 19 in Birmingham, Ala.; educated at Garrett Theological Seminary, and Northwestern U. Am. "Band of Gold" singer (black) Freda Charcelia Payne on Sept. 19 in Detroit, Mich.; sister of Scherrie Payne (1944-). Am. NBA commissioner (1984-2014) (Jewish) David Joel Stern (d. 2020) on Sept. 22 in Manhattan, N.Y.; grows up in Teaneck, N.J.; educated at Rutgers U., and Columbia U. English "Mr. Spooner in Are You Being Served?" actor-singer Mike Berry (Michael Hubert Bourne) on Sept. 24 in Northampton. English "I Like It", "You'll Never Walk Alone" singer Gerald "Gerry" Marsden (Gerry and the Pacemakers) on Sept. 24 in Toxteth, Liverpool. Australian "Councillor Dillard in The Matrix" actress Robyn Nevin on Sept. 25 in Melbourne, Victoria. Am. "Jim Reed in Adam-12" actor Kent Franklin McCord on Sept. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Moonchildren", "Loose Ends" playwright Michael Weller on Sept. 26 in ?. Am. "Scandal at Scourie", "angels in the Outfield" actress Donna Corcoran on Sept. 29 in Quincy, Mass.; sister of Noreen Corcoran (1943-), Kevin Corcoran (1949-), Kelly Corcoran (1958-2002), Brian Corcoran, Hugh Corcoran, and Bill Corcoran Jr. (-2007). Am. "Paper Moon", "Blazing Saddles" actress (Jewish) Madeline Kahn (Madeline Gail Wolfson) (d. 1999) on Sept. 29 in Boston, Mass. English "Lovejoy", "Winston in John Wick", "Mr. Wednesday in American Gods", Ian David McShane on Sept. 29 in Blackburn, Lancashire; Scottish father Harry McShane (1920-2012), English-Irish descent mother; educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. French jazz violinist-composer Jean-Luc Ponty on Sept. 29 in Avranches. Icelandic PM (2009-13) (lesbian) (first openly gay) Johanna Sigurdardottir on Oct. 4 in Reykjavik. Am. "King Leopld's Ghost" historian Adam Hochschild on Oct. 5 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. Swedish "The Man with the Golden Gun" actress Britt Ekland on Oct. 6 in Stockholm. Am. conservative Heritage Foundation activist (Greek Orthodox) Paul M. Weyrich (d. 2008) on Oct. 7 in Racine, Wisc. Japanese fashion designer Rei Kawakubo on Oct. 11 in Tokyo; educated at Keio U. Am. bass singer (black) Melvin Franklin (David Melvin English) (Temptations) on Oct. 12 in Montgomery, Ala.; uncle of Rick James (1948-2004). Am. Dallas Cowboys owner (1989-) Jerral Wayne "Jerry" Jones Sr. on Oct. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at the U. of Ark. Am. "State Fair" actress Pamela Tiffin on Oct. 13 in Oklahoma City, Okla. English "Girl Don't Come", "Yesterday Man" singer-songwriter Christopher Frederick "Chris" Andrews on Oct. 15 in Romford, East London. Am. rock drummer Don Stevenson (Moby Grape) on Oct. 15 in Seattle, Wash. Am. "Woman, Woman", "Young Girl" singer Gary Puckett (1942-) (Gary Puckett and the Union Gap) on Oct. 17 in Hibbing, Minn. Am. singer James "Jim" Seals (Seals and Crofts) on Oct. 17 in Sidney, Tex.; collaborator of Dash Crofts (1940-). Am. "The Dancing Wu Li Masters" New Age writer Gary Zukav on Oct. 17 in Port Arthur, Tex.; educated at Harvard U. Am. financial commentator (co-founder of the Quantum Fund) James Beeland Rogers Jr. on Oct. 19 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Yale U., and Balliol College, Oxford U.; lies to wear bowties. English "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat" singer-songwriter-producer John Carter (Shakespeare) on Oct. 20 in Small Heath, Birmingham; collaborator of Ken Lewis (1942-). German biologist Christiane Nusslein-Volhard (Nüsslein-Volhard) on Oct. 20 in Magdeburg; 1995 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Fooled Around and Fell in Love" rock musician Elvin Bishop on Oct. 21 in Glendale, Calif.; grows up in Tulsa, Okla. Am. astronomer Robert Sutton Harrington (d. 1993) on Oct. 21 near Newport News, Va. Am. hall-of-fame hockey exec (New Jersey Devils, 1987-2015) Louis A. "Lou" Lamoriello on Oct. 21 in Johnston, R.I.; educated at Providence College. Am. TV judge (Jewish) Judith Susan "Judge Judy" Sheindlin (nee Blum) on Oct. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Am. U., and New York Law School. Am. economist Christopher Albert "Chris" Sims on Oct. 21 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Harvard U.; 2011 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Mickey Mouse Club", "Beach Blanket Bingo", "Tall Paul", "Pineapple Princess" actress-singer Annette Joanne Funicello (d. 2013) on Oct. 22 in Utica, N.Y. Puerto Rican prof. wrestler (first Latino world heavyweight champ) Pedro Antonio Morales (d. 2019) on Oct. 22 in Culebra. Am. "The Andromeda Strain", "Jurassic Park" 6'7" novelist John Michael Crichton (d. 2008) (AKA John Lange, Jeffery Hudson) on Oct. 23 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Harvard U.; star basketball player for Roslyn H.S. in 1960. English rock bassist Alfred Gregory "Greg" Ridley (d. 2003) (Humble Pie) on Oct. 23 in Aspatria, Cumberland. English "Peter Rose in Star 80" actor Christopher Jordan on Oct. 23 in Youngstown, Ohio; husband (1965-) of Sybil Burton, 1st wife of Richard Burton (1925-84). English "George in Mona Lisa", "Eddie Valiant in Who Framed Roger Rabbit" actor-dir. (atheist) Robert William "Bob" Hoskins Jr. (d. 2014) on Oct. 26 in Bury St. Edmunds, West Suffolk; Communist father. Am. record producer Mike Appel on Oct. 27 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y.. Am. "God Bless the USA" country singer Lee Greenwood on Oct. 27 in Los Angeles, Calif.; grows up in South Gate (near Sacramento), Calif. Am. molecular genetics pioneer Allan Maxam on Oct. 28; educated at Harvard U. Am. "The Joy of Painting" painter Bob Norman Ross (d. 1995) on Oct. 29 in Daytona Beach, Fla. Am. "Penthouse" mag. publisher Larry Claxton Flynt Jr. (d. 2021) on Nov. 1 in Lakeville, Magoffin County, Ky.; sharecropper father; born in the poorest county in the U.S.; joins the Army at age 15. Am. "Carol Kester Bondurant in The Bob Newhart Show" actress (Jewish?) (redhead) Marcia Joan Wallace on Nov. 1 in Creston, Iowa. Am. "Darnell in Star Trek: TOS" actor (Jewish) Michael Joel Zaslow (d. 1998) on Nov. 1 in Inglewood, Calif.; godfather of Christian Slater (1969-); 2nd person to die in "Star Trek" after Jeffrey Hunter (Capt. Pike). Am. "Jennifer Hart in Hart to Hart", "Calamity Jane in Bonanza" actress Stefanie Powers (Stefania Zofya Paul) on Nov. 2 in Hollywood, Calif.; Polish-Am. parents; classmates at Hollywood H.S. with Nancy Sinatra. German feminist sex educator Shere Hite on Nov. 2 in St. Joseph, Mo.; educated at Columbia U. Am. "Gorky Park" novelist Martin Cruz Smith (Martin William Smith) on Nov. 3 in Reading, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn. Am. "Coup d'Etat: A Practical Handbook" political scientist (Jewish) Edward Nicolae Luttwak on Nov. 4 in Arad, Romania; educated at Carmel College, London School of Economics, and John Hopkins U.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1972. Am. "Chuck Yeager in The Right Stuff", "Night Shift" actor-playwright-dir. Sam Shepard (Samuel Shepard Rogers III) on Nov. 5 in Ft. Sheridan, Ill.; husband (1984-9) of O-Lan Jones (1950-). U.S. Rep. (D-Fla.) (2011-) (black) Frederica Smith Wilson (nee Frederica Patricia Smith) on Nov. 5 in Miami, Fla.; educated at Fisk U., and U. of Miami; known for wearing large colorful hats. Am. "In Search of Excellence" writer Thomas J. "Tom" Peters on Nov. 7 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Cornell U. and Stanford U. Am. "Seventh Son", "Poor Side of Town", "Secret Agent Man" singer-songwriter-producer Johnny Rivers (John Henry Ramistella) on Nov. 7 in New York City. Am. "Emma Channing in Falcon Crest" actress Margaret Ladd on Nov. 8 in Providence, R.I. Am. golfer Thomas Daniel "Tom" Weiskopf on Nov. 9 in Massillon, Ohio. Am. economist Robert Fry Engle III on Nov. 10 in Syracuse, N.Y.; educated at Williams College, and Cornell U.; 2003 Nobel Econ. Prize. Ivory Coast PM (2005-7) (black) Charles Konan Banny on Nov. 11 in Divo. Am. "Time & Money" poet-writer William Matthews (d. 1997) on Nov. 11 in Cincinnati, Ohio; educated at the U. of N.C., and Yale U. Australian "The Ivory Swing" author Janette Turner Hospital on Nov. 12 in Melbourne. Am. "The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map" psychologist Lynn Nadel on Nov. 12 in ?; educated at McGill U. Am. "Short Shorts", "Sherry", "Big Girls Don't Cry", "Walk Like a Man", "Rag Doll", "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" musician-songwriter and record producer Robert John "Bob" Gaudio (The Four Seasons) on Nov. 17 in Bronx, N.Y.; grows up in Bergenfield, N.J.; collaborator of Bob Crewe (1930-2014). Am. "Taxi Driver", "The Departed", "Gangs of New York" film dir. Martin Charles Scorsese on Nov. 17 in Flushing Queens, N.Y.; of Sicilian descent; enters a Roman Catholic seminary in 1956, then switches to movies; educated at NYU. Am. "Krystle Carrington in Dynasty", "Audra Barkley in The Big Valley" actress Linda Evans (Evanstad) on Nov. 18 in Hartford, Conn. Am. fashion designer (Jewish) Calvin Richard Klein on Nov. 19 in Bronx, N.Y.; Austrian-Hungarian Jewish immigrant parents. Am. "The Wellspring" poet (Calvinist-turned-atheist) Sharon Olds (nee Sharon Stuart Cobb) on Nov. 19 in San Francisco, Calif.; grows up in Berkeley, Calif.; educated at Stanford U., and Columbia U. Am. "Super Dave Osborne", "Officer Jud" comedian (Jewish) Robert "Bob" Einstein on Nov. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif.; brother of Albert Brooks (1947-). Am. "Spirit in the Sky" singer-songwriter (Jewish) Norman Greenbaum on Nov. 20 in Malden, Mass. U.S. Sen. (D-Del.) (1973-) and U.S. vice-pres. #47 (2009-17) Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden Jr. on Nov. 20 in Scranton, Penn.; English descent father, Irish descent mother; moves to Claymont, Del. at age 10; educated at the U. of Del., and Syracuse U.; husband (1966-72) of Neilia Hunter (-1972) and (1977-) Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden (1951-); father of Joseph Robinette "Beau" Biden III (1969-), Robert Hunter Biden (1970-), Naomi Christina Biden, and Ashley Blazer Biden. Am. "Super Dave Osborne" actor Stewart Robert "Bob" Einstein (d. 2019) on Nov. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Harry Einstein (1904-58); brother of Albert Brooks (1947-). Am. astronaut (black) (first African-Am. in space, 1983) Guion Stewart Bluford Jr. on Nov. 22 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Penn. State U., U. of Houston, and Wharton School of Business. Canadian rock drummer (black) Floyd Sneed (Three Dog Night) on Nov. 22 in Calgary, Alberta. Scottish "Mrs. Brown" actor-comedian ("the Big Yin") William "Billy" Connolly Jr. on Nov. 24 in Anderston, Glasgow; husband (1989-) of Pamela Stephenson (1949-). Am. "Elusive Butterfly" singer-songwriter Robert Neale "Bob" Lind on Nov. 25 in Baltimore, Md. Am. "Presentation Piece" poet (Jewish) (lesbian) Marilyn Hacker on Nov. 26 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and NYU; wife (1961-80) of Samuel R. Delany (1942-); mother of Iva Hacker-Delany (1974-). Am. "Big River" playwright William Hauptman on Nov. 26 in Wichita Falls, Tex. Norwegian NFL football hall-of-fame player Jan Stenerud on Nov. 26 in Fetsund. British footwear fashion designer Manolo Blahnik on Nov. 27 in Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Island; Czech father, Spanish mother; emigrates to England in 1968. Am. psychedelic rock guitarist (black) (lefty) James Marshall (Johnny Allen) "Jimi" Hendrix (d. 1970) on Nov. 27 in Seattle, Wash.; joins the U.S. Army at age 17. Am. "Language and Woman's Place" linguist (feminist) Robin Tolmach Lakoff on May 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y*.; educated at Radcliffe College, Indiana U., and Harvard U.; wife of George Lakoff (1941-). Am. anthropologist Stanley Ann Dunham (d. 1995) on Nov. 29 in Wichita, Kan.; mother of Pres. Barack Obama (1961-); educated at the East-West Center, U. of Hawaii, and U. of Seattle. French astrophysicist Andre Fernand Brahic (d. 2016) on Nov. 30 in Paris; educated at the U. of Paris. Am. physicist John Francis Clauser on Dec. 1 in Pasadena, Calif.; educated at Caltech, and Columbia U.; 2022 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Little, Big" sci-fi/fantasy novelist John Crowley on Dec. 1 in Presque Isle, Maine. English "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat" singer-songwriter-producer Ken Lewis (Kenneth James Hawker) on Dec. 3 in Small Heath, Birmingham; collaborator of John Carter (1942-). German feminist Alice Schwarzer on Dec. 3 in Wuppertal. English "Louisa Trotter in The Duchess of Duke Street" actress Gemma (Jennifer) Jones on Dec. 4 in London. Am. rock bassist Bob Mosley (Moby Grape) on Dec. 4 in Paradise Valley, Calif. Austrian "The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick" novelist-playwright Peter Handke on Dec. 6 in Griffen; educated at the U. of Graz; 2019 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. "The Work" New Age writer Byron Katie (Byron Kathleen Mitchell) on Dec. 6. Am. "Taxi" singer-songwriter and humanitarian activist Harry Forster Chapin (d. 1981) on Dec. 7 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; son of Jim Chapin (1919-2009). Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Chicago Bulls #10, 1968-76) Robert Earl "Bob" "Butterbean" Love on Dec. 8 in Bastrop, La. Am. 6'3" football hall-of-fame linebacker (Chicago Bears #51, 1965-73) Richard Marvin "Dick" Butkus (d. 2023) on Dec. 9 in Roseland, South Side, Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill.; Lithuanian immigrant father; weighs 13 lbs. 6 oz. at birth - dick and what kisser? English "Reasons and Persons" philosopher Derek Anthony Parfit on Dec. 11 in Chengdu, China; educated at Eton College, Oxford U., Columbia U., and Harvard U. Am. tennis player Karen Hantze Susman on Dec. 11 in San Diego, Calif. Angli-Indian "Where Did You Go To (My Lovely)?" singer-songwriter Peter Eardley Sarstedt on Dec. 12 in Delhi, India. English "Brassneck", "The Churchill Play" playwright Howard John Brenton on Dec. 13 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; educated at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge U. British explorer Charles Robert "Charlie" Burton (d. 2002) on Dec. 13 in Cape Town, South Africa. English "Catch Us If You Can", "Over and Over" rock drummer Dave Clark (The Dave Clark Five) on Dec. 15 in Tottenham, London. Am. prof. wrestling announcer Eugene Arthur "Mean Gene" Okerlund (d. 2019) on Dec. 19 in Sisseton, S.D.; educated at the U. of Neb. Am. poet David Jeddie "Dave" Smith on Dec. 19 in Portsmouth, Va.; educated at Ohio U. Chinese pres. #6 (2003-13) Hu Jintao on Dec. 21 in Jiangyan, Jiangsu. Am. "B-A-B-Y" R&B singer (black) ("Queen of Memphis Soul") Carla Thomas on Dec. 21 in Memphis, Tenn.; daughter of Rufus Thomas Jr. (1917-2001); sister of Marvell Thomas. Am. Elite Model Agency founder (1972) John Casablancas on Dec. 22 in Manhattan, N.Y.; Spanish parents; father of Julian Casablancas (1978-). Am. Olympic springer and football hall-of-fame WR (Dallas Cowboys) Robert Lee "Bullet Bob" Hayes (d. 2002) on Dec. 20 in Jacksonville, Fla. Irish "In the Psychiatrist's Chair" psychiatrist Anthony Ward Clare (d. 2007) on Dec. 24 in Dublin; educated at Gonzaga College, and Univ. College, Dublin. Algerian tennis player Francois Durr on Dec. 25 in Algiers. U.S. Dem. Calif. gov. #37 (1999-2003) Joseph Graham "Gray" Davis Jr. on Dec. 26 in Bronx, N.Y.; moves to Calif. in 1954; educated at Stanford U., and Columbia U. Am. scientist-activist Dan Massey (d. 2013) on Dec. 26; educated at MIT, and Harvard U. Canadian singer-musician Richard Clare "Rick" Danko (d. 1999) (The Band) on Dec. 29 in Green's Corners (near Simco), Ont.; of Ukrainian descent. Am. scholar Peter J. French (d. 1976) on Dec. 30 in ?; student of Frances Amelia Yates (1899-1981). Am. singer-songwriter-actor-producer-novelist Robert Michael Nesmith (AKA Michael Blessing, Wool Hat) (The Monkees) on Dec. 30 in Harris County, Tex. Am. "Remo Williams" actor Fredie Joe "Fred" Ward on Dec. 30 in San Diego, Calif.; Cherokee descent. English rock musician Andrew James "Andy" Summers (The Police) on Dec. 31 in Pulton-le-Fyle, Lancashire. Egyptian Islamist politician Mohammad Salim Al-Awa on ? in ?. Am. "Jesus and Buddha" theologian (Lutheran) Marcus J. Borg on ? in S.D.; educated at Concordia College, Union Seminary, and Mansfield College, Oxford U. Am. biologist David Botstein on ? in Switzerland; educated at Harvard U., and U. of Mich. Am. 6'5" Coors exec (conservative Christian) Joseph Coors Jr. on ? in ?; son of Joseph Coors Sr. and Holly Coors (1920-2009); brother of Pete Coors (1946-); great-grandson of Adolph Coors Sr. (1847-1939); husband (1962-) of Gail Coors, whom he marries before graduating college, pissing-off the family, who force them to live in a shabby 1-room apt. in Chapel Hill, Calif. for years. English "Consider Sappho Burning" novelist Nicholas Delbanco on ? in London; educated at Harvard U. and Columbia U. English historian (of the 1789 French Rev.) William Doyle on ? in ?. Am. "Embraced by the Light" writer Betty Jean Eadie on ? in Valentine, Neb.; raised on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in S.D. Am. DSM-IV psychiatrist Allen J. Frances on ? in New York City; educated at Columbia U. Am. "Shaman, the Wounded Healer" Zen Buddhist anthropologist Joan Jiko Halifax on ? in Hanover, N.H.; educated at Tulane U., and U. of Miami. Am. Jewish leader Malcolm Hoenlein on ? in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Temple U., and U. of Penn. Trinidadian Islamic scholar Imran Nazar Hosein on ? in Trinidad; Indian immigrant parents. Am. Eckanar leader Harold Klemp (Wah Z) on ? in Fremont, Wisc. Canadian Adbusters Media Foundation co-founder Kalle Lasn on ? in Estonia. Am. leptin molecular geneticist Rudolph Leibel on ? in ?; educated at Colgate U., and Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Am. urban historian Eric Henry Monkkonen (d. 2005) on ? in Kansas City, Mo.; grows up in Duluth, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "The Healing Brain" psychologist (Sufi) Robert Evan Ornstein on ? in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at CCNY and Stanford U. Swiss activist (Jewish) Barbara Lerner Spectre on ? in Madison, Wisc.; educated at Columbia U., NYU, and Bar-Ilan U.; emigrates to Jerusalem in 1982, and Sweden in 1999. Am. chef Jeremiah Tower on ? in Stamford, Conn.; educated at Harvard U. Am. writer (advocate of Intelligent Design) John Corrigan "Jonathan" Wells on ? in New York City; educated at Princeton U., UCB, and Yale U.; member of Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church. Am. anthropologist Milford Howell Wolpoff on ? in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Yemeni Sunni Muslim cleric Abdul Majeed al-Zindani on ? in Ibb. Deaths: Am. artist-explorer William Henry Jackson (b. 1842) on June 30; buried in Arlington Nat. Cemetery. English Duke of Connaught (b. 1850) on Jan. 16 in Bagshot Park, Surrey; last surviving son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert; his giant mansion is taken over for the duration by the Royal Army Chaplains, who put a sign on the lake reading "Do not walk on the water". German surgeon Themistocles Gluck (b. 1853). British archeologist Sir William Flinders Petrie (b. 1853) on July 28. U.S. rear adm. Bradley Allen Fiske (b. 1854) on Apr. 6 in New York City. Czech poet Josef Svatopluk Machar (b. 1854). French historian Charles Seignobos (b. 1854) on Apr. 24 in Ploubazlanec. English historian John Holland Rose (b. 1855) on Mar. 3. French gen. Louis Franchet d'Esperey (b. 1856) on July 8 in Saint-Amancet. Am. artist Anna Klumpke (b. 1856) on Feb. 9 in San Francisco, Calif. Am.-born English writer-mystic Arthur Edward Waite (b. 1857) on May 19 in London. German-born Am. anthropologist-ethnologist Franz Boas (b. 1858) on Dec. 21 in New York City (heart attack); dies in Claude Levi-Strauss' arms. Scottish mathematician Andrew Russell Forsyth (b. 1858) on June 2 in South Kensington, London, England. German biologist Hermann Henking (b. 1858) on Apr. 28 in Berlin. Am. actor Otis Skinner (b. 1858) on Jan. 4 in New York City. Am. paleontologist Charles Schuchert (b. 1858) on Nov. 20 in New Haven, Conn. Am. Jewish activist Hannah Greenebaum Solomon (b. 1858) on Dec. 7 in Chicago, Ill. Austrian mathematician Georg Alexander Pick (b. 1859) on July 26 in Theresienstadt Concentration Camp, Bohemia. German-born English artist Walter Richard Sickert (b. 1860) on Jan. 22 in Bath; was he the real Jack the Ripper? English artist Philip Wilson Steer (b. 1860) on Mar. 18. English physicist Sir William Henry Bragg (b. 1862) on Mar. 12; shared the 1915 Nobel Physics Prize with his son Sir William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971) - I don't like to bragg about my son, but? Am. playwright Edwin Milton Royle (b. 1862) on Feb. 16. English-born U.S. Supreme Court justice #70 (1922-38) George Sutherland (b. 1862) on July 18 in Stockbridge, Mass. (heart attack). Polish physiologist Adolf Beck (b. 1863) on Aug. ? in Janowska Camp. Austro-Hungarian WWI ultimatum-signing statesman Count Leopold von Berchtold (b. 1863) on Nov. 21 near Csepreg, Hungary. Am. architect-historian Ralph Adams Cram (b. 1863) on Sept. 22; designed the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City; co-designed the U.S. Military Academy. English mathematician William Henry Young (b. 1863) on July 7 in Switzerland. English explorer Sir Francis Younghusband (b. 1863) on July 31 in Lytchett Minster, Dorset. Austrian composer-conductor Felix von Weingartner (b. 1863). French painter Seraphine Louis (b. 1864) on Dec. 11 in Villers-sous-Erquery (Oise). English singer-actress Dame Marie Tempest (b. 1864) on Oct. 15. English "I'm Henery the Eighth I Am" comedian Harry Champion (b. 1865) on Jan. 14 in Marylebone, London. Am. Scoville Pepper Hotness Test chemist Wilbur Scoville (b. 1865). Am. educator Martha Berry (b. 1866) on Feb. 27 in Atlanta, Ga. South African PM (1924-39) James Barry Munnik Hertzog (b. 1866) on Nov. 21 in Pretoria. Russian poet Dmitri Merezhkovsky (b. 1866) on Dec. 9 in Paris. Australian-born British film producer and theater mgr. Sir Owald Stoll (b. 1866) on Jan. 9 in Putney. German caffeine chemist Wilhelm Traube (b. 1866) on Sept. 28 in Berlin; dies in Nazi prison from mistreatment - no coffee? French politician-journalist Leon Daudet (b. 1867) on June 30 in Saint-Remy-de-Provence; dies a supporter of the Vichy govt. Am.-born British film pioneer Charles Urban (b. 1867) on Aug. 29 in Brighton. German-born Am. architect Albert Kahn (b. 1869) on Dec. 8 in Detroit, Mich.; designed GM Bldg. in Detroit. Danish engineer-inventor Valdemar Poulsen (b. 1869) on July 23. Am. Jehovah's Witnesses leader Joseph F. Rutherford (b. 1869) on Jan. 8 in San Diego, Calif.; dies of pneumonia contracted in prison in 1918. Am. volleyball inventor William George Morgan (b. 1870) on Dec. 27. French physicist Jean Baptiste Perrin (b. 1870) on Apr. 17 in New York City; 1926 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. novelist Alice Hegan Rice (b. 1870) on Feb. 10: "It ain't no use putting up your umbrella till it rains." German chain reaction chemist Max Bodenstein (b. 1871) on Sept. 3 in Berlin. Italian historian-novelist Guglielmo Ferrero (b. 1871) on Aug. 3 in Mont-Pelerin-sur-Vevey, France. Scottish-born Am. architect Thomas White Lamb (b. 1871) in New York City; designed Madison Square Garden, and the Ziegfield Theatre. Italian-born Sicilian "Iron Prefect" Cesari Mori (b. 1871) on July 5 in Udine, Friuli. Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky (b. 1871). Am. astronomer Heber Doust Curtis (b. 1872) on Jan. 9. German chlorophyll chemist Richard Willstatter (b. 1872) on Aug. 3; 1915 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. publisher Conde Nast (b. 1873) on Sept. 19. Uruguayan pres. Gabriel Terra (b. 1873). Canadian "Anne of Green Gables" author-poet Lucy Maud Montgomery (b. 1874) on Apr. 24. Australian Lt. George Ramsdale Witton (b. 1874) on Aug. 14 in Brisbane (heart attack while cranking his car engine). Canadian political leader James Shaver Woodsworth (b. 1874) on Mar. 21 in Vancouver, B.C. German-born "Peg O'My Heart", "Chicago" songwriter Fred Fisher (b. 1875) on Jan. 14 in New York City. Am. art connoisseur Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (b. 1875) on Apr. 18. Belgian IOC pres. (1925-42) Count Henri de Baillet-Latour (b. 1876) on Jan. 6 in Brussels. Dutch-English "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" playwright Rudolf Besier (b. 1878) on June 16 in Surrey. Am. "King of Broadway", "Give My Regards to Broadway", "Yankee Doodle Boy" George M. Cohan (b. 1878) on Nov. 5; the first statue in Times Square (until ?) is erected to him? Am. scientist Lawrence Joseph Henderson (b. 1878) on Feb. 10 in Cambridge, Mass.: "Science owe more to the steam engine than the steam engine owes to science" English lyricist Felix Powell (b. 1878) on Feb. 10 in Peacehaven, East Sussex (suicide); does it with his rifle on guard duty. German playwright Carl Sternheim (b. 1878) on Nov. 3 in Brussels, Belgium. Am. business educator Homer St. Clair Pace (b. 1879) on May 22 in New York City (cerebral hemorrhage). Russian choreographer Michel Fokine (b. 1880) on Aug. 22 in New York City. Austrian novelist Robert Musil (b. 1880) on Apr. 15 in Geneva, Switzerland. French Vichy vice-PM (1941-2) Adm. Jean Francois Darlan (b. 1881) on Dec. 24 in Algiers (assassinated). Am. journalist and New Deal admin. Hugh Samuel Johnson (b. 1881) on Apr. 15 in Washington, D.C. Austrian "Beware of Pity" novelist Stefan Zweig (b. 1881) on Feb. 22 in Petropolis (near Rio de Janeiro), Brazil (suicide with Vironal with wife Lotte after despair over world affairs). Am. actor John Barrymore (b. 1882) on May 29 in Los Angeles, Calif.; collapses while appearing on Rudy Vallee's radio show, and dies from years of drinking wood alcohol; last words "Die? I should say not, dear fellow. No Barrymore would allow such a conventional thing to happen to him": "I like to be introduced as America's foremost actor. It saves the necessity of further effort"; "He moved through a movie like an exquisite paper knife" (Heywood Broun). British diplomat Sir Nevile Henderson (b. 1882) on Dec. 30. English Aston Martin co-founder Robert Bamford (b. 1883). German Prince Eitel Friedrich (b. 1883) on Dec. 8 in Potsdam. Am. actress Edna May Oliver (b. 1883) on Nov. 9 in Malibu, Calif. Lithuanian PM (1918, 1926-9) Augustinas Voldemaras (b. 1883) on May 16. Am. writer Forrest Wilson (b. 1883) on May 9. German Nazi leader Anton Drexler (b. 1884) on Feb. 24. Polish anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (b. 1884) on May 16 in Oaxaca, Mexico. German Gen. Walther von Reichenau (b. 1884) on Jan. 17 in Poltava, Poland (heart attack) (killed by the Gestapo for plotting against Hitler?). Am. "Flash Gordon" actor Richard Tucker (b. 1884) on Dec. 5 in Woodland Hills, Calif. (heart attack). Italian Olympic runner Dorando Pietri (b. 1885) on Feb. 7 in Sanremo. Am. playwright John Willard (b. 1885) on Aug. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif. Philippine chief justice #5 (1941-2) Jose Abad Santos (b. 1886) on May 2 in Malabang (executed). German Gen. Georg Stumme (b. 1886) on Oct. 24 near El Alamein, Egypt (heart attack). U.S. Gen. Clarence Leonard Tinker (b. 1887) on June 7 in Midway Island (KIA); first U.S. gen. KIA in WWII. Cuban world chess champ #3 (1921-27) Jose Capablanca (b. 1888) on Mar. 8 in New York City. Am. radio broadcaster Graham McNamee (b. 1888) on May 9: "This is Graham McNamee speaking. Goodnight, all." Dutch adm. Karel Doorman (b. 1889) on Feb. 28 in the Java Sea (KIA). Am. silent film actress Ormi Hawley (b. 1889) on June 3 in Rome, N.Y.; appeared in 300+ films. Am. cowboy actor Buck Jones (b. 1889) on Nov. 30 in Boston, Mass. (Cocoanut Grove fire). Am. "Thin Man" film dir. W.S. Van Dyke (b. 1889) on Feb. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif. (suicide). Am. cowboy actor Buck Jones (b. 1891) on Nov. 30 in Boston, Mass.; dies in the Nov. 28 Cocoanut Grove Fire. Soviet aircraft designer Vladimir Petlyakov (b. 1891) on Jan. 12 near Arzamas; killed in an air crash en route to Moscow. German Roman Catholic martyr St. Edith Stein (b. 1891) on Aug. 9 in Auschwitz (gassed); beatified in 1987; canonized in 1998 as St. Teresia Benedicta of the Cross. German Nazi engineer Fritz Todt (b. 1891) on Feb. 8 (aircraft explosion while flying away from a meeting with Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg). Czech novelist Vladislav Vancura (b. 1891). Am. "American Gothic" painter Grant Wood (b. 1891) on Feb. 12 in Iowa City, Iowa. English actor Stanley Lupino (b. 1893) on June 10 in London (cancer). Am. labor activist Tom Mooney (b. 1893) on Mar. 6 in San Francisco, Calif. English Duke George of Kent (b. 1902) on Aug. 25 in Morven, Scotland; killed in the crash of a Short Sunderland flying boat airplane en route from Scotland to Iceland. German Nazi "Blonde Beast" Reinhard Heydrich (b. 1904) on June 4 (4:30 a.m.) in Prague (septicemia from carpet fibers after an assassination bomb attack). Israeli Jewish rev. leader Avraham Stern (b. 1907) on Feb. 12 in Tel Aviv (murdered by the British). Am. "My Man Godfrey" actress Carole Lombard (b. 1908) on Jan. 16 in Table Mountain near Las Vegas, Calif.; dies in a TWA DC-3 plane crash while Am. mobster Harry Maione (b. 1908) on Feb. 19 in Ossining, N.Y. (electrocuted). on a U.S. govt. bond drive, after she flipped a coin to decide whether to take a train instead; Clark Gable mourns for life; "The first woman to be killed in action in the defense of her country in its war against the Axis powers" (medal awarded by FDR). German Resistance member Herbert Baum (b. 1910) on June 11 in Moabit Prison, Berlin (executed). U.S. Navy Lt. John James Powers (b. 1912) on May 8 (KIA in the Battle of the Coral Sea). German anti-Nazi martyr Helmuth Huebener (b. 1925) on Oct. 27 in Berlin (beheaded).



1943 - The Casablanca Conference White Rose Tide Has Turned Year? The major war leaders all come to the crossroads of their careers this year? Meanwhile don't ask about European Jews, they're no fun for Tom's little nose?

Buchenwald Concentration Camp Buchenwald Concentration Camp Mauthausen Concentration Camp Dachau Concentration Camp Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp Auschwitz Concentration Camp Kenneth R. Bragg's B-17, Feb. 1, 1943 U.S. Gen. George S. Patton Jr. (1885-1945) U.S. Gen. Omar N. Bradley (1893-1981) U.S. Gen. Walter Krueger (1881-1967) German Lt. Col. Otto Skorzeny (1908-75) German Gen. Jurgen Stroop (1895-1952) Marshal Pietro Badoglio of Italy (1871-1956) Soviet Field Marshal Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (1898-1967) Soviet Marshal Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (1894-1949) Russian Gen. Nikolai Vatutin (1901-44) Soviet Field Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky (1896-1968) German Gen. Alexander Löhr (1884-1947) German SS Gen. Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903-46) German SS Gen. Heinrich Müller (1900-45) Fritz Kolbe of Germany (1900-71) German Gen. Karl Wolff (1900-84) German Lt. Col. Kurt Werner Lischka of Germany (1909-89) The White Rose, 1943 British Gen. Orde Charles Wingate (1903-44) JFK in PT-109 JFK's Coconut, 1943 German Gen. Hans-Valentin Hube (1890-1944) German Maj. Gen. Henning von Tresckow (1901-44) German Lt. Fabian von Schlabrendorff (1907-80) German Col. Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff (1905-80) Erich Koch of Germany (1896-1986) Maj. Gualberto Villarroel of Bolivia (1908-46) Bechara el-Khoury of Lebanon (1890-1964) U.S. Gen. Julian Constable Smith (1885-1975) German Lt. Col. Herbert Kappler (1907-78) British Gen. Sir Fitzroy Maclean (1911-96) British Capt. Michael Trotobas (1914-43) Bernhard Lichtenberg (1875-1943) U.S. Capt. Ralph B. Praeger (1914-44) Jacques Desoubrie of France (1922-49) Ferdinand aus der Fünten of Germany (1909-89) Italian Field Marshal Giovanni Messe (1883-1968) French Gen. Joseph Darnard (1897-1945) French Gen. Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889-1952) Italian Adm. Carlo Bergamini (1888-1943) French Maj. Jean-Louis Tulasne (1912-43) Joe Foss of the USMC (1915-2003) Julius Ritter of Germany (1893-1943) Belgian Capt. Albert-Marie Guérisse (1911-89) German Count Helmuth James von Moltke (1907-45) German Count Peter Yorck von Wartenburg (1904-44) Louis Hayward (1909-85) Robert 'Rosie' Rosenthal of the U.S. (1917-2007) Etty Hillesum (1914-43) Jean Greindl (1943-) Leslie Cornelius Arends of the U.S. (1895-1985) Wiley Blount Rutledge of the U.S. (1894-1949) Jose Paciano Laurel y Garcia of the Philippines (1891-1959) Subhas Chandra Bose of India (1897-1945) Sir Barnes Neville Wallis (1887-1979) German Lt. Heinz Knoke (1921-93) German Col. Claus Philipp Maria Schenk, Count von Stauffenberg (1904-44) Stefan George (1886-1933) Polish Gen. Wladyslaw Sikorski (1881-1943) German Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofen (1895-1945) German Field Marshal Ernst Busch (1885-1945) German Gen. Ludwig Crüwell (1892-1958) German Gen. Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma (1891-1948) German Capt. Siegfried Freiherr von Forstner (1910-43) German SS Col. Paul Blobel (1894-1951) Werner Best of Germany (1903-89) Niels Bohr (1885-1962) Josef Mengele of Germany (1911-79) Willi Graf (1918-43) Kurt Huber (1893-1943) Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Baronet (1888-1973) St. Alexander Schmorell (1917-43) British Capt. Leonard Henry Trent (1915-86) German 2nd Lt. Gerardus Mooyman (1923-87) Taras Bulba-Borovets of Ukraine (1908-81) Donna Rachele Mussolini (1890-1979) Mordecai Anielewicz (1919-43) Mordechai Tennenbaum (1916-43) Gevork Vartanian of the Soviet Union (1924-2012) German Staff Sgt. Franz Staudegger (1921-95) Konstantin Umansky of the Soviet Union (1902-45) Sir Sri Ravi Varma V of Cochin (1865-1946) Maynard Harrison 'Snuffy' Smith of the U.S. (1911-84) U.S. Navy Lt. Cmdr. Edward Henry 'Butch' O'Hare (1914-43) William Grover-Williams (1903-45) Russian Orthodox Patriarch Sergius I (1867-1944) Archbishop Damaskinos of Greece (1891-1949) Archbishop Adolf Cardinal Bertram (1859-1945) Elisabeth von Thadden (1890-1944) Noor Inayat Khan of Britain (1914-44) German Maj. Hans Josef Kieffer (1900-47) Jan Karski (1914-2000) Mohammad Amin al-Husayni of Palestine (1895-1974) Peter Bergson (Hillel Kook) (1915-2001) Will Lang Jr. (1914-68) Gerald L.K. Smith (1898-1976) Louis Frederick Fieser (1899-1977) Alex Smart (1918-2005) Leo Marks (1920-2001) Violette Szabo (1921-45) Jean Bartel (1923-2011), Miss America 1943 Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) and Oona O'Neill (1926-91) Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80) Allan Seager (1906-68) Ayn Rand (1905-82) Frederick Terman (1900-82) Leonard Bernstein (1918-90) Kirill Kondrashin (1914-81) Joe Hunt (1919-45) Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970) Arthur Jeffrey Dempster (1886-1950) John Ray Dunning (1907-75) Earnest Albert Hooton (1887-1954) Betty Smith (1896-1972) Otto Stern (1888-1969) Walther Gerlach (1889-1979) Georg Charles de Hevesy (1885-1966) Carl Peter Henrik Dam (1895-1976) Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893-1986) Louis Frederick Fieser (1899-1977) Clarence Leonard 'Kelly' Johnson (1910-90) Leo Kanner (1894-1981) Frederick Stanley Kipping (1863-1949) Carleton Mabee (1914-2014) Abraham Maslow (1908-70) Selman Abraham Waksman (1888-1973) Albert Schatz (1920-2005) 'American Broadcasting Company Logo 'Edward John Noble (1882-1958) Sabahattin Ali (1907-48) Inge Auerbacher (1934-) Merle Eugene Curti (1897-1996) Vardis Fisher (1895-1968) Martin Flavin (1883-1967) Esther Forbes (1891-1967) Joachim Hämmerling (1901-80) Albert Hofmann (1906-2008) Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952) Max Delbrück (1906-81) Salvador Luria (1912-91) Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-70) Jean Monnet of France (1888-1979) Antoine de Saint Exupéry (1900-44) Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61) Richard P. Powell (1908-99) Hans Erich Nossack (1901-77) William Saroyan (1908-81) William Howard Schuman (1910-92) Wallace Stegner (1909-93) Jesse Stuart (1906-84) Kathleen Raine (1908-2003) Patrice Munsel (1925-) Roger Peyrefitte (1907-2000) Gladys Schmitt (1909-72) Nat King Cole (1919-65) Lena Horne (1917-2010) Stan Kenton (1911-79) Sonny Stitt (1924-82) Jimmy McHugh (1894-1969) and Harold Adamson (1906-80) Jane Froman (1907-80) Norman Dello Joio (1913-2008) Henry King (1886-1982) Alan Jay Lerner (1968-86) and Frederick Loewe (1901-88) 'The Voice of the Turtle', 1943 Stewart Granger (1913-93) Peggy Lee (1920-2002) Joseph Kessel (1898-1979) Maurice Druon (1918-2009) Herbert Selpin (1904-42) Katherine Dunham (1912-) Shelley Winters (1920-2006) Syd Nathan (1904-68) King Records Logo Errol Flynn (1909-59) Katina Paxinou (1900-73) 'Oklahoma!', 1943 'Cabin in the Sky', 1943 'For Whom the Bell Tolls', 1943 'Fires Were Started', 1943 'The Gangs All Here', starring Carmen Miranda (1909-55), 1943 'The Gentle Sex', 1943 'Lassie Come Home', 1943 'The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp', 1943 'The Man in Grey', 1943 'Mission to Moscow', 1943 'My Friend Flicka', 1943 'The Outlaw', 1943, staring Jane Russell (1921-2011) 'The Ox-Bow Incident', 1943 'The Song of Bernadette', starring Jennifer Jones (1919-2009), 1943 'Stormy Weather', 1943 Judy Canova (1913-83) Jack Warner (1895-1981) Esther Williams (1921-2013) Hollywood Barn Dance, 1943-8 Cottonseed Clark (1909-92) Jefferson Memorial, 1943 Slinky, 1943 Zoot Suit Frank Brown as Uncle Ben, 1946 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' by Ivan Albright (1897-1983), 1943 'Rosie the Riveter' by Norman Rockwell (1894-1978), 1943 Dick Irvin (1893-1957) Montreal Canadiens Punch Line The Bentley Brothers Internat. Hockey Hall of Fame Hockey Hall of Fame Hockey Hall of Fame Logo Tommy Flowers of Britain (1905-98) Alan Mathison Turing (1912-54) Silly Putty, 1943 Peter C.L. Hodgson (1912-76) Colossus, 1943 M.39B Libellula Gloster Meteor Arado Ar 234 British Capt. Eric Brown (1919-2016)

1943 Chinese Year: Goat (Sheep). Time Mag. Man of the Year: George Catlett Marshall (1880-1959). The Big Five at the Crossroads (DOB/year came to power/#years in power): Churchill (1873/1940/3), Stalin (1879/1924/19), FDR (1882/1933/10), Mussolini (1883/1922/21), Hitler (1889/1933/10). This year the Nazis starve and murder hundreds of thousands of Soviet POWs in Poland in labor camps incl. Bukowka, Blizyn, Swiety Krzya, Barycz, Skrodow, Krzywolka, Zambrow, and Tonkiele. The worm turns for Imperial Japan, whose pop. begins experiencing food shortages, resulting in mass hunger by the end of the year. On Jan. 1 Georgia defeats UCLA by 9-0 to win the 1943 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 despite reinforcements from France, the German Fourth Army attempting to break the German Sixth Army out of its trap at Stalingrad is pushed 120 mi. SW of the city. On Jan. 1 the Germans are driven out of Velikiye Luki. On Jan. 1 the Germans launch the anti-partisan Operation Polar Bear II between Bryansk and Dmitriev, Operation Winter Magic in Lithuania, and Operation Burdock in the Kletnya area. On Jan. 1 the British launch Operation Cannibal to reconquer Burma, attacking from Chittagong towards Donbaik; too bad, on Mar. 4 an attempt to capture the Burmese port of Akyab overland from India is repelled. By Jan. 1 30K Jews have been killed in the Yugoslavian concentration camps of Loborgrad, Jasenovac (Croatia), Stara Gradiska) (Croatia) (women and children only), and Dakovo (women and children only); 4K escape to become partisans, of which 1,318 are KIA in the war. On Jan. 1 work begins on the Japanese I-400 Class Subs, the biggest ever built, carrying two aircraft with the ability to travel around the world before launching them; only three are built; all are sunk by the U.S., which keeps their locations secret to prevent the Soviets from reverse-engineering them. On Jan. 3 the 78th U.S. Congress convenes (until Jan. 3, 1945); Leslie Cornelius Arends (1895-1985) (R-Ill.) becomes House minority whip, going on to serve as minority or majority whip until 1974, the longest-serving House whip (until ?). On Jan. 3 Am. Capt. (later maj.) Ralph Birton Praeger (1914-44), who escaped a Japanese POW camp in Luzon and created a 5K-man Filipino resistance army radios Gen. MacArthur to drop arms, but is refused for fear of Japanese reprisals, which doesn't stop his men. On Jan. 4 the Germans are driven out of Mozdok, followed on Jan. 5 by Nalchik 50 mi. W, forcing a withdrawal from the Caucasus. On Jan. 4 Time mag. names I'm-a-city Joseph Stalin their 1942 Man of the Year. On Jan. 4 Am. anthropologist Earnest Albert Hooton (1887-1954) pub. the article Breed War Strain Out of Germans in the New York City newspaper P.M., proposing an "outbreeding" plan to "destroy German nationalism and aggressive ideology while retaining and perpetuating desirable German biological and sociological capacities"; Euro Marxist overlords later decide to do it via mass Muslim immigration after falsely declaring Islam a "religion of peace", instead bringing in a far more aggressive ideology disguised like a wolf in sheep's clothing? On Jan. 5 Jews in Opoczno, Poland are told that volunteers with relatives in Palestine will be exchanged for German POWs, tricking 500 into being put on a train for Treblinka. On Jan. 8 three Red Army soldiers under a white flag present Gen. Paulus a 5-page typed ultimatum from Gen. Rokossovsky offering his army food, medicine, and a return to Germany at the end of the war if they surrender; Paulus radios the ultimatum to Hitler, requesting that he be allowed to accept; Hitler replies: "Surrender is impossible. The Sixth Army will do its historic duty by fighting to the utmost in order to make the reconstruction of the Eastern Front possible." On Jan. 10 (a.m.) after 490 German aircraft are shot down trying to fly in supplies to their remaining two airfields, leaving 12K wounded soldiers without medical supplies, the Soviets launch Operation Ring (Koltso), the final offensive on the trapped Germans in Stalingrad, bombarding them with massive artillery fire, causing their defensive circle to shrink until the Soviet guns stand wheel-to-wheel; on Jan. 14 the Soviets capture the main German airfield at Pitomnik, leaving only the much smaller Gumrak airfield; on Jan. 20 Field Marshal Erich von Manstein sends Maj. Coelestin von Zitzewitz to Hitler's HQ to plead with him to allow them to surrender, but Hitler refuses, commenting that even if they all die, "Man recovers very quickly"; chief of staff Gen. Kurt Zeitzler (1895-1963) repeatedly tries to talk the maniac into ordering a retreat to the Don Bend, and reduces his rations to the same level as the trapped troops as a protest until he loses 26 lbs. in 2 weeks and Hitler orders him to stop; on July 1, 1944 after he knows Hitler's nuts he resigns allegedly for health reasons, and Hitler has him dismissed from the Wehrmacht in Jan. 1945 and never speaks to him again - men breed like cockroaches, and should be popped like zits? On Jan. 10 the America First Party is founded by anti-Semitic white supremacist Christian preacher Gerald L.K. Smith (1898-1976), who runs in the 1944 U.S. Pres. Election and gets 1,781 votes (1,530 in Mich., 281 in Tex.); in 1948 he gets 48 votes, and in 1956 he is down to 8 write-in votes from Calif.; in the 1950s and 1960s he is the leader of the hardcore white supremacist anti-Semitic movement in the U.S. On Jan. 13 the Soviets launch Operation Spark (Iskra) to open a 10-mi.-wide corridor to Leningrad S of Lake Ladoga; on Jan. 18 the Soviets announce the lifting of the long Nazi siege of Leningrad; too bad, it comes under constant German artillery bombardment for the next year, becoming known as the Corridor of Death. On Jan. 14-24 (the year after the release of the Bogey-Bergman film) the secret Casablanca Conference in Morocco is held between Roosevelt and Churchill; a joint declaration pledges that the war will end only with the "unconditional surrender" of the Axis powers; Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower is selected as supreme cmdr. for the Allied invasion of Europe, which is set for early summer 1944, disappointing Stalin; on Jan. 21 they issue a directive calling for massive day and night bombing of Germany for "the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened"; FDR brings the movie Casablanca to show Winston Churchill, and utters the soundbyte to his son Elliott: "Don't think for a moment, Elliott, that Americans would be dying in the Pacific tonight if it hadn't been for the shortsighted greed of the French and the British and the Dutch"; "We who hate your gaudy guts salute you" (to FDR, from William Allen White). On Jan. 15 the Germans under Austrian Luftwaffe Gen. Alexander Lohr (Löhr) (1885-1947), assisted by Italian and Croatian troops launch Operation White, their 4th and biggest offensive against Tito and his Communist partisans in Yugoslavia, driving them from Bihac 200 mi. S to 8,290-ft. Mt. Durmitor in Montenegro; a prisoner exchange gives Tito back his wife Herta, pissing-off Stalin, causing Tito to reply "If you cannot understand what a hard time we are having, and if you cannot help us, then at least do not hinder us." On Jan. 15 to reward him for his great work in imprisoning 30K+ German Jews after Kristallnacht (Nov. 1938), busy beaver SS Lt. Col. Kurt Werner Lischka (1909-89) is appointed cmdr. of the German security police in Paris, responsible for deporting Jews to Auschwitz, keeping up with his own high standards; after being sentenced to life in prison, he spends 25+ years free in West Germany before being arrested and given 10 years in 1980. On Jan. 15 a sweep by the Germans in Kletnya, Russia kills 441 partisans. On Jan. 15 the Gestapo in Brussels begins arresting the Comet Allied Airman Escape Network; on June 7 after Jacques Desoubrie (1922-49) betrays them, five English and one U.S. pilot are arrested in Paris by the Germans along with couriers Frederic de Jongh and Robert Ayle, shutting Comet down, leading to the arrest of 168 airmen total, who are all taken to Buchenwald; after fleeing to Germany, his ex-mistress turns him in after the war, and he is executed in Dec. 1949. Numerologists' House of Peace or House of War? On Jan. 15 the 6.5M sq. ft. Pentagon (across the Potomac River from the White House and Capitol) is dedicated after only 16 mo. of construction, becoming the largest bldg. in the U.S.; it is built of reinforced concrete because of a wartime shortage of steel; it consists of 5 corner and 5 middle sections (5 sides, 5 stories, 5 rings by alphabet), seven spokes, four moats, has a circumference of 1 mi., covers 30 acres (triple the square footage of the Empire State Bldg.) and has 17.5 mi. of corridors decorated with battle flags; no two offices are more than 1.8K feet (6 min. walking time) apart; it has 68K mi. of telephone lines but no elevators, only ramps; there are 600 drinking fountains and 18 dining rooms which serve 60K meals a day; the architect previously designed the Hollywood Bowl. On Jan. 16 U.S. and Australian troops attack the Japanese at Sanananda, New Guinea, killing 3K, which doesn't cause them to give up until Jan. 22, losing 3K KIA vs. 7K Japanese; only 350 Japanese POWs are taken, mostly Chinese and Korean laborers. On Jan. 16 British bombers carry out their first heavy raid on Berlin in 14 mo., causing the Germans to resume bombing of Britain for the first time in almost two years, killing 328 civilians incl. 39 schoolchildren on Jan. 20 (noon) in Lewisham, South London. On Jan. 18 the Soviets recapture Shlisselburg, giving them access to besieged Leningrad. I don't keep this pressure on? On Jan. 18 the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins after news of mass murder at Treblinka of 300K Jews shipped there last summer leaks back, and Jewish fighters, led by Mordecai Anielewicz (b. 1919) fire on Nazis as they round up 6K more to send to Treblinka (after a 4-mo. hiatus), causing the Nazis to retreat, giving them courage; the Germans kill 600 ews during the round-up, plus nine Jewish fighters; on Apr. 19 the Germans return in force with the Waffen SS under Gen. Jurgen (Jürgen) (Josef) Stroop (1895-1952)), taking on the 750 poorly-armed Jewish freedom fighters, who start out with 10 pistols, and hold out until May 16; Anielewicz is killed on May 8; on May 16 after killing or deporting 14K Jews to Treblinka, and sending another 42K to labor camps in the Lublin area, then blowing up the synagogue, Stroop reports that "The Warsaw Ghetto is no longer in existence", receiving the Iron Cross, First Class, ending the Jewish Warsaw Uprising (begun Apr. 18); on June 16 the ghetto is emptied of its 56K remaining Jews, 7K being shot and the rest sent to camps; in May Stroop pub. The Stroop Report: The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw is No More. On Jan. 18 the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins after news of mass murder at Treblinka of 300K Jews shipped there last summer leaks back, and Jewish fighters, led by Mordecai Anielewicz (b. 1919) fire on Nazis trying to round up more, causing the Nazis to retreat, giving them courage; on Apr. 19 the Germans return in force with the Waffen SS, taking on the 750 poorly-armed Jewish freedom fighters, who hold out until May 16; the Germans withdraw from the ghetto again on Jan. 21; Anielewicz is killed on May 8; on June 16 the ghetto is emptied of its 56K remaining Jews, of which 7K are shot and the remainder sent to camps. On Jan. 18 the Germans launch Operation Harvest Home against Soviet partisans W of Osipovichi. On Jan. 19 the British launch Operation Bunkum, a spy mission on Japanese-occupied Middle Andaman Island 1K mi. SE of Calcutta, which concludes that Japanese brutality makes it ripe for subversion. On Jan. 20 Heinrich Himmler writes the German transport minister begging him to make more trains available for deportation of Jews to death camps; meanwhile 2K are deported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz, of which 1,760 are gassed - stop being so obvious? On Jan. 21 the Soviets on the Caucasus Front capture Salsk. On Jan. 21 Bletchley Park breaks the German Enigma Porcupine code used for ground-air operations in S Russia. On Jan. 21 German police chief Ferdinand Hugo aus der Funten (Fünten) (1909-89) makes 50 hospital personnel accompany a train of several hundred Jewish mental patients in Apeldoorn, Holland to Auschwitz, promising that they can return home or work in a "really modern mental home"; they are all gassed; on Jan. 27, 1989 the Dutch Parliament votes 85-55 to release him from a life sentence, and he dies on Apr. 19. On Jan. 22 Operation Hamburg results in 1,676 partisans and 1,510 civilians being killed by the Germans in the Slonim area of Poland. On Jan. 22 the Germans and Italians are driven from Tripoli, Libya by the British Eighth Army, falling back towards Tunisia. On Jan. 22 30 Jewish orphans in Marseilles are deported to Sobibor, with their guardian Alice Salomon insisting upon accompanying them; they are all gassed. On Jan. 23 FDR and Churchill hold their final conference in Casablanca, deciding to continue to give the Soviets a blank check for aid, with Churchill saying that "no investment could pay a better dividend", although the heavy losses to Arctic convoys might cause them to be discontinued; they also agree to a July invasion of Sicily, June if feasible. On Jan. 23 Italian authorities 80 mi. E of Marseilles refuse to cooperate with Germans rounding up Jews in the Italian occupation zone, causing deportations to be canceled. On Jan. 23 Am. critic Alexander Woollcott (b. 1887) suffers a fatal heart attack during a live broadcast of the CBS radio program "People's Platform" on the 10th anniv. of Hitler's rise to power, titled "Is Germany Incurable", where he utters the soundbyte "It's a fallacy to think that Hitler was the cause of the world's present woes; Germany was the cause of Hitler." On Jan. 24 the Soviets drive the Germans out of Voronezh, Russia and Armavir in the N Caucasus. On Jan. 24 as the Soviets overrun their last airfield at Gumrak, Gen. Paulus asks Hitler for permission to withdraw from Stalingrad, with Hitler replying: "The Sixth Army will hold its positions to the last man and the last round." On Jan. 26 Hitler Youth ages 15+ are recruited to man AA batteries in Germany to free men for the Eastern Front. On Jan. 27 U.S. forces begin daylight bombing operations in Germany as 64 bombers strike Wilhelmshaven in the first all-U.S. air raid against Germany in WWII, losing three bombers vs. 22 German aircraft shot down; Britain began daylight raids in 1942. On Jan. 27 French Resistance Gen. Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie (1900-69) asks Winston Churchill to supply arms to the Maquis ("bands of patriots") in France, and Churchill asks the RAF to do all they can "to bring about a situation in the whole area between the Rhone and the Italian frontier and between the lake of Geneva and the Mediterranean comparable to the situation in Yugoslavia." On Jan. 27 the German govt. orders civil conscription of women for labor. On Jan. 28 the increasingly zonked Germans launch Operation Harvest Home II against Soviet partisans W of the Minsk-Slutsk Road 200 mi. behind the front line. On Jan. 29 three Polish families (15 people) incl. a 2-y.-o. girl are shot in Wierzbica, Poland for hiding Jews. On Jan. 29 869 Jews are deported from Westerbork, Holland for Auschwitz; ditto 1K Jews from Berlin. On Jan. 29 several hundred French volunteers leave Paris to fight for the Germans on the Eastern Front, with "Death to the Jews" painted on their railway carriages. On Jan. 29-31 hoping to open the way to Port Moresby, the Japanese unsuccessfuly attack the Australians in Wau, New Guinea. On Jan. 30 Japanese aircraft sink heavy cruiser USS Chicago en route to Guadalcanal, killing 21 of 1K+. On Jan. 30 on the 10th anniv. of his coming to power, Hitler appoints fellow Austrian, 6'7" facially-scarred SS Gen. Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903-46) as head of the Reich Central Security Office in charge of arrests and deportations of Jews to Auschwitz, with his deputy, SS Gen. Heinrich "Gestapo" Muller (Müller) signing actual deportation orders, starting with 45K on Jan. 31; meanwhile the British give Hitler an anniv. present with a daylight air raid on Berlin, followed by a night raid on Hamburg timed to coincide with a radio broadcast by Joseph Goebbels, who utters the dumbass-on-forehead soundbyte: "A thousand years hence every German will speak with awe of Stalingrad and remember that it was there that Germany put the seal on her victory." On Jan. 30 after the Nazis send Franz von Papen to Ankara, Winston Churchill secretly meets with Turkish pres. (since 1938) Ismet Inonu inside a train at the Yenice Station 23km from Adana, and tries to talk him out of neutrality. On Jan. 30 French Gen. Joseph Darnard (1897-1945) founds the Milice (Fr. "militia") in Vichy France to help the Gestapo arrest Jews and resistance members and torture them into confessions; after waffling and being rebuffed by the French Resistance in July, Darnand becomes a lt. in the SS in Aug., becoming Vichy chief of police and secy. of the interior and growing the membership to 35K by next year. The turning point of the war on the Eastern Front? On Jan. 30/31 as the Battle of Stalingrad (begun Aug. 23, 1942) wastes Germany's finest in frigid Mother Russia, Herr Hitler (10 years after coming to power) promotes encircled col.-gen. Friedrich Paulus to field marshal to keep him from surrendering, reminding him that no German FM has ever done it; too bad, even though Paulus radios a message that night that his men would "hold their position to the last man and the last round for Fuehrer and Fatherland to the end", on Jan. 31 after a 6 a.m. artillery bombardment, he and his staff are captured like bums in his HQ in the basement of a W Stalingrad dept. store, and the rest of his sector cmdrs. follow suit, the last in a 2nd pocket surrendering on Feb. 2, becoming the first decisive defeat for Nazi Germany; after 743K KIA, MIA, or injured and 34K evacuated by air, the Sixth Army's 108K remaining men (incl. 24 generals) out of 1.04M (400K+ Germans, 220K Italians, 143K Romanians, 200K Hungarians) are sent in forced marches to prison camps in lovely Siberia, and after the war only 6K return, incl. Poor Little Paulus; the myth of German invincibility is shattered; Hitler goes nonlinear at the news, first broadcast by the Soviets, and on Feb. 3 publicly raves about being betrayed, wondering why the troops didn't shoot themselves to prevent capture, then proclaims three (two?) days of mourning, leaving the German people to wonder what happened; after swearing he'll never appoint a field marshal again in this war, on Feb. 16 he hands the baton to Luftwaffe gen. Wolfram von Richthofen (1895-1945), 4th cousin of WWI flying ace Manfred "the Red Baron" von Richthofen; about this time Hitler first shows signs of Parkinson's Disease (tertiary syphilis?), with hand tremors. On Jan. 31 to celebrate the big V against Germany, Allied bombers strike German military installations in Sicily. In Jan. the Great Coal War of 1943 begins with wildcat strikes by U.S. coal miners; after the Nat. War Labor Board (NWLB) rejects proposals by the 500K-man UMWA, led by John L. Lewis for wage increases and Sun. double-time pay, FDR orders U.S. interior secy. (1933-46) Harold LeClair Ickes to take over the mines on May 1, and on May 2 FDR delivers an Address to the Coal Miners, asking them to return to work; on June 1 after the owners refuse to negotiate, the 1-week Third Coal Strike, called by Lewis begins, causing Congress on June 25 to pass the U.S. War Labor Disputes (Smith-Connally) Act (over FDR's veto), which outlaws strikes in a defense-related industry without a 3-day strike notice and requires a union vote at the end of the 30 days, which only pisses the miners off, causing 150K to disobey the UMWA's June 22 order to return to work; in July Lewis agrees to a "truce", provided the mines are not returned to their private owners; on Oct. 31 after the govt. reneges and returns the mines, the Fourth Coal Strike finally causes FDR to back down, granting the miners some concessions while permitting an increase in coal prices to satisfy the owners, but clearly abandoning the govt.'s neutrality stance in the dispute to come down on the side of the miners. In Jan. the U.S. Sixth Army is activated, commanded by Prussian-born U.S. Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger (1881-1967), the only U.S. gen. to rise from the rank of pvt.; in Nov. he forms the 127-man Alamo Scouts to provide recon and intelligence gathering behind enemy lines before landing ops. In Jan. 24K Jews are deported to Auschwitz from Belgium, Holland, Grodno, Berlin, and Bialystok, with all but 4K gassed on arrival. By Jan. there are 20+ Lebensborn Aryan breeding houses in German-occupied Europe, esp. blonde-blue Norway. In Jan. the Am. Jewish Conference is organized in Pittsburgh, Penn. by B'nai B'rith to unite U.S. Jews for the establishment of a Jewish Palestine. In Jan. Operation Modellhut (Model Hat) sees Nazi collaborator Coco Chanel and her lover Baron Hans Gunther von Dincklage plot with SS head Heinrich Himmler to offer Winston Churchill a separate peace; too bad, they use her lezzie lover Vera Bate Lombardi as intermediary, who messes the plan up in Madrid by denouncing Chanel to the British embassy as a Nazi spy. On Feb. 1 the Japanese repel an attack by Indian troops in Donbaik, Burma. On Feb. 1 a German fighter crashes into an "All American" B-17 piloted by U.S. Lt. Kenneth R. Bragg of the 414th Bomb Squadron, cutting the fuselage nearly in half, which doesn't stop him from finishing his bomb run before returning safely under P-51 escort; a photo of the wounded plane becomes famous. On Feb. 1 the U.S. 100th Infantry Battalion/442nd Regimental Combat Team is authorized, made up almost entirely of pidgin-speaking Hawaiian Japanese originally drafted before Pearl Harbor, then placed under arrest, and finally sent to Italy where it is thought to be more "safe" for them; by the end of the month mainland Japanese are permitted to join as an alternative to detention camps; under pressure to prove they are loyal Americans, they become one of the most highly decorated U.S. military units of WWII. On Feb. 1 after a brave defense against the Red Army of the German line from Staraya Russa to Ostashkov, Ernst Bernhard Wilhelm Busch (1884-1945) is promoted by Hitler to field marshal and given command of Army Group Center (until July 1944). On Feb. 1 after 1K families are given 3 mo. to move in Sept. from 59K acres of farmland protected by a ridge, and a new town is started to house 75K, ground is broken for the 92-acre Y-12 Manhattan Project uranium refinement plant at Oak Ridge, Tenn., which eventually employs 82K (mainly h.s. grad women AKA the Calutron Girls, who don't know what's going on), houses nine huge concrete-steel 300' x 500' industrial bldgs. costing $427M incl. the world's largest bldg., and operates 1,152 huge Calutron electromagnet assemblies whose wire requires 14K tons of silver from the U.S. Treasury, and whose operation takes one-seventh of the total electrical power generated in the U.S. for one year to manufacture 100 lbs. of U-235 for the A-bomb; the first workers move in on July 27; a type A house with utilities and garbage pickup incl. is $38/mo. On Feb. 2 the Soviets create the War Partisan of the Fatherland Medal. On Feb. 3 (early a.m.) after being torpedoed by German U-boats, the Four Chaplains (Rabbi Alexander "Alex" D. Goode, Father John P. Washington, Rev. George L. Fox, Rev. Clark V. Poling) perish aboard the North Atlantic transport USAT Dorchester after giving up their life jackets, gloves, etc. to other soldiers, and singing hymns with locked arms as the ship sinks; after only 2 of 14 lifeboats escape, 222 of 900 raw recruits survive after being rescued by Coast Guard cutters USSCGC Eskinaba, USSCGC Tampa and USSCGC Comanche; in 1948 a 3-cent U.S. postage stamp commemorating the chaplains is issued; they receive a special Medal of Honor in 1960; they are used by the U.S. military to promote interfaith cooperation, but too bad, they later go too far and try to incl. the Muslims, whose god Allah revels in the deaths of infidels? On Feb. 3 the Soviets occupy Kushchevskaya S of Rostov, and Kupyansk E of Kharkov. On Feb. 4 the Germans stage the Stalingrad Action to get revenge, killing 45 Jews in Kovno. On Feb. 4 the Soviets stage an amphibious assault behind the German lines near Novorossiysk; a small force led by Jewish Maj. Caesar Lvovich Kunikov (1909-43) holds the beachhead for six days until reinforcements arrive, getting KIA and receiving a posth. Hero of the Soviet Union medal. On Feb. 4-5 a total solar eclipse begins in E Asia and ends in Alaska. On Feb. 5 the Soviets drive the Germans from Stary Oskol and Izyum. On Feb. 5 the Soviets advance to Yeisk on the Sea of Azov, cutting off the Germans around Novorossisk from the main body retreating towards Rostov, causing them to launch Operation Hare Chase on Feb. 6 against Soviet partisans 250 mi. behind the front line. On Feb. 6 Heinrich Himmler receives a Jewish Garment Report about 825 railroad cars from Auschwitz and other death camps, listing 155K women's coats, 22K pairs of children's shoes, and 3K kg of women's hair, for distribution in Germany; the loot also incl. $500K in U.S. dollars, and $116,420 in gold; in Jan. Himmler visited Warsaw and inspected "hundreds of thousands, perhaps even millions" of eyeglasses and spectacles in warehouses. On Feb. 7 the Soviets capture Azov. On Feb. 7 Hitler meets with Gauleiters in Wolf's Lair, uttering the soundbyte: "What you are witnessing is a catastrophe of unheard-of magnitude. The Russians broke through, the Romanians gave up, the Hungarians didn't even put up a fight. If the German people fail, then they do not deserve that we fight for their future. Then we can write them off with equanimity." On Feb. 8 the Soviets under Gen. Konstantin Rokossovsky take the German stronghold of Kursk, then begin a counterattack to the W, taking Belgorod on Feb. 9. On Feb. 9 the Battle of Guadalcanal (begun Aug. 7, 1942) ends with a U.S. V, with 2K U.S. vs. 9K Japanese troops KIA; the myth of Japanese invincibility is shattered. On Feb. 11 after FDR appoints him, Cloverport, Ky.-born Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr. (1894-1949) becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #83 (until Sept. 10, 1949) to replace the seat vacated by James F. Byrnes, going on to join Justices Murphy, Douglas, and Black in the opinion that the 14th Amendment should incorporate Bill of Rights protections, opposing Justice Frankfurter's ideology of judicial restraint; John Paul Stevens becomes one of his law clerks. On Feb. 12 the Soviets retake Krasnodar, after which on July 14-17 the Soviets stage the Krasnodar Trial, WWII's first open military war crimes tribunal, condemning all 11 defendants and sentencing eight to death, giving Allied journalists details of mass gassing of 7K civilians in "murder vans". On Feb. 12 the Soviets retake Lozovaya S of Kharkov. On Feb. 12 British troops cross into Tunisia from the S; on Feb. 14-25 the Battle of Kasserine Pass in the Dorsal Mts. of W Tunisia is a V for Gen. Rommel's Panzers against the inferior tanks of the U.S. 1st Armored Div.; meanwhile on Feb. 15 the British occupy Ben Gardane in SE Tunisia S of Djerba Island, causing Rommel to fortify the Mareth Line to the NW on the Gulf of Gabes; too bad, after crossing W into Algeria, Rommel is stopped at Tebessa. On Feb. 12 the Germans launch Operation Ursula against Soviet partisans in the Rogachev area 200 mi. behind the front line. On Feb. 14 the Soviets retake Rostov and Voroshilovgrad. On Feb. 14 the 3K-man British 77th Indian Infantry Brigade AKA the Chindits under Brig.-Gen. Orde Charles Wingate (1903-44) stage Operation Loincloth, launching an invasion of Burma from Imphal, India and blowing up the Wuntho-Indaw railway; after 1 mo. they cross the Irrawaddy River, ambushing the Japanese and killing 100 while only losing one of their own before returning. On Feb. 16 the Soviets retake Kharkov (Kharkiv), causing the Germans on Feb. 19 to launch the Third Battle of Kharkov (Kharkiv) (ends Mar. 15), recapturing it after destroying 52 Soviet divs. On Feb. 16 U.S. pilot Lt. T.P. Mayo is shot down after raiding St. Nazaire, and is greeted by French women carrying plainclothes for him to evade capture - the original Richard Gere in An Officer and a Gentleman? On Feb. 16 six Norwegian partisans stage Operation Gunnerside, parachuting onto a frozen lake 30 mi. W of Vermork, joining up with four men from Operation Swallow, and blowing up the German heavy water plant on Feb. 25; none are caught. On Feb. 16 FDR utters the soundbyte: "The defense of Saudi Arabia is vital to the defense of the United States." On Feb. 18 Hitler visits Field Marshal von Manstein's front HQ at Zaporozhe, Ukraine within earshot of Soviet artillery to give them a pep talk for their 3rd offensive against Russia, with the soundbyte: "The outcome of a crucial battle depends on you. A thousand kilometers away from the Reich's frontiers the fate of Germany's present and future is in the balance... Weapons unique and hitherto unknown are on the way to your front", calling for "ultimate victory". On Feb. 18 Joseph Goebbels gives his Total War Speech at the Sportspalast in Berlin, asking the enthusiastic crowd: "Do you want total war? Do you want it, if it has to be, more total, more radical than we can possibly imagine today?"; to which they shout "Ja"; he then asks "Is your confidence in the Fuhrer greater, surer, more unshakeable than ever?", to which they shout "Ja"; he then utters the soundbyte: "The Jews are the root of evil in the world. They are the Devil who pushes the West towards its downfall. They are the carriers of ruin and destruction within the body of Western civilization. They are the instigators of chaos in the world. The crocodile tears shed abroad over the treatment of Jews in German-occupied territories will not deter Germany from carrying out its plans and ideas. On the contrary, Germany will pursue its course with more vigor, by lawful means if necessary, in order to implement its plan which provides for the total elimination of Jewry" - we don't break the law, we make the law? On Feb. 18 German students Hans Scholl (1918-43) (who served on the Eastern Front in 1942, was shocked by maltreatment of Jews, and shook their hands in cattle cars at railway stations), his sister Sophie Magdalena Scholl (1921-43), and Christoph Probst (1919-43), leaders of the 5-man White Rose anti-Hitler student resistance group at Munich U. are arrested for painting "Freedom" and "Down with Hitler" on a wall on a main street on Feb. 16 and flinging leaflets from a bldg. on passing students on Feb. 18, then tried for treason by People's Court judge Roland Freisler and guillotined in Stadelheim Prison in Munich on Feb. 23; Scholl' last words "Long live freedom", and their cool defiance of the Nazis causes them to become heroes, after which their leaflet is smuggled to England by German jurist Helmuth von Moltke, then dropped by the millions by the middle of the year by the Allies, with the title The Manifesto of the Students of Munich, containing the soundbyte: "Germany's name will remain disgraced forever unless German youth rises up immediately, takes revenge, and atones, smashes its torturers, and builds a new, spiritual Europe"; later White Rose members Willi Graf (b. 1918), Kurt Huber (b. 1893), and (St.) Alexander Schmorell (b. 1917) are arrested and executed. On Feb. 20 after Hitler returns to Wolf's Lair, the Soviets retake Pavlograd 60 mi. from Zaporozhe. On Feb. 20 as several members of the Dutch resistance are executed near Schiphol Airport, Dutch Germanic SS volunteer 2nd Lt. Gerardus Leonardus Mooyman (1923-87) becomes the first foreign SS volunteer to receive the Knight's Cross (adding it to his Iron Cross, First Class) for killing 17 Soviet tanks in two days. On Feb. 21 the Germans launch their Third Russian Offensive, aiming to retake Kharkov along with as much ground as possible in S Russia; on Feb. 22 the Soviets counterattack towards Rzhev in the C sector, and in Ukraine, recapturing Sumy. On Feb. 21 Allied forces recapture the Russell Islands NW of Guadalcanal sans opposition. On Feb. 21 (Red Army Day) George VI of England presents a Sword of Honour to the city of Stalingrad, with the soundbyte: "It was the unyielding resistance of Stalingrad that turned the tide and heralded the crushing blows which have struck dismay into the foes of civilization and freedom"; it is personally presented by Stalin by Churchill on Nov. 29 in Tehran. On Feb. 22 after the Allies intercept his fuel supply ships to Tunis, while British reinforcements arrive, Gen. Rommel breaks off his attack. On Feb. 22 Vidkun Quisling orders a gen. mobilization of the civilian pop. of Norway for building railroads and military installations, giving the Todt Org. 35K men and threatening loss of ration cards for not joining; two church leaders incl. Bishop Ole Kristian Hallesby (1879-1961) are arrested for protesting, and held in Grini concentration camp until the end of the war. On Feb. 22 the Bulgarian govt. obeys a German request to deport 11K Jews living in the areas of Yugoslavia and Greece they occupied since 1941, sending them on 20 trains to Treblinka; the 3-member Jewish community of Samothrace is deported. On Feb. 22 a Boeing 314 Pan Am clipper plane carrying Am. singer Jane Froman (1907-80) and 38 other USO personnel crashes into the Tagus River in Lisbon, Portugal, and only 15 survive; Froman suffers severe injuries and is permanently cripped but continues her career, giving 95 USO shows in Europe in 1945, becoming the subject of the 1952 film "With a Song in My Heart" starring Susan Hayward. On Feb. 23 the new 29%-Jewish Soviet 16th Rifle Div. attacks the Germans at Alkseyevka, Ukraine 30 mi. SE of Oryol, getting outgunned and retreating after several hundred are KIA. On Feb. 23 Stalin issues his Second Partisan Order, calling for the "flame of partisan warfare to be kindled and spread". On Feb. 23 the Germans murder 39 Jewish boys who had been hiding with phenol injections in Zamosc, Poland; on Mar. 2 they do ditto to eight more. On Feb. 24 Salonica Ghetto in Greece is established; on Mar. 15 the Nazis begin deporting the 45K-member Jewish community of Salonica that traces back to 1492 Spain to no-doubt-there'll-be-caviar Auschwitz, finishing in May, leaving the docks short of stevedores; after the police chief in Katerini gives Jews three hours to leave, three who don't are shot, while 33 who do are hidden by Greek villagers; on Mar. 23 Greek Archbishop (1941-9) Damaskinos Papandreou (1891-1949) complains to the Greek govt. about the deportations. On Feb. 24 Hitler delivers a radio speech, with the soundbyte: "We shall smash and break the might of the Jewish world coalition, and mankind struggling for its freedom will win the final victory in this struggle." On Feb. 25 the Allies begin round-the-clock air raids on Germany, with the British attacking by night and the Yanks attacking by day, starting with Nuremberg, which is attacked by 2K bombers in 48 hours. On Feb. 25 Bletchley Park breaks the German Enigma Ermine key used by Luftwaffe combat units in the Eastern Front; on Feb. 29 they break the German Enigma Orchid key used by the Luftwaffe in S Ukraine. On Feb. 26 the first transport of gypsies to Auschwitz II occurs. On Feb. 26 the first U.S. B-24 is lost over Germany after German Lt. Heinz Knoke (1921-93) shoots it down, killing 9 of 11 aboard incl. Robert B. Post and five other reporters. On Feb. 27 the last 8K Jews in Berlin are deported to Auschwitz, incl. several Jewish converts to Christianity with Christian wives, pissing-off archbishop of Breslau (1914-45) Cardinal Adolf Cardinal Bertram (1859-1945), who gets a few of them exempted; eight forced to Berlin from Finland are deported, pissing-off the Finnish Cabinet, which refuses to deport any more of Finland's 2K Jews. On Feb. 27 the Smith Mine in Bearcreek, Mont. explodes, killing 74, becoming the worst in Mont. until ?. On Feb. 29 Kolomyia Ghetto in Ukraine is liquidated, with 2K Jews killed in a forest near Szeparowka. In Feb. a group of captured British soldiers led by Lt. Col. L. Nicholson (played by Alec Guinness in the 1957 movie) finishes the wooden trestle Bridge on the River Kwai over the Kwai Yai (Mae Klong) (Mae Khlung) River in Tamarkan, Thailand for their Japanese captors (begun Oct. 1942), followed by a steel bridge in Apr. In Feb. after an expensive divorce to 1st wife Lily Demeter that leaves him bitter for life, and being accused of statutory rape of underage girls Betty Hansen and Peggy Satterlee last Nov., and being cleared by a grand jury but prosecuted anyway, hiring atty. Jerry Giesler, and getting backing from the American Boys' Club for the Defense of Errol Flynn (ABCDEF), whose members incl. William F. Buckley Jr., Australian-born actor Errol Leslie Flynn (1909-59) is cleared at a 4-week trial by a jury of 9 women and 3 men, causing the phrase "in like Flynn" to become popular; although he is devastated personally, he continues to be popular at the box office; a political persecution because his boss Jack Warner didn't pay the usual protection money to city hall?; Flynn meets 19-y.-o. Roman Catholic future wife Nora Eddington working a cigarette-candy counter at the courthouse, and marries her after making her pregnant. In Feb.-Mar. German plans to draft Greek workers for compulsory labor cause a series of strikes, ending the plans; meanwhile in May the Nat. Bands Agreement among Greek resistance groups attempts to set up a common front, but proves weak, with civil war around the corner once the Germans are gone. On Mar. 1-22 the Germans stage Operation Buffalo Movement, a retreat along 100 mi. of the Vyazma-Moscow-Smolensk railway to shorten their lines, eliminating the Rzhev Salient and freeing 21 divs. In early Mar. the Henneicke Column of Jew-hating Dutch gangsters is formed by auto mechanic Wim Heinnecke (-1944) and Willem Briede (-1962) to hunt down Jews in hiding, handing over 3,190 from Mar. 4-31, 1943 for a reward of 7.5-40 florins a head, and a total of 8K-9K by Oct. 1, 1943, when it disbands; Amsterdam gangster Bernardus Andries "Dries" Riphagen (1909-73) is a member, growing wealthy, and buying protection after the war with Argentine pres. Juan Peron. On Mar. 2 the Germans begin a withdrawal from Tunisia. On Mar. 2 the Allied Pat O'Leary Escape Line in Toulouse, France is shut down after Belgian army deserter Herbert Cole betrays the leader, Belgian physician Capt. (later Maj. Gen.) Albert-Marie Edmond Guerisse (Guérisse) (1911-89) AKA Lt.-Cmdr. Patrick Albert "Pat" O'Leary. On Mar. 2 1K Jews are deported from Paris to Auschwitz incl. 300 70-year-olds. On Mar. 2-4 the Battle of the Bismarck Sea sees a Japanese convoy unsuccessfully attempt to break an Allied blockade to reinforce Lae and Salamaua, New Guinea with 7K troops plus aircraft fuel and spare parts as 137 U.S. bombers destroy all eight Japanese troop transports and four destroyers, killing 3.5K and shooting down 102 of 150 aircraft; on Mar. 4 Winston Churchill telegraphs FDR, with the soundbyte "Accept my warmest congratulations on your brilliant victory in the Pacific which fitly salutes the end of your first ten years." On Mar. 3 the Soviets recapture Rzhev, Russia. On Mar. 3 a false bombing alert causes a panic in a subway in Bethnal Green, London, killing 173 by suffocation on the steps. On Mar. 3 (night) the British bomb Hamburg, Germany. On Mar. 4 the 15th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1942 to MGM's Allied war effort-supporting Mrs. Miniver, along with best dir. to William Wyler, best actress to Greer Garson (who gives a record 5 min. 30 sec. speech), and best supporting actress to Teresa Wright; best actor goes to James Cagney for Yankee Doodle Dandy, and best supporting actor to Van Heflin for Johnny Eager. On Mar. 5-July 31 the Battle of the Ruhr (Ruhr Air Offensive) wipes out German cities and towns in the Rhine-Ruhr region, with the Allies targeting 26 major targets incl. the Krupp armament works in Essen, the Nordstern synthetic oil plant in Gelsenkirchen, and the Rheinmetal-Borsig plant in Düsseldorf. starting with Essen, destroying 160 acres of slave laborland, then returning on Mar. 6, and bombing Nuremberg on Mar. 9; by the end of May saturation bombing of Berlin and other German cities has disrupted communications, leaving the Nazis alone knowing the true situation. On Mar. 5 Nazi Ukraine gov. (gauleiter) Erich Koch (1896-1986) gives a speech in Kiev, with the soundbyte: "We are a master race, which must remember that the lowliest German worker is racially and biologically a thousand times more valuable than the population here", saying that the lowly Slav Russians "will have to work, and work, and go on working" - sounds like a Timex watch? On Mar. 6 the Soviets retake Gzhatsk, pushing the Germans farther from Moscow. On Mar. 6 Gen. Bernard Montgomery's Eighth Army uses decrypted messages to anticipate a new offensive (Operation Capri) by Gen. Rommel at Medenine (Médenine), causing him to give it up when he loses the element of surprise; on Mar. 19-29 Montgomery breaks through the Mareth Line in S Tunisia between Medenine and Gabes, but the Germans escape encirclement and retreat 37 mi. N, forming a line at Akarit. On Mar. 6 Joseph Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary: "There have been some regrettable scenes at a home for aged Jews", when a large number of people gathered and some of them even sided with the Jews", causing him to postpone their deportation from Berlin. On Mar. 6 Archbishop Stepinac of Zagreb protests to Croat leader Ante Pavelic against the killing of Jews married to Christians, causing him to stop the practice. Hitler's Prussian military brass finally begins splitting ranks with him? On Mar. 9 Gen. Erwin Rommel departs North Africa for health reasons, and on Mar. 11 visits Hitler at Wolf's Lair to receive the Oak Leaves with Swords for his Iron Cross, with Rommel uttering the soundbyte that Hitler told him to go on sick leave so "that I could take command again later for operations against Casablanca", adding "It simply never occurred to him that things could go wrong in Tunisia. Nor would he hear of the front being shortened, for then it would be impossible to take the offensive again"; Rommel adds that Hitler is "very depressed and upset about the Stalingrad disaster. He said that one is always liable to look on the black side of things after a defeat, a tendency which can lead one into dangerous and false conclusions"; after military officers get pissed-off at Hitler for not letting Gen. Paulus withdraw, and at Goebbels for his "total war" speech, they begin to plot to depose him? On Mar. 10 after killing 23K Soviet soldiers and 634 tranks, the Germans begin a massive assault on Kharkov; 1K Czech troops incl. 600 Jews fight the Germans at Sokolovo, and 140 of the Jewish troops are KIA by Mar. 11. On Mar. 10 (night) British bombers bomb Munich, Germany. On Mar. 11 Joseph Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary: "If the English are in a position night after night to attack some German city, one can easily imagine how Germany will look after about three months unless we take effective countermeasures"; also "The scheduled arrest of all Jews on one day failed because of the shortsighted behavior of industrialists who warned the Jews in time", causing him to order the Jews to be hunted down. On Mar. 12 the Soviets recapture Vyazma, Russia. On Mar. 12 100K workers in Turin and Genoa, Italy go on strike, bringing war production to a halt; Mussolini is powerless to get them back to work. On Mar. 12 (night) German sub U-163 is sunk of Cape Finisterre, Spain by Canadian corvette HMCS Prescott? On Mar. 13 Operation Flask sees Maj. Gen. Henning Hermann Robert Karl von Tresckow (1901-44) and his adjutant Lt. Fabian von Schlabrendorff (1907-80) place a time bomb disguised in a package of two bottles of Cointreau on Hitler's plane at Army Group Center HQ in Smolensk, but it fails to go off as he is flying over Minsk on his way to Wolf's Lair (later traced to a defective detonator), causing German counterintel chief of staff Col. Hans Oster and his deputy Hans von Dohnanyi to cancel plans to take control in Berlin. On Mar. 13 the U.S. begins sending $20M in cash to the Polish resistance behind German lines over 14 mo., starting with $5M. On Mar. 14 the Germans under Field Marshal Erich von Manstein recapture Kharkov, followed on Mar. 19 by Belgorod. On Mar. 15 Joseph Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary that he told Hitler: "I deemed it essential to force the Jews out of the entire Reich as quickly as possible. He approved, and ordered me not to cease or pause until not a single Jew is left anywhere in Germany." On Mar. 16-20 after Bletchley Park fails to break U-boat Enigma codes, the Battle of the Atlantic reaches a German high-point with 27 merchant ships sunk by U-boats incl. 41 on Mar. 1-10 and 56 on Mar. 11-20, most of them in the mid-Atlantic gap beyond effective air cover range, threatening to disrupt Old World-New World communications and render convoys obsolete, causing the RAF on Mar. 20 to launch Operation Enclose to catch the U-boats in the Bay of Biscay; too bad, they only sink one; luckily, Bletchley Park cracks the naval Enigma key by May. On Mar. 17 the Bulgarian parliament votes unanimously to not deport any Jews from pre-war Bulgaria, and after support from the king and Angelo Roncalli (future Pope John XXIII), papal nuncio in Turkey, the Nazis go along. On Mar. 18 U.S. bombers bomb the German U-boat yards at Vegesack, Germany near Bremen; First Lt. Jack W. Mathis becomes the first Medal of Honor recipient from the U.S. Eighth Air Force. On Mar. 18 Polish resistance fighter Hanka Sawicka (Hanna Krystyna Szapiro) (b. 1917) is captured in Warsaw along with two others, then tortured to death in Pawiak Prison. On Mar. 19 after the Russians create a bulge in the German line W of Kursk that threatens to cut the German army in half, Hitler orders Operation Citadel to eliminate the Kursk Salient. On Mar. 20 on doctor's orders Hitler leaves Wolf's Lair for a holiday at Obersalzberg; German Col. Rudolf von Gertsdorff, Gen. Gunther von Kluge's intel chief tries to kill Hitler in the Zeughaus with a concealed bomb, but the fuse is too slow. On Mar. 21 the Soviets occupy Durovo, Russia 56 mi. NE of Smolensk. On Mar. 21 USS Herring sinks German sub U-163 off the Bay of Biscay? On Mar. 21 in Berlin at the annual memorial to the German dead of WWI an attempt to conceal two time bombs in his greatcoat pockets with 10-min. fuses is scrapped by Col. Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff (1905-8) when the fuses can't be made, else he would have become the first known suicide bomber?; Teflon Man Hitler only stays at the exhibit he's in charge of for 8 min.; meanwhile the British attitude is that assassinating Hilter would be "unsporting"? On Mar. 21-27 the Battle of Mareth in S Tunisia sees the Germans under Italian Field Marshal Giovanni Messe (1883-1968) (replacing Rommel, who is recuperating in Germany) driven from the Mareth Line by the British Eighth Army 25 mi. N to El Hamma, which is taken on Mar. 29 along with Gabes. On Mar. 22 the Allies bomb Berlin, returning on Mar. 27 with 395 bombers and dropping 1,050 tons of bombs in 1 hour, losing only nine planes; they drop 2x as many bombs as the Germans dropped on London in their record raid of Apr. 18, 1941. On Mar. 22 an SS unit composed of German criminals from Sachsenhausen burns the village of Khatyn (Chatyn), White Russia and murders all 149 villagers. On Mar. 23 German mathematician Richard Korherr gives Heinrich Himmler the Korherr Report on the Special Treatment of the Jews, calculating that 1,274,166 in the Polish Gen. Govt. and 145,301 in the Warthegau have received special treatment. On Mar. 25 the SS murders 2K Jews in Zolkiew (Zhovkva) in East Galicia. On Mar. 27 after a U.S. naval force intercepts a larger Japanese force attempting to supply Kiska and Attu, the Battle of the Komandorski Islands brings WWII to the Aleutian Islands, becoming the last major naval battle fought with naval guns, badly damaging both U.S. heavy cruiser Salt Lake City and Japanese heavy cruiser Nachi; the Japanese win a modest V but pull out because of supply difficulties, becoming a U.S. strategic V as the Japanese never break the U.S. naval blockade of the Aleutians. On Mar. 28 meat rationing begins in the U.S. at 28 oz. a week; meat production rises by approx. 50%. On Mar. 29 after getting pissed-off at their not heeding his advice in "Mein Kampf" to stop their war and share the world with him, Hitler approves Albert Speer's plan to build a V-1 silo on the Channel coast to punish the Jew-drenched British; too bad, on Mar. 23 the Allies bug the cell of German POWs Gen. Ludwig Cruewell (Crüwell) (1892-1958) and Gen. Wilhelm Josef Ritter von Thoma (1891-1948) at El Alamein, and learn about the V-2 rocket program at Peenemunde. On Mar. 29 meat, butter, and cheese rationing begin in the U.S. (ends 1945). On Mar. 31 disgruntled merchant marine Clarence Cull is arrested for an attempted suicide bombing assassination of FDR. In Mar. Lebanon proclaims an unwritten nat. covenant stating that it is an independent Arab country with ties to the West, which cooperates with other Arab states while remaining neutral; a 1932 census shows that Christians are 54% of the pop., who get seats in the chamber of deputies on a ratio of 6-5; the pres. will be a Marionite Christian, the PM a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the chamber a Shiite Muslim; in Dec. France agrees to transfer power to the Lebanese govt. effective next Jan. 1 - recipe for horrible civil war coming up? In Mar. pro-Nazi Muslim Palestinian cleric Muhammad Amin al-Husayni (al-Husseini) (1895-1974), grand mufti of Jerusalem recruits a 20K-man Muslim army, who are dressed in Waffen SS uniforms and used to fight Yugoslav partisans in Bosnia and carry out police actions in Hungary incl. massacres of Orthodox Catholic and Jewish civilians in Croatia in conjunction with the Roman Catholic Ustashi. On Apr. 2 Hermann Goering orders compulsory air raid patrol duty for all Germans. On Apr. 3 (night) the Allies drop 900 tons of bombs on the Krupp Works in Essen, Germany. On Apr. 4 (night) U.S. bombers attack naval installations in Naples, killing 221 civilians; on return to Benghazi Lady Be Good of the 9th U.S. Air Force 376th Bomber Group B34 (tail #124301), piloted by Lt. William J. Hatton crashes in the Libyan desert after the 9-man crew bails out, radioing that they are going down over the sea, throwing rescue planes off, then trek against the desert before dying; the plane is first spotted from the air on Nov. 9, 1953 by geologist Ronald MacLean, and all bodies are recovered except for gunner Sgt. Vernon L. Moore; the plane's guns and radio are still in working order; Lt. Robert Toner leaves a diary. On Apr. 5 U.S. day bombers attack the Renault tank plant in Paris, killing 228 civilians; meanwhile more day bombers attack the Minerva aircraft factory in Antwerp, but miss, killing 936 civilians incl. 209 schoolchildren. On Apr. 5 (night) the Allies drop 1.4K tons on Kiel, "one of the heaviest discharges we have ever made" (Winston Churchill). On Apr. 5 German Lutheran theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-45) is arrested by the Nazis for "subverting the armed forces", and put through an inquisition. On Apr. 5 anti-Hitler plotter Hans von Dohnanyi is arrested, but released after he doesn't talk. On Apr. 7 Bolivia declares war on the Axis, and after a strike at Catavi 10K new men are conscripted to work in the mines to provide tin, antimony, and tungsten to the Allies, bringing charges of exploitation, which leads to a U.S.-Bolivian commission that sides with the workers and recommends reforms; on Dec. 4 the declaration of war is made official, and on Dec. 20 Pres. Enrique Penaranda is ousted by a MNR military coup headed by Maj. Gualberto Villarroel Lopez (1908-46) (until July 21, 1946); the regime's pro-Axis sympathies keep it from being recognized except by Argentina until it deports its Germans and Japanese, bringing recognition by the U.S. and a staged formal election for the new dictator. On Apr. 7 German army high command officer Claus Philipp Maria Schenk, Count von Stauffenberg (1907-44), a Swabian nobleman and anti-Hitler conspirator of Gen. Beck's German War Academy is wounded in his staff car near the Kasserine Pass in Tunisia, losing his left eye, his right hand, and two fingers on his left hand; after recovering in a military hospital in Munich, he makes the decision to sacrifice his life killing Hitler after being a disciple of gay German mystical aristocratic anti-modernist Symbolist poet Stefan Anton George (1868-1933), who preached the idea of a Secret Germany (Geheimes Deutschland) - after all, he can't make that Nazi salute right anymore? On Apr. 7 Hitler meetsmeets with Mussolini in Salzburg, guaranteeing to defend Africa, saying "With your help, Duce, my troops will make Tunis the Verdun of the Mediterranean"; meanwhile on Apr. 6 the English Eighth Army drives the Italian Centauro Div. back to Enfidaville 50 mi. S of Tunis, killing or capturing more than half of it by Apr. 7, while U.S. and British forces link-up. On Apr. 7 188 Japanese warplanes attack Tulagi in the Solomon Islands, sinking U.S. destroyer USS Aaron Ward, Kiwi corvette HMNZS Moa, and a merchant ship in Iron Bottom Bay (named for all the sunken ships there); on Apr. 11 the Japanese return, sinking two more merchant ships. On Apr. 8 the English Eighth Army occupies Sfax, Libya 160 mi. S of Tunis, followed on Apr. 10 by Sousse, Libya, and on Apr. 13 by Enfidaville, Libya, trapping Axis forces in a Stalingrad-type pocket. On Apr. 12 177 Japanese warplanes attack Port Moresby, doing little damage - squinty-eyed bad Japanese driver jokes here? On Apr. 13 Pres. Roosevelt dedicates the Jefferson Memorial, featuring a 19-ft.-tall Statue of Thomas Jefferson by Rudolph Evans (1878-1960), which is made of plaster until after the war, when it is replaced by a 5-ton bronze statue. On Apr. 13 the Apr.-May 1940 Katyn Forest Massacre of Polish officers by orders of Stalin is discovered by the Nazis, and used for propaganda purposes against the Soviets, causing the Polish Free Govt. to break off relations with the Soviets. On Apr. 16 after they refuse to be deported, 3,489 Jews in Jaworow in East Galicia are shot by the Germans. On Apr. 17 the Germans launch Operation Magic Flute against Soviet partisans in the Minsk area. On Apr. 17 Hitler meets with Hungarian regent Adm. Miklos Horthy at Klessheim Castle near Salzburg, and tries to talk him into handing over Hungary's Jews, calling them "pure parasites" that his men treat "like tuberculosis bacilli, with which a healthy body may become infected. This was not cruel, if only it was remembered that even innocent creatures of Nature such as hares and deer have to be killed so that no harm is caused by them", adding the immortal soundbyte: "Nations which did not rid themselves of Jews perished"; Horthy replies "The Jews cannot be exterminated or beaten to death." On Apr. 18 after a message with the timing and itinerary is decoded on Apr. 13, Operation Vengeance sees a squad of U.S. Army Air Force P-38s shoot down a plane carrying Pearl Harbor Japanese Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto (b. 1884) (CIC of the Combined Fleet) en route to Ballale and Buin on Bougaineville Island, playing dumb until the Japanese announce his death on May 21. On Apr. 19 1.4K Jews are deported from Brussels to Auschwitz, followed on Apr. 20 by 1,166 from Holland. On Apr. 19 a small Kiwi force of Maoris takes a fortified hill at Takrouna, Tunisia; Pvt. H. Grant takes 60 Italian POWs; Pvt. T. Heka wins a Distinguished Conduct Medal. On Apr. 19 after the Nazis resume deportations to Treblinka, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (ends May 16) sees 1.2K Jewish fighters with 17 rifles total battle 2.1K Germans with 1,358 rifles and bigger guns, killing 300 Germans with handmade grenades; by May 10 the revolt is quashed, with 7K Jews killed and 7K deported to Treblinka; 10K Jews hide-out in the non-Jewish sector of Warsaw, one-third of them later getting caught. On Apr. 19-21 Operation Otto is launched by the Germans to clear partisans out of Mt. Grmec in W Bosnia. On Apr. 20 (Hitler's 54th birthday) a late-night party is thrown, and Hitler's dog Blondi performs tricks incl. singing a long solo. On Apr. 20 French champagne maker Pierre Tattinger pub. an article in Le Journal de Saintes, praising Hitler and calling for "the creation of a new European order upon which France must work in close collaboration with Germany"; "Germany will prevail, France will prevail, and Europe will unite through work" to create "a clean France rid of Jews and Freemasons." On Apr. 21 a German Tiger I tank is finally captured by the British in Tunisia, and sent to England to be studied; it ends up in Bovington Tank Museum in 1951. On Apr. 24 French Milice co-founder Paul de Gassoviski is assassinated in Marseilles. On Apr. 26 Indian Nat. Army leader Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945) is transferred from a German U-boat to a Japanese sub in the Indian Ocean SE of Madagascar, recruiting 25K Indian POWs in Japanese camps to serve alongside the Japanese against the hated British in the next year; in Nov. Bose utters the soundbyte: "When I appear in Bengal, everyone will rise up in revolt." On Apr. 30 British intel fakes out the Germans with Operation Mincemeat, based on The Man Who Never Was, a dead alcoholic dressed up as a Royal Marines major floated ashore off Huelva, Spain with papers pretending to be planning an invasion of Kalamata and Cape Araxos in Greece instead of Sicily, even though "Everyone but a bloody fool would know that it's Sicily" (Churchill); the body is dropped off the Spanish coast by British sub HMS Seraph, and the Germans bite bigtime, recalling Gen. Rommel from Germany and moving the First Panzer Div. to Greece; on May 14 Churchill receives a telegram from London with the soundbyte: "Mincemeat swallowed rod, line and sinker by the right people, and from best information they look like acting on it." On Apr. 30 2K Polish Jews being deported from Wlodawa, Poland to Sobibor attack SS guards with wood torn from their railroad cars, and are murdered. On Apr. 30 Hans Frank sends a Jewish Loot Report to Heinrich Himmler from Cracow, listing 3 mo. of Jewish loot incl. 94K men's watches, 33K women's watches, 25K fountain pens, 14K mechanical pencils, and 14K pairs of scissors; the best bling is melted down by the Berlin Reichsbank, and the rest is distributed to German troops and the SS. In Apr. Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp in Lower Saxony near Celle is established by the Nazis as a transit center - highway to Hell? In Apr. the number of forced factory workers in Germany reaches 1,293,000. In Apr.-May a wave of strikes protesting the occupation sweeps the Netherlands. On May 1 hardcore anti-Catholic Ulster Unionist Party leader Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Baronet (Basil Stanlake Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough) (1888-1973) becomes Northern Ireland PM #3 (until Mar. 26, 1963). On May 1 after bombing the U-boat pens in St. Nazaire, France, then straying off course on the return flight and ending up over heavy-fortified Brest, U.S. B-17 Flying Fortress ball turret gunner SSgt. Maynard Harrison "Snuffy" Smith (1911-84) becomes a hero after saving the lives of six wounded comrades while driving off waves of German fighters, then flying the bullet-ridden plane to a crash-landing in England, where it breaks in half, receiving the Medal of Honor. On May 1 German Adm. Doenitz issues Standing War Order 483, AKA the Fight Back Order to U-boats in the Bay of Biscay to stand on the surface and fight Allied aircraft, remaining submerged during the night. On May 3 a final roundup of hiding Jews in Croatia nets Hugo Kohn, pres. of the Jewish community of Zagreb, and ? Freiberger, chief rabbi of Zagreb; despite protests by Archbishop Stepinac et al. they are sent to Auschwitz. On May 3 the Trent Raid sees 12 RAF bombers led by Leonard Henry Trent (1915-86) attack a power station in Amsterdam, and Trent's bomber becomes the only one to make it all the way, getting shot down and he and his navigator taken POW, receiving a Victoria Cross in 1946. The Germans are squeezed in Africa like tuna in a can? On May 3/4 thanks to decoded messages, British destroyers sink Italian merchant ship Campobasso ringing vital supplies to the beleaguered Axis troops in Tunisia; on May 5 they sink the San Antonio, denying the Axis any supplies; on May 6 (dawn) the British First Army begins its final assault on Tunis, being joined by French and U.S. troops; on May 6 Allied bombers attack the principal harbors in Sicily, along with Reggio di Calabria, Italy, mainland terminal of the ferry system to Sicily; on May 7 the Allies occupy Tunis, Tunisia and Bizerte, Tunisia, causing the Axis army to retreat to the Tunisian Tip (Cape Bon Peninsula); on May 8 the Allies sink three more Italian supply ships en route from Sicily to Hammamet, causing the Luftwaffe to abandon its North African airfields for Sicily; on May 9 238,243 German and Italian forces in the Tunisian Tip surrender; on May 12 Axis forces in North Africa between Hammamet and Kelebia surrender; U.S. Maj. Gen. Omar Nelson Bradley (1893-1981), cmdr. of the U.S. 2nd Corps distinguishes himself in the big Vs at Tunis and Bizerte; Gen. Rommel writes the soundbyte in his diary: "I stressed to both the Fuhrer and Goebbels the meager fighting quality of the Italians and their reluctance to fight." The tuna is becoming the shark in the Atlantic? On May 4 Allied Convoy ONS-5, led by Capt. Peter Gretton is attacked by 30 German U-boats, sinking U-630 and U-192 before losing 11 merchant ships on May 6, but the convoy sinks four more U-boats, and the rest sink only one more merchant ship, making the whole attack a royal bummer for the Krauts; Gretton's next convoy sinks five U-boats without losing one merchant ship, and kills Adm. Donitz's son. On May 6 the British Chiefs of Staff send the Red Army a note on British war deaths from Sept. 3, 1939 to Mar. 31, 1943, listing 113K incl. 38,894 soldiers, 30,540 sailors, 23,588 airmen, and 20K+ merchant seamen, not mentioning MIAs or 45K civilians killed in air raids in Britain. On May 7 Joseph Goebbels visits the set of the Napoleonic war movie spectacular Kolberg, based on the autobio. of mayor Joachim Nettelback about the town's defense against the French in 1807, dir. by Veit Harlan and starring his Swedish wife Kristina Soderbaum, with the release date set for Christmas, later delayed to Jan. 30, 1945; using 187K real German soldiers and supplies it becomes the most expensive film in Nazi history, only helping to rob the war effort. The Third Reich has only two more years left, and at Hitler's house they're descending into mental masturbation? On May 8 Joseph Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary: "The Fuhrer expresses his unshakeable conviction that the Reich will one day rule all of Europe. We will have to survive a great many conflicts, but they will doubtless lead to the most glorious triumphs. And from then on, the road to world domination is practically spread out before us. For whoever rules Europe will be able to seize leadership of the world" - pass the tuna fish? On May 11 U.S. forces land on Japanese-held (since June 6, 1942) 20 mi. x 335 mi. Attu Island in the Aleutians (westernmost island), taking it on May 30 from 2.5K madass Japanese after the 2nd most bloody Pacific battle after Iwo Jima; on May 31 U.S. troops search for Japanese survivors and find only corpses; 600 U.S. and 2.5K Japanese are killed, with many Japanese committing suicide with hand grenades, giving up only 28 wounded POWs. On May 12 (night) British bombers drop 1K tons of bombs on Bochum, Germany in the Ruhr Valley. On May 13 Albert Speer visits Hitler in Wolf's Lair to report that despite Allied bombing German Panzer production doubled in the last 4 mo., and that all production quotas have been met or exceeded. On May 13 Joseph Goebbels receives a report from Croatia that "more than 13,000 rebels were killed, among them a great many intellectuals". On May 13 Jerusalem Grand Mufti Haj Amin el-Husseini learns of a plan to allow 4K Jewish children and 500 adults to immigrate to Palestine in exchange for the release of 20K German POWs by the British, and kills it with objections. On May 14 a Japanese sub in the Pacific sinks clearly-marked Australian hospital ship USS Centaur off the coast of Queensland, killing 268 of 332 medical personnel and civilian crew incl. 63 of 65 army personnel. On May 14 the British and U.S. Chiefs of Staff approve Operation Pointblank, the systematic bombing of Germany to its knees "to permit initiation of the final combined operations on the continent"; on June 10 the Pointblank Directive is issued to improve Allied bombing accuracy. On May 14 (night) the British bomb the Skoda munitions plant near Pilsen, Poland. On May 15 Hitler meets with his generals, and utters the soundbyte: "Europe must be defended at its margin. We cannot allow a second front to emerge on the Reich frontiers", ordering troops to be siphoned from the Russian Front. On May 16 the Germans launch Operation Gypsy Baron against 6K partisans in the Bryansk area, dropping 840K leaflets ordering them to surrender, killing 1,584 and capturing 1,568; within a few weeks German intel estimates 4K partisans are still operating incl. intact command staffs. On May 16-17 Operation Chastise sees the RAF 617 "Dambusters" Squadron, led by 6'3" 225 lb. U.S. pilot Joseph C. "Big Joe" McCarthy (1919-98) ("the big blond American") and RAF wing cmdr. Guy Gibson cross the North Sea and Holland and bomb the Mohne (Möhne) Dam and Eder Dam using special bouncing bombs designed by Sir Barnes Neville Wallace (1887-1979) (who is awarded the Victoria Cross), causing a catastrophic flooding of the Ruhr Valley for 100 mi. (500M tons of water, 50-ft. waves), killing 1,268 incl. 700 Russian POWs, boosting British morale; 19 Lancaster bombers and 133 crewmen fly in, 11 bombers and 80 crewmen return, causing Wallis to utter the soundbyte about the high death toll: "If only I'd known I'd never have started this"; the Sorpe Dam only sustains minor damage; pissed-off Hitler chews Joseph Goebbels out, causing AA guns to be siphoned off to protect Ruhr dams, and 50K slave workers to be siphoned from the Atlantic Wall project; the 1955 Michael Anderson film The Dam Busters immortalizes it. On May 17 the USAAF Memphis Belle B-17F Flying Fortress bombs the German U-boat base at Lorient, France, becoming the first British-based USAF heavy bomber to complete 25 combat missions, helping shoot a color propaganda film based on their May 15 raid on Wilhelmshaven, then returning to the U.S. to sell war bonds; the film isn't released until next Apr.; a sequence showing a bomber returning with its tail fin missing was actually caused by it colliding with another U.S. bomber over the English Channel. On May 17 the Ultra Program is established by the U.S. and Britain to share intel from the German Enigma and Geheimschreiber, Italian c38m, and Japanese Purple via a std. format, and interchange staffs; the Allies operate radio intercept stations in Socotra, Mauritius, Brisbane, and Abbottabad. On May 18 Hitler orders the top-secret Operation Alaric to occupy Italy if it collapses or defects, appointing Gen. Rommel and giving him command of 11 divs. On May 18 Hitler orders the creation of a British Anti-Bolshevik Fighting Unit made of POWs, calling for 1.5K; too bad, only 50 sign up. On May 19 Winston Churchill visits the U.S., agreeing with FDR on a cross-Channel invasion no later than May 1, 1944 by 29 divs. with a possible extra Free French div.; Churchill then addresses the U.S. Congress, pledging England's full support in the war against Japan. On May 20 the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant (originally the McAlester Navy Depot) in McAlester, Okla. is established, going on to become the main manufacturing facility for U.S. military bombs; in 1988 McAlester becomes home of the Defense Ammunition Center (DAC) after it relocates from Savanna, Ill. On May 22 Britain launches Operation Typical to support Tito's 16K Communist partisan forces in Yugoslavia, who are holding down 34 German and Italian divs., and who commit 67K German, 43K Italian, and 11K Croatian troops to Operation Black I and Operation Black II to destroy them with all-out brutality, killing several hundred partisans and 16K civilians by mid-June. On May 22 after they get too good at reducing supplies to the front line troops, the Germans launch Operation Cormorant against Soviet partisans in the Minsk-Borisov section of the Warsaw-Moscow railway. On May 24 after 33 U-boats are sunk since May 1, Adm. Karl Donitz suspends German U-boat operations in the North Atlantic, waiting to field new fast U-boats that run on hydrogen peroxide and don't have to surface, and are equipped with magnetic torpedoes that do a damn gut job; eight more U-boats are sunk en route to the Bay of Biscay and other coastal bases in France. On May 24 ambitious new SS doctor Josef Mengele (1911-79) arrives at Auschwitz and begins lethal medical experiments that kill thousands of POWs wth injections of chloroform, gasoline, phenol, and air, writing scientific articles about it and selecting those who are to live or die on the incoming trains, becoming known to the Jews as the "Angel of Death" for his habit of wearing white medical clothes and gloves - everybody knows I'm the life of the party even though I might tell a joke or two? On May 24 (night) the British bomb Dortmund, Germany, causing Joseph Goebbels to write the soundbyte in his diary: "Probably the worst-ever raid directed against a German city... One can only repeat about air warfare that we are in a position of almost hopeless inferiority and must grin and bear it as we take the blows from the English and Americans", adding that Germans in W Europe "are gradually beginning to lose courage. Hell like that is hard to bear for any length of time, especially since the inhabitants along the Rhine and Ruhr see no prospect of improvement." On May 25 FDR and Churchill hold a joint press conference in Washington, D.C.; FDR utters the soundbyte that the day-night bombing campaign in Germany is achieving "a more and more satisfactory result"; Churchill utters the soundbyte that attack from the air "was the weapon these people chose to subjugate the world. This was the weapon with which they struck at Pearl Harbor. This was the weapon with which ... the Germans boasted they would terrorize all the countries of the world. And it is an example of poetic justice that this should be the weapon in which they should find themselves most outmatched, and first outmatched in the ensuing struggle." On May 26 after being suspended for over a year because of mutual suspicions, FDR agrees to Churchill's request to resume exchange of info. on the atomic bomb and make it a joint effort. On May 26 Albert Speer witnesses successful tests of the V-1 and V-2 at Peenemunde, and authorizes work to continue. On May 26 Edsel Ford (b. 1893) dies, leaving his personal holdings in the Ford Motor Co. to the Ford Foundation. On May 27 one year after Jean Moulin (b. 1889) parachutes into France, 14 French resistance leaders representing eight separate groups agree in a secret meeting in Paris to accept the overall command of Gen. Charles de Gaulle; on June 27 Moulin is arrested by the Gestapo in Lyon, and after being tortured by Klaus Barbie and not talking dies 11 days later on July 8 en route to a German concentration camp. On May 27 the British begin planning Operation Gomorrah, the total destruction of Hamburg by "sustained attack". On May 30 (night) British bombers bomb Wuppertal, Germany in the Ruhr Valley, causing a firestorm that kills 2,450 civilians and leaves 118K homeless, setting back industrial production for 2 mo., causing British newspapers to compare it to Coventry, which only lost 528 civilians and was set back 1 mo. In May James F. Byrnes becomes dir. of U.S. war mobilization. In early June the Battle of the Ruhr sees the British drop 15K bombs on Germany in 20 nights, causing Winston Churchill on June 27 to ask British War Cabinet member Richard Casey "Are we beasts? Are we taking this too far?", to which Casey replies: "We didn't start it, and it is them or us." On June 1 a civilian flight from Lisbon to London is shot down by the Germans, killing all aboard incl. "Ashley Wilkes in Gone With the Wind" actor Leslie Howard (b. 1893). On June 1-5 Von Ribbentrop and Molotov meet secretly at Kirovograd 200 mi. inside German-occupied territory; Ribbentrop offers to end the war with Russia in exchange for keeping the Ukraine and the territory W of the Dnieper River, but they refuse. On June 2 the Luftwaffe launches a series of attacks against Kursk. On June 3 the Russian air force attacks Orel. On June 3 the U.S. and Britain agree to launch Operation Tidal Wave, the bombing of the oilfields in Ploesti, Romania along with railway yards in Rome. On June 3 the Germans launch Operation Cottbus against Soviet partisans in the Polotsk-Lepel-Borisov area, killing 5K villagers for sheltering them, and capturing only 492 rifles. On June 3 German troops discover 150 Jews hiding in a bunker in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto, and destroy it. On June 3 Polish farmers Stefan Kaczmarski and Stanislaw Stojka are shot by the Germans for hiding three Jews. On June 3 the French Resistance attacks the Michelin tire works in Clermont-Ferrand, France, destroying 300 tons of tires. On June 3-7 white racism against Mexican-Americans sparks the Zoot Suit Riots by U.S. Navy personnel in Los Angeles, Calif., followed by more riots around the country; the zoot suit, consisting of a "killer-diller coat with a drape shape, reet pleats and shoulders padded like a lunatic's cell" (Malcolm X) (wide-legged, tight-cuffed pegged tramas or trousers, and long carlango coat, plus a felt hat with long tapa, tanda or feather, worn with a long keychain and a ducktail haircut) becomes the garb for jitterbugging U.S. hepcats incl. whites and blacks. On June 5 the Germans close a labor camp at Minsk Mazowiecki, Poland near Warsaw, and shoot all 150 Jewish slave laborers. On June 6 Lyons Gestapo head Klaus Barbie begins a 5-day interrogation of 13-y.-o. Simone Legrange (1930-) after her family is suspected of being Jewish, later sending the whole family to Auschwitz, with the soundbyte: "Shot or deported, there's no difference." On June 7 German prof. Carl Clauberg (1898-1957) informs Heinrich Himmler that the procedure for large-scale sterilization of women by X-rays is "as good as ready", saying that "one doctor, with perhaps 10 assistants can probably effect several hundred, if not one thousand sterilizations on a single day"; after the war he spends seven years in prison in the Soviet Union, then is released and goes back to his clinic, but boasts about developing a new sterilization technique in Auschwitz, pissing-off survivors, who get him arrested in 1955, after which he dies of a heart attack in jail in 1957 before he can be tried. On June 7 after an impression of one of her legs is placed in cement in front of Grauman's Chinese Theater in Feb., Life mag. pub. an issue profiling Hollywood star Betty Grable (b. 1916), calling her legs "a major Hollywood landmark", to which she replies: "They are fine for pushing the foot pedals in my car." On June 9 Paris Resistance head Alexander Rochais (b. 1887) is arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Buchenwald, where he is killed 3 mo. later. On June 10 (night) German troops encircle Tito and his staff, wounding him and killing 100+ partisans before he escapes, making Operation Black a failure. On June 11 after bombarding it for 10 days, British troops launch Operation Corkscrew, occupying Pantelleria Island between Tunisia and Sicily, followed on June 11 by Lampedusa Island, and on June 13 by Linosa Island and Lampione Island, clearing the way for the invasion of Sicily. On June 11 Heinrich Himmler orders the liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in Poland; on June 20 the Ternopol Ghetto is liquidated; on June 25 a revolt in the Czestochowa Ghetto is put down. On June 12 the name of Boston Airport in Mass. is changed to Logan Airport in honor of Mass. politician and Spanish-Am. War Lt. Gen. Edward Lawrence Logan (1875-1939). Jehovah melts the American heart of Stone? On June 14 (Flag Day) in Taylor v. Mississippi the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court by 6-3, led by justice Robert Houghwout Jackson reverses its June 14, 1940 Gobitis (Hughes Court) decision in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, affirming the right of Jehovah's Witnesses to refuse to salute the U.S. flag or say the Pledge of Allegiance on First Amendment grounds, becoming the first time that the Supreme Court admits it isn't perfect and flip-flops; meanwhile on June 14 the Australian High Court rules unanimously in Adelaide Co. of Jehovah's Witnesses v. Commonwealth that the 1940 Nat. Security (Subversive Orgs.) Regs., under which their HQ was seized in Jan. 1941 as "prejudicial to the defence of the Commonwealth" and the "efficient prosecution of the war" does not infringe on Section 116 of the Australian Constitution providing for freedom of religion, however, the action does exceed the scope of the Commonwealth's defense power in Section 51(vi), so the police have to give it back - now that the Allies are winning the war who needs these pansies clogging our jails, ay mate? On June 15 after Heinrich Himmler sees the handwriting on the wall and orders evidence of mass murder of Jews and POWs destroyed, Sonderaktion 1005 under SS Col. Paul Blobel (1894-1951) begins digging up and burning corpses near Lvov, Poland after extracting gold teeth and gold rings, with team member Leon Weliczker later uttering the soundbyte "Every day we collected about 8 kilograms of gold"; the burned bones are crushed into ashes and scattered; in June the gas chambers at Belzec are stopped to permit an all-slave Jewish Blobel Commando to burn bodies; in June 20K Jews are murdered in fields and ditches in East Galicia; after being sent to Sobibor, Jews freak and flee, and are shot down. On June 15 German concentration camp head SS Maj. Gen. Richard Glueks visits Auschwitz, and orders the "special buildings" (gas chambers) relocated where "all kinds of people" won't be able to "gaze" at them, with a green belt of fast-growing trees planted around the two crematoria near the camp entrance. On June 15 the Jaworzno Labor Camp near Auschwitz opens to work the coal mines. On June 16 54-y.-o. Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) marries his 4th wife, 18-y.-o. aspiring actress Oona O'Neill (1926-91) in Carpenteria, Calf., pissing-off her daddy playwright Eugene O'Neill for marrying a grave robber only 6 mo. younger than him, causing him to quit speaking to her for life - guess what he says while doing the wild thing? On June 17 former Soviet ambassador to the U.S. Konstantin Aleksandrovich Umansky (1902-45) becomes Soviet ambassador to Mexico as a sop to restore relations after the murder of Leon Trotsky, beoming the most popular diplomat in Mexico until he is killed in plane crash on Jan. 25, 1945. On June 20 the British launch Operation Bellicose, the first "shuttle bombing" raid of the war, bombing the steel works in Friedrichshafen in S Germany, refueling in Algeria, then bombing the Italian naval base at La Spezia; a 300-a-month V-1 rocket assembly line at Friedrichshafen is destroyed. On June 21 Heinrich Himmler authorizes 73 male and 30 female Jews to be sent from Auschwitz to Natzweiler-Struthof Concentration Camp in Alsace, where they have their "vital statistics" taken then killed, and their skeletons sent to the Anatomical Museum in Strasbourg as exhibits. On June 21 (night) the German Luftwaffe attacks the U.S. air base in Poltava, Ukraine, destroying 43 B-17s and damaging 26 after Stalin's truck-mounted .50 cal. machine guns prove ineffective; in Sept. after seven Operation Frantic missions, the U.S. deactivates the base. On June 22 U.S. Marines occupy Woodlark (Muyua) Island in the Trobriand Islands, and reinforce troops on New Georgia Island; on June 23 (night) U.S. troops occupy Kiriwina Island, largest in the group. On June 22 (night) the U.S. Eighth Air Force bombs the synthetic rubber works in Huls (Hüls), Germany in the Ruhr Valley, setting back production for several months - bouncing back jokes here? On June 23 Winston Churchill orders 500 tons of arms and equipment per month to be sent to Tito's partisans, with priority "even over the bombing of Germany" to divert German and Italian forces. On June 23 Hitler is questioned on his Jewish deportation policy by Henrietta von Schirach, wife of Vienna gov. Baldur von Schirach and daughter of his photographer Heinrich Hoffman, telling him that she saw Jews being loaded into railroad cars in Amsterdam and found it "horrifying", to which he utters the soundbyte: "They are being driven off to work, so you needn't pity them. Meantime our soldiers are fighting and dying on the battlefields... Let me tell you something. This is a set of scales. Germany has lost half a million of her finest manhood on the battlefield. Am I to preserve and minister to these others? I want something of our race to survive a thousand years from now... You must learn how to hate." On June 25 the Germans launch Operation Seydlitz against Soviet partisans in the Dorogobuzh area behind the front line. On June 25 as the Germans begin deporting 1K Jews from Czestochowa, Poland to Auschwitz, members of the Jewish Fighting Org. incl. Mordechai Zylberberg, Rivka Glanc, and Lutek Glickstein fight back from bunkers and are killed. On June 25 (night) British SOE agent Michael Alfred Raymond Trotobas (1914-43) AKA Capt. Michel leads a French Resistance team that bombs the German locomotive works at Fives, France near Lille. On June 28 (night) the British bomb Cologne, Germany, along with Livorno, Italy, and Messina, Sicily, causing the Luftwaffe to move two command stations from S Russia to S Italy. On June 30 the Allies launch Operation Cartwheel, the reconquest of the Pacific starting with Rabaul, capturing Rendova Island on July 2 and turning it into a PT-boat base, then linking up with Australian forces at Salamaua on July 3, and securing the Solomon Sea by the end of July. On June 30 Winston Churchill gives a radio speech, talking about the coming Italian invasion, with the soundbyte: "It is no part of our business to relieve their anxieties or uncertainties", dissing the Nazi "Gauleiters and subordinate tormentors" for their "frightful tyrannies and cruelties", with the soundbyte: "When we read every week of the mass executions of Poles, Norwegians, Dutchmen, Czechoslovaks, Frenchmen, Yugoslavs, and Greeks, when we see these ancient and honored countries of whose deeds and traditions Europe is the heir writhing under this merciless alien yoke, and when we see their patriots striking back with every week a fiercer and more furious desperation, we may feel sure that we bear the sword of justice, and we resolve to use that sword with the utmost severity to the full and to the end"; "Upon the preternal association and intimate alignment of policy of the United States and British Commonwealth and Empire depends more than on any other factor the immediate future of the world" - here here, pip pip, bloody bloody, jolly good and all that rot? In June French Gen. Henri Honore Girard becomes co-pres. of the French Committee of Nat. Liberation (Free French Nat. Committee) with Gen. Charles de Gaulle, then in July becomes CIC of all French forces, causing him to resign his political office in Nov. In June the U.S. Navy begins training Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs) to do commando work, becoming the precursor of the Navy Seals (1962); their first mission is in Sept. in Finschhafen, New Guinea. In June super engineer Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson (1910-90) sets up the Lockheed Skunk Works in Burbank, Calif. to perform high-priority projects sans bureaucracy and red tape, going on to produce the U-2 Dragon Lady, SR-71 Blackbird, F-117 Nighthawk, and F-22 Raptor. In the summer an epidemic of infantile paralysis strikes the U.S., killing 1.2K and crippling thousands. On July 1 Hitler returns to Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg and sets July 4 as the date for Operation Citadel, with the soundbytes that Greater Germany "must be defended far beyond our frontiers", and "Where we are, we stay." On July 1 the V-12 U.S. Navy College Training Program (ends June 30, 1946) is launched to produce Navy officers, with 131 colleges and univs. providing 125K participants. On July 2 the Germans launch Operation Gunther against Soviet partisans in the Smolensk area. On July 4 Polish Gen. Wladyslaw Eugeniusz Sikorski (b. 1881), leader of the Free Poles is killed during takeoff in his RAF Liberator bomber in Gibraltar; both Stalin and Churchill are suspected of being behind it - he thought it was a helicopter and hit the wrong button? I Kursk the day I got too big for my britches? The Nazis repeat the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, with the same results that the Confederates got? On July 4 Hitler sends a personal message to the soldiers in the Kursk Salient, with the soundbyte: "This day you are to take part in an offensive of such importance that the whole future of the war may depend on its outcome. More than anything else, your victory will show the whole world that resistance to the power of the German army is hopeless." On July 5 (3:30 a.m.) the Germans launch Operation Citadel, their summer offensive against the Kursk Salient on a 200-mi. front, with five German armies consisting of 570K men and 17 Panzer divs. (a total of 6K tanks and 4K aircraft on both sides), with dreams of encirclement of five Soviet armies containing 1M men, regaining the strategic initiative; thanks to British intel, the Soviets know about the attack and bombard German positions at 1:10 a.m., taking away the element of surprise; the Soviet troops are protected by 6K mi. of trenches and 2.4K antitank and 2.7K antipersonnel mines per mi. of front; on July 6 Soviet pilot Lt. Alexander Gorovets (-1943) takes on 20 German aircraft, shooting down eight before being shot down, receiving a posth. Hero of the Soviet Union medal; on July 7 a German Tiger I tank commanded by SS Staff Sgt. Franz Staudegger (1921-95) single-handedly takes on 50 Soviet T-34 tanks near Psyolknee, destroying 22 of them before using all his ammo, after which the rest use theirs and retreat; on July 12 the Battle of Prokhorovka sees the German Fourth Panzer Army battle the Soviet Fifth Guards Tank Army in one of the largest tank battles so far (900 on each side incl. 100 German Tiger tanks), with 300 German tanks incl. 70 Tiger tanks vs. 400 Soviet tanks killed, resulting in an operational stalemate and strategic German failure; on July 12 the Soviets launch Operation Kutuzov (ends Aug. 18), a counterattack at Orel to deny German reinforcements to the Kursk Salient; on July 13 the Battle of Kursk begins, becoming the biggest tank battle of WWII; Normandy Squadron cmdr. Maj. Jean-Louis Tulasne (b. 1912) shoots down 33 German planes before being KIA on July 17; on July 14 after the Germans lose 3K soldiers, 3K tanks, 1,392 aircraft, 5K vehicles, and 844 big guns, Hitler summons Field Marshal von Kluge and Field Marshal von Manstein and tells them to call the offensive off, and they begin withdrawing on July 16; the ability of the Germans to launch another major offensive is now kaput and the Soviets eagerly close in on the German Fatherland, while Hitler remains in a state of denial and continues to order his troops never to retreat, while they end up doing it all the time. On July 5 the Japanese govt. announces that it has approved the annexation of six Malayan states by its ally Thailand. On July 8 the largest pro-Soviet rally yet held in the U.S. (until ?) is organized by the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (formed in Apr. 1942 in Kuibyshev on Stalin's orders to organize support for the Soviet fight against the Nazis), chaired by Albert Einstein, and attended by Paul Robeson. On July 9 (night) after a massive artillery bombardment on a stormy night, 160K U.S., British, and Canadian troops with 600 tanks invade Sicily in Operation Husky, facing 200K Italian and 50K German troops led by German Gen. Hans-Valentine Hube (1890-1944), who was saved from the disaster at Stalingrad by Hitler's personal orders; on July 10 the British Eighth Army. under Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery take Syracuse, Sicily almost unopposed, turning it into a naval base; on July 16 the Germans begin withdrawing towards Catania; within a week Sicily is largely in Allied hands, and the conquest is complete in 38 days (Aug. 17); the 6-wheeled DUKW ("Duck") amphibious landing vehicle is first used by the U.S.; British Navy Lt. Alec Guinness (1914-2000) (future Obi-Wan Kanobi in "Star Wars") becomes the first Allied fighting man on Sicily after a mix-up in orders causes his landing craft to arrive 1 hour early; too bad, the new Allied military govt. doesn't do background checks on local Sicilian Mafia figures who had been lying low during the Fascist regime, only recognizing their record of persecution by the Fascists and willingness to cooperate to put them in positions of power in W Sicily; "By the beginning of the Second World War, the Mafia was restricted to a few isolated and scattered groups and could have been completely wiped out if the social problems of the island had been dealt with... The Allied occupation and the subsequent slow restoration of democracy reinstated the Mafia with its full powers, put it once more on the way to becoming a political force, and returned to the Onorata Societa the weapons which Fascism had snatched from it." (Michele Pantaleone) On July 12 (night) the naval Battle of Kolombangara (Second Battle of Kula Gulf) in the Solomon Islands is a V for the Japanese, who land 1.2K troops at Vila after sinking USS Gwin and heavily damaging USS Honolulu, USS St. Louis, and USS Leander, losing IJN Jintsu with all hands aboard; "A string of such victories added up to defeat" (Samuel Morrison). On July 12-13 the Germans massacre 200 Poles (the entire pop.) in Michniow, Poland. On June 12-14 the Allies sink a record seven German U-boats in 36 hours. On July 13 the Germans execute 48 villagers in Sikory Tomkowieta, Poland near Bialystok for failing to deliver produce. On July 14 the Soviets announce a Rail War against the German railway system behind the front lines; on July 20 they destroy hundreds of miles of track on the Gomel-Bryansk-Orel line; by early Aug. they place 8.6K explosive charges. On July 14 the Biscari Incident (Massacre) sees U.S. forces occupy Biscari Airfield in Sicily after 12 are wounded by snipers, pissing them off and causing 36 Italians to be rounded up and shot; meanwhile another infantry unit massacres 45 Italian and three German POWs; after Gen. Patton tries in vain to talk Gen. Bradley out of it, Sgt. Horace B. West and Capt. John T. Compton are court-martialed, with West found guilty and given life in prison, while Compton is found not guilty, raising an outcry about discrimination, causing West to be released to active service after 1 year, while Compton is KIA. On July 15 the 52K German troops launch Operation Hermann against Soviet partisans between Vilna and Polotsk in Naliboki Forest. On July 17 FDR and Churchill issue a Joint Appeal to the Italian People, asking them "whether they want to die for Mussolini and Hitler or live for Italy and civilization." On July 17 Hitler orders "barbaric measures" to be taken to save Italy incl. tribunals to eliminate all traitors, and terrorization of the pop. into blind obedience after German troops take control of Italy; on July 19 Hitler meets Mussolini at Feltre N of Venice in a villa owned by a Fascist senator, and after lecturing him for two hours on how to fight battles and win wars tells him he is taking over for him, telling Gen. Rommel to "take command over Greece, including the islands for the time being so that I can pounce on Italy later"; Libyan loser Rodolfo Graziani returns to Mussolini's favor, becoming minister of defense of the new Fascist govt. in Italy and cmdr. of the remnants of the Italian armies in Liguria; poor Florence, occupied by the Germans until next year ends up as the scene of heavy fighting in which many of its art objects, bldgs. and medieval bridges over the Arno River are destroyed. On July 18 after liquidating the ghetto on July 17, the Germans kill 200 Jewish slave laborers in Miedzyrec Podlaski, Poland; on July 20 they do ditto to 500 in Czestochowa, Poland. On July 18 a USAF Bell P-39 Aircobra fighter crashes in Paardenbaai, Antilles during a combat exercise, killing the pilot. On July 18 old fart Herr Hitler is treated for flatulence and constipation. On July 19 521 Allied planes bomb the San Lorenzo freight yard and steel factory, the Scalo del Littorio, and Ciampino Airport in Rome, Italy, injuring thousands of civilians; Pius XII and Msgr. Giovanni Montini (future Pope Paul VI) travel to the badly damaged Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura and distribute £2M to the crowds. On July 22 the U.S. 3rd Div. under U.S. Gen. ("Old Blood and Guts") George Smith Patton Jr. (1885-1945) takes Palermo, Sicily, main town on the N coast. On July 23-Aug. 14 the Belgorod-Bogodukhov Offensive Operation sees the Soviets recapture Belgorod on Aug. 6, with a total of 72K KIA incl. 20K Germans and 6K Hitler Youth, allowing the Soviets to drive S toward Kharkov. Bomb Rome? That's too much? Time to play Pop Goes the Weasel? On July 24 the Fascist Grand Council meets, and Count Grandi informs Mussolini that they want authority to be returned to the king and parliament; after talking to him and telling him "I'm the only friend you have left", King Victor Emmanuel III has the Carabinieri arrest PM (since 1922) Il Duce at the door to the Villa Savoia in Rome on July 25, rush him in an ambulance to Ponza Island, and hold him prisoner in a barracks in Trastavere, replacing him as PM with Marshal Pietro Badoglio (1871-1956) (until 1944), who favors the Allies, despite declaring that Italy will continue to fight on German's side declares the Fascist Party dissolved on July 28, causing German Gen. Alfred Jodl on July 26 to utter the soundbyte to Hitler: "The fact is, the whole Fascist movement went pop, like a soap bubble", causing Moe Hitler to go nonlinear, approving Operation Student on July 27, ordering his troops to storm into Rome, arrest the entire govt. and seize the Vatican, but after cooling down and smelling the hamburger grease he drops the orders in favor of Operation Oak (Tree) to rescue his Three Stooges partner Curly Mussolini. On July 24 Leningrad receives the heaviest German shelling so far, killing 210 incl. several dozen in a tram on the Liteiny Bridge. On July 24 the U.S. Eighth Air Force begins Blitz Week, flying 1,672 sorties over N Germany incl. two each over Hamburg, Kassel, and Kiel - every kiss begins with k? On July 24 (night) and again on three nights between July 29-Aug. 3 Hamburg is bombed to rubble by the British in Operation Gomorrah, turning 60K Germans to hamburger grease and ashes, starting with 1.5K on July 24 after 2.3K tons of high explosive and incendiary bombs are dropped, equal to the five heaviest German air raids on London, with Berlin radio announcing "All Hamburg seems to be in flames"; the July 24 raid sees the first use of radar-jamming chaff/window (bales of 10.5" aluminum foil strips), developed by the Radio Research Lab at Harvard U., headed by Frederick Terman (1900-82), who after the war is appointed dean of engineering at Stanford U., and later becomes the father of Silicon Valley in Calif., pushing graduate engineers into starting their own cos.; the chaff cuts down bomber loss from the usual 70-80 to 12 out of 791; on July 28 (night) the British drop 2,326 tons of bombs, causing the first-ever firestorm complete with hurricane, burning down 8 sq. mi. in 8 hours, destroying 35K bldgs. (one-third of the city total) and killing 42K, more than total British deaths in the London Blitz; on Aug. 29 (night) 800 civilians are killed, incl. in a bomb shelter beneath a dept. store, causing Albert Speer to tell Hitler that if 3-4 more cities are bombed like Hamburg, it could lead "to the end of the war"; by mid-Aug. war production exceeds pre-firestorm levels. On July 25 (5:30 a.m.) the Gestapo arrests five Greek generals for alleged resistance to the Nazi occupation; they are released from German concentration camps at the end of the war. On July 25 the Allies bomb Essen with 2K tons of explosives, creating a firestorm that kills 40K. On July 25 Belgian Rexist leader Leon Degrelle (1906-94) wears his Nazi uniform to Mass in Bouillon, and assaults priest Dean Poncelete for telling him to leave, getting him excommunicated, but he is restored after his Walloon Assault Brigade chaplain takes his confession; the Walloons are then incorporated into the Waffen-SS, and in early 1945 he is promoted to Obersturmbannfuhrer and given a Ritterkreuz medal by Hitler, who utters the soundbyte "If I had a son, I wish he were like you"; after the war he flees to Spain, where Franco gives him protection, and lives the high life until his 1994 death, becoming a prominent Holocaust nixer and in 1979 writing an Open Letter to Pope John Paul II, calling it "one big fraud", pointing out the nasty mechanics of probing anuses for jewels; the only snag is the Spanish Supreme Court, which fines him for all of it. On July 26 Hitler orders Marshal von Kluge to evacuate his troops from the Orel Salient. On July 27 (night) the Japanese evacuate Kiska Island without doing battle. On July 28 after the Japanese on new Georgia Island dig in for an all-out battle, U.S. forces call for reinforcements. On July 28 Roman Catholic Polish underground member Jan Karski (Kozielewski) (1914-2000) meets with FDR in the Oval Office and tells them about the horrors of the Nazi death camps, becoming the first eyewitness to meet with him; too bad, he is "rather noncommittal", refusing to do anything to rescue Jews from the Nazis, leaving him with the soundbyte "Tell them we shall win this war"; on May 29, 2012 Karski is awarded a posth. Medal of Freedom by Pres. Obama, who goofs and mentions "Polish death camps" instead of Nazi death camps in Poland. On July 28 FDR gives another Fireside Chat titled On the Fall of Mussolni, with the soundbyte: "The massed, angered forces of common humanity are on the march. They are going foward on the Russian front, in the vast Pacific area, and into Europe, converging upon their ultimate objectives, Berlin and Tokyo... The first crack in the Axis has come. The criminal corrupt Fascist regime is going to pieces"; he also announces the end of coffee rationing. On July 29 Mussolini reaches his 60th birthday - how's his love monkey? On July 29 (a.m.) Hitler reads an intercepted conversation between Churchill and FDR revealing secret armistice negotiations with Italy. On July 31 Churchill informs FDR that 85 German U-boats have been sunk in the last 91 days in the Atlantic. In July the Free French accede to British pressure and restore the 1930 Syrian constitution and authorize elections. In later summer Mittelbau-Dora (Nordhausen-Dora) Concentration Camp near Nordhausen in Thuringia, Germany is established as a subcamp of Buchenwald Concentration Camp; in summer 1944 it becomes an independent camp with its own numerous subcamps; on Apr. 11, 1945 it is liberated by U.S. troops; only 20K of 60K POWs sent there survive. On Aug. 1 (12:00 midnight) 178 Allied "pregnant cow" B-24s of the U.S. Ninth and Eighth Air Force based in Benghazi, Libya stage Operation Tidal Wave, a surprise low-alt. air attack on the Ploesti oilfields in Romania 35 mi. N of Bucharest, the only natural source of petroleum in Europe and main supply for Germany, heavily defended by AA guns plus three squadrons of Luftwaffe fighter planes, dropping 350 tons of bombs during a 2.7K-mi. round trip; too bad, the attack force gets split in two over the Balkans, and one force turns too soon, ending up over Bucharest, causing the need for a quick left turn, causing the two forces to criss-cross each over Ploesti, confusing each other; local Romanian farmers attempt to hide downed U.S. flyers from German and Romanian troops; 164 B-24s leaving Benghazi reach the target area, 41 are downed, six are lost to non-combat related causes, eight land in Turkey, where the crews are jailed for the rest of the war, and 23 end up in Malta, Sicily, or Cyprus; only 30 of those returning to Benghazi are airworthy; 310 U.S. airmen are killed and 50 wounded, and 100 are taken POW in Romania; five pilots win Medals of Honor; too bad, only the storage tanks are destroyed, and the fields are quickly brought back into operation until the Soviets overrun them in Aug. 1944; the failure of "decisive strategic bombing" makes the Allies switch to less high priority targets, eventually degrading the transportation network so much that it can't get fuel to the troops, which doesn't stop them from making 20 more raids. On Aug. 1 a race riot in Harlem, N.Y. starts after a black soldier is shot by police and rumors spread that he is killed, causing rioting and looting, resulting in 500 arrests and 500 injured. Future U.S. pres. JFK gets his freeze-frame moment in the South Pacific, and founds the proud Kennedy tradition of water accidents? On Aug. 1 Japanese aircraft bomb the U.S. PT-boat base at Rendova Island in the Solomon Islands to protect four destroyers taking supplies to Vila on the S end of Kolombangara Island; on Aug. 1 (eve.) 15 PT-boats attack the destroyers, but fail to hit any; U.S. Navy patrol torpedo boat PT-109 of Lt. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-63) (who was rejected by the U.S. Army in spring 1941 because of his bad back then had his daddy pull strings to get him in the U.S. Navy) sinks near New Georgia in the Solomon Islands after being rammed and split in two by Japanese destroyer IJN Amagiri, the big explosion causing the other PT-boats to believe them all dead and return to base; PT-109 is never recovered; after towing a wounded man to an island then making it to Cross Island, he meets two islanders and gives them a message carved on a coconut that reads "Eleven Alive Native Knows Port and Reefs Nauru Island", which they give to Australian coast watcher Lt. Arthur Evans on Gomu Island next to Japanese-held Wana Wana Island, causing a rescue on Aug. 7 by islander Benjamin Kevu, making JFK a war hero; JFK later welcomes Evans and Kevu to the White House, where they admire the coconut - he's a Kennedy, so he can run for president for fucking up? On Aug. 2 the Soviets attack German forces withdrawing from Orel, Russia, occupying it on Aug. 4. On Aug. 2 the Treblinka Camp Revolt sees 700 Jewish POWs at Treblinka forced to dig up and burn corpses revolt, losing 500, but 150+ escape after killing several Ukrainian guards and one SS officer, after which most are captured or killed, and Treblinka is closed at the end of Nov.; in 1967 the commandant Franz Stangl (1908-71) is arrested in Brazil, extradited to Germany, and sentenced to life in prison for allegedly murdering 400K prisoners. On Aug. 2 French SOE Chestnut network leader (former race car driver) William Charles Frederick Grover-Williams (1903-45) is arrested by the Nazis and shipped to Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp, where he is executed in Feb.-Mar. 1945 along with SOE network leader Francis Suttill. On Aug. 3 Gen. George S. "Blood and Guts" Patton Jr. stinks himself up by slapping shell-shocked Pvt. Paul G. Bennett in a field hospital, telling him "You are just a goddamned coward, you yellow son of a bitch"; he does it to another soldier on Aug. 12; after a big press stink he is ordered to formally apologize by Gen. Eisenhower. On Aug. 5 British troops occupy Catania, Sicily. On Aug. 6 the U.S. sinks three Japanese destroyers bringing reinforcements to Kolombangara Island, killing 1.5K, with no U.S. losses. On Aug. 7 the Japanese base at Munda Point on New Georgia Island (Solomon Islands) is captured by the Allies; on Aug. 25 U.S. forces overrun New Georgia - Gone With the Wind jokes here? On Aug. 9 the Kreisau Circle of 20 officers, churchmen, and academicians led by jurists Count Helmuth James von Moltke (1907-45) and Count Peter Yorck von Wartenburg (1904-44) meeting at Moltke's family estate in Kreisau, Silesia drafts a manifesto against Nazism, pledging to overthrow it and create a new political and social system - too little too late? On Aug. 11-16 despite Allied intel being informed, the Germans successfully retreat from Sicily, with four German divs. (60K men) escaping intact across the Straits of Messina in 70 ships and 50 rubber boats. On Aug. 11-24 the First Quebec Conference in Canada is held by FDR and Churchill, but they can't agree on how to coordinate the attacks on Italy and Normandy; meanwhile during the 2nd week of Aug. the British drop 6K tons of bombs on Milan, Turin, and Genoa, killing several hundred civilians. On Aug. 13 the Allies again bomb San Lorenzo and Scalo del Littorio in Rome. On Aug. 14 after Pope Pius XII unsuccessfully tasks Cardinal Francis Spellman to negotiate with FDR, who only promises to not bomb Vatican City, Rome is declared an open city by the Germans; the Allies keep bombing it, staging 110K sorties and losing 600 aircraft and 3.6K crewmembers; 60K tons bombs are dropped by the Allies in the 78 days prior to Rome's capture on June 4, 1944. On Aug. 15 the Mittenheide Raid in East Prussia near Johannisburg (Pisz) of the Polish right-wing Konfederacja Narodu partisans gets revenge for German atrocities, killing 70 Germans and burning 40 German farms to the round. On Aug. 16 the Bialystock Ghetto Revolt, led by Mordechai Tennenbaum (b. 1916) sees him and 300 Jews killed, inspiring local partisans. On Aug. 17 the U.S. stages daylight air raids on Regensburg, Germany and Schweinfurt, Germany. On Aug. 17 the U.S. 7th Army under Gen. George S. Patton arrive in Messina, Sicily several hours before British Field Marshal Bernard Law "Monty" Montgomery and his 8th Army, winning the unofficial "Race to Messina" and completing the Allied conquest of Sicily. On Aug. 19 Nazi diplomat Fritz Kolbe (1900-71) becomes a spy for the Allies under the code name George Wood, passing 2.6K Nazi documents and later being described by the CIA as the most important spy of the war. On Aug. 23 the Soviets recapture Kharkov (Kharkiv) for the 2nd and final time after 70% of the city is destroyed and tens of thousands of inhabitants killed, and half of the 30K Jews murdered and buried in Drobitsky Yar. On Aug. 23 actress Olivia de Havilland files a lawsuit against Warner Bros. for their abuse of the 1872 Calif. Civil Code that forces actors to work far longer than specified in their contracts by legal tricks, resulting in a unanimous decision (the De Havilland Law) in her favor on Dec. 8, 1844 that the studios can't hold an actor to a contract beyond seven calendar years, weakening their hold on their careers. On Aug. 28 after resisting German pressure to send his troops against the Russians, Bulgarian tsar (since 1918) Boris III (b. 1894) dies under mysterious circumstances after meeting with Hitler (poisoned?), and his infant son Simeon Borisov of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha becomes nominal tsar Simeon II (1937-) (until 1946) under a regent. On Aug. 29 Denmark scuttles most of its navy, causing Germany to declare a state of emergency, dissolve the govt., disarm the Danish army, and replace the govt. by Danish civil servants exercising legislative powers to avoid direct German rule. In Aug. after enlisting as a pvt. in the U.S. Army Air Corps on Aug. 12, 1942 in Los Angeles, Calif., and working up to capt., actor Clark Gable flies a mission over Germany in the B-17 nicknamed Ain't It Gruesome to film footage for the film "Combat America"; meanwhile his admirer Hitler offers a large reward for his capture and delivery unharmed to him, while Hermann Goering offers a $5K bounty for him; he returns to the U.S. in Oct., and is relieved from active duty as a maj. on June 12, 1944 at his own request because he is too old for combat. In Aug. the 27K-ton aircraft carrier USS Intrepid is launched; after surviving WWII kamikaze attacks, serving in the Korean and Vietnam wars, and recovering Mercury and Gemini astronauts, it is moored on a pier on Manhattan's West Side in 1982, then used as an FBI operation center after 9/11. On Sept. 3 (4th anniv. of Britain's declaration of war against Germany) (4:30 a.m.) the Allies launch Operation Baytown, with the British Eighth Army under Gen. Montgomery invading Italy over the Straits of Messina, landing in Reggio di Calabria; the same day Italy signs a secret armistice with the Allies, and on Sept. 8 announces it, giving Germany a 2nd front in Europe and causing Hitler to order the leading cities of Rome, Milan, Trieste, Genoa, Bologna, Verona, and Cremona seized; meanwhile as the Soviets outnumber their 800K soldiers 2-to-1, Field Marshals von Manstein and von Kluge of Army Group South protest to Hitler about neglect of their front to send soldiers to S Italy. On Sept. 3 (night) the British bomb Berlin for the 3rd time in 11 nights, killing 346 while losing 130 pilots. On Sept. 4 hoping to use them to whip up the peasants to fight the antichrist Nazis, arch-atheist Joseph Stalin meets with Orthodox church leaders in the Kremlin and permits them to legally function again after two decades of persecution, allowing churches to be reopened' on Sept. 8 they elect Ivan Nikolayevich Stragorodsky as new Russian patriarch #12 Sergius I (1867-44) (until May 15, 1944), who immediately declares Stalin divinely-appointed - if the Devil runs the world, why is he fighting himself? On Sept. 4 (night) the RAF sends eight Mosquitos to Germany, and three bomb Duisburg and two bomb Cologne; meanwhile Lord Haw Haw gives a radio broadcast from Hamburg, with the soundbyte: "Now that we have arrived in the fifth year of the war, I will only say that German victory is certain. The German people know that while many blows are yet to be struck, the final blow will be struck by Adolf Hitler" - a bullet to his brain? On Sept. 5 2K U.S. and Australian paratroopers occupy Nazdab, New Guinea, and build an airstrip; on Sept. 6-7 20K Japanese are encircled near Lae, then the Japanese airfield at Salamaua is captured on Sept. 13-14, followed on Sept. 16 by Lae, then Finschhafen on the Huon Peninsula on the E coast of New Guinea on Sept. 22-Dec. 8. On Sept. 6 the Soviets recapture Stalino (Donetsk) and Kramatorsk. On Sept. 6 the Soviets seize Konotop, Russia, forcing the Germans to evacuate the Don River Basin, instituting a scorched earth policy, evacuating Stalino, Russia on Sept. 7. On Sept. 7 987 Jews are deported to Auschwitz from Westerbork Camp in Holland, incl. Esther "Etty" Hillesum (1914-43), who throws a postcard from the train with the soundbyte "We left the camp singing"; she dies on Nov. 30; her letters and diaries are pub. in 1981. On Sept. 7 (night) Allied bombers bomb Brussels, killing Brussels Comet line leader Baron Jean Greindl (AKA Nemo), who was arrested on Feb. 6. On Sept. 8 (a.m.) Hitler flies to Army Group South HQ at Zaporozhe, where Field Marshal von Manstein runs down the numbers on Soviet military superiority, after which Hitler flies back to Rastenburg, becoming the last time he sets foot on Russian soil; he then issues orders for Operation Axis (Achse) (originally Alaric), the German occupation of Italy and forced disarmament of Italian forces after their expected armistice with the Allies; on Sept. 8 (night) the Germans occupy Rome, causing Marshal Badoglio and the Italian royal family to flee to the Adriatic port of Pescara, where they are taken by sea to Brindisi and set up an anti-fascist govt.; when plans for a gen. Italian uprising against the Germans fall through, the Allies cancel Gen. Eisenhower's Operation Giant, an airborne assault on Rome by the U.S. 82nd Airborne Div.; SS Lt. Col. Herbert Kappler (1907-78) becomes chief of police, supervising the roundup and deportation to Auschwitz of 1,007 Italian Jews, of which only 16 survive the war, followed by 10K Roman Jews, virtually none of whom survive. On Sept. 8 the Allies launch Operation Avalanche, occupying Salerno, Italy on Sept. 9; meanwhile on Sept. 9 the British launch Operation Slapstick, occupying the port of Taranto, Italy; on Sept. 12 the Germans take the Allied bridgehead at Salerno, cutting their forces in half. On Sept. 8 the Italian navy under Adm. Carlo Bergamini (1888-1943) makes a run for it from La Spezia and Genoa to join the Allies at Malta, losing battleship Roma to a new German Fritz X radio-controlled bomb, killing 1,552 of 2K incl. Bergamini and his staff; 28 ships make it to Malta. On Sept. 9 Iran declares war on Germany, but does no active fighting - against their fellow Aryans? On Sept. 9 the Germans occupy Athens, Greece, rounding up all the Italian troops and deporting them to German labor camps; by the end of Sept. 100K Italian POWs are deported from Greece to Germany. On Sept. 9 the Germans occupy Albania. On Sept. 9 (noon) 500+ Allied POWs escape from German POW Camp PG 49 in Fontanellato, Italy; the Italian Resistance goes on to help 17K Allied POWs escape to Switzerland et al. On Sept. 10 after some Italian troops resist, the Germans occupy Rome, Italy. On Sept. 10 the Soft Circle, a group of Protestant Germans meeting to discuss the evils of Nazism are betrayed and arrested by the Gestapo, incl. leader Elisabeth Adelheid Hildegard von Thadden (1890-1944), who is executed in Plotzensee Prison in Berlin on Sept. 8, 1944. On Sept. 11 the Free French under Gen. Charles de Gaulle launch Operation Vesuvius for the recapture of Corsica, which Hitler lets them have, ordering all 27,347 German troops evacuated, allowing the capture of the seaport of Bastia; meanwhile British Operation Handcuff to recapture Rhodes is defeated after Hitler orders his 7K German troops there to take control from a much larger Italian force. On Sept. 11 5'8" Los Angeles, Calif.-born Jean Bartel (nee Bartlemeh) (1923-2011) (36-23-35) of Calif. (Carole Lombard lookalike?) wins the Miss America 1943 (17th) pageant (tallest so far), refusing to pose in her swimsuit after the pageant, leading to Catalina Swimwear to start the Miss USA Pageant in 1952, and proposing the idea of awarding scholarships to competitors. going on to sell a record $2.5M worth of Series E war bonds in 1943, 80% to women - and not by selling her little melrose place? On Sept. 12 after the Allies take Ventotene Island, Italy, the Germans surrender to them on Capri Island, Italy without firing a shot; U.S. Lt. Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (Hollywood star) is awarded a Silver Star. On Sept. 12 after he is moved from Trastavere to Ponza Island, Maddelena Island, and finally an inaccessible resort hotel on 9K-ft. Grand Sasso d'Italia Mt. in the Abruzzi Mts., a 90-man commando team led by German SS Col. Otto Skorzeny (1908-75) ("Hitler's favorite commando") lands in gliders and rescues old, shrunken, stubble-bearded Mussolini from 250 Italian soldiers loyal to the king, then flies him to Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg via airfields in Rome, N Italy, Vienna, and Munich, where the Germans help him proclaim the Italian Social Repub. on Sept. 23 in the Trieste, Istria, and Trentino areas after he lives for a time in a large palace in Munich, with his wife (since 1915) Donna Rachele Mussolini (nee Guidi) (1890-1979) organizing it; Skorzeny goes on to create modern terrorism. On Sept. 12 (night) Operation Battering Ram sees three British pilots fly eight French Resistance leaders to a spot between Saumur and Chinon, then evacuate eight to Britain; too bad, on Sept. 22 Col. ? Marchal is arrested, and takes a cyanide pill; Col. ? Jarry is arrested, tortured, and shot. On Sept. 13 Gen. Chiang Kai-shek is elected pres. of the Chinese Repub. by the central exec. committee, and permitted to retain his post as CIC of the Chinese army, announcing that democratic govt. will be established in China after the war. On Sept. 13 after he falls out of favor with Heinrich Himmler, and is assigned as SS adjutant to Benito Mussolini, Hitler allegedly summons SS Gen. Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff (1900-84) and told to occupy Vatican City and kidnap Pope Pius XII, which he balks at, sneaking into the Vatican to warn him personally; the pope allegedly tells his senior bishops that if he should be arrested his resignation would become effective immediately. On Sept. 14 the Minsk Ghetto is liquidated, followed on Sept. 24 by the Vilnius (Vilnyus) (Vilna) Ghetto. On Sept. 14 Hitler agrees to the requests of Gens. von Manstein and von Kluge to evacuate half the territory captured by Army Group Center since July 1941, withdrawing to the Panther-Wotan Line between Vitebsk and Kiev. On Sept. 14 British agent Maj. Philip Worrall parachutes into the Pindus Mts. of Greece to help Greek partisans, ending up protecting Italian soldiers from Greeks wanting revenge as well as from Germans wanting to capture thm. On Sept. 15 the Soviets liberate Nezhin, Ukraine 60 mi. NE of Kiev. On Sept. 15-Nov. 16 the Battle of Leros sees British troops occupy Leros in the Dodecanese Islands on Sept. 15, which the Germans attack by air on Sept. 26, then invade on Nov. 12, causing Allied forces to capitulate on Nov. 16; the evacuation of British commandos is dramatized in the 1957 Alistair MacLean novel "The Guns of Navarrone". On Sept. 15 lucky Sgt. Carl Bell becomes the one millionth guest of the Hollywood Canteen, and receives a kiss from Betty Grable. On Sept. 16 the Soviets recapture Novorossisk, forcing the Germans to cross the Kerch Strait into the Crimea. On Sept. 16 24 Jews are deported from Merano, Italy to Auschwitz. On Sept. 16 7.5K Japanese troops evacuate Lae, New Guinea to the N. On Sept. 17 the Germans evacuate Bryansk. On Sept. 17 Japanese bombers destroy the Drysdale River Mission in Western Australia. On Sept. 17 British Brig. Gen. (former pvt.) Sir Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean (1911-96) parachutes into Yugoslavia to help Tito's partisans. On Sept. 19 Allied troops link up with their forces on the Salerno beachhead. ON Sept. 19 the Finisterre Range Campaign begins in the Ramu Valley of New Guinea (ends Apr. 24, 1944), seeing Australian forces supported by U.S. aircraft davancing through the Ramu and Markham Valleys, forcing the Japanese to withdraw towards their main defensive line, culminating in a big battle on Shaggy Ridge in Dec.-Jan., which drives the Japanese towards the N coast; on Apr. 24, 1944 Allied troops enter Madang, while the Japanese withdraw to Wewak under pursuit. On Sept. 20 after seven days the Germans fail to drive the partisans of Gen. Mihailovic out of Split, Yugoslavia; too bad, on Sept. 28-29 the Jewish community of Split is murdered at the Sajmiste Concentration Camp in Yugoslavia. On Sept. 20 German high command reports that 548,480 German soldiers died on the Eastern Front so far, and almost 2M were wounded, causing Joseph Goebbels to write the soundbyte in his diary: "It is a curious thing that although every individual soldier returning from the Eastern Front considers himself personally superior to the Bolshevik soldier, we are still retreating and retreating." On Sept. 20 (night) the British launch Operation Source, with six midget subs trying to sink German battleship Tirpitz anchored at Altafjord, Norway, damaging it for 6 mo. after losing three subs, the rest being captured. On Sept. 21 the Soviets occupy Chernigov, Russia 40 mi. from the Panther Line on the Dnieper River, followed on Sept. 22 by Poltava, Ukraine. On Sept. 21 strong nationalist Bechara (Beshara) El Khoury (el-Khouri) (1890-1964) becomes pres. of Lebanon (until Sept. 18, 1952), the first after independence; too bad, after he opposes the French mandate he is arrested by Free French forces on Nov. 11 and imprisoned for 11 days in Rashaya Tower along with other nationalist leaders incl. PM Riad Al Solh and next pres. Camille Chamoun, then released on Nov. 22 (Lebanon Independence Day) after massive demonstrations; el-Khoury goes on to draw up the National Pact (al Mithaq al Watani), forming the basis of the Lebanese constitution, which provides for a Christian Marionite pres., Sunni PM, and Shiite pres. and Orthodox deputy pres. of the nat. assembly, whose members must be in a 6:5 ratio of Christians to Muslims, based on the 1932 census (changed to 1:1 ratio in 1990); all parties agree not to seek outside help to take over or join with other countries, and that Lebanon is an Arab-affiliated country - can we do this and keep on dancing? On Sept. 22 after the Italian 33rd Acqui Infantry Division refuses to surrender to German troops at Cephalonia, Greece, the Germans kill 1,646, after which the remaining 5K surrender and are shot. On Sept. 24 after bitter fighting the Germans evacuate Smolensk, Russia, and the Soviets occupy it on Sept. 25, crossing the Dnieper River between Kremenchug and Dnepropetrovsk. On Sept. 27 the Allies capture a large airfield complex near Foggia, Italy, giving them the power to launch air attacks on S Germany, Silesia, the Balkans, and the Danube River Basin. On Sept. 27-30 as Allied troops approach and German troops begin looting, the Four Days of Naples sees a popular revolt assisted by the Italian Resistance chase the Nazis out, allowing the Allies to occupy Naples on Oct. 1, which they heavily bombed and was further damaged by the retreating Germans, demolishing the harbor and 20% of the houses, giving city authorities freedom to rebuild it later on a new plan that is more sanitary and modern. On Sept. 28 Julius Ritter (b. 1893), the German official in charge of rounding up Frenchmen for forced labor in Germany is assassinated in Paris, causing the Germans to shoot 50 civilians. On Sept. 28-29 after Pope Paul XII offers to loan them 15kg, Jews in Rome too bad, on Sept. 28-29 the Jewish community of Split is murdered at the deliver 50kg of gold to the Gestapo as ordered. On Sept. 29 Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower and Italian Marshal Pietro Badoglio sign an Italian Armistice aboard the British ship Nelson off Malta; the pissed-off Germans take 268K Italian soldier POW, and deport them along with 50K Allied POWs to German labor camps. On Sept. 29 (night) after rumors that all 7K Jews in Denmark are going to be deported by the Nazis, Jewish atomic scientist Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962) and his wife escape to Sweden, pleading with the govt. in Stockholm to help the Jews, but they already beat him to it, as on Sept. 29 they are warned by their rabbi after being tipped-off by Nazi commandant Werner Best (1903-89), and almost all of them are smuggled into Sweden by fishermen working for the Freedom Council so that Best can report that Denmark has been "de-Judified", joining 3K Jewish refugees from Germany et al. who arrived before the war; in Oct. the Nazis assume full military rule in Denmark. On Sept. 30 U.S. undersecy. of state (since 1937) Sumner Welles (1892-1961), architect of the U.N. is forced to resign after his solicitation of a black Pullman car porter for sex in 1937 and several more on the pres. train in 1940 is discovered and used by his State Dept. rival Cordell Hull. In Sept. the Germans evacuate Poltava, Ukraine, allowing the USAF to use it as an air base by the end of May. In the fall French novelist Albert Camus (b. 1913) recovers from TB and joins the French Resistance, writing for the clandestine newspaper Combat; "If it is true that newspapers are the voice of the nation... [ours is] determined to do our own small part to raise the country's stature by ennobling its language"; meanwhile fellow existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre lives in Paris teaching and writing plays about how there is no absolute moral law. On Oct. 3 the Germans launch Operation Polar Bear (Eisbar) to occupy the Dodecanese Islands of Greece, starting with Kos, which they take, capturing or killing all but 24 of 1.5K British troops while losing only 85 men. On Oct. 3 the Gestapo orders all Jews in Athens, Greece to register, causing 3K to flee, being given shelter by the local pop. incl. by Princess Andrew, mother of Prince Philip; Athens chief rabbi Elias Barzalai flees to Thessaly, joining the Greek partisans; others flee to Palestine via Turkey. On Oct. 3-Dec. 22 the Battle of Kiev sees the Red Army recapture Kiev from the Germans in two offensives, with the Germans unsuccessfully counterattacking; Kiev is liberated on Nov. 6, but ends up so damaged that it is not completely rebuilt until 1960. On Oct. 4 after the SS murders 1M+ Jews in Russia, Heinrich Himmler gives a heartwarming speech to SS leaders in Posen (Poznan), talking about how the extermination of the Jews must be kept secret, with the soundbyte: "Most of you know what it means to see a hundred corpses lying together, five hundred, or a thousand. To have stuck it out and at the same time, apart from exceptions caused by human weakness, to have remained decent fellows, that is what has made us hard. This is a page of glory in our history which has never been written and shall never be written... We have fulfilled this most difficult duty for the love of our people, and our spirit, our soul, our character has not suffered injury for it"; on Oct. 6 he gives a 2nd speech to them, uttering the soundbyte: "For I did not feel justified in exterminating the men, that is, to kill them or have them killed, while allowing the avengers, in the form of their children to grow up in the midst of our sons and grandsons." On Oct. 5-11 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the St. Louis Cardinals (NL) 4-1 to win the Fortieth (40th) (1940) World Series; wartime restrictions mandate only one trip between ballparks, forcing a 5-game format. On Oct. 6 the Allies reach the Volturno River in Italy. On Oct. 6 U.S. forces occupy Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands after the Japanese leave without a fight. On Oct. 6 the Rabbis' March, led by Russian-born Zionist Peter Bergson (Hillel Kook) (1915-2001) (nephew of the chief rabbi of the Palestine mandate) sees 400-500 Orthodox rabbis march in Washington, D.C. demanding that the U.S. govt. help the Jews in Europe, which only pisses-off FDR, who sneaks out the back of the White House and snubs them, causing them to stand in front and read their petition to his secy. Marvin McIntyre, after which FDR sics the FBI and IRS on them, who grudgingly give them a clean bill of health. On Oct. 7 the Japanese execute 96 Allied POWs on Wake Island. On Oct. 7 the Naples Post Office Time Bomb goes off in Naples, Italy, set by the Nazis on Oct. 1 as they were leaving, killing 100 members of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Div., and almost killing U.S. war journalist Will Lang Jr. (1914-68). On Oct. 8 the Germans launch Operation Jacob against Soviet partisans N of Uzda. On Oct. 10 a daylight bombing raid on Munster, Germany by 13 B-17s is chewed up by flak, and only one pilot, Robert "Rosie" Rosenthal (1917-2007) (a Jew) returns to England, with two of his four engines gone, severe right wing damage, and two wounded crew members; a degreed atty., he goes on to join the U.S. team at the Nuremberg war crimes trials and interview Goering and Keitel, along with Col. Telford Taylor (1908-98), who succeeds Robert H. Jackson on Oct. 17, 1946 as chief counsel for the last 12 trials, which convict 163 of 200 defendants. On Oct. 11 U.S. sub USS Wahoo (named after a dark blue Fla. food fish) is sunk by the Japanese in La Perouse Strait after it sinks a record 19 Japanese ships; it is recovered in Aug. 2006. On Oct. 13 the U.S. bombs Schweinfurt again. On Oct. 13 the Badoglio govt. of Italy declares war on Germany, causing Italian soldiers to join Allied forces trying to break through to Rome. On Oct. 13 after sinking 14 ships (70K gross tons) German sub U-402 under Capt. Siegfried Freiherr von Forstner (b. 1910) (nephew of WWI sub U-28 cmdr. Georg Gunther Freiherr von Forstner) is sunk by a B-24 Liberator, killing all aboard. On Oct. 13 after being betrayed, Russian-born Indian descent British Sufi spy Noor Inayat Khan (1914-44) (AKA Madeleine), Britain's first female radio operator sent into Nazi-occupied France (1940) is arrested by the Germans in Paris, and interrogated in vain for over a month by SD head Maj. Hans Josef Kieffer (1900-47), then sent to Dachau, where she is executed; at his own postwar interrogation by Vera Atkins, he cries at the description of her death, causing Atkins to reply: "Kieffer, if one of us is going to cry it is going to be me. Please stop this comedy"; she receives a posth. George Cross and Croix de Guerre; too bad, the Germans keep her arrest secret and broadcast fake messages from her equipment, allowing them to entrap her network. On Oct. 13-14 there is a revolt in the small Sobibor Concentration Camp, after the 600 Jewish slave laborers forced to dig up and burn corpses fight back, with 300 making it over the wire, and 100 of them escaping to join the partisans. On Oct. 14 228 U.S. bombers sans fighters bomb the ball-bearing works at Schweinfurt, Germany, doing little damage while losing 62 planes and 100+ pilots, doing it right the 2nd time; in Oct. the loss of 153 U.S. bombers in one week causes the cancellation of all German air raids without fighter escort, causing them to delay the next raid for 3 mo. until they obtain enough fighters, allowing the Germans to return production to full capacity. On Oct. 14 Jose Paciano Laurel y Garcia (1891-1959) becomes pres. #3 of the Philippine 2nd Repub. under Japanese occupation (until Aug. 17, 1945); the 1943 constitution doesn't provide for a vice-pres. On Oct. 16 the K Syndrome (named after Nazi Italian occupation cmdr. Gen. Albert Kesselring) is first reported by Nazi doctors led by anti-Fascist activist Adriano Ossicini in the Jewish ghetto near the Tiber River in Italy as a ruse to save Jews from being put on deportation trains. On Oct. 16 the Allies reach 90 mi. from Rome; meanwhile the SS arrests 1K+ Jews in Rome, and on Oct. 18 deports them to Auschwitz; only 16 survive the war; 4K Jews are sheltered by the local pop. incl. 477 in the Vatican; meanwhile the SS arrests 200 Jews in Milan, and 600 more on Oct. 16, deporting them to Auschwitz; meanwhile 6K are sheltered by the local pop. On Oct. 16 (night) British aircraft from Tangmere rescue escaped Gen. Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny (1889-1952) and six others from a meadow near Macon to Algiers; Tassigny, who was arrested in Vichy Tunisia in 1942 for forming an anti-German army takes command of French Army B, which on Sept. 22, 1944 is redesignated the French First Army. On Oct. 17 the British stage Exercise Pirate, a practice run of the Normandy invasion in Studland Bay. On Oct. 18 Cordell Hull of the U.S., Sir Anthony Eden of Britain, and Vyacheslav Molotov of the Soviet Union meet in Moscow, confirming that none will make a separate peace with Germany, and agreeing to supply the Soviets with 2.7M tons of supplies via the Pacific, 2.4M tons via the Persian Gulf, and 1M tons via the Arctic; Stalin makes it clear that he wants to eventually declare war on Japan. On Oct. 18 the Soviets drive a deep salient into the German lines E of Vitebsk, while partisans destroy railway and road bridges "in assembly line fashion". On Oct. 18 Soviet Lt. Abram Zindels (b. 1924) single-handedly destroys 23 machine gun nests before running out of ammo, then takes a German out along with himself with a hand grenade, receiving a posth. Hero of the Soviet Union award. On Oct. 18 the carrier pigeon G.I. Joe saves the lives of 1K+ British soldiers in Italy by delivering a message asking for a rescue. On Oct. 18 sharp L.A. lawyer-detective Perry Mason (1891-) debuts on CBS Radio (until 1955), created by Erle Stanley Gardner and starring John Larkin as Perry, Joan Alexander as Della Street, Matt Crowley as Paul Drake and Mandel Kramer as Lt. Tragg; sponsored by Procter and Gamble. On Oct. 19 the Japanese execute British Army Aid Group leader Douglas Waterman at Stanley Jail in Hong Kong. On Oct. 19 local Chinese and Suluks revolt against the Japanese in Jesselton, North Borneo, and are ruthlessly put down, with several thousand tortured and murdered. On Oct. 20 their Vs allowing the Red Army to start turning W, the Voronezh Front is renamed the First Ukrainian Front, commanded by Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin (1901-44); Stalingrad veteran Gen. Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (1898-1967) is placed in charge of the Third Ukrainian Front, while fellow Stalingrad veteran Gen. Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (1894-1949) is placed in command of the new Fourth Ukrainian Front, and Gen. Konstantin Rokossovsky (1896-1968) is placed in command of the new 1st Belorussian Front (old Central Front); on Dec. 5 they begin the Soviet 1944 Winter Counteroffensive (ends May 7, 1945), liberating most of the Ukraine. On Oct. 20 the Allies set up the United Nations War Crimes Commission, with members incl. the govts.-in-exile of Poland, Czech., Greece, and Yugoslavia; it can only investigate crimes and recommend prosecution. On Oct. 22 (night) the British firebomb the rocket and aircraft works at Kassel, Germany, killing 5.3K. On Oct. 23 the British stage Operation Tunnel to catch a German merchant ship en route from Brest to the Channel Islands, and are surprised by its escorts, who sink new light cruiser HMS Charybdis, killing 462, along with destroyer HMS Limbourne, killing 42; after the Germans bury the bodies with military honors, 5K of the local pop. show up as an act of defiance; this British naval op becomes a "how not to" example in naval academy. On Oct. 23 the Revolt of the Jewish Women at Auschwitz sees 1,750 Polish Jews with South Am. passports tricked into boarding trains sending them to Auschwitz, after which the women are ordered to undress outside the gas chamber so they can be frisked for bling, until SS Sgt. Maj. Josef Schillinger gets fresh, causing the woman to throw her shoe at his face, seize his revolver, and shoot him in the stomach, then wound SS Sgt. ? Emmerich, causing the other women to kick SS ass, until camp commandant Rudolf Hoess leads more SS men personally to shoot them all. On Oct. 25 after a surprise attack, the Soviets recapture Dnepropetrovsk, along with Dneprodzherzhinsk on the W bank of the Dnieper River, causing the Germans govt. to broadcat from Berlin that the German military situation in Russia is "extremely grave"; on Oct. 26 Field Marshal von Kleist orders the evacuation of the Crimea without consulting Hitler, who cancels it that evening. On Oct. 25 the Burma-Thailand Railroad of Death is completed after 16K of 46K Allied POWs are killed from maltreatment, along with 50K Burmese laborers. On Oct. 25 FDR gives his Sheriff's Posse Speech in Ottawa, Canada, with the soundbyte: "War was violently forced upon us by criminal aggressors who measure their standards of morality by the extent of the death and the destruction that they can inflict upon their neighbors... We have been forced to call out what we in the United States would call the sheriff's posse to break up the gang in order that gangsterism may be eliminated in the community of nations. We are making sure, absolutely, irrevocably sure, that this time the lesson is driven home to them once and for all. Yes, we are going to be rid of outlaws this time." On Oct. 27 Kiwi troops occupy Stirling Island in the Solomons after the Japanese evacuate without a fight; meanwhile on nearby Mono Island they have to kill 200 to take it, losing 52; meanwhile a U.S. force lands on Choiseul Island, meeting heavy resistance; JFK's PT-boat rescues eight sailors from a sunken boat, attacking Japanese barges on Oct. 30 off Moli Island. On Oct. 28 the Germans counterattack at Krivoi Rog, Ukraine, capturing 3K Soviet POWs and 300 tanks, driving the Soviets halfway back to the Dnieper River; meanwhile the Germans hold the Soviets away from Vitebsk. On Oct. 28 Field Marshal von Rundstedt tells Hitler that the Allies can land either on the Channel coast, the French Riviera, or the Bay of Biscay, causing Hitler on Nov. 3 to issue Fuhrer Directive No. 51, his last numbered directive, which shows alarm at a possible "Anglo-Saxon landing" in the West, stating that Germany is in greater danger from the W than the E, and ordering tanks and artillery siphoned off. On Oct. 28 train #61 of 1K+ Jews leaves Paris for Auschwitz, incl. 125 children ages 17 and under, none of whom survive the war. On Oct. 28 the hoax Philadelphia Experiment allegedly causes new (launched July 25) U.S. Navy destroyer escort USS Eldridge to teleport from Philadelphia, Penn. to Norfolk, Va. - and now we have Tiger Woods? On Oct. 30 German dive-bombers attack British cruiser HMS Aurora, killing 43 sailors; Lt. Kenneth More (a film star) has to retrieve severed limbs from the rigging. In Oct. the Allied takeover of North Africa et al. cause Gen. Franco to return to his original 1939 policy of official neutrality - I remember 711? In Oct. after trying to involve Heinrich Himmler in a plot against Hitler and trying to make connections with the Allies through Switzerland, Carl Langbehn (1901-44) is arrested, and executed next Oct. 12. In Oct. the Germans begin construction of an underground V-2 missile complex in La Coupole (The Dome), France in Pas de Calais 3 mi. from Omer (finished July), becoming the first known underground missile silo. On Nov. 1 German forces launch Operation Snipe and Operation Wild Duck against Soviet partisans N of Vitebsk. On Nov. 1 after bombing by Allied air forces, U.S. Marines land at Bougainville Island in the Solomons on the W coast at Empress Augusta Bay, and on Nov. 2 the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay is a V for the U.S., but most of the Japanese forces on the island are bypassed until the Australians arrive in 1945 and officially take it on Aug. 21. On Nov. 2 Joseph Goebbels writes the soundbyte in his diary that 9K German soldiers were killed on the Eastern Front in nine days in mid-Oct., and "We cannot stand such a drain for long", and if it continues "We are in danger of slowly bleeding to death in the East." On Nov. 2 Aktion Erntefest (Harbor Festival), a mass liquidation of 5K Jewish POWs in Lublin, Poland begins; the Trawniki, Poniatowa, and Majdanek concentration camps are liquidated, incl. 45K from the Warsaw Ghetto at Majdanek. On Nov. 3 Genoa rabbi Riccardo Reuven Pacifici (1904-43) is deported to Auschwitz along with 300 Jews from Genoa; German Roman Catholic pastor Bernhard Lichtenberg (1875-1943), who publicly prayed for Jews is transferred from prison in Berlin to Dachau, dying on the journey. On Nov. 5 (eve.) an Allied plane mistakenly drops four bombs on Vatican City, destroying a mosaic studio near the Vatican railway station and breaking the windows of the high cupola of St. Peter's, and nearly destroying Vatican Radio; there are no fatalities. On Nov. 6 after the Germans demolish many bldgs. and ancient churches, the Soviets recapture Kiev, Ukraine, #3 largest city in the Soviet Union, driving the Germans W and taking Fastov, Ukraine W of the Panther Line on Nov. 7, pissing-off Hitler; on Nov. 8 pleased-as-punch Stalin creates the Order of Victory for senior cmdrs., made of platinum and containing 91 diamonds, along with an Order of Glory for enlisted men, with recipients getting a free pension for life along with free education for their children. On Nov. 6 Navy destroyer USS Beatty sinks after being torpedoed off Gibraltar; in 1944 a message in a bottle from the sailors is found on a beach in Maine, saying "Our ship is sinking. SOS didn't do any good. Think it's the end. Maybe this message will get to the U.S. some day." On Nov. 8 Hitler delivers his annual Munich Beer Hall speech, with the soundbyte: "Even if for the present we cannot reach America, thank God that at least one country is near enough for us to tackle, and on that state we are going to concentrate", meaning using V-1 rockets on Britain; too bad, on Nov. 8 Albert Speer tells Hitler "the research is not as complete as the development team would have people believe" - Earth to Adolf? On Nov. 8 400 Jews from Siena, Bologna, and Florence Italy are shipped to Auschwitz. On Nov. 9 U.S. troops begin advancing into the interior of Bougainville Island. On Nov. 9 the Soviets recapture Zhitomir 75 mi. E of the pre-war Polish-Soviet frontier; on Nov. 15 the Germans recapture it, killing 20K Russian troops that week. On Nov. 11 German forces land on Leros Island, Greece, taking it from 10K British and Italian troops on Nov. 16. On Nov. 14 the U.S. stages a daylight air raid over Germany with fighter protection, shooting down 20 German fighters. On Nov. 15 Heinrich Himmler issues an order to treat Gypsies and part-Gypsies "on the same level as Jews", and put them in Auschwitz; meanwhile 1,149 Dutch Jews are sent to Auschwitz, followed on Nov. 16 by 995 more, along with 164 Poles incl. 12 women members of a partisan group. On Nov. 15 (night) the British stage Operation Conjurer, flying six agents from Tangmere in S England to Angers, incl. Victor Gerson, who organizes the Vic Escape Line, and Francois Mitterrand AKA Monier, who organizes French POWs, and in 1981 becomes pres. of France. On Nov. 16 160 U.S. bombers bomb the German heavy water plant at Vermork, Norway, missing it but destroying the power station, causing production to be shut down and all heavy water stocks to be sent to Germany; next Feb. 20 more partisans blow up ferry boat Hydro carrying the stocks. On Nov. 18 after a bitter fight, the Soviets recapture Korosten, Russia along with Ryechitsa, opening the way to Gomel 25 mi. to the E, the main German base in S White Russia, and cutting the Leningrad-Odessay railway along with all rail communication between the C and S German fronts. On Nov. 18 (night) 402 British bombers bomb Berlin, failing to damage factories but killing 143 civilians while losing nine planes and 53 pilots incl. Wing Cmdr. John White. On Nov. 20-23 35K U.S. Marines under Gen. Julian Constable Smith (1885-1975) launch Operation Galvanic, fighting the Battle of Tarawa Atoll (2nd U.S. offensive in the Pacific after the Battle of Guadalcanal) on the heavily-defended "square mile of Hell" in the Gilbert Islands on the equator at 174-8 E longitude, capturing Tarawa, Abemana, and Makin Atolls from 4.2K Japanese, who fight almost to the last man (17 left), after which on Dec. 31 they capture the major air base at Cape Gloucester in some of the fiercest fighting in U.S. Marine Corps history, which features a lot of bayoneting (get it deep inside and wiggle it around before extracting it?), toughening them up for the coming drive against the Japs ("there had to be a Tarawa"); Hollywood "Green Acres" actor Eddie Albert serves at Tarawa as a Navy landing craft officer; on Nov. 24 escort carrier USS Liscome Bay is sunk by a Japanese sub, killing 644 of 900; on Nov. 29 battleship USS Mississippi has an accidental turret explosion, killing 43; South-African born actor Louis Hayward (1909-85), who joined the U.S. Marine Corps as a photographer films the Battle of Tarawa for the documentary With the Marines at Tarawa, netting him a Bronze Star; the U.S. press prints photos of U.S. corpses piled up on beaches and floating in the water, shocking public opinion, which had been protected up till now. On Nov. 22-26 the First Cairo Conference (AKA Sextant) is held between FDR, Churchill, and Gen. Chiang Kai-shek (along with Gen. Jiang Jieshi) to discuss measures for defeating Japan; independence is promised to Korea; Taiwan and Manchukuo (Manzhouguo) are promised to the Chinese Nationalists. On Nov. 22 (night) 764 British bombers bomb Berlin, killing 1,737 civilians and damaging the govt. section incl. Hitler's Chancellery along with his train Amerika; the British lose 167 pilots; on Nov. 23 (night) the British return, losing 127 pilots after killing 1,325 civilians; Gauleiter Joseph Goebbels' official residence is hit, and utilities are cut off to it; on Nov. 24 he tours the devastated Wilhelmsplatz - goebbel goebbel goebbel, I'm a turkey? On Nov. 23 U.S. naval aviator Lt. Cmdr. Edward Henry "Butch" O'Hare (1914-43) (son of Al Capone's atty. Edward "Easy Eddie" O'Hare, who was assassinated in 1939 one week before Capone left Alcatraz) leads the U.S. Navy's first night fighter attack launched from an aircraft carrier, and is shot down near the Gilbert Islands, becoming the Navy's first flying ace and Medal of Honor recipient; on Sept. 19, 1949 Chicago's O'Hare Airport is named after him. On Nov. 23 British SOE agent Capt. Michael Alfred Raymond Trotobas (b. 1914), head of the Farmer Group is KIA shooting it out with 200 German soldiers at his house in Lille, France, after which the Croix du Capitaine Michel is created by the French Resistance, the first dedicated to a British officer. On Nov. 25 U.S. bombers attack Shinchiku Airfield in Taiwan (Formosa), destroying 42 Japanese aircraft. On Nov. 25 after an 8-day battle, Australian forces capture 2.4K-ft. Sattelberg Summit on the Kokoda Trail in New Guinea; Sgt. Thomas Derrick receives the Victoria Cross. On Nov. 26 the Soviets capture Gomel, Russia 400 mi. from Hitler's Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg. On Nov. 26 Hitler travels 45 mi. from Rastenburg to Insterburg to witness a V-1 demonstration; on Nov. 30 a photo taken by a British pilot on Nov. 28 is recognized by U.S. recon expert Constance Babington Smith as a flying bomb, giving them their first evidence of its existence, causing Operation Crossbow to bomb the "Ski" launch sites on the N French coast to begin on Dec. 5; wrongly believing it can carry a 7-ton warhead, the British govt. makes plans to handle millions of casualties. On Nov. 26 (night) British bombers stage yet another raid on Berlin, destroying the workshops of the Allkett tank factory, along with several other key weapons and munition factories incl. one making radar sets; pissed-off Hitler orders fire engines rushed in from Potsdam and Brandenburg, but that doesn't stop 470 civilians from being killed, incl. 92 when a bomber crashes into a bldg.; the Brits lose 196 pilots; in the last 10 days the Germans lost 6,473 soldiers on the Eastern Front and 3,653 civilians in Berlin. On Nov. 28 German Army Group South under Field Marshal von Manstein surrounds a large Soviet force in the area of Korosten, Russia, inflicting heavy casualties. Full power on all three engines? On Nov. 28-Dec. 1 the Tehran Conference is held between Big Three FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (his first time outside Russia since the 1917 Bolshevik Rev.); the conditions for Allied invasion of Europe are set as no more than "12 full-strength first-quality mobile divisions" of German reserves in France and the Low Countries, with no more than 15 more divs. transferred by Hitler from other fronts during the first 60 days; Stalin commits Soviet forces to the defeat of Japan after the defeat of Germany, which is kept top secret; a postwar peace org. is agreed to in principle; the independence of Iran is pledged; FDR is almost killed by friendly fire while travelling by ship to Tehran?; Iranian-born Soviet spy Gevork Andreevich Vartanian (1924-2012) foils Hitler's Operation Long Jump, a plot to assassinate the Big Three at the conference led by Nazi commando Otto Skorzeny (1908-75), who is tipped off and never goes to Iran. On Nov. 29 the U.S. modifies a B-29 to carry an atomic bomb; meanwhile 15 atomic scientists arrive from Britain to join the team, incl. Soviet spy Klaus Fuchs. In Nov. after refusing to cooperate in the extermination of Jews, anti-Soviet Ukrainian Nat. Rev. Army leader Taras Dymytrovych "Bulba" Borovets (1908-81) is arrested by the Gestapo and transferred to Sachsenhausen; in fall 1944 as the war turns bad, they release him to fight the Soviets, but he and his men surrender to them on May 10, 1945; in 1948 he emigrates to Canada. In Nov. a plot by German infantry army Capt. Baron Axel von dem Bussche to assassinate Hitler with a bomb in the pocket of a new model of greatcoat falls through when it is destroyed in an air raid on Berlin, and he is sent to the Eastern Front and severely wounded. On Dec. 2 (night) the British bomb Berlin again, killing 150 civilians while losing 228 pilots plus two correspondents; one bomber ends up bombing Cottbus 50 mi. to the SE. On Dec. 3 the SS and Gestapo execute 100 municipal tramway workers in Warsaw in reprisal for sabotage; they do ditto in Pidhaitsi, Ukraine, burning the village and killing 21 incl. 9 children; Ukranian unit cmdr. Lt. Michael Karkoc (Kar-Kotsch) (1919-), cofounder of the Ukrainian Self-Defense Legion in 1943 lies his way into the U.S. in 1949, and outs himself with a 1995 autobio., and isn't deported until ? On Dec. 3-9 the all-volunteer First Special Service Force (FSSF), AKA the Black Devils (founded 1942), composed of U.S. and Canadian soldiers scores a bloody V in Operation Raincoat against the impregnable German fortress on Monte La Difensa (Hill 960) in the Camino Hills in the Bernhardt Line in Italy, becoming the first U.S. special ops unit of WWII. On Dec. 3 (night) the British bomb Leipzig, Germany, wiping out almost all public bldgs. On Dec. 4 18-y.-o. Am. soprano Patrice Munsel (1925-) debuts at the Metropolitan Opera, becoming their youngest star, and becoming known as Princess Pat. On Dec. 4-6 the Second Cairo Conference in Egypt is attended by FDR and Winston Churchill, along with Turkish pres. Ismet Inonu, who is told that staying neutral will block the Axis from reaching the Middle East strategic oil reserves. On Dec. 9 Polish partisans execute Polish rats Tadeusz Karcz and Antoni Pajor. On Dec. 9 British Navy Lt. D.P. James escapes from a German POW camp dressed in full British naval uniform with a fake Bulgarian navy ID card under the alias I. Bagerov; he then changes into a Swedish sailor uniform and boards a Finnish ship at Danzig, reaching Stockholm. On Dec. 10 Hitler designs a bomb shelter for his Bavarian retreat at Obersalzberg. On Dec. 13 after partisans capture then kill 81 Germans under Hauptmann Johannes Schober, and two escape and report it on Dec. 8, the German 117th Jaeger Div. under Gen. Karl von Le Suire massacres the pop. of Kalavryta, Greece as part of a massive reprisal for resistance activity, rounding up all males aged 14+ and machine-gunning them in a field, killing 696 of 709, looting and burning 1K houses and seizing 2K livestock, burning more villages and monasteries and killing more civilians on their way; on Dec. 14 they burn the Monastery of Agia Lavra, birthplace of the Greek War of Independence; a total of 700 are killed during Operation Kalavryta. On Dec. 14 the Soviets launch an offensive in the C sector of the front against Nevel, Russia. On Dec. 14 the Germans take nine Polish Communists from Herby Prison near Czestochowa and shoot them. On Dec. 15 U.S. forces land on the Arawe Peninsula at the W end of New Britain, aiming for Rabaul. On Dec. 15 German Panzers inflict heavy casualties on U.S. forces at San Pietro Infine, Italy before withdrawing; dir. John Huston makes a film of the battle that is so grisly it is cut from five reels to three. On Dec. 15 four SS men incl. Lt. Hans Ritz are tried by the Soviets in Kharkov for using gas vans to murder civilians, and are executed on Dec. 19. On Dec. 15 Wilbur Carl Sze becomes the first Asian-Am. U.S. Marine Corps officer to be commissioned (2nd lt.). On Dec. 16 two Atlantic Coast Line trains collide and derail near Rennert, N.C., killing 72. On Dec. 16 (night) a British bombing raid on railyards in Berlin kills 438 civilians and 279 foreign slave laborers (186 women), blocking 1K railroad cars from leaving the city with supplies for the Eastern Front; the British lose 25 of 482 bombers, and 294 airmen; on Dec. 20 German churchman Bishop ? Wurm writes a letter to Hans Lammers, state secy. of Hitler's Chancellery protesting mass murder of the Jews, with the soundbyte: "We Christians consider the policy of exterminating the Jews as grave injustice and of fatal consequences for the German people. Our people see the suffering imposed on us by the raid as an act of punishment for what was done to the Jews." On Dec. 22 the Gestapo discovers 62 Jews hiding in a cellar in Warsaw and murders them - merry Xmas? On Dec. 23 Col. Claus Philipp Maria Schenk, Count von Stauffenberg (1907-44) carries a hidden briefcase time bomb to a HQ conference with Hitler, but he fails to show up to be blown to bits, this time - play the Mission: Impossible music? On Dec. 24 the Soviets launch an offensive on the Ukrainian Front. On Dec. 24 the Usu Volcano on Hokkaido Island, Japan erupts (until late Feb. 1944) (last in 1910, next in 1977), creating the "new mountain of the Showa Era". On Dec. 24 (night) the British bomb Berlin, killing 178 civilians while losing 104 airmen plus 16 taken POW, severely damaging a ball-bearing factory at Erkner 15 mi. to the SE. On Dec. 25 U.S. bombers attack 27 German flying bomb sites in N France, destroying seven and killing 30 French workmen; most of the crewmen who are shot down escape into Spain to fly again. On Dec. 25 FDR delivers a speech to the Am. people, with the soundbyte: "The war is now reaching the stage when we shall have to look forward to large casualty lists, dead, wounded, and missing. War entails just that. There is no easy road to victory. And the end is not yet in sight." On Dec. 26 the U.S. launches Operation Backhander, landing at Cape Gloucester on the W tip of New Britain, securing the airfield within a week after fighting the Japanese for every inch of the "Green Hell" and "slimy sewer". On Dec. 26 the Germans launch Operation Rainbow, sending warships to attack Allied convoys in the Arctic between Bear Island and the North Cape; too bad, thanks to decoded messages the British are ready, sinking German battle cruiser Scharnhorst, killing 2K, with only 36 men being rescued; Churchill telegraphs to Stalin the soundbyte: "The Arctic convoys to Russia have brought us luck." On Dec. 28 after a 5-day battle British and Canadian forces capture Ortona, Italy. On Dec. 29 (night) a British bomber raid on Berlin kills 182 civilians plus 81 airmen; German Luftwaffe ace Lt. ? Schnaufer shoots down two bombers, receiving a Knight's Cross on Dec. 31, and going on to receive the Oak Leaves with Swords and Diamonds after 121 Vs, becoming only one of two night fighter pilots with this award. On Dec. 31 a U.S. attack on Cassino, Italy is repelled. On Dec. 31 the French Resistance led by Jewish BaronPhilippe de Gunzbourg (AKA Edgar) and British agent George Starr (AKA Hilaire) stages its first major sabotage operation in SW France against railway centers at Eymet and Bergerac. On Dec. 31 as a reprisal for supporting the partisans, the Germans lock 59 villagers into a granary in Karpiowka, Poland and set it on fire, killing them all. By Dec. 31 the U.S. has 1.6M servicemen ready for use against Germany and 1.8M ready for use against Japan. In Dec. Ira Clarence Eaker is replaced by Gen. James Harold Doolittle as cmdr. of the USAF Eighth Air Force, with Eaker becoming CIC of Mediterranean Allied Air Forces, incl. the 12th and 15th Air Forces, and the British Desert and Balkan Air Forces. In Dec. the British govt. begins conscripting 48K young men ages 18-25 to work in the coal mines for the duration of the war, becoming known as the Bevin Boys. In Dec. A.C. "Tony" Simonds rescues 700+ Greeks, Brits, Jews, and Americans by Jan. from the German-occupied islands of Kos, Leros, and Samos, bringing them to Turkey in small boats. On ? the only sustained German Luftwaffe attack on Scotland during the war kills over 1K in Clydebank and S Glasgow. To please Stalin's Western allies, the Third Internat. (Comintern) (founded 1919) is abolished. Yugoslavian partisan leader Josip Broz Tito establishes an Executive Nat. Committee of Liberation to function as a provisional govt. After Japan captures neighboring Burma, cutting off rice imports, a famine strikes Bengal killing 1M; racist Winston Churchill deliberately lets them starve? British Field Marshal Archibald Wavell becomes viceroy of India (until 1947). Ga. becomes the first U.S. state to allow 18-y.-olds to vote. Egypt finally repays its mid-19th cent. foreign debt. USMC fighter ace Joseph Jacob "Joe" Foss (1915-2003) wins the Medal of Honor, going on to become the #1 USMC fighter ace of WWII with 26 victories, followed by the first commissioner of the Am. Football League (AFL) in 1959-66. The Black Book, by Egyptian Wafdist Party member Makram Ubayd (1889-1961) is pub., exposing party corruption and weakening its credibility among nationalists. German-born Am. sociologist Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), who worked on U.S. anti-Nazi propaganda projects transfers to the new U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), working on denazification of Germany; meanwhile a psychological profile of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), written by Harvard psychologist (personality expert) Henry A. Murray (1893-1988) is commissioned by the OSS (not made public until 2005), diagnosing Hitler with neurosis, hysteria, paranoia, Oedipal tendencies, schizophrenia, infinite self-abasement, and syphilophobia, and concludes "There is a powerful compulsion in him to sacrifice himself and all of Germany to the revengeful annihilation of Western culture" - this is the one place we can be free? Now that nobody is looking, "pay as you go" income tax withholding begins in the U.S. with the passing of the U.S. Current Tax Payment Act. The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Program is established by the Allies to try to protect and/or rescue cultural property in war areas during and after WWII, growing to 400 servicemembers and civilians (incl. museum personnel and art historians) who work with the military to safeguard historic and cultural monuments; as the war ends, they switch to trying to find and return items stolen or hidden for safekeeping by the nasty Nazis; basis of the 2014 George Clooney film "The Monuments Men". Paperback Armed Services Editions (ASE) specially designed to fit in U.S. soldiers' pockets begin to be distributed to the U.S. military overseas, with 123M copies of 1K+ titles distributed by 1947, making paperback books popular. Place my feet on higher ground? French monomaniacal businessman Jean Monnet (1888-1979) devises the idea of a federation of Euro states "that would make them into a common economic unit" to prevent a repeat of WWI and WWII; he goes on to become a diplomat and wage a lifelong war, er, campaign to keep France and Germany from becoming able to wage another world war, getting steel and coal production placed under a European High Authority after the war, which evolves into the Common Market, the European Community, and the European Union (EU). Operation Bumblebee is launched by the U.S. Navy to build ramjets to combat German glide bombs and anti-ship missiles; in Mar. 1947 Topsail Island, N.C. becomes the permanent testing and launch facility until it is transferred to China Lake, Calif. in 1950. The town of Henderson, Nev. (SE of Las Vegas) (modern-day pop. 250K) is founded to supply the U.S. with magnesium, ramping up to 14K employees by the end of WWII, most of whom later move away; it is incorporated on Apr. 16, 1953 as the 2nd largest city in Nev. (94 sq. mi.). The Hanford Atomic Energy Center in Wash. is established, going on to make A-bombs, switching to electricity in the 1960s. The 1.3K-mi. large-diam. (20+ in.) Big Inch oil pipeline from Tex. to Penn. (begun 1941) begins operation. The scarcity of copper causes the U.S. Mint to issue Lincoln pennies in steel for one year, followed by copper salvaged from shell cases in 1944-5. Niels Bohr escapes from Denmark to Sweden, then to England and the U.S., where he joins the A-bomb effort, returning to Copenhagen in 1945 after the war. Boston Airport is renamed Logan Airport. The Nuffield Foundation in Britain is founded to fund R&D - in a new field? The free market small govt. think tank Inst. of Public Affairs (IPA) is founded in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia by 54 people, with close ties to the Australian Liberal Party, advocating deregulation and privatization, and opposing unions and climate change science. The first New York Fashion Week is held in the U.S., split into spring-summer and fall-winter shows; it spawns Milan Fashion Week (1958), Paris Fashion Week (1973), and London Fashion Week (1984). Leonard Bernstein (1918-90) makes his conducting debut at the New York Philharmonic after being called to replace sick Bruno Walter. After the U.S. govt. finds NBC's Red-Blue Network setup a monopoly, it spins-off the Blue Network as the Am. Broadcasting Co. (ABC), owned by Life Savers candy magnate Edward John Noble (1882-1958); the Big Three TV Networks (CBS, NBC, ABC) go on to dominate U.S. TV until the late 1980s. The comic strip Hazel, by Ted Key (Theodore Keyser) (1912-2008) debuts in The Saturday Evening Post. The Judy Canova Show debuts on CBS Radio (until 1955), starring Judy (Juliette) Canova (1913-83) as a love-starved Ozark bumpkin, causing her to become known as "the Ozark Nightingale". Kirill Kondrashin (1914-81) debuts at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow with Smetana's opera "The Sold Bride", and is made permanent; too bad, he is sacked in 1957 for political reasons, and ends up defecting to the West in 1978. Hollywood box office queen Betty Grable (1916-73), "the Girl with the Million Dollar Legs" poses for a pinup photo by 20th Cent. Fox photographer Frank Powolny (1902-86) that becomes wildly popular with GIs and makes her the highest paid female star in Hollywood by the end of the decade; meanwhile she marries big band leader Harry James in Las Vegas, Nev. (until 1965), starting the tradition of Vegas celebrity weddings; Grable had previously been married to child actor Jackie Coogan (who later plays Uncle Fester in "The Addams Family") from 1937-40; after she breaks up with James she hooks up with younger dancer Bob Remick before her early death from lung cancer. Martha Graham (1894-1991) dances in Deaths and Entrances, about the Bronte sisters - remember the hot days and sleepless nights? IKEA (named after founder Ingvar Kamprad plus his family farm of Eltaryd and the nearby village of Agunnaryd) is founded by Ingvar Feodor Kamprad (1926-2018) to sell replicas of Kamprad's uncle Ernst's kitchen table, diversifying to furniture in 1948, mostly sold by mail order, growing to $35B Euros/year revenue in 2016, and operating 411 stores in 46 countries in Nov. 2017. After being used in WWII for troops because of its resistance to weevil infestation, Uncle Ben's brand parboiled ("converted") rice, based on the 1910s Huzenlaub Process begins to be marketed by Forrest Mars Sr., becoming the #1 selling rice in the U.S. in 1950 (until the 1990s); in 1946 bow-tie-wearing Chicago maitre d'hotel Frank Brown poses for the covers; originally appearing to be a black servant, on Mar. 2007 the PC police get him promoted to chmn. of the board. Cincinnati, Ohio-born Jewish-Am. jukebox record store owner Sydney "Syd" Nathan (1904-68) founds King Records in Cincinnati to distribute hillbilly music, expanding to "race records" by African-Ams., going on to promote the Delmore Brothers, the Stanley Brothers, Moon Mullican, Cowboy Copas, Grandpa Jones, and discover R&B king James Brown in 1956; the motto is: "If it's a King it's a hillbilly". The Hollywood Barn Dance country-western musical variety show debuts as a wartime replacement for Gene Autry's "Melody Ranch", hosted by Paris, Tex.-born Cottonseed Clark (S. Clark Fulks) (1909-92), known for Smoky River Serenade (1947), and The Arkansas Swing (1948); performers incl. Foy Willing and the Riders of the Purple Sage, who provide the music for the All-Star Western Theater, along with fiddler Charlie Linvalle, yodeler Carolina Cotton, comic Johnny Bond, Kirby Grant, singing cowboy Ken Curtis, Andy Parker and the Plainsmen, Clem Smith, Maureen O'Connor, Roy Rogers, even Bob Hope; ends in 1948. Boston, Mass.-born jazz saxophonist Edward "Sonny" Stitt (Edward Boatner Jr.) (1924-82) first meets Charlie Parker, discovering that their styles are extraordinarily similar, causing Kenny Clarke to latter utter the soundbyte "Even if there had not been a Bird, there would have been a Sonny Stitt"; too bad, he also becomes an alcohol-heroin addict, but kicks the habits. Sports: On Jan. 1 5'8" right wing Reginald Stewart "Reg" Bentley (1914-80) (NHL scoring leader in 1942-3 with 73 points), 5'8" left wing Douglas Wagner "Doug" Bentley (1916-72), and 5'9" center Maxwell Herbert Lloyd "Max" Bentley (1920-84) (#3 in the NHL in scoring in 1942-3 with 70 points), become the first NHL all-brother line, playing for the Chicago Black Hawks; on Jan. 3 Max and Doug assist Reg on his first and only NHL goal; Reg only plays 11 games before joining the Canadian army to play on exhibition teams; Max is traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1947, playing on three Stanley Cup teams. On Apr. 1-8 the 1943 Stanley Cup Finals see the Detroit Red Wings defeat the Boston Bruins 4-0, becoming their 3rd title; in the 1943-4 NHL season Montreal Canadiens head coach James Dickinson Irvin "Dick" Irvin (1892-1957) creates the Punch Line, consisting of 5'10" center Elmer James Lach (1918-2015), 5'10" left wing Joseph Hector "Toe" Blake (1912-95), and 5'10" right wing Joseph Henri Maurice "Rocket" Richard (1921-2000), dominating the NHL for four seasons; it becomes kaput after Blake retires after the 1947-8 season. On Sept. 10 the Internat. Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum in Kingston, Ont., Canada opens, inducting its first class in 1945; in 1958 it moves to Toronto, Ont., becoming the Hockey Hall of Fame, whose 18-member committee meets annually in June to select new honorees in the categories of players, builders (coaches, gen. mgrs., commentators, owners), or on-ice officials; in 2010 the new category of female players is established. Count Fleet (1940-73) (jockey Johnny Longden) becomes the 6th horse to win horse racing's Triple Crown (last 1941), winning the Kentucky Derby by three lengths, the Preakness by eight lengths, and the Belmont Stakes by 25 lengths. Navy Lt. (j.g.) Joseph Raphael "Joe" Hunt (1919-45) wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title despite leg cramps that cause him to collapse after his opponent Jack Kramer hits a return that barely goes long; Pauline M. Betz wins the women's singles title; too bad, Hunt is killed in 1945 on a training mission off Daytona Beach, Fla. in his Grumman Hellcat. Montreal Canadiens forward Alex Smart (1918-2005) becomes the first NHL player to score a hat trick in his first game (Jan. 14) (next 1979). Architecture: The Clinton Boilers at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tenn. are built (finished 1944), becoming the world's largest steam installation, delivering 2.25M lbs. per hour of superheated steam. The Okla. U. football team begins a 16-game winning streak against Nebraska U. (ends 1958). Nobel Prizes: Peace: no award; Lit.: no award; Physics: Otto Stern (1888-1969) (U.S.) [molecular beam theory] (first Physics prize since 1939); doesn't mention the Stern-Gerlach Experiment because Walther Gerlach (1889-1979) is a Nazi and is running the German fission project; Chem.: Georg Karl (George Charles) de Hevesy (1885-1966) (Hungary) [Vitamin K]; Napalm inventor Louis Frederick Fieser (1899-1977) is passed over; Med.: Carl Peter Henrik Dam (1895-1976) (Denmark) and Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893-1986) (U.S.) [Vitamin K]. Inventions: On Mar. 5 the straight-wing Gloster Meteor "Meatbox", based on the revolutionary turbojet engine of Sir Frank Whittle makes its first flight, becoming the first British jet fighter and the only operational Allied jet in WWII, introduced on July 27, 1944 with RAF Squadron 616, and adopted by Australia, Israeli, Egypt, and Argentina; on Nov. 7, 1945 the first official jet air speed record of 606 mph (975 km/h) is set by a Meteor F.3; on Sept. 20, 1945 a Meteor I with its two turbine engines modified to drive propellers becomes the first turboprop aircraft to fly; on Feb. 10, 1954 the Gloster Meteor F8 Prone Pilot, a modified Meteor F.8 to place the pilot in a prone position makes its first flight, proving that an upright position is superior in combat, leading to the development of g-suits; 3,947 are built by the 1980s. On June 15 the 461 mph 20K ft. alt. Arado Ar 234 makes its first flight, becoming the world's first operational jet-powered bomber, becoming the last Luftwaffe aircraft to fly over Britain in WWII in Apr. 1945 in the last German blitz, which comes too late to make it Hitler's vaunted Vonder Veapon; British #1 pilot (Navy) Eric Melrose "Winkle" Brown (1919-2016) rushes to N Germany to capture the German air base in Grove, Belgium as part of Operation Enemy Flight, shipping 12 AR 234s to Farnborough. On July 22 the tandem wing Miles M.39B Libellula (Libellulidae = dragonfly family) experimental bomber, with the larger wing in the back to give the pilot the best possible view for aircraft carrier landing makes its first flight; too bad, it is canceled after only one is built. Am. chemist Louis Frederick Fieser (d. 1977) of Harvard U. et al. invent Napalm, a gasoline coagulator turning into a military gelatine; the name comes from the thickeners, aluminum salts of napthenic and palmitic acids. Thomas Harold "Tommy" Flowers (1905-98), Alan Mathison Turing (1912-54) et al. of Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England build the Colossus, the first large-scale electronic programmable computer to break the German Fish code; it contains an astounding 1.5K (1.8) valves (vaccum tubes); next June 1 the 2.4K-valve Colossus Mark 2 begins operation, with a 5x faster speed. Dow Chemical and Corning Glass of the U.S. set up Dow-Corning Co. to manufacture silicones for industrial use, based on the work of English chemist Frederick Stanley Kipping (1863-1949). The $1 Slinky precompressed helical spring toy (2.5" tall, containing 80 ft. of "high-grade blue-black Swedish steel wire" 0.0575 in. in diam. wrapped into 98 coils) is invented by naval engineer Richard Thompson James (1914-74) of Philadelphia, Penn., and becomes a toy craze after debuting in Gimbel's Dept. Store in Philly in Dec. 1945 and selling-out all 400 in 90 min.; in 1944 his wife Betty Mattas James (1918-2008) comes up with the name from a dictionary; in 1952 the Slinky Dog, invented by Helen (Herrick) Malsed of Wash. is introduced, and redesigned after the success of the 1995 film "Toy Story"; on Oct. 17, 1978 Donald James Reum Sr. of Master Mark Plastics in Albany, N.Y. patents the plastic Slinky; in 1998 Poof Products of Plymouth, Mich. acquires it; in 1999 the U.S. Postal Service issues a Slinky postage stamp; the 1960s theme song goes: "Slinky, Slinky, for fun it's a wonderful toy./ Slinky, Slinky, it's fun for a girl and a boy/ Everyone knows it's Slinky/ What walks down stairs, alone or in pairs,/ and makes a slinkity sound?/ A spring, a spring, a marvelous thing/ Everyone knows it's Slinky." Palatable dehydrated eggs are developed. Science: The She's Got a Hot Body Check Her Out Year in Science? In Mar. a secret meeting of Japanese physicists in Tokyo concludes that while an atomic bomb is possible, it can't be produced in time to be used in the present war by any of the warring powers; in Apr. Am. nuclear scientist Robert Serbert gives a secret lecture series to scientists in Los Alamos, N.M. describing the Manhattan Project in detail, and telling them that the first atomic bomb will be ready in two years. On Apr. 16 Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann (1906-2008) first discovers the psychedelic effect of his lab baby LSD, which he first synthesized in 1938, uttering the soundbyte: "There surged upon me an uninterrupted stream of fantastic images of extraordinary plasticity and vividness and accompanied by an intense, kaleidoscopelike play of colors." The U.S. begins developing anthrax weapons, and begins using penicillin to treat chronic diseases? After experimenting on the gigantic single-celled green algae Acetabularia since the 1930s, Danish-German biologist Joachim August Wilhelm Hammerling (Hämmerling) (1901-80) discovers that the nucleus contains the genetic info. and controls development, proving the existence of morphogenetic substances (mRNP). Italian microbiologist Salvador Edward Luria (1912-91) of Indiana U. and German-Am. biophysicist Max Ludwig Henning Delbruck (Delbrück) (1906-81) of Vanderbilt U. (colleagues of Alfred Day Hershey) perform the Luria-Delbruck (Delbrück) Experiment (Fluctuation Test), which shows that genetic mutations arise in the absence of Darwinian selection, rather than in response to it, i.e., by random mutation not adaptive change, bringing bacteria under Darwin's theory, winning them the 1969 Nobel Med. Prize.; Luria also shows that bacterial resistance to phages (viruses) is genetically inherited. Ukrainian-born Am. psychiatrist Leo Kanner (1894-1981) pub. the paper Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact, becoming the first systematic description of autistic children. After studying exemplary people incl. Albert Einstein and Eleanor Roosevelt, with the soundbyte "It is as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology, and we must now fill it out with the healthy half", Brooklyn, N.Y.-born Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-70) pub. the paper "A Theory of Human Motivation", proposing Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization. The antibiotic Streptomycin, effective in treating TB and bubonic plague is isolated from Streptomyces by Russian-born Jewish-Am. microbiologist Selman Abraham Waksman (1888-1973), who receives the 1952 Nobel Medicine Prize for it, and his Jewish-Am. asst. Albert Israel Schatz (1920-2005), who isn't given credit until he takes Waksman to court and wins; at first effective against bacteria resistant to penicillin, the pesky little buggers develop resistance, and the race for new antibiotics never ends (until ?); Jewish concentation camp survivor Inge Auerbacher (1934-) becomes one of the first to receive the new antibiotic, going on to become a chemist. In summer 1943 construction of a gaseous diffusion plant for production of enriched U-235 for the Manhattan Project is begun in Oak Ridge, Tenn. (later called the "Energy Capital of the World"); it is operational two years later after many problems are solved; U.S. physicist Arthur Jeffrey Dempster (1886-1950) discovered U-235 using his mass spectrograph (developed in 1918), and U.S. physicist John Ray Dunning (1907-75) of Columbia U. et al. proved that slow-moving neutrons cause U-235 to fission, and developed the method for isolating it which was put into large scale production there. Scottish-born GE engineer (New Haven, Conn.) James Wright (1874-1961) invents Silly Putty (Bouncing Putty) ("a liquid solid") while trying to make synthetic rubber for the war effort by substituting sulfur for carbon in the formula, mixing silicon oil with boric acid; in 1949 Peter C.L. Hodgson (1912-76), a copywriter for a small ad agency borrows $147 to market it out of a converted barn in North Branford, Conn. and ships it in pasteboard egg crates; Hodgson dies in 1976 leaving an estate of $140M; in 1977 Binney & Smith (makers of Crayola and Liquitex) buys the rights; by 1990 it sells 200M eggs (3K tons); in 1990 it comes out in four new fluorescent colors. Nonfiction: James Truslow Adams (ed.), Atlas of American History. Roy Chapman Andrews (1884-1960), Under a Lucky Star (autobio.). Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), Air and Dreams. Lady Eve Balfour (1899-1990), The Living Soil and the Haughley Experiment; the case for organic farming; leads to the founding of the Soil Assoc. in 1946. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968) and Negley K. Teeters, New Horizons in Criminology: The American Crime Problem. Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Farewell My Youth (autobio.). Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), Lytton Strachey. Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891-1973), The Latin American Policy of the United States. Robert Benchley (1889-1945), Benchley Beside Himself. Emory Stephen Bogardus (1882-1973), Dictionary of Cooperation. Phyllis Bottome (ed.), Our New Order or Hitler's? A Selection of Speeches by Winston Churchill), the Archbishop of Canterbury, Anthony Eden & Others. Fenner Brockway (1888-1988), Inside the Left (autobio.). Denis W. Brogan, The American Political Scene. Paul Brunton (1898-1981), The Wisdom of the Overself. John Roy Carlson, Under Cover. Eileen Chang, Chinese Life and Fashions; you've come a long way from the qipao, baby? Henry Steele Commager (1902-98), Majority Rule and Minority Rights. Gordon Alexander Craig (1913-2005), Edward Mead Earle, and Felix Gilbert (1905-91) (eds.), Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler. Ely Culbertson (1891-1955), Total Peace. Merle Eugene Curti (1897-1996), The Growth of American Thought (Pulitzer Prize); 2nd ed. 1951. Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970), The Judgment of the Nations; claims that the West is in its greatest hour of crisis, and that the only way out is a restoration of its spiritual-cultural roots based on a new perception of the inherent cultural creativity of Christianity, becoming a big hit with critics. Konstantin Fedin (1892-1977), Gorky Among Us. Esther Forbes (1891-1967), Paul Revere and the World He Lived In (Pulitzer Prize). Harry Emerson Fosdick, On Being a Real Person. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985) and Alan Hodge, The Use and Abuse of the English Language (The Reader Over Your Shoulder). J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Heredity and Politics. Christopher Hawkes (1905-92) and Jacquetta Hawkes (1910-96), Prehistoric Britain. Sidney Hook (1902-89), The Hero in History: A Study in Limitation and Possibility. Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952), Principles of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavior Theory; establishes animal learning-conditioning study as the dominant learning theory in the West. Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899-1977), Education for Freedom; advocates "intellectualism", the cultivation of the intellect as the aim of education, opposing the disproportionate emphasis on scientific and technical studies in favor of the classics, grammar, logic, rhetoric, and math. Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975), Evolutionary Ethics. Harold LeClair Ickes (1874-1952), Autobiography of a Curmudgeon. Emory Richard Johnson (1864-1950), Life of a University Professor, an Autobiography. Ted Lawson, Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo. A.D. Lindsay, The Modern Democratic State. Walter Lippmann (1889-1974), U.S. Foreign Policy. Carleton Mabee (1914-2014), The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel B. Morse (Pulitzer Prize). Dwight Macdonald (1906-82), The War's Greatest Scandal: The Story of Jim Crow in Uniform. Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-70), A Theory of Human Motivation; founds Humanistic Psychology. H.L. Mencken (1880-1956), Heathen Days: 1890-1936 (autobio.). Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61), The Structure of Behavior; attacks behaviorism in psychology; "Our goal is to understand the relationship of consciousness and nature: organic, psychological or even social." (first line) George Jean Nathan (ed.), Theatre Book of the Year; Nathan is ed. from 1943-51. Joseph Needham (1900-95), Time: The Refreshing River, Essays and Addresses, 1932-1942. Albert Jay Nock (1870-1945), Memoirs of a Superfluous Man; his blues over not being listened to about the evils of the New Deal; makes him a hit with oilman William F. Buckley Sr. Hans Erich Nossack (1901-77), The End; his account of the firebombing of Hamburg, which he witnessed - no reason to give up cigarettes now? Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), The Forgotten Ally. Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877-1959), The Classical Stationary State; popularizes the Pigou (Real Balance) Effect, the stimulation of output and employment during deflation by increasing consumption due to a rise in wealth - should be pig-out effect? Henrik Pontoppidan (1857-1943), Memoirs (posth.). Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), The Letters of Llewelen Powys (posth.); ed. Louis Wilkinson. Ernie Pyle (1900-45), Here Is Your War. C.E. Raven, Science, Religion and the Future. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology) (L'Être et le Néant); his response to Martin Heidegger's 1927 "Being and Time"; because there is no creator, man's existence is prior to his essence, causing him to be haunted by a vision of "completion" (a being that causes itself) (ens causa sui), which is mistaken for God, and which he tries to satisfies with his free will. Robert L. Scott Jr., God Is My Co-Pilot. Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Man and Society in Calamity. F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England. Irving Stone (1903-89), They Also Ran. J.M. Thompson, The French Revolution. Philip Toynbee (1916-81), The Barricades. James Thurber (1894-1961), Men, Women, and Dogs. Richard Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary. Wendell Willkie (1892-1944), One World; ideas for internat. cooperation. Thomas Wolfe (1900-38), Letters to His Mother (posth.). Ira Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons. Robert Mearns Yerkes, Chimpanzees: A Laboratory Colony. Michael Young (1915-2002) and Sir Henry Noel Young, Will the War Make Us Poorer? Art: Ivan Albright (1897-1983), The Picture of Dorian Gray. Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Odysseus and Calypso. Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975), July Hay. Georges Braque (1882-1963), Still Life with Palette. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), The Juggler. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Painting for Young People; The Eye of Silence (1943-4). Lucian Freud (1922-), The Painter's Room. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), L'Oeyx; El Dia es un Atentado; Redness of Lead. Piet Mondriaan (1872-1944), Broadway Boogie-Woogie. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Madonna and Child (Northampton). Grandma Moses (1860-1961), Sugaring-Off; down home scene of making maple syrup. Isabel Paterson, The God of the Machine; chooses Pytheas the Greek as a symbol of Western man. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Mural; U. of Iowa; Moon-Woman Cuts the Circle; The She-Wolf; Blue (Moby Dick). Norman Rockwell (1894-1978), Portrait of Rosie the Riveter; pub. on the May 29 (Memorial Day) cover of The Saturday Evening Post; modeled by Mary Doyle Keefe (1923-2015) of Vt., a non-factory worker who does it for $10, turning her into a muscular aircraft factory worker eating a sandwich with a riveting gun on her lap, using Hitler's "Mein Kampf" as a footrest; based on Michelangelo's portrait of Prophet Isaiah on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; sells for $5M in 2002; The Four Freedoms. Rufino Tamayo (1899-1991), Murals at Smith College (Mass.) Bill Traylor (1854-1949), Construction with Figures and Animals. Music: Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Concerto for Orchestra, Op. 116; written in 55 days after he gets ill from leukemia and Serge Koussevitzky offers him the job to pay his medical bills; debuts on Dec. 1, 1944 with the Boston Symphony, and ends up as one of his most popular compositions. Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Salute to Sydney (Fanfare); Work in Progress (Overture). Billy Butterfield Orchestra, Moonlight in Vermont; vocals by Margaret Whiting. John Alden Carpenter (1876-1951), The Anxious Bugler. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Straighten Up and Fly Right (500K copies); his first hit, becoming the first black to crossover to white audiences. Aaron Copland (1900-90), A Lincoln Portrait; Piano Sonata; Fanfare for the Common Man (Mar. 12); inspired by a speech by U.S. vice-pres. Henry A. Wallace which declared the dawning of the "century of the common man"; purposely debuts three days before income taxes are due, since withholding tax was put in place last year, causing collections to rise from $3.2B in 1942 to $6.5B in 1943 and $20B in 1944. Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965), Hymn and Fuguing Tunes (1943-64). Paul Creston (1906-85), First Symphony. Bing Crosby (1903-77) and the Andrews Sisters, Jingle Bells. Bing Crosby (1903-77) and the John Scott Trotter Orchestra, I'll Be Home for Christmas (Oct. 1) (#3 in the U.S.); composed by Walter Kent (1911-94), Kim Gannon, and Buck Ram; on Dec. 7, 1944 Crosby performs it at the Kraft Music Hall; about a WWII soldier stationed overseas, it becomes the most requested song at USO shows; meanwhile the BBC bans it. Tommy Dorsey, I'll Be Seeing You (in All the Old, Familiar Places); written by Iving Kahal and Sammy Fain. Maurice Druon (1918-2009) and Joseph Kessel (1898-1979), Le Chant des Partisans; becomes the anthem of the French Resistance. Deanna Durbin (1921-), Begin the Beguine. Duke Ellington (1899-1974), Black, Brown, and Beige; It Don't Mean a Thing; Satin Doll. Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Pastorales de Noel. Norman Dello Joio (1913-2008), The Mystic Trumpeter. Stan Kenton (1911-79) and His Orchestra, Eager Beaver. Aram Khachaturian (1903-78), Symphony No. 2 "Bell". Kay Kyser's Orchestra, Ma, He's Making Eyes at Me. Walter Kent, Kim Gannon and Buck Ram, I'll Be Home for Christmas. Peggy Lee (1920-2002), Why Don't You Do Right?; sells 1M copies, making her a star. Merry Macs, Mairzy Doats; composed by Milton Drake, Al Hoffman, and Jerry Livingston; #1 in Mar. 1944. Jimmy McHugh (1894-1969) and Harold Adamson (1906-80), Comin' in on a Wing and a Prayer; written after U.S. Army pilot Kendrick "Sonny" R. Bragg (1918-99) brags sunnily to McHugh "We came in on one engine and a prayer" after a mission in N Africa. Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Rondeau for Piano; Visions de l'Amen (Visions of the Amen); Trois Petites Liturgies de la Presence Divine (Three Small Liturgies of the Divine Presence) (1943-4). The Glenn Miller Orchestra, That Old Black Magic. Ella Mae Morse (1924-99), Shoo-Shoo Baby. Walter Piston (1894-1976), Prelude and Allegro (for organ and strings). Cole Porter (1891-1964), Something for the Boys (musical). Francis Poulenc, Les Animaux Modeles (Modèlés) (ballet). Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Oklahoma! (Away We Go) (musical) (St. James Theater, New York) (Mar. 31) (special Pulitzer Prize, 1944), Rodgers and Hammerstein's first musical play, based on the 1931 play "Green Grow the Hollies" by Lynn Riggs; choreography by Agnes de Mille; farm girl Laurey Williams (Joan Roberts), cowboy Curly McLain (Alfred Drake), and farmhand Jud Fry (Howard Da Silva) of Claremore; record 2,212 consecutive perf. (first show over 500), ending the lean years of the Great Depression and launching a Golden Age of Broadway; incl. People Will Say We're in Love, Surrey With the Fringe on Top, Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'; filmed in 1955. Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951), Ode to Napoleon. William Howard Schuman (1920-92), Secular Cantata No. 2, A Free Song (Mar. 26) (Boston); text from Walt Whitman's "Drum Taps" (first Pulitzer Prize in music) - and it goes to a Jew? Pete Seeger (1919-2014), Songs of the Lincoln and International Brigades (album). Frank Sinatra (1915-98), A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening, Randall Thompson (1899-1984), The Testament of Freedom; with texts by Thomas Jefferson. Harry Warren (1893-1981) and Mack Gordon (1904-59), You'll Never Know; 1943 Oscar for best song (Alice Faye in "Hello Frisco"). Anton von Webern (1883-1945), Second Cantata; Variations for Orchestra, Op. 30 (Winterthur, Switzerland). Kurt Weill (1900-50), One Touch of Venus (musical) (New York); lyrics by Ogden Nash. Paul Weston Orchestra, It Might As Well Be Spring; vocals by Margaret Whiting. Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958), Symphony No. 5 in D. Bob Wills (1905-75) and his Texas Playboys, New San Antonio Rose (#3). Movies: Frank Capra's Arsenic and Old Lace (Sept. 23), based on the 1941 Joseph Kesselring play, and held back for two years until it ends its Broadway run stars Cary Grant (who donates his $100 fee to the U.S. War Relief Fund) as Brooklyn drama critic Mortimer Brewster, who learns on his wedding day (Halloween) to Elaine Harper (Priscilla Lane) that his maiden aunts Abby (Josephine Hull) and Martha (Jean Adair), along with his brother Teddy (John Alexander) (who believes he's Teddy Roosevelt) have poisoned 13 lonely old bachelor friends with spiked elderberry wine (arsenic, strychnine, and "just a pinch of cyanide"); "Oh Mortimer don't be so inquisitive. The gentleman died because he drank some wine with poison in it." Edward Dmytryk's Back to Bataan stars John Wayne as Col. Joseph Madden, who leads the POW rescue at Cabanatuan; starts with an onscreen roll call of the real POWs. Lesley Selander's Border Patrol (Apr. 2) stars William Boyd as Hopalong Cassidy, Robert Mitchum as Quinn, Duncan Renaldo as a Mexican commandant, and George Reeves as Don Enrique Perez. Vincente Minelli's Cabin in the Sky (Apr. 9) (MGM); based on the 1940 Lynn Root play is an MGM musical starring the cream of black performers of the day, incl. Ethel Waters as Petunia Jackson, Eddie "Rochester" Anderson as Little Joe Jackson, and Lena Horne as Georgia Brown, who is edited so she can be taken out for theaters in states which ban black performers, becoming her only leading role in an MGM musical; also features Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington; does $1.95M box office on a $679K budget. Michael Gordon's Crime Doctor (June 22) stars Warner Baxter as amnesia victim Robert Ordway (formerly Phil Morgan), who becomes America's #1 criminal psychologist; spawns nine sequels by 1949. Delmer Daves' Destination Tokyo (Dec. 15) stars Cary Grant at Capt. Cassidy of the USS Copperfin, who leads a secret mission to spy on Tokyo Bay for the Doolittle Raid. Oswald Mitchell's The Dummy Talks (Oct. 25) (British Nat. Films) (Anglo-Am. Film Corp.) is a British crime film starring Claude Hulbert and Berle Orde, becoming the film debut of Bromley-by-Bow, Poplar, London-born Jack Warner (Horace John Waters) (1895-1981). Walt Disney's Education for Death: The Making of the Nazi (Jan. 15), based on the book by Gregor Ziemer is the story of Hans, who is checked for racial purity before being turned into a good Nazi. Humphrey Jennings' B&W Fires Were Started (I Was a Fireman) (Apr. 12) (Crown Film Unit), produced by Ian Dalrymple is a documentary-style film about British firefighters (Cyril Demarne et al.) during the London Blitz. Jean Mamy's Forces Occultes, produced by Bernard Fay claims to prove a worldwide Jewish-Freemason conspiracy, making their archenemies the Nazis into heroes. Sam Wood's For Whom the Bell Tolls (July 14), based on the 1940 Ernest Hemingway novel stars Gary Cooper as Am. prof. Robert Jordan fighting fascists in the Spanish Civil War while wooing Maria (Ingrid Bergman); Greek actress Katina Paxinou (1900-73) plays Pilar, becoming the first non-Am. actor/actress to win an Oscar; Hemingway personally selected the leads? Busby Berkeley's The Gang's All Here (Dec. 24) (20th Cent. Fox) makes a star of Portuguese-born Carmen Miranda (1909-55) after she wears a fruit hat, heavy on the phallic bananas, singing The Lady in the Tutti Frutti Hat. Leslie Howard's B&W The Gentle Sex (Apr. 15) (Gen. Film Distributors), produced by Derrick De Marney is a war propaganda film about seven women from different backgrounds who join the British Auxiliary Territorial Services; narrator Howard's last film before his untimely death on June 1, 1943. Victor Fleming's A Guy Named Joe (Dec. 23) stars Spencer Tracy as B-25 pilot Pete Sandige, who has the hots for WASP pilot Dorinda Durston (Irene Dunne), and is KIA, then sent back to Earth to help his replacement Ted Randall (Van Johnson in his first major film role, getting in a serious automobile accident mid-filming which leaves visible forehead scars from a plate inserted in his head), who hooks up with you know who. Jacques Tourneur's I Walked with a Zombie (Mar. 17) stars Frances Dee as Canadian nurse Betsy Connell, who cares for hauntingly lovely Jessica Holland (Christine Gordon), wife of Paul Holland (Tom Conway), owner of a sugar planation on Saint Sebastian Island in the Caribbean, whom she is in love with; the island is home to a voodoo community that puts Jessica in a voodoo trance and lures her and her hubby to their doom. Fred M. Wilcox's Lassie Come Home (Oct. 7) (MGM), based on the 1940 Eric Knight novel stars Roddy McDowall as Joe Carraclough, Elizabeth Taylor as Priscilla, Donald Crisp and Elsa Lanchester as Mr. and Mrs. Carraclough, and Nigel Bruce as the Duke of Rudling; does $4.5M box office on a $666K budget; the first of seven films (1943-51) about the smart collie (Lassie, not Liz), played by Rudd's Rough Collie Pal (1940-58), owned by Engle, N.M.-born trainer Ruddell Bird "Rud" Weatherwax (1907-85); Lassie, Lassie Jr., and Tommy Rettig star in the TV version in 1954-7. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (June 10) (Gen. Film Distributors) (United Artists), based on the David Low comic strip stars Roger Livesey (after Laurence Oliver is unavailable) as Maj.-Gen. Clive Wynne-Candy of the British Home Guard in WWII, who is captured in a Turkish bath in a premptive attack, shouting "War starts at midnight", after which he flashbacks to the Boer War, reliving his career; Deborah Kerr plays his early babe Edith Hunter after first choice Wendy Hiller is pregnant; does $275M box office on a $2M budget. Leslie Arliss' The Man in Grey (Aug. 23) (Gainsborough Pictures) stars Phyllis Calvert as British Wren Clarissa Richmond, who marries the fake, er, rake marquis of Rohan (James Mason) (the man in grey), after which her scheming actress friend Heather Snow (Margaret Lockwood) moves in and tries to ruin her life; does £300K box office on a £90K budget; the film debut (as acid-tongued Rokeby) of English actor Stewart Granger (James Lablache Stewart) (1913-93), who was released last year from military service for stomach ulcers, and becomes an overnight star in England, and their top box office draw in 1945-9 before moving to Hollywood; first of the Gainsborough Melodramas, a series of period costume dramas usually starring Lockwood, Calvert, Granger, and Mason, incl. "Love Story" (1944), "Fanny by Gaslight" (1944), "Madonna of the Seven Moons" (1945), "A Place of One's Own" (1945), "They Were Sisters" (1945), "The Wicked Lady" (1945), and "Caravan" (1946); in 1944-5 Mason becomes the top box office draw in Britain. Michael Curtiz' Mission to Moscow (May 22) (Warner Bros.); a "$2M love letter to Stalin", written by Howard Koch based on the 1941 bestseller by U.S. ambassador Joseph Edward Davies stars Walter Huston as Davies, who snuggles up to Stalin and sees the Soviet Union as a bastion of freedom and civilization against the German Huns, and even falls for the 1937 Moscow Trials; made at the request of FDR to whip up support for the war effort, it is a box office bomb and loses $600K despite a $250K ad budget, becoming a cause celebre for HUAC, which targets it in 1947, grilling Jack Warner and blacklisting Koch. Harold D. Schuster's My Friend Flicka (May 26) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1941 Mary O'Hara novel stars Roddy McDowall as 10-y.-o. Wyo. rancher's son Ken McLaughlin, who nurses his 1-y.-o. colt filly back to health after being cut by barbed wire; the father Rob McLaughlin (Preston Foster) shoots his gun, but only to ward off a mountain lion, and the filly recovers. Raoul Walsh's Northern Pursuit (Nov. 13) stars Errol Flynn as RCMP Cpl. Wagner, who uncovers a Nazi plot. Howard Hughes' B&W The Outlaw (Feb. 5) (United Artists) stars Jack Buetel as Billy the Kid, Thomas Mitchell as Pat Garrett, Walter Huston as Doc Holliday, and is the debut and breakthrough role for Ernestine Jane Geraldine Russell (1921-2011) as Rio McDonald, who lounges seductively in the hay for publicity shots; does $5M box office. William A. Wellman's The Ox-Bow Incident (May 8) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1940 Walter Van Tilburg Clark novel, set in 1885 Bridger's Wells, Nev. sees sleeping men Donald Martin (Dana Andrews), Juan Martinez (Anthony Quinn), and Alva Hardwick (Francis Ford, brother of dir. John Ford) lynched in Ox-Bow Canyon by a posse led by Maj. Tetley (Frank Conroy), and incl. Gil Carter (Henry Fonda) and Art Croft (Harry Morgan), who later learn that they were innocent; does $750K box office on a $565K budget. Paul Terry's Movie Terrytoons' Pandora's Box debuts Mighty Mouse (originally Super Mouse), drawn by artist Isidore Nah Klein (1897-): "Here I come to save the day! Which means that Mighty Mouse is on the way"; comic debut in 1945. Vijay Bhatt's Ram Rajya stars Prem Adib as Bhagwan Shri Ram, who is exiled for 14 years Walt Disney's Reason and Emotion is an animated anti-Nazi propaganda flick about Junior, who has to choose between becoming a professor or a caveman. and makes a comeback against Lord Ravan. Edward H. Griffith's The Sky's the Limit (July 13) is a dark musical comedy starring Fred Astaire as a troubled Flying Tiger on leave, proving he has dramatic skills; also stars Joan Leslie, Robert Benchley and Robert Ryan; Eric Blore plays an English butler, uttering the line "If I were not such a gentleman's gentleman, I could be such a cad's cad"; features the Astaire solo One for My Baby. Akira Kurosawa's Sanshiro Sugata (his dir. debut), based on the novel by Tsuneo Tomita features a martial arts show as a young Sanshiro travels to the city to learn Jujutsu but discovers Judo; not released in the U.S. until 1974. Henry King's The Song of Bernadette (Dec. 21), based on the 1942 Franz Werfel novel stars Jennifer Jones (Phyllis Lee Isley) (1919-2009) as lucky 1858 Roman Catholic babe St. Bernadette Soubirous, who is visited by the Virgin Mary, causing Lourdes, France to become a big Catholic tourist destination; during filming she hooks up with producer David O. Selznick even though she's married to actor Robert Walker. Mark Sandrich's So Proudly We Hail! (June 22) bills itself as "the first great Love Story of our women at the fighting front", about U.S. Army nurses in the Pacific theater, incl. Claudette Colbert, Paulette Goddard, Veronica Lake, Barbara Britton, and Mary Servoss; male stiffs incl. George Reeves. Andrew L. Stone's Stormy Weather (July 21), a 20th Cent. Fox musical written by Frederic J. Jackson and Ted Koehler stars Cab Calloway and His Cotton Club Orchestra, and "Bronze Goddess" Lena Horne (1917-2010) as Selina Rogers, who woos black dancer Bill Williamson (Bill Robinson), based on Bill "Bojangles" Robinson; features performances by Katherine Dunham and Her Troupe, Fats Waller, The Nicholas Brothers, The Tramp Band, and Dooley Wilson; incl. Stormy Weather by Lena Horne, and the Jumpin' Jive Sequence, which Fred Astaire calls "The greatest movie musical number he had ever seen." David Butler's Thank Your Lucky Stars is a Hollywood Canteen musical starring Errol Flynn, who shows off his singing-dancing talents, although the public wants him in action roles. Alfred E. Green's There's Something About a Soldier (Nov. 30) (not a remake of the 1934 Dave Fleischer flick about Betty Boop recruiting for the Army by offering inductees a kiss) stars Tom Neal and Evelyn Keyes, and is the film debut of "Blonde Bombshell" (a Brooklyn Jew, but who cares?) Shelley Winters (1920-2006), who started out on Broadway in "The Night Before Christmas" in 1941 as "Shelley Winter". Michael Curtiz'This is the Army (Aug. 14) stars future Calif. sen. George Murphy, future Calif. gov. Ronald Reagan, and Joan Leslie in a tribute to the U.S. soldier in WWII based on music and a play by Irving Berlin (1888-1989), who also acts, along with every extra in Hollywood? Jean Renoir's B&W This Land Is Mine (May 7) (RKO) stars Charles Laughton as unmarried schoolmaster Albert Loy in an unnamed town in Nazi occupied France, who is secretly in love with neighbor Louise Martin (Maureen O'Hara); does $1.4M box office on a ? budget. George Sidney's Thousands Cheer (Sept. 13) is an MGM musical comedy starring Gene Kelly and Kathryn Grayson, and features Kay Kayser's Band, along with numerous guest stars incl. Judy Garland, Lena Horne, Lucille Ball, Red Skelton, and Ann Sothern; pianist Jose Iturbi's first acting role in a film, launching his MGM musical career. Herbert Selpin's and Werner Klingler's Titanic (Nov. 10), costing 4M marks (most expensive German film production to date) blames British capitalist greed on the Titanic disaster; when dir. Herbert Selpin (1904-42) criticizes the Nazis, he is arrested then hung on his own suspenders by the Gestapo on Aug. 1, 1942, and framed on suicide; when the film crew figures it out, they are told to keep making the film or suffer the same fate - the money could have been used to protect Normandy from invasion? Herman Shumlin's Watch on the Rhine (Aug. 27), based on the play by Lillian Hellman and Dashiell Hammett stars Bette Davis and Paul Lukas as Sara and Kurt Muller, who are returning from Romania to the U.S. with money for an anti-Nazi group in Germany and are found out. Plays: Ugo Betti (1892-1953), Il Diluvio (The Flood). Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956), The Life of Galileo; The Good Woman of Setzuan. Noel Coward (1899-1973), This Happy Breed. Owen Davis Sr. (1874-1956), The Snark Was a Boojum; based on the Richard Shattuck novel. Katherine Dunham (1912-), A Tropical Revue (musical) (New York). John Van Druten (1901-57), The Voice of the Turtle (comedy) (title from Song of Solomon 2:10-13) (Morosco Theatre, New York) (Dec. 8) (1,557 perf.); aspiring actress Sally Middleton from Joplin, Mo. moves to the Big Apple and falls for U.S. Army Sgt. Bill Page, struggling with her religious upbringing demanding chastity until marriage; filmed in 1947 starring Ronald Reagan and Eleanor Parker. Horton Foote (1916-), Two Southern Idylls: Miss Lou and The Girls (Neighborhood Playhouse, New York). Rose Franken (1896-1988), Outrageous Fortune. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Le Papegay Triomphant. Ben Hecht (1894-1964), We Will Never Nie (Mar.) (Madison Square Garden); a pageant about the plight of the Jews in Europe, produced by Billy Rose and Ernst Lubitsch, with help from composer Kurt Well, performed for 40K in two shows then touring nationwide, along with an article in Reader's Digest containing the soundbyte: "Of these 6,000,000 Jews, almost a third have already been massacred by Germans, Romanians and Hungarians, and the most conservative of scorekeepers estimate that before the war ends at least another third will have been done to death"; too bad, the U.S. govt. does nothing, causing Hecht to complain "The pageant has accomplished nothing. Actually, all we have done is make a lot of Jews cry, which is not a unique accomplishment." Sidney Kingsley (1906-95), The Patriots. John Knittel (1891-1970), La Rochelle. Leonid Leonov (1899-1994), Lyonushka. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), A Moon for the Misbegotten; not produced until 1957. Arthur Pierson, Alan Jay Lerner (1918-86) and Frederick Loewe (1901-88), What's Up? (musical) (New York); launches the Lerner (composer) and Loewe (lyricist) partnership. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), While the Sun Shines. Elmer Rice (1892-1967), A New Life. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), The Flies (Les Mouches) (first play); Electra and Orestes battle with Zeus and his Furies, causing Zeus' worshipers to live in constant shame of their humanity. Irwin Shaw (1913-84), Sons and Soldiers. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Ogden Nash (1902-71), and S.J. Perelman (1904-79), One Touch of Venus (500 perf.); makes a star of Weatherford, Tex.-born Mary Virginia Martin (1913-90), mother of Larry Hagman. Poetry: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Musee Grevin. Rene Char (1907-88), Seuls Demeurent. Idris Davies (1905-53), The Angry Summer: A Poem of 1926. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), Four Quartets; incl. "Burnt Norton", "East Coker", "The Dry Salvages", "Little Gidding". Odysseus Elytis (1911-96), Sun the First Together with Variations on a Sunbeam. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), Afternoon of a Pawnbroker and Other Poems. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Freedom's Plow; "When a man starts out with nothing,/ When a man starts out with his hands/ Empty, but clean,/ When a man starts to build a world,/ He starts first with himself/ And the faith that is in his heart -/ The strength there,/ The will there to build." Leo Marks (1920-2001), The Life That I Have; British cryptographer writes it for his recently-deceased girlfriend Ruth Hambro, and gives it to French resistance agent Violette Reine Elizabeth Bushell Szabo (1921-45) to use as a code key; too bad, she is caught, tortured, and executed by the Nazis, becoming the subject of the 1958 English film "Carve Her Name with Pride"; used by Chelsea Clinton and Mark Mezvinsky in their 2010 wedding. Eugenio Montale (1896-1981), Finisterre. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), Cloth of the Tempest. Kathleen Raine (1908-2003), Stone and Flower (debut). William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), The Wedge. Novels: Sabahattin Ali (1907-48), Madonna in a Fur Coat; post-WWI love affair between Turkish student Raif Efendi and German singer Maria Puder in Berlin; knocks the 1-party regime of Kemal Ataturk, getting him imprisoned; the novel becomes a big hit during the regime of Erdogan. Jorge Amado (1912-2001), The Violent Land (Terras do Sem Fim). Sholem Asch (1880-1957), The Apostle. Nigel Balchin (1908-70), The Small Back Room. Vicki Baum (1888-1960), Hotel Berlin; sequel to "Menschem im Hotel" (Grand Hotel) (1929); filmed in 1944 by Peter Dodrey. Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86), She Came to Stay (first novel). Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Twenty-Five Short Stories (posth.). Sally Benson (1897-1972), Women and Children First (short stories). Arna Bontemps (1902-73) and Jack Conroy (1898-1990), The Fast Sooner Hound. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Within a Cup; Survival. Kay Boyle (1902-92), Avalanche. James Bridie (1888-1951), Mr. Bolfry. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Mrs Parkington; filmed in 1944 starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon as Susie and Maj. Augustus Parkington. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), The Promise. Ivan Bunin (1870-1953), The Dark Avenues (short stories); most widely-read short story collection in Russia in the 20th cent. James M. Cain (1892-1977), Three of a Kind. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87), Georgia Boy. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Arm and the Darkness. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Death Turns the Tables (The Seat of the Scornful); The Emperor's Snuff-Box; She Died a Lady. Raymond Chandler (1888-1959), The Lady in the Lake; 4th Philip Marlowe novel. John Cheever (1912-82), The Way Some People Live. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Towards Zero (June); last with Supt. Battle; Absent in the Spring (Aug.); pub. under alias Mary Westmacott (#3); title from Shakespeare's Sonnet 98; Death Comes at the End (Oct.); set in Thebes in 2000 B.C.E. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), Elders and Betters. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), Adventures of a Black Bag; Dr. Finlay. Roald Dahl (1916-90), The Gremlins (first children's book); RAF fighter pilot Gus has his Hawker Hurricane fighter destroyed over the English Channel by a gremlin to get even for destroying their forest home to make an aircraft factory, but he convinces them to help him fight the Nazis, becoming aircraft repairmen; their babies are called widgets; their females are called fifinellas, after filly Fifinella, who won the Epson Derby and Epsom Oaks in 1916, his birth year; a project by Disney to film it is scrapped because of problems getting rights from the RAF. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Le Sonneur de Bien Aller; Preface d'un Chameau en Pyjame. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Men and Stones. James T. Farrell (1904-79), My Days of Anger. Howard Fast (1914-2003), Citizen Tom Paine. Vardis Fisher (1895-1968), Darkness and the Deep; first of the 12-vol. series "The Testament of Man", tracing human thought to the present. Martin Archer Flavin (1883-1967), Journey in the Dark (Pulitzer Prize). Esther Forbes (1891-1967), Johnny Tremain. Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), Gli Anni (The Years). Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), The Story of Marie Powell: Wife to Mr. Milton. Henry Green (1905-73), Caught. Graham Greene (1904-91), The Ministry of Fear; a man gets caught up in an internat. spy ring in London during the Blitz after guessing the weight of a cake at a fair and finding a secret microfilm; filmed in 1944. Woody Guthrie (1912-67), Bound for Glory (first novel). Hermann Hesse (1877-1962), Das Glasperlenspiel (The Glass Bead Game, Magister Ludi); the disciplined intellectual world of Castalia in C Europe in the 25th cent., where people play the mysterious Glass Bead Game in the Waldzell School; "Here and there in the ancient literatures we encounter legends of wise and mysterious games that were conceived and played by scholars, monks, or the courtiers of cultured princes. These might take the form of chess games in which the pieces and squares had secret meanings" - I can't comment because of a gag order? Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), Winter Quarters. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), Jenny Devilin. Joseph Kessel (1898-1979), L'Armee des Ombres; filmed by Jean-Pierre Melville in 1969. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Arrival and Departure. Halldor Kiljan Laxness (1902-98), Iceland's Bell (2 vols.) (1943-4). C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), Perelandra (Voyage to Venus); sequel to "Out of the Silent Planet" (1938). Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), None But the Lonely Heart; a Cockney boy returns home to his family and finds they need him; filmed in 1944. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Upside-down. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), Rhadopsis of Nubia. Thomas Mann (1875-1955), Joseph, der Ernaher (Ernäher). Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), Yellow Tapers for Paris, a Dirge. Rosamond Marshall (1902-57), Kitty. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Q-Boat; The Fighting American; The Man from G-2. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), Hungry Hill. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), But Gently Day; Journal for Josephine. Kathleen Norris (1880-1966), Corner of Heaven. Mary O'Hara (1885-1980), Thunderhead; sequel to "My Friend Flicka" (1941). Martha Ostenso (1900-63), O River, Remember! Martha Ostenso (1900-63) and Elizabeth Kenny (1880-1952), And They Shall Walk. Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), Allegoria di Novembre. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Number One; #2 in the District of Columbia Trilogy. Roger Peyrefitte (1907-2000), Les Amities Particulieres (Les Les Amitiés Particulières); a Roman Catholic boarding school where teenies Georges de Sarre, Lucien Rouviere, and Alexandre Motier dally in homosexualty, making Father de Trennes and Father Lauzon jealous, becoming an instant hit. Richard P. Powell (1908-99), Don't Catch Me (first novel); first of 10 Inner Sanctum Mysteries (until 1955). Ellery Queen (ed.), The Female of the Species (anthology). Ayn Rand (1905-82), The Fountainhead; an "overture for Atlas Shrugged" (1957); her first bestseller (6.5M copies), making her a star and fixing her financially; filmed in 1949; "Man's ego is the fountainhead of human progress"; 22-y.-o. architect "Howard Roark laughed" at the establishment, choosing to live in obscurity rather than sell out? (Frank Lloyd Wright in disguise?), meeting dream babe Dominique Francon, whom he seduces, after which she accuses him of rape, causing him to utter the soundbyte: "If it was rape, it was rape by engraved invitation"; rejected by 12 pubs. before Bobbs-Merrill takes a chance; introduces her philosophy of Objectivism, "The concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute"; "The famous flutings on the famous columns [of the Parthenon] - what are they for? To hide the joints in wood - when columns were made of wood, only these aren't, they're marble. The triglyphs, what are they? Wood. Wooden beams, the way they had to be laid when people began to build wooden shacks. Your Greeks took marble and they made copies of their wooden structures out of it, because others had done it that way. Then your masters of the Renaissance came along and made copies in plaster of copies in marble of copies in wood. Now here we are, making copies in steel and concrete of copies in plaster of copies in marble of copies in wood... Here are my rules: what can be done with one substance must never be done with another. No two materials are alike. No two sites on earth are alike. No two buildings have the same purpose. The purpose, the site, the material determine the shape." Nathan Robert, But Gently Day; Journal for Josephine. Mary Renault (1905-83), The Friendly Young Ladies (The Middle Mist). Romain Rolland (1866-1944), Peguy (Péguy). Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), King in Prussia (The Birth of Mischief). William Saroyan (1908-81), The Human Comedy; same title as a Balzac novel; based on Homer's "Odyssey"; young telegraph messenger Homer in Ithaca (really Fresno), Calif. during WWII, his younger brother Ulysses, and his babe Helen Eliot; based on Homer's "Odyssey"; starts out as a screenplay for Louis B. Mayer that got too long. Antoine de Saint-Exupery (1900-44), The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince); a pilot is stranded in the desert and meets a young prince fallen to Earth from a house-size Asteroid B-612, who imagines himself to be a horticulturist, with a special rose, who digs on a philosophical fox, who utters the soundbytes: "One sees clearly only with the heart. What is essential is invisible to the eyes" (On ne voit bien qu'avec le coeur. L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux), "You become responsible, forever, for what you have tamed" (Tu deviens responsable pour toujours de ce que tu as apprivoisé), "It is the time you have lost for your rose that makes your rose so important" (C'est le temps que tu as perdu pour ta rose qui fait ta rose si importante), "Grownups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to always be explaining things to them", "If anybody wants a sheep, that is a proof that he exists", "A single event can awaken within us a stranger totally unknown to us. To live is to be slowly born." Gladys Schmitt (1909-72), David the King; bestseller (1M copies). Allan Seager (1906-68), Equinox. Betty Smith (1896-1972), A Tree Grows in Brooklyn; bestseller about 2nd gen. Irish-Am. teenie Francis Mary "Francie" Nolan (1901-) of Willimsburg, Brooklyn, N.Y. and the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in the first two decades of the 20th cent.; filmed in 1945 by Elia Kazan. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Oxford Goes to War. Wallace Stegner (1909-93), The Big Rock Candy Mountain; autobio. novel about Bo Mason and his wife Elsa and son Bruce in early 19th cent. U.S.; followed by "Recapitulation" (1979). Jesse Stuart (1906-84), Taps for Private Tussie; bestseller (1M copies). Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), The Makioka Sisters (1943-8). James Thurber (1894-1961), Many Moons; big hit with kids. Peter De Vries (1910-93), Angels Can't Do Better. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), At Heaven's Gate. Franz Werfel (1890-1945) and S.N. Behrman (1893-1973), Jacobowsky and the Colonel. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), Gunmen, Gallants and Ghosts. Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), The Man Who Loved Lions (The Man Who Was Not There). Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867-1957), These Happy Golden Years. Births: Am. investor (Revlon chmn.) (Jewish) Ronald Owen "Ron" Perelman on Jan. 1 in Greensboro, N.C.; educated at Wharton School; husband (2000-6) of Ellen Barkin (1954-). Am. "East Bound and Down" country songwriter-musician Richard Dean "Dick" Feller on Jan. 2 in Bronaugh, Mo. Am. "No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt" historian Doris Kearns Goodwin (nee Doris Helen Kearns) on Jan. 4 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Colby College, and Harvard U. Am. country singer Leona Williams (Leona Belle Helton) on Jan. 7 in Vienna, Mo.; wife (1978-83) of Merle Haggard (1937-2016). English rock drummer Keith Anthony Joseph "Lee" Jackson (The Nice) on Jan. 8 in Newcastle upon Tyne. Am. "The Bell Curve" political scientist Charles Alan Murray on Jan. 8 in Newton, Iowa; educated at Harvard U. Am. singer-songwriter Scott Walker (Noel Scott Engel) (Walker Brothers) on Jan. 9 in Hamilton, Ohio. Am. "Don't Mess Around With Jim", "Time in a Bottle", "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" singer-songwriter James Joseph "Jim" Croce (d. 1973) on Jan. 10 in South Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Villanova U. Swiss astrophysicist Michel G.E. Mayor on Jan. 12 n Lausanne. Am. "Bull Shannon in Night Court" 6'8" actor Charles Richard Moll on Jan. 13 in Pasadena, Calif. Am. astronaut Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid on Jan. 14 in Shanghai, China. Am. cell biologist (Jewish) Ralph Marvin Steinman (d. 2011) on Jan. 14 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; educated at McGill U., and Harvard U.; 2011 Nobel Med. Prize; coiner of the term "dendritic cells". Am. "Evelyn Harper in Two and a Half Men" actress Holland Taylor on Jan. 14 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Smoky Mountain Rain" country singer (blind) Ronnie Lee Milsap on Jan. 16 in Robinsville, N.C. Am. "Let's Dance" singer Chris Montez (Ezekiel Christopher Montanez) on Jan. 17 in Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. Rep. (R-Tex.) (1997-) and Fort Worth, Tex. mayor #21 (1991-5) Norvell Kay Granger (nee Mullendore) on Jan. 18 in Greenville, Tex.; educated at Tex. Wesleyan U. Am. "Down on Me", "Piece of My Heart" singer Janis Lyn Joplin (d. 1970) (Big Brother and the Holding Company) on Jan. 19 in Port Arthur, Tex. Am. "Constantine's Sword", "House of War" writer and Roman Catholic priest James P. Carroll on Jan. 22 in Chicago, Ill.; 2nd son of USAF gen. Joseph Francis Carroll (1919-91); grows up as a neighbor of Gen. Curtis LeMay; educated at Georgetown U.; "Fear was the bond that I had with my father... A sacred trust constructed of existential dread." Am. "In the Year 2525" singer Rick Evans on Jan. 23 in Lincoln, Neb. Am. "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" actor Gilbert "Gil" Gerard on Jan. 23 in Little Rock, Ark.; husband (1979-87) of Connie Sellecca (1955-). Am. "Valley of the Dolls" Mansoned actress Sharon Marie Tate (d. 1969) on Jan. 24 in Dallas, Tex.; daughter of Doris Tate (1924-92); wife (1968-9) of Roman Polanski (1933-). Am. "Texas Chain Saw Massacre", "Poltergeist" film dir. William Tobe Hooper on Jan. 25 in Austin, Tex.. Am. rock musician Marty Balin (Martyn Jerel Buchwald) (Jefferson Airplane) on Jan. 30 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. physicist Pierre Ramond on Jan. 31 in Neuillay-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine; educated at Syracuse U. Scottish "George H. Pendleton in Lincoln" actor Peter McRobbie on Jan. 31 in Hawick Bordres. Am. Casablanca Records founder Neil Bogart (Neil E. Bogatz) (d. 1982) on Feb. 3 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Brighton Beach Memoirs" actress Blythe Katherine Danner on Feb. 3 in Philadelphia, Penn.; wife (1969-) of Bruce Danner (1943-2002); mother of Gwyneth Paltrow (1972-). Am. R&B singer (black) Dennis Edwards on Feb. 3 in Birmingham, Ala. Am. Unix programmer Kenneth Lane "Ken" Thompson on Feb. 4 in New Orleans, La.; educated at UCB; collaborator of Dennis Ritchie (1941-). Am. electrical engineer (Atari and Chuck E. Cheese founder) Nolan Kay Bushnell on Feb. 5 in Clearfield, Utah; educated at the U. of Utah, and Stanford U. Am. 6'4" football QB (Dallas Cowboys, 1965-74) (New York Giants, 1974-6) (Denver Broncos, 1977-82) Larry Craig Morton on Feb. 5 in Flint, Mich.; educated at the U. of Calif. leads Dallas to the Super Bowl in 1970, and Denver in 1977. Am. "The Last of the Mohicans", "Heat", "The Insider" dir.-producer-writer Michael Kenneth Mann on Feb. 5 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Wisc., and London Film School. Am. "Tiger", "Turn Me Loose", "Hound Dog Man" singer Fabian (Fabiano Anthony Forte) on Feb. 6 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. atty Clayland "C." Boyden Gray on Feb. 6 in Winston-Salem, N.C.; son of Pres. Eisenhower's nat. security adviser Gordon Gray (1909-82); grandson of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. pres. Bowman Gray Sr. (1874-1935); educated at Harvard U., and U. of N.C. Am. "The Bad Bunch" actor-writer-dir.-producer Greydon Clark on Feb. 7 in Niles, Mich. Am. "The Fiery Trial" historian (Jewish) Eric Foner on Feb. 7 in New York City; son of Jack Donald Foner (1910-99); nephew of Philip Sheldon Foner (1910-94); educated at Columbia U., and Oriel College, Oxford U. Am. "Creed Bratton in The Office" actor-singer Creed Bratton (William Charles Schneider) (Grass Roots) on Feb. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Baby, I'm Yours" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Barbara Lewis on Feb. 8 in Salem (near Ann Arbor), Mich. Am. "Tommy DeVito in Goodfellas", "Vinny Gambini in My Cousin Vinny", "David Ferrie in JFK", "Leo Getz in Lethal Weapon 3" actor Joseph Frank "Joe" Pesci on Feb. 9 in Newark, N.J.; starts out as a barber like his mother. Am. "Globalization and Its Discontents" economist (Jewish) Joseph Eugene Stiglitz on Feb. 9 in Gary, Ind.; educated at MIT, the U. of Chicago, and Cambridge U.; 2001 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Vanished", "A Dangerous Woman" novelist Mary McGarry Morris on Feb. 10. Am. "Mr. Fabulous in The Blues Brothers" musician Alan Rubin on Feb. 11; educated at Juilliard School of Music. Am. "The Gnostic Gospels" religion prof. (Princeton U.) Elaine Pagels (nee Hiesey) on Feb. 13 in Palo Alto, Calif.; educated at Stanford U., and Harvard U.; husband (1969-) of Heinz Pagels (1939-88). Am. "Thirsty Boots" folk musician Eric Anderson on Feb. 14 in Pittsburgh, Penn. English ballet dancer Sir Anthony James Dowell on Feb. 16 in London; partner of Antoinette Sibley (1939-). Am. "In the Year 2525" singer Denny Zager (Zager and Evans) on Feb. 18 in Wymore, Neb. Am. "Lightnin' Strikes", "Rhapsody in the Rain" singer Lou Christie (Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco) on Feb. 19 in Glenwillard, Penn.; grows up in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. "October Sky" writer Homer Hadley Hickam Jr. on Feb. 19 in Coalwood, W. Va.; educated at Va. Tech. English biochemist Sir Richard Timothy "Tim" Hunt on Feb. 19 in Neston, Cheshire; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford U.; 2001 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. evolutionary biologist-sociobiologist Robert Ludlow "Bob" Trivers on Feb. 19 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Harvard U. Australian playwright David Keith Williamson on Feb. 19 in Melbourne. Soviet cosmonaut Alexander (Aleksandr) Pavlovich Aleksandrov on Feb. 20 in Moscow. Japanese 6'3" wrestler Kanji "Antonio" Inoki on Feb. 20 in Yokohama. Am. billionaire film-music exec (Jewish) (gay) David Geffen on Feb. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Polish father, Ukrainian mother; founder of Asylum Records (1970), Geffen Records (1980), and Dreamworks SKG (1994). Am. football hall-of-fame WR (Oakland Raiders) (1965-78) Frederick S. "Fred" Biletnikoff on Feb. 23 in Erie, Penn.; last NFL player to play without wearing pads. Am. "Plainsong" novelist Kent Haruf (pr. to rhyme with sheriff) on Feb. 24 in Pueblo, Colo. English rock composer-musician George Harrison (d. 2001) (Beatles, Traveling Wilburys) on Feb. 25 in Liverpool. Am. talk show host (Jewish) Sally Jessy Raphael (Lowenthal) on Feb. 25 in Easton, Penn.; educated at Carnegie Mellon U. and Columbia U. Am. "Bernice in Live a Little, Love a Little" actress Michele Carey on Feb. 26 in Annapolis, Md.; child prodigy on the piano. Am. blues singer Robert Ernest "Bob the Bear" Hite (d. 1981) (Canned Heat) on Feb. 26 in Torrance, Calif. Am. Black Panther Party leader (black) Elaine Brown on Mar. 2 in North Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Blues Run the Game" folk musician Jackson Carey Frank (d. 1999) on Mar. 2 in Buffalo, N.Y.; horribly burned on Mar. 31, 1954 when the furnace at Cleveland Hill Elementary School in Cheektowaga, N.Y. explodes, giving him a $110.5K insurance settlement in 1964 that he uses to move to England before he goes totally schizo. English "Bombardier Solly Solomons in It Ain't Half Hot Mum" actor-dir.-writer George Layton (Lowry) on Mar. 2 in Bradford, Yorkshire. English rock drummer Daniel Joseph Anthony "Tony" Meehan (d. 2005) (Shadows) on Mar. 2 in Hampstead, North London. English rock bassist Christopher Taylor "Chris" White (The Zombies) on Mar. 7 in Barnet, Hertfordshire; not to be confused with the saxophonist Chris White (1955-). Am. "I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas" singer Gayla Rienette Peevey on Mar. 8 in Oklahoma City, Okla. English "Georgy Girl" actress Lynn Rachel Redgrave (d. 2010) on Mar. 8 in London; daughter of Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-85) and Rachel Kempson (1910-2003); sister of Vanessa Redgrave (1937-) and Corin Redgrave (1939-2010); aunt of Natasha Richardson (1963-2008), Joely Richardson (1965-), and Jemma Redgrave (1965-). Welsh "Paris 1919" rock musician-producer John Davies Cale (Velvet Underground) on Mar. 9 in Garnant, Carmarthenshire. Am. "Bad Boy of Chess" anti-Semitic world chess champ #11 (1972-5) (Jewish?) Robert James "Bobby" Fischer (d. 2008) on Mar. 9 in Chicago, Ill.; German biophysicist (Jewish?) father and German Jewish mother; starts playing chess at age 6, is tutored by John W. Collins, attends Erasmus Hall High School with Barbra Streisand, wins the U.S. junior title at 13 and the U.S. title at age 14, becomes the youngest internat. grandmaster in history at 15, then drops out of school at age 16 to go pro - the coolest of the Rainmen? Am. "ABC's Good Morning America" TV personality Charles deWolf "Charlie" Gibson on Mar. 9 in Evanston, Ill.; educated at Princeton U. Am. Macintosh designer (Jewish) Jef Raskin (d. 2005) on Mar. 9 in New York City; educated at SUNY and Penn. State U.; father of Aza Raskin (1984-). Am. "Sly and the Family Stone" musician-songwriter-producer (black) Sly Stone (Sylvester Stewart) (Sly and the Family Stone) on Mar. 15 in Denton, Tex.; brother of Rose Stone (1945-), Freddie Stone (1946-), and Vet Stone (1950-); grows up in Vallejo, Calif.; has famous Interview with Dick Cavett. Am. "The Sacred Depths of Nature" biologist Ursula Wiltshire Goodenough,/a> on Mar. 16 in New York City; educated at Columbia U., and Harvard U. Malawian pres. #2 (1994-2004) (black) Elson Bakili Muluzi on Mar. 17 in Machinga. Am. "Midnight Train to Georgia", "Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me" singer-songwriter Jim Weatherly on Mar. 17 in Pontotoc, Miss. Am. "Mack McKenzie in Knots Landing" actor Kevin Patrick Dobson on Mar. 18 in Jackson Heights, Queens, N.Y.; of Irish descent. Mexican-Am. CFC/ozone chemist Jose Mario Molina-Pasquel Henriquez (d. 2020) on Mar. 19 in Mexico City; educated at UCB; 1995 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. celeb Lynda Bird Johnson Robb on Mar. 19; daughter of U.S. pres. Lyndon Baines Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson; wife (1967-) of Charles S. Robb (1939-). Am. radio journalist Linda Wertheimer on Mar. 19 in Carlsbad, N.M.; educated at Wellesley College. Am. "Give Me the Night", "This Masquerade" R&B singer-guitarist (black) George Benson on Mar. 22 in Pittsburgh, Penn. English rock singer Keith William Relf (d. 1976) (Yardbirds) on Mar. 22 in Richmond, Surrey. Am. composer Joseph Schwantner on Mar. 22 in Chicago, Ill. Canadian "Shakin' All Over" rocker Chad Allan (Allan Kowbel) (Guess Who) on Mar. 23 in Winnipeg, Man. Am. "Det. David Starsky in Starsky and Hutch", "Capt. Jack Steeper in Third Watch" actor-dir. (Jewish) Paul Michael (Manfred) Glaser on Mar. 25 in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at Tulane U. and Boston U. Am. Watergate journalist Robert Upshur "Bob" Woodward on Mar. 26; educated at Yale U. Am. "Bertha in Two and a Half Men" actress Conchata Ferrell on Mar. 28 in Charleston, W. Va. English "Starlight Express", "The Phantom of the Opera" lyricist Sir Richard Henry Simpson Stilgoe on Mar. 28 in Camberley, Surrey; grows up in Liverpool; educated at Clare College, Cambridge U.; father of Joe Stilgoe (1979-); knighted in 2012. British Conservative PM (1990-7) Sir John Roy Major on Mar. 29 in St. Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey; grows up in Brixton; educated at Rutlish Grammar School, Wimbledon, and leaves school at age 16; knighted in 2005; "Fifty years from now, Britain will still be the country of long shadows on cricket grounds, warm beer, invincible green suburbs, dog lovers and pool fillers." English "Monty Python" actor-comedian Eric Idle on Mar. 29 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear; father is killed while hitchhiking. Greek "Chariots of Fire", "Blade Runner" composer Vangelis (Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou) on Mar. 29 in Volos; pr. with a hard g. Am. "Cpl. Nikanor Nick Chevotarevich in The Deer Hunter", "Frank White in King of New York", "Capt. Koons in Pulp Fiction" actor-dir.-writer Ronald Christopher "Ronnie" Walken on Mar. 31 in Astoria, Queens, N.Y.; named after Ronald Colman; German immigrant father, Scottish immigrant mother. Bangladeshi Muslim politician Motiur Rahman Nizami on Mar. 31 in Pabna. Am. jazz fusion guitarist Larry Coryell on Apr. 2 in Galveston, Tex. Canadian singer-songwriter Richard George Manuel (d. 1986) (The Band) on Apr. 3 in Stratford, Ont. Am. "Det. Stan Wojo Wojciehowicz in Barney Miller" actor Max Gail on Apr. 5 in Detroit, Mich. English "The Wedding", "It's Magic" singer Julie Rogers (nee Rolls) on Apr. 6 in London. Am. "A Chorus Line", "Dreamgirls" writer-dancer-choreographer-dir. (Jewish) (bi) Michael Bennett DiFiglia (d. 1987) on Apr. 8 in Buffalo, N.Y.; Roman Catholic father, Jewish mother. Am. folk musician Arthur Roy "Artie" Traum (d. 2008) on Apr. 3 in Bronx, N.Y.; brother of Happy Traum (1938-). Am. alpine skier William Winston "Billy" Kidd on Apr. 13 in Burlington, Vt. English "Shout" writer-novelist-journalist-playwright Philip Norman on Apr. 13 in London; grows up in Ryde, Isle of Wight. Lebanese PM (1005-8) (Sunni Muslim) Fouad (Fuad) Siniora on Apr. 14 in Sidon. Am. Enron Corp. CEO (1985-2002) Kenneth Lee "Ken" Lay (d. 2006) on Apr. 15 in Tyrone, Mo.; educated at the U. of Mo. and U. of Houston. Am. physician (Jewish) Robert Joseph Lefkowitz on Apr. 15 in Bronx, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and Columbia U.; 2012 Nobel Chem. Prize. English "I Just Want To Make Love To You" rocker David "Lonesome Dave" Peverett (d. 2000) (Foghat) on Apr. 16 in Dulwich, South East London. Am. liberal journalist Robert Kuttner on Apr. 17 in New York City; educated at Oberlin College, UCB, and London School of Economics. Canadian "Born to Be Wild" songwriter Mars Bonfire (Dennis Edmonton) on Apr. 21 in Oshawa, Ont. Am. "Faithful and Virtuous Night" poet (Jewish) Louise Elisabeth Gluck (Glück) on Apr. 22 in New York City; of Hungarian Jewish descent; grows up in Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U.; known for waxing eloquent about her teenage eating disorder; 2020 Nobel Lit. Prize. Canadian Corel Corp. founder Michael Cowpland on Apr. 23 in Bexhill, Sussex, England; educated at Carleton U. Am. 6'1" basketball player (white) Gail Charles "Stumpy" Goodrich Jr. on Apr. 23 in Los Angeles, Calif. French "Tattoo in Fantasy Island", "Nick Nack in The Man with the Golden Gun" 3'11" midget actor (alcoholic) Herve Jean-Pierre Villechaize (d. 1993) on Apr. 23 in Paris; French and Filipino ancestry. Canadian "First Blood" novelist David Morrell on Apr. 24 in Kitchener, Ont. Am. hall-of-fame bowler Dave Davis on Apr. 28 in Hackensack, N.J. British historian (of Nazi Germany) (Roman Catholic) Sir Ian Kershaw on Apr. 29 in Oldham, Lancashire; educated at St. Bede's College, U. of Liverpool, and Merton College, Oxford U.; disciple of Martin Broszat (1926-89); husband of Betty Kershaw (1943-). Am. "Dream Weaver", "Live Is Alive" rock musician Gary Malcolm Wright (Spooky Tooth) on Apr. 26 in Cresskill, N.J. Algerian foreign minister (2007-) Mourad Medelci on Apr. 30 in Tlemcen. Am. "Take Good Care of My Baby", "Rubber Ball" singer-actor Bobby Vee (Robert Thomas Velline) on Apr. 30 in Fargo, N.D. Am. economist William Hall "Bill" Janeway on May 3 in New York City; son of Eliot Janeway (1913-93) and Elizabeth Janeway (1913-2005); brother of Michael Charles Janeway (1940-2014); educated at Princeton U., and Cambridge U. French "The 400 Blows", "Day for Night" actor Jean-Pierre Leaud (Léaud) on May 5 in Paris. English "Monty Python" actor-comedian Michael Edward Palin on May 5 in Broomhill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Am. "Behold a Pale Horse" UFOlogist and conspiracy theorist Milton William "Bill" Cooper (d. 2001) on May 6 in Long Beach, Calif. English "The Ghost Road", "Regeneration" historical novelist (female) Pat Barker on May 8 in Thornaby-on-Tees, North Riding of Yorkshire; educated at the London School of Economics. Japanese flash memory inventor Fujio Masuoka on May 8 in Takasaki, Gunma. English rock bassist Paul Samwell-Smith (Yardbirds) on May 8 in Richmond, Surrey. Am. "Dirty Dancing", "Sister Act" dir.-producer (gay) Emile Ardolino (d. 1993) on May 9 in Maspeth, N.Y.; Italian immigrant parents. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Cincinnati Royals #17, 1964-6) George Wilson on May 9 in Meridian, Miss.; educated at the U. of Cincinnati. French astronomer Antoine Emile Henry Labeyrie on May 12. Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Aleksandrovich Dzhanibekov (Krysin) on May 13 in Iskandar, Uzbekistan. Am. R&B singer (black) ("the Queen of Motown") ("First Lady of Motown") Mary Esther Wells (Mary Wells Womack) (d. 1992) on May 13 in Detroit, Mich. Scottish rock singer-musician John Symon Asher "Jack" Bruce (d. 2014) (Cream) on May 14 in Bishopbriggs, East Dunbartonshire. Am. "Gotham: A History of New York City" historian Edwin G. Burrows on May 15 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich., and Columbia U.; student of Eric McKitrick. U.S. Sen. (R-Ind.) (1989-99, 2011-7) Daniel Ray "Dan" Coats on May 16 in Jackson, Mich.; educated at Wheaton College, and Indiana U. Am. Weather Underground member (Jewish) Kathy Boudin on May 19; daughter of Leonard Boudin; great-niece of Louis B. Boudin; grows up in Greenwich Village, N.Y.; educated at Bryn Mawr College. English rock musician Hilton Stewart Paterson Valentine (Animals) on May 21 in North Shields, North Tyneside. Am. baseball pitcher (lefty) (Los Angeles Dodgers, 1972-4, 1976-8) Thomas Edward "Tommy" John Jr. on May 22 in Terre Haute, Ind.; 288 career victories; 26-season career is the longest in ML history after Nolan Royan (27). Irish pacifist Betty Williams on May 22; 1976 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. R&B singer (black) "General" Norman Johnson (Chairmen of the Board) on May 23 in Huntersville, Norfolk, Va. Australian tennis player John David Newcombe on May 23 in Sydney. Am. "I'm Not Lisa" country singer Jessi Colter (Miriam Johnson) on May 25 in Phoenix, Ariz.; wife (1962-8) of Duane Eddy (1938-), and (1969-2002) Waylon Jennings (1937-2002). Am. writer Larry Holcombe on May 25. English "You're My World", "Anyone Who Had a Heart" pop singer Cilla Black (Priscilla Maria Veronica White) on May 27 in Liverpool; Protestant father, Roman Catholic mother. Am. 6'0" football player (black) (Chicago Bears #40, 1965-71) ("the Kansas Comet") Gale Eugene Sayers (d. 2020) on May 30 in Wichita, Kan.; educated at the U. of Kan.; first interracial NFL roomates with white player Brian Piccolo (1943-70) of the Chicago Bears. Am. "Det. Sgt. Christine Cagney in Cagney and Lacey" actress (Jewish) Sharon Marguerite Gless on May 31 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. 6'2" "football QB (New York Jets #12, 1965-76) (Los Angeles Rams, 1977) Joseph William "Broadway Joe" "Joe Willie" Namath on May 31 in Beaver Falls, Penn.; educated at the U. of Ala. English psychologist Christopher Richard "Chris" Brand (d. 2017) on June 1 in Preston; educated at Queen's College, Oxford U. Am. 6'7" basketball player-coach (white) (Philadelphia 76ers #32, 1965-72) (Philadelphia 76ers, 1977-85) William John "Billy" "the Kangaroo Kid" Cunningham on June 3 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at North Carolina U. Japanese scientist Kunihiko Takeda on June 3 in Tokyo. Am. golfer Sandra Jane Haynie on June 4 in Ft. Worth, Tex. Am. rock bassist-songwriter-producer Michael Davis (MC5) on June 5 in Detroit, Mich. Am. psychologist (coiner of term "affective neuroscience") Jaak Panksepp on June 5 in Estonia. Am. Olympic hurdler-bobsledder William D. "Willie" Davenport (d. 2002) on June 6 in Troy, Ala. Am. molecular biologist Phillip Allen Sharp on June 6 in Falmouth, Ky.; educated at Union College, and the U. of Ill.; 1993 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. buckminsterfullerene chemist Richard Errett Smalley (d. 2005) on June 6 in Akron, Ohio; educated at the U. of Mich., and Princeton U. Am. "Roll On Big Mama", "Just Good Ol' Boys" country singer Joe Stampley on June 6 in Springhill, La.; collaborator of Moe Bandy (1944-). Am. wrestler (evangelical Christian) Superstar Billy Graham (Eldridge Wayne Coleman Jr. (d. 2023) on June 7 in Phoenix, Ariz. Cherokee descent mother. Am. "Black Feeling, Black Talk" poet-activist (black) ("Princess of Black Poetry") Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni on June 7 in Knoxville, Tenn.; educated at Fisk U. and Columbia U. Am. sculptor Frederick Elliott Hart (d. 1999) on June 7 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. "Eddie Haskell in Leave It to Beaver" actor Kenneth Charles "Ken" Osmond (d. 2020) on June 7 in Glendale, Calif. Am. My Lai Massacre army 2nd lt. William Laws "Rusty" Calley Jr. on June 8 in Miami, Fla. Am. "The Forever War" sci-fi novelist Joe William Haldeman on June 9 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; brother of Jack C. Haldeman II (1941-2002); educated at the U. of Md. Am. journalist-writer (Jewish) Jeff Greenfield on June 10 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and Yale U. Am. "Goodfellas" Lucchese crime family mobster-snitch Henry Hill Jr. on June 11 in Brooklyn, N.Y. English "Alex DeLarge in A Clockwork Orange", "Dr. Tolian Soran in Star Trek Generations", "H.G. Wells in Time After Time" actor Malcolm McDowell (Malcolm John Taylor on June 13 in Horsforth, Leeds; husband (1980-90) of Mary Steenburgen (1953-); maternal uncle of Alexander Siddig (1965-). Am. "The Wiz", "Mississippi Rising" composer(black) Harold Wheeler on June 14 in St. Louis, Mo.; husband of Hattie Winston (1945-). Am. "Valene Ewing in Knots Landing" actress Joan Van Ark on June 16 in New York City; named after Joan of Arc; grows up in Boulder, Colo. Egyptian dir.-gen. #4 of the Internat. Atomic Energy Agency (1997-) (Muslim) Mohamed Mostafa El-Baradei on June 17 in Cairo; educated at the U. of Cairo; 2005 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. Repub. politician and U.S. House Speaker #58 (1995-9) Newton Leroy "Newt" Gingrich (McPherson) on June 17 in Harrisburg, Penn.; educated at Emory U., and Tulane U. Am. "Copacabana", "Mandy" singer-songwriter-producer (Jewish) (gay) Barry Manilow (Barry Alan Pincus) on June 17 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Russian Jewish and Irish ancestry; his fans are called fanilows; comes out as gay in 2017. Am. SpaceShipOne designer Elbert Leander "Burt" Rutan on June 17 in Estacada, Ore.; brother of Dick Rutan (1938-); educated at Cal. Poly-San Luis Obispo. Am. physicist (Jewish0 John Michael Kosterlitz on June 22 in Aberdeen, Scotland; German Jewish immigrant parents Hans Kosterlitz (1903-96) and hannah Gresshoner; educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge U., and Oxford U.; 2016 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. conservative TV journalist Alexander Britton "Brit" Hume on June 22 in Washington, D.C.; educated at the U. of Va.; father of Sandy Hume (1969-98). Am. Metropolitan Opera conductor-pianist (Jewish) James Lawrence Levine on June 23 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Tom Harvey, son of Chicken George in Roots" actor-dir. (black) Georg Stanford Brown on June 24 in Havana, Cuba; husband (1966-90) of Tyne Daly (1946-); father of Kathryne Dora Brown (1971-). Am. "The Lucifer Principle" writer and rock music publicist (atheist) (Jewish) Howard Bloom on June 25 in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at NYU; not to be confused with Harold Bloom (1930-2019). Dutch "The Happy Hooker" writer-madam Xaviera Hollander (Xaviera de Vries) on June 25 in Soerbaja, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia); Dutch Jewish father, French-German mother. English "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" R&B singer Georgie Fame (Clive Powell) (Blue Flames) on June 26 in Leigh, Lancashire. Am. "Lucy" anthropologist Donald Carl Johanson on June 28 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. German physicist Klaus von Klitzing on June 28 in Schroda (Posen); 1985 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "The Overeducated American" labor economist Richard B. Freeman on June 29 in Newburgh, N.Y.; educated at Dartmouth College, and Harvard U. Am. singer (black) Florence Glenda "Flo" "Blondie" Ballard Chapman (d. 1976) (Supremes) on June 30 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Reginald Red Forman in That '70s Show", "Clarence Boddlicker in RoboCop" actor Kurtwood Larson Smith on July 3 in New Lisbon, Wisc. Am. astronaut (first Am. cosmonaut) Norman Earl Thagard on July 3 in Marianna, Fla.; educated at Fla. State U., and U. of Tex. Am. "Barbara in Summer Holiday" actress Lauri Peters (Patricia Peterson) on July 2 in Detroit, Mich.; wife (1962-7) of Jon Voight (1938-). Am. "listen up, everybody" TV broadcast journalist (Jewish) Geraldo Miguel "Gerry" (Gerald Michael) Rivera on July 4 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Puerto Rican father, Jewish mother. Am. blues singer-songwriter Alan Christie "Blind Owl" Wilson (d. 1970) (Canned Heat) on July 4 in Boston, Mass. Canadian singer-musician Jaime Royal "Robbie" Robertson (d. 2023) (The Band) on July 5 in Toronto, Ont.; Jewish father, Mohawk mother. Am. ABC-TV movie reviewer (Jewish) Joel Siegel (d. 2007) on July 7 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Am. tennis player (black) Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. (d. 1993) on July 10 in Richmond, Va. Egyptian liberal Muslim theologian Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (d. 2010) on July 10 in Quhafa (near Tanta); educated at Cairo U. Am. "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences" child psychologist Howard Earl Gardner on July 11 in Scranton, Penn.; educated at Harvard U., and London School of Economics. Am. "Julie Williams #4 in Days of Our Lives" actress Susan Seaforth Hayes on July 11 in Oakland, Calif. English rock singer-songwriter Christine McVie (nee Christine Ann Perfect) on July 12 near Greenodd, Cumbria; wife (1968-77) of John McVie (1945-). Am. 6'7" basketball player-coach (black) (St. Louis Hawks, 1964-9) (San Diego Clippers, 1980-3) (Charlotte Hornets, 1999-2003) (Cleveland Cavaliers, 2003-5) (Charlotte Bobcats, 2010-12) Paul Theron Silas on July 12 in Prescott, Ark.; educated at Creighton U. Irish astrophysicist (discoverer of pulsars in 1967) Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell on July 15 in Belfast, Northern Ireland; educated at the U. of Glasgow, and New Hall, Cambridge U.; created dame in 2007; snubbed for the 1974 Nobel Physics Prize. Cuban poet-playwright-novelist (gay) Reinaldo Arenas (d. 1990) on July 16 in Oriente; emigrates to the U.S. in 1980. Am. "Hummingbird", "Sweet Memories" romance novelist LaVyrle Spencer on July 17 in Browerville, Minn. Am. "American Sphinx", "Founding Brothers" historian Joseph John Ellis on July 18 in Washington, D.C.; educated at College of William and Mary, and Yale U. Am. "The Shadow University" historian Alan Charles Kors on July 18 in ?; educated at Princeton U., and Harvard U. Am. golfer (black) Calvin Peete on July 18 in Detroit, Mich. Am. economist Thomas John "Tom" Sargent on July 19 in Pasadena, Calif.; educated at UCB, and Harvard U.; 2011 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "FDR in Eleanor and Franklin", "Richard Gilmore in Gilmore Girls" actor-writer-dir. Edward Kirk Herrmann (d. 2014) on July 21 in Washington, D.C. Japanese "Messages from Water" writer Masaru Emoto on July 22 in Yokohama. U.S. Sen. (R-Tex.) (1993-2013) Kay Bailey Hutchinson (Kathryn Ann Bailey) n July 22 in Galveston, Tex.; educated at UTA. U.S. Sen. (R-Tex.) (1993-) Kathryn Ann "Kay" Bailey Hutchison on July 23 in Galveston, Tex.; first female U.S. Sen. from Texas - the state with the big head thing? Am. "Polk Salad Annie", "Rainy Night in Georgia" swamp rock singer-songwriter (Elvis lookalike?) Tony Joe White on July 23 in Oak Grove, La. Am. "Orville Wilbur Richard Rick Wright in Magnum P.I.", "Lt. Bobby Boyle in Baa Baa Black Sheep" actor Lawrence Francis "Larry" Manetti on July 23 in Chicago, Ill. U.S. commerce secy. #37 (2011-12) John E. Bryson on July 24 in New York City; educated at Stanford U., and Yale U. Am. celeb (lesbian) Cheryl Christina Crane on July 25 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Lana Turner (1921-95) and 2nd hubby Stephen Crane (1916-85). English rock drummer James Stanley "Jim" McCarty (The Yardbirds, Renaissance) on July 25 in Liverpool. Am. "Capricorn One", "Outland" film dir.-writer (Jewish) Peter Hyams on July 26 in New York City; grandson of Sol Hurok (1888-1974). English "Let It Bleed" rock singer Sir Michael Philip "Mick" (Michael Philip) Jagger (Rolling Stones) on July 26 in Dartford; son of Basil Fanshawe "Joe" Jagger and Australian-born Eva Ensley Mary Scutts (1913-2000); has kids Karis Hunt Jagger (1970-) with Marsha Hunt (1946-), Jade Jagger (1971-) with wife Bianca Macias (1950-), Elizabeth Jagger (1984-), James Jagger (1985-), Georgia Jagger (1992-), and Gabriel Jagger (1997-) with Jerry Hall (1956-), and Lucas Jagger (1999-) with Luciana Gimenez Morad (1970-). U.S. nat. intel dir. (2007-) Adm. John Michael "Mike" McConnell on July 26 in Greenville, S.C. Am. "More, More, More" singer-porno actress Andrea True on July 26 in Nashville, Tenn. Am. rock guitarist-composer (Jewish) (heroin addict) Michael Bernard "Mike" Bloomfield (d. 1981) on July 28 in Chicago, Ill. Am. 6'5" hall-of-fame basketball player (New York Knicks, 1967-77) and U.S. Sen. (D-N.J.) (1979-97) (lefty) ("the White Oscar Robertson") William Warren "Bill" Bradley on July 28 in Crystal City, Mo.; educated at Princeton U. English rock musician-songwriter Richard William "Rick" Wright (d. 2008) (Pink Floyd) on July 28 in Hatch End, Middlesex. U.S. education secy. #3 (1985-8) William John Bennett on July 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in Washington, D.C.; educated at Williams College, UTA, and Harvard U. German historian Hagen Schultze) on July 31 in Tangier, French Morocco. Am. singer Kathy Lennon (Lennon Sisters) on Aug. 2 in Los Angeles, Calif.; sister of Diane Lennon (1939-), Peggy Lennon (1941-), Janet Lennon (1946-), and Miriam "Mimi" Lennon (19??-). English "Music and Silence" novelist Rose Tremain (Rosemary Jane Thomson) on Aug. 2 in London. Am. "Willie Tanner in ALF", "Terry in Friends" actor George Edward Maxwell "Max" Wright on Aug. 2 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Martin Dressler" novelist Steven Millhauser on Aug. 3 in New York City; educated at Columbia U., and Brown U. English "Clay Monroe in The Monroes" actor Michael Joseph Anderson Jr. on Aug. 6 in Hillingdon, Middlesex. Am. "Grease" theatrical dir.-producer Tom Moore on Aug. 6 in Meridan, Miss. Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood supreme leader #8 (2010-) (Sunni Muslim) Muhammad (Mohammed) Badie on Aug. 7 in Mahalla al-Kubra. Am. "John Riggs in Prancer", "Lee Scoresby in The Golden Compass" actor-producer Sam Elliott on Aug. 9 in Sacramento, Calif. Am. "Mandingo" actor-boxer (black) Ken Howard Norton Sr. on Aug. 9 in Jacksonville, Ill. Austrian free jazz trumpeter-musician Michael Mantler on Aug. 10 in Vienna. Am. NASA's first female Mission Control engineer Frances "Poppy" Northcutt on Aug. 10 in Manny, La.; educated at the U. of Tex. Am. 5'1" "Walking in the Rain", "Be My Baby", "Baby, I Love You" hall-of-fame singer (black) ("Original Bad Girl of Rock & Roll") Ronnie Spector (Veronica Yvette Bennett) (d. 2022) (Ronettes) on Aug. 10 in Washington Heights, Manhattan, N.Y.; Irish-Am. father, African-Am.-Cherokee mother; sister of Estelle Bennett (1941-2009); cousin of Nedra Talley (1946-). Am. geophysicist Peter Langdon Ward on Aug. 10 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Dartmouth College, and Columbia U. Am. Folgers Coffee heiress Abigail Anne Folger (b. 1943) on Aug. 11 in San Francisco, Calif.; daughter of Peter Folger (1905-80) and Ines "Pui" Mejia (1907-2007); educated at Racliffe College, and Harvard U. Am. "Love Train", "Me and Mrs. Jones" songwriter (black) (Muslim) Kenneth "Kenny" Gamble on Aug. 11 in Philadelphia, Penn.; collaborator of Leon A. Huff (1942-). Am. basketball player-coach Clem Smith Haskins on Aug. 11 in Campbellsville, Ky. Canadian "American Woman" rock bassist Michael James "Jim" Kale (The Guess Who) on Aug. 11 in Winnipeg, Man. Scottish "Evil Senator-Chancellor-Emperor Palpatine in Star Wars" actor-dir. Ian McDiarmid on Aug. 11 Carnoustie, Tayside, Angus. Pakistani pres. #10 (2001-8) (Muslim) Gen. Pervez Musharraf on Aug. 11 in Delhi, India. Am. "Gidget in Gidget Goes Hawaiian", "Suzie Buell in The Mothers-in-Law" actress Deborah Walley (d. 2001) on Aug. 12 in Bridgeport, Conn. Am. economist Robert Ernest "Bob" Hall on Aug. 13 in Palo Alto, Calif.; educated at UCB,and MIT. Am. astronaut Jon Andrew McBride on Aug. 14 in Charleston, W. Va.; educated at West Va. U. English rocker Kevin Ayers (Soft Machine) on Aug. 16 in Herne Bay, Kent. Am. "Holy Blood, Holy Grail" writer Richard Harris Leigh (d. 2007) on Aug. 16 in N.J.; British father, Am. mother; educated at Tufts U., U. of Chicago, and SUNY; collaborator of Michael Baigent (1948-2013). Am. "Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver", "Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull", "Vito Corleone in The Godfather Part II" "Michael Vronsky in The Deer Hunter", "Max Cady in Cape Fear" actor-dir.-producer Robert Mario De Niro Jr. on Aug. 17 in New York City; son of Robert De Niro Sr. (1922-93). Am. "Oh Happy Day" gospel and R&B singer-songwriter (black) Edwin Hawkins on Aug. 18 in Oakland, Calif. English "Little Children" singer Billy J. Kramer (William Howard Ashton) (Dakotas) on Aug. 19 in Bootle, Liverpool; gets famous doing covers of Beatles songs starting in 1963. Bahamanian PM (2002-7, 2012-) (black) Perry Gladstone Christie on Aug. 21 in Nassau; educated at the U. of Birmingham. Japanese engineer (Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, and Zilog Z80 and Z8000 inventor) Masatoshi Shima on Aug. 22 in Shizuoka. Am. serial killer ("the Dating Game Killer") Rodney James Alcala (Rodrigo Jacques Alcala-Buquor) on Aug. 23 in San Antonio, Calif.; educated at UCLA and NYU. Am. "Night Fall" novelist Nelson Richard DeMille on Aug. 23 in Jamaica, Queens, N.Y. French cold fusion chemist Bobby Stanley Pons on aug. 23 in Valdese, N.C.; educated at wake Forest U, U. of Mich., and U. of Southampton. Am. rock musician John Cipollina (d. 1989) (Quicksilver Messenger Service) on Aug. 24 in Berkeley, Calif. British-Australian "Evolution: A Theory in Crisis" biochemist Michael John Denton on Aug. 25; educated at King's College, London. Am. paleontologist Niles Eldredge on Aug. 25; educated at Columbia U. U.S. Sen. (D-Neb.) (1989-2001) and Neb. gov. (1983-7) John Robert "Bob" Kerry on Aug. 27 in Lincoln, Neb. Am. "Christian Rudd in The Cincinnati Kid", "Selena Cross in "Return to Peyton Place" actress Tuesday (Susan Ker) Weld on Aug. 27 in New York City; changes her name legally on Oct. 9, 1959; wife (1975-80) of Dudley Moore, and (1985-98) Pinchas Zukerman. Am. "Ken Hutch Hutchinson in Starsky and Hutch", "Don't Give Up on Us" actor-singer (Lutheran) (alcoholic) David Soul (David Richard Solberg) (d. 2023) on Aug. 28 in Chicago, Ill.; starts out singing on The Merv Griffin Show in 1967 while wearing a ski mask, saying "I want to be known for my music"; becomes British citizen in 2004. Am. baseball player-mgr. (Chicago Cubs) Louis Victor "Sweet Lou" Piniella on Aug. 28 in Tampa, Fla.; of Spanish Austurian descent. Canadian astrophysicist Arthur Bruce McDonald on Aug. 29 in Sydney, N.S.; educated at Dalhouse U., and Cal Tech; 2015 Nobel Physics Prize. Am.-Israeli "We are on the map" basketball player (Jewish) Talbot "Tal" Brody on Aug. 30 in Trenton, N.J.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. "Keep on Truckin'", "Fritz the Cat", "Mr. Natural", "Devil Girl" cartoonist R. (Robert Dennis) Crumb on Aug. 30 in Philadelphia, Penn. French 5'10" skier Jean-Claude Killy (Gilette) on Aug. 30 in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine. Am. actor Don Lee Stroud on Sept. 1 in Honolulu, Hawaii; son of Clarence Stroud and Ann Livermore; discovered by Troy Donahue while filming "Hawaiian Eye" (1959) for his stunt double; brother of Duke Stroud. Am. "Montana Wildhack in Slaughterhouse-Five", "Eve Teschmacher in Superman II" actress Valerine Ritchie Perrine on Sept. 3 in Galveston, Tex. English biochemist Sir Richard John Roberts on Sept. 6 in Derby; educated at the U. of Sheffield; knighted in 2008; 1993 Nobel Med. Prize. English rock singer-songwriter-bassist George Roger Waters (Pink Floyd) on Sept. 6 in Great Bookham, Surrey. Am. "Babe Ruth in The Sandlot" actor Art LaFleur on Sept. 9 in Gary, Ind. Am. "Conversations with God" New Age writer Neale Donald Walsch on Sept. 10 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Am. rock drummer Michael Steven "Mickey" Hart (Grateful Dead) on Sept. 11 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; with Bill Kreutzmann (1946-) forms the "rhythm devils". Am. "Midnight at the Oasis" singer Maria Muldaur (Maria Grazia Rosa Domenica D'Amato) on Sept. 12 in Greenwich Village, N.Y. Canadian "The English Patient" novelist-poet Philip Michael Ondaatje on Sept. 12 in Sri Lanka; emigates to England in 1954 and Canada in 1962; husband of Linda Spalding (1943-). Am. "Elbow Room" novelist (black) James Alan McPherson on Sept. 16 in Savannah, Ga.; educated at Harvard U., and Yale U.; first African-Am. to win a Pulitzer for fiction (1978). Am. baseball player Joe Leonard Morgan on Sept. 19 in Bonham, Tex. Nigerian pres. #10 (1993-8) (black) (Sunni Muslim) Gen. Sani Abacha (d. 1998) on Sept. 20 in Kano. Am. basketball coach (Baylor U., 1999-2003) David Gregory "Dave" Bliss on Sept. 20 in Binghamton, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U. Am. "JC in Jesus Christ Superstar" drummer-singer-actor-composer Ted Neely on Sept. 20 in Ranger, Tex. Am. "Mickey", "brunette ho Mary in Easy Rider" musician-actress-choreographer Toni Basil (Antonia Christina Basilotta) on Sept. 22 in Philadelphia, Penn. Australian feminist writer Dale Spender on Sept. 22 in Newcastle, N.S.W.; niece of Jean Spender (1901-70): "Feminism has fought no wars... killed no opponents... set up no concentration camps... starved no enemies... practiced no cruelty. Its battles have been for education, for the vote, for better working conditions, for safety in the streets... for reforms in the law." Spanish "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" singer Julio Jose Iglesias de la Cueva on Sept. 23 in Madrid; best-selling Spanish singer of all time (300M+ albums in 14 languages). Am. "Left Behind" novelist Jerry Bruce Jenkins on Sept. 23 in Kalamazoo, Mich. ; collaborator of Tim LaHaye (1926-2016). Am. "The Keymaker in The Matrix" actor Randall Duk Kim on Sept. 24. Am. "Rusty in The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin" actor Lee William Aaker on Sept. 25 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Cherish" singer Jules Gary Alexander (The Association) on Sept. 25 in Chattanooga, Tenn. Am. CIA dir. #15 (1991-3) and U.S. defense secy. #22 (2006-) Robert Michael Gates on Sept. 25 in Wichita, Kan.; educated at the College of William and Mary; pres. of Texas A&M U. in 2002-6. Am. "Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You" country singer Joe Sun (James Joseph Paulsen) on Sept. 25 in Rochester, Minn.; of Danish descent. Am. "Joe Rossi in Lou Grant", "Donald Segretti in All the President's Men", "Joe Waters in Brothers" actor Robert Walden (Wolkowitz) on Sept. 25 in New York City. Canadian singer-musician Randolph Charles "Randy" Bachman (Guess Who, Bachman-Turner Overdrive) on Sept. 27 in Winnipeg, Man.; brother of Tim Bachman (1951-) and Robbie Bachman (1953-); lapsed Mormon? Am. "Edward W. Stratton III in Silver Spoons" actor Joel Franklin Higgins on Sept. 28 in Bloomington, Ill.; educated at Mich. State U. Am. "Lt. Col. Matthew Andrew Markinson in A Few Good Men" 6'1" actor ("Everybody's favorite scumbag" - Playboy) J.T. (James Thomas Patrick) Walsh (d. 1998) on Sept. 28 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at the U. of R.I. Serbian-Am. "Breaking Away", "The World According to Garp" screenwriter-novelist Steve Tesich (Stojan Tesic) (d. 1996) on Sept. 29 in Uzice, Yugoslavia (Serbia); emigrates to the U.S. at age 14. Polish pres. #2 (1990-5) and Solidarity founder Lech Walesa on Sept. 29 in Popowo. Am. "Wedding Bell Blues" singer-actress (black) Marilyn McCoo (5th Dimension) on Sept. 30 in Jersey City, N.J.; wife (1969-) of Billy Davis Jr. (1938-). Am. "The Legend of Bagger Vance" novelist Steven Pressfield in Sept. in Port of Spain, Trinidad; educated at Duke U. Canadian "Gottlieb in Steambath" actor (Jewish) Peter Kastner (d. 2008) on Oct. 1 in Toronto, Ont.; brother of John Kastner; educated at UCLA. Am. surrealist artist Franklin Rosemont on Oct. 2 in Chicago, Ill.; husband of Penelope Rosemont (1942-). Am. musician Patrick Sky (Lynch) on Oct. 2 in Liveoak Gardens, Ga.; of Irish and Creek ancestry; grows up in the Lafourche Swamps of La.; founder of Green Linnet Records. Am. journalist Lacey Fosburgh (d. 1993) on Oct. 3 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Sarah Lawrence College. Am. "Violence is American as cherry pie", "If America don't come around, we're gonna burn it down" Black Panther Party leader turned Muslim H. Rap (Hubert Gerold) Brown (Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin) on Oct. 4 in Baton Rouge, La. Am. "Fly Like an Eagle" singer-musician Steve "Guitar" Miller (Steve Miller Band) on Oct. 5 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; godson of Les Paul (1915-2009), who gives him his first guitar lesson. English "Gentle Giant", "War Horse" children's writer Michael Andrew Bridge Morpurgo on Oct. 5 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire; educated at King's College, London. Am. "The View" comedian-actress Josephina Victoria "Joy" Behar (nee Occhiuto) on Oct. 7 in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Colorblind Injustice", "The Shaping of Southern Politics" historian Joseph Morgan Kousser on Oct. 7 in Lewisburg, Tenn.; educated at Princeton U., and Yale U. USMC Lt. Col. Oliver Laurence "Ollie" North on Oct. 7 in San Antonio, Tex.; educated at SUNY. Am. "Three Amigos", "Fletch", "National Lampoon's Vacation" actor-comedian-writer (Jewish) Cornelius Crane "Chevy" Chase on Oct. 8 in New York City; Scottish Clan Douglas grandmother gives him his nickname derived from the "Ballad of Chevy Chase". Am. "Goosebumps", "Mostly Ghostly", "Fear Street" children's horror writer Robert Lawrence "R.L." Stine on Oct. 8 in Columbus, Ohio; educated at Ohio State U.; sells 400M+ copies. Am. "Moon Deluxe" novelist Frederick Barthelme on Oct. 10 in Houston, Tex.; brother of Donald Barthelme (1931-89) and Steven Barthelme (1947-). Canadian actress Joanna Shimkus on Oct. 10 in Halifax, N.S.; of Lithuanian descent; wife (1976-) of Sidney Poitier; mother of Sydney Tamiia Poitier (1973-). English "Sgt. Jim Bergerac in Bergerac" actor John Nettles on Oct. 11 in St. Austell, Cornwell. Iranian pres. #5 (1997-2005) (leader of Green Movement) (Shiite Muslim) Mohammad Khatami on Oct. 14 in Ardakan. Am. MSNBC broadacast journalist-columnist Michael "Mike" Barnicle on Oct. 13 in Worcester, Mass.; husband of Anne Finucane. Israeli-Am. economist (Jewish) Stanley Fischer on Oct. 15 in Mazabuka, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia); educated at the London School of Economics, and MIT. Am. rock drummer Larrie Londin (Ralph Gallant) (Journey) on Oct. 15 in Norfolk, Va. Am. "Laverne DiFazio in Laverne and Shirley", "Big", "A League of Their Own" actress-dir.-producer Carole Penny Marshall (d. 2018) on Oct. 15 in Bronx, N.Y.; Italian descent father named Marschiarelli, English-Scottish descent mother. Canadian rock bassist Charles Frederick "Fred" Turner (Bachman-Turner Overdrive) on Oct. 16 in Winnipeg, Man. Slovenian PM (2000) Andrej Bajuk (d. 2011) on Oct. 18 in Ljubljana. German social historian Alf Luedtke (Lüdtke) on Oct. 18 in Dresden. Am. "Kelly Gregg in Bachelor Father" actress-dancer Noreen M. Corcoran on Oct. 20 in Quincy, Mass.; grows up in Santa Monica, Calif.; sister of Donna Corcoran (1942-), Kevin Corcoran (1949-), Kelly Corcoran (1958-2002), Brian Corcoran, Hugh Corcoran, and Brian Corcoran Jr. (-2007). Am. economist Daniel Selim Hamermesh on Oct. 20 in ?; educated at the U. of Chicago, and Yale U. British-Pakistani writer Tariq Ali on Oct. 21 in Lahore. Am. rock guitarist Ron Elliott (The Beau Brummels) on Oct. 21 in Healdsburg, Calif. French "Indochine", "The Last Metro" actress (Roman Catholic) Catherine Fabienne Deneuve (Dorleac) (Dorléac) on Oct. 22 in Paris; daughter of Maurice Dorleac (1901-79) and Renee Deneuve; sister of Francoise Dorleac (1942-67). Dutch singer-playwright (gay) Robert Long (Jan Gerrit Bob Arend Leverman) (d. 2006) (Unit Gloria) on Oct. 22 in Utrecht. Am. "Captain Marvel in Shazam!" actor Jackson Leonard Bostwick Jr. on Oct. 23 in Carlisle, Penn. Am. "Chapel of Love" R&B singer Barbara Ann Hawkins (The Dixie Cups) on Oct. 23. Am. "The Wiz" composer-songwriter (black) Charlie Smalls (d. 1987) on Oct. 25 in Queens, N.Y.; educated at Juilliard School of Music. Am. "Brian's Song" 6'0" football player (Chicago Bears #41, 1965-9) Louis Brian Piccolo on Oct. 31 in Pittsfield, Mass.; first interracial NFL roomates with Gayle Sayers (1943-2020). Am. "Will in the World" New Historicist scholar (Jewish) Stephen Jay Greenblatt on Nov. 7 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Yale U., and Pembroke College, Cambridge U. Canadian "Chelsea Morning", "Big Yellow Taxi", "Woodstock", "Both Sides, Now" singer-songwriter Roberta Joan "Joni" Mitchell (nee Anderson) on Nov. 7 in Fort Macleod, Alberta; Norwegian descent father, Scottish-Irish descent mother; grows up in Saskatoon, Sask.; contracts polio at age 9. English supermodel-actress ("the Shrimp") Jean Shrimpton on Nov. 7 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. Am. economist Andrew Michael Spence on Nov. 7 in Montclair, N.J.; raised in Canada; educated at Princeton U.; 2001 Nobel Econ. Prize. English singer Phil May (Phillip Arthur Dennis Kattner) (The Pretty Things) on Nov. 9 in Dartford, Kent. Am. "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams" writer-dir.-producer (Mormon-to-evangelical Christianity convert) Charles Edward Sellier Jr. (d. 2011) on Nov. 9 in Pascagoula, Miss. Am. R&B singer (black) Jimmy Hayes (Persuasions) on Nov. 12. Am. "Yellow Polka-Dot Bikini" singer Brian Hyland on Nov. 12 in Woodhaven, Queens, N.Y. Am. "Ferengi Grand Nagus Zek in Star Trek: DS9", "John Lahr in The Princess Bride", "Wally Shawn in My Dinner with Andre" 5'2" actor-playwright (Jewish) Wallace Michael "Wally" Shawn on Nov. 12 in New York City; son of New Yorker ed. William Shawn (1907-92) and journalist Cecile Shawn (nee Lyon) (1906-2005); brother of Allen Shawn (1948-); educated at Harvard U., and Magdalen College, Oxford U. Am. Norton Utilities computer programmer-philanthropist Peter Norton on Nov. 14 in Aberdeen, Wash.; educated at Reed College. Am. "The Deer Hunter", "Heaven's Gate", "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" writer-dir.-producer Michael Cimino on Nov. 16 in New York City; educated at Yale U. Am. 5' 7.5" model-actress Mary Lawrence "Lauren" Hutton on Nov. 17 in Charleston, S.C.; known for the gap in her teeth; never meets her father Lawrence Hutton (1929-55). Am. "Kissy Suzuki in You Only Live Twice" actress Mie Hama on Nov. 20 in Tokyo. Am. "Joyce Davenport in Hill Street Blues" actress Veronica Hamel on Nov. 20 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Temple U.; model in the last cig commercial aired in the U.S. (Virginia Slims, 11:59 p.m., New Year's Day, 1971, The Tonight Show). Am. "Ann Marie in That Girl" actress Margaret Julia "Marlo" Thomas on Nov. 21 in Detroit, Mich.; daughter of Danny Thomas (1914-91) and Rose Marie Mantell; wife (1980-) of Phil Donahue (1935-). Canadian 5'7" hockey hall-of-fame player Yvan Sege "the Roadrunner" Cournoyer on Nov. 22 in Drummondsville, Quebec. Am. tennis player ("Queen of the Courts") Billie Jean King (Moffitt) on Nov. 22 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. Libertarian Party founder (1971) (Unitarian Universalist) David Fraser Nolan (d. 2010) on Nov. 23 in Washington, D.C.; educated at MIT. Am. Detroit, Mich. Dem. mayor #74 (2009-13) and basketball hall-of-fame player (Detroit Pistons #21, 1966-75) (black) David "Dave" Bing on Nov. 24 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Syracuse U. Israeli politician (Arab Muslim) Nawaf Massalha (Masalha) (Mazalha) on Nov. 26 in Kafr Qara. Am. film dir. (Jewish) Bruce Paltrow (d. 2002) on Nov. 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; descendant of Rabbi David HaLevi Segal of Cracow of the rabbinical Paltrowitch family; husband (1969-) of Blythe Danner (1943-); father of Gwyneth Paltrow (1972-). German minimalist fashion designer Heidemarie Jiline "Jil" Sander on Nov. 27 in Wesselburen (near Hamburg). Am. "James & the Giant Peach", "Ragtime", "A Bug's Life", "Pleasantville" singer-composer Randall Stuart "Randy" Newman on Nov. 28 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore" actress Diane Ladd (Rose Diane Ladner) on Nov. 29 in Meridian, Miss. Am. "The Good Mother", "Inventing the Abbotts" novelist Sue Miller on Nov. 29 in Chicago, Ill. Am. rock bassist-singer Robert Frank "Rob" Grill (Grass Roots) on Nov. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif. Norwegian economist Finn Erling Kydland on Dec. 1 in Algard (near Stavanger); 2004 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. architect (founder of the MIT Media Lab) Nicholas Negroponte on Dec. 1 in New York City; Greek immigrant father; brother of John Negroponte (1939-); educated at MIT. Canadian psychologist John Philippe Rushton (d. 2012) on Dec. 3 in Bournemouth, England; educated at Birbeck College, London School of Economics, U. of London, and U. of Oxford. Am. Studio 54 co-owner (Jewish) (gay) Steve Rubell (d. 1989) on Dec. 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Syracuse U.; collaborator of Ian Schrager (1946-). Am. "Compromising Positions" novelist-screenwriter (Jewish) Susan Isaacs on Dec. 7 in Brooklyn, N.Y. U.S. Rep. (D-Minn.) (1975-81, 2013-19) Richard Michael "Rick" Nolan on Dec. 7 in Brainerd, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. singer-songwriter-poet and rock icon James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (d. 1971) (The Doors) on Dec. 8 in Melbourne, Fla.; of Scottish-Irish heritage; father is Rear Adm. George Stephen Morrison, cmdr. of U.S. Naval forces at the Gulf of Tonkin during the crisis that launched the Vietnam War; at age 4 he witnesses a family of Amerindians getting in a car accident in the N.M. desert, which messes him up for life?; educated at UCLA (film school). Am. poet James Vincent Tate (d. 2015) on Dec. 8 in Kansas City, Mo.; educated at Pittsburg State U., and U. of Iowa. U.S. Sen. (D-Mass.) (1985-2013) and U.S. secy. of state #68 (2013-17) John Forbes Kerry on Dec. 11 in Fitzsimons Army Hospital in Denver, Colo.; brother of Cameron Kerry (1950-); grows up in Mass.; educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones). Am. rock musician Forrest Richard "Dickey" Betts (Allman Brothers Band) on Dec. 12 in West Palm Beach, Fla. Am. "What Do We Need Men For?" journalist Elizabeth Jean (E. Jean) "Betty Jean" Carroll on Dec. 12 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Indiana U. Am. "Carlo Rizzi in The Godfather" actor Louis Giovanni "Gianni" Russo on Dec. 12 in Manhattan, N.Y. Am. "Just the Two of Us" jazz saxophonist (black) Grover Washington Jr. (d. 1999) on Dec. 12 in Buffalo, N.Y. Canadian baseball player Ferguson Arthur Jenkins on Dec. 13 in Chatham, Ont. Am. "Last Train to Memphis" music historian Peter Guralnick on Dec. 15 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Boston U. Am. "Hill Street Blues", "L.A. Law", "NYPD Blue" TV producer (Jewish) Steven Ronald Bochco on Dec. 16 in New York City; educated at Carnegie Inst. of Tech.; huband (1970-97) of Barbara Bosson (1939-); father of Jesse Bochco. English rock singer-musician Keith Richards (The Rolling Stones) on Dec. 18 in Dartford, Kent. Am. "Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle", "Made in Heaven" dir.-writer Alan Steven Rudolph on Dec. 18 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. cardiac surgeon William Castle DeVries on Dec. 19 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Dutch immigrant father; educated at the U. of Utah. U.S. nat. security advisor #22 (2009-10) USMC gen. James Logan Jones Jr. on Dec. 19 in Kansas City, Mo.; son of James Logan Jones Sr.; educated at Georgetown U. Am. "Beverly Hills Diet" writer (Jewish) Judy Mazel (d. 2007) on Dec. 20 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "The Wiz" dancer-choreographer George W. Faison on Dec. 21 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Rockin' Chair", "Move Me Baby" R&B singer (black) Gwen McCrae (nee Mosley) on Dec. 21 in Pensacola, Fla. English musician Albert William Lee on Dec. 21 in Lingen, Herefordshire; grows up in Blackheath, London. Am. diplomat, U.S. deputy defense secy. #25 (2001-5) and World Bank pres. #10 (2005-7) (Jewish) Paul Dundes Wolfowitz on Dec. 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Cornell U. Am. "Selina D'Archy in A Patch of Blue" actor Mary Elizabeth Harman (d. 1987) on Dec. 23 in Youngstown, Ohio; educated at Carnegie Mellon U. Canadian historian Margaret Olwen MacMillan on Dec. 23 in Toronto, Ont.; great-granddaughter of David Lloyd George: educated at the U. of Toronto, and St. Hilda's College and St. Antony's College, Oxford U. Am. "Mr. Burns in The Simpsons" actor-comedian (Jewish) Harry Julius Shearer on Dec. 23 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Good Times", "The Jeffersons", "What's Happening!" TV writer (black) (drug addict) Eric Monte (Kenneth Williams) on Dec. 25 in Chicago, Ill. German "Lili Marleen", "Passion", "The Night in Varennes" actress-singer Hanna Schygulla on Dec. 25 in Konigshutte, Upper Silesia (modern-day Chorzow, Poland). Turkish secy.-gen. #2 of the Org. of the Islamic Conference (Sunni Muslim) (2005-) Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu on Dec. 26. Am. broadcast journalist (ABC News) Mary Martha Corinne Morrison Claiborne "Cokie" Roberts (nee Boggs) (3. 2019)/a> on Dec. 27 in New Orleans, La.; daughter of U.S. House of Reps. majority leader Hale Boggs and U.S. Rep. Lindy Boggs; descendant of La. gov. #1 William Claiborne (1775-1817). Am. "Rocky Mountain High", "Almost Heaven", "Annie's Song" singer John Denver (Henry John Deutschendorf Jr.) on Dec. 31 in Roswell, N.M. - his music sounds like it comes from outer space? Am. "In the President's Secret Service" journalist-writer Ronald Borek Kessler on Dec. 31 in New York City; educated at Clark U. English "Gandhi", "Schindler's List" actor (Quaker) Sir Ben Kingsley (Krishna Bhanji) on Dec. 31 in Snainton (near Scarborough), Yorkshire; Ismaili Muslim Kenyan father of Indian Khoja Gujarati descent, English-Russian Jewish mother; educated at the U. of Salford, and Pendleton College; knighted in 2001. English rock bassist Peter Alexander Greenlaw "Pete" Quaife (Kinks) on Dec. 31 in Tavistock, Devon. Am. artist-writer (gay) Joe Brainard (d. 1994) on ? in Salem, Ark.; brother of John Brainard (1954-); grows up in Tulsa, Okla. Am. writer Nina Auerbach on ? in ?. Am. psychobiologist Gary K. Beauchamp on ? in ?; educated at Carleton College, and U. of Chicago. Am. "Outrageous!" film dir.-writer (gay) Richard Benner (d. 1990) in Sterling, Ill.; grows up in Ky. Am. historian Joseph John Ellis on ?; educated at Yale U. Am. writer Howard Bloom on ? in Buffalo, N.Y. Syrian economist and political activist Aref Dalila on ? in Latakia; educated at Moscow U. Japanese "The Spatial Economy" economist Masahisa Fujita on ? in ?; educated at Kyoto U., and the U. of Penn. Am. poet-playwright-author Tess Gallagher on ? in Port Angeles, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wash.; wife of Raymond Carver (1938-88). Am. microbiologist Michael F. Jacobson on ? in ?; educated at MIT. English writer-novelist Graham Lord on ? in Southern Rhodesia; educated at Cambridge U. Canadian historian Margaret Olwin MacMillan on ? in Toronto, Ont.; educated at the U. of Toronto, and Hilda's College and St. Anthony's College, Oxford U.; great-granddaughter of David Lloyd George. English "Many Years from Now" writer Barry Miles on ? in Cirencester. Am. feminist activist-writer (Irish Catholic) (lesbian) Janice G. Raymond on ? in ?; educated at Boston College. English child psychiatrist Sir Michael L. Rutter on ? in ?. Palestian Fatah leader (Sunni Muslim) Abbas Zaki (Sharif Ali Misheal) on ? in Hebran. Deaths: Am. writer Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards (b. 1850) on Jan. 14 in Gardiner, Maine. Am. Panama Canal chief engineer John Frank Stevens (b. 1853) on June 2 in Pinehurst, N.C. Am. economist Richard T. Ely (b. 1854) on Oct. 4 in Old Lyme, Conn. Belgian peace activist Henri La Fontaine (b. 1854) on May 14 in Brussels; 1913 Nobel Peace Prize. Irish "New Woman" feminist writer Sarah Grand (b. 1854). Am. historian Albert Bushnell Hart (b. 1854) on July 16: in his later years Hart becomes "the Grand Old Man of American History", complete with a "patriarchal full beard and flowing moustaches." (Samuel Eliot Morison): "'Good wine needs no bush', and if there were need to urge the reading of history it would be proof that history is too dull and unattractive to be read." Am. educator Abbott Lawrence Lowell (b. 1856) on Jan. 6 in Boston, Mass. Croatian-born Am. inventor Nikola Tesla (b. 1856) on Jan. 6/7 in New York City; he was murdered by Otto Skorzeny and Reinhard Gehlen to steal his revolutionary military inventions incl. the gravity motor?; he was strangled by fellow free energy enthusiast Viktor Schauberger?; his property is seized by the U.S. govt. Office of Alien Property, then examined by Pres. Donald Trump's MIT prof. uncle John G. Trump, who concludes: "[Tesla's] thoughts and efforts during at least the past 15 years were primarily of a speculative, philosophical, and somewhat promotional character", but "did not include new, sound, workable principles or methods for realizing such results"; electrifying conspiracy rumors about suppressed inventions incl. anti-gravity flying machines fly around to modern times: "The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply and be quite insane"; "When wireless is fully applied, the Earth will be converted into a huge brain, capable of response in every one of its parts"; "To me, the Universe is simply a great machine which never came into being and never will end. The human being is no exception to the natural order. Man, like the Universe, is a machine"; "It is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature." Danish author Henrik von Pontoppidan (b. 1857) on Aug. 21; 1917 Nobel Lit. Prize. English Socialist writer-politician Beatrice Webb (b. 1858) on Apr. 30 in Liphook, Hampshire. French pres. #12 (1920-24) Alexandre Millerand (b. 1859) on Apr. 7 in Versailles. Greek poet Kostes Palamas (b. 1859). Canadian poet Sir Charles G.D. Roberts (b. 1860) on Nov. 26 in Toronto, Ont. Am. tennis player Richard Sears (b. 1861) on Apr. 8. U.S. First Lady (1909-13) Helen Taft (b. 1861) on May 22 in Washington, D.C.; wife of Pres. William Howard Taft. German mathematician David Hilbert (b. 1862) on Feb. 14 in Gottingen; "Wir mussen wissen, Wir werden wissen" (We must know, we will know") (on his tombstone). Hungarian archeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein (b. 1862) on Oct. 26 in Kabul, Faghanistan. Am. historian Charles McLean Andrews (b. 1863) on Sept. 9 in New Haven, Conn. English novelist William Wymark Jacobs (b. 1863) on Sept. 1 in Islington, London. Am. Orientalist Duncan Black MacDonald (b. 1863). British politician Reginald McKenna (b. 1863) on Sept. 6 in London. Am. botanist-agronomist and peanut king George Washington Carver (b. 1864) on Jan. 5 in Tuskegee, Ala.; developed 118 byproducts of the pee pee peanut; in 1946 the U.S. Congress makes Jan. 5 Carver Day; in 1947 Indian peanut growers erect a monument to him in Bombay, making him the first American with a monument in India: "Ninety-nine percent of failures come from people who have the habit of making excuses." French sculptor Camille Claudel (b. 1864) on Oct. 19 in Montdevergues, Vaucluse. Am. surgeon George Washington Crile (b. 1864) - what's this coincidence with two Am. George Washington C's b. 1864 d. 1943? Am. architect Whitney Warren (b. 1864) on Jan. 24. Am. businessman-politician George William Loft (b. 1865) on Nov. 6 in Baldwin, N.Y. Am. Calif. gov. #25 (1923-7) Friend Richardson (b. 1865) on Sept. 8 in Berkeley, Calif. (heart attack in July). Am. literary critic William Lyon Phelps (b. 1865) on Aug. 21: "This is the first test of a gentleman: his respect for those who can be of no possible value to him." Am. musical patron Winnaretta Singer (b. 1865) on Nov. 26. Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman (b. 1865) on Oct. 9; 1902 Nobel Physics Prize. English writer Beatrix Potter (b. 1866) on Dec. 22 in Near Sawrey, Lancashire (pneumonia and heart disease); leaves most of her property to the Nat. Trust; wrote 23 "little books" for kids. Am. cartoonist Art Young (b. 1866). Am. film pioneer Hobart Bosworth (b. 1867) on Dec. 30 in Glendale, Calif. (pneumonia). Am. banker John Pierpont Morgan Jr. (b. 1867) on Sept. 7 (his 76th birthday). Ottoman last caliph (1922-4) Abdul Mejid II (b. 1868) on Aug. 23 in Paris, France; leaves a number of Ottoman paintings of the Harem. Am. vaudeville pioneer John Considine (b. 1868) on Feb. 11. Austrian-born Am. serologist Karl Landsteiner (b. 1868) on June 26; 1930 Nobel Med. Prize. Italian typewriter king Camillo Olivetti (b. 1868) in Dec. in Biella. German composer-conductor Max von Schillings (b. 1868) on July 24 in Berlin. English "For the Fallen" poet-dramatist Laurence Binyon (b. 1869) on Mar. 10 in Reading, Berkshire. Czech-born Am. anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka (b. 1869) on Sept. 5. Am. judge-reformer Benjamin Barr Lindsey (b. 1869) on Mar. 26 in Denver, Colo. German adm. Ludwig von Reuter (b. 1869) on Dec. 18 in Potsdam. English philosopher Edwyn Bevan (b. 1870) on Oct. 18 in London. Dutch poet Pieter Cornelis Boutens (b. 1870). French Les Nabis painter Maurice Denis (b. 1870) on Nov. 2-3 (13?) in Paris (auto accident): "Remember that a picture, before being a battle horse, a nude, an anecdote or whatnot, is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in 'a certain order." Swiss TB physician Arnold C. Klebs (b. 1870) on Mar. 6 in Nyon. Latvian-born Am. Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge designer Leon Solomon Moisseiff (b. 1872) on Sept. 3 (heart attack). Am. actress-singer Alice Nielsen (b. 1872) on Mar. 8 in Far Rockaway, Queens, N.Y. Russian pianist-composer Sergei Rachmaninoff (b. 1873) on Mar. 28 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; left three operas, two symphonies, four piano concertos, two cantatas et al. Austrian-Am. actor-dir. Max Reinhardt (b. 1873) on Oct. 30 in New York City. German Roman Catholic priest-martyr Bernhard Lichtenberg (b. 1875) on Nov. 5; dies en route from Berlin to Dachau. Am. artist Richard E. Miller (b. 1875). Polish-born Israeli Zionist leader Arthur Ruppin (b. 1876) on Jan. 1. English publisher Charles Boon (b. 1877) on Dec. 2 (cerebral hemorrhage). English-born Canadian NHL pres. #1 (1917-43) Frank Calder (b. 1877) on Feb. 4 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. artist Marsden Hartley (b. 1877) on Sept. 2 in Maine. Am. "The Wizard of Oz" composer Paul Tietjens (b. 1877) on Nov. 25 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. worst hitter of all time ML catcher Bill Bergen (b. 1878) on Dec. 19 in Worcester, Mass. (heart disease). French chef Marcel Boulestin (b. 1878) on Sept. 20 in Paris. Danish dir. Holger-Madsen (b. 1878) on Nov. 30. Am. Lewisite chemist W.L. Lewis (b. 1878) on Jan. 20 in Evanston, Ill. English novelist-poet Radclyffe Hall (b. 1880) on Oct. 7 in London (colon cancer). Am. eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin (b. 1880) on Jan. 26 in Kirksville, Mo. Czech psychologist Max Wertheimer (b. 1880) on Oct. 12 in Rochelle, N.Y. (heart attack). Polish gen. Wladyslaw Sikorski (b. 1881) on July 4 in Gibraltar (plane accident). Bolivian pres. (1930-1) Gen. Carlos Blanco Galindo (b. 1882) on Oct. 2. Am. lyricist Joseph McCarthy (b. 1885) on Dec. 18 in New York City. Russian botanist Nikolai Vavilov (b. 1887) on Jan. 26 in Saratov; dies of starvation in priz after criticizing Soviet sacred cow Trofim Lysenko. Am. writer-critic Alexander Woollcott (b. 1887) on Jan. 23 in New York City (heart attack). Italian Adm. Carlo Bergamini (b. 1888) on Sept. 9 near Porto Torres, Sardinia (KIA aboard battleship Roma). Am. Roman Catholic priest Thomas Lawrason Riggs (b. 1888) (heart attack). English historian R.G. Collingwood (b. 1889) on Jan. 9 in Coniston. French Resistance martyr Jean Moulin (b. 1889) on July 8 near Metz; dies en route to a German concentration camp; buried in the Pantheon; Rene Hardy (1911-87) is tried twice for allegedly betraying him, but never convicted. Am. pres. Teddy Roosevelt's son Kermit Roosevelt Sr. (b. 1889) on June 4 in Alaska (suicide); namesake of the town of Kermit in Winkler County, Tex. Am. psychologist Carl Campbell Brigham (b. 1890) on Jan. 24 in Princeton, N.J. German concentration camp inspector Theodore Eicke (b. 1892) on Feb. 26 in Orella, Russia (shot down). English WWI hero Pvt. Fred Potts (b. 1892) on Nov. 3 in Reading. Am. auto exec Edsel Bryant Ford (b. 1893) on May 26. English "The Scarlet Pimpernel", "Ashley Wilkes in Gone With the Wind" actor Leslie Howard (b. 1893) on June 1 (shot down in airplane). German White Rose dissident Kurt Huber (b. 1893) on July 13 in Munich (executed). German "Maj. Heinrich Strasser in Casablanca" actor Conrad Veidt (b. 1893) on Apr. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack while playing golf). Bulgarian tsar (1918-43) Boris III (b. 1894) on Aug. 28 in Sofia (assassinated?). Am. singer Vaughn De Leath (b. 1894) on May 28 in Buffalo, N.Y. Russian-born French artist Chaim Soutine (b. 1894) on Aug. 9 in Paris (perforated ulcer while hiding out from the Nazis). German Lutheran pastor Karl Friedrich Stellbrink (b. 1894) on Nov. 10 in Hamburg (beheaded). Am. "Blue Moon" lyricist Lorenz Hart (b. 1895) on Nov. 22 in New York City. Am. blues singer Trixie Smith (b. 1895) on Sept. 21 in New York City. English "Lassie Come Home" novelist Eric Knight (b. 1897) on Jan. 15 in Dutch Guiana (Suriname) (airplane crash). Am. "John Brown's Body" poet Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943) (b. 1898) on Mar. 13 in New York City: "And fire and ice were one/ In one vast hunger of desire"; "Heaven is for a moment's span./ And ever"; "This is he./ This is the man they ate at the green table/ Putting their gloves on ere they touched the meat"; "When the first wrong was done to the first Indian, I was there. When the first slaver put out for the Congo, I stood on her deck"; "Life is not lost by dying! Life is lost/ Minute by minute, day by dragging day,/ In all the thousand, small, uncaring ways,/ The smooth appeasing compromises of time.../ Rise up! The loves we had were not enough./ Something is loosed to change the shaken world,/ And with it we must change!" Am. horror actor Dwight Frye (b. 1899) on Nov. 7 in Hollywood, Calif. Norwegian writer Nordahl Grieg (b. 1902) on Dec. 2; dies in exile after fighting the Nazis, while Sigrid Undset is also exiled, Arnulf Overland is imprisoned and senile Knut Hamsun supports the Nazis - the good die young? Italian rabbi Riccardo Pacifici (b. 1904) on Dec. 11 in Auschwitz. Am. jazz musician Fats Waller (b. 1904) on Dec. 15 in Kansas City, Mo. (pneumonia); dies on a cross-country train trip; his funeral in Harlem, N.Y. is attended by 4K, with the eulogy delivered by Adam Clayton Powell Jr., who utters the soundbyte that Waller "always played to a packed house"; his ashes are scattered over Harlem by an airplane flown by an unidentified black WWI pilot. German U-boat Capt. Werner Hartenstein (b. 1908) Mar. 8 in the Atlantic Ocean (KIA). French mystic Christian philosopher Simone Weil (b. 1909) on Aug. 24 in Ashford, Kent, England (TB and self-starvation while protesting conditions of soldiers in the war); leaves The Notebooks of Simone Weil (2 vols.) (pub. 1959) and Intimations of Christianity Among the Ancient Greeks (pub. 1958); "We do not acquire humility. There is humility in us - only we humiliate ourselves before false gods"; "Love is not consolation, it is light"; "All sins are attempts to fill voids"; "Man alone can enslave man"; "Each religion is alone true, that is to say, that at the moment we are thinking of it we must bring as much attention to bear on it as if there were nothing else... A 'synthesis' of religion implies a lower quality of attention." Dutch Jewish martyr Etty Hillesum (b. 1914) on Nov. 30 in Auschwitz. Am. naval flying ace Lt. cmdr. Edward O'Hare (b. 1914) on Nov. 26 near the Gilbert Islands (KIA); in 1945 a Navy destroyer is named in his honor; on Sept. 19, 1949 Chicago's Orchard Depot Airport is renamed in his honor. South African Squadron Leader John Dering Nettleton (b. 1917) on July 13 near Brest, France (KIA). Russian White Rose martyr St. Alexander Schmorell (b. 1917) on July 13 in Munich (executed). German White Rose resistance martyr Willi Graf (b. 1918) on Oct. 12 in Munich (executed).



1944 - The Longest Day July 20th Plot Hun Is On the Run Germans Shift Into Reverse Gear Year? Supposedly history-savvy Hitler gets egg on his face when the Norman descendants of Britain reverse the 1066 Norman Invasion via the White Cliffs of Dover and the English Channel, knowing how Germans are always a sucker for that? The Japs Are On the Run Year in the Pacific?

D-Day, June 6, 1944 British Pvt. Bill Millin (1922-2010) Andrew Higgins of the U.S. (1886-1952) German Luftwaffe Field Marshal Hugo Sperrle (1885-1953) Juan Pujol Garcia (1912-88) British RAF Marshal Sir Charles Portal (1893-1971) British Gen. Bernard Law 'Monty' Montgomery (1887-1976) Cherbourg Surrenders, June 27, 1944 German Adm. Walter Hennecke (1898-1984) U.S. Gen. Manton Sprague Eddy (1892-1962) German Gen. Karl Wilhelm von Schlieben (1894-1964) July 20 Plot German Gen. Walther Warlimont (1894-1976) German Col. Claus Philipp Maria Schenk, Count von Stauffenberg (1904-44) German Gen. Rudolf Schmundt (1894-1944) German Gen. Friedrich Fromm (1888-1945) German Gen. Paul von Hase (1885-1945) German Maj. Otto-Ernst Remer (1912-97) Paris Liberation, Aug. 25, 1944 German Gen. Dietrich von Choltitz (1894-1966) French Gen. Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902-47) German Field Marshal Erhard Milch (1892-1972) Thomas E. Dewey of the U.S. (1902-71) John W. Bricker of the U.S. (1893-1986) German Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge (1882-1944) German Gen. Walther Model (1891-1945) German Gen. Gunther Blumentritt German Gen. Ferdinand Schörner (1892-1973) Soviet Field Marshal Ivan Stepanovich Koniev (1897-1973) Soviet Gen. Andrey Yeremenko (1892-1970) USMC Gen. Alexander A. Vandegrift (1887-1973) U.S. Gen. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1887-1944) U.S. Maj. Richard D. 'Dick' Winters (1918-2011) U.S. Gen. Anthony Clement McAuliffe (1898-1975) Japanese Gen. Koiso Kuniaki (1880-1950) Japanese Gen. Renya Mutaguchi (1888-1966) Japanese Gen. Baron Hiroshi Oshima (1886-1975) British Gen. William Joseph Slim (1891-1970) U.S. Gen. Holland McTyeire 'Howlin Mad' Smith (1882-1967) Japanese Gen. Yoshitsugu Saito (1890-1944) U.S. Gen. George Catlett Marshall (1880-1959) Prince Charles of Belgium (1903-83) Edward R. Stettinius Jr. of the U.S. (1900-49) Palmiro Togliatti of Italy (1893-1964) Konstantin Muraviev of Bulgaria (1893-1965) French Gen. Marie-Pierre Koenig (1898-1970) Otto Heinrich Frank (1889-1980 German SS Col. Max Wünsche (1914-95) German SS Gen. Franz Kutschera (1904-42) German Lt. Col. Joachim Peiper (1915-76) Sir James Martin Stagg of Britain (1900-75) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. of the U.S. (1915-44) Kathleen 'Kick' Kennedy (1920-48) Roland Freisler of Germany (1893-1945) German Gen. Friedrich Olbricht (1888-1944) German Gen. Karl Heinrich von Stuelpnagel (1886-1944) German Gen. Erwin von Witzleben (1881-1944) German Gen. Ludwig Beck (1880-1944) German Gen. Friedrich Gollwitzer (1899-1977) German Gen. Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller (1897-1947) German Gen. Heinrich Kreipe (1895-1976) British Maj. Patrick Leigh Fermor (1915-2011) British Capt. W. Stanley Moss (1921-65) British Gen. John Frost (1912-93) British Lt. Col. Richard Lonsdale (1913-88) German Gen. Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke (1889-1968) Arthur Greiser of Germany (1897-1946) German Count Peter Yorck von Wartenburg (1904-44) German Count Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf (1896-1944) German Gen. Fritz Erich Fellgiebel (1886-1944) Ulrich von Hassell of Germany (1881-1944) Julius Leber of Germany (1891-1945) Carl Friedrich Goerdeler of Germany (1884-1945) German Maj. Richard Bauer (1911-63) and 1st Lt. Karl-Friedrich Höcker (1911-2000 Alfred Delp of Germany (1907-45) Johannes Popitz of Germany (1884-1945) Dries Riphagen (1909-73) Erwin Planck (1893-1945) Germany Capt. Count Ulrich-Wilhelm Schwerin von Schwanenfeld (1902-44) Wilhelm Leuschner of Germany (1890-1944) Josef Wirmer (1901-44) Elisabeth von Thadden (1890-1944) German Luftwaffe Lt. Col. Caesar von Hofacker (1896-1944) Bernhard Letterhaus of Germany (1894-1944) Adolf Reichwein of Germany (1898-1944) Ulrich Freiherr von Sell of Germany (1884-1945) U.S. Gen. Harry Schmidt (1886-1968) U.S. Gen. John Porter Lucas (1890-1949) German Gen. Hasso von Manteuffel (1897-1978) Japanese Adm. Shigetaro Shimada (1888-1976) Polish Gen. Count Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski (1895-1966) British Gen. Orde Charles Wingate (1903-44) Sir Edwin Hardy Amies of Britain (1909-2003) Louis 'Lepke' Buchalter (1897-1944) Gen. Salvador Castaneda of El Salvador (1888-1965) Juan Jose Arévalo of Guatemala (1904-90) Gen. Juan Federico Ponce Vaides of Guatemala (1889-1956) Col. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman of Guatemala (1913-71) Francisco Javier Arana of Guatemala (1905-49) Gen. Döme Sztójay of Hungary (1883-1946) Gen. Geza Lakatos of Hungary (1890-1967) Ferenc Szalasi of Hungary (1897-1946) Bulgarian Gen. Kimon Georgiev Stoyanov (1882-1969) Juho Kusti Paasikivi of Finland (1870-1956) Finnish Gen. Hjalmar Siilasvuo (1892-1947) German SS Capt. Amon Goeth (1908-46) German SS Gen. Kurt Meyer (1910-61) Sveinn Bjornsson of Iceland (1881-1952) Malayan Gen. Lim Bo Seng (1909-44) Archbishop Damaskinos of Greece (1891-1949) Sergio Osmeña of the Philippines (1878-1961) U.S. Adm. Carleton H. Wright (1892-1970) Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. (1908-93) Adam Clayton Powell Jr. of the U.S. (1908-72) Charles Erwin Wilson of the U.S. (1899-1961) SS Maj. Walter Reder (1915-91) William V.S. Tubman of Liberia (1895-1971) Italian Pvt. Guglielmo Olivotto (1911-44) Lord Moyne of Britain (1880-1944) British Wing Cmdr. Robert Norman Bateson (1912-86) British Capt. Peter Guy Wykeham-Barnes (1915-95) German Luftwaffe Maj. Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (1916-44) German Luftwaffe Capt. Manfred Meurer (1919-44) German Luftwaffe Col. Hans-Ulrich Rudel (1916-82) German Gen. Erich Hoepner (1886-1944) U.S. Gen. Robert Lawrence Eichelberger (1886-1961) Leon Jaworski of the U.S. (1905-82) Andrei Vyshinsky of the Soviet Union (1883-1954) Henry Morgenthau Jr. of the U.S. (1891-1967) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej of Romania (1901-65) Victor Basch (1863-1944) British RAF Group Capt. Leonard Cheshire (1917-92) British Lt. Cyril Watney (1922-90) German Luftwaffe Gen. Dietrich Peltz (1914-2001) German Lt. Col. Otto Weidinger (1914-90) German Luftwaffe Maj. Walter Nowotny (1920-44) German Maj. Hans Josef Kieffer (1900-47) British Gen. Sir Edgar Williams (1912-95) Gustave Biéler of France (1904-44) Robert Benoist of France (1895-1944) Denise Bloch of France (1916-1945) Herbert Stanley Morrison of Britain (1888-1965) Hannah Szenes of Israel (1921-44) Vera Leigh of Britain (1903-44) Diana Rowden of Britain (1915-44) Andree Borrel of France (1919-44) Sonia Olschanesky of France (1923-44) British Pilot Cyril Joe Barton (1921-44) Eugenio Calò of Italy (1906-44) Sewell Avery (1874-1960) Cardinal Richard Cushing (1895-1970) Father Max Josef Metzger (1887-1944) Rudolf Vrba (1924-2006) Itzhak Katzenelson (1886-1944) Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992) Rudolf Kastner (1906-57) Philippe Henriot of France (1889-1944) Georges Mandel of France (1885-1944) Kaj Munk (1898-1944) Peter Munk (1927-) Fred Korematsu (1919-2005) Josef Kramer of Germany (1906-45) British Group Capt. Percy Charles Pickard (1915-44) British Wing Cmdr. Robert Stanford Tuck (1916-87) Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin (1890-1945) Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin (1922-2013) Erich Gimpel of Germany (1910-2010) Canadian Lt. Romeo Sabourin (1923-440 William Colepaugh (1918-2005) Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987) Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) Alfred Wetzler (1918-88) Raoul Wallenberg (1912-47) George Woodcock (1912-95) Fontaine Maury Maverick Sr. of the U.S. (1895-1954) Violet Bonham Carter of England (1887-1969) George Junius Stinney Jr. (1929-44) Freda Utley (1898-1978) Jerry Voorhis of the U.S. (1901-84) Ted Lindsay (1925-) Sid Abel (1918-2000) Pete Gray (1915-2002) Gordie Howe (1928-2016) Maurice Richard (1921-2000) Thomas Clement 'Tommy' Douglas of Canada (1904-86) Shirley Douglas (1934-) Kiefer Sutherland (1966-) Donald Watson (1920-2005) John McLendon (1915-99) North Carolina Eagles, 1944 Hans Asperger (1906-80) Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. (1877-1955) Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950) Margaret Landon (1903-93) Colin Munro MacLeod (1909-72) Maclyn McCarty (1911-2005) Joseph Stanley Pennell (1908-63) Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898-1988) Otto Hahn (1879-1968) Lawrence Robert Klein (1920-) Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965) Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888-1963) Lise Meitner (1878-1968) John von Neumann (1903-57) Oskar Morgenstern (1902-77) Selman A. Waksman (1888-1973) Frederick Douglas Patterson (1901-88) Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) Anthony Ernest Pratt (1903-94) Clue Board Game, 1944 Richard Kuhn (1900-67) Ernst Gräfenberg (1881-1957) Philip Khuri Hitti (1886-1978) John Rock (1890-1984) George Gaylord Simpson (1902-84) Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (1902-78) Robert Woods Bliss of the U.S. (1875-1962) Karl Shapiro (1913-2000) Willem J. Kolff (1911-2009) Saul Bellow (1915-2005) Stephen Bonsal (1865-1951) Colette (1873-1954) Russel Blaine Nye (1913-93) Theodore Sturgeon (1918-85) Eric Williams (1911-81) Kathleen Winsor (1919-2003) Aaron Copland (1900-90) Julius Rudel (1921-) Jean Stafford (1915-79) Robert Lowell (1917-77) Richard Avedon (1923-2004) Doe Avedon (1925-2011) Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007) Rod Brasfield (1910-58) Joan Harrison (1907-94) 'The Glass Menagerie', 1944 Tennessee Williams (1911-83) Florence Foster Jenkins (1868-1944) Robert Siodmak (1900-73) Noman Granz (1918-2001) Jazz at the Philharmonic, 1944-83 Flip Phillips (1915-2001) Clef Records, 1946 'Harvey', 1944 'On the Town', 1944 Adolph Green (1914-2002) and Betty Comden (1917-2006) Betty Hutton (1921-2007) 'Bathing Beauty', 1944 'Double Indemnity', 1944 'Going My Way', starring Bing Crosby (1903-77), 1944 'The Halfway House', 1944 'Laura', 1944 'Lifeboat', 1944 'Meet Me in St. Louis, starring Judy Garland (1922-69), 1944 'National Velvet', starring Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011), 1945 'This Happy Breed', 1944 Joyce Cary (1888-1957) Mary Coyle Chase (1906-81) Helen Duncan (1897-1956) Robert Edward Duncan (1919-88) L.P. Hartley (1895-1972) Eric Bentley (1916-) John Hersey (1914-93) Pierre Lazareff (1907-72) William Meredith Jr. (1919-2007) William Sansom (1912-76) Montagu Slater (1902-56) Lillian Smith (1897-1966) Jo Stafford (1917-2008) Mary Lou Williams (1910-81) Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915-73) Sammy Price (1908-92) David Diamond (1915-2005) Judy Holliday (1921-65) Danny Kaye (1911-87) 'Gaslight', 1944 Angela Lansbury (1925-) 'Henry V', 1944 'Love Story', 1944 Hume Cronyn (1911-2003) and Jessica Tandy (1909-94) Arshile Gorky (1904-48) 'The Liver is the Cocks Comb' by Arshile Gorky (1904-48), 1944 'Hitler in Hell' by George Grosz (1893-1959), 1944 Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-73) Harvard Mark I Computer, 1944 XB-42 Mixmaster XB-43 Jetmaster Walter Horten (1913-98) and Reimar Horten (1915-94) Horten Ho 229 Le Monde, 1944

1944 Chinese Year: Monkey. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969). This year and next Vietnam suffers a famine in which 2M starve to death. On Jan. 1 USC defeats Washington by 29-0 to win the 1944 Rose Bowl - now graduate, join the service, and come back in a coffin draped in roses? On Jan. 1 Stalin sets up the Communist-controlled Polish Nat. Council (Polish Committee for Nat. Liberation) in Moscow as the "supreme organ of democratic elements" in Poland with its own military, snubbing the Polish govt.-in-exile in London and accepting the post-WWI Curzon Line along the Bug River as the Polish border, which Winston Churchill tries to talk the London-based govt. into, while they won't budge from the 1921 Treaty of Riga boundary extending to the Pripet Marshes and White Russia. On Jan. 1 Plaszow Concentration Camp near Cracow, Poland opens, run by sadistic Vienna-born SS Capt. Amon Leopold Goeth (Göth) (1908-46), going on to kill 80K; a special branch camp for Soviet POWs is set up nearby, of whom thousands are killed. On Jan. 1 (night) 400 British bombers attack Berlin, killing 79 civilians while losing 28 planes and 168 airmen; 21 of the civilians die after a panic at the entrance to their bomb shelter, causing several policemen to be transferred to the Eastern Front. On Jan. 2 the Soviets capture Radovel, Poland 18 mi. from the 1939 Soviet-German border; the Germans of Field Marshal von Manstein fall back in disorder without blowing up bridges and burning villages; on Jan. 3 the Soviets occupy Olevsk, Poland 10 mi. from the border; on Jan. 6 Soviet troops cross the 1939 border, capturing Rokitno, Poland 12 mi. inside it; Hitler deliberately yields space on the Eastern Front in order to build up forces in the West? On Jan. 2 the U.S. launches Operation Dexterity against Saidor, Papua, New Guinea, capturing it after losing 55 U.S. vs. 1,275 Japanese troops, forcing 20K Japanese troops and civilians to retreat 200 mi. through the jungle to Madang, losing 10K to Australian attacks. On Jan. 2 (night) after a near mutiny in hearing they have to do it two nights in a row, 383 British bombers attack Berlin, dropping 1K tons of bombs, losing 26 planes and 168 airmen, and killing 27 civilians. On Jan. 3 the U.S. and British launch Operation Carpetbagger, dropping arms and supplies to partisans in France, Belgium, Holland, and Italy. On Jan. 3 lay Methodist preacher and Supreme Court justice (since 1937) William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman (1895-1971) becomes pres. of Liberia (until July 23, 1971), going on to align with the U.S. during WWII and modernize Liberia with an open door policy to foreign businesses. On Jan. 4 Hitler holds a conference with Albert Speer and Field Marshal Erhard Milch (1892-1972) soundbyte: "If I get the jet in time, I can fight off the invasion with them", followed on Jan. 7 by: "If I get a few hundred of them to the front line it will exorcise the specter of invasion for all time." On Jan. 4 a German anti-partisan group led by Otto Schwerdt kills Danish clergyman-playwright Kaj Harald Leininger Munk (b. 1898); on Jan. 7 his funeral in Vederso is used by Danish patriots to show unity, ramping up resistance to Nazi occupation. On Jan. 8 the first Billboard No. 1 Country Hits list is pub., incl. Pistol Packin' Mama by Bing Crosby & The Andrews Sisters, and Al Dexter; at first it is limited to jukebox play, and 2-8 slots; on Dec. 10, 1949 they begin pub. most-played country & western records by folk disc jockeys; on Oct. 20, 1958 they combine them in "Hot C&W Sales" (30 slots), changing to "Hot Country Songs" on Nov. 3, 1962, expanding to 100 slots on July 14, 1973, then trimming down to 75 slots on Jan. 20, 1990. On Jan. 9 the French Resistance shoots two German soldiers in Lyon, causing Klaus Barbie to have 22 Frenchmen rounded up and shot, with the later comment: "We were in the right because they shouldn't have shot our soldiers in the back. It was against all the laws"; on Jan. 9 Lyons Milice chief Joseph Lecussan (Lécussan) (1895-1946) arrests former League of Human Rights pres. (Zionist) Victor Guillaume Basch (b. 1863) and his 79-y.-o. wife Ilona, and has them shot on Jan. 10 with a placard placed on his corpse reading "Terror against terror - the Jew pays with his life for the death of a national." On Jan. 9 Italian air force capt. Emilio Pucci, Marchese di Barsento (1914-92), close friend of Mussolini's eldest daughter Edda drives her to the Swiss border to escape, but before he can flee too he is arrested and tortured by the Gestapo to reveal the location of diaries written by her hubby Italian foreign minister Count Galeazzo Ciano, and after talking is allowed to cross the border with orders to tell Edda that she will be assassinated if she attempts to pub. them; after the war he becomes a famous fashion designer. On Jan. 10 U.S. and British aircraft bomb Sofia, Bulgaria. On Jan. 11 Mussolini's Repub. of Salo executes five former Fascist leaders in Verona for treason, incl. foreign minister Count Ciano (Mussolini's son-in-law) and military cmdr. Marshal De Bono. On Jan. 11 FDR's 1944 (Last) State of the Union Address proposes a Second Bill of Rights, an "economic bill of rights" to "assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness", incl. housing, employment with a living wage, freedom from unfair competition and monopolies, medical care, education, and social security. On Jan. 12 32 Jews are deported from Trieste to Auschwitz. On Jan. 12 (night) the Allies bomb German aircraft factories in Halberstadt, Braunschweig, and Aschersleben, losing 60 of 650 bombers. On Jan. 13 after his sabotage efforts become so successful that the Nazis institute a special manhunt for him, French Resistance Musician Network leader Capt. Gustave Daniel Alfred Bieler (Biéler) (b. 1904) AKA Guy is arrested at a cafe in Saint-Quentin with fellow agent Yolande Beekman (b. 1911) AKA Mariette/Yvonne, then tortured at Flossenburg, and finally executed with a guard of honor on Sept. 5 when he doesn't talk; she is executed on Sept. 13 in Dachau. On Jan. 14 the Soviets resume their offensive on Leningrad in an attempt to break the German grip, breaking the German ring on the E on Jan. 15 and linking up with city defenders at Ropsha, scene of the 1762 assassination of Tsar Peter III "the Prussomaniac", taking Pushkin, Slutsk, Gatchina, and Mga. On Jan. 14 the Soviets drive the Germans from Mozyr and Kalinkovichi on the E edge of the Pripet Marshes, creating a mozying kinky deep salient, causing Hitler to reverse his generals' request to withdraw and order counterattacks. On Jan. 15 the German Army launches its 6th offensive against Tito and his Communist partisans at Jajce, forcing them 40 mi. W to Drvar. On Jan. 16 The Life of Riley (originally a CBS Raio summer replacement radio show starring Lionel Stander on Apr. 12-Sept. 6, 1941) debuts, starring William Bendix (1906-64) as Brooklyn, N.Y.-born factory worker Chester A. Riley ("What a revoltin' development this is!"), and Paula Winslow(e) (1910-96) as his wife Peg; John Brown (1904-57) stars as "friendly undertaker" Digby "Digger" O'Dell ("Business is a little dead tonight"; on Sept. 8, 1945 it moves to NBC Radio (until June 29, 1951). On Jan. 17-May 18 the Battle of Monte Cassino kills 20K but clears the Allied way to Rome, with Polish and French troops heroically supporting the British troops; on Jan. 15 the Allies begin shelling the monastery; on Jan. 17 (a.m.) the Allies launch Operation Panther, crossing the Garigliano River between Cassino and the sea until they are thrown back; on Jan. 24 U.S. troops incl. the all-Japanese 442nd Regimental Combat Team begin an offensive against the well-defended German stronghold of Monte Cassino on the Rapido River, led by Prussian Nazi Col. (later Gen.) Sep Seigl (1907-), who has orders from Hitler to destroy the "traitor" Japs on the U.S. side; Ernie Pyle travels with the 442nd, writing "These short, black-eyed little fighters are setting a new record. They continue slugging it out when even the bravest men would consolidate or withdraw", and Hitler's plan backfires when they earn everybody's respect, securing their hold in Hawaii and the U.S. West Coast?; despite objections by USAF gen. Ira Clarence Eaker, the famous Abbey of Monte Cassino (founded in the 6th cent. by St. Benedict of Benedictine Rule fame) is bombed by the Allies on Feb. 15-18, and again on Mar. 15 after the Allies believe it's a German stronghold when actually it only harbors women and children refugees from the nearby town of Cassino; luckily its priceless library, incl. the archives of the Keats-Shelley House in Rome are sent to the Vatican in time; after the war the abbey is rebuilt, and reconsecrated by Pope Paul VI in 1964; the Allies win a V after suffering 55K casualties vs. 20K German. On Jan. 18 the Germans use tanks to search for loose Jews in the area of Buczacz in East Galicia, finding and killing 300. On Jan. 18 German intel officer Lt. Kurt Waldheim reports that up to 25K Greek partisans are active in S Greece along with 4K Italian soldiers. On Jan. 18 the Gestapo arrests French Resistance leader Baron Jean-Francois de Nothomb (AKA Franco); he is imprisoned for the rest of the war. On Jan. 18 the Esquire All-Star Concert is held at the Met in New York City, featuring Louis Armstrong et al. On Jan. 19 British spies Capt. George Hiller (1916-72) and Lt. Cyril Arthur Watney (1922-2009) bomb the Ratier aircraft propeller factory in Figeac, France. On Jan. 19 the German high command designates all principal ports along the Atlantic and Channel coasts as fortresses, assigning each a cmdr. who takes an oath to defend it to the death. On Jan. 20 FDR is inaugurated for his 4th term as U.S. pres. On Jan. 20 the Allies reach the Rapido River; on Jan. 22 (midnight) 36K Allied troops begin Operation Shingle (ends June 5), a daring surprise landing at Anzio, Italy 32 mi. S of Rome and 50 mi. W of Cassino, losing only 13 killed during landing, and taking 227 POWs; on Jan. 23 German aircraft sink British destroyer HMS Janus; on Jan. 24 they sink hospital ship HMHS St. David; too bad, U.S. Gen. John Porter "Old/Uncle Luke" Lucas (1890-1949) waits to bring up tanks and heavy artillery, allowing the Germans to rush in reinforcements; on Jan. 24 Hitler orders his troops to hold the line at all costs, and they retake Castelforte and Monterotondo with heavy casualties; on Jan. 24 Hitler tells a Japanese ambassador that he had to take 35 German divs. from the Eastern Front to reinforce his armies in Italy and the Balkans; on Jan. 26 U.S. troops cross the Rapido River, establishing a small bridgehead N of Cassino, getting cut off from the main Allied force to the S; on Jan. 29 the Germans near the Anzio bridgehead sink British destroyer HMS Spartan and cargo ship SS Samuel Huntington, killing four; on Feb. 1 the Allies launch an offensive, bringing them closer to Cassino; on Feb. 3 the Germans launch Operation Fish Trap (Fischfang), a major counterattack contracting the foothold at Anzio; on Feb. 4 U.S. troops come within 1K yards of the Cassino Monastery, and the Allies bog down and get into a desperate struggle, with their position becoming a 24/7 Hell; on Feb. 12 the Allies drop leaflets warning that they're going to bomb the monastery, and on Feb. 15 they drop 400 tons of bombs on it, destroying it and killing the bishop along with 250 refugees, after which a bayonet assault by Indian, Gurkha, and Maori troops is repelled; on Feb. 16 the Germans attack again at Anzio, driving the Allies back to the shore. On Jan. 20 1K+ Jews are deported from Paris to Auschwitz. On Jan. 20 (night) 759 British bombers drop 2,456 tons of bombs on Berlin, cutting the main railway line to Hamburg and damaging a Todt Org. depot along with a radar factory, losing 35 bombers and 172 airmen, and killing 243 civilians. On Jan. 21 Operation Steinbock (the Baby Blitz), a night bombing offensive on S England, led by newly-promoted 29-y.-o. Luftwaffe Maj. Gen. Dietrich Peltz (1914-2001) begins (ends May 29); on Jan. 21 (night) 447 German bombers stage Operation Ibex, dropping 500 tons of bombs, only 32 of which hit London; on Jan. 21 (night) the British bomb Magdeburg, Germany; German ace Maj. Heinrich Alexander Ludwig Peter Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (b. 1916), a descendant of Franz Liszt's mistress shoots down four planes before being shot down with 87 Vs, with Hitler awarding him a posth. Oak Leaves with Swords; German night fighter ace Capt. Manfred Meurer (b. 1919) crashes after a British plane explodes above him, with 65 Vs. On Jan. 22 Eva Maria Duarte meets Juan Peron in San Juan, Argentina. On Jan. 24-Feb. 16 the Battle of the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket in S Russia in the Dnieper River bend is a V for the Soviets, who trap and kill 20K of 60K Germans. On Jan. 25 the combined U.S.-British chiefs of staff agree to Plan Jael for Operation Bodyguard, a master plan incl. Operation Fortitude on Trondheim, Norway to trick Germany into thinking that their Normany invasion is being planned for elsewhere, complete with fake military maneuvers for the fake First U.S. Army Group (FUSAG), which is made to appear to be planning Operation Fortitude South on the French coast between Pas de Calais and Boulogne along with the fake Twelfth British Army, consisting of of the 15th British Motorized Div., the 34th British Infantry Div., the 8th British Armored Div., and the 7th Polish Infantry Div., which is also planning fake landings incl. Operation Graffham on C Sweden, Operation Royal Flush on S Sweden, Spain, or Turkey, Operation Zeppelin on Romania, Crete, and W Greece and Albania, and Operation Ironside on Bordeaux. On Jan. 26 the Soviets attack the Germans along the Moscow-Leningrad Railway between Tosno and Lyuban. On Jan. 26 200 U.S. planes attack Rabaul, New Guinea, knocking out its Japanese airbases. On Jan. 26 Heinrich Himmler gives a speech to 300 German gens., adms., and officers in Poznan incl. Count von Gersdorff, with the soundbyte that when Hitler ordered him "to carry out the total solution of the Jewish question", he was "uncertain whether I could demand of my worthy SS men the execution of such a horrid assignment", but "this was ultimately a matter of a Fuhrer order, and therefore I could have no misgivings. In the meantime, the assignment has been carried out, and there is no longer a Jewish question" in Poland, where 3M Jews have been murdered. On Jan. 26 (night) the British bomb you-guessed-it Berlin, losing 33 bombers and 182 airmen while killing 474 civilians incl. 132 foreign workers; on Jan. 28 (night) they bomb it again, dropping 1,887 tons of bombs and losing 254 airmen. On Jan. 27 after the Moscow-Leningrad Railway is cleared, the 900-day Siege of Leningrad (begun Sept. 1, 1941) ends, with 632K killed, along with 60K German troops; Hitler orginally claimed it would "fall like a leaf"; at night Soviet warships in the Neva River fire a 324-rocket salute. On Jan. 27 Hitler speaks with his generals, uttering the soundbyte: "You can't smash terror by philosophizing, you have to smash it by using even greater terror" - that's just what the Allies are thinking? On Jan. 28 the Germans execute 102 Poles on Jerusalem Ave. in Warsaw. On Jan. 29 U.S. forces begin invading Kwajalein Atoll and other parts of the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. On Jan. 29 the Allies set up the Shelburne Escape Line from Plouha, France to Dartmouth, England, bringing 135 airmen back before it is shut down by the Germans in June. On Jan. 29 (night) the Germans bomb London, dropping only 40 tons of bombs; meanwhile 800 U.S. bombers attack Frankfurt-am-Main, losing 50 planes. On Jan. 30 563 Jews are deported to Auschwitz from Milan, Italy, followed by 462 more from Fossoli on Feb. 20. On Jan. 30 (night) the British bomb Berlin, killing 2.4K civilians and damaging Joseph Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry, with 193 pilots KIA and 43 taken POW. On Jan. 31 Ibn Saud allows Standard Oil Co. of Calif. and Texaco to unite and form the Arabian-Am. Co. (Aramco); in 1946 Standard Oil Co. of N.J. (later named Exxon), and Socony-Vaccum (later named Mobil Oil Co.) join, becoming the sole owners until 1973, when Saudi Arabia acquires a 25% stake, increasing it to 60% by 1974, and 100% by 1980; it ends up with 260B barrels of proven crude oil reserves, 2nd largest on Earth. In Jan. U.S. Lt. Gen. Omar N. Bradley becomes cmdr. of U.S. ground forces being assembled in England for the invasion of Europe, later leading the U.S. First Army in Normandy on D-Day. In Jan. Operation Ratweek by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) under Sir Edwin Hardy Amies (1909-2003) (later Queen Elizabeth's fashion designer) creates confusion and fear in Nazi-held France, Denmark, Netherlands, and Norway in preparation for D-Day. In Jan. the Liberty ship SS Carole Lombard is launched, with actress Irene Dunne breaking the bottle of champagne across the bow; future TV host Mike Douglas is later assigned to it. In Jan. after telling the parents of a missing sailor that their son had died on the HMS Barham, whose 1941 sinking was a govt. secret, English medium Helen Duncan (1897-1956) is arrested while giving a seance in Portsmouth, S England and charged with "pretending to be a witch" under a 1735 law, convicted and jailed for 9 mo. in London's Holloway Prison; the law is repealed in 1951, but the conviction remains. Even before they drop the A-bomb on Japan, they seize the coral atolls they will later use to test H-bombs? On Feb. 1 the Allies invade the Marshall Islands in the South Pacific (24 coral reef islands in two chains, Radak and Ralik, none above 10 ft. in elev.), taking Majuro, the first prewar Japanese possession captured in the war, then Roi and Namu Islands on Feb. 3, Kwajalein Atoll on Feb. 6, and a Japanese airfield at Eniwetok on Feb. 20-23; the Japanese fight to the death, with only 99 POWs taken on Roi and Namu out of 3,841 Japanese, with 200 U.S. troops killed, and 130 POWs taken on Kwajalein out of 8K Japanese, with 372 U.S. troops killed. On Feb. 1 the Soviets begin an offensive on the Eastern Front, capturing Kingisepp, Russia, then crossing the Luga River and reaching within 1 mi. of the 1940 Estonian frontier by Mar. 1. On Feb. 2 the Soviets occupy Rovno and Lutsk in Poland, causing Churchill to utter the soundbyte to his military advisors: "Now that the Russians are advancing into Poland it was in our interest that Poland should be strong and well-supported. Were she weak and overrun by the advancing Soviet armies, the result might hold great dangers in the future for the English-speaking peoples." On Feb. 2 after the Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army) sentences him to death in agreement with the Polish govt.-in-exile, Polish partisans assassinate SS Gen. Franz Kutschera (b. 1904), cmdr. of Warsaw; on Feb. 3 300 Poles are executed in reprisal, followed on Feb. 10 by 140 more in Ochota. On Feb. 4 Churchill sends a telegram to Stalin claiming that the London-based Polish govt.-in-exile is the legitimate one because a Polish div. is fighting against the Germans in Italy and another is preparing for the D-Day invasion. On Feb. 5-23 the Battle of the Admin Box (Ngakyedauk) (Sinzweya) in Burma is an Allied V over the Japanese, giving the Allies a learning experience in how to defeat them. On Feb. 9 the Germans execute 90 female Polish railway workers in Lesno in reprisal for sabotage. On Feb. 9 the Germans send a secret message ordering Balkan troops to be transferred from Split to Skopje and from Mostar to Sarajevo to counter an Allied landing in Greece; on Feb. 23 they send more indicating that they buy the fake First U.S. Army Group (FUSAG). On Feb. 9 German supply ship SS Charlotte Schliemann is sunk by British destroyer HMS Relentless SE of Mauritius. On Feb. 10 the French Resistance damages the aircraft works in Sochaux-Montbeliard, France, halting production for five weeks. On Feb. 10 German security police issue a Report on the Pesky Partisans, with the soundbyte: "In spite of all his stupidity and obtuseness, the enemy is getting his claws upon us, and no one can imagine how we can shake him off again, however often he has been or may be 'cracked over the head'." On Feb. 11 parts of S Italy incl. Sicily and Sardinia are returned to the jurisdiction of the Badoglio Italian govt., administered by an Allied Military Govt. (AMG), an Allied Control Commission, and an Advisory council composed of reps of the U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, and the French Committee of Nat. Liberation; Italian Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti (1893-1964) (AKA Ercole Ercoli) returns from exile and takes charge of the Italian Communist Party, executing the controversial Salerno Turn away from violence in favor of dem. measures to enact Socialism in Italy, becoming minister without portfolio. On Feb. 15 (night) 875 British bombers attack Berlin, killing 500 civilians and 80 slave laborers, and losing 265 airmen. On Feb. 16 U.S. Marines launch Operation Catchpole, invading Eniwetok Island in the Marshall Islands and killing all but 64 of 2,677 Japanese troops while losing 195. On Feb. 16-17 the U.S. Navy under Adm. Raymond Ames Spruance launches Operation Hailstone on Truk Island in the Caroline Islands, destroying 15 Japanese warships, 265 aircraft (most on the ground), and 25 merchant ships while losing only 25 aircraft. On Feb. 17 Soviet Gen. Ivan Stepanovich Koniev (1897-1973) surrounds the small town of Shanderovka, Russia, and instead of accepting a German surrender he gets off by turning the town into an inferno with incendiary bombs, after which the fleeing Germans are crushed under T-34 tanks then butchered with swords by Cossack cavalry units, with only 8K POWs taken out of 28K; his ruthlessness tickles Stalin, who promotes him to field marshal, after which in 1956 he gets to lead the Soviet invasion of Hungary; he is described as having "wicked little eyes, a shaven head that looked like a pumpkin, and an expression full of self-conceit"; meanwhile his armies go on to advance from Ukraine and Belarus into Poland, reaching the Vistula River in July, followed by Slovakia in Sept. On Feb. 18 the Soviets recapture Staraya Russa S of Ilmen Lake. On Feb. 18 19 British bombers stage Operation Jericho, bombing the walls of a Nazi prison in Amiens, France, allowing 50 members of the French Resistance to escape incl. Louis Vivant; too bad, 96 POWs incl. 56 Resistance members are killed; Group Capt. Percy Charles "Pick" Pickard (b. 1915) is KIA. On Feb. 19 (night) 800+ British bombers attack Leipzig, Germany, followed 12 hours later by a U.S. daylight attack, killing 969 civilians and making 50K homeless, while losing 78 planes and 400 airmen, the largest loss so far in the war. On Feb 20 Belgian SS Walloon Legion cmdr. Leon Degrelle is awarded a Knight's Cross for an action near Narva. On Feb. 20 (night) the Germans bomb London, killing four outside Churchill's residence at 10 Downing St., although Churchill is not in London. On Feb. 20 the comic strip Batman and Robin debuts in U.S. newspapers; in spring the comic book vers. (#20) features the first-ever Batmobile cover, along with Catwoman (The Cat) AKA Selina Kyle. On Feb. 20-25 (night) Operation Argument (Big Week) sees U.S. bombers attack German aircraft and ball-bearing factories and naval installations in the Brussels-Rostock-Pola triangle; on Feb. 22 (night) 248 bombers and 185 fighters attack an aircraft factory in Regensburg, while 288 bombers and 596 fighters attack Furth, Graz, Zell-am-See, and Fiume; on Feb. 23 they attack Steyr, Gotha, and Schweinfurt; too bad after the U.S. loses 2.6K crewmen, the Germans repair the damage and ramp up production to 1,581 fighters a month in the first half of the year vs. 851 in the last half of 1943, with pilot training being their only problem. On Feb. 21 after 5.5K German soldiers hold out for 105 days, the Soviets occupy Kholm, Russia 200 mi. S of Leningrad, followed on Feb. 24 by Dno, Russia. On Feb. 22 a Japanese sub in the Indian Ocean sinks British merchant ship SS British Chivalry, surfacing to machine-gun the survivors; ditto on Feb. 26 to merchant ship MV Sutlej, and on Mar. 1 to merchant ship SS Ascot. On Feb. 22 Winston Churchill delivers the speech Our Offensive and Cooperation Policies: Hitler's Forces Still Strong to the House of Commons, with the soundbyte: "We must fight the Germans somewhere unless we are to stand still and watch the Russians"; he announces that 38,300 British aircrew have been killed and 10K aircraft lost in the war, extolling the virtues of saturation bombing, uttering the soundbyte: "The air power was the weapon which both the marauding states selected as their main tool of conquest. This was the sphere in which they were to triumph. This was the method by which the nations were to be subjugated to their rule. I shall not moralise further than to say that there is a strange, stern justice in the long swing of events." On Feb. 22 the Germans report 73,669 Jewish slave laborers at Auschwitz incl. 24,637 women in 10 industrial enterprises, incl. 6K at the IG Farben Buna Works at Monowitz. On Feb. 23 Ukrainian partisans kill two members of the 2nd Battalion of Galician SS Volunteer Regiment 4 near Huta Pienacka, causing the battalion to retaliate on Feb. 28, burning the village and killing 800+. On Feb. 25 (night) 14 German U-boats attack a 43-ship convoy in the Barents Sea en route to Russia, sinking British destroyer HMS Mahratta, killing all but 16 of 236, and losing two U-boats. On Feb. 27 63,835-ton USS Grayback (SS-208) is hit by a bomb and sinks near Okinawa, Japan, losing all 80 aboard; the wreck is discovered in June 2019. On Feb. 28 after test pilot Hanna Reitsch visits him at Berchtesgaden to receive the Iron Cross, First Class, and talks him into it, Adolf Hitler orders the creation of the Leonidas Squadron, a German version of kamikaze pilots, with Reitsch being among the first to sign up; resistance from the German Luftwaffe high command causes it to be disbanded next year after 35 suicide flights from Apr. 17-20 against Soviet bridges on the Oder River in the piloted version of the V-1 called the Reichenberg. In Feb. "Tojo's briefcase and droopy drawers" Adm. Shigetaro Shimada (1883-1976) becomes chief of the Japanese navy (until Aug.), going on to get a life sentence for war crimes after the war and receive a parole in 1955. In Feb. Hitler fires his cook for the last year Frau Marlene von Exner from Vienna (recommended by Romanian dictator Marshal Antonescu) after she becomes engaged to an SS adjutant and they discover that she has a Jewish grandmother, telling her "You will understand that I must pay you off. I cannot make one rule for myself and another for the rest." On Mar. 1 U.S. troops land on the Admiralty Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago N of New Guinea, ending resistance on Mar. 18. On Mar. 1 the German Luftwaffe resumes bombing raids over Britain, killing 279 civilians in six raids in Mar. incl. London, Hull, NE England, and S Wales; meanwhile 6K British bombers drop 27K tons of bombs, incl. the first 4K-lb. bombs in Mar. on Berlin, Essen, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, and Stuttgart. On Mar. 1 (eve.) German planes drop six bombs on Vatican City, littering the Court of Saint Damaso. On Mar. 1 Haj Amin a-Husseini, former grand mufti of Jerusalem (1921) utters the soundbyte: "Arise, Oh Sons of Arabia! Fight for your sacred rights. Slaughter Jews wherever you find them. Their spilled blood pleases Allah, our history and our religion. That will save our honor." On Mar. 2 four Soviet armies begin an offensive against German Army Group South, advancing from the Pripet Marshes to the lower Dnieper River, driving them across the S Bug, Dniester, and Pruth Rivers by the end of Mar., and occupying Czernowitz, Romania on Mar. 28; Hitler's dream of a German Garden of Eden is kaput. On Mar. 2 an Italian train stalls in a tunnel near Salerno, Italy, causing 521 to suffocate. On Mar. 2 British agent Adolphe Rabinovitch AKA Arnaud parachutes into Nancy along with French-Canadian agent Lt. Romeo Sabourin (1923-44); too bad, they are captured and sent to POW camps; Sabourin is executed on Sept. 14 in Buchenwald; in June the Germans also capture Robert Marcel Charles Benoist (1895-1944) (former Grand Prix driver) and Denise Madeleine Bloch (1916-45) AKA Ambroise, who both die in concentration camps. On Mar. 2 the Allies stage their first bombing mission in support of Yugoslavian partisans from bases in S Italy. On Mar. 2 the 16th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1943 to Warner Bros.' Casablanca, along with best dir. to Michael Curtiz; best actor goes to Paul Lukas for Watch on the Rhine, best actress to Jennifer Jones for The Song of Bernadette (beating her friend Ingrid Bergman in For Whom the Bell Tolls, who tells her not to apologize, with the soundbyte "Your Bernardette was better than my Maria"), best supporting actor to Charles Coburn for The More the Merrier, and best supporting actress to Katina Paxinou for For Whom the Bell Tolls. On Mar. 3 the first dummy A-bomb drop is made at Muroc Army AFB (later Edwards AB) in Calif.; in Aug. the 393rd Bombardment Squadron is created to drop the real bombs - wait wait wait aaah? On Mar. 3 the Germans deport 732 Dutch Jews to Auschwitz, followed on Feb. 7 by 1,501 French Jews. On Mar. 3 Anna Zwarycz is sentenced to death for harboring a Jewish child after she is at first acquitted because she let everyone know it was Jewish, but is convicted after justice ministry official Josef Ganser decides that it would be unjust because others are executed for hiding it. On Mar. 4 the Soviets begin an offensive in Belorussia. On Mar. 4 after becoming a fugitive in 1936 then surrendering to FBI head J. Edgar Hoover on Aug. 24, 1939 in front of the Manhattan Hotel after a deal is negotiated by radio announcer Walter Winchell, Manhattan, N.Y.-born Jewish Murder Inc. gangster Louis "Lepke" (Yiddish "Little Louis") Buchalter (b. 1879) is executed in the electric chair in Sing Sing Prison in N.Y., becoming the first mob boss to be executed in the U.S. (until ?); if he had talked, he might have had his sentenced reduced to life? On Mar. 4 Hans Frank holds a Nazi meeting in Cracow, and utters the soundbyte: "The Jews are a race which must be wiped out. Whenever we catch one, he will be exterminated." On Mar. 5 9K British troops under Maj. Gen. Orde Charles Wingate (1903-44) begin the Second Chindit Expedition (Operation Thursday), landing behind Japanese lines in Burma in CG-4A gliders by Apr., and hooking up with a brigade marching overland from the Naga Hills over the Chindwin River; one of the glider pilots is actor Jackie Coogan; more U.S. and Chinese (Kachin) brigades invade N Burma from Ledo and Ft. Herz, aiming for Mogaung and Myitkyina; Wingate is killed in an air crash in late Mar. On Mar. 6 the Allies stage the first successful daylight bombing of Berlin, with 800 Flying Fortresses dropping 2K tons of bombs. On Mar. 6 (night) 263 British bombers attack the railway yards at Trappes, France SW of Paris. On Mar. 7 the Bare-Assed Revolt at Auschwitz sees 3,860 Czech and Slovak Jews about to be gassed resist in the undressing room; all but 37 are killed; 11 pairs of twins are kept alive for medical experiments by Dr. Josef Mengele. On Mar. 7 38 Jews hiding in the Aryan city of Warsaw are betrayed, arrested, and killed incl. Jewish historian Emanuel Ringelblum and his wife and son. On Mar. 7 Hitler receives a report from Warthegau gov. (1939-45) Arthur Greiser (1897-1946) that 700K pesky Poles have been deported and 1M Germans settled, while the number of Jews was "down to a very insignificant remnant". On Mar. 8 the U Go Offensive (Operation C) sees the Japanese invade NE India in the Manipur region toward the Brahmaputra Valley through Imphal and Kohima, becoming the last major Japanese offensive of WWII; on Mar. 8-July 3 the Battle of Imphal sees 13K Japanese soldiers killed in an Allied V; on Apr. 4-June 22 by the Battle of Kohima (AKA the Stalingrad of the East) in Kohima, Nagaland, NE India is a decisive Allied V for the Indian 13th Corps. under British Gen. William Joseph "Bill" Slim (1891-1970) over the Japanese under Lt. Gen. Renya Mutaguchi (1888-1966), who loses 50K of his 65K-man force, mainly from starvation and disease, becoming the turning point of the Burmese war. On Mar. 8-11 the Japanese stage a futile massive counterattack in Bougainville in the Solomon Islands to drive U.S. forces from positions around Empress Augusta Bay, losing 5K KIA vs. 300 Americans. On Mar. 10 Adolf Eichmann holds a meeting at Mathausen Camp to plan the deportation of 750K Jews from Hungary to Auschwitz. On Mar. 15 the Allies make another attempt to capture pesky Monte Cassino Monastery, dropping 992 bombs and shooting 195K shells at it, mistakenly killing 96 Allied soldiers and 140 Italian civilians with errant bombs, then storming it with British, Indian, and Gurkha troops, who are repelled by the master race Aryan Germans in hand-to-hand combat after killing 1,863. On Mar. 15 Operation Chicken sees 25 Allied agents, mostly Jewish volunteers from Palestine parachute into Metlika, Yugoslavia to set up an Allied airman escape line in Hungary; too bad, Hungarian-born agent (poet) Hannah Szenes (Hannah Senesh) (Chana Senesh) (b. 1921) AKA Minnie is arrested by the Germans on Mar. 19 after crossing the Hungarian border, and executed on Nov. 7 after refusing to talk, becoming a nat. hero in Israel. On Mar. 17 Allied and Yugoslav partisans forces attack German-held Solta Island on the Dalmatian coast, also staging air attacks on Split and the Merkovic-Mostar Road. On Mar. 17 the Soviets occupy Dubno, Poland 170 mi. from the E Hungarian border. On Mar. 18 Japanese sub I-165 sinks British armed merchant ship SS Nancy Moller in the Indian Ocean, then rams the two lifeboats and machine-guns the survivors, killing 53 of 69. On Mar. 18 the British bomb Hamburg - deadly pickles, mustard, and ketchup jokes here? The original Who is Kaiser Soze? On Mar. 18 Hitler meets with Hungarian regent (since 1920) Adm. Miklos Horthy de Nagybanya (1868-1957) in Klessheim Castle S of Salzburg, and forces him to replace PM (since Mar. 19, 1942) Miklos Kallay de Nagy-Kallo with Gen. Keyser Soze, er, Dome Sztojay (Döme Sztójay) (1883-1946), Hungarian charge d'affaires in Berlin, and accept occupation by Hungarian troops, German control of the oil wells at Nagykanizsa and other raw materials, and deportation of Hungary's 750K Jews. On Mar. 19 (a.m.) as Soviet troops fight toward the E Hungarian frontier, the Germans launch Operation Margarethe, occupying Hungary to prevent it from negotiating a separate peace; Adm. Horthy returns to Budapest, and is received by a German honor guard; on Mar. 21 the Jewish Council in Budapest is formed by order of the Germans to communicate their orders to the Jewish community; rabid anti-Semite Sztojay fields an army of 300K to fight the Soviets, and begins rounding up Jews, deporting 440K by July, when Adm. Horthy bows to Western pressure and stops it, replacing Sztojay in Aug. with Gen. Geza Lakatos (1890-1967). On Mar. 20 the regular Red Arrow Express between Moscow and Leningrad resumes service. On Mar. 20 the Soviets occupy Vinnitsa, Ukraine on the S Bug River, crossing the Dniester River N of Kishinev. On Mar. 22 the Koldyczewo Revolt in White Russia sees a revolt by Jewish slave laborers led by Shlomo Kushnir, killing 10 Nazi guards with a bomb, allowing 100 to escape to the forests to join the partisans; Kushnir and 25 others are captured, and Kushnir commits suicide. On Mar. 23 Soviet pilot Maj. Victor Nikolayevich Kashtankin stages a kamikaze attack on a German ship in the Baltic, with the last words: "Dying is simple - we must win", receiving a posth. Hero of the Soviet Union medal. On Mar. 23 a Soviet Jewish partisan group led by Sgt. Andrei Tsymbal destroys a German military train carrying armored cars to the Eastern Front. On Mar. 23 the Germans begin deporting 4K Greek Jews to Auschwitz incl. 1,687 from Yanina. On Mar. 23 Italian partisans in Rome throw a bomb at an SS unit, killing 33 soldiers; on Mar. 24 the Germans round up 335 civilians and take them to the Adeatine Caves, killing them all incl. 253 Catholics and 70 Jews. On Mar. 24 (night) 812 British bombers attack Berlin for the 19th time, killing 80 civilians and damaging the Swedish embassy and Himmler's bunker while losing 72 planes and a record 392 aircrew; meanwhile 79 Allied airmen escape through a tunnel in their POW camp in Sagan, Germany, pissing-off Hitler; only three make it to Britain via Stettin and Sweden; 50 of them are handed over to the SS to be shot without trial. On Mar. 25 the Soviets occupy Proskurov, Ukraine 50 mi. from East Galicia; after he asks his permission to retreat to the W, Hitler dismisses Field Marshal Erich von Manstein and announces that he thinks the main Allied assault will be at Normandy, not the Pas de Calais as he had thought before; Western CIC (1943-5) Field Marshal Karl von Rundstedt continues to watch Calais. On Mar. 25 8K German troops attack a French Resistance camp on the Plateau des Glieres (Glières) near Annecy, France, killing 400+ of 450. On Mar. 26 the Soviets reach the Pruth River on a 56-mi. front, a total advance of 900 mi. in the last year, causing Churchill to give a radio speech with the soundbyte that their advances "constitute the greatest cause of Hitler's undoing". On Mar. 27 the Soviets occupy Kamanets-Podolsk, Russia on the East Galician border, causing the Germans to invade Romania to protect their S flank. On Mar. 27-28 the Children's Action in Kovno sees all remaining Jewish children below age 14 in the Kovno Ghetto rounded up by the SS and trucked away to be shot; 37 Jewish policeman incl. the police chief are killed for refusing to assist; 5-y.-o. Zahar Kaplanas (1938-) is rescued by a Lithuanian non-Jew, who smuggles him out in a sack. On Mar. 28 the Soviets occupy Kolomyia (Kolomea) in East Galicia, bringing in workers from the E to rebuild it. On Mar. 30 Soviet forces reach within 16 mi. of the E Hungarian border. On Mar. 30 former Dem. Tex. Rep. (1935-9) Fontaine Maury Maverick Sr. (1895-1954), c hmn. of the U.S. Smaller War Plants Corp., and grandson of "maverick" Texas cattleman Sam Maverick (b. 1803) coins the term "gobbledygook" for bureaucratic language, after the turkey, who is "always gobbledy gobbling and strutting with ludicrous pomposity; at the end of the gobble, there was a sort of gook", and adds that "anyone using the words activation or implementation will be shot" - another alternative but nevertheless meaningful minimae is achieved? On Mar. 30 (night) Operation Grayling sees 800 British bombers attack Nuremberg, killing 110 civilians and 19 Luftwaffe pilots along with 59 slave laborers, while losing a record 95 planes and 545 airmen; 256 bldgs. are damaged and several thousand made homeless, but little damage is done to industrial plants; British pilot Cyril Joe Barton (b. 1921) receives a posth. Victoria Cross for avoiding four rows of miner's cottages as his damaged plane crashes in Ryhope on the Durham coast, becoming the only Halifax bomber crewman to receive one. In Mar. a poorly-bound set of top-secret documents about Operation Overlord marked BIGOT (British Invasion of German Occupied Territory) sent by U.S Army Sgt. Thomas P. Kane in London, England to Ordnance Div., G-4 and misaddressed to his sister in Chicago bursts open on the sorting table at the main post office in Chicago, Ill., causing the FBI to be called in, which later clears him of being a spy. On Apr. 1 the Battle of Skala in East Galicia sees the Germans surrounded by the Soviets, losing 26K KIA. On Apr. 2 after a German troop train is derailed, the Germans shoot 86 villagers in Ascq, France (near Lille). On Apr. 3 the British stage Operation Tungsten, bombing damaged German battleship Tirpitz in Kaafjord, Norway, killing 128 and keeping it from becoming seaworthy. On Apr. 3 the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules 7-1 in Smith v. Allwright that states may not have whites-only primaries, but most open them to voters of all races; Justice Owen J. Roberts is the lone dissenter, siding with the state of Tex., which claims that the Dem. Party is a private org. that can set its own membership rules; the case inspires Fifth Ward resident Barbara Jordan to go into politics. On Apr. 4 a South African pilot from Foggia, Italy takes the first Aerial Photos of Auschwitz and the Monowitz synthetic oil-rubber works 2.5 mi. E; Birkenau is first photographed from the air on May 31; too bad, the Auschwitz photos don't incl. the gas chambers and crematoria. On Apr. 4 Winston Churchill delivers a speech in the House of Commons on British WWII Deaths, listing 120,958 British troops killed incl. 9,209 Canadians, 5,912 Indians, 5,622 Kiwis, and 3,107 South Africans, along with 26,317 merchant seamen, and 49,730 civilians killed in bombing raids, for a total of 232K. On Apr. 5 the Germans deport 559 Jews from N Italy to Auschwitz; on Apr. 6 they deport 43 Jewish children and 10 adults from Izieu, France. On Apr. 7 Operation Spring sees six German regiments assisted by a Cossack regiment search for French Resistance members in Gex and Oyonnax, France in the Jura Mts., killing five and capturing 13. On Apr. 7 the Germans arrest 20 Frenchmen in N France who gave the British a detailed 55 ft. map of German defenses in the Contenin Peninsula on the E edge of the future Normandy invasion; they are all executed as the invasion begins. On Apr. 7 Slovakian Jews Rudolf "Rudi" Vrba (Walter Rosenberg) (1924-2006) and Alfred Wetzler (1918-88) escape from Auschwitz, becoming the first inmates to give inside info. to the Allies on the mass murders there, resulting in the Vrba-Wexler Report (Auschwitz Protocols); too bad, although Churchill recommends bombing the rail lines leading to Auschwitz on June 27, U.S. asst. war secy. John J. McCloy kills the idea. On Apr. 8 (a.m.) the Soviets under Marshal Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (1894-1949) launch the 1944 Crimean Offensive (ends May 12), breaking the German defensive line on Apr. 12, driving through Bessarabia and Bucovina deep into Romanian territory, causing political opposition to Gen. Antonescu's govt. to increase. On Apr. 8 Operation Gardening sees U.S. Strategic Air Forces cmdr. Gen. Carl Spaatz target the Ploesti oilfields in Romania, sidestepping the official policy of targeting transportation first by claiming that the targets are the rail lines and barges on the Danube River supplying them, dropping 177 mines by Apr. 18. On Apr. 10 U.S. bombers begin attacking German shore batteries along the Normandy coast, keeping the Calais invasion deception going by attacking batteries between Rouen and Dunkirk in a 2-1 ratio. On Apr. 11 six British aircraft led by Wing Cmdr. Robert Norman Bateson (1912-86) bomb a 5-story bldg. in The Hague housing the main Gestapo files about the Dutch Resistance, killing 61 Dutch officials who couldn't be warned without jeopardizing the mission. On Apr. 15 the Soviets capture Tarnopol in East Galicia. On Apr. 15 the Germans sweep the area between Lepel and Borisov, and Lepel and Polotsk, killing 7K Soviet partisans while Soviet aircraft attack the Germans; partisan activity is restored after a few weeks. On Apr. 15 the U.S. begins fake Operation Wedlock against the Kurile Islands of N Japan in an attempt to divert Japanese resources from the Marianas Islands, creating the fake U.S. Ninth Fleet based in Hawaii. On Apr. 16 the Soviets occupy Yalta on the Black Sea coast. On Apr. 17 in anticipation of D-Day, all British diplomats are forbidden to send or receive any uncensored messages or to leave Britain. On Apr. 17 in anticipation of D-Day, all British diplomats are forbidden to send or receive any uncensored messages or to leave Britain; meanwhile German Grand Adm. Donitz issues a proclamation to all German armed forces, warning that a major invasion can come at any moment, with the soundbyte: "Throw yourself recklessly into the fight. Any man who fails to do so will be destroyed in shame and ignominy." On Apr. 17 German Roman Catholic priest Max Josef Metzger (b. 1887) is executed in Brandenburg for "assisting the enemy" for writing to Archbishop Erling Eidem of Uppsala about the need for a new govt. and world peace. On Apr. 17 the FDR-backed Great U.S. Sedition Trial of 1944 sees 30 far-right members associated with Father Charles Coughlin's Mothers' Movement accused of violating the U.S. Smith Act because of their isolationist or pro-Fascist views; after the charges prove phony and politically motivated, a mistrial is declared on Nov. 29 after judge Edward C. Eicher dies. On Apr. 18 Operation Stamina, an airlift to besieged British and Indian troops in Imphal begins (ends June 30). On Apr. 18 a U.S. daylight raid on the railway yards in Rouen, France kills 400; a night raids kills 500. On Apr. 19 22 British warships launch Operation Cockpit against Japanese-held Sabang Island in N Sumatra. On Apr. 19 a gen. strike over the coffee industry paralyzes the economy of El Salvador, and Gen. Andres I. Martinez is forced to flee; an attempt at democracy is quashed by the military, which installs Gen. Salvador Castaneda Castro (1888-1965) as pres. (until 1948), who rules with an iron-handled coffee cup. On Apr. 19 the Japanese launch Operation Ichigo, with 400K men in 17 divs. supported by 12K vehicles and 70K horses, with the objectives of controlling the entire length of the railroad between Beijing and Hong Kong, linking up with forces in China and French Indochina, and controlling airfields in S China. On Apr. 20 (Hitler's birthday) after the Soviet V in the Crimea, Turkey announces that it is no longer neutral but "pro-Allied", and will no longer send chrome to Germany, leaving them with an 18 mo. max stockpile for producing high grade steel for tanks; meanwhile new super-Panzers are demonstrated for Hitler at Klessheim Castle, while the Security Police Report from the Reich of Apr. 20, 1944 says that a "saving miracle" that never comes is producing "signs of weariness among the people". On Apr. 20 German Gen. Guderian begins a tour of French Panzer installations, starting at Mailley-le-Camp near Reims, and ending in Paris on May 8; the Allies decode the message with the itinerary and bomb him all the way, confirming that German Panzer strength isn't great enough to stop D-Day. On Apr. 21 (night) an Allied bombing raid of Paris hits St. Denis and Gare de la Chapelle, killing 640 civilians. On Apr. 22 84K U.S. troops launch Operation Persecution, landing in Aitape and Jayapura in New Guinea, followed on Apr. 24 by Hollandia, facing 15K fanatical Japanese and their Screaming Mimis, who lose 12,811 dead vs. 527 for the U.S.; a record number of psychological casualties return in hospital ships, incl. TLW's maternal uncle Willis Morrow (1925-2000), who receives a lifelong full mental disability VA pension. On Apr. 24 Salerno becomes the seat of the the govt. of the new Italian Repub. during liberation from German occupation (until June 4). On Apr. 25 the United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is founded in Washington, D.C. by Tuskegee U. pres. (1935-53) Frederick Douglass Patterson (1901-88), Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) et al.; by 2005 it supports 65K students in 900 educational institutions with $113M in grants and scholarships. On Apr. 26 (night) after Gen. Friedrich-Wilhelm Mueller (Müller) (1897-1947), "the Butcher of Crete" flies away before they can do it, a British SOE team led by Maj. Patrick Michael Leigh "Paddy" Fermor (1915-2011) and Capt. Ivan William Stanley "Billy" Moss (1921-65) parachutes into Crete, and with help from Greek partisans kidnap his replacement, German Gen. Karl Heinrich Georg Ferdinand Kreipe (1895-1976), cmdr. of German forces in Crete, spiriting him over Mount Ida and getting picked upon a beach near Rodakino on May 14, then to Mersa Matruh, Cairo, Gibraltar, and London before he ends up in a POW camp in Calgary, Canada; in Aug. the Germans destroy the towns of Anoya and Kedrous in Crete in reprisal, killing 500, while spreading the coverstory that he defected; in 1950 Moss pub. the autobio. "Ill Met by Moonlight: The Abduction of General Kreipe". On Apr. 26 (night) Allied destroyers engage German torpedo boats off Jentilez, Brittany in preparation for Operation Overlord. On Apr. 26-28 Operation Exercise Tiger is a dry run of the Normandy landings at Slapton Sands near Dartmouth; too bad, seven German fast wooden-hulled E-boats from Cherbourg catch them, sinking two ships and damaging another, killing 639 U.S. soldiers, causing a massive search for the 10 officers known as Bigot who have secret info. about the D-Day invasion; all 10 bodies are found; on May 2 Operation Fabius is held successfully in the same practice area. On Apr. 28 a U.S. air attack on Truk Island destroys Japanese ammo and fuel depots, ending the threat of a flank attack. On Apr. 30 after giving them South Am. passports and flying them from Poland to Vittel, France, 200+ Jews are gassed in Auschwitz incl. poet Itzhak Katzenelson (b. 1886), who leaves the 15-chapter poem Song of the Murdered Jewish People buried in bottles under a tree in Vittel, becoming an Israeli martyr. On May 1 Pierre Richard Charles Neukermans (b. 1915) of Denmark is convicted of flying from Lisbon to Britain to spy for Germany; he is executed on June 30. On May 2 German journalist Erich Knauf (b. 1895) is executed for declaring that "a German victory would be the greatest misfortune", and that Himmler "only keeps his job by ordering between eighty and a hundred executions a day". On May 3 Spain bows to Allied pressure and agrees to restrict shipment of minerals to Germany and limit the activities of Axis agents in Spain. On May 3 Kolozsavr (Kolozsvár) Ghetto in Cluj, Hungary is established in the Iris brickyard; on May 25-June 9 it is liquidated in six transports to Auschwitz. On May 5 Heinrich Himmler gives a speech to his generals in Sonthofen, with the soundbyte: "The Jewish question has been solved within Germany itself and in general within the countries occupied by Germany... You can understand how difficult it was for me to carry out this military order which I was given and which I implemented out of a sense of obedience and absolute conviction. If you say "We can understand as far as the men are concerned but not about the children", then I must remind you of what I said at the beginning... In my view, we as Germans, however deeply we may feel in our hearts, are not entitled to allow a generation of avengers filled with hatred to grow up with whom our children and grandchildren will have to deal because we, too weak and cowardly, left it to them." On May 6 Wernher von Braun strikes a deal with the SS to transfer 1.8K skilled workers from France to work in his underground rocket factory at Nordhausen, where they are housed at the nearby Dora concentration camp, few surviving the war. Proof that cats and dogs don't mix? On May 6 Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.'s Catholic daughter Kathleen Agnes "Kick" Kennedy (1920-48) marries British Anglican William John Robert Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington (1917-44), son and heir of the Duke of Devonshire at a local Registrar's office instead of church after both her mother Rose Kennedy and his father are opposed to the "mixed marriage"; Joe Kennedy Jr. is the only Kennedy family member to attend, and is killed 3 mo. later; Hartington is killed on Sept. 10 by a German sniper in Belgium; Kick remains in England and dies in a plane crash in 1948. On May 7 against Hitler's orders German South Ukraine Army Group cmdr. Gen. Ferdinand Schorner (Schörner) (1892-1973) orders the evacuation of Sevastopol, with 30K troops leaving by May 11; on May 10 Marshal Tolbukhin announces its capture to Stalin; the German high command tries to cover it up by calling it a "disengaging move", and in July Schorner becomes cmdr. of Army Group North, later renamed Army Group Courland (until Jan.). On May 8 Gen. Rommel tells the German high command that the Allied bombing of railways in N France is disrupting his troop and supply movements; the Allies decrypt the message on May 14. On May 9 Operation Graffham sees the Allies cause Norwegian stocks on the Swedish Stock Exchange to rise by 20% to fool the Germans into thinking that there will be a big Allied landing there. On May 9 U.S. bombers attack all the main German airfields in NW Europe incl. Avord, Florennes, Juvincourt, Laon, Orleans, St. Dizier, and Thionville. On May 9 German Adm. Donitz tells Japanese Berlin ambassador Count Oshima that the Allies won't be able to invade Europe "for some time"; his report is decrypted by the Allies. On May 11 the Allies begin their spring offensive in Italy by attacking the Gustav Line S of Rome, with 2K artillery guns bombarding from Cassino to the sea; on May 15 the Germans withdraw to the Adolf Hitler Line; on May 18 Monte Cassino is occupied by the Allies after losing 4,267 killed and 4,068 missing (blown to bits); on May 23 Canadian forces breach the Adolf Hitler Line. On May 12 800 U.S. bombers attack seven German synthetic oil plants producing more than one-third of its total oil, with the Germans, who lost 3K+ fighter planes since the start of the year fighting back with only 80 fighters, who shoot down 46 bombers while losing 30 planes. On May 13 the French Resistance attacks the self-propelled gun carrier factory in Bagneres-de-Bigorre, France, putting it out of action for 6 mo. On May 13 Gen. Rommel finishes laying 517K underwater obstacles on the Channel coast, 31K with mines. On May 14 a message from Hermann Goering to the Todt Org. to start working on airfields that are no longer used to fool the Allies into wasting bomber resources is decrypted by British intel. On May 15 the Germans begin secretly deporting 4K Jews a day from Hungary to Auschwitz, a third to half saved for slave labor. On May 15 German high command is informed of the existence of units of the fake First U.S. Army Group in Yorkshire and Norfolk, who are staging for fake invasions of Norway and Pas de Calais. On May 16 the Germans deport 573 Jews from Fossoli, Italy to Auschwitz. On May 20 after seizing the airfield on May 15, the U.S. occupies Wadke Island after killing all 800 Japanese defenders and losing 53 of their own. On May 20 as the clueless Germans mine the Bay of Biscay, Gen. Rommel asks them to mine the Bay of the Seine River, and is refused; he is also refused enough troops to cover Brittany and Normandy at the same time due to "fears of a possible enemy airborne landing in the neighborhood of Paris." On May 21 (3:00 p.m.) (Sun.) U.S. tank landing ship LST-353 explodes in West Loch in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, causing six other LSTs to sink and damaging two others, killing 163 and injuring 396. On May 22 the Allies launch Operation Chattanooga Choo-Choo to destroy all railroad operations in N Europe incl. Germany, causing a frantic search for foreign slave laborers to repair the damage. On May 23 the Germans surrender in the Crimea. On May 23 with Cassino secured, 150K Allied forces began a major breakout offensive in Anzio, causing the Germans to retreat on May 25 after hundreds of Allied deaths; too bad, the Allies begin ratcheting down their Italian campaign in preparation for the invasion of France, causing Italian liberation to be delayed until Apr. 25, 1945 after 300K Allied, 500K German, and 200K Italian (pro and anti-Mussolini partisan) casualties. On May 24 the Germans take the entire pop. (325) of Pogonion, Greece hostage, executing them after partisans attack a German div. On May 24 the Germans begin landing troops on the Contenin Peninsula, causing the Allies to cancel plans to drop paratroops around La Haye-du-Puits, and push back the date for capture of key deepwater port Cherbourg by seven days. On May 24 Joseph Goebbels pub. a newspaper article, with the soundbyte that in the event of an Allied V: "Germany must be made more desolate than the Sahara" so that they will have nothing to plunder - and they complained about the unfairness of the Versailles Treaty? On May 25 after Tito's partisans launch Operation Bearskin to disrupt the German ability to move troops from the Balkans to France after D-Day, Operation Knight's Move (Rösselsprung) II, a German commando raid to capture Tito comes close, but no cigar; most of the pop. of Drvar are killed. On May 25 the U.S. troops from Anzio link up with the rest of the Allied forces and occupy Velletri 25 mi. SE of Rome. On May 26 a daylight raid on Lyon, France by the Allies to block routes to the S kills 717 civilians. On May 27 the Montreal Zoot Suit Riot in Canada sees Italian zoot suiters? On May 28 U.S. forces invade the Schouten Island Group in the South Pacific 350 mi. W of Hollandia - I'm schouten that I schouldn't be here? On May 28 the Allies destroy the German naval radio station in Chateau Terlinden, France, making it harder to hear D-Day coming. On May 28 after Allied bombing to prepare for D-Day kills 3K French civilians in 48 hours, Winston Churchill writes the soundbyte to Marshal Sir Arthur William Tedder (1890-1967), deputy supreme cmdr. of the AEF: "You are piling up an awful load of hatred." On May 28 Hitler tells Japanese Berlin ambassador Gen. Baron Hiroshima, er, Hiroshi Oshima (1886-1975) that he expects an invasion of Normandy or Brittany after several diversionary operations, but still believes the main invasion will be at Pas de Calais; the Allies decrypt Oshima's telegram about it on June 1. On May 28 (night) British bombers attack St. Martin de Varreville overlooking the D-Day invasion beaches. On May 29 fter a cold spell on May 4-9 that damages crops, temps in S England hit 32.8C (91F); too bad, a week later weather becomes extremely stormy, forcing the June 6 D-Day invasion. On May 31 Allied bombers cut the telephone cable between Paris and Rouen, blocking communications between German HQ in Paris and Luftwaffe bases in Rennes and Caen for three days. On May 31 a 2nd South African recon plane takes photographs of Auschwitz and Monowitz, taking photos of the gas chambers and crematoria; meanwhile 6K are gassed at Auschwitz, incl. 2K from Baja, Hungary; on May 17-31 40kg of gold are extracted from the teeth of the corpses of Hungarian Jews. In May the Soviet 3rd Ukrainian Front under Field Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin and Gen. Rodion Malinovsky expels the Nazis from the remaining Soviet territory, then in June begins their summer campaign (ends Oct.), invading the Balkans and capturing most of Romania by Aug. In May the Germans in France launch their Blood and Ashes Campaign to stamp out the French Resistance, hanging 99 in Auvergne; too bad, they leave 35K in place, who are pumped-up with supplies and ready for D-Day. In May Maj. Richard Bauer (1911-63) becomes the commandant of Auschwitz I Concentration Camp (until Feb. 1945); he dies on June 17, 1963 after being arrested but before he can stand trial; his adjutant 1st Lt. Karl-Friedrich Hocker (Höcker) (1911-2000) is sentenced in Aug. 1965 to seven years, followed by four more years on May 3, 1989. In May the 1.1K-man U.S. Ghost Army (23rd HQ Special Troops) sails from Camp Forrest, Tenn. to England, setting up HQ in Stratford-upon-Avon, going on land in France a few weeks after D-Day and impersonate real Army units to deceive the Germans into wasting resources chasing er, ghosts; the 603rd Camouflage Battalion is composed of artists, writers, theater profs. et al. incl. Bill Blass. In May the first natural uranium/heavy water nuclear reactor is constructed at Argonne Nat. Lab, generating 300KW of power (dismantled in Jan. 1950); in May the first "water boiler" nuclear reactor (using U-235) goes into operation at Los Alamos Scientific Lab in Los Alamos (Sp. "poplars") in NC N.M. near Santa Fe; the site was chosen by J. Robert Oppenheimer because he attended a boarding school nearby - and wanted revenge? In early June Luftwaffe Field Marshal Hugo Sperrle (1885-1953) is put in command of W Europe, with only 319 operational aircraft left to face the Allied armada of 9K+ aircfaft; after he fails to dent the Allied landings, he is dismissed from command in Aug. On June 2 the Allies set D-Day for June 4, then June 5; meanwhile German Field Marshal von Rundstedt sends a message to HQ that the Allies will need four straight days of good weather for a cross-Channel invasion, and weather forecasts rule it out for the first week of June, causing Gen. Eisenhower to decide to do it ASAP to catch the Krauts looking. On June 2 (night) British bombers attack the railway yards in Trappes, France, completing the Mar. 6 Transportation Plan, with 8K British bombers dropping 42K tons of bombs on railway yards in France and Belgium. On June 2 (night) after Stalin agrees to it in the Big Three Conference in Tehran, Operation Frantic begins as U.S. bombers make their first bombing runs from Foggia in S Italy to Silesia, Hungary, and Romania, landing on Soviet airbases in Poltava to refuel, and bombing them again on the way back, starting with Debrecen and Focsani; the word Joe is dropped from the operation to avoid offending Stalin. On June 3 Gretl Braun, sister of Adolf Hitler's babe Eva Braun get married at Mirabell Palace in Salzburg, Austria to SS-Gruppenfuhrer Jermann Fegelein, with Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Martin Bormann attending as witnesses after Eve made all the arrangements; the 1965 film "The Sound of Music" features Maria and the children singing "Do-Re-Mi" at the horse fountain; too bad, the Allies are on the verge of staging D-Day, and Hitler can't be bothered with news? On June 3 the Verdun Zoot Suit Riot in France sees 100 soldiers and sailors pissed-off at an attack on a soldier and his wife fight it out with 60 zoot suiters at Verdun Dance Pavilion and tear off their clothes; meanwhile several riots between military personnel and zoot suiters occur this mo. in Montreal, Canada. On June 3 as the weather over the Channel worsens, the Allies destroy a German radio intercept station in Urville-Hague on the Cherbourg Peninsula, leaving the Germans with no coverage of the D-Day landing area. On June 4 after a weather forecast of a brief spell of good weather, the BBC airs the coded message "It wounds my heart with a monotonous languor", verses from French Symbolist poet Paul Verlaine (1844-96) to warn the French Resistance that D-Day is imminent within 48 hours, and German intelligence, having tortured a French Resistance leader to learn the meaning of it, passes it to Gen. Alfred Jodl (1890-1946) on the afternoon of June 5, who doesn't believe it and refuses to inform Hitler - you're not just jodling Dixie? On June 4 the U.S. captures the German U-boat U-505, obtaining another Enigma machine, becoming the first enemy ship captured by the U.S. on the high seas since 1815. On June 4 (eve.) Rome, Italy is liberated by the U.S. Fifth Army, becoming the first Axis capital to fall to the Allies; the Germans retreat to the formidable hero-making Gothic (Rimini-Pisa) Line (SE of Rimini), which holds until Sept.; Marshal Badoglio resigns, and 1920s-era PM Ivanhoe Bonomi returns as Italian PM, with 1920s-era 84-y.-o. chamber of deputies pres. Vittorio Orlando (b. 1860) returning also (until 1946); Nazi cmdr. Albert Kesselring kept Rome from being destroyed by his own men under Hitler's orders by declaring it an open city in order to preserve the art treasures; FDR utters the soundbyte "One down, two to go", referring to Tokyo and Berlin. On June 5 (a.m.) Gen. Erwin Rommel leaves his HQ in La Roche Guyon, France for a quick trip to visit Hitler to tell him "the extent of the manpower and material inferiority we would suffer in the event of a landing" and to request two Panzer divs. and other reinforcements; he is caught by surprise when Normandy is invaded; on his return trip on July 17 his staff car is attacked by Allied planes between Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery and Vimoutiers, and he is badly wounded in the heart with a monotonous langor, causing the pharmacist-mayor of Livarot to bring first aid before he is evacuated to a German military hospital in Bernay. On June 5 (Mon.) the D-Day Invasion, scheduled for today is canceled because of bad weather, causing all 6K ships and 13K support planes to have to wait; the Germans fly five recon flights over ports in S England, reporting nothing unusual; British RAF meteorologist Sir James Martin Stagg (1900-75) persuades U.S. Gen. Eisenhower to change the date to June 6; Operation Bodyguard, an elaborate deception masterminded by Roger Fleetwood Fleetwood-Hesketh (1902-87) fools the Nazis into believing the landing will be at Calais, causing them to ignore secret British war papers given to them by Albanian spy Cicero (Elyesa Bazna) giving the location, time and date; meanwhile all the depleted Wehrmacht have left are 176 under-strength divs. after the Soviets have destroyed 507 incl. 4M soldiers at a loss of 14M Soviet soldiers; the transportation system has been so destroyed that on D-Day only two Nazi aircraft make it into the air, making one quick flight over the beaches then returning to base before their fuel runs out. On June 5 (9:30 p.m.) the BBC sends a coded message to the French Resistance to begin cutting 1,050 railway lines throughout France, going on to cut 950; the Germans partially break the code but the warning message to Gen. Rommel's HQ is ignored since he's in Germany. On June 5 (11:55 p.m.) members of the British 6th Airborne Div. land by glider in Benouville (Bénouville), France 6 mi. N of Caen, starting D-Day out fast. On June 5 (midnight) the German Luftwaffe high command sends a message to the First Parachute Army in Nancy, France to start conserving aircraft fuel, which the British decrypt on June 7, giving RAF Marshal Sir Charles Frederick Algernon Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford (1893-1971), chief of the air staff the idea of bombing synthetic oil plants, calling it "one of the most important pieces of information which we have yet received." Heah come de judge? It had to be 6-6 in a leap year? Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword? On June 6 (Tues.) (early a.m.) 1K+ British bombers drop 5K tons of bombs on German artillery positions in the D-Day invasion area; meanwhile Operation Neptune sees 1.2K warships and 4.1K amphibious ships incl. 3.5K specialized landing craft cross the English Channel to Normandy; meanwhile Operation Taxable, Glimmer, and Big Drum drops rubber dummy (Ger. "gummi puppen") paratroops near Boulogne, along with radar chaff along the Channel opposite Pas de Calais; a fake invasion is staged between Le Havre and Dieppe; Perth, Australia-born Meyrick Edwards Clifton James (1898-1963) is used to pose as British field marshal Bernard Montgomery in North Africa to disguise the fact that he's in England; Operation Titanic drops 500 rubber dummy paratroops near Marigny, drawing a German infantry regiment from Bayeux 6 mi. from the landing beaches as far W as the Carentan-Isigny area; at 1 a.m. U.S. Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, commanded by 1st Lt. (later Maj.) Richard Davis "Dick" Winters (1918-2011) parachutes down near Sainte-Mere-Eglise (gateway to Utah Beach), and a few hours later wipes out a 4-gun German artillery battery aimed at Utah Beach; at dawn D-Day (Jour-J in French) (largest amphibious landing in history until ?) AKA Operation Overlord begins, a massive invasion of Europe by 4K (5K?) (6K?) Allied ships carrying five divs. (130K troops) into Normandy, enjoying all the blitzkrieg advantages on Hitler that he used to have on his enemies, incl. complete air superiority with 12K planes and the 101st Airborne Screaming Eagles; hours before they leave, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower tells his troops "You are about to embark on the great crusade towards which we have striven these many months"; Higgins Boats (Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel) (LCVP) are used for the amphibious landings, designed by Andrew Jackson Higgins (1886-1952) of New Orleans, La. ("the New Noah" - Hitler) based on boats used in swamps and marshes; 20K are built; the soldiers call the door, which opens right into enemy fire the "murder hole"; two 750K-ton Mulberry Harbors, each with the capacity of the port of Dover are brought in, and 60 block ships are sunk to make an outer harbor wall; one harbor is dubbed Port Winston; at 4:00 a.m. a raiding party armed only with knives swims ashore at Iles Saint-Marcouf to take out a German observation post, but finds it unoccupied; at 4:00 a.m. Gen. Gunther Blumentritt (1897-1967) (on Gen. Rundstedt's staff) telephones the Berghof seeking permission to release four armored reserve divs. to the Normandy front, but Gen. Alfred Jodl tells him Hitler has just gone to bed and taken a sleeping pill, and he should wait until daylight and make a recon flight first; at 6:30 a.m. the U.S. 4th Infantry Div. lands at Utah Beach (westernmost) (Pouppeville and La Madeleine), and finds little resistance before seizing the French villages of Vierville-Sur-Mer and Colleville-Sur-Mer; U.S. Army 2nd Lt. Leonard Treherne "Max" Schroeder Jr. (1918-2009) leads Co. F of the 2nd Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Div. onto Utah beach, becoming the first U.S. soldier to come ashore from a landing craft; riding with Schroder is pistol-and-cane-packing (for his arthritis) U.S. Brig. Gen. Theodore "Ted" Roosevelt Jr. (III) (1887-1944), who gets special permission to land with the first wave at Utah Beach, becoming the only gen. and oldest soldier to land, and when he discovers they were 1 mi. too far S, he recons the area then utters the soundbyte "We'll start the war from right here", after which he dies of a heart attack on July 12 before his promotion to maj. gen. is announced; the U.S. 1st Infantry Div. and untested U.S. 29th Infantry Div. land at Omaha Beach (Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes to Vierville-sur-Mer), becoming the only force that is pinned down, sustaining 3K casualties out of 43K troops; the U.S. Army Ranger Assault Group lands at Pointe du Hoc (Hoe) 4 mi. W of Omaha Beach, and brave heavy enemy fire to climb steep 100-ft. cliffs and take out captured French 155mm guns; at 7:25 a.m. the British 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Div. and 8th Armored Brigade of the Second Army lands at Gold Beach (central landing zone), from which Bayeux, the Caen-Bayeux Road, and the port of Arromanches are seized after sustaining 400 casualties out of 25K troops; the 3rd Canadian Infantry Div. lands at Juno Beach (from Courseulles-sur-Mer to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer), sustaining 1K casualties out of 15K troops; the British I Corps lands at Sword Beach (easternmost) (from Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer to Ouistreham), from which Caen and Carpiquet Aerodrome are seized after 630 casualties out of 29K troops; U.S. 82nd Airborne Div. has the job of securing key positions behind enemy lines; 14K paratroopers are dropped on the Allies' right flank, while 91 3-man (leader, executive offer, non-com radio operator) Operation Jedburgh teams (the original Jedi knights?) are dropped into France to coordinate Resistance activities, operating in 54 French depts. until Dec.; Scottish bagpiper Pvt. William "Piper Bill" Millin (1922-2010) plays on the beaches, with Germans not firing on him because they think he's crazy; at about 10 a.m. Hitler wakes up, and prefers to go to magnificent Klessheim Castle in Salzburg to receive Hungarian PM Gen. Dome Sztojay, with Goering and Ribbentrop accompanying him, where he announces that within 7-10 days London will cease to exist as a new mystery weapon is used on it, becoming the last great reception of foreign dignitaries by the Nazi leadership; at 10:15 a.m. Gen. Rommel receives news of the invasion and flies back to France, with instructions by Hitler to drive them "back into the sea" by midnight; Jewish Hungarian combat photographer Robert Capa (Hung. "shark") (Endre Erno Friedmann) (1913-54) comes ashore on the 2nd wave on Omaha Beach and takes 106 photos, but only 11 survive after a goof by a staff member at Life mag.; writer Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) comes ashore with U.S. troops at Omaha Beach as a correspondent for Collier's mag.; in the afternoon Gen. Karl Rundstedt receives a message from Hitler's HQ that he is to annihilate the enemy that night or else there would be more enemy landings to deal with; in the evening FDR gives a D-Day Prayer, originally titled "Let Our Hearts Be Stout"; the USS Nevada is the only U.S. battleship present at the Pearl Harbor Attack and D-Day; German naval units are warmed to prepare for surprise attacks elsewhere, keeping them from throwing all their military might against Normandy; in the evening Hitler returns to the Berghof in high spirits, and orders a junior staff officer from the Operations Staff to be flown to Normandy to report on the situation; meanwhile, France is already as good as lost and the dope doesn't get it?; by evening 130K men land in Normandy, with 9K casualties, incl. 2.5K at Omaha Beach; by midnight the Allies land 155K troops, with 10K casualties incl. 1K U.S., 1K British, and 355 Canadians KIA; the Norman Invasion of Britain on June 6, 1066 took the exact same route in reverse, and saw Roger de Montgomery command portions of the invasion force, while Bernard Montgomery commands portions of Ike's forces?; Gen. Rommel commits suicide on Oct. 14, the day of the 1066 Battle of Hastings, and Ike's birthday?; the 1066 Norman invasion initiated the first major invasion of Jews into Britain, and 1944 D-Day initiates the chain of events leading to the return of Jews to Israel? On June 6 German troops on Crete take 400 Greek hostages, 300 Italian POWs, and 260 Jews by boat 100 mi. out to sea then scuttle the boat, killing them all. On June 7 a German Waffen SS unit captures 34 Canadian POWs near Buron and Authie in Normandy S of Juno Beach, and murders them, with cmdr. SS Lt. Col. Kurt "Panzermeyer" Meyer (1910-61) uttering the soundbyte: "What should we do with these prisoners? They only eat up our rations", ordering that no POWs be taken, with 18 being shot. On June 7 the German Luftwaffe warns its units in W Europe to expect more landings in Calais, Norway, Lorient, or the W coast of the Contenin Peninsula. On June 8 British troops from Gold Beach link up with U.S. troops from Omaha Beach at Colleville-sur-Mer. On June 8 the British use decrypted messages to poinpoint La Caine, France as the HQ of German Panzer Group West, bombing it on June 10, killing 17 staff officers and causing a counterattack to be delayed 24 hours. On June 8 Stalin telegraphs Churchill with the soundbyte: "Overlord is a source of joy to us all", promising to launch a summer offensive soon to prevent the Germans from reinforcing Normandy. On June 8 after 90% of all Soviet men ages 18-21 have been KIA, the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet issues the decree On Mothers of Large Families and Motherhood Care, offering subsidies to large families even with unmarried mothers. On June 8-15 the Battle of Carentan causes the Allies to make it from Utah Beach to Cherbourg on the N tip of the Contenin Peninsula. On June 9 the Soviets begin an offensive against the Finnish Front NW of Leningrad; by July the Finns hold them and are able to negotiate peace terms to exit the war. On June 9 the SS commits an atrocity in Tulle, France, hanging 120 men at random from lamp posts and balconies for helping the French Resistance; on June 10 they ratchet it up at Oradour-sur-Glane, France, killing 642 citizens incl. 190 schoolchildren in reprisal for a French Resistance attack on troops moving towards the Normandy beachhead; only two escape. On June 9 (10:30 p.m.) Spanish-born British double agent Juan (Joan) Pujol Garcia (1912-88) AKA Arabel AKA Alaric AKA Garbo sends a 2-page disinfo. telex message to German intel that the Normandy landings are only a diversion, and they buy it and inform Hitler, with German army intel chief of staff Col. Alexis von Roenne (a secret Hitler-hater, who wants the Germans to overestimate the British army) telling Gen. Jodl to expect an Allied invasion in Pas de Calais, and the German navy suggesting that the "hesitant and slow" progress at Normandy proves that another landing is being planned, causing two armored divs. and 19 infantry divs. to be kept back for two mo.; on July 29 Garcia is awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class by the Germans, followed by an MBE from George II of England on Nov. 25; in 2018 Garcia's spy message is rediscovered. On June 10 30K Germans launch Operation Hurricane against 3K Polish partisans, killing 40+ villagers in Pikule, Poland for harboring them. On June 10 the Distomo Massacre in Greece sees the Nazi SS go door-to-door to massacre Greeks for supporting the resistance, killing 214. On June 10 (night) 15 German motor torpedo boats attack Utah Beach, sinking U.S. destroyer USS Glennon, along with several sections of the Mulberry artificial harbor; nine boats are disabled by June 13; on June 14 a British air raid on the torpedo boat pens at La Havre led by British Group Capt. Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire (1917-92) destroys all but one of 16. By June 11 the Allies land 325K troops in Normandy, along with 54K vehicles and 100K tons of stores. On June 12 Allied bombers attack the German airfield in Beauvais, France destroying a bomber fleet waiting to terrorize Britain in conjunction with the new V-1 rockets on the ground. On June 12 FDR gives his Fireside Chat #30 (last), which contains the soundbyte: "Turning now to our enemy who is first on the list for destruction . Germany has her back against the wall - in fact three walls at once... And on the West, the hammer blow which struck the coast of France last Tuesday morning, less than a week ago, was the culmination of many months of careful planning and strenuous preparation." On June 12 (night) the British bomb the synthetic oil installations in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, destroying 5K tons of oil and shutting down production for several months. A futile attempt to create a new Halley's Comet like in 1066? On June 13 the first German V-1 (Ger. "Vergeltung" = Reprisal) rocket (doodlebug) (flying bomb) attack on Britain takes place, launched from Calais (until Sept. 1, 1944); of 10 launched, five crash after launch, one crashes into the Channel, four reach England, and only one causes casualties, killing six in Bethnal Green, London; 29K are constructed, and 8,564 are launched, with a 57% success rate; due to their small 1-ton warheads they don't come close to wiping London out, but do shake it up, killing thousands by Sept. 1944, when the more lethal V-2 supplants it, which proves too late since they already lost Calais. On June 13 the Germans test-fire a V-2 rocket from Peenemunde; too bad, it misses the Baltic Sea, and lands in Backebo, Sweden, where the British capture it and send it to London to reverse-engineer it. On June 13 Italian partisans blow up road bridges used by the German military between La Spezia and Reggio Emilia. On June 14 Greek partisans attempt to deny the Germans use of the Greek harvest. On June 14 1.8K Jews are deported from Corfu, Greece to Auschwitz, where 1.6K are immediately gassed? The Pacific version of D-Day comes less than 10 days after the Atlantic one? On June 15 after Alexander Archer Vandegrift (1887-1973) becomes USMC commandant (until 1948), the U.S. launches Operation Forager, an 8-week combined Army-Navy-Marine invasion of the Marianas Islands ("gateway to Japan") with 800 ships and 162K men, beginning with Battle of Saipan Island (ends July 9), with Marine Lt. Gen. Holland McTyeire "Howlin' Mad" Smith (1882-1967) leading a beach assault of 20K troops against Japanese forces under Lt. Gen. Yoshitsugu Saito (1890-1944), who commits hara-kiri on July 10 along with Adm. Nagumo (cmdr. of the Pearl Harbor attacking force), after the remaining 4.3K stage a suicidal banzai (Jap. "ten thousand years" [rule for the emperor]) charge on July 6, giving the U.S. control of Saipan after 30K Japanese and 3,426 Americans are KIA; future actor Lee Marvin of the USMC is wounded in the Battle of Saipan; "Saipan was really understood to be a matter of life and death. About that time they began telling the people the truth about the war. They began preparing them for whatever must happen. Before that they had been doing nothing but fooling the people" (German naval attache in Tokyo); the U.S. continues mopping up pockets into Aug.; by the end 60K Japanese ground troops and most of Japan's carrier air power are wiped out, and the captured airfields are turned into launchpads for U.S. B-29s striking Japan. On June 15 laboring under Hitler's order to launch 500 V-1 rockets a day, Ski site cmdr. Col. Max Wachtel gets 244 V-1 rockets fired at England from Watten on the Channel Coast, of which 73 reach London, killing 50+, causing the British govt. to limit obituary notices in newspapers to a max of three per postal district per day. On June 15 (night) the first U.S. B-29 Superfortress raid on the Japanese mainland is launched from Chengtu, China, with 60 bombers attacking the iron-steel works at Yawata, Japan on Kyushu Island; little damage is done. On June 16 U.S. B-29 Superfortresses raid the Japanese home island of Kyushu ("wellspring of the Japanese people"), promising to return real soon? On June 16 the Allies launch Operation Gain, landing British paratroopers near Orleans, France to cut railway lines used by the Germans to reinforce Normandy - you got to change your evil ways, baby? On June 16 German Naval Group West is fooled into thinking that the Allies are about to invade Holland and Belgium. On June 16 3K Jews are lured to leave Lodz Ghetto to clear debris in Munich on the promise of better rations, and are taken to Chelmno and gassed. On June 16 14-y.-o. Pinewood, S.C.-born George Junius Stinney Jr. (b. 1929), son of a black sawmill worker becomes the youngest criminal to be executed (electrocuted) in the 20th cent. in the U.S. for allegedly beating two white girls to death with a railroad spike; his execution takes 8 min. due to a faulty generator; a guard puts him out of his misery with a head shot?; in 2014 after numerous abuses are uncovered, his conviction is overturned. On June 17 after a May 20-23 plebiscite, Iceland declares itself a repub., with Sveinn Bjornsson (1881-1952) (regent of Iceland since 1941) as its first pres. (until 1952). On June 17 the Free French carry out Operation Brassard, capturing Elba Island; meanwhile Gen. Charles de Gaulle visits the Normandy beachhead, his first visit to France since 1940. On June 17 seven Canadian soldiers are taken POW by the SS in Mouen, France, interrogated and shot. On June 17 Hitler comes by train from Berchtesgaden to Metz and then Soissons, France to personally view the situation, becoming his first visit to France since 1940; he blows off his generals Rommel and Rundstedt, ignoring Rommel's plea to use the V-1s on the beaches, calling the invaders "an army of cowboys", ordering them to hold Cherbourg at all costs, and ordering the German Fifteenth Army to stay in Calais; his bunker in Margival is hit by one of his own V-1s that either goes off course or is deliberately aimed to kill him, causing him to panic and return to Berchtesgaden. On June 17 a V-1 attack on London kills 24 shoppers at St. John's Hill near Clapham Junction, along with 13 patients and five staff of St. Mary Abbotts Hospital in Kensington; the British govt. covers it up for 3 mo.; meanwhile one V-1 goes wildly off course and falls you know where. On June 17 Gen. Dwight Eisenhower issues a Communique Praising the Resistance Networks in France, saying: "It is neither possible nor desirable to enumerate all the many effective acts of destruction that have been carried out. However, these multiple and simultaneous cases of sabotage coordinated with the Allied effort have delayed considerably the movement of German reserves to the combat zone." On June 18 Japanese Operation Ichigo begins to capture towns used by U.S. forces to launch air attacks on the Japanese mainland, capturing Changsha, Hunan, China with 360K troops (largest battle in the war with China). On June 18 (Sun.) (11:20 a.m.) a German V-1 attack on London hits the Guards Chapel at Wellington Barracks, killing 121; another kills 19 in Battersea, and another kills 28 in Putney, bringing the 3-day total to 250+, causing Gen. Rommel to write to his wife the soundbyte: "The long-range action has brought us a lot of relief." On June 18 the war-weary Second SS Panzer Div. in Toulouse, which was ordered on June 6 to move to the Normandy beachhead finally arrives in the Torigni-Canisy-Tessy area after the French Resistance and Allies do everything they can to slow it down; it is later almost destroyed in the Falaise Pocket, but is rebuilt and participates in the Battle of the Bulge and the defense of the Rhine, surrendering to the Allies at war's end. On June 18-26 Operation Hurricane II sees 700 Polish partisans killed by the Germans in the Osuchy area near Lublin, Poland. On June 19 U.S. forces under Gen. Robert Lawrence Eichelberger (1886-1961) (cmdr. of West Point Military Academy in 1940-2) launch an offensive in Biak Island; after being defeated, the Japanese hole-up in caves, which have to be taken by flamethrowers, with 5,093 Japanese KIA vs. 524 Americans. On June 19 a storm in the English Channel wrecks the U.S. Mulberry harbor next to Omaha Beach, and severely damages the British port at Arromanches, but the latter is made operational, and the Mulberry harbor next to Gold Beach survives, allowing the Americans to capture Cherbourg on June 27; the storm continues until June 22. On June 19 the British bomb the V-1 base in Watten, destroying a large number; on June 22 U.S. bombers attack a suspected V-1 supply station in Nucourt 15 mi. NW of Paris, which doesn't stop the Germans from attacking London daily with 40-50, half of which get through. On June 19 (night) Soviet partisans use 10K charges to take out the German railway W of Minsk, followed on June 20-21 by the lines between Vitebsk and Orsha, and Polotska and Moldechno with 40K charges; meanwhile 140K partisans attack the German army W of Vitebsk and S of Polotsk, attacking the lines between Minsk, Brest-Litovsk, and Pinsk. On June 19-20 the Battle of the Philippines AKA the Marianas Turkey Shoot (largest aircraft carrier battle in history until ?) sees the U.S. Navy under Adm. Raymond Ames Spruance sink three of nine Japanese aircraft carriers, Taiho, Shokaku, and Hiyo, killing 4K, along with two oilers, and 600 aircraft using its superior Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters against green Japanese pilots, who pilot new Jill (increased range) and Judy (increased speed) Zeroes, after which the Japanese carriers are useful only as decoys since they don't have any aircraft or pilots to fly them; on June 19 the Pacific task force that incl. the aircraft carrier of future pres. George H.W. Bush, the USS San Jacinto is attacked by 542 Japanese planes while he is trapped on deck in his cockpit waiting for the ship to turn into the wind, then after takeoff he loses oil pressure and makes a water landing carrying 2K lbs. of TNT, and is rescued by destroyer USS C.K. Bronson along with gunner Leo "Lee" Nadeau and radioman John Delaney (b. 1925), who dies in England from French war wounds on Sept. 22. On June 20 (midnight) Allied troops in Normandy reach 500K after 4K are KIA; the French Resistance declares a "gen. uprising", causing Churchill to order extra supplies sent to them. On June 22 (a.m.) (3rd anniv. of Hitler's invasion of Russia) Operation Bagration, the Soviet Summer Offensive in Belorussia (named after 19th cent. Georgian-born Russian Gen. Prince Pyotr Bagration, who was mortally wounded at the 1812 Battle of Borodino) begins with 1.7M troops (more than Hitler had in 1941), 2,715 tanks, 1,355 self-propelled guns, 24K big guns, 2,306 rocket launchers, 6K aircraft, 70K trucks, and 100 supply trains a day, commanded by Field Marshal Georgi Zhukov; after a disastrous defeat, Hitler sacks Field Marshal Ernst Bush, and replaces him by new Field Marshal (since Mar. 1) Otto Moritz Walther (Walter) Model (1891-1945); the Red Army destroys German Army Group Center by Aug. 19, reaching the E bank of the Vistula River opposite Warsaw; originally Stalin orders First Belorussian Front cmdr. Gen. Konstantin Rokossovsky to make a single breakthrough in the German front lines, but Rokossovsky stands up to him and insists on two, and after an argument Stalin relents, and the plan succeeds, making Rockin' Sovsky a big hero and getting him a promotion to field marshal; "I have no Suvorov, but Rokossovsky is my Bagration." (Stalin) On June 22 after a nationwide lobbying effort by the Am. Legion, the U.S. G.I. Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) is signed by Pres. FDR, giving tuition and other benefits to veterans to attend h.s., college, or vocational schools, along with low-cost mortgages, low-interest business loans, and 1 year of unemployment compensation; by 1956 7.8M veterans use it, dramatically increasing the quality of the U.S. workforce; the stigma of Socialism is blunted by the mantra that they earned it by fighting for their country, and the bums who stayed at home should feel privileged to pay? On June 22 the secret Kreisau Circle incl. Count Claus von Stauffenberg, Adolf Reichwein, and Julius Leber makes its first contact with German Communists, and finds out that the German masses are not yet ready for a rev. against Hitler, causing them to agree to assassinate him, with Leber to be the new interior minister; on July 1 Stauffenberg is appointed chief of staff to reserve army cmdr. Gen. Friedrich Fromm (1888-1945) (who isn't in the conspiracy), giving access to Hitler's HQ; they call their plan Operation Valkyrie; too bad, the Commies betray Reichwein and Leber to the Nazis, and they are arrested. On June 24 Italian partisans attack German troops moving the front near Arezzo, Italy, losing 100 KIA. On June 24 (6:00 a.m.) after a V-1 en route to London is shot down by AA guns in Newlands, Kent, it falls on a barracks, killing 51. On June 25 U.S. troops reach the outskirts of Cherbourg, France in Normandy, causing new German cmdr. (since June 23) Gen. Karl Wilhelm von Schlieben (1894-1964) to appeal to Rommel in vain for permission to surrender; 300 German fighters attempt to defend Cherbourg, and are repelled, while Allied warships begin shelling it; on June 26 German Adm. Walter Hennecke (1898-1984) orders the destruction of all port facilities, getting a Knight's Cross from Hitler; on June 26 von Schlieben and 800+ troops surrender to U.S. Maj. Gen. Manton Sprague Eddy (1892-1962), cmdr. of the U.S. 9th Infantry Div.; on June 27 the dockyard surrenders, but some Germans strongholds remain, and they surrender on June 29 incl. Hennecke; von Schlieben is taken back to England and paraded around in Trent Park as a propaganda V. On June 26 after 700 bombers kill 6K German troops, the Soviets occupy Vitebsk, Russia. On June 26 Allied troops occupy Mogaung, Burma, becoming the first town in Burma recaptured from the Japanese; on July 4 they occupy Myitkyina, Burma. On June 26 the Germans deport 485 Jews from Fossoli and Verona, Italy to Auschwitz; on June 30 1,153 more are deported from Paris; by now 381K Jews have been transported to Auschwitz, 250K being gassed. On June 26 German prof. Walther Arndt is executed for uttering the soundbyte: "This is the end of the Third Reich, and the guilty can now be brought to punishment." On June 26-28 the 1944 Repub. Nat. Convention in Chicago, Ill. at first goes for Gen. Douglas MacArthur, then Wendell Willkie, but drops him because of a defeat in the Wisc. primary, and settles on 44-y.-o. liberal Repub. N.Y. Gov. Thomas Edmund Dewey (1902-71), who on June 28 is nominated almost unanimously on the 1st ballot (one vote against), becoming the youngest Repub. nominee (until ?); conservative Ohio Gov. John William Bricker (1893-1986) is nominated for vice-pres.; Dewey is known as a "Me-Too Republican" because he agrees with the New Deal but just wants to run the programs more efficiently, which backfires as people decide that they might just as well vote for FDR? On June 27 the Soviets occupy Mogilev in White Russia, and Petrozavodsk on the Karelian Front. On June 27 the rebuilt Izhorsky Steel Mill in Leningrad produces its first ton of steel. On June 27 a V-1 hits Victoria Station in London, killing 14, bringing the total to 1.6K, causing home secy. (1940-5) Herbert Stanley Morrison (1888-1965) to utter the soundbyte: "After five years of war the civil population were not as capable of standing the strains of air attack as they had been during the winter of 1940-41." On June 28 after killing 16K Germans, the Soviets occupy Bobruisk (Bobruysk), Russia, taking 18K POWs. On June 28 French Milice leader ("the French Goebbels") Philippe Henriot (b. 1889), known for his popular propaganda shows on Radio Vichy is assassinated in Paris by the French Resistance. On June 28 as Soviet troops approach the concentration camp at Maly Trostenets near Minsk, the usual guards are replaced by an all-German SS detachment that locks all surviving POWs into the barracks and sets it on fire; 20 Jews escape to tell the story. On June 28 the first U.S. jet airplane, the Ryan XFR-1 Fireball is test-flown; a war shortage of petroleum makes kerosene the standard jet fuel? On June 28 the Allies calculate their deaths in Normandy so far at 4,868 U.S., 2,443 British, and 393 Canadian. On June 29 as Cherbourg surrenders, and 750K Allied troops are in Normandy, with 40K Germans taken POW, Gens. Rommel and Rundstedt meet with Hitler in Berchtesgaden, trying to convince him to retreat in France to buy time, asking for massive reinforcements of aircraft and AA guns; a few days later Rommel rats on Rundstedt for telling him that the situation is hopeless and the war should be ended, causing Hitler to replace Rundstedt with Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge (1882-1944); too bad, by Kluge's 3rd day he is saying the same thing - can't come up with some kind of klugey solution? On June 29 decorated German soldier Heinz Bello (b. 1920) is executed by the Germans for denouncing Nazism and militarism. On June 29 Malayan resistance leader Gen. Lim Bo Seng (b. 1909) is executed by the Japanese. By June 29 130K Germans are KIA and 66K taken POW on the Eastern Front in one week. On June 30 the Kastner Train carrying 1,684 Jews leaves Nazi-controlled Hungary, eventually arriving in Switzerland after Hungarian Jewish journalist-atty. Rudolf Israel Kastner (1906-57) pays Adolf Eichmann money, gold, and diamonds for them; meanwhile a total of 450K Hungarian Jews are deported to Auschwitz; one of the lucky is Peter Munk (1927-), who settles in Canada and founds Barrick Gold, the world's largest gold-mining corp. On June 30 a strike begins in Belgium over wartime restrictions, and is put down by July 3 with 100 killed; for being too lenient, military gov. Gen. von Falkenhausen is relieved and sent to Dachau. On June 30 German V-1s kill 198 in the Strand, London, plus 25 infants and eight staff at a nursery in Westerham, Kent after AA fire brings one down; the V-1 total is now 1,935. In June Gen. Jorge Ubico Castaneda resigns after a student and gen. strike backed by the urban middle class; the Guatemalan Nat. Assembly ignores this and elects United Fruit Co.-owned right-winger Gen. Juan Federico Ponce Vaides (1889-1956) as pres. on July 4, causing the Guatemalan Dem. Rev. of 1944, led by the three cols., Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (1913-71), Francisco Javier Arana (1905-49), and Jorge Toriello Garrido (-1998), who overthrow Ponce and expel Ubico on Oct. 20, and on Dec. 17-19 anti-Communist univ. prof. Juan Jose Arevalo (Arévalo) Bermejo (1904-90) is elected as pres. of a leftist regime (until Mar. 15, 1951) in the country's first free elections, being sworn-in next Mar. 15 and going on to promote social reforms and draw the ire of the United Fruit Co. In June Georges Bonnet is expelled from the French Radical-Socialist Party for copping out and joining the collaborationist ministry of Marshal Petain, and he retires from political life. In June pro-Western Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov (Bagrianov) (1891-1945) becomes PM of Bulgaria, attempting to get Bulgaria out of the war; too bad, the Romanian coup of Aug. 23 gives the Soviets a free hand to invade Bulgaria. In the summer the U.S. enjoys unprecedented homeside prosperity? On July 1 after German Italian forces cmdr. Field Marshal Kesselring warns them about taking "the severest measures", the Germans begin a sweep against partisans between Parma and Piacenza, killing 200+. On July 1, 1944 after the Nat. Inst. of Health (NIH) demonstrates its value in creating a typhus vaccine and proving the lifesaving value of plasma in WWII, the U.S. Public Health Service Act authorizes the NIH to award grants and fellowships; in 1948 the NIH becomes the Nat. Insts. of Health, growing to a $17B annual budget by the end of the cent., 80% going to research grants. On July 1 (night) 64 Allied bombers drop 192 mines in the Danube River near Belgrade, followed by 60 more on July 2 (night). On July 1 Adm. Horthy demands a halt to deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz. On July 1-22 the Internat. Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the Internat. Monetary Fund (IMF) are created at a 44-nation conference at Bretton Woods, N.H., originally designed to create fixed internat. exchange rates in the face of the collapse of the old gold standard; the net result is that the U.S. uses its position as victor in WWII to force other nations to let it pay for its trade deficits in either gold or dollars, while other nations can only pay for their deficits with gold or with dollars previously acquired in the course of trade with the U.S. or other nations, which Charles de Gaulle later calls "an exorbitant privilege". On July 2 (a.m.) the Allies bomb Budapest, killing several hundred civilians incl. 100 Jews in a villa, dropping leaflets warning "the authorities in Hungary" that the U.S. govt. views persecution of Jews "with extreme gravity", and will punish all those responsible, causing Adm. Horthy on July 4 to demand a halt to deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz, which stops on July 8, saving the 170K still in Budapest; the reports by the Auschwitz escapees, along with protests by the king of Sweden and Pope Pius XII helped turn him. On July 2 28 German divs. are encircled on the Eastern Front after 40K are killed trying to break out. On July 2 Operation Valkyrie plot to kill Hitler, Himmler, and Goering in Berchtesgaden with a briefcase bomb is canceled when Hitler dines alone; on July 3 Count von Stauffenberg visits Berchtesgaden and is handed the bombby Maj.-Gen. Helmuth Stieff, chief of the org. branch of army high command, and sets July 11 as the target date. On July 2 1M Allied troops are in Normandy with 171,532 vehicles, having captured 41K German POWs, Hitler dismisses Field Marshal von Rundstedt; by early Sept. he is back in charge of the hopeless situation. On July 2 (Sun.) the first Jazz at the Philharmonic Concert is held at the Philharmonic Auditorium in Los Angeles, Calif., organized by Los Angeles, Calif.-born jazz impresario Norman Granz (1918-2001), featuring Nat King Cole, Les Paul, Illinois Jacquet et al.; the last is held in 1983; jazz tenor saxophonist Flip Phillips (Joseph Edward Filipelli) (1915-2001) plays at all the concerts from 1946-57; in 1946 Granz founds the jazz label Clef Records, which goes on to sign Gene Krupa, Oscar Peterson, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Lionel Hampton, Art Tatum, Illinois Jacquet, Count Basie, Flip Phillips, Buddy Rich et al.; he later merges it with Verve Records (founded 1956). On July 3 the freaky Battle of the Hedgerows begins in Normandy - make like a tree and leave? On July 3 the Soviets occupy Minsk, capital of White Russia, capturing 150K German POWs and 2K tanks. On July 3 Operation Bullbasket (begun June 6) to disrupt rail traffic between Poitiers and Tours in France is shut down by the SS, who capture and shoot one-third of the 50 men on the team, and capture British leader Capt. J.E. Tonkin, who survives the war; the rest are evacuated. On July 3 a V-1 falls in Lambeth, London, after which 29 U.S. servicemen board a truck in Turk's Row in Chelsea across the Thames River to aid the wounded, and are hit by another V-1, killing 29 plus 10 civilians. On July 4 1K Jews are sent from Auschwitz to Hamburg to demolish bombed-out houses. On July 4 British warships sink a ship carrying 200 POWs, mostly Jews from well-fortified Alderney Island in the Channel Islands. On July 4 (night) a British attack in Saint-Leu-d'Esserent, France with deep penetration Tallboy bombs destroys 2K V-1s in storage; on July 7 they finish the job, blocking the tunnels; on July 10 they do ditto at Nucourt. On July 4 (night) Operation Gain to attack German supply columns 30-50 mi. S of Paris between the Seine and Loire Rivers is shut down by the Germans, who kill British leader Maj. Ian Fenwick (a popular cartoonist) on Aug. 7; after one of a dozen men who are tortured and shot escapes to finger him, German Paris security chief Hans Josef Kieffer (1900-47) is prosecuted for war crimes and hung. On July 5 Francis "Gabby" Gabreski shoots down his 28th German plane, making him the leading U.S. European ace; instead of taking the ride back to the states, he flies one more mission, and is captured and sent to a German POW camp. The original Gloria by Laura Branigan? On July 6 after the Germans use Noor Inayat Khan's radio to entrap them, British female SOE agents Vera Leigh (nee Glass) (b. 1903), Diana Hope Rowden (b. 1915), Andree Raymonde Borrel (b. 1919), and Sonia Olschanesky (Sonya Olschanezky) (b. 1923) are taken from Karlsruhe to Natzweiler-Struthof Camp in Alsace and murdered by being injected with phenol and burned in the crematorium; Leigh scratches the executioner's face. On July 6 Winston Churchill tells the House of Commons that the Germans have launched 2,754 V-1s, killing 2,752, "almost exactly one person per bomb", promising to make newfangled penicillin available. On July 6 after he is handed over by the German security police to get even for Philippe Henriot, French Jewish Resistance leader Georges Mandel (Louis George Rothschild) (b. 1885), former minister of colonies is executed outside Paris by the French Milice; after the war the murderers are tried and executed. On July 6 168 are killed and 487 are injured after a fire that breaks out in the main tent of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus in Hartford, Conn.; the Sousa march Stars and Stripes Forever is played by the band as a distress signal to circus performers, as usual. On July 7 the British bomb the key Nazi stronghold of Caen, France, and on July 8 British battleship HMS Rodney bombards it, causing Hitler to order his troops to contain the Normandy invaders "else our forces will prove inadequate to contain them, and the enemy will break out into the interior of France where we do not possess any comparable tactical mobility with which to oppose him", which doesn't stop SS Gen. Kurt "Panzermeyer" Meyer (1910-61) (after losing all his battalion cmdrs.) from ordering a withdrawal from forward positions into the suburbs on July 9. On July 8 the Kovno (Kaunas) Ghetto in Lithuania is liquidated, with its Jews shipped to Dachau or Stutthoff (near Danzig); three weeks before the Soviet army arrives, the Nazis burn it to the ground, killing 2K hiding Jews. On July 8 the Germans shoot 30 Polish partisans in Garwolin, Poland near Warsaw. On July 8 the Germans kill French Resistance leader Lt. ? Joly AKA Valentin. On July 8 Joseph Stalin creates the Order of Maternal Glory for women having 7-9 children. On July 9 the Operation Valkyrie conspirators contact Gen. Erwin Rommel at his HQ in La Roche-Guyon via Lt. Col. Caesar von Hofacker (1894-1944), who works in Paris for Maj. von Falkenhausen, nephew of the cashiered Brussels military gov., using Rommel's admiration for his WWI boss, Caesar's daddy, WWI Gen. Eberhard von Hofacker to try to talk him into it. On July 9 Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg (1912-47) (descendant of a Jewish convert to Lutheranism) arrives in Budapest with a list of 630 Hungarian Jews who have been granted Swedish visas, going on to save tens of thousands from extermination. On July 10 (eve.) the Soviets under Gen. Andrey (Andrei) Ivanovich Yeremenko (Yeryomenko) (1892-1970) begin their Baltic Offensive against German Army Group North, tearing a 50-mi. gap in the lines and occupying Drissa, Opochka, and Sebezh, going ton to reoccupy the Baltic states. On July 11 Winston Churchill is presented with details of 1.7M Jews allegedly murdered in Auschwitz, writing the soundbyte: "This is probably the greatest and the most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world, and it has been done by scientific machinery by nominally civilized men in the name of a great State and one of the leading races of Europe. It is quite clear that all concerned in this crime who may fall into our hands, including the people who only obeyed orders by carrying out the butcheries, should be put to death after their association with the murders has been proved." On July 12 Belgian-born Joseph Jan Vanhove (b. 1917) becomes the 16th and last German spy to be executed during the war. On July 13 the Soviet army under Gen. Ivan Stepanovich Koniev (1897-1973) begins a 2-pronged offensive across the Bug River, encircling 40K Germans in Brody, Poland and occupying it on July 20 after killing 30K; on July 13 the Soviets occupy Vilna (Vilnius), Lithuania; on July 14 they occupy Pinsk in White Russia. On July 14 (Bastille Day) a mutiny the evening before, 28 POWs in Sante Prison in Paris are shot. On July 14 after Count von Stauffenberg visits on July 11 but fails to use his bomb, Hitler leaves Berchtesgaden and returns to the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia, which has a new concrete Fuehrerbunker 30 ft. underground; he is joined by Goering, Himmler, Ribbentrop, and other Nazi high officials, and together they watch the war go down the toilet. On July 14 after they won't talk, the Germans bury 48 Italian partisans captured near Arezzo up to their necks and set off dynamite sticks next to their heads; Jewish leader Eugenio Calo (Calò) (b. 1906) is awarded a posth. Italian Gold Medal for Valor. On July 14 100 Jews hiding in a cellar in Kovno are locked in by the Gestapo and the house burned down, killing them all. On July 15 Count von Stauffenberg visits Hitler in Wolf's Lair planning to set off the bomb but chickens out when the meeting is shortened, leaving reserve army chief of staff Gen. Friedrich Olbricht (1888-1944), who ordered his troops to march on Berlin in the lurch, and he has to halt them after two hours and explain to his superior Gen. Friedrich Fromm that it was a "surprise exercise". On July 15 Free French pilot Maurice de Seynes (b. 1914) becomes a hero on the Eastern Front when he is blinded and his co-pilot Vladimir Belozub is trapped, and he refuses to bail out until the plane explodes in mid-air, receiving a posth. Hero of the Soviet Union medal. On July 15 Gen. Rommel writes to Hitler complaining of huge casualties and losses, and how Allied air and artillery superiority will insure that "even the bravest army will be smashed piece by piece, losing men, arms, and territory in the process", with the soundbyte: "The troops are everywhere fighting heroically, but the unequal struggle is approaching its end", adding that the only available reinforcements are tied down defending Calais and S France, other than 28K in the Channel Islands, which Hitler refuses permission to release for Normandy. On July 15 Churchill's V-1 Law still holds as 3,582 V-1s falling on Britain kill 3,583 British civilians. On July 16 the Allies bomb and destroy the England Gun in Marquise Mimoyecques on the Channel coast that was nearly ready to begin shelling S Britain. Simmering white racism literally explodes in Port Chicago? On July 17 (10:19 p.m.) the Port Chicago Disaster in Port Chicago, Calif. 30 mi. NE of San Francisco sees the ammo ship SS E.A. Bryan, loaded with 4.6K tons of cluster bombs, depth charges and 40mm shells blow up, taking the Quinalt Victory with it; 320 are killed and 390 are injured, mostly black sailors; a Navy court rules that it is the fault of "rough handling" of ammo crates by the black sailors who are forced to do the loading without training, and not the fault of their white crackers, er, officers, who taunt them to do it faster (so they can get back to the officer's club?); 3 wks. later, after being made to clean up the pier and collect body parts, the black sailors are ordered back to work, while the white officers get 30-day vacations, and 258 of 328 refuse, causing the Navy to lock them up in a barge in San Pablo Bay outfitted to hold only 75, and white Rear Adm. Carleton H. Wright (1892-1970) to threaten them with mutiny charges if they don't go to work, causing most to back down, but 50 cool dudes still refuse, and are put on the largest mass-mutiny trial in U.S. Navy history, and after a 1-mo. trial and 80-min. deliberation by white officers all are found guilty and sentenced to 15 years (the other 208 are given 90 days and bad conduct discharges); after appeals by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall (1908-93) and Eleanor Roosevelt they are released in 1946; the exposure embarrasses the Navy into initiating desegregation, bringing in white sailors to load ammo for the first time. On July 17 57K German POWs are marched through the streets of Moscow, led by Gen. Friedrich Gollwitzer (1899-1977) at the head of 19 German generals captured in White Russia, each wearing his Iron Cross or Knight's Cross. On July 17 en route from S of Caen to his HQ at La Roche-Guyon, Gen. Erwin Rommel is severely wounded in a strafing run by a British fighter plane piloted by South African ace squadron leader (top ace in Normandy) J.J. Le Roux (-1944); really Canadian Spitfire pilot Charley Fox (1920-2008)?; he recuperates in Bernay, becoming kaput as an anti-Hitler conspiracy leader to help Operation Valkyrie gain support among German officers in the West - see if Hitler gives a spit about this troublemaker who sends him letters urging him to end the war? On July 17 the Crossbow Committee of the British War Cabinet meets to discuss the German threat of the V-2, causing Churchill to suggest large-scale poison gas attacks in retaliation. By July 17 500K flee London, rising to 1M by Sept. On July 18 U.S. troops reach St. Lo, France. On July 18 the Soviets occupy Augustow, Poland near the East Prussian border 80 mi. from Rastenburg and Wolf's Lair, and are stopped by a desperate counterattack. On July 18 the Allies launch Operation Goodwood to capture Caen, with 100 bombers destroying most of the city and killing 3K French civilians,followed by an artillery barrage by 400 naval guns, followed by an invasion; too late, Hitler agrees to start moving the German Fifteenth Army from Calais, and it falls on July 20. On July 18 the losses in the Marianas and the Philippines cause PM Hideki Tojo and his entire Japanese cabinet to resign, and Gen. Koiso Kuniaki (1880-1950) becomes Japanese PM (until Apr. 7), with former PM Adm. Yonai Mitsumasa as deputy PM, pledging to fight on - bonsai and all that jazz? On July 18 10K German troops attack French Resistance forces in Vercors, France, killing 500 along with 200 civilians with the usual beastly brutality. On July 19-21 the 1944 Dem. Nat. Convention in Chicago, Ill. renominates sure-thing FDR on the first ballot, although people close to him are shocked by his bad health; FDR prefers Wallace but party leaders persuade him to accept Mo. Sen. Harry S. Truman (who once described himself as an "ordinary gink") for vice-pres. The Bungle in the Concrete Jungle? On July 20 after aborted attempts on July 11 and July 15, the July 20 Plot (last of 15 known assassination attempts against Hitler) sees an assassination attempt made on Adolf Hitler in his 1-story wooden Lagerbaracke 32'x15' briefing room 100 yards from his bunker by Swabian-born staff officer Lt. Col. Claus Philipp Maria Schenk von Stauffenberg (1907-44) via an English-made briefcase time bomb containing 2 lbs. of fumeless hexite with a silent acid fuse, placed under the heavy oak conference table; too bad, the Lagerbaracke, which was used at the last minute because of the summer heat vents the explosive force, which the bunker wouldn't have done, and Gen. Heinz Ketchup, er, Heinz Brandt (b. 1970) moves the briefcase to the other side of the thick table leg to get a better look at the map on the table, and gets a leg blown off, dying on July 21; it explodes at 12:42 p.m. less than 6 ft. from Hitler, who is wearing an armored vest and 3.5 lb. laminated steel-lined cap, and survives, although four of the other 23 men present are killed; Hitler's main army adjutant (chief of personnel) Gen. Rudolf Schmundt (b. 1896) is critically injured, dying on Oct. 1; Stauffenberg sees the hut blow up from 200 yards, and hurries back to Berlin, arriving at 4:30 p.m.; Mussolini arrives at 3:30 p.m., and is greeted by Hitler, who wears a long black military cloak concealing his right arm in a sling, and proudly shows Mussy the messy scene of the bomb, claiming that divine providence saved him; meanwhile a planned coup called Operation Valkyrie begins without the knowledge that Hitler survived, with some reserve army troops played for fools and told to arrest top Gestapo and SS leaders in Wilhelmstrasse by Berlin Fortress cmdr. Gen. Karl Paul Immanuel von Hase (1884-1945), while von Stauffenberg and Gen. Friedrich Olbricht (1888-1944) arrest reserve army cmdr. Gen. Friedrich Fromm (1888-1945); too bad, as they try to arrest Joseph Goebbels, he telephones Hitler personally and hands the phone to Maj. Otto-Ernst Remer (1912-97) (who is later awarded a Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and promoted to brig. gen., becoming a leading Holocaust denier after the war), who figures it out, exposing Hitler's enemies conveniently after he regains control via their loyalty oath (Reichswehreid); at 6:45 p.m. Goebbels goes on the radio to tell everybody that Herr Hitler is alive and well; at 8:10 p.m. the limping conspirators send out a telegram in the name of Field Marshal Job Wilhelm Georg "Erwin" von Witzleben (1881-1944) with the soundbyte "The Fuhrer is dead", claiming he has been appointed new army CIC, but it is stopped halfway through; after they wrongly believe he is joining them and release him, Gen. Fromm has von Stauffenberg and Olbricht arrested and shot in the War Ministry courtyard that evening; von Stauffenberg shouts his last words "Es lebe das Geheime Deutschland" (Long live the Secret Germany); his grave is not found until 2010; Gen. Walther Warlimont (1884-1976), who was injured along with Hitler telephones Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge and convinces him that Hitler is alive, causing von Kluge to turn against the anti-Hitler coup; at midnight Hitler broadcasts on the radio telling the German people that the war will continue, while he, Goebbels, and Himmler consolidate their power; in the following weeks 7K arrests are made, and 2K executed after being processed through the drumhead "people's court" of Nazi judge (Reich minister of justice) Roland Freisler (1893-1945); on July 20 Gen. Ludwig August Theodor Beck (1880-1944) (former army chief of staff, who resigned in 1938 when Hitler was about to invade Czech.), who was to be Hitler's replacement as head of state is told by Gen. Fromm to shoot himself, and after botching it twice is shot by a sgt.; Fromm disobeys Hitler's orders to not have Stauffenberg et al. executed on July 21 to shut them up about his fence-sitting, which gives him away, leading to his execution next Mar. 12; other principal conspirators incl. Gen. von Witzleben, Karl Heinrich von Stuelpnagel (1886-1944) (cmdr. of Paris, who tried to commit suicide in Verdun but only blinded himself), Gen. Erich Hoepner (1886-1944), Peter Yorck von Wartenburg (1904-44) (a cousin of von Stauffenberg, and co-founder of the Kreisau Circle), former Berlin-Potsdam chief of police Count Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf (1896-1944), armed forces communications chief Gen. Fritz Erich Fellgiebel (1886-1944), diplomat Christian August Ulrich von Hassell (1881-1944), Social Dem. politician Julius Leber (1891-1945), ex-Leipzig mayor Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (-18841945), Jesuit priest Alfred Delp (1907-45), Prussian finance minister (since 1933) Johannes Popitz (1884-1945), Erwin Planck (1893-1945) (son of physicist Max Planck), Gen. Georg Thomas (1890-1946), diplomat Christian August Ulrich von Hassell (1881-1944), Army Capt. Count Ulrich-Wilhelm Schwerin von Schwanenfeld (1902-44), Social Dem. trade union leader Wilhelm Leuschner (1890-1944), jurist Josef Wirmer (1901-44), Sept. 10, 1943 educator and tea party hostess Elisabeth Adelheid Hildegard von Thadden (1890-1944), industrialist Luftwaffe Lt. Col. Caesar von Hofacker (1896-1944), (cousin of Col. Stauffenberg), Roman Catholic labor leader Bernhard Letterhaus (1894-1944), elementary teacher Adolf Reichwein (1898-1944), and Kaiser Wilhelm II's former secy. Ulrich Freiherr von Sell (1884-1945) are tortured and hung with piano wire suspended from meat hooks in Plotzensee (Plötzensee) Prison (you get caught plotting, zenn we will see you swing?) in Berlin, with movies made of their agonies for Hitler to plot and see; on July 21 Maj. Gen. Herrmann Karl Robert "Henning" von Tresckow (b. 1901) commits suicide, leaving the soundbyte: "God once promised Abraham to spare Sodom should there be 10 just men in the city. He will, I hope, spare Germany because of what we have done, and not destroy her"; Gen. Rommel is implicated and commits suicide on Oct. 14; Gen. Friedrich Fromm is executed next Mar. 19 on the theory that he would have joined the conspiracy if it had succeeded; plotter Count Heinrich von Lehndorff-Steinort (b. 1909) (hanged on Sept. 4) is the father of future German supermodel Veruschka (Vera von Lehndorff-Steinort) (1939-); Hitler's last stab at the old Prussian establishment?; if Stuffy had just stayed with the bomb and rushed at Hitler or lingered outside then rushed in with a gun to finish him, millions would have been saved?; on July 21 after the you know what gives the Nazis their chance, anti-Nazi politician (more Prussian than Hitler) Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin (1890-1945) is arrested for inviting German resistance groups to his country estate at Schmenzin and calling Nazism "lunacy" and "the deadly enemy of our way of life, and is executed next Apr. 9 in Plotzensee Prison in Berlin; he was actually guilty of being in the July 20 Plot, as was his son Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin (1922-2013), who slithers away; too bad, the British welcome the purges as eliminating all "good Germans" so that they can treat all the rest as bad after the war? - tu est fabulosa? On July 21 the Second Battle of Guam (ends Aug. 10) sees U.S. troops take it after 18.5K Japanese and 2,124 U.S. troops are KIA. On July 21 Anne Frank (1929-45) writes in her diary, "I'm finally getting optimistic... An assassination attempt has been made on Hitler's life." On July 22 the Soviets cross the Bug River and occupy Chelm, Poland, announcing the Communist Polish Nat. Council AKA the Lublin Poles, which is willing to make the Bug River the E border of Poland, giving the rest to the Soviets; the Western Allies reject them as the future govt. of Poland at first, but are forced to accept them by the end of the war; on Aug. 18 it declares Lublin the temporary capital of Poland. On July 23 the Soviets occupy Pskov, Poland. On July 23 Hitler appoints Hermann Goering the Reich commissar for total war mobilization. On July 24 the U.S. Marines led by Maj. Gen. Harry Schmidt (1886-1968) land on Tinian Island, the next island over from Saipan, and the one with the most constricted beachfront of the Marianas campaign, taking on Aug. 1 it after 6,050 Japanese and 290 U.S. troops are killed, and the last group commits suicide by jumping off cliffs and detonating grenades on themselves and hostage civilians. On July 24 the Soviets liberate the first death camp at Majdanek near Lublin, Poland, where 1.5M were allegedly murdered in two years, finding er, hundreds of unburied corpses along with seven gas chambers; Russian-born British correspondent Alexander Werth (1901-69) files a report on German atrocities there, complete with grisly photos, but the BBC initially refuses to broadcast it, believing it a Soviet propaganda stunt; Hitler gets pissed-off at "the slovenly and cowardly rabble in the security services" who fail to erase "the traces"?; with Majdanek, Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec out of operation, Auschwitz takes up the slack? On July 24 1.K Jews from Rhodes and 120 from Kos Island are transported to Auschwitz. On July 24 despite Adm. Horthy's orders, 1.5K Jews are deported from Sarvar, Hungary to Auschwitz. On July 25 the U.S. launches Operation Cobra (ends July 31), breaking out of the Cherbourg Peninsula while the British assault the heavily-defended German positions between Caen and Falaise. On July 26 a bomb is thrown into a restaurant in Lyon frequented by the Gestapo, causing five prisoners incl. French Resistance leader Albert Chambonnet (b. 1903) to be shot and left in the street on July 27 - as a tip? On July 27 U.S. forces capture Periers (Périers), France. On July 27 the Germans fall back to Florence, Italy. On July 27 the Soviets occupy Dvinsk, Bialystok, Lvov, and Stanislaw, pushing the Germans back along a 500-mi. front. On July 28 the first major death march of Jews begins from Warsaw to Kutno. On July 28 the Soviets occupy Brest-Litovsk in Belarus near the Polish border at the confluence of the Bug and Mukhavets Rivers. On July 28 U.S. troops occupy Coutances, France, followed on July 31-Aug. 1 by Avranches, France. On July 28 a V-1 lands in a shopping center in Lewisham, London, killing 51; another falls on a tea shop in Knightsbridge, London, killing 45. On July 29 (eve.) the Soviets cross the Vistula River, occupying Sandomierz, Poland; Soviet tanks reach Wolomin 12 mi. E of Warsaw, causing Radio Moscow to broadcast the soundbyte "The hour of action has already arrived." On July 30 Operation Globetrotter (Battle of Sansapor) sees the U.S. finish its New Guinea campaign with the capture of Sansapor (Sausapor), New Guinea, losing two U.S. vs. 374 Japanese soldiers. On July 31 the Soviets reach Radzymin NW of Warsaw, and Otwock SE of Warsaw; after learning that the Germans are rushing reinforcements across the Vistula River, on Aug. 1 Soviet cmdr. Maj. Gen. Alexei Ivanovich Radzievsky (1911-78) orders a defensive line set up between Kobylka and Milosna. On July 31 the Germans deport 1.3K Jews from"Paris to Auschwitz incl. 300 under age 18. On July 31-Aug. 2 after Josef Mengele receives a report that the barracks of 750 Gypsy women are infected with lice, the Zigeunernacht (Night of the Gypsies) sees 2,874-4K gypsies killed in Birkenau and Auschwitz; 1,408 more are shipped to Buchenwald, Ravensbruck, and other camps. In July the pro-Japanese puppet govt. in Thailand falls, and the country begins a policy of passive resistance against the Japanese. On Aug. 1 pres. Manuel Quezon y Molina (b. 1878), leader of the Philippine govt. in exile dies in the U.S., and vice-pres. Sergio Osmena (Osmeña) y Suico (1878-1961) becomes acting pres. (until May 28, 1946). On Aug. 1 the Polish Warsaw Uprising (ends Oct. 2) in Poland begins, with the 42.5K-person Polish Home Army (incl. armed civilians and the Communist People's Army) under Lt. Gen. Count Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski ("Bor" = Forest) (1895-1966) rising up in a failed effort to throw the Nazis out of Poland before the Soviets arrive, seizing two-thirds of the city; on Aug. 1 Heinrich Himmler orders German cmdr. Gen. Paul Otto Geibel (1898-1966) to "Destroy tens of thousands"; on Aug. 2 the the Polish Home Army attempts to capture Okecie Airport, and are mowed-down by machine guns; on Aug. 4 1.5 divs. led by German SS Gen. Erich von dem Bach Zelewski (1899-1972) incl. the Kaminski Brigade of traitor Russian POWs and the Dirlewanger Brigade of ex-criminals begins the fun; on Aug. 4 the insurgents appeal to Churchill for help, and that night British bombers from Foggia, S Italy fly in 12 crates of arms and ammo, while Stalin refuses to help; on Aug. 5 German bombers bomb the suburb of Wola; on Aug. 5 the insurgents liberate the Jewish Goose Farm labor camp on Gesiowka St., with all 348 Jews joining them; by Aug. 5 the Germans murder 15K Polish civilians, and at 5:30 p.m. Gen. von dem Bach-Zelewski orders killing of women and children to stop, which doesn't stop his troops, who tear up Wola and Ochota, killing 30K in three days; by Oct. 2 the uprising collapses, with 250K killed; Bor-Komorowski is sent to a POW camp in Germany, and after the war becomes PM of the Polish govt.-in-exile in 1947-9, which fails to win diplomatic recognition from most W European countries. On Aug. 1 U.S. troops occupy Vire, France. On Aug. 1 Soviet troops occupy Kovno, Lithuania. On Aug. 1 Finnish pres. Risto Ryti resigns, and WWII hero Field Marshal Baron Karl Gutav Emil von Mannerheim succeeds him (until 1946); on Nov. 10 former PM (1918) Juho Kusti Paasikivi (Johan Gustaf Hellsten) (1870-1956) becomes PM (until 1946), and the Finnish Communist Party receives recognition. On Aug. 1 the Vancouver Zoot Suit Riots in Canada rage. On Aug. 2 Winston Churchill tells the House of Commons that V-1s have killed 4,735 civilians - what's the Churchill Ratio? On Aug. 2 the Germans deport 222 Jews from Verona, Italy to Auschwitz. On Aug. 4 the Gestapo, acting on a tip raids the secret annex of an office bldg. in Amsterdam and arrests eight people, incl. 15-y.-o. Anne (Anneliese Marie) Frank (1929-45) and her family after 25 mo. in hiding; her family fled there from Frankfurt am Main in 1933 thinking it a safe haven from the Nazis; she later dies in the Bergen-Belsen camp; only her father Otto Heinrich Frank (1889-1980) survives the war, returning to Amsterdam and finding her diary, which he pub. in 1947 - just disposing of some more garbage? On Aug. 5 Gesiowka (Goose Street) concentration camp in Warsaw is liberated along with 348 POWs; too bad, the Soviets use it after the war to imprison Polish freedom fighters. On Aug. 5 545 Japanese POWs break out of Cowra Camp W of Sydney, Australia; 183 are killed, and 29 commit suicide; four Australian soldiers are KIA. On Aug. 6 the Germans counterattack at the base of the Cherbourg Peninsula, attempting to reach Avranches to cut the U.S. forces off; too bad, a determined Yankee defense at Mortain slows them down, and on Aug. 8 the Germans halt 10 mi. short of their goal, losing 200 of 300 fighters against 1K Allied aircraft. On Aug. 6 the Germans begin deporting the remaining 70K Jews from Lodz Ghetto 80 mi. SW of Warsaw to Auschwitz. On Aug. 7 the Allies intensify their campaign against German oil installations, making 60 bombing raids by the end of Aug. On Aug. 7-13 Operation Luttich (Lüttich) sees a German counterattack personally ordered by Hitler against his generals' advice against U.S. positions around Mortain defeated by Allied airpower, which destroys half of their 300 Panzers, trapping 10K troops in the Falaise Pocket. On Aug. 8 who-cares-if-I'm-kaput-see-you-in-Hell Hitler gets off by seeing the first three July 20 plotters hanged on piano wire incl. Gen. Erich Hoepner, Count Peter Yorck von Wartenburg, and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben. On Aug. 8 after Gen. Patton's newly-constituted U.S. Third Army drives SE from Avranches behind German forces while the British and Canadians push S from Caen toward Falaise in Operation Totalize, and Gens. Omar Bradley and Dwight Eisenhower order it to stop in Argentan before completing the encirclement of the Germans, the Battle of the Falaise Pocket (Gap) begins as the encircled Germans try to escape through a gauntlet of Allied air and ground attacks; on Aug. 8 SS cmdr. Col. Max Wunsche (Wünsche) (1914-95) is captured, and Capt. Michael Wittman is KIA after killing 138 Allied tanks and 132 anti-tank guns in two years and receiving the Oak Leaves with Swords; on Aug. 9 Hitler orders a new attack on Mortain, which is decrypted, allowing the Allies to turn their retreat into "Dead Horse Alley"; on Aug. 10 Paris railwaymen go on strike to paralyze German troop and supply movements; on Aug. 12 U.S. forces capture Mortain, breaking the German blockade; meanwhile rench troops occupy Alencon 112 mi. from Paris; by Aug. 21 the gap is closed after 100K Germans escape, with 10K Germans KIA and 50K taken POW along with much equipment, with Gen. Eisenhower uttering the soundbyte that it is "literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh"; another 300K Germans escape across the Schelde, Meuse, and Rhine Rivers while the Allies pour out of their bridgehead into N France and Belgium. On Aug. 8 a single German Tiger I tank commanded by SS officer Willi Frey takes on a British Sherman tank column, destroying 14 of 15. On Aug. 9 258 black U.S. sailors based in Port Chicago, Calif. refuse to load a munitions ship following the July 17 explosion of another ship that killed 320 men, two-thirds black; the sailors are court-martialed, fined and imprisoned for their refusal. On Aug. 10 German troops march into the tiny Repub. of San Marino in E Italy, freaking them out; British troops relieve them on Sept. 23. On Aug. 10-11 U.S. forces overcome the last Japanese resistance on Guam, largest island in the Marianas. On Aug. 12 the Polish Home Army in Warsaw begs Churchill again for help, causing 28 bombers from Foggia to get them 5 tons of supplies on Aug. 14; meanwhile Stalin, whose airfields are only 12 min. away refuses to aid them. On Aug. 12 the Nazi SS murder 560 villagers and refugees incl. 130 children in Sant'Anna di Stazzema in Tuscany, Italy 12 km from Pietrasanta, and burn the corpses; in 1994 the massacre is publicized; in 2000 it becomes home to the Italian Nat. Park of Peace. On Aug. 12 Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jr. (b. 1915), heir apparent to the Kennedy clan dies along with his co-pilot in an explosives-laden plane over England that detonates prematurely during a secret air mission to Normandy known as Operation Aphrodite, which overloads B-17s with high-explosive Torpex and radio-guides them to the target after the crew bails out. On Aug. 12 the SS tortures and shoots 15 members of the French Maquis in Sospel, France. On Aug. 12-21 the Battle of the Falaise Pocket sees 50K German troops surrounded by British and Polish forces led by Field Marshal Bernard Law "Monty" Montgomery (1887-1976), becoming the decisive Allied V in the Battle of Normandy; after receiving the Knight's Cross on Apr. 21, faced with the prospect of surrender or annihilation, German cmdr. Lt. Col. SS Lt. Col. Otto Weidinger (1914-90), has his unit constantly probe the enemy line for weaknesses until they discover a very small gap in the Polish lines, which is then enlarged by the massed firepower of his remaining tanks, allowing 10K German troops to escape, earning Weidinger Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross in Dec. 1944, which he first learns of after 6.5 years of captivity in France. On Aug. 13 U.S. forces reach the Liver, er, Loire River at Nantes. On Aug. 13 French paratroopers stage Operation Barker, landing in Salornay, France to hinder the German retreat. On Aug. 14 the Allies launch Operation Tractable, driving towards Falaise and W towards Paris; for once the Germans capture plans of the attack in advance, which slows the Allies down but doesn't stop them. Fool me twice, I'm a what? On Aug. 14 Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of S France between Toulon and Cannes begins, with 94K men and 110K vehicles landing the first day, pushing 20 mi. inland within 24 hours; on Aug. 15 the U.S. 7th and French 1st Armies (350K total) land near Marseille in the Second D-Day; the troops race N against little opposition, joining the U.S. Third Army at Dijon on Sept. 11 - pardon me, would you have any Grey Poupon? On Aug. 14 after news of the new Allied landing in S France, the Paris police quit, take off their uniforms, and join the French Resistance. On Aug. 14 the Germans shoot five French prisoners incl. Col. Andre Rondenay, Charles de Gaulle's secret military rep in Paris in Domont 12 mi. N of Paris, then return to Paris and celebrate with champagne. On Aug. 14 (night) Italian POW Pvt. Guglielmo Olivotto (b. 1911) is lynched after a black U.S. soldier vs. Italian POW riot at Ft. Lawton near Seattle, Wash., after which 48 soldiers are charged and 28 convicted of participating; too bad, the 2005 book On American Soil by Jack Hamann reveals prosecutorial misconduct by prosecutor Lt. Col. Leonidas "Leon" Jaworski (1905-82), causing the U.S. Army in 2007 to overturn all convictions and restore honorable discharges. On Aug. 15 U.S. and British ambassadors visit Soviet deputy foreign minister (1940-9) Andrei Januarevich Vyshinsky (1883-1954) in Moscow to ask for Soviet help for the Warsaw Uprising, but are told it's a non-starter; on Aug. 15 (night) 10 British bombers from S Italy try to drop supplies in Warsaw, and ony four make it. On Aug. 16 German Gen. von Kluge asks permission to withdraw from Falaise, citing shortage of fuel and Panzers; the Brits decrypt the message, confirming their campaign against oil installations. On Aug. 16 a week after the World Jewish Congress requests it, the U.S. War Dept. issues a statement that bombing the crematoria at Auschwitz would divert air power from "decisive operations elsewhere". On Aug. 17 (a.m.) Soviet troops cross the border into East Prussia, with Sgt. Alexander Belov being the first to raise the Red Flag in Schirwindt; Soviet writer Ilya Ehrenburg (1896-1967) writes the soundbyte in a Soviet newspaper: "Woe to this land of evildoers! We say this as we stand on Germany's threshold: woe to Germany!" On Aug. 17 Canadian troops occupy Falaise, Normandy, while U.S. troops occupy St. Malo, Brittany despite an order from cmdr. Col. ? von Aulock that anyone surrendering "is a common dog", receiving Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross from Hitler on Aug. 18 the day after he surrenders; German Lt. Richard Seuss leds 320 men in a desperate defense of Cezembre (Cézembre) 4K yards offshore from St. Malo, ignoring leaflets demanding his surrender, and receiving the first-ever napalm attack in Europe, holding out two weeks. On Aug. 17 as the Allies reach Mantes on the Seine River 30 mi. from the center of Paris, the Flight of the Fritzes, the German evacuation of Paris begins as Hitler orders the evacuation of S France on a line from Sens to Dijon to the Swiss frontier; the British intercept and decrypt the message; as they evacuate Paris, the Germans stuff 51 Jews in three railroad cars headed for Auschwitz incl. aircraft manufacturer Marcel Bloch-Dassault, Rothschild hospital head Armanid Kohn, and his 12-y.-o. son Georges-Andre Kohn, who is sent to Neuengamme Camp for hideous medical experiments; the Gestapo and French Milice shoot 109 POWs at Montluc. On Aug. 18 after being cut off from his HQ by a heavy bombardment long enough to make Hitler suspicious that he was negotiating, causing him to be replaced on Aug. 16 by Field Marshal Walther Model (b. 1891) and ordered to see Hitler, Western Front CIC Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge (b. 1882) takes cyanide and dies on a train from Paris to Metz, infuriating Hitler with a letter containing the soundbyte: "If your new weapons in which such burning faith is placed do not bring success, then, my Fuhrer, take the decision to end the war. The German people have suffered such unspeakable ills that the time has come to put an end to these horrors." On Aug. 18 the Germans transport 2,453 French political prisoners from prisons in Paris to Ravensbruck and Buchenwald via Nancy; less than 300 survive the war. On Aug. 19 the Paris Uprising (Battle for Paris) (ends Aug. 25) sees the former Paris police raise the French tricolor flag and sing the Marseillaise, firing at German troops and taking 600 POWs; on Aug. 20 (a.m.) they occupy the Hotel de Ville; by Aug. 21 7K armed French Resistance forces join them, awaiting the arrival of the Allies. On Aug. 19 the Soviets begin their 1944 Balkan Offensive aimed at Romania on a 300-mi. front, destroying five German divs. and taking 3K German POWs on Aug. 20, with Marshal Antonescu refusing Romanian Gen. ? Abramescu permission to withdraw; on Aug. 22 they reach Jassy; on Aug. 26 they reach Focsani. On Aug. 20 U.S. bombers drop high explosives on the synthetic oil plant at Monowitz near Auschwitz, but leave the gas chambers untouched; 38 British POWs are killed; on Aug. 25 a recon flight takes photos of Monowitz, finding that production wasn't affected, along with photos showing Jews being led from the train to the gas chambers - giving them more to do? On Aug. 20 the British launch Operation Wallace, a 60-man commando force led by Maj. Roy Farran which fights its way E from Rennes N of Orleans to Belfort, joining with French Resistance forces to harass retreating Germans. On Aug. 20 the Germans take 100 French prisoners to a fort at St. Genis Laval, shoot them and set them on fire; when a woman appears in a window begging for help, they shoot her until "riddled with bullets and affected by the intense heat, her face contorted into a fixed mask, like a vision of horror. The temperature was increasing and her face melted like wax until one could see her bones. At that moment she gave a nervous shudder and began to turn her decomposing head, what was left of it, from left to right as if to condemn her executioners. In a final shudder, she pulled herself completely straight, and fell backwards." On Aug. 21 the Dumbarton Oaks Conference of Allied foreign ministers agrees to create a United Nations org. with a 5-member security council (U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China), with a single member having the power to veto proposed measures. On Aug. 22 British minesweeper HMS Loyalty is sunk by German sub U-480 off Normandy. On Aug. 22 the U.S. bombs the synthetic oil plant in Blechhammer, Silesia, followed on Aug. 25 by the one in Politz (Pölitz), Germany. Romania goes for K-Love? On Aug. 22 (night) as the Red Army closes in, Romanian King Michael I and several loyal gens. stage the Romanian Royalist Coup of 1944, arresting the cabinet of Marshal Ion Antonescu and announcing the surrender of Romania, then accepting armistice terms from the U.N.; on Aug. 25 Romania declares war on Germany, causing Hitler to order Bucharest bombed from Ploesti, while the Soviets continue their advance and kill 105K Germans and take 100K POWs; on Sept. 12 Romania signs an armistice with the Soviet Union in Moscow, allowing the Soviet-approved Dem. Front govt. (a coalition of Communists, Liberals, and Nat. Peasants) to take over (make that Communists only?); 18K-sq.-mi. Bessarabia is returned to the Soviet Union; Gheorghe Gheorgiu-Dej (1901-65), a member of the Romanian Communist Party Central Committee (since 1936), who had been held in Targu Jiu Camp by Ion Antonescu until escaping in Aug., becomes gen. secy. of the party, going on to consolidate his power and become a Stalin puppet dictator. On Aug. 23 Italian partisans capture the Fascist mountain stronghold of Bacena, Italy, going on to capture all four valleys between Domodossola and the Swiss border. On Aug. 23 Winston Churchill visits Allied troops in Siena, Italy. On Aug. 23 the British War Cabinet agrees to let Jewish soldiers in the Allied armies form the Jewish (Infantry) Brigade (Group) complete with what later becomes the Israeli flag. On Aug. 23 a V-1 hits a munitions plant in New Southgate, London, killing 211. Paris becomes gay again? On Aug. 23 the all-new 200K-man French Forces of the Interior (FFI) under Gen. Marie-Pierre Koenig (1898-1970) free all French civilian prisoners in Paris; meanwhile the Germans make a last show of strength, ousting Resistance forces from the Grand Palais and attacking them in the city center, killing many. On Aug. 23 (night) French troops reach Rambouillet, France 30 mi. SW of Paris. On Aug. 24 French troops under Col. Pierre Armand Gaston Billotte (1906-92) enter S Paris through the Porte d'Orleans, causing tens of thousands to flood the streets welcoming them with goodies; on Aug. 25 (7:00 a.m.) the French Second Armored Div. under Gen. Philippe Francois Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902-47) liberates Paris, while pockets of Germans resist, with 50 KIA defending the French Foreign Office Bldg. on the Quai d'Orsay, and a column of German POWs machine-gunned by madass partisans as they are marched around the Arc de Triomphe; collaborators are savagely murdered on sight; the Germany army has by now sustained 400K casualties and lost 1.3K tanks, 3.5K aircraft, and 1.5K artillery; at 2:30 p.m. German military gov. of Paris (since Aug. 7) Gen. Dietrich von Choltitz (1894-1966), who cold-titted several direct orders from Hair Hitler to burn the city before evacuation, Hitler once uttering the soundbyte "Brennt Paris?" (Is Paris Burning?) to him (making Choltitz's name live forever as the savior of Paris?), surrenders his 17K men without a fight to French Gen. Leclerc and FFI leader (a Communist) Henri Rol-Tanguy (1908-2002) at the Gare Montparnasse Train Station in the 15th Arrondissement; at 4:00 p.m. poof-his-acne-healed Gen. Charles de Gaulle makes a triumphal entry into Paris, reaching the Hotel de Ville and giving a Paris Liberation Speech from the front window; the capture of Paris costs 500 Resistance fighters and 127 civilians killed; on Aug. 26 Charles de Gaulle marches down the Champs Elysees along with 15K troops of the U.S. Fourth Infantry to wild jubilation - if you can't get lucky today, you must be uglier than what? On Aug. 24 the SS murders 3K Jewish slave laborers in the labor camp in Mielec, Poland before evacuating. On Aug. 24 after raiding Hanover, a U.S. bomber is shot down over Greven, Germany, the crew captured and taken S by train to Russelsheim (Rüsselsheim), Germany 100 mi. WSW of Buchenwald, which had been bombed by the British a few hours earlier, causing a mob to beat them, killing six of eight. On Aug. 24 the Allies bomb the Gustloff Armaments Factory near Buchenwald, killing 400 POWs and 80 SS men, causing camp commandant SS Maj. ? Pfister to order the execution of 28 British and French officers in the next month. On Aug. 25 British troops cross the Seine River at Vernon, France 40 mi. NW of Paris. On Aug. 25 U.S. troops occupy Avignon, France. On Aug. 25 Soviet partisans under Capt. ? Velichko occupy Turciansky St. Martin, Slovakia; on Aug. 27 they arrest and shoot the German gen. commanding the region. On Aug. 25 Soviet forces capture Tartu, Estonia. On Aug. 25 Winston Churchill sends a message to FDR begging him to issue an ultimatum to Stalin to allow British supply planes for Warsaw to land on Soviet airfields; on Aug. 26 rejects him, citing ongoing negotiations to allow U.S. bombers to use Soviet bases in Siberia, becoming the first U.S.-British rift over Poland. On Aug. 26 as Soviet troops occupy neighboring Romania, Bulgarian PM (since June) Ivan Bagryanov declares neutrality in the war, and on Aug. 29 suspends all anti-Jewish laws and orders the withdrawal of Bulgarian troops from Yugoslavian Macedonia, while sending reps to engage in talks in Egypt with Britain and the U.S. to try to get them to send troops; too bad, his failure to declare war on the Axis hangs it up, and on Sept. 2 the Bulgarian Agrarian Nat. Union (BANU), AKA Vrabcha 1 is formed by Istanbul-educated Konstantin Vladov Muraviev (1893-1965), who replaces Bagryanov as PM and appeals to the Allies for help and officially ratifies the abolition of laws against Jews on Sept. 5; too bad, on Sept. 5 the Soviet Union declares war on Bulgaria, causing Communist-led strikes all over Bulgaria on Sept. 6-7 and the liberation of prisons in Pleven, Varna, and Sliven; on Sept. 7 the Soviets occupy NE Bulgaria without opposition; on Sept. 8 via Muraviev Bulgaria declares war on Germany, which is too late to stop the Commies, and on Sept. 9 (night) the Bulgarian (Fatherland) Coup overthrows him and replaces his govt. with the pro-Communist Fatherland Front, led by PM (1944-6) Kimon Georgiev Stoyanov (1882-1969) (who organized coups in 1923 and 1935, causing him to become known as "the old coup-maker"), who arrests all pro-German members of the previous govt. and declares war on Germany again, arranging an armistice with Russia, causing Soviet troops to begin streaming into Bulgaria, liberating Sofia on Sept. 15, and creating a Communist govt. headed by him and Bulgarian Communist Georgi Mikhailovich Dimitrov (1882-1949), who sends a telegram to Stalin on Sept. 22 calling for the "torching of all signs of Bulgarian jingoism, nationalism, or anti-Communism"; in Oct. a people's tribunal is set up, pronouncing 12K death sentences, of which 2.7K are executed (vs. 357 in 1941-4); a network of forced labor camps is set up to house pesky partisans, criminals, and social undesirables, which continues to operate until 1989, with peak activity in 1962; 25K undesirables are also deported by 1953; the main camp is Belene Camp on Belene (Persin) Island in the Danube River near Romania, which receives a large influx of inmates after the 1956 Hungarian Rev., and more after a crime wave in Sofia in 1958, after which it is closed in 1959, and Lovech Camp set up, being used from 1969-89 for anybody the regime doesn't like ("social parasites"), who are sent there without trial. On Aug. 26 British and Canadian troops cross the Seine River bridge at Vernon and advance towards Calais and Brussels. On Aug. 26 the British Eighth Army occupies Pisa, Italy, but fails to break the German Gothic Line, which holds for the rest of the year. On Aug. 26 anti-Nazi German patriot Adam von Trott zu Solz (a maternal ancestor of U.S. chief justice John Jay) is hanged in Plotzensee Prison in Berlin. On Aug. 27 British bombers bomb the synthetic oil plant in Homburg, Germany, becoming their first daylight raid of the Rhine River Valley. On Aug. 27 German troops shoot 13 villagers in Chalautre-la-Petite, France 53 mi. SE of Paris; on Aug. 31 U.S. troops liberate the village and "donate" six German POWs to the villagers to shoot in revenge. On Aug. 27 Hitler awards the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross of Flemish Fascist leader Leon Degrelle; only 632 of his 2K troops survive the war. On Aug. 28 Allied forces occupy Toulon, France and Marseilles, France, taking 47K German POWs. On Aug. 28 the U.S. and Britain learn that the Red Army in Poland is arresting leaders of the Polish Home Army,causing them to issue a joint declaration on Aug. 29 that it is a "responsible belligerent force", widening the rift with Stalin. On Aug. 28 Allied bombs are dropped accidentally on Buchenwald, killing Princess Mafalda, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel III, and tire manufacturer Marcel Michelin. On Aug. 28 the Germans launch 96 V-1s at London, but only four make it after British fighters shoot down 13 over the English Channel, 65 are shot down by AA guns, 10 are shot down by fighters over land, two collide with barrage balloons, and three land short. On Aug. 29 the Slovak Uprising begins after German reinforcements arrive to fight partisans in Zilina, Cadca, Povazska Bstrica, and Trencin in NW Slovakia, causing them to declare the Czech. Repub. and occupy Banska Bystrica in C Slovakia and the area N through Brezno, Zvolen, and Ruzomberok; the uprising continues until the Soviet occupation in 1945. On Aug. 29 U.S. forces occupy Reims, France and Chalons-sur-Marne, France 110 mi. from the W border of Germany. On Aug. 29 175 British bombers bomb Konigsberg (Königsberg) in East Prussia 55 mi. from Hitler's Wolf's Lair, making 134K homeless while only losing four planes. On Aug. 30 the Soviets occupy Ploesti, Romania, cutting off Germany's last source of crude oil. On Aug. 30 Lord Haw-Haw receives the Cross of War Merit, First Class, with his broadcast containing the soundbyte that Germany is still in a position "not only to defend itself, but, with the aid of time, to win this war" - all we need is 100 more years? On Aug. 31 the Soviets occupy Bucharest, Romania. On Aug. 31 U.S. troops of Gen. Patton's Third Army cross the Meuse River at Commercy, France 60 mi. from the German border; too bad, their gasoline allotment is suddenly cut by 140K out of 350K a day, causing Patton's advance to be halted even though the disorganized German army was in no shape to stop them, allowing them to regroup and counterattack in the Battle of the Bulge. On Aug. 31 U.S. forces capture Numfoor Island off the N coast of New Guinea, losing 63 KIA vs. 1,730 Japanese. On Aug. 31 as U.S. troops approach, the SS murders 12 teenie men in Peira Cava, France near Nice. On Aug. 31 musing on Gen. von Kluge's suicide, Jesus, er, Gandhi, er, Hitler tells his gens. that during the whole war he had seen no films (except the piano wire ones), attended no theatrical perf., lived a life of perfect dedication without any personal pleasures, and now is prepared to commit hara-kiri like von Kluge did? - and now he'll go to heaven? In Aug. Lt. Gen. Omar N. Bradley is placed in command of the newly-formed U.S. 12th Army Group, the largest and most powerful U.S. Army formation to take the field (until ?), sharing responsibility with British Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery for Allied ground ops against Germany. In Aug. a U.S. plane accidentally drops its bombs on a small farm N of Eglin Air Force Base in Fla., paralyzing 13-y.-o. I.D. Cosson, and killing his father Alfred Lewis Cosson, uncle, and two young cousins, becoming the first WWII civilian casualties on U.S. soil. In Aug. as the Allied summer campaign closes, the Germans get a breathing space which they use to plan an offensive through the lightly-defended Ardennes Forest in order to divide the British and Canadian armies from the Americans and seize the vital supply port of Antwerp. On Aug. 31 Belgian Liberation Week begins as the Allies liberate Verdun, France, followed by Dieppe, France (Sept. 1), Artois, France (Sept. 2), Rouen, France (Sept. 3), Abbeville, France (Sept. 3), Brussels, Belgium (Sept. 3), and Antwerp, Belgium (Sept. 4); imprisoned King Leopold III of Belgium is taken from Antwerp to Germany, and his brother Prince Charles, Count of Flanders (1903-83) is appointed regent. On Sept. 1 Tito and his Communist partisans along with the RAF launch Operation Ratweek, attacking German road and rail routes in Yugoslavia to prevent troops from being evacuated from the Balkans and Greece, assisted by the Soviet capture of Turu Severin on the Danube River; meanwhile Greek partisans launch Operation Noah's Ark to attack 315K German troops attempting to evacuate to Yugoslavia, trapping 30K on the Greek islands. On Sept. 2 British forces cross into Belgium. On Sept. 2 the Warsaw insurgents abandon Old Town and retreat to the sewers; others hold out in Zoliborz, Solec, and Czerniakow, causing Churchill to beg FDR in vain on Sept. 4 to use Soviet airbases in Poland to supply them without Stalin's consent. On Sept. 2 the Germans murder 500+ villagers in Majorat, Poland NE of Warsaw. On Sept. 2 future U.S. pres. George H.W. Bush of the light carrier USS San Jacinto is shot down over the Pacific 600 mi. from Japan en route to his 58th bombing mission against a radio station at Chichijima (Father Island) in the Bonin Islands; he is rescued by the sub USS Finback (SS-230) (launched 1941), but his two flight crew members are killed; sonar man Lt. (j.g.) J.G. Albert Brostrom (1924-) shares a bunk with Bush, who gives him his .38-cal. Smith & Wesson revolver as a gift; on July 18, 2007 his son Ron Brostrom (1948-) returns it, and Bush donates it to the new Nat. Constitution Center in Philly. On Sept. 3 Free French forces aided by Jewish resistance fighters occupy Lyons, France. On Sept. 3 the Germans deport 1K Jews from Holland to Auschwitz, followed by 2,087 on Sept. 4. On Sept. 4 Finland and the Soviet Union agree to a ceasefire, and sign the Finnish Peace Treaty on Sept. 19, eliminating Germany's N Axis partner; the Germans retreat through Lapland to Norway, destroying it as they go. On Sept. 4 Hitler reappoints Field Marshal von Rundstedt to command the retreating German army in the West, and issues a directive to hold Boulogne, Dunkirk, and Calais, along with Walcheren Island and Breskens at the mouth of the Scheldt River to keep the Allies from using Antwerp as a port. On Sept. 5 the Belgian, Dutch, and Luxembourg govts. in exile agree to form the Benelux customs union after liberation; railway workers in the Netherlands strike in hopes of helping liberation. On Sept. 5 a false announcement on Brussels radio of a German surrender causes euphoria in Britain. On Sept. 5 the Germans begin using low-flying Heinkel bombers to launch V-1s from the air at London. On Sept. 5 the Allies firebomb Le Havre, France, killing 2.5K civilians. On Sept. 5 Operation Brutus sees Belgian paratroopers land behind German lines at Yvoir. On Sept. 6 the Soviets cross the Danube River into Yugoslavia, hooking up with Tito and his tens of thousands of Communist partisans. By Sept. 6 (3 mo. since D-Day) 2M Allied troops have been landed in France, along with 3.5M tons of ammo and 500K vehicles. On Sept. 6 Canadian troops surround Calais, France, and take it on Sept. 30, along with its V-1 launching bases. On Sept. 7 the Belgian govt.-in-exile in London returns to Brussels. On Sept. 7 Henri-Philippe Petain and his Vichy govt. flee France to Sigmaringen Castle in Baden-Wurttemberg, S Germany, along with anti-Semitic writer Louis-Ferdinand Celine et al. On Sept. 7 a U.S. sub mistakenly sinks Japanese freighter Shinyo Maru carrying 675 U.S. POWs being evacuated to Japan, killing all but 85, who are protected by Filipino guerrillas. On Sept. 7 accepting the inevitability of Allied invasion of Germany, Hitler pub. an article in the Volkischer Beobachter with the soundbyte: "Not a German stalk of wheat is to feed the enemy, not a German mouth to give him information, not a German hand to give him help. He is to find every footbridge destroyed, every road blocked - nothing but death, annihilation, and hatred will meet him." Herr Hitler unveils a secret veapon? On Sept. 7 (eve.) after years of secret Nazi weapon tests, and all kinds of failed Nazi super weapon designs, the supersonic 11-ton 3.6K-mph 100K-Reichsmark V-2 (Ger. "Vergeltungswaffe" = retribution weapon) rocket is introduced by the Germans to their English racial cousins, with one landing near Epping and another in Chiswick, killing three, causing the British govt., which announced that day that the flying bomb threat is over since it has been seven days to cover it up with a coverstory of gas main explosions until the New York Times reveals it 1 mo. later; V-2s cannot be intercepted, arrive in 3-4 min., give no warning before detonation ("bombs with slippers on"), and 1K+ are launched until Mar. 27, 1945, causing horrific damage to London and its suburbs, seriously affecting British morale in combination with wartime scarcities. On Sept. 9 Stalin finally agrees to help supply the Warsaw insurgents, making the first Soviet air drops on the night of Sept. 13, with the first plane piloted by Polish pilot Alexander Danielak. On Sept. 9 the Nazi He-Man Contest sees 47 Allied partisans at Mauthausen Camp in Austria forced to carry stone slabs of up to 60 lbs. up and down 186 steps barefoot in their underwear as the guards hit them with cudgels, shooting any who fall down. On Sept. 10 U.S. Pvt. Charles D. Hiller and Belgian Pvt. Henri Souvee (Souvée) become the first Allied soldiers to cross into Germany at Roetgen; they are closer to Berlin than any Soviet troops. On Sept. 10 Luxembourg is liberated by the Allies; Gen. Patton likes it so much he is later buried there. On Sept. 10 U.S. troops capture Ft. Eben-Emael in Belgium without a fight. On Sept. 10-12 Operation Astonia has the objective of taking the key English Channel port of Le Havre with a "storm of iron and fire". On Sept. 11 132 U.S. bombers bomb the arms factory in Chemnitz, Germany; on Sept. 11 (night) 200 British bombers firebomb Darmstadt, Germany, killing 12.3K incl. 250 children, while losing only 12 planes. On Sept. 11-16 the Second Quebec Conference in Canada is held, and the Allies agree on a combined 2-front attack on Berlin, giving the Soviets the opportunity of taking possession of it. On Sept. 12 the U.S. Third Army occupies Dijon, France - would you have any Grey Poupon? On Sept. 12 after bombing it on Sept. 5-6, killing 1.8K and destroying 12.5K bldgs., the Allies capture Le Havre, France. On Sept. 12 U.S. troops reach the Siegfried Line, and the U.S. First Army crosses the German frontier near Eupen, while U.S. armored forces enter Germany N of Trier; the Germans West Wall defenses halt the Allied advance, causing the Allies to try to outflank them through flat Dutch territory on the N. On Sept. 12 after the Soviets lose 46,783 KIA, Romania signs an armistice with the Allies, agreeing to declare war on Germany and Hungary, pay $300M in reparations in goods and materials, and return to the June 1940 Romanian-Soviet frontier; Soviet gens. Fyodor Tolkbukhin and Rodion Malinovsky are promoted to field marshals, after which Malinovsky moves NW to invade Hungary and Yugoslavia, while Tolbukhin moves S to invade Bulgaria. On Sept. 13 the Battle of Rimini (ends Sept. 21) on the Adriatic coast of Italy sees the Allies fire 1.47M rounds to capture it and break the Rimini Line. On Sept. 13 the Auschwitz 9/13 sees U.S. bombers bomb the synthetic oil plants in Blechhammer and Monowitz, dropping bombs by mistake on Auschwitz, destroying an SS barracks and killing 15 and wounding 28, also killing 40 inmates incl. 23 Jews, and injuring 65; more bombs are dropped by mistake on Birkenau, killing 30 Poles; the raid raises the hopes of the inmates. On Sept. 13 the Allies decrypt a message from the Tokyo naval mission in Berlin that the Germans blame their defeat in France on their oil shortage, and that it is hampering the Luftwaffe from "attaining the anticipated objective of regaining control of the air". On Sept. 14 the U.S. 1st Marine Div. launches Operation Stalemate, landing on Peleliu Island and Morotai Islands in Palau Islands as part of a larger operation to provide support for Gen. Douglas MacArthur's retaking of the Philippines; Moritai is captured after 45 U.S. and 325 Japanese troops are KIA; too bad, after the Japanese sucker the Marines into landing then ambush them, Palau turns into the costly amphibious attack in U.S. history (until ?) as on Sept. 15-Nov. 25 the Battle of Peleliu AKA Operation Stalemate sees U.S. forces capture an airstrip on a small coral island after 2,336 GIs are KIA and 8,450 wounded vs. 10,695 Japanese killed and only 202 captured, becoming controversial for the cost; 9,171 GIs are killed in 11 days vs. 13.6K Japanese; MacArthur invades the Philippines without need of Army or Marine protection from either Peleliu or Morotai. On Sept. 14 after occupying Miedzylesie, Poland, the Soviets occupy the Warsaw suburb of Praga, Poland across the Vistula River from the area held by the insurgents, and begin to drop them supplies. On Sept. 14-Oct. 24 the Soviets capture Riga, Latvia, and break through into East Prussia on Oct. 11, threatening Hitler's Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg; Riga's Lady Liberty (modeled after the U.S. Statue of Liberty) proves too popular to take down, so the Soviets build a statue of Lenin two blocks away. On Sept. 15 the U.S. Seventh and the French First Armies sweep up the Rhone Valley from beacheads won on the Riviera on Aug. 15, and join the U.S. Third Army at Dijon, where Allied forces are reorganized for an assault on Germany - pardon me, but would you have any Grey Poupon? A little too Jews-don't-get-mad-they-get-even? On Sept. 15 Jewish U.S. treasury secy. Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1891-1967) proposes the Morgenthau Plan to FDR and Churchill in Quebec, a program for "eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar, looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character", pissing-off Sir Anthony Eden and Cordell Hull, along with the British War Cabinet, and the U.S. State Dept., which rejects it. On Sept. 15 the Allies siege can-it-be-true Dunkirk, France (ends May 8). On Sept. 16 the Germans in Beaugency, France on the Loire River surrender to the Allies, who take 19,604 POWs incl. 754 officers; 30K Germans escape to the E. On Sept. 16 (night) a Polish infantry regiment under Gen. ? Berling cross the Vistula River W of Miedzylesie into the Warsaw suburb of Czerniakow, but the Germans throw them back. On Sept. 17 German and Italian Fascist soldiers attack 15 Italian partisans hiding in Verona, Italy, killing Jewish leader Rita Rosani (b. 1920). On Sept. 17-22 Operation Wellhit sees Canadian troops capture Boulogne, France from the Germans. On Sept. 17-25 after U.S. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower is pressured into accepting it over a plan by U.S. Gen. George S. Patton, British Gen. Bernard Montgomery's Operation Market Garden, an Allied airborne assault on Holland takes place, landing 35K paratroopers of two U.S. and one British div. up to 64 mi. behind German lines in the Netherlands at Nijmegen, Eindhoven, and Arnhem in an attempt to leap the Meuse and lower Rhine Rivers and establish a Rhine bridgehead at Arnhem, Holland, starting the Battle of Arnhem (ends Sept. 26), which begins with the 2nd Parachute Battalion of the 1st Airborn Div., led by Capt. (later Maj. Gen.) John Dutton "Johnny" Frost (1912-93) landing 745 lightly-armed men near Oosterbeek, marching to Arnhem and capturing the N end of the bridge until they get surrounded and cut off by the II SS-Panzerkorps, causing a 4-day battle, with the paratroopers stubbornly resisting until they're down to about 100 men, who are captured, with Frost sent to Spangenberg Prison, becoming a British hero; too bad, the Allies outrun their supplies, which have to be trucked from Atlantic ports 500 mi. away because of the German blockage of Antwerp, and after German reserves arrive and surround them, and Polish paratroopers fail to link up with them, the survivors have to be withdrawn on the night of Sept. 25-26, with Maj. (later Lt. Col.) Richard Thomas Henry "Dickie" Lonsdale (1913-88) becoming a hero for securing the perimeter through which 2K troops escape back across the Rhine River, after which 6K of 10K troops are taken POW after 1,030 are KIA, for a total of 15K-17K casualties incl. 88 tanks and 144 transport aircraft; filmed in 1977 as "A Bridge Too Far". On Sept. 18 107 U.S. bombers drop 1,284 crates of supplies on Polish insurgents in Warsaw, landing at the Soviet airbase of Poltava for the first time after losing two planes; too bad, the Germans get 1K of the crates. On Sept. 18 Hitler orders the withdrawal of German troops from Estonia. On Sept. 18 Hitler authorizes the British govt. to be requested to help feed civilians on the German-occupied Channel Islands. On Sept. 18 two U.S. B-17 Flying Fortresses from Bari, Italy protected by 41 Mustangs drop 4.5 tons of supplies in Tri Duby (Three Oaks), Slovakia for Slovak partisans. On Sept. 18 a German V-2 falls in Southgate, London, killing 17 civilians; meanwhile the Germans shell Dover and Folkestone from batteries on a cliff near Calais, killing 22 civilians. On Sept. 19 the Battle for Brest (begun Aug. 7) sees U.S. forces capture Brest, France along with its cmdr. Gen. Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke (1889-1968), who is convicted in 1951 of war crimes against French civilians and serves 3 mo. in prison, going on to become a prominent right-wing nationalist. On Sept. 19 after Gen. Berling sends two Polish battalions across the Vistula River to link-up with the partisans in Czerniakow, and are repelled, he is relieved of command along with battalion cmdr. Gen. Stanislaw Galicki, with Stalin telling Averell Harriman on Sept. 23 that the attack "went against the better judgment of the Red Army" - Pollock jokes here? On Sept. 19 FDR and Churchill meet at FDR's home at Hyde Park, N.Y. on the Hudson River, and agree that after an atomic bomb becomes available "it might perhaps, after mature consideration be used against the Japanese, who should be warned that this bombardment will be repeated until they surrender"; they are told that it has the explosive power of 20K-30K tons of TNT, maybe even 3x-4x that, and will "almost certainly" be ready by Aug. 1945; during that week 2.6K U.S.-British sorties drop 9,360 tons of bombs. On Sept. 19 the Germans shoot 3K Jews at a labor camp in Klooga, Estonia, and 426 more in Lagedi, Estonia. On Sept. 19 the Battle of Huertgen (Hürtgen) Forest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (ends Dec. 16) in dense woods on the German-Belgium border becomes the longest single U.S. Army battle in WWII, becoming a German V with 33K casualties out of 120K U.S. troops vs. 28K casualties out of 80K German troops (mainly teenies and old men), all caused because the U.S. had no support from masses of fighter-bombers and artillery?; "Passchendaele with tree-bursts." (Ernest Hemingway) On Sept. 20 after Belgian king #4 (since Feb. 23, 1934) Leopold III shows authoritarian sympathies, provoking the Royal Question of his fitness to rule, Prince Charles, Count of Flanders (1903-83) becomes prince regent of Belgium (until July 20, 1950). On Sept. 20 4K Jews are deported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz after being made to appear in a Nazi film titled The Fuhrer Donates a Town to Jews, dir. by Kurt Gerron, which shows them enjoying a country club lifestyle, with the soundbyte: "While the Jews in Theresienstadt enjoy their coffee and cakes and dance, our soldiers bear the brunt of this terrible war, suffering death and deprivation in defense of the homeland." On Sept. 20 the last air drop to insurgents in the woods 10 mi. W of Warsaw is made by Polish pilots from Foggia, Italy; on Sept. 23 the Germans gain control of the whole W bank of the Vistula River, moving on the suburbs of Mokotow and Zoliborz on Sept. 24, causing the insurgents to move into the sewers; on Sept. 27 the last Allied air drop is made; a total of 306 Allied aircraft flew missions, losing 41 planes and 200+ airmen. On Sept. 21 Tito escapes British security on Vis Island in the Adriatic and flies on a Soviet plane to Moscow, signing an agreement for the "temporary entry of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory", with the condition that they will leave once the "operational task" is completed, and won't have any authority over partisan forces. On Sept. 21-22 the U.S. stages its first air raid on the Philippines from carriers 145 mi. from Manila, destroying or damaging 405 Japanese planes and sinking or damaging 103 ships, while losing 15 planes. On Sept. 22 Gen. Patton's Third Army defeats German Panzer Gen. Hasso von Manteuffel (1897-1978) in the key Tank Battle of Juvelize in Lorraine, allowing him to storm towards Germany. On Sept. 22 Allied forces break through the Gothic Line, and on Sept. 25 gain control on a line from Pisa to Rimini. On Sept. 22 Soviet forces occupy Tallinn, Estonia. On Sept. 23 a British commando unit parachutes into Cape Araxos in the Peloponnese and finds that the Germans have evacuated. On Sept. 23 FDR gives his Fala Speech at a dinner held by the Teamsters, dissing Repubs. for claiming that he left his dog Fala behind while visiting the Aleutian Islands, and sent a destroyer back to pick it up at a cost of $8M-$20M, with the soundbye that although he had "suffered malicious falsehoods" in the past, he claims the right to "object to libelous statements about my dog", accusing Repubs. of diversionary attacks to salvage the election. On Sept. 24 the Germans under Gen. Sep Seigl trap the Lost Battalion of Texans of the 36th Infantry Div. of the 141st Infantry in the Vosges Mts. in S Germany (W bank of the Rhine), causing the famed all-Japanese 442nd Combat Team to be sent in to rescue them, losing 800 soldiers in the 1 mi. corridor to rescue 341 Texans by Sept. 29 - size doesn't matter? On Sept. 25-Oct. 21 the Battle of Parroy Forest sees the U.S. Third Army push the Germans back towards the Vosges Mts. and Savoy Gap in tough forest fighting. On Sept. 26 the Soviets occupy Estonia; the Forest Brothers guerrilla movement is formed to fight them. On Sept. 26 (night) Operation Mongoose drops three Americans behind German lines near Stresa, Italy, led by Maj. William V. Holohan to set up an intel network for partisans. On Sept. 26 German troops under SS Maj. Walter Reder (1915-91) start a sweep for partisans in Marzabotto near Bologna, Italy, killing 400 in a week; after the war Reder is convicted of war crimes. Rise, my people, rise? On Sept. 26 Hitler signs a decree establishing the Volkssturm (German People's Army), with every able-bodied male ages 16-60 (later 15-60) to be conscripted for it; it becomes active on Oct. 18, never reaching the intended 6M troop figure. On Sept. 6 Heinrich Himmmler visits Adolf Hitler at Wolf's Lair with a 160-page dossier on traitor Adm. Canaris and his staff members Gen. Oster and Hans von Dohnanyi, along with ex-Leipzig mayor Karl Goerdeler, implicating them in plots against him going back to 1940; Gen. Nikolaus von Vormann visits him at Wolf's Lair, and writes the soundbyte: "It was a tired, broken man who greeted me, then shuffled over to a chair, his shoulders drooping, and asked me to sit down... He spoke so softly and hesitantly it was hard to understand him. His hands trembled so much he had to grip them between his knees" - sounds like the later years of his hero Nietzsche? On Sept. 27 the insurgents in Mokotow surrender to the Germans, causing Hitler to award a Knight's Cross to Gen. von dem Bach-Zelewski and Gen. Dirlewanger. On Sept. 27 a U.S. sub torpedoes Japanese sub Ural Maru off Okinawa en route from Singapore to Japan, killing 2K of 2,350. On Sept. 27 an atomic pile is activated at the Hanford Atomic Plant in Wash. 230 mi. from the Pacific Ocean, run by Enrico Fermi. On Sept. 28 200 Gypsies sent from Auschwitz to Buchenwald are sent back to be gassed; meanwhile SS Lt.-Gen. Heinrich Muller (Müller) gets 2.3K Jews in Theresienstadt to volunteer for factory work in Germany, sending them to Auschwitz to be gassed. In Sept. Adolf Hitler has a heart attack, causing him to fire his physician (since 1935) Theodor Morell and recall Karl Brandt. On Oct. 1 Adm. Horthy sends a secret delegation to Moscow to strike an agreement for Hungary to turn against the Nazis. On Oct. 1 castration experiments are carried out on seven homosexuals in Buchenwald; ditto to 11 more on Oct. 10; several die. On Oct. 2 the Polish Home Army surrenders to the Germans in Warsaw, ending the Polish Warsaw Uprising (begun Aug. 1), with 15K insurgents, 10K German troops, and 200K civilians killed. On Oct. 3 the dikes on Walcheren Island in Belgium are breached by 247 British bombers, causing a flood killing 125 islanders; it is liberated on Nov. 1 after 8K tons of bombs are dropped and British-Canadian forces cross the Scheldt River from Breskens to occupy it. On Oct. 3 U.S. troops crack the Siegfried Line N of Aachen, Germany. On Oct. 4 the Soviets occupy Pancevo, Yugoslavia 10 mi. from Belgrade along the Danube River. On Oct. 4 Operation Manna lands British paratroopers in Patras, Greece to liberate the Peloponnese and head towards Athens. On Oct. 4 Gen. Eisenhower distributes a Sept. 16 Surgeon Gen. Report on Battle Strain, with the soundbyte: "There is no such thing as getting used to combat." On Oct. 4-5 U.S. and British bombers from S Italy lay 58 mines in the Danube River N of Gyor and E of Esztergom to impede German supply barges from Hungary. On Oct. 4-9 the St. Louis Cardinals (NL) defeat the St. Louis Browns (AL) 4-3 in the Forty-First (41st) (1944) World Series, becoming the first appearance for the Browns in 42 years; ML baseball hits rock bottom in the war after all the good players are drafted, leaving only 4-Fs, incl. 1-armed left fielder Peter J. "Pete" Gray (Peter James Wyshner) (1915-2002) of the St. Louis Browns, who makes his debut on Apr. 17, 1945, and his last appearance on Sept. 30 after everybody figures out he can't stop a swing and throws him curveballs; Stan Musial of the Cardinals enlists but is never called, lucking out? On Oct. 5 the Royal Canadian Air Force encounters the first-ever German jet aircraft on the Dutch-German border over Nijmegen, and shoot it down because it's flying 500 ft. below them. On Oct. 6 Dutch ship HNLMS Zwaardvisch sinks German sub U-168 off the coast of Java in the Java Sea. On Oct. 6-7 the Sonderkommando Uprising at Auschwitz sees 450 Jews being forced to take corpses from the gas chambers to the furnaces revolt, using explosives smuggled to them by Jewish women in the Union armaments factory to blow up one of four gas chambers, set fire to another, and break out of the wire, killing four SS guards; all 250 who break out are hunted down and shot, along with the 200 others; five Jewish women are arrested, tortured, and killed when they don't talk. On Oct. 7 the Alexandria Protocol is signed, committing Egypt to join the new Arab League. On Oct. 7 Operation Amsterdam sees Allied (mainly U.S.) airmen flown out of C Slovakia. On Oct. 7 the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, the basic plan for the Charter of the U.N. are formulated by reps from the U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, and China at Dumbarton Oaks, the former private Washington, D.C. residence of Robert Woods Bliss (1875-1962), U.S. ambassador to Argentina, which he deeded to Harvard U. in 1940. On Oct. 8 The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet debuts on CBS Radio, switching to NBC in 1949, then ABC from Oct. 14, 1949 to June 18, 1954; they got their break when Red Skelton was drafted in Mar. and CBS asked them to do it. On Oct. 9-10 Churchill and Stalin meet in Moscow, agreeing to let the Soviets have "first say" in Romania in return for Britain having ditto in Greece, with Yugoslavia being "fifty-fifty"; the German pop. of Silesia and East Prussia is to be removed to C Germany, with Silesia getting Poland, and East Prussia divided between Poland and the Soviet Union; Churchill also tells Stalin that the Allies want each country to have "the form of government which its people desire", and that they fear "an aggressive, proselytizing Communism" after the war - you fed the monster, now you ask it not to eat you? On Oct. 10 the Soviets reach the Baltic coast of Lithuania and begin sieging Memel. On Oct. 10 the Germans gas 800 Gypsy children at Auschwitz in their two working gas chambers. On Oct. 10 U.S. troops encircle Aachen, Germany, W gateway to Germany; on Oct. 13 they attack, taking it on Oct. 20 1,875 days after the Germans started WWII, taking 11K POWs, becoming the first German city captured. On Oct. 11 Soviet troops cross the Tisza River at Szeged, Hungary, southernmost city in Hungary; meanwhile Soviet and Romanian troops siege German and Hungarian troops in Debrecen, Hungary and Cluj, Hungary, taking Cluj on Oct. 15, followed on Oct. 20 by Debrecen after Bulgarian troops join in. On Oct. 11 Kiwi troops cross the Rubicon River in Italy in the opposite direction as Caesar in -49; "The die is cast". On Oct. 12 Soviet troops occupy Oradea, Transylvania, extending the Soviet attack along the whole length of the S Hungarian border, causing German troops to retreat from N Greece and S Yugoslavia while being hindered by partisans, killing 739 partisans in Macedonia by Nov. 7. On Oct. 12 (Thur.) (Columbus Day) Frank Sinatra (1915-98), the pop singer of the century and idol of bobby-sox-wearing high school girls causes near-riots at the Paramount Theater in New York City after 30K show up, causing 700 riot police to be called in. On Oct. 12-14 U.S. aircraft raid Formosa (Taiwan), shooting down 500 Japanese aircraft and sinking 40 Japanese warships while losing 81 planes, depleting Japan's thin pilot reserves. On Oct. 13 after a 3-day battle, the Soviets occupy Riga, Latvia, gaining control of the Baltic states from Germany, causing Churchill to write the soundbyte: "Riga and Athens are ripe plums fallen. How I wish we could wrench Rotterdam and Cologne." On Oct. 13 a German V-2 hits Antwerp, killing 32 civilians; a V-1 then hits the slaughterhouse, killing 14 more; ditto on Oct. 19, killing 44; liberation brings death from the sky, with 3,752 citizens and 731 Allied servicemen killed by V-2s this winter. On Oct. 13 Stalin tells Churchill that the Soviet Union will declare war on Japan as soon as Germany is defeated. On Oct. 14 British troops occupy Athens, Greece, along with Piraeus. On Oct. 14 after being visited in Herrlingen by two German gens. offering him cyanide pills or a public trial, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (b. 1891) commits suicide rather than face execution for conspiring against der Fuhrer, who issues the coverstory of a heart attack or cerebral embolism and orders a day of mourning; on Oct. 17 he is given a state funeral in Ulm with his conspiracy covered-up. On Oct. 15 the Soviets drive the Germans from Petsamo, Finland in the Arctic. On Oct. 15 after Adm. Horthy announces that Hungary will surrender and withdraw from the Axis, Hitler orders Operation Mickey Mouse (Panzerfaust), sending German commandos under Gen. Otto Skorzeny and Gen. von dem Bach-Zelewski to kidnap his son Miklos Horthy Jr. (1907-93), holding him hostage until his daddy Adm. Horthy surrenders, after which he is arrested, forced to resign and carted off to Weilheim, Bavaria, then on Oct. 16 replaced by Nazi puppet Maj. Ferenc Szalasi (1897-1946), leader of the Hungarian Nazi Arrow Cross Party, who starts deporting Jews again after Adolf Eichmann arrives in Budapest demanding 50K forced laborers for Germany, and promises to field an army of 1.5M against the Soviets, who are closing in, beginning a reign of terror as everybody from age 12-70, male and female is drafted, and those who desert are given summary executions; on Oct. 20 35K Jews from Budapest are forced to dig anti-tank ditches; 10K-15K Jews are murdered by his men in his 3-mo. reign of terror, andanother 80K Jews incl. many women, children, and elderly are handed over to the Nazis for deportation; too bad, by Nov. the Soviets take two-thirds of the country, and the end is nigh for the Axis. On Oct. 16 Soviet troops launch an offensive into East Prussia, heading towards Gumbinnen and Goldap, outnumbering German troops 4-to-1, reaching within 50 mi. of Hitler's Wolf's Lair, and capturing the Lithuanian border town of Eydtkuhnen on Oct. 20; they don't even know Hitler is there? On Oct. 18 Soviet troops along with the Czechoslovak Corps under Gen. Ludwik Svoboda attempt to break through German defenses in the Carpathian Mts. to Czech., losing 20K Soviet and 6.5K Czech troops KIA in the next month. On Oct. 18 the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines involves 218 Allied warships and 1,280 Allied aircraft against 64 Japanese warships and 716 Japanese aircraft in the big Allied push to reconquer the Philippines, starting with a shelling of the coast; on Oct. 20 (10:05 a.m.) 100K U.S. soldiers land on two beachheads near Tacloban, Philippines on the E coast, with the 80K-man Japanese force fighting to the death, losing 55,344 KIA before the formal surrender 67 days later on Dec. 26, and another diehards 24,294 KIA by May 1945 (do the math?); the U.S. loses 3,508 KIA; 26 Japanese and six U.S. warships are sunk; U.S. survivors utter the soundbyte: "The Japanese fought to die, and the Americans fought to live." On Oct. 18 the Germans capture Banska Bystrica in C Slovakia from the partisans, with the Dirlewanger Brigade, fresh from Warsaw stinking themselves up with atrocities. On Oct. 18 the Hollywood Committee, led by Louis B. Mayer and David O. Selznick holds the Hollywood for Dewey Rally at the Los Angeles Coliseum for 93K supporters of Repub. pres. candidate Thomas E. Dewey and Calif. gov. Earl Warren, emceed by Lionel Barrymore, featuring celebs Don Ameche, Eddie Arnold, William Bendix, George Burns, Gracie Burns, Gary Cooper, Walt Disney, Irene Dunne, Clark Gable, Cary Grant, Hedda Hopper, Fred MacMurray, Raymond Massey, Adolphe Menjou, Ray Milland, George Murphy, Walter Pidgeon, William Powell, Ginger Rogers, Randolph Scott, and Barbara Stanwyck; most of the other Hollywood celebs are Democrats. On Oct. 19 after a 6-day siege and 15K Germans KIA, the Soviets occupy Belgrade, Yugoslavia, followed on Oct. 20 by Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. On Oct. 19 the U.S. Navy announces that black women will be allowed into Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES). On Oct. 20 Gen. Douglas MacArthur steps ashore at Red Beach in Palo, Leyte, 2.5 years after promising "I shall return"; Roger Wrenn takes a famous Photo of MacArthur Returning to the Philippines (he appears to be the tallest guy in the group, and has an oh-so-cool expression on his jutting mug, like a facially mixed marriage?); startled servicemen forget to salute?; he jumps in the lead jeep of a convoy which drives N to Tacloban City, then sails back to his HQ in New Guinea aboard his invasion flagship USS Nashville. On Oct. 21 U.S. forces capture Angaur Island in the Palau Islands ater losing 265 KIA vs. 1.3K Japanese; with their supply line kaput, the other Japanese-held islands are bypassed to concentrate on the Philippines. On Oct. 22 the Soviets are halted at Insterburg, East Prussia (modern-day Chernyakhovsk) at the confluence of the Instruch and Agrapa Rivers 45 mi. from Wolf's Lair; on Oct. 24 the Germans recapture Gumbinnen, East Prussia (modern-day Gusev) at the confluence of the Pissa and Krasnaya Rivers near the Poland-Lithuania border, keeping Hitler da boss. On Oct. 22-23 Operation Pegasus sees the Allies successfully evacute 138 men trapped in German-occupied territory after the Battle of Arnhem. On Oct. 23 the Germans halt U.S. forces at Saint Die-des-Vosges (Saint-Dié-des-Voges), France in Lorraine, NE France (until Nov. 22) - forget about getting the never-say-die Germans to surrender this year? Send lawyers, guns, and money? On Oct. 23-26 after the Japanese send three naval forces (almost their entire fleet to stop the Leyte invasion), the Battle of Leyte Gulf (Second Battle of the Philippine Sea) (greatest naval battle in history until ?) is a V for the U.S., causing the Japanese to withdraw from Philippine waters after losing 36 ships sunk (300K tons) incl. four aircraft carriers and three battleships incl. 72.8K-ton battleship IJN Musashi (1K+ KIA), 46 damaged, and 405 planes destroyed, vs. six U.S. ships (37K tons) incl. cruiser USS Birmingham (Oct. 24) (239 KIA) and aircraft carrier USS Princeton (Oct. 24) (500+ KIA); on Oct. 24 the U.S. suffers its worst naval disaster (until ?) when the Arisan Maru, an unmarked Japanese POW ship is sunk by mistake by a U.S. sub, killing 1.8K U.S. POWs; on Oct. 24 U.S. sub USS Tang sinks itself with its own torpedo, losing 78 of 87 crew; on Oct. 25 the first-ever Kamikaze (Jap. "divine wind") attack sinks U.S. aircraft carrier USS St. Lo; by the end of the war 5K kamikaze pilots sink 34 U.S. ships; on Oct. 26 Japanese air ace (87 U.S. Vs) Hiroyoshi Nishizawa (b. 1920) dies after his transport plane is shot down by U.S. fighters. On Oct. 24 300 Jews are deported from Bolzano, Italy to Auschwitz. On Oct. 25 French forces approach Strasbourg, causing Hitler to order the Jewish skeleton collection at the Anatomical Inst. destroyed, along with all evidence of mass murders in Nazi Germany, and the shutdown of all gas chambers? On Oct. 25 tone deaf New York socialite (amateur soprano) Florence Foster Jenkins (1868-1944) performs to a capacity crowd at Carnegie Hall, and she is so bad that the morning newspapers are filled with guffaws, causing her to have a heart attack five days later and die on Nov. 26; "world's worst opera singer" (Stephen Pile); "[She] has a great voice. In fact, she can sing everything except notes." (New York Sun) On Oct. 26 U.S. forces land on Samos Island in Greece 1 mi. acrross the Mycale Strait from Turkey. On Oct. 27 the new V-2 launch site at Overveen fires a V-2 which returns to the launch site, killing 12, causing the launch site to be moved to The Hague; on Oct. 27 a V-2 lands in Antwerp, killing 71 civilians. On Oct. 28 2K Jews are deported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz, becoming the last. On Oct. 30 Salonica (Thessaloniki), Greece is liberated by the Greek People's Liberation Army - break out the ouzo? On Oct. 31 the Soviets cross the Tisza River, reaching the outskirts of Kecskemet, Hungary 50 mi. from Budapest. On Oct. 31 the Battle of Kremnica in Slovakia is a V for the Germans under Gen. Gotlob Berger against Slovak partisans, who lose 2.1K incl. 269 Jews. On Oct. 31 a low-level air raid on the Gestapo HQ in Aarhus, Denmark by 24 British aircraft led by Group Capt. Sir Peter Guy Wykeham-Barnes (1915-95) destroys records on the Danish Resistance along with 150 Germans and 20+ Danes, mostly informers; several Danish POWs escape, incl. Pastor Harald Sandbaek. In Oct. German troops assisted by 2K Cossacks sweep partisans in the area of Tolmezzo, Italy, killing 3,633 in the partisan Repub. of Carnia and freeing 336 Fascist POWs. On Nov. 1 the gas chambers at Auschwitz are demolished after a last gassing of 73 women?; on Nov. 3 500 Jews reach Auschwitz from a labor camp in Sered, Slovakia, and are tattooed and sent to a factory in Gleiwitz - your intelligence surpasses your occupation, you should be in politics? On Nov. 1 (World Vegan Day) the Vegan Society is founded in Britain by Donald Watson (1910-2005), who coins the term "vegan" for "non-dairy/eggs vegetarians". On Nov. 1-8 British and Canadian troops launch Operation Infatuate to open the port of Antwerp, crossing the Scheldt River and capturing Walcheren Island with the help of 10K aircraft sorties, losing 51 British aircraft and 31 pilots; on Nov. 4 minesweepers clear the Scheldt River from Antwerp to the sea, opening it to shipping, and the first convoy reaches it on Nov. 26, which doesn't prevent the Dutch in the unliberated interior from starving over the winter; on Nov. 10 U.S. Brig. Gen. Clare Hibbs Armstrong (1894-1969) arrives to set up an Anti Flying Bomb Command with several thousand Allied troops and 600 AA guns, which shoots down 50%-75% of V-1s aimed at Antwerp but is ineffective against V-2s. On Nov. 2 Tito and his partisans drive the Germans from Zara, Italy on the Adriatic coast. On Nov. 2 50K Jews are marched W from Budapest towards Austria by the cruel SS, with up to 10K dying on the 6-day march; Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saves 1K. On Nov. 2 Berlin issues a top-secret directive calling for using Germany's inland waterways to make up for damaged railways; an emergency mobilization of trucks is started to maintain supply lines to the Western Front. On Nov. 4 the Soviets capture Cegled, Hungary 40 mi. from Budapest, coming up against stiff defenses. On Nov. 5 Churchill sends a message to Stalin apologizing for "very hard fighting" causing 40K casualties in Belgium and Holland and slowing them down, along with "tremendous torrential rain" sweeping away a "vast number" of bridges in Italy, slowing them down there too. On Nov. 6 British Lord Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne (b. 1880) is assassinated in Cairo by the Zionist Stern Gang (Lehi). On Nov. 6 the Service de Documentation Exterieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE) French intel agency is founded (until Apr. 2, 1982). On Nov. 7 after a 4-hour tour of New York City in an open car during a chilly Oct. rain supposedly proves that his health is holding, Franklin Delano Roosevelt wins the 1944 U.S. Pres. Election, (his 4th straight), carrying 36 states; of the 56.0% of the electorate who vote for pres., FDR gets 25.6M (53.4%) popular and 432 electoral votes to Dewey's 22.0M (45.9%) popular and 99 electoral votes; the Dems. continue their lock on both houses of Congress; Dem. Rev. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1908-72) (former pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, N.Y.) is elected to the House of Reps. (22nd congressional district, incl. Harlem), becoming the first black congressman from N.Y. and the first from a Northern state (other than Ill.) in the post-Reconstruction Era; knowing this is his big chance, he takes on the white establishment, dining in the whites-only House restaurant, challenging the use of the word "nigger" in sessions of Congress, and working his way into position to pass a slew of legislation desegregating U.S. society, making lynching a federal crime et al. On Nov. 7 the Japanese hang Soviet spy Richard Sorge (b. 1895) in Tokyo. On Nov. 8 after only three Vs in his new Messerschmitt ME 262 jet fighter, Austrian-born German #5 ace (258 Vs - first with 250 Vs) Maj. Walter "Nowi" Nowotny (b. 1920) is shot down and killed by USAAF pilots over Epe, Germany; it was really due to engine failure? On Nov. 11 German Polish spies Josef Wende and Stefan Kotas are executed by a U.S. firing squad in Toul, France. On Nov. 11 Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill drive together through Paris to the Arc de Triomphe and lay a wreath to the Unknown Soldier of WWI. On Nov. 12 32 British bombers from Lossiemouth, Scotland attack Germany's last battleship the Tirpitz, capsizing it with two 6-ton Tallboy bombs, killing 1K of 1.8K crew, allowing the big ships of the British Home Fleet to finally be released to the Pacific. On Nov. 14 Bulgarian and Yugoslav troops occupy Skopje, Yugoslavia, ending German control of the Balkans. On Nov. 14 Japanese destroyer IJN Ushio, last surviving warship from the Pearl Harbor attack is damaged by a bomb from a U.S. plane in Manila Bay, putting it out of action for the war. On Nov. 15 a partisan sweep by the Germans near Mondovi, Italy is a bust, although British liaison Capt. Neville Temple is killed in a car accident. On Nov. 16 10 German V-1s hit Antwerp, killing 263 civilians; on Nov. 17 another hits a convent, killing 32 nuns. On Nov. 17 the Japanese advance towards Kweiyang, China. On Nov. 17 a U.S. sub sinks scarce Japanese escort carrier IJN Jinyo in the Yellow Sea. On Nov. 17 a meeting of Japanese atomic scientists in Tokyo reports that it can't build an atomic bomb in time to affect the war. On Nov. 19 French troops drive through the Saverne Gap to reach the Rhine River at Rosenau, France 30 mi. E of Belfort (70 mi. S of Strasbourg) near the French-Swiss border, capturing Sarrebourg in Alsace-Lorraine on Nov. 20. On Nov. 19 the British launch Operation (Extended) Capital (Y) from Assam, India, driving into Burma on a wide front, crossing the Chindwin River at three points within two weeks, with objective Rangoon. On Nov. 20 with the sound of Soviet guns within earshot, Hitler leaves Wolf's Lair for the last time, and goes Berlin, where he begins working on final plans for the Ardennes offensive called Operation Herbstnebel (Autumn Mist). On Nov. 20 Belgian Nazi collaborator Fernand Daumeries is sentenced to death in Charleroi, Belgium for war crimes at Breedonk Camp near Antwerp. On Nov. 20 street lights are turned on for the 1st time in five years in London's Piccadilly Circus, the Strand, and Kleat St. On Nov. 21 Albania is liberated by partisans. On Nov. 22 U.S. troops occupy St. Die (Dié), France in the foothills of the Vosges Mts., which had been less than 10 mi. from the German front line for four years in WWI, with mayor P. Evrat uttering the soundbyte: "For the second time in 25 years our brave American friends have come to the rescue of their grandmother, aged Europe, and of their godmother, the city of St. Die." On Nov. 23 after landing in Marseille on Aug. 15 and racing through S France, 350K French and U.S. forces capture German-held Strasbourg (Strassburg), and keep it this time, reaching the Rhine River in time for Thanksgiving Day, and finding that German defenses on the Upper Rhine are unmanned, only to be told by U.S. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower to stay on the W bank and not execute a plan to advance N along the Rhine Valley to Karlsruhe and support Gen. Patton's Third Army in Lorraine, setting the U.S. up to lose 80K in the Battle of the Bulge? On Nov. 24 the first U.S. land-based B-29 raids are launched from Saipan in the Marianas - like driving a bus? On Nov. 24 Japanese troops occupy Nanning, China 120 mi. from French Indochina. On Nov. 25 Gen. Patton's Third Army captures Metz, France. On Nov. 25 the Japanese send all their remaining aircraft against the Americans in Leyte Gulf on kamikaze missions, damaging three aircraft carriers incl. USS Intrepid, killing 65. On Nov. 25 a V-2 hits a Woolworth's store in New Cross Road, Deptford, England, killing 160 lunchtime shoppers. On Nov. 25 British sub HMS Sturdy damages a Japanese cargo ship, and when the crew abandon ship, the sub cmdr. orders it to be sunk despite having 50 Indonesian women and children aboard. On Nov. 25 the Germans demolish the last gas chambers at Auschwitz, and on Nov. 26 all 200 Jews forced to drag corpses into the crematoria are murdered? On Nov. 26 Hitler gives Heinrich Himmler military command of all German land and air forces on the Upper Rhine River; on Nov. 27 600 of his men at Auschwitz are awarded the Iron Cross for crushing the Sonderkommandos; as part of the alignment of the Islamic world with the Third Reich, Himmler establishes an SS Mullah School to train Muslims to fight for the Nazis. On Nov. 27 Cordell Hull resigns as U.S. secy. of state (since Mar. 4, 1933), and is succeeded on Dec. 1 by undersecy. (since Oct. 4, 1943) (former GM exec and longtime FDR appointee, big backer of the U.N.) Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr. (1900-49) as U.S. secy. of state #48 (until June 27, 1945). On Nov. 27 a German V-2 lands near the C railway station in Amsterdam while a military convoy is passing, killing 157 incl. 29 Allied servicemen. On Nov. 27 (11:11 a.m.) an accidental explosion at the underground RAF bomb storage dump in Fauld, Staffordshire, England kills about 70, becoming the laargest explosion on U.K. soil (until ?); German propaganda claims they did it. On Nov. 29 the Germans abandon Scutari, Albania, falling back to a line through Mostar, Visegrad, and the Drina River. On Nov. 29 Soviet troops occupy Pecs, Hungary and Mohacs, Hungary. On Nov. 29 German agents Erich Gimpel (1910-2010) and William Curtis Colepaugh (1918-2005) (Conn.-born defector) are put ashore on the coast of Maine at Hancock Point by German U-1230; too bad, the Brits decrypt the messages, and Colepaugh turns himself in and tells everything, but Gimpel successfully resists interrogation, earning respect, and in Feb. 1945 he becomes the last person to be tried before a U.S. military tribunal (until ?), getting his death sentence delayed on FDR's death, then commuted to life in prison. On Nov. 29 (eve.) members of Am. Legion Post 22 go to the county courthouse in Hood River, Ore. to black out 16 names of local soldiers of Japanese descent who are fighting for the U.S. overseas, pissing-off veterans across the U.S., who write letters to the local newspaper; next Jan. Kent Shoemaker pub. notices in the newspaper signed by 1.8K listing names of Japanese landowners and calling on whites to buy their properties "to keep the Japs from returning to this country". On Nov. 30 U.S. troops drive the Germans from Mackwiller in the Saar region in Germany's pre-war frontier. On Nov. 30 the Soviets occupy Eger, Hungary 25 mi. from Slovakia. On Nov. 30 German housefrau Elisabeth Charlotte "Lilo" Gloeden (b. 1903) is beheaded with an axe for sheltering July 20th plotter Gen. Fritz Lindemann; her hubby and mother are ditto, with their fate publicized as a warning. In Nov. the Japanese begin launching hydrogen-filled Balloon Bombs (Fire Balloons) (Jap. "Fu-Go") in the Pacific headed for the U.S., reaching 9.3K by Apr. 1945; about 300 reach North Am., killing six and causing minimal damage. In Nov. Pierre Lazareff (1907-72) begins pub. France-Soir (originally "Defense de la France"), which reaches a circ. of 1.5M by 1955. In Nov. the first Foo fighters are reported and named by the U.S. 415th Night Fighter Squadron after the "Smokey Stover" cartoons of Bill Holman, describing UFOs seen over the European and later Pacific theaters. On Dec. 1 the Germans begin evacuating Jews from Auschwitz and Birkenau to W and C Germany; meanwhile Birkenau commandant Josef Kramer (1906-45) is transferred to gas-chamber-free Belsen, becoming known as the Beast of Belsen. On Dec. 2 Gen. Eisenhower utters the soundbyte that U.S. forces are destroying three-quarters of a German div. a day, and "This is about 20 a month." On Dec. 3 100K-200K demonstrate in Athens, Greece, and British police fire on the crowd, killing 28 and injuring 148, beginning the Dekemvriana (Gr. "December Events) (ends Jan. 11), 37 days of fighting between the govt. and the Communist-controlled ELAS WWII resistance org., with the British army fighting against it in Athens while giving equipment to it in Volos; by Dec. 12 ELAS controls most of Athens and Piraeus; after Winston Churchill arrives on Dec. 25, and fails to obtain a settlement, ELAS is driven out of Athens and agrees to a ceasefire next Jan. 15; the civil war continues until 1946. On Dec. 4 (night) after British Bomber Command cmdr. Sir Arthur Harris bucks the emphasis on oil installations and calls for a renewal of firebomb attacks on German cities, 200 British bombers firebomb Heilbronn, Germany, killing 7,147 civilians. On Dec. 4 (midnight) the Soviets begin crossing the Danube River at Vac, Hungary 15 mi. from Hungary's prewar N border with Czech.; on Dec. 8 more forces reach Lake Balaton, occupying Adony, Hungary 25 mi. S of Budapest, cutting Budapest off, causing pissed-off Hitler to order German reinforcements sent from the Western Front and Italy. killing 7,147 civilians. On Dec. 6 the Japanese ambassador in Berlin sends a top-secret message to Tokyo that even though the Germans employ 72K workers to repair bomb damage, they can't ramp up underground oil production until Mar., and right now production is only 300K tons a mo.; British intel decrypts it in mid-Dec., confirming the assessment of British Brig. Gen. Sir Edgar "Bill" Williams (1912-95) that the Germans' "bruited sweep to Antwerp is clearly beyond his powers." On Dec. 6 the hour-long anthology series Theatre Guild on the Air (a CBS Radio series from Dec. 6, 1943-Feb. 29, 1944, switching to ABC Radio on Sept. 9, 1945 (until June 5, 1949), with "Wings Over Europe" by Robert Nichols and Maurice Browne, starring Burgess Meredith; on Sept. 11, 1949 it switches to NBC Radio (until June 7, 1953), after which it switches to ABC-TV (1953-55) and CBS-TV (1955-63). On Dec. 7 the Japanese commemorate their 1941 Pearl Harbor Attack by sending kamikazes on the U.S. fleet in Leyte Gulf, hitting destroyer transport USS Ward (which sunk a Japanese mini-sub that day), causing it to be scuttled with no lives lost; others hit aircraft carrier USS Cabot, killing 36, battleship USS Maryland, killing 31, and destroyer USS Aulick, killing 32; Gen. MacArthur and Adm. Nimitz order a news blackout. On Dec. 10 Hitler moves to his 1940 HQ at Bad Neuheim, Germany called Eagle's Lair (Adlerhorst), and meets with Hitler Youth leaders, uttering the soundbyte: "Never since the Napoleonic wars has an enemy devastated our country, and we shall decimate this enemy also at the very gates to the Fatherland", adding that the Western Front is "where we are going to turn the tide and split the American-British alliance once and for all"; on Dec. 12 he meets with his gens. to discuss the upcoming Ardennes offensive, becoming the last address he gives to a full assembly of his generals, uttering the soundbyte: "You can't extract enthusiasm and self-sacrifice like something tangible, and bottle and preserve them. They are generated just once in course of a revolution, and will gradually die away. The grayness of day and the conveniences of life will then take hold on men again and turn them into solid citizens in grey flannel suits." On Dec. 12 U.S. troops occupy Duren (Düren), Germany 20 mi. E of Aachen and 25 mi. from Cologne. On Dec. 12 a U.S. invasion force leaves Leyte Gulf for a 350-mi. voyage to Mindoro Island in the N Philippines; on Dec. 13 Japanese kamikazes strike, badly damaging U.S. cruiser USS Nashville (Gen. Douglas MacArthur's flagship), killing 131, followed by destroyer USS Haraden, killing 14; after a successful landing, on Dec. 14 a 95 mph storm with 75 ft. waves capsizes destroyers USS Spence, killing 280, USS Hull, killing 195, and USS Monaghan, killing 244; USS Nashville sinks during a storm E of the Philippines on Dec. 18. On Dec. 14 the Japanese trick 150 U.S. POWs into an air raid shelter in Puerto Princesa Camp on Palawan Island, then throw in gasoline and lighted torches, bayoneting and clubbing any who flee; only five survive. On Dec. 15 after the Japanese begin shipping POWs from the Philippines to Japan, a U.S. plane sinks "hell ship" Oryoku Maru, after which the Japanese open fire on 1K Allied POWs in the water, killing 20; after the survivors are transferred to the Enoura Maru, it is bombed in Takao Harbor in Formosa (Taiwan), with only 450 of the original 1,650 reaching Japan. On Dec. 15 bandleader (known for his clarinet and 4-sax sound) Glenn Miller (b. 1904) (known for wearing a "50-Mission Crush" hat) disappears over the English Channel in a single-engine plane piloted by inexperienced pilot Col. John Morgan while en route from Bedford, England to Paris to join the celebration of the Allied capture of Paris; the plane's de-icer had been removed, and it iced up and went into the Channel?; the Battle of the Bulge breaks out, preventing a big rescue effort, and the bodies are not found, causing rumors of conspiracy, fueled by recordings Miller made in German, which he couldn't speak, claimed to contain secret spy messages; later claims are made of a friendly fire death, a safe landing and death in the hands of a French ho, lung cancer in N.J. in 1945, and a German assassination; by the early 1940s one of every three nickels dropped in a jukebox in the U.S. is for one of his tunes. On Dec. 15 William Daniel Leahy (1875-1959) becomes the first to receive the wartime-only rank of U.S. fleet adm., followed by Ernest J. King, Chester W. Nimitz, and William F. Halsey Jr. The Ardennes have always been good to us Germans? On Dec. 15 (night) German paratroopers land near Belle Croix, Belgium in the rear near Malmedy to disrupt Allied communications; too bad, most are captured before they can do any harm. On Dec. 16 (5:30 a.m.) after Hitler overrules his horrified gens., the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes-Alsace Campaign) (called Operation Watch on the Rhine by the Germans) (ends Jan. 25), the biggest land battle in WWII in which U.S. troops participate begins in the Ardennes as 20 German divs. (250K men) and 600 tanks along a 90-mi. front under Gen. Karl von Rundstedt, aided by fog and overcast skies catch the Allies (who had been having it so easy they called it the Ghost Battle) by surprise, overwhelming the six U.S. divs. in their path after a 1-hour artillery barrage, and causing panic in Belgium and France, the immediate objectives being Liege and Namur, and the ultimate objective Antwerp, cutting the U.S. forces in two while trapping British forces to the N so they can drive them into the sea; the Germans take 10K POWs on the first day incl. 9K at Schnee Eifel, becoming the largest mass surrender in U.S. history (until ?); the Battle of St. Vith is another German V; SS Col. ("Hitler's favorite commando") Otto Skorzeny (1908-75) commands a group of 33 English-speaking Germans dressed as U.S. soldiers in U.S. jeeps who attempt to cause confusion behind American lines, but they are easily detected when asked simple questions about pop culture (baseball scores and movie stars) - the origin of Trivial Pursuit? On Dec. 16 a V-2 fired from Enschede, Holland 130 mi. away hits a cinema in Antwerp, killing 567 incl. 296 Allied servicemen. On Dec. 17 the Malmedy Massacre sees a Waffen SS Panzer div. under Lt.-Col. Joachim (Jochen) Peiper (1915-76) (who received the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross for a Nov. 1943 Soviet partisan sweep near Zhitomir that killed 2.5K and took only 3 POWs) murders 72 U.S. POWs in Malmedy, Belgium, killing 12 who escape in a cafe, but the news leaks and the Allied troops are the type that don't get mad, they get even, pledging to take no German POWs; actor Charles Durning narrowly misses assassination in Malmedy, going on to win three purple hearts and one silver star; the SS div. goes on to kill 308 POWs and 241 civilians at 10 other locations in its line of march incl. 130 civilians on Dec. 19 near Stavelot; after the war they are sentenced to death, but U.S. Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy intervenes and charges the U.S. Army with a whitewash, getting their lives spared. On Dec. 17 the U.S. Army announces that it is ending its policy of excluding Japanese-Ams. from the West Coast; on Dec. 18 after Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu (1919-2005) objects to this policy, the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules 6-3 in Korematsu v. U.S. to uphold the wartime relocation of Japanese-Americans, but also prohibits the detention of undeniably loyal ones - Go Joe DiMaggio? On Dec. 18 U.S. bombers bomb the German synthetic oil works at Monowitz near Auschwitz; on Dec. 21 a South African recon plane takes photos that show the electrified fences and guard towers dismantled. On Dec. 19 Le Monde (Fr. "The World") center-left daily afternoon paper is founded in Paris, France at the request of Charles de Gaulle, becoming one of two French newspapers of record along with "Le Figaro", reaching a modern-day circ. of 323K. On Dec. 21 the Soviets set up a puppet govt. in Debrecen, Hungary, but Budapest holds out, with Hitler declaring it a fortress city to be defended to the last man. On Dec. 21 British spy Jean Pujol Garcia AKA Arabel is secretly awarded a MBE for selling the Germans the Calais landing deception on D-Day. On Dec. 21 a V-2 hits a hospital in Antwerp, killing 21; on Dec. 22 another one hits the same spot, killing three workmen cleaning up the rubble. On Dec. 22 German Field Marshal von Rundstedt unsuccessfuly asks Hitler for permission to withdraw E to the Eifel Mts. The Allies get a Christmas Story to tell their kids, and trivia fans get a favorite trivia question that is immortalized when Ken Jennings misses it on "Jeopardy!"? On Dec. 22 after being surrounded on Dec. 20, U.S. Brig Gen. Anthony Clement "Nuts" "Old Crock" McAuliffe (1898-1975) answers the long-winded typewritten demand for surrender by stuffed-shirt German Panzer Gen. Heinrich Freiherr von Luttwitz (Lüttwitz) (1896-1969) with the immortal soundbyte "Nuts!" (explained as "Go to Hell"), and the stubborn defense of encircled Bastogne, Belgium (strategically located at the intersection of seven all-weather roads) by the U.S. 101st Airborne Div. until they are relieved messes up the German timetable; the senior German Panzer Gen. at Bastogne is Hasso von Manteuffel (1897-1978), cmdr. of the 5th Panzer Army - he means he wants some nuts for Christmas? On Dec. 23 after the skies clear over Allied forces who had been driven back to the Meuse River, the U.S. Third Army begins attacking the base of the German bulge from the S, stopping the German advance 30 mi. W of Bastogne on Dec. 24 evening after bombing railway yards in Koblenz, Gerolstein, and Bingen to stop supplies, with the Germans advancing less than 60 mi., still 70 mi. from Antwerp; on Dec. 23 German Luftwaffe cmdr. Maj. Gen. Dietrich Peltz (1914-2001) complains that 20% of his pilots break off attacks, jettison extra fuel tanks, and split for Germany; on Dec. 23 three Skorzeny commandos are shot by a U.S. firing squad; 15 others are ditto, and 15 escape to Germany; on Dec. 24 16 German Blitz jet bombers attack a ball-bearing factory in Liege, followed by railway yards in the Ardennes, becoming the world's first jet bomber operation; on Dec. 24 (eve.) the Special Himmler Troops of the Gestapo shoot 32 Belgian civilians in Bande, Belgium; on Dec. 26 the U.S. 4th Armored Div. of Gen. George Smith Patton Jr. (1885-1945) relieves Bastogne, while coordinated assaults on their right flank by the U.S. First Army and on their left flank by the U.S. Third Army drive a 60-mi. bulge into their bulge, causing the German advance to halt and the Germans to go on the defensive. On Dec. 24 (eve.) the Germans launch a Christmas Eve flying bomb attack on London, with warheads filled with letters from British POWs; one hits a workers' hut near Gravesend, killing all 12 inside. On Dec. 25 reminding Stalin of his gentleman's agreement, British PM Winston Churchill and foreign secy. Anthony Eden arrive in Athens in the midst of the Communist takeover attempt to arrange a settlement in the Greek civil war; a regency govt. is proclaimed, with Archbishop (1941-9) Damaskinos Papandreou (1891-1949) appointed regent on Dec. 30 by George II (until 1946); Churchill tells the British War Cabinet: "If we had not intervened there would have been a massacre." On Dec. 25 Hanford Atomic Plant in Wash. produces its first irradiated slugs of uranium; in Jan. the first plutonium is shipped. On Dec. 26 U.S. bombers attack the Monowitz plant at Auschwitz again; some bombs accidentally hit the SS sick bay at Auschwitz-Birkenau, killing five SS men; too bad, the factory is still functional, with 35K men and 2K women working there. On Dec. 26 after a 3-day battle the Soviets surround Budapest; on Dec. 29 after Soviet emissaries Capt. Miklos Steinmetz (b. 1913) and Capt. ? Ostapenko sent to arrange a capitulation are shot, the Soviets under Gen. Rodion Malinovsky begin the 50-day Siege of Budapest (ends Feb. 13), becoming one of the bloodiest battles of the war, with 33K German and 37K Hungarian troops fighting 1M Soviet troops to the last man in a city with 800K trapped civilians; on Dec. 31 Hungary declares war on Germany, and the Axis is kaput; Ferenc Szalasi slips away and flees to Szombathely on Dec. 9, then to Vienna in Mar. 1945, and finally to Munich, where he is captured by U.S. troops and returned to Hungary, then tried and hung in Budapest on Mar. 12, 1946. On Dec. 27 sisters Sara Salkhazi and Vilma Bernovits are sexecuted, er, executed by the Arrow Cross in Budapest for hiding Jews. On Dec. 28 a German V-2 attack kills 28 in Oldham, becoming the last large-scale deaths caused by a flying bomb in Britain. On Dec. 29 a top-secret German Luftwaffe message reports that Allied air attacks in the Saar region have destroyed the infrastructure so much that it is impossible to re-routine military supply trains. On Dec. 29 after destroying 532 Soviet tanks in 2,530 sorties, German #1 ace Hans-Ulrich Rudel (1916-82) becomes the first and only to be awarded the Golden Oak Leaves with Swords and Diamonds to his Knight's Cross. On Dec. 30 Greek King George II (b. 1890) abdicates and proclaims a regency to run the country. On Dec. 31 British bombers attack the Gestapo HQ in Oslo, Norway, partially destroying it and hitting a loaded passenger train, killing all but four. On Dec. 31 Operation Nordwind, the last major Nazi offensive is launched, attempting to capture Wingen-sur-Moder in Alsace-Lorraine, the key to the Alsatian Plain, with Hitler's Arctic Wolves (6th SS Mountain Div.) (unfresh from three years fighting the Red Army) fighting their final bloody battle with the U.S. 70th Infantry Div.; on Dec. 31 the U.S. 6th Mountain Div., 2nd Battalion loses 200 POWs, but they are released next Jan. 6 and the offensive ended. On Dec. 31 two sections of Southern Pacific's Pacific Limited collide near Ogden, Utah, killing 48. On Dec. 31 the year ends with Germany having lost all the territory it conquered between 1939 and 1942, and Japan's island empire contracting; too bad, both want to fight it out to the last man and mile, forcing the Allies to dig down for the will to finish it; meanwhile the U.S. atomic bomb project gives those in the know that feeling that God is on their side? In Dec. George Catlett Marshall Jr. (1880-1959) is promoted to gen. of the U.S. Army (5-star gen.) - the 20th cent. Robert E. Lee, educated at VMI, but a safe Yankee born in Penn.? In Dec. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908-79) becomes asst. U.S. secy. of state for Latin Am. (until Aug. 1945). After the Germans are kicked out, atheist Communist Albania begins persecution of religion. British gen. Harold Alexander is made field marshal and supreme Allied cmdr. (SAC) of the Mediterranean area. Princess Elizabeth serves as British councillor of state during the absence of her father George VI on the Italian war front. Violet Bonham Carter (1887-1969), daughter of PM (1908-16) Herbert Henry Asquith becomes the first woman pres. of the British Liberal Party; too bad, she fails to win election to the House of Commons next year. Scottish-born Thomas Clement "Tommy" Douglas (1904-86) becomes PM #7 of Saskatechewan, Canada (until 1961), heading the first Socialist govt. in North Am. and going on to introduce universal public medicare to Canada; his activist actress wife Shirley Douglas (1934-) later becomes the mother of actor Kiefer Sutherland (b. 1966). Nicaraguan dictator Gen. Anastasio Somoza declares a new labor code to quiet unrest, and briefly wins the support of the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN). Richard James Cushing (1895-1970) becomes archbishop of Boston, Mass. (until 1970); in 1958 he becomes a cardinal. Far right-wing Montgomery Ward pres. Sewell Avery (1874-1960) refuses to comply with govt. orders to permit unionization efforts, causing him to be carted from his office by Nat. Guardsmen, later uttering the soundbyte: "To hell with the government, you New Dealer" to the U.S. atty.-gen. Mt. Vesuvius overlooking Naples erupts, covering Allied troops with clouds of ash, and engulfing the towns of Massa and San Sebasiano, incl. the funicular (counterbalanced) railcar praised in the Italian folk song "Funiculi, Funicula". The Soviets deport thousands of Muslim Chechens to Siberia and Kazakhstan on suspicion of collaborating with the Germans. Subhas Chandra Bose recruits 30K Indian troops in Japanese-occupied territory to aid the Japanese military effort in Burma. Black married woman Recy Taylor (1920-) is gang-raped by white men in Abbeville, Ala., after which the corrupt justice system lets them off; they finally apologize in 2011. The Ministry of Nat. Insurance in Britain is established. Operation Alsos (the Greek word for grove, a play on Manhattan Project dir. Leslie M. Grove), a scientific intel mission to investigate German progress on the A-bomb is created, headed by Dutch-Am. physicist Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (1902-78), who pub. Report on Alsos, an account of the mission in 1948, concluding that the U.S. passed the Germans in 1942, and that their totalitarian system couldn't do the job anyway; at the end of the war it arrests 10 top German scientists incl. Werner Heisenberg. After the feds sue the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) for $685K in unpaid back taxes, they officially disband, although splinter groups resurface using the name. The Mad Gasser of Mattoon terrorizes a small Ill. town until the police declare him nonexistent; too bad, a nearly identical gasser is later uncovered in 1933-4 Botetourt County, Va. English-born Am. Communist-turned-anti-Communist writer Winifred "Freda" Utley (1898-1978), who supported the Am. First Committee in its opposition to U.S. entry into WWII, and in 1941 called for a negotiated peace between Germany and England, then opposed the demand for unconditional German surrender is saved from an attempt of the Friends of the Soviet Union to have her deported by a bill sponsored by well-born Yale-educated liberal pro-New Deal U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (1937-47) Horace Jeremiah "Jerry" Voorhis (1901-84), not helping Richard Nixon (fresh out of the Navy, who finances his campaign with poker winnings) defeat him in 1946 by 60%-40% for being soft on Communism, with a telephone campaign falsely accusing him of being a Commie; meanwhile she goes on to help Sen. Joseph McCarthy compile his list of suspected Commies in the U.S. govt., incl. Owen Lattimore, J.K. Fairbank, and Edgar Snow. Gen. Motors pres. (1943-53) Charles Erwin "Engine Charlie" Wilson (1890-1961), dir. of the U.S. War Production Board tells the Army Ordnance Board that in order to prevent a return to the Great Depression, the U.S. needs a "permanent war economy"; he later gets his chance as U.S. defense secy. in 1953-7, presiding over the birth and growth of the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC). Lebanese Marionite Christian scholar Philip Khuri Hitti (1886-1978), a Princeton U. prof. who introduced the field or Arab culture studies to the U.S. testifies before a U.S. House committee that there has never been an entity called Palestine, and that it was historically part of Syria, hence the creation of a Jewish state of Palestine would be opposed by Arabs; after the proclamation of the Jewish State of Israel in 1948, and repeated failure to destroy it by jihad, Arab propaganda artists reverse the argument and claim that Israelis are oppressing their Muslim state of Palestine. The first nonstop flight is made from London to Canada. The Fashion Inst. of Technology (FIT) in Manhattan, N.Y. is founded, becoming one of the top five fashion schools on Earth after joining SUNY. The Society of Magazine Photographers is founded in New York City by 24 photographers, changing the name to Am. Society of Mag. Photographers in 1945, and Am. Society of Media Photographers (ASMP) in 1992; in 1945 Philippe Halsman (1906-79) becomes pres #1. Rich Rhode Islander Jackie Bouvier (b. 1929) enters Miss Porter's Finishing School in Conn. (until 1947). Human Events conservative mag. is founded by Washington Post ed. (1933-40) Felix Muskett Morley (1894-1982) et al. (until ?); Ronald Later later claims that it "helped me stop being a liberal Democrat". German #1 physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947) utters the soundbyte: "All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent mind. This mind is the Matrix of all matter." New York City fashion photographer Richard Avedon (1923-2004) marries model Dorcas Marie Nowell (1925-2011), who becomes known professionally as Doe Avedon; they divorce in 1949; "His fashion and portrait photographs helped define America's image of style, beauty and culture for the last half-century" (New York Times). The Concrete Art Exhibition in Basel, Switzerland features Arp, Kandinsky, Klee, Mondriaan, and Henry Moore. The Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame is established. The original Beats (Beatniks) meet in Columbia U. this year. The Donaldson Awards for best new play, musical, perf., debut etc. are founded by drama critic Robert Francis (until 1955) as "the stages' accolades to their own"; they are superseded by the Antoinette Perry Awards. Miss Chiquita, "the first lady of fruits" becomes the trademark of Chiquita Bananas. The Hollywood Foreign Press Assoc. gives out its first Golden Globe Awards; best actor-drama goes to Paul Lukas for Watch on the Rhine, best actress-drama to Jennifer Jones, best dir. to Henry King and best film-drama, all for The Song of Bernadette. The Gillette Cavalcade of Sports, which began on radio in 1942 moves to TV, hosting boxing on Fri. nights on NBC-TV from Madison Square Garden (until June 24, 1960). Washington U. builds a cyclotron. A uranium pile is built in Clinton, Tenn. The U.S. issues the 3-cent 75th Anniv. of the Transcontinental Railroad stamp. Austrian-born Jewish-Am. conductor Julius Rudel (1921-) becomes conductor of the New York City Opera (until 1979). Trad, a revival of traditional New Orleans jazz in reaction to the mainly white swing bands is founded by ?. Miss.-born country comedian Rodney Leon "Rod" Brasfield (1910-58) joins the Grand Ole Opry, becoming known for his baggy suit, battered hat, and rubber face; his ventriloquist dummy is named Bocephus, which Hank Williams Sr. nicknames his infant son Hank Williams Jr. after. Cineguild Productions is founded by dir. David Lean, producer Anthony Havelock-Allan, and cinematographer Ronald Neame, going on to produce several major British films in the 1940s, incl. "This Happy Breed" (1944), "Blithe Spirit" (1945), "Brief Encounter" (1945), "Great Expectations" (1946), "Take My Life" (1947), "Oliver Twist" (1948), "Blanche Fury" (1948), "The Passionate Friends" (1949), and "Madeleine" (1950). Sports: The Football Writers Assoc. of Am. begins naming a college football All-American team. On Mar. 12 (Sun.) the Secret Game is played by the men's basketball teams of all-white Duke U. Medical School (best basketball team in the U.S.), coached by segregation-hating Jack Burgess, featuring stars Dick Thistlewaite (center), David Hubbell (foward), Homer Sieber, and Dick Symmonds, and the all-black 26-1 North Carolina College for Negroes Eagles, coached by Hiawatha, Kan.-born John B. McLendon Jr. (1915-99), starring Henry "Big Dog" Thomas, Floyd "Cootie" Brown, James "Boogie-Woogie" Hardy, and Aubrey Stanley, known for their fast break; N.C. defeats Duke by 88-44, proving something I'll tell you later; all parties are sworn to secrecy to avoid backlash by white supremacists; "On that particular morning you didn't exactly need to play skins and shirts" (David Hubbell). On Apr. 4-13, 1944 the 1944 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Canadiens sweep the Chicago Black Hawks 4-0, becoming their first title since 1931. In Dec. 1944 six-foot-tenners Robert Albert "Bob" Kurland (1924-2013) of Okla. State U. (really 7'0") (first player to regularly slam dunk, who got defensive goaltending banned by the NCAA in 1945) and George Lawrence "Mr. Basketball" Mikan Jr. (1924-2005) (pr. MY-kun) of DePaul meet in the basketball "Battle of the Giants" in the 1945 NIT Semifinal; the final sees DePaul defeat Bowling Green by 71-54; George Mikan Rule outlaws defensive goaltending; they meet again in a Red Cross benefit game, and Kurland's team defeats Mikan's team by 52-44 to gain an undisputed nat. championship; Mikan becomes basketball's first superstar; Kurland is named All-Am. three years in a row, and plays on the gold medal 1948 and 1952 U.S. Olympic teams. Bright chestnut Pensive (1941-9) (jockey C. McCreary) wins the Preakness and Kentucky Derby. 5'8" left wing Robert Blake Theodore "Terrible Ted" Lindsay (1925-) makes his debut with the Detroit Red Wings, becoming part of the 1947-52 Production Line with 5'11" center Sidney Gerald "Sid" Abel (1918-2002) and 5'0" right winger Gordon "Gordie" Howe (1928-2016), becoming known for his rough play, causing the NHL to enact penalties for elbowing and kneeing. In the 1944-5 season 5'10" "Canadian hockey hall-of-fame right wing (Montreal Canadiens) (1942-60) Joseph Henri Maurice "Rocket" Richard (1921-2000) becomes the first NHL player to score 50 goals in a season; in the 1957-8 season he becomes the first NHL player to achieve 500 career goals, retiring in 1960 with 544 career goals. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Internat. Red Cross (last time 1917, next 1963); Lit.: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950) (Denmark); Physics: Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898-1988) (U.S.) [nuclear magnetic resonance]; Chem.: Otto Hahn (1879-1968) (Germany) [nuclear fission]; Hahn refuses to recognize the contributions of his Jewish bitch, er, boss, er, asst. Lise Meitner (1878-1968)?; Medicine: Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965) and Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888-1963) (U.S.) [action potentials in nerve fibers] (don't say Gasser in Germany?). Inventions: On Mar. 1 in response to Hermann Goering's call for light bombers that meet the "3x1000" requirement (fly 1kg of bombs 1km at a speed of 1km/hour) the Horten Ho 229 (Gotha Go 229) (Horten H.IX.) flying wing prototype fighter-bomber makes its first flight, designed by the Horten brothers Walter Horten (1913-98) and Reimar Horten (1915-94); too bad, the Allies defeat Germany before it can be put into production, and only three are built, after which the Allies copy the design for their stealth bombers. On May 6 the 2-engine Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster medium bomber makes its first flight, featuring rear-mounted contra-rotating pusher propellers for higher speed; too bad, it is canceled in 1948 after only two are built due to the advent of jet aircraft, starting with the Douglas XB-43 Jetmaster (first flight May 17, 1946), which replaces the piston engines of the XB-42 with two GE J35 jet engines, becoming the first U.S. jet bomber to fly, but is canceled after only two are built because of stability problems. In Feb. with funding from IBM, based on his 1937 concepts, Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-73) of Harvard U. builds the electromechanical Mark I Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator for computing ballistic data for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships, becoming the first fully automatic computer and first universal calculator; it is officially presented to Harvard U. on Aug. 7; it is 51 ft. long, 8 ft. high, and 2 ft. deep, weighs 10K lbs., and has 765K parts, incl. 1,464 10-pole switches, 3.5K multi-pole relays with 35K contacts, 2,225 counters, and a 50-ft. rotating shaft driven by a 5hp 4KW electric motor, with clutches, strung together with 500 mi. of wire; it contains 72 adding machines each with 23 decimal digits, and can do three additions or subtractions per sec., one multiplication in 6 sec., one division in 15.3 sec., and a log or trig function in 1 min.; it reads instructions from a 24-channel punched paper tape without conditional branching instructions; Norman Bel Geddes designs a streamlined case for it, causing some to call it a waste of govt. funds; Grace Hopper is one of its first programmers; the Mark II comes out in 1947-8, followed by the Mark III/ADEC in Sept. 1949, featuring magnetic drum memory, and the all-solid state Mark IV in 1952, featuring magnetic core memory. Dutch-born Am. physician Willem Johan "Pim" Kolff (1912-2009) invents Kidney Dialysis using sausage casings and orange juice cans, making him "the Father of Artificial Organs"; he goes on to co-invent the Jarvik-7 artificial heart in 1982 with Robert Jarvik. The board game Cluedo (Clue) (originally Murder!) is patented by English musician Anthony Ernest Pratt (1903-94) as a game to play in bomb shelters. The Broad-Breasted Turkey is developed in Beltsville, Md. - plenty of white meat please, I don't like dark meat? Science: Austrian pediatrician Hans Assburger, er, Hans Asperger (1906-80) first describes Asperger's Syndrome, a high-functioning form of autism. Canadian-born Am. physician Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. (1877-1955), Canadian-Am. geneticist Colin Munro MacLeod (1909-72), and Am. geneticist Maclyn McCarty (1911-2005) pub. the result of their Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiment, which determines that nuclear DNA acts as the carrier of genetic info., and transmutes one type of pneumococcus bacteria into a 2nd type by DNA transfer, founding Molecular Biology - how many years until we're all mixed bags of DNA from Noah's Ark? Methylphenidate is first synthesized by Leandro Panizzon of Ciba, who names it Ritalin after his wife Rita; it is identified as a central nervous stimulant in 1954; medical use begins in 1960. After Margaret Sanger ransoms him from a Nazi prison in 1940, German Jewish gynecologist Ernst Grafenberg (Gräfenberg) (1881-1957) of New York City hypothesizes the existence of the G-spot (Grafenberg Spot), a primo hot female erogenous zone inside the you know what, which is scientifically proved next year; the name G-spot is coined in 1981 by Addiego et al. - he's against it, but it's so good that it sticks? Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904-2004) of the U. of Minn. performs the Minn. Starvation Experiment using 32 conscientious objectors who decrease their body weight by 25%, and finds a correlation between coronary heart disease and diets high in animal fats. Omaha, Neb.-economist (fresh MIT Ph.D. grad) Lawrence Robert Klein (1920-) begins pioneering computer modeling for economic forecasting, starting with a model of the U.S. economy, which predicts an upturn rather than downturn after the end of WWII. Austrian-German scientist Richard Kuhn (1900-67) develops the deadly nerve agent (cholinesterase inhibitor) Soman (GD), given the designation GD to add it to the list with GA (tabun), GB (sarin) and GF (cyclosarin). Ciba chemist Leandro Panizzon synthesizes Methylphenidate (MPH), naming it Ritalin after his wife's nickname Rita, who uses it to as a stimulant to fight low blood pressure while playing tennis; in 1954 it is identified as a stimulant, and approved in 1955 by the FDA for treating ADHD, with prescriptions starting in 1960, ramping up in the 1990s. Harvard-educated OBGYN John Rock (1890-1984) and his team perform the first In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) of human embryos. Quinine is synthesized by ?. The rectangular porous paper tea bag is invented by ?. Nonfiction: James Truslow Adams (1878-1949), Album of American History (1944-6). Mortimer Adler (1902-2001), How to Think About War and Peace. Theodor W. Adorno (1903-69) and Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Dialectic of Enlightenment; reasons for the failure of the Age of Enlightenment; rev. ed. pub. in 1947. Clarence Ayres (1891-1972), Adm. Reginald Bacon (1863-1947), Gen. John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), and Patrick Playfair, Warfare Today: How Modern Battles Are Planned and Fought on Land, at Sea, and in the Air. The Theory of Economic Progress. Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), Discipleship in the New Age (2 vols.); The Problems of Humanity. Joe Staten Bain (1912-91), The Economics of the Pacific Coast Petroleum Industry (3 vols.) (1944-7). Eric Bentley (1916-), A Century of Hero Worship. Norman Bentwich, Judea Lives Again. Abram Bergson (1914-2003), Structure of Soviet Wages. William Beveridge (1879-1963), Full Employment in a Free Society. Stephen Bonsal (1865-1951), Unfinished Business (Pulitzer Prize); his experience at the 1918-1919 Paris Peace Conference, where he was Pres. Wilson's private translator and witnessed Allied infighting, describing the plight of wounded veterans and their families as he traveled to/from; "No one else has presented the plight of the plain people of Europe, in relation to the strained secrecy of the Conference, and few have written of their agony as does Colonel Bonsal in terms so hardheaded and so poignant." (Time mag.) Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), From the Life; bios. of her friends Alfred Adler (1870-1937), Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), Ivor Novello (1893-1951), Sara Roosevelt (1854-1941) (mother of FDR), Ezra Pound (1885-1972), and Margaret MacDonald Bottome (1825-1906). Catherine Drinker Bowen (1897-1973), Yankee From Olympus. Van Wyck Brooks (1886-1963), The World of Washington Irving. Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), The Englishman and His History; "We are all of us exultant and unrepentant whigs. Those who, perhaps in the misguided austerity of youth, wish to drive out that whig interpretation, (that particular thesis which controls our abridgment of English history,) are sweeping a room which humanly speaking cannot long remain empty. They are opening the door for seven devils which, precisely because they are newcomers, are bound to be worse than the first. We, on the other hand, will not dream of wishing it away, but will rejoice in an interpretation of the past which has grown up with us, has grown up with the history itself, and has helped to make the history... We must congratulate ourselves that our 17th-century forefathers... did not resurrect and fasten upon us the authentic middle ages... In England we made peace with our middle ages by misconstruing them; and, therefore, we may say that 'wrong' history was one of our assets. The whig interpretation came at exactly the crucial moment and, whatever it may have done to our history, it had a wonderful effect on English politics... In every Englishman there is hidden something of a whig that seems to tug at the heart-strings." Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945), An Essay on Man: An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture. Bennett Cerf (1898-1971), Try and Stop Me; humorous stories, incl. how journalist Dorothy Thompson socked a woman who made pro-Nazi remarks in her presence. Sir John Clapham (1873-1946) The Bank of England: A History (2 vols.). Jim Corbett (1875-1955), Man-Eaters of Kumaon; big hit about his hunting of man-eating tigers in the Indian Himalayas in the early 1900s. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), The Literary Fallacy. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Letters d'un Europeen. Robert Edward Duncan (1919-88), The Homosexual in Society; compares discrimination against gays to blacks and Jews; written while hooking up with artist Robert De Niro Sr. (1922-93), father of newborn future actor Robert De Niro Jr. (1943-). Will Durant (1885-1981), The Story of Civilization, Part III: Caesar and Christ. John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964), The Truth About Pearl Harbour and the Final Secret of Pearl Habour. Gene Fowler (1890-1960), Good Night, Sweet Prince. Romulo Gallegos (1884-1969), Sobre la Misma Tierra. Eric Rowland Gill (1882-1940), Letters (posth.). Talbot Faulkner Hamlin (1889-1956), Greek Revival Architecture in America. Fredrich August von Hayek (1899-1992), The Road to Serfdom (Mar.); claims that socialism requires central economic planning, which leads to totalitarianism when the govt. tries to gather more and more knowledge about everybody, becoming a big hit with Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher et al.; calls Nazism a "genuine socialist movement". John Hilton (1880-1943), Rich Man, Poor Man; The Story of Dr. Wassell. Richard Hofstadter (1916-70), Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915; bestseller (200K copies); his history dissertation at Colimbia U., using secondary rather than primary sources for research; a Marxist critique of U.S. Capitalism as dog-eat-dog Social Darwinism as preached by William Graham Sumner (1840-1910). Bob Hope (1903-2003), I Never Left Home; about entertaining members of the U.S. military in WWII; sells 1.5M copies. Laurence Housman (1865-1959), Samuel the Kingmaker. Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975), On Living in a Revolution. Walter Johnson (1915-85), The Battle Against Isolation (first book). Howard Mumford Jones (1892-1980), Ideas in America. Jan Karski (1914-2000), Courier from Poland: The Story of a Secret State; bestseller (400K copies). William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874-1950), Canada and the Fight for Freedom. Hans Kohn (1891-1971), The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), Samuel Johnson. Harold Laski (1893-1950), Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time. Anne Morrow Lindbergh (1906-2001), The Steep Ascent. Dwight Macdonald (1906-82), The Responsibility of Peoples: An Essay on War Guilt. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Omnipotent Government: The Rise of Total State and Total War; Bureaucracy; claims that all types of bureaucratic mgt. of the market lack the basic ability to act in a rational economic manner. Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), Reflections in a Mirror (2 vols.) (1944, 1946). Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013), The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in 17th-Century New England (first book) (2nd ed. 1966); shows how the Puritans' desire to establish a New Jerusalem regulated by God's laws led to them trying to force their values on others; #1 in a trio incl. "The Puritan Dilemma" (1958), and "Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea" (1963), which restore the intellectual respectability of the Puritans, causing a renaissance in Puritan studies, helped by the fact that Morgan and his mentor Perry G.E. Miller are Ivy League atheist professors, adding to their credibility; The Puritans and Sex (1942); revals that the Puritans had a healthy interest in sex, John Raleigh Mott, The Larger Evangelism. Lewis Mumford (1895-1990), The Condition of Man. Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987), An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy; bestseller (100K copies) detailing obstacles faced by blacks in U.S. society; influences the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision; "White prejudice and discrimination keep the Negro low in standards of living, health, education, manners and morals. This, in its turn, gives support to white prejudice. White prejudice and Negro standards thus mutually 'cause' each other"; "Education has in America's whole history been the major hope for improving the individual and society"; "Education means an assimilation of white American culture. It decreases the dissimilarity of the Negroes from other Americans"; "The big majority of Americans, who are comparatively well off, have developed an ability to have enclaves of people living in the greatest misery without almost noticing them." John von Neumann (1903-57) and Oskar Morgenstern (1902-77), Theory of Games and Economic Behavior; treats cooperative multiplayer games with decision-making under uncertainty, founding Mathematical Game Theory, the study of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational players. Philip Noel-Baker (1889-1982), Before We Go Back: A Pictorial Record of Norway's Fight Against Nazism. Russel Blaine Nye (1913-93), George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel (Pulitzer Prize). John Boyd Orr (1880-1971), Food and the People. Louella Parsons (1881-1972), The Gay Illiterate (autobio.). John Dos Passos (1896-1970), State of the Nation. Karl Polanyi (1886-1964), The Great Transformation; claims that the market economy and nation-state should be treated as a unit, the Market Society, founding Substantivism, the view that economics deals with a society's livelihood (provisioning) strategy. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), The Art of Growing Old. Swami Prabahavananada (1893-1976) and Christopher Isherwood (1904-86) (tr.), Bhagavad Gita, the Song of God; a modern translation. Ernie Pyle (1900-45), Brave Men. Ayn Rand (1905-82), The Only Path to Tomorrow (Jan.); pub. in Reader's Digest; "The greatest threat to mankind and civilization is the spread of the totalitarian philosophy. Its best ally is not the devotion of its followers but the confusion of its enemies. To fight it, we must understand it"; "Collectivism means the subjugation of the individual to a group — whether to a race, class or state does not matter. Collectivism holds that man must be chained to collective action and collective thought for the sake of what is called 'the common good'"; "We must learn to reject as total evil the conception that the common good is served by the abolition of individual rights. General happiness cannot be created out of general suffering and self-immolation. The only happy society is one of happy individuals. One cannot have a healthy forest made up of rotten trees"; "The power of society must always be limited by the basic, inalienable rights of the individual"; "The right of liberty means man's right to individual action, individual choice, individual initiative and individual property. Without the right to private property no independent action is possible"; "The right to the pursuit of happiness means man's right to live for himself, to choose what constitutes his own, private, personal happiness and to work for its achievement. Each individual is the sole and final judge in this choice. A man's happiness cannot be prescribed to him by another man or by any number of other men." Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961), What Is Life; suggests that quantum mechanics and coherent ringing in an "aperiodic crystal" might be at the basis of all biochemical reactions. Francis Butler Simkins (1897-1966), Pitchfork Ben Tillman: South Carolina. George Gaylord Simpson (1902-84), Tempo and Mode in Evolution; anticipates the concept of Punctuated Equilibrium and explodes the theory that the evolution of the horse was a linear process. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945), Several Words on the Noosphere. Alan W. Watts (1915-73), The Theologica Mystica of St. Dionysius. Sumner Welles (1892-1961), The Time for Decision. Eric Williams (1911-81), Capitalism and Slavery; based on his 1938 doctoral thesis at St. Catherine's College, Oxford U., where he graduates #1 among history majors; claims that the British slave trade and slavery were abolished for economic and not humanitarian reasons, pissing-off British publishers and forcing it to be pub. in the U.S. until Hungarian-born Andre Deutsch pub. it in the U.K.; "The capitalists had first encouraged West Indian slavery and then helped to destroy it"; "When British capitalism depended on [sugar and cotton plantations in] the West Indies, they [the capitalists] ignored slavery or defended it. When British capitalism found the West Indian monopoly [on sugar] a nuisance, they destroyed West Indian slavery as the first step in the destruction of West Indian monopoly"; "The Industrial Revolution could not have happened without slavery." George Woodcock (1912-95), Anarchy of Chaos; defense of anarchism; his friend George Orwell calls his support of pacifism in the era of Fascism "objectively pro-Fascist". Michael Young (1915-2002), The Trial of Adolf Hitler. Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), The World of Yesterday (autobio.) (posth.). Art: Milton Avery (1885-1965), Autumn; Bridge to the Sea. Francis Bacon (1909-92), Three Studies at the Base of a Crucifixion. Georges Braque (1882-1963), The Slice of Pumpkin. Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956), Steamboat on the Yukon. Arshile Gorky (1904-48), The Liver is the Cock's Comb. John D. Graham (1886-1961), Cave Canem. George Grosz (1893-1959), Hitler in Hell; earns him U.S. citizenship papers? Hans Hofmann (1880-1966), Effervescence. Henri Matisse (1869-1954), The White Dress. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), To Escape the Absolute; Et At Il; Le Glaive et la Parole; Poing d'Hurlement. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Madonna and Child (sculpture) (Church of St. Matthew, Northampton). Barnett Newman (1905-70), The Blessing. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), The Tomato Plant. Diego Rivera (1886-1957), The Rug Weaver. Endre Rozsda (1913-99), Sacred and Profane Love. Georges Rouault (1871-1958), Homo Homini Lupus. Music: Roy Acuff (1903-92), The Prodigal Son (#4 country) (#13 in the U.S.); I'll Forgive You But I Can't Forget (#3 country) (#21 in the U.S.). Harold Arlen (1905-86) and Johnny Mercer (1909-76), Accentuate (Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate) the Positive; "You've got to accentuate the positive/ Eliminate the negative/ And latch onto the affirmative/ Don't mess with Mister In-Between." Gene Autry (1907-98), Don't Fence Me In (#4 country); At Mail Call Today (#1 country). Charlie Barnet (1913-91), Skyliner. Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Violin Concerto. Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), A Legend. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Fancy Free (ballet) (Apr. 18). Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Roger Edens (1905-70), Betty Comden (1917-2006), and Adolph Green (1914-2002), On the Town (Adelphi Theater, New York) (Dec. 28) (462 perf.); based on the 1944 Jerome Robbins ballet "Fancy Free"; dir. by George Abbott; choreography by Jerome Robbins; stars John Battles as Gabey, Cris Alexander as Chip, Nancy Walker as Hildy, Sono Osato as Ivy, Betty Comden as Claire, and Adolph Green as Ozzie; a record six African-Ams. in the cast; 9 mo. after the debut African-Am. conductor Everett Lee becomes the conductor; features the songs New York, New York, Lonely Town, and I Can Cook, Too; filmed in 1949 starring Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly; the debut of lyricists (unmarried) Adolph Green (1914-2002) and Betty Comden (Basya Cohen) (1917-2006), who become the longest creative partnership in Broadway history (until ?). Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), The Phoenix March - Homage to France. Marc Blitzstein (1905-64), Freedom Morning (symphonic poem). Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas. Ernest Bloch (1880-1959), Symphonic Suite. Johnny Burke and Jimmy Van Heusen (1913-90), Swinging on a Star. Hoagy Carmichael (1899-1981), How Little We Know; written by Johnny Mercer. Aaron Copland (1900-90), Appalachian Spring (ballet) (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.) (Oct. 30) (Pulitzer Prize); Martha Graham dances the lead role; smart Copland arranges parts for a full orchestra to increase his audience. Bing Crosby (1903-77), Day After Forever; Swinging on a Star (#1 for 9 weeks); Too Ral-Loo-Ral-Loo-Ral. Luigi Dallapiccola (1904-75), The Prisoner (opera). David Diamond (1915-2005), Rounds for String Orchestra. Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra, Opus No. 1 (Nov. 14). Duke Ellington (1899-1974), Black, Brown and Beige. Harry Lawrence Freeman (1869-1954), Nada the Lily (opera); based on the H. Rider Haggard novel. Howard Hanson (1896-1981), Symphony No. 4 (Op. 34) (Pulitzer Prize). Billie Holiday (1915-59), Lover Man; Fine and Mellow. Nick Lucas, Side by Side. Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Harawi: chants d'Amour et de Mort. Walter Piston (1894-1976), Symphony No. 2 (Mar. 5) (Washington, D.C.). Cole Porter (1891-1964), Seven Lively Arts (musical); a flop; incl. Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye; Mexican Hayride (musical). Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953), War and Peace (opera) (Moscow). Tex Ritter, I'm Wastin' My Tears On You. Jerome Robbins (1918-98), Fancy Free (ballet). Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), Symphony No. 8. Jo Stafford (1917-2008) and the Pied Pipers, The Trolley Song (#2 in the U.S.). Richard Strauss (1864-1949), Die Liebe der Danae (opera) (Salzburg); the Nazis close all theaters, causing it to be canceled. Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915-73) and Sammy Price (1908-92), Strange Things Happening Everyday; the first rock and roll record? Sir Michael Tippett (1905-98), Symphony No. 1; A Child of Our Time (secular oratorio) (Mar. 19) (Adelphi Theatre, London); about Kristallnacht. Josh White (1914-69), One Meatball; bestseller (1M copies); first for an African-Am. Movies: George Sidney's Bathing Beauty (July) (original title "Mr. Co-Ed") stars Red Skelton as songwriter Steve Elliott, and is the first "aquamusical" starring swimmer-actress Esther Jane Williams (1921-2013), who plays his college swimming instructor babe Caroline Brooks; in 1945-9 she has a film in the top-20 each year. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's A Canterbury Tale sets Chaucer's pilgrimage in 1944 Nazi-blitzed Britain, and stars Eric Portman, Sheila Sim, Dennis Price, Esmond Knight et al. Jules Dassin's The Canterville Ghost (July 28), based on an Oscar Wilde story stars Robert Young as WWII GI Cuffy Williams, who is haunted by the 17th cent. ghost of his uncle Sir Simon of Canterville (Charles Laughton), who needs him to perform just one brave deed to save him, but has the family disease of a yellow stripe up his back. Sam Wood's Casanova Brown (Sept. 14), written by Thomas Mitchell, Floyd Dell, and Nunnally Johnson stars Gary Cooper as lover boy Cass Brown, Teresa Wright as Isabel Drury, and Frank Morgan as Mr. Ferris; "Don Juan did all right in his day... but he was a piker compared to Casanova Brown". Charles Vidor's Cover Girl (Mar. 30) is a musical starring Rita Hayworth as Rusty Parker, who wins a cover girl contest, endangering her romance with Danny McGuire (Gene Kelly); Phil Silvers plays "Genius"; features the Jerome Kern and Ira Gershwin song Long Ago (and Far Away). Jacques Tourneur's Days of Glory (June 16) is the screen debut of Montgomery Ward fashion model Gregory Prick, er, Peck as a Russian peasant braving the Nazi blitzkrieg and seemingly fighting them all by himself. Billy Wilder's Double Indemnity (Sept. 6), based on the 1936 James M. Cain novel stars Fred MacMurray (1908-91) (after George Raft turns it down) as insurance salesman Walter Neff, who lets his client's wife Phyllis Dietrichson (Barbara Stanwyck) talk him into killing him to get the you know what, causing insurance analyst Barton Keyes (Edward G. Robinson) to get on his case; "We were talking about automobile insurance, only you were thinking about murder." Edward Sutherland's Follow the Boys (Three Cheers for the Boys) (Apr. 25) features a bevy of Universal Studios stars incl. George Raft and Vera Zorina in a typical WWII life-is-wonderful joke, song, and dance fest; I'll Walk Alone, sung by Dinah Shore wins a best song Oscar. George Cukor's Gaslight (May 4) (MGM), a remake of the 1940 British film based on the 1938 Patrick Hamilton play stars Charles Boyer, Ingrid Bergman, and Joseph Cotten, becoming the film debut of London-born Angela Brigid Lansbury (1925-) as a tarty maid; does $4.6M box office on a $2M budget. Leo McCarey's B&W Going My Way (May 3) (Paramount Pictures), based on a story by McCarey stars Bing Crosby as singing priest Father Charles Francis Patrick "Chuck" O'Malley of St. Dominic's in New York City, for which he wins a best actor Oscar, with Bob Hope saying that any man with four kids who can play a priest deserves to win; Barry Fitzgerald plays Father Fitzgibbon; the film is nominated for nine Oscars, and wins seven; highest-grossing film of 1944 and the decade; after WWII Crosby and McCarey present a copy of the film to Pope Pius XII at the Vatican; features the song Swinging on a Star by Johnny Burke and Jimmy Van Heusen. John Brahm's and Lewis Milestone's Guest in the Full House (Satan in Skirts) (Dec. 8) (United Artists), written by Katherine Albert based on a play by Hagar Wilde and Dale Eunson stars Aline MacMahon as Aunt Martha Proctor, who believes that something evil has come to her house, inviting her nephew Dr. Dan Proctor (Scott McKay) and his frail fiancee Evelyn Heath (Anne Baxter); does $1.45M box office on a $1.4M budget. Basil Dearden's B&W The Halfway House (Apr. 14) (Ealing Studios), based on the play "the Peaceful Inn" by Dennis Ogden about 10 people in an old hotel in a remote Welsh village that contains many secrets stars Mervyn Johns as Rhys, his daughter Glynis Johns as Gwyneth, Tom Walls as Capt. Harry Meadows, and Francoise Rosay as Alice Meadows; sets the style for Ealing Studios; "The story of a ghostly inn." Laurence Olivier's Henry V (Nov. 22) (Two Cities Films), based on the Shakespeare pla stars Olivier as Henry V, Renee Asherson as Princess Katherine, Leslie Banks as the Chorus (after Robert Donat unsuccessfully lobbies for the role), and Felix Aylmer as the Archbishop of Canterbury, taking actor-dir. Laurence Kerr "Larry" Olivier (1907-89) to the #1 slot among actors with a cool score by composer Sir William Walton, becoming the first Shakespeare play that is both artistically and commercially successful; does $2M box office; "Dedicated to the Commandos and Airborne Troops of Great Britain, the spirit of whose ancestors it has been humbly attempted to recapture." Tim Whelan's Higher and Higher (Jan. 1), based on the 1940 Broadway musical by Joshua Logan and Gladys Hurlbut stars Michele Morgan and Jack Haley, becoming the feature film debut of Am. "New York, New York", "My Way" singer-actor ("Ol' Blue Eyes") ("the Chairman of the Board") ("the Wop") Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra (1915-98); does $2M box office on a $600K budget. Delmer Daves' Hollywood Canteen (Dec. 15) is a musical about the you know what starring a bunch of draft-dodging, er, patriotic Hollywood stars, incl. the Andrews Sisters (Laverne, Maxene, Patty), Jack Benny, Joe E. Brown, Eddie Cantor, Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, John Garfield, and Kitty Carlisle. Henry Hathaway's Home in Indiana stars Walter Brennan, Charlotte Greenwood, Ward Bond et al. in a yarn about a boy going to live with his aunt and uncle in Ind. and racing horses; film debut of June Haver (1926-2005) as Cri-Cri Bruce, sister of Char Bruce (Jeanne Crain). Erle C. Kenton's House of Frankenstein (Dec. 1), produced by Universal Studios is a sequel to their 1943 "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man" and 1931 "Dracula", a one-stop-shopping flick with Frankeinstein's Monster (Glenn Strange), Lawrence Talbot the Wolf Man (Lon Chaney Jr.), Count Dracula/Baron Latos (John Carradine), Hunchback Daniel (J. Carrol Naish) and Mad Doctor Gustav Niemann (Boris Karloff); smiling babe Elena Verdugo plays Ilonka the Gypsy girl, and Anne Gwynne plays Rita Hussman, granddaughter-in-law of bombastic fool Burgomeister Hussman (Sig Ruman); Peter Coe plays Karl Hussman. Sergei Eisenstein's Ivan the Terrible, Part 1 stars Nikolai Cherkassiov, as does Ivan the Terrible: Part 2 (1946), which is not released until 1958 because Soviet Communism sucks? - who cares if there's a war going on? Robert Stevenson's Jane Eyre (Apr. 7), based on the Charlotte Bronte novel stars Joan Fontaine and Orson Welles, and has a few early scenes with Liz Taylor in her 3rd film role. John M. Stahl's The Keys of the Kingdom (Dec. 15), written by Nunnally Johnson based on the 1941 novel by Scottish-born A.J. Cronin (title stolen from Matt. 16:19) stars Gregory Peck as Father Francis Chisholm, a Scottish missionary in 19th cent. China, Thomas Mitchell as Dr. Willie Tulloch, and Vincent Price as Anselm "Angus" Mealey; Roddy McDowall plays son Francis Chisholm. Otto Preminger's B&W Laura (Oct. 11) (20th Cent. Fox), written by Ring Lardner Jr. et al. based on the 1942 novel by Vera Caspary is a classic film noir starring Gene Eliza Tierney (1920-91) (with 28 costume changes) as New York City society beauty Laura Hunt, who is murdered with a shotgun in her Park Ave. apt. (featuring a large portrait of her), bringing in detective Mark McPherson (Dana Andews), who questions critic Waldo Lydecker (Clifton Webb) and her playboy fiancee Shelby Carpenter (Vincent Price), until she suddenly reappears, becoming the main suspect for the murder of model Diane Redfern; original dir. Rouben Mamoulian and star Jennifer Jones are dumped when the budget is upped. Alfred Hitchcock's B&W Lifeboat (Jan. 11) (20th Cent. Fox), based on a John Steinbeck story is the ultimate talking heads movie, starring Tallulah Bankhead (first film appearance since "Faithless" in 1932), William Bendix, John Hodiak, Canada Lee, Walter Slezak, Hume Cronyn, Henry Hull and Mary Anderson; "As for now I'm skipper, and anybody who don't like it can get out and swim." Martin Gabel's The Lost Moment (Nov. 21) (Universal Pictures), based on the 1888 novel "The Aspern Papers" by Henry James is a film noir starring Robert Cummings as New York City publisher Lewis Venable, who travels to Venice to buy the love letters of 19th cent. poet Jeffrey Ashton to his babe Juliana Bordereau (Agnes Moorehead), who he discovers is still alive at age 105, and is living with her pianist great-niece Tina (Susan Hayward); does $734K box office on a $1.3M budget. Leslie Arliss' B&W Love Story (Nov. 20) (Gainsborough Pictures) (Eagle-Lion Distributors) (Universal Pictures), based on a short story by J.W. Drawbell stars Margaret Lockwood as concert pianist Lissa Campbell, who is dying of heart failure and decides to spend her last days in Cornwall, where she meets former RAF pilot Kit Firth (Stewart Granger), who is going blind, hooking up with him while bumping into his fiance Judy (Patricia Roc); "We're all living dangerously. There isn't any certainty anymore. It's just today, and the hope of tomorrow. Oh, darling, please, let's take all the happiness we can, while we can. Don't be afraid." Vincente Minnelli's Meet Me in St. Louis (Nov. 22) (MGM), the first Hollywood musical with songs that advance the story line, written by Fred Finklehoffe and Irving Brecher based on the book by Sally Benson about the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair stars Judy Garland as Esther Smith, Margaret O'Brien as Tootie Smith, Lucille Bremer as Rose Smith, Joan Carroll as Agnes Smith, four marriageable sisters whose daddy Alonzo Smith (Leon Ames) and mommy Anna (Mary Astor) are about to move them to New York City despite their love entanglements; Minnelli meets future wife Garland on the set, marrying in 1945-51; does $6.5M box office on a $1.9M budget; incl. the 1904 song Meet Me in St. Louis by Kerry Mills and Andrew B. Sterling, plus new songs by Hugh Martin (1914-) and Ralph Blane (1914-95), incl. The Trolley Song, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas (by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane), The Boy (Girl) Next Door. William Wyler's Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress documents the final mission of the first B-17 bomber to complete 25 missions in May 1943 as it attacks the U-boat pens at Wilhelmshaven; in 1990 Wyler's daughter Catherine Wyler produces a remake starring Harry Connick Jr. in his film debut. Fritz Lang's Ministry of Fear (Oct. 16), based on the 1942 Graham Greene Novel stars Ray Milland as Stephen Neale, who guesses the weight of a cake at a fair during the London Blitz, and ends up with a secret microfilm, causing German spies Carla and Willi Hilfe (Marjorie Reynolds and Carl Esmond) to come after him. Preston Sturges' The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (Jan. 5) makes a star (for the 2nd time) of cute blonde-blue Mich.-born 9th-grade dropout Betty Hutton (1921-2007), who plays small-town girl bedbunny (but only after the ring is on her finger) Trudy Kockenlocker, who wakes up after a wild farewell party for soldiers and finds herself married to soldier Ratzkiwatzki and pregnant to boot, pissing-off her boyfriend Norval Jones (Eddie Bracken), who tries to help but gets arrested by her constable daddy William Demarest on 19 different charges and goes on the run, until Trudy gives birth to sextuplets and a happy ending miraculously ensues; too bad, the Hayes censors think that Trudy is too like Virgin Mary, and the U.S. Army doesn't want soldiers portrayed in a bad light, causing the script to be cut down to 10 pages before filming, after which they wing it; remade in 1958 as "Rock-A-Bye Baby" starring Jerry Lewis; ring-first Hutton goes on to go through four marriages (the Curse of Morgan's Creek?); "But Norval recovered and became increasingly happy for, as Shakespeare said, 'Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them'." Vincent Sherman's Mr. Skeffington(May 25), based on a novel by "Elizabeth" (Mary Annette Beauchamp Russell) stars Bette Davis as a spoiled New York socialite beauty who is doing too well until she contracts diphtheria and becomes deformed, and is saved by her abused ex Claude Rains. Edward Dmytryk's Murder, My Sweet (Dec. 9) (RKO Pictures), based on the 1940 Raymond Chandler novel "Farewell, My Lovely" (title changed to promote Powell's segue from a musical comedy actor to a serious actor)) stars Dick Powell as hardboiled PI Philip Marlowe, along with hot babes Helen Grayle/Velma Valento (Claire Trevor) and Ann Grayle (Anne Shirley) (his budding love); does ? box office on a $400K budget; one of the first film noirs along with "Double Indemnity" (1944). Clarence Brown's National Velvet (Dec. 14), based on the 1935 Enid Bagnold novel features 12-y.-o. 2-legged filly Elizabeth Rosemond "Liz" Taylor (1932-2011) in her first starring role as Velvet Brown alongside oversexed shrimp Mickey Rooney - eying her velvet? Lewis Allen's Our Hearts Were Young and Gay (Sept. 2) stars Gail Russell and Diana Lynn as two young ladies in 1932 going on an unescorted tour of Europe, and features silent screen star Dorothy Gish finally talking. Michael Curtiz's Passage to Marseille stars Humphrey Bogart as WWII French patriot Jean Matrac, who escapes French Guyana to fight in the Free French Air Corps; also stars Sidney Greenstreet, Claude Rains, Peter Lorre, Michele Morgan, and Helmut Dantine; Bogie guns down survivors of a Nazi plane, making the film controversial. Robert Siodmak's Phantom Lady (Jan. 28), produced by Universal's first woman exec. Joan Harrison (1907-94) (former asst. of Alfred Hitchcock) stars Alan Curtis as Scott Henderson, whose wife is murdered while he is out with a mysterious woman wearing a hat he picks up in a bar, who disappears, causing his alibi to fail, after which his faithful secy. Carol "Kansas" Richman (Ella Raines) races to save him; first of a string of film noirs by German-born Jewish-Am. dir. Robert Siodmak (1900-73). William Castle's She's a Soldier Too (June 29) is a "sock drama of the gals who wear the pants these days", starring a barracks-full of young nubile dames, incl. Shelley Winters, Beulah Bondie, Nina Foch, Gladys Blake, Jeanne Bates, Nancy Brinckman, Kay Dowd, Bette Herron, and Marilyn Johnson, who are all straight and dream of marrying a hetero male and never go lezzy. Fred Zinnemann's The Seventh Cross (July 24), based on the 1942 Anna Seghers novel stars Spencer Tracy as the last of seven men who escaped from a Nazi concentration camp and got caught and put to death on a cross by the cruel commandant, and how he beats the odds and escapes to wooden shoe country; the first film to feature married actors (1942-94) Hume Blake Cronyn (1911-2003) and Jessica Alice Tandy (1909-94); does $3.57M box office on a $1.34M budget. David Lean's B&W This Happy Breed (June 1) (Eagle-Lion Distributors) (Lean's solo dir. debut), based on the 1939 play by Noel Coward about the middle-class Gibbons family in 1919-39 Clapham, South London stars Robert Newton as Frank Gibbons, Celia Johnson as Ethel Gibbons, Kay Walsh as Queenie Gibbons, Stanley Holloway as Bob Mitchell, John Mills as Billy Mitchell, and Alison Leggatt as Aunt Sylvia; title from Shakespeare's "Richard II", Act 2, Scene 1; features London Pride, performed by Muir Mathieson and the London Symphony Orchestra. Alf Sjoeberg's Torment, written by Ernst Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007) (his first film) is a big hit at Cannes, launching Bergman's dir. career. Raoul Walsh's Uncertain Glory (Apr. 22) stars Errol Flynn as French gentleman thief Jean Picard, who escapes being guillotined during a bombing raid and becomes a Resistance hero; Paul Lukas plays Inspector Marcel Bonet. Lewis Allen's The Uninvited stars Ray Milland and Ruth Hussey in one of the first serious haunted house films. Elliott Nugent's Up in Arms (Mar. 27) is the film debut of Danny Kaye (David Daniel Kaminsky) (1911-87) as New York City elevator operator Danny Weems, who gets drafted; up-and-coming singer-actress Dinah (Frances Rose) Shore (1916-94) plays his babe nurse Lt. Virginia Merrill. Gregory Ratoff's Where Do We Go from Here? (May 23) is a musical starring Fred MacMurray, who encounters a genie who grants his wish to join the army in WWII; MacMurray's future wife June Haver co-stars in their only film appearance together; features the mock operatic sequence "The Nina, the Pinta, the Santa Maria". George Cukor's Winged Victory (Dec. 22), based on the Moss Hart play stars Don Taylor, Lon McCallister, Mark Daniels, Don Taylor, Edmond O'Brien, and Barry Nelson as friends going through training in the USAF; the film debut of Judy Holliday (Judith Tuvim) (1921-65). Plays: Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Antigone. Ugo Betti (1892-1953), Spirit-Raising in the Old House; Corruption in the Palace of Justice (1944-5). Albert Camus (1913-60), +Caligula; Le Malentendu. Mary Coyle Chase (1906-81), Harvey (48th Street Theatre, New York (Nov. 1) (1,775 perf.) (Pulitzer Prize); dir. by Antoinette Perry; stars Frank Fay (followed by Joe E. Brown, Jack Buchanan, and James Stewart) as 42-.y-.o. easygoing bar-loving bachelor Elwood P. Dowd, whose constant companion is invisible 6'4.5" white pooka rabbit Harvey; also stars Josephine Hull as his sister Veta Louise Simmons, who tries to get him committed and ends up getting committed instead; filmed in 1950 starring James Stewart. Owen Davis Sr. (1874-1956), No Way Out. John van Druten, I Remember Mama (Broadway, Music Box Theatre) (Oct. 19). Horton Foote (1916-), The Lonely (Neighborhood Playhouse, New York); The Lonely; Goodbye to Richmond; Daisy Lee; Homecoming; In My Beginning; People in the Show; Return. Rose Franken (1896-1988), Doctors Disagree; Soldier's Wife. Jean Giraudoux (1882-1944), The Madwoman of Chaillot (La Folle de Chaillot). Cicely Hamilton (1872-1952), The Beggar Prince. Gerhart Hauptmann (1862-1946), Iphigenie in Aulis. Lillian Hellman (1905-84), The Searching Wind. Arthur Miller (1915-2005), The Man Who Had All the Luck (debut) (4 perf.). Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Love in Idleness (O Mistress Mine). Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Les Fiances du Havre. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), No Exit (Huis Clos); three dead chars. are locked in an infernal dressing room; "Hell is other people" (L'enfer, c'est les autres). Laurence Stallings (1894-1968), The Streets Are Guarded. Tennessee Williams (1911-83), The Glass Menagerie (Dec. 26) (Civic Theatre, Chicago) (Playhouse Theatre, New York) (Mar. 31, 1945) (Royale Theatre, New York) (July 1, 1946); a 5-char. "memory play" about faded Southern belle Amanda Wingfield, her son Tom Wingfield, and his crippled spinster recluse sister Laura in St. Louis, Mo., who keeps a you know what; makes Williams a star; filmed in 1950 and 1987; "Time is the longest distance between two places." Poetry: W.H. Auden (1907-73), For the Time Being; incl. For the Time Being: A Christmas Oratorio, The Sea and the Mirror (commentary on Shakespeare's "The Tempest"). Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Toujours. Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000), Storie dei Poveri Amanti e Altri Versi (debut). Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Western Star (Pulitzer Prize). Edmund Charles Blunden (1896-), Shells by a Stream. James Boyd (1888-1944), Eighteen Poems. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), The Walls Do Not Fall. Mark Van Doren (1894-1972), The Seven Sleepers and Other Poems. Richard Eberhart (1904-2005), Poems: New and Selected. William Everson (1912-94), War Elegies. Alain Grandbois (1900-75), Iles de la Nuit. Stanley Kunitz (1905-2006), Passport to War. John Frederick Lehmann (1907-87), The Sphere of Glass. Robert Lowell (1917-77), Land of Unlikeness (debut). Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Springboard. William Meredith Jr. (1919-2007), Love Letter from an Impossible Land (debut). Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), Collected Lyrics. Marianne Moore (1887-1972), Nevertheless. Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), Ode to France. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Morning in Iowa. Charles Norman (1904-96), A Soldier's Diary. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960), On Early Trains. Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82), The Phoenix and the Tortoise; love as a sacramental act that connects the lovers with a transcendent universal awareness; "The process as I see it goes something like this: from abandon to erotic mysticism, from erotic mysticism to the ethical mysticism of sacramental marriage, thence to the realization of the ethical mysticism of universal responsibility." Giorgos Seferis (1900-71), Deck Diary II. Karl Shapiro (1913-2000), V-Letter and Other Poems (Pulitzer Prize); written in 1942-4 while stationed in New Guinea. Melvin Beaunorus Tolson, Rendezvous with America. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), Selected Poems. Novels: Conrad Aiken (1889-1973), The Soldier. Jorge Amado (1912-2001), Sao Jorge dos Ilheus. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Aurelien (Aurélien). Robert Ardrey (1908-80), World's Beginning. Francisco Ayala (1906-2009), The Bewitched (El Hechizado); a Creole man tries to meet Charles II "the Bewitched" of Spain. H.E. Bates (1905-74), Fair Stood the Wind for France. Saul Bellow (1915-2005), Dangling Man (first novel). Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), Ficciones (short stories). Leigh Brackett (1915-78), No Good from a Corpse; a Raymond Chandler clone; Shadow Over Mars; promotes an elaborate fantasy version of Mars. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), The Spirit and the Flesh. Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950), The Land of Terror. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87), Tragic Ground. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Final Hour; sequel to "The Eagles Gather". John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Till Death Do Us Part; He Wouldn't Kill Patience. Joyce Cary (1888-1957), The Horse's Mouth; #3 in the First Trilogy; a bohemian painter modelled after Augustus John. Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961), Guignol's Band; the London underworld in WWI vs. Inspector Matthew of Scotland Yard. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Sparkling Cyanide (Remembered Death) (Feb.); Col. Race. Colette (1873-1954), Gigi; about a young Parisian girl being groomed to be a courtesan by her grandmother, whose wealthy cultured patron Gaston falls in love with and marries; filmed in 1949 starring Gaby Morlay, and in 1960 starring Leslie Caron; after Colette personally picks her, Audrey Hepburn makes her Broadway stage debut in the role in 1951. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), The Green Years. Salvador Dali (1904-89), Hidden Faces (first and only novel). Oliver La Farge (1901-63), Corey Ford, and Bernt Balchen, War Below Zero. Howard Fast (1914-2003), Freedom Road. Lion Feuchtwanger (1884-1958), Simone. Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), L'Adalgisa (short stories). Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), The Women on the Porch. Winston Graham (1908-2003), The Merciless Ladies. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Hercules, My Shipmate (The Golden Fleece). James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Lost Island. L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), The Shrimp and the Anemone; #1 in the Eustace and Hilda Trilogy (ends 1947). John Hersey (1914-92), A Bell for Adano (Pulitzer Prize); the Allied occupation of a Sicilian village and how Maj. Victor Joppolo tries to teach them about U.S.-style democracy by finding a replacement for their 700-y.-o. bell that the Nazis melted down to make cannon; filmed in 1945. Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), Hallelujah. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Time Must Have a Stop; English teen poet Sebastian Barnack leaves his stingy Socialist dad and goes to Italy to visit wealthy Uncle Eustace, who gives him a Degas, which he trades for a tux, but when he dies he leaves no record of the gift, causing Sebastian to let others get framed then calls in Uncle Bruno to get it back, which he does, at great cost, with Bruno being imprisoned by the Fascist police, ruining his health, after which Sebastian nurses him. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), Young Bess; first in trilogy about Queen Elizabeth I (1944-53). Elizabeth Jenkins (1905-2010), Robert and Helen. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), The Trojan Brothers. Mary Margaret Kaye (1908-2004), Strange Island (Night on the Island). Par Lagerkvist (1891-1974), The Dwarf. Margaret Landon (1903-93), Anna and the King of Siam; based on the memoirs of Anna Leonowens (1831-1915); filmed in 1956. Rosamond Lehmann (1901-90), The Ballad and the Source. Leonid Leonov (1899-1994), The Taking of Velikoshumsk; can the Soviet man retain his soul in total war? Eric Linklater (1899-1974), The Wind on the Moon. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), The Unconquerable (While Still We Live). Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Ho! Or, How It All Strikes Me; Tales for a Godchild. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), The Struggle for Thebes. Curzio Malaparte (1898-1957), Kaputt; based on his experiences on the Ukrainian Front; "When Germans become afraid, when that mysterious German fear begins to creep into their bones, they always arouse a special horror and pity." Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), All Glorious Within. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Pilots, Man Your Planes. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), The Razor's Edge. William McFee (1881-1966), Ship to Shore. Alberto Moravia (1907-90), Agostino (Two Adolescents); L'epidemia (short stories). Anais Nin (1903-77), Under a Glass Bell (short stories); self-pub.; her masterpiece?; establishes her lit. rep. Charles Gilman Norris (1881-1945), Flint. Dorothy Parker (1893-1967), Collected Stories (short stories). Joseph Stanley Pennell (1908-63), The History of Rome Hanks. Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980), The Leaning Tower (short stories). Dawn Powell (1896-1965), My Home is Far Away. Mazo de La Roche, The Building of Jalna. William Sansom (1912-76), Fireman Flower (short stories) (debut). Thomas Savage (1915-), The Pass (first novel). Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Chedworth. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), Pastoral. Konstantin Simonov (1915-79), Days and Nights. Montagu Slater (1902-56), Once a Jolly Swagman; filmed in 1949. Lillian Smith (1897-1966), Strange Fruit; bestseller written by a cool brave white "tortured Southern liberal" about an interracial relationship ending in a lynching of the black buck, calling down segregation; banned in Detroit and Boston (making it more popular?), it sells 3M copies and makes her an anti-segregationist spokesperson. Howard Spring (1889-1965), Hard Facts. Jean Stafford (1915-79), Boston Adventure (first novel); bestseller by wife #1 (1940-8) of alcoholic poet Robert Lowell (1917-77), who seriously injures and disfigures her in a drunk driving accident. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord; Old Man in New World. Theodore Sturgeon (1918-85), Killdozer! (first novel); spirits from an ancient temple possess bulldozer Daisy Etta (D7 in Spanish); inspires a 1974 TV movie and a Marvel comic book. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), A Woman in Sunshine. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), His Second War. Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), They See in Darkness. Kathleen Winsor (1919-2003), Forever Amber (first novel); bestseller of 1947; 17th cent. poverty-stricken Amber St. Clare is protected by black pirate Jack Mallard, turned into a "working girl" in Whitefriars, marries an old man, survives the plague, and becomes the mistress of English King Charles II, only to lose the one man she ever really loved, cavalier Lord Bruce Carlton, causing her to sail to America after him; banned in Boston after the Mass. atty.-gen. claims that it details seven abortions, 39 illegitimate pregnancies, and 10 women undressing in the presence of men, followed by 13 more U.S. states, drawing condemnation from the Hays Office, making it more popular?; filmed in 1947 starring Linda Darnell and Cornel Wilde; the success causes her to divorce first hubby Robert Herwig and marry Artie Shaw. Births: Sudanese dictator-pres. #7 (1989-2019) Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir on Jan. 1 in Hosh Bannaga (N of Khartoum); of African-Arab descent; member of the Bedouin Al-Bedairyya Al-Dahmashyya tribe and the Ja'alin coalition. Am. "Ann Romano in One Day at a Time" actress (Jewish) (redhead) Bonnie Gail Franklin on Jan. 6 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. physicist Richard A. Muller on Jan. 6 in South Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U., and UCB. Swiss physician Rolf Martin Zinkernagel on Jan. 6 in Riehen, Basel-Stadt; educated at the U. of Basel, and Australian Nat. U. English musician-photographer Peter Michael "Mike" McCartney (AKA Mike McGear) (The Scaffold) on Jan. 7 in Liverpool; brother of Paul McCartney (1942-). English rock guitarist-producer James Patrick "Jimmy" Page (Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin) (AKA Charles Obscure, S. Flaviuis Mercurius) on Jan. 9 in Heston, Middlesex. Am. "J.F. Sebastian in Blade Runner", "Larry in Newart" actor William Sanderson on Jan. 10 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. singer Frank Sinatra Jr. (Francis Wayne Sinatra) (d. 2016) on Jan. 10 in Jersey City, N.J.; son of Frank Sinatra (915-98) and Nancy Barbato Sinatra; brother of Nancy Sinatra (1940-) and Tina Sinatra (1948-). Am. astronomer William Roger Ward (d. 2018) on Jan. 11 in Kansas City, Kan.; educated at the U. of Mo., and Cal Tech. Am. 5'11-1/2" heavyweight boxing champ (1970-3) (black) Joseph William "Smokin' Joe" Frazier (d. 2011) on Jan. 12 in Beaufort, S.C.; father of Jacqi Frazier (1961-); almost has same birthday as Muhammad Ali (b. Jan. 17, 1942). Am. "Mary Stone in The Donna Reed Show", "Cynthia Foxhugh in Spinout", "Christine Armstrong Fox in Coach", "Johnny Angel" actress-singer Michele Ann Marie "Shelley" Fabares on Jan. 19 in Santa Monica, Calif.; niece of Nanette Fabray (1920-). Am. 6'2" NFL football coach (Dallas Cowboys, 1972, 1974-80), Denver Broncos (1981-92), New York Giants (1993-6), Atlanta Falcons (1997-2003) Daniel Edward "Dan" Reeves (d. 2022) on Jan. 19 in Rome, Ga.; educated at the U. of S.C. Am. feminist sociologist (Jewish) Nancy Julia Chodorow on Jan. 20 in New York City; educated at Radcliffe College, and Brandeis U. Am. "Womanslaughter" feminist poet (black) (lesbian) Pat Parker (Patricia Cooks) (d. 1989) on Jan. 20 in Houston, Tex.; wife (1962-) of Ed Bullins and Robert F. Parker. Am. judge Kimba Maureen Wood on Jan. 21 in Port Townsend, Wash.; named after Kimba, South Australia; educated at Conn. College, London School of Economics, and Harvard U. Dutch "Roy Batty in Blade Runner" actor Rutger Oelsen Hauer (d. 2019) on Jan. 23 in Breukelen. Am. R&B singer (black) Jerry Lawson (Persuasions) on Jan. 23. German "Ding Dong the Witch is Dead" tenor (gay) Klaus Sperber (Nomi) (d. 1983) on Jan. 24 in Immenstadt. British UKIP MEP (2014-7) Roger Helmer on Jan. 25 in London; educated at Churchill College, Cambridge U. Italian "The Great Tyrant in Barbarella" actress-model-fashion designer (Satanist) (heroin addict) Anita Pallenberg on Jan. 25 in Rome; Italian father, German mother; partner of Brian Jones (1942-69) and (1967-79) Keith Richards (1943-). Am. "Shurl in Soylent Green" actress Leigh Taylor-Young on Jan. 25 in Washington, D.C.; sister of Dey Young (1955-) and Lance Young. Am. Communist activist (black) Angela Yvonne Davis on Jan. 26 in Birmingham, Ala.; educated at Brandeis U. Irish pacifist Mairead Corrigan (Corrigan-Maguire) on Jan. 27 in Belfast; 1976 Nobel Peace Prize. English rock drummer Nicholas Berkeley "Nick" Mason (Pink Floyd) on Jan. 27 in Edgbaston, Birmingham; son of Bill Mason (1915-2002). English Rolling Stones mgr. (1963-7) Andrew Loog Oldham on Jan. 29 in London. Spanish Zara retail chain billionaire Rosalia (Rosalía) Mera Goyenechea (d. 2013) on Ja. 28 in A Coruna, Galicia; wife (1966-86) of Amancio Ortega (1936-). Am. "Polly Sherman in Fawlty Towers" writer-actress Constance "Connie" Booth on Jan. 31 in Indianapolis, Ind; wife (1968-78) of John Cleese (1939-); mother of Cynthia Cleese (1971-). Am. Popeyes Chicken founder Alvin Charles "Al" Copeland (d. 2008) on Feb. 2 in New Orleans, La. Am. actress-singer (black) Florence LaRue (5th Dimension) on Feb. 4 in Plainfield, N.J.; grows up in Glenside, Penn. Am. musician-songwriter Al Kooper (Alan Peter Kuperschmidt) (Blood, Sweat & Tears, The Blues Project) on Feb. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Brazilian photographer Sebastiao Salgado on Feb. 8 in Aimores, Minas Gerais; father of Juliano Ribeiro Salgado (1974-). Am. "The Color Purple" activist novelist-poet (black) (bi) Alice Malsenior Tallulah-Kate Walker on Feb. 9 in Eatonton, Ga.; wife (1967-76) of Melvyn Rosenman Leventhl; lover of Tracy Chapman (1964-) and Robert L. Allen; mother of Rebecca Walker (1969-); loses her right eye at age 8 to a BB gun fired by one of her brothers; educated at Spelman College, and Sarah Lawrence College; student of Muriel Rukeyser. Am. Repub. Okla. gov. #25 (1995-2003) (Roman Cathlic) Francis Anthony "Frank" Keating II (nee David Rowland Keating) on Feb. 10 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Georgetown U., and U. of Okla. Am. "Diet for a Small Planet" writer Frances Moore Lappe (Lappé) on Feb. 10 in Pendleton, Ore.; educated at Earlham College, and UCB. Am. "Barroom Roses" country singer Marion Franklin "Moe" Bandy Jr. on Feb. 12 in Meridian, Miss.; collaborator of Joe Stampley (1943-). Puerto Rican 6'1" hall-of-fame tennis player Charles Manuel "Charlie" Pasarell Jr. on Feb. 12 in San Juan. Am. actor Michael Ensign on Feb. 13 in Safford, Ariz. Am. TV talk show host, actor, and Dem. mayor #56 of Cincinnati, Ohio (1977-8) (Jewish) Gerald Norman "Jerry" Springer on Feb. 13 in Highgate, London, England; born in the Hughtate tube station; German Jewish immigrant parents; emigrates to the U.S. in Jan. 1949; educated at Tulane U., and Northwestern U. Am. "Watergate" journalist (Jewish) Carl Bernstein on Feb. 14 in Washington, D.C.; husband (1976-80) of Nora Ephron (1941-); parents are members of the Communist Party; educated at the U. of Md. Lebanese PM (1992-8, 2000-4) (Muslim) (billionaire) Rafic (RafiK) Baha El Deen Hariri (Al-Hariri) (b. 1944) on Feb. 14 in Sidon; father of Saad Hariri (1971-). English "Midnight Express", "Mississippi Burning", "Evita" dir. Sir Alan William Parker on Feb. 14 in Islington, North London; knighted in 2002. Soviet cosmonaut Alexander (Aleksandr) Aleksandrovich Serebrov on Feb. 15 in Moscow. Am. "In for a Penny, In for a Pound" jazz musician-composer Henry Luther Threadgill on Feb. 15 in Chicago, Ill. English rock drummer Michael Charles "Mick" Avory (The Kinks) on Feb. 15 in East Molesey, Surrey. Am. "The Sportswriter", "Independence Day", "The Lay of the Land" novelist Richard Ford on Feb. 16 in Jackson, Miss.; educated at Michigan State U. Am. football hall-of-fame owner (Denver Broncos, 1984-2014) (Roman Catholic) Patrick Dennis "Pat" Bowlen (d. 2019) on Feb. 18 in Prairie du Chien, Wisc.; son of Paul Dennis Bowlen; educated at the U. of Okla. Am. Manson family member Sandra Collins Good on Feb. 20 in San Diego, Calif.; nicknamed Blue by Charles Manson to represent clean air and water; educated at Cal. State U. Sacramento, U. of Ore., and San Francisco State College. Am. "The Silence of the Lambs", "Philadelphia", "Married to the Mob", "Something Wild" movie dir.-producer-writer Robert Jonathan Demme on Feb. 22 in Baldwin, N.Y. Am. atty. Robert George Kardashian (d. 2003) on Feb. 22 in Los Angeles, Calif.; of Armenian descent; educated at USC, and USD; father of Kim Kardashian (1980-). Dutch tennis player ("the Flying Dutchman") Thomas Samuel "Tom the Twitch" Okker on Feb. 22 in Amsterdam. Am. "Gloria Dickson in That's Life" actress Edra Jean "E.J." Peaker on Feb. 22 in Tulsa, Okla.; educated at the U. of N.M. Am. "Mean Town Blues' blues musician (white) (albino) John Dawson "Johnny" Winter III on Feb. 23 in Beaumont, Tex.; brother of Edgar Winter (1946-). Croatian leftist political leader Ivica Racan (d. 2007) on Feb. 24 in Ebersbach, Germany; born while mother is interned in a Nazi concentration camp. Am. physicist David Jeffrey Wineland on Feb. 24 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; educated at UCB and Harvard U.; 2012 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Self Comes to Mind" neuroscientist Antonio Damasio on Feb. 25 in Lisbon, Portugal. Am. billionaire businessman-philanthropist-activist (Jewish) Ronald Steven Lauder on Feb. 26 in New York City; son of Estee Lauder (1906-2004); educated at the Bronx H.S. of Science, Wharton School, U. of Paris, and U. of Brussels. English conservative philosopher-novelist-writer Roger Vernon Scruton (d. 2020) on Feb. 27; educated at Jesus College, Cambridge U.; knighted in 2016. Am. "Jennifer Grey's mom in Dirty Dancing", "Emily Gilmore in Gilmore Girls" actress Carole "Kelly" Bishop on Feb. 28 in Colorado Springs, Colo. Mexican actress-producer Fanny Cano Damian (Damián) (d. 1983) on Feb. 28 in Huetamo, Michoacan. French fashion photographer (dyslexic) Gilles Francis Charles Bensimon on Feb. 29 in Vic-sur-Cere, Cantal; husband (1986-9) of Elle Macpherson (1964-). Am. "The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow" Christian writer Constance Cumbey on Feb. 29. Am. "Lt. Mike Torello in Crime Story", "Det. Joe Fontana in Law & Order" actor Dennis Farina (d. 2013) on Feb. 29 in Chicago, Ill.; Sicilian immigrant father; served as a Chicago cop in 1967-85. Am. "The Young Lovers" actress Sharon Elizabeth Hugueny (d. 1996) on Feb. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at San Fernando Valley State College; wife of (1961-2) Robert Evans (1930-2019). English "Tommy" rock singer Roger Harry Daltrey (The Who) on Mar. 1 in Hammersmith, London. Am. science advisor John Paul Holdren on Mar. 1 in Sewickley, Penn.; educated at MIT, and Stanford U. Am. inventor John S. Kanzius (d. 2009) on Mar. 1 in Washington, Penn. Am. "Lookin' for a Love", "Harry Hippie" singer-songwriter (black) Robert Dwayne "Bobby" Womack (d. 2014) on Mar. 4 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "If I Needed You", "To Live Is to Fly" country singer-songwriter (heroin addict) John Townes Van Zandt I (d. 1997) on Mar. 7 in Fort Worth, Tex.; born to a wealthy oil family; educated at the U. of Coo., and U. of Houston. Kiwi opera singer Kiri Te Kanawa on Mar. 6 in Gisborne; trains to sound like Deanna Durbin. Am. singer (black) Mary Wilson (The Supremes) on Mar. 6 in Greenville, Miss. English explorer Sir Ranulph "Ran" Fiennes (Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 3rd Baronet on Mar. 7 Windsor, Berkshire; 3rd cousin of Mark Fiennes, father of actors Ralph and Joseph Fiennes. Am. geneticist Michael Morris Rosbash on Mar. 7 in Kansas City, Mo.; educated at Caltech, and MIT; 2017 Nobel Med. Prize. Canadian "Katherine Papadapolis in Webster", "Cherry Forever in Porky's" actress Susan Clark on Mar. 8 in Sarnia, Ont. Am. kidnapper Andre Rand (Frank Rushan) on Mar. 11. Am. 6'10" basketball player (white) (San Francisco/Golden State Warriors #43, 1966-74) (Atlanta Hawks #43, 1974) (Philadelphia 76ers #34, 1974-6) Clyde Wayne Lee on Mar. 14 in Nashville, Tenn.; educated at Vanderbilt U. Mexican basketball player ("the Flying Mexican") Manuel Raga "Manolo" Navarro on Mar. 14 in Aldama, Tamaulipas. Am. "Summer in the City", "Welcome Back, Kotter" singer John Benson Sebastian Jr. (Lovin' Spoonful) on Mar. 17 in Greenwich Village, N.Y.; godson of Vivian Vance (1909-79). Am. rock musician Tom "TC" Constanten (Grateful Dead) on Mar. 19 in Long Branch, N.J. Jordanian assassin of RFK (Christian) Sirhan Bishara Sirhan on Mar. 19 in Jerusalem. German biophysicist Erwin Neher on Mar. 20 in Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria; educated at the Tech. U. of Munich, and U. of Wisc.; 1991 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. Silicon Graphics Inc. founder James H. "Jim" Clark on Mar. 23 in Plainview, Tex.; educated at the U. of Utah. Am. "Gunnery Sgt. Hartman in Full Metal Jacket" actor R. (Ronald) Lee "The Gunny" Ermey on Mar. 24 in Emporia, Kan. British (Welsh) geneticist (humanist evolutionist) Steve Jones on Mar. 24 in Aberystwyth, Wales; educated at the U. of Edinburgh, and U. of Chicago. Am. historian (gay) Dennis Michael Quinn on Mar. 26 in Pasadena, Calif.; grows up in Glendale, Calif.; educated at Yale U. Am. "Baby Love" singer (black) Diane Ernestine "Diana" Ross (Supremes) on Mar. 26 in Detroit, Mich. Am. 6'7" hall-of-fame basketball small forward (white) (San Francisco/Golden State Warriors #24, 1965-7, 1972-8) ("the Miami Greyhound") Richard Francis Dennis "Rick" Barry III on Mar. 28 in Elizabeth, N.J.; father of Brent Barry (1971-); educated at the U. of Miami. Am. 6'2" "Ken Reeves in The White Shadow" actor Kenneth Joseph "Ken" Howard Jr. (d. 2016) on Mar. 28 in El Centro, Calif. Canadian "Seasons in the Sun" singer-songwriter-producer Terry Jacks (Chessmen, Poppy Family) on Mar. 29 in Winnipeg, Man. Am. baseball pitcher (Detroit Tigers, 1963-70) Dennis Dale "Denny" McLain on Mar. 29 in Chicago, Ill.; first ML pitcher to win 30 or more games in a season. Am. "Gabe Kotter in Welcome Back, Kotter" actor-comedian (Jewish) Gabriel W. "Gabe" Kaplan on Mar. 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Japanese Space Invaders video game designer Tomohiro Nishikado on Mar. 31 in Osaka; educated at Tokyo Denki U. English musician-songwriter Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Ralphs (Mott the Hoople, Bad Company) on Mar. 31 in Stoke Lacy, Herefordshire. Am. "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" singer Tony Orlando (Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis) (Tony Orlando and Dawn) on Apr. 3 in New York City; of Puerto Rican descent. Thai Taoist master Mantak Chia on Apr. 4 in Bangkok. Am. "The District", "Hayden Fox in Coach", "Call to Glory", "Mr. Incredible in The Incredibles" actor Craig Theodore Nelson on Apr. 4 in Spokane, Wash. Am. baseball player Daniel Joseph "Rusty" Staub on Apr. 4 in New Orleans, La. U.S. Rep. (R-N.Y.) (1993-) Peter T. King on Apr. 5 in Manhattan, N.Y.; of Irish descent; police officer father; educated at the U. of Notre Dame. Am. "Mamas and Papas" singer Michelle Phillips (Holly Michelle Gilliam) on Apr. 6 in Long Beach, Calif. Japanese physicist Makoto Kobayashi on Apr. 7 in Nagoya; 2008 Nobel Physics Prize. German chancellor (1998-2005) Gerhard Schroeder (Schröder) on Apr. 7 in Mossenberg. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (Detroit Pistons #24, 1967-72) (Houston Rockets #11, 1972-3) (Kansas City-Omaha Kings #24, 1973-6) James "Jimmy" Walker (d. 2007) on Apr. 8 in Amherst, Va.; educated at Providence College. Italian astronomer Giovanni Fabrizio Bignami on Apr. 10 in Desio. Australian-Am. computer scientist Vaughan Pratt on Apr. 12 in Melbourne, Australia; educated at Sydney U., and Stanford U.; student of Donald Knuth. Am. rags-to-riches billionaire businessman John Paul Jones DeJoria on Apr. 13 in Echo Park, Los Angeles, Calif.; Italian immigrant father, Greek immigrant mother. Am. rock bassist John William "Jack" Casaday (Jefferson Airplane) on Apr. 14 in Washington, D.C. German-Canadian "Born to Be Wild" singer John Kay (Joachim Fritz Krauledat) (Steppenwolf) on Apr. 14 in Tilsit, East Prussia; emigrates to Canada in 1958. Am. "One Toke Over the Line" musician Michael "Mike" Brewer (Brewer and Shipley) on Apr. 14 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; partner of Tom Shipley. British (Welsh) "Sabre Dance" rock singer-guitarist Dave Edmunds on Apr. 15 in Cardiff, Wales. Am. 6'9" basketball player (white) (Los Angeles Lakers #34, 1966-7)) (San Diego Rockets #34, 1967-71) (Chicaago Bulls #35, 1974-6) John William Block Jr. on Apr. 16 in Glendale, Calif.; educated at USC. Am. FBI agent-spy Robert Philip Hanssen on Apr. 18 in Chicago, Ill.; Knox College, and Northwestern U. Am. Heckman Correction economist James Joseph Heckman on Apr. 19 in Chicago, Ill; educated at Colorado College, and Princeton U.; 2000 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. Post-Keynesian economist Jan A. Kregel on Apr. 19 in Dallas, Tex.; educated at Cambridge U., and Rutgers U; student of Joan Robinson and Nicholas Kaldor. Am. bluegrass-gospel musician Doyle Lawson (Quicksilver) on Apr. 20 in Ford Town, Tenn. English "Build Me Up Buttercup", "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)", "Baby, Now That I've Found You" songwriter-composer Tom Macaulay (Anthony Instone) on Apr. 21 in Fulham, London. Am. adventurer James Stephen "Steve" Fossett (d. 2007) on Apr. 22 in Jackson, Tenn. Am. skier Martha Rockwell oon Apr. 26 in Providence, R.I. Am. R&B singer (black) Cuba Gooding Sr. on Apr. 27 in New York City; father of Cuba Gooding Jr. (1968-). Am. Mormon Will celeb Melvin Earl Dummar on Aug. 28. Am. chef (inventor of Calif. Cuisine) Alice Louise Waters on Apr. 28 in Chatham Borough, N.J. Am. "Larry Dallas in Three's Company" actor (Jewish) Richard Kline on Apr. 29 in New York City; educated at Queens College and Northwester U. Am. "An Unmarried Woman", "Starting Over" actress (Jewish?) Jill Clayburgh (d. 2010) on Apr. 30 in New York City; educated at Sarah Lawrence College; wife (1979-) of David Rabe (1940-); mother of Lily Rabe (1982-). British (Welsh) "Salah in Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Gimli in The Lord of the Rings", "Rodrigues in Shogun" actor John Rhys-Davies on May 5 in Salisbury, Wiltshire. English "Rock and Roll Part 2" glam rock musician Gary Glitter (Paul Francis Gadd) (AKA Paul Raven) on May 8 in Banbury, Oxfordshire; convicted of possession of child porno in 1999; sentenced to 3 years in Vietnam in Mar. 2006 for child molestation. Am. "Kind Woman" singer-musician Paul Richard "Richie" Furay (Buffalo Springfield, Poco) on May 9 in Yellow Springs, Ohio. Am. "Airplane!", "The Naked Gun", "Hot Shots!" writer-producer-dir. Jim Abrahams on May 10 in Shorewood, Wisc.; collaborator of Jerry and David Zucker. English "Sour Milk Sea" musician-songwriter John Richard "Jackie" Lomax (d. 2013) on May 10 in Wallasey, Cheshire. English rock musician David Thomas Mason (Traffic) on May 10 in Worcester. British Hong Kong gov. #28 (last) (1992-7) Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes on May 12 in Cleveleys, Lancashire; educated at Balliol College, Oxford U. Am. "Tales of the City", "The Night Listener" novelist (gay) Armistead Jones Maupin Jr. on May 13 in Washington, D.C.; educated at the U. of N.C. Am. musician Gene Cornish (The Young Rascals) on May 14 in Ottawa, Ont., Canada; grows up in Rochester, N.Y. Am. "Star Wars" film dir-producer-writer George Walton Lucas Jr. on May 14 in Modesto, Calif.; educated at Modesto Junior College, and USC. Am. "Billie Jo Bradley in Petticoat Junction" Gunilla Freeman Hutton on May 15 in Gothenburg, Sweden; has affair with Nat King Cole (1919-65). Am. fusion jazz drummer (black) William C. "Billy" Cobham on May 16 in Panama; emigrates to New York City in childhood. Am. "Machete", "Tortuga in Breaking Bad" 5'6" actor Dan "Danny" Trejo on May 16 in Echo Park, Los Angeles, Calif.; of Mexican descent. English "It Never Rains in Southern California" singer-songwriter-producer Albert Hammond (Family Dogg) on May 18 in London; grows up in Gibraltar. English "With a Little Help from My Friends" singer John Robert "Joe" Cocker (d. 2014) on May 20 in Sheffield. Am. football player (Oakland Raiders, 1966-9) Pete Banaszak on May 21 in Crivitz, Wisc. Am. "Bobby's Girl" singer Marcie Blane (Marcia Blank) on May 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Americana Series" romance novelist Janet Anne Haradon Dailey on May 21 in Storm Lake, Iowa; specializes in Am. Western romance; sells 300M+ copies. Irish pres. #7 (1990-7) Mary Therese Winifred Robinson on May 21 in Ballina, County Mayo. Australian tennis player John David Newcombe on May 23 in Sydney. Swedish "I Am Curious (Yellow)" actress Anna Lena Elisabet Nyman (d. 2011) on May 23 in Stockholm. Am. "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", "Lady Marmalade" singer-actress (black) Patti LaBelle (Patricia Louise Holte) (Bluebelles) on May 24 in West Philadelphia, Penn. Am. Muppeteer Richard Frank Oz (Oznowicz) on May 25 in Hereford; Dutch-Polish Jewish father, Flemish Catholic mother; emigrates to the U.S. at age 5; muppet = marionette + puppet. Am. Repub. New York City mayor #107 (1994-2001) (Roman Catholic) Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani on May 28 in East Flatbush, Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Manhattan College, and NYU. Am. "Midnight Train to Georgia" R&B singer (black) ("the Empress of Soul") Gladys Maria Knight (Pips) on May 28 in Atlanta, Ga.; sister of Bubba Knight (1942-); cousin of Edward Patten (1939-2005) and William Guest (1941-2015); converts to Mormonism in 1997. Am. "Mick Kelly in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter", "Laura Lee in The Outlaw Josey Wales", "Anoinette Lily in Bronco Billy" actress Sondra Locke (Sandra Louise Anderson nee Smith) (d. 2018) on May 28 in Madison County, Ala; grows up in Shelbyville, Tenn.; educated at Middle Tenn. State U.; partner (1975-89) of Clint Eastwood, and (1991-2018) Scott Cunneen. Am. singer Billy Vera (William McCord) (Resolutions, Beaters) on May 28 in Riverside, Calif. Australian-Am. astronaut (for U.S.) (first bearded astronaut) Paul Desmond Scully-Power on May 28 in Sydney; educated at the U. of Sydney; becomes U.S. citizen in 1982. Am. "Billie Jo in Petticoat Junction", "Sally Ann in My Three Sons" actress Meredith Lynn MacRae (d. 2000) on May 30 in Houston, Tex.; daughter of Gordon MacRae (1921-86) and Sheila MacRae (1921-2014); sister of Heather MacRae (1946-); educated at UCLA. English actress Samantha Juste (Sandra Slater) on May 31 in Manchester, Lancashire; wife (1968-) of Micky Dolenz (1945-); mother of Ami Dolenz (1969-). Am. composer-pianist (Jewish) Marvin Frederick Hamlisch on June 2 in New York City; Viennese Jewish parents; enters Juilliard School at age 7. Am. "I keek a touchdown" 5'7" football kicker Garabed Sarkis "Garo" Yepremian (d. 2015) on June 2 in Larnaca, Cyprus; moves to England at age 16, then to the U.S.; kicks 6 field goals in a single game for the Detroit Lions against the Minn. Vikings in his rookie year. Am. foreign policy scholar Stefan A. Halper on June 4; educated at Stanford U., Oxford U., and Cambridge U. French singer Ricky Shayne on June 4 in Cairo, Egypt; Lebanese father, Egyptian mother; emigrates to France at age 15. Am. cryptographer (pioneer in public-key cryptography) Bailey Whitfield "Whit" Diffie on June 5; educated at MIT. English "Jennier in Beat Girls", "Sonietta in A Clockwork Orange" actress-singer Gillian Hills on June 5 in Cairo, Egypt; daughter of Denis Hills (1913-2004) and Dunia Lesmianowna (daughter of Boleslaw Lesmian). Am. black-gloved Olympic sprinter (black) Tommie Smith on June 5 in Clarksville, Tex. Am. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Zen molecular biologist (Jewish) Jon Kabat-Zinn (Kabat) on June 5 in New York City; educated at MIT. German electronic musician Edgar Wilmar Froese (Tangerine Dream) on June 6 in Tilsit (Sovetsk), East Prussia. Am. molecular biologist Phillip Allen Sharp on June 6 in Falmouth, Ky.; educated at the U. of Ill.; 1993 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. 6'5" basketball player (black) (New York Knicks #14, 1966-71) (Golden State Warriors #33, 1971-4) (Los Angeles Lakers #32, 1974-8) Cazzie Lee Russell on June 7 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Mich. U. Am. "Robbie Douglas in My Three Sons" actor-musician Don Grady (Agrati) on June 8 in San Diego, Calif.; brother of Lani O'Grady (1954-2001); composes the Phil Donahue Show theme song. Am. "Lowdown", "Lido Shuffle" singer-songwriter-guitarist William Royce "Boz" Scaggs on June 8 in Canton, Ohio. Am. astronaut James Dougal Adrianus "Ox" van Hoften on June 11 in Fresno, Calif.; educated at UCB and Colo. State U. Am. actress Linda Foster on June 12 in Lancaster, Penn.; wife (1967-72) of Vince Edwards, and (1980-2001) Edward Winter (-2001). U.N. "bridge-builder" secy.-gen. #8 (2007-16) Ban Ki-moon on June 13 in Eumseong County, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. Am. "Home Cooking" novelist Laurie Colwin (d. 1992) on June 14 in New York City; wife of Juris Jurjevics. Israeli MK (1992-9) brig. gen. (Jewish) Avigdor Kahalani on June 16 in Ness Ziona. English rock musician Raymond Douglas "Ray" Davies (The Kinks) on June 21 in Fortis Green, London; brother of Dave Davies (1947-). English "Top Gun", "Crimson Tide", "ENemy of the State" actor-dir. Anthony David Leighton "Tony" Scott (d. 2012) on June 21 in Tynemouth, Northumberland; brother of Ridley Scott (1937-); educated at the Royal College of Art. English "A World Without Love" rock singer (redhead) Peter Asher (Peter and Gordon) on June 22 in Willesdon, London; collaborator of Gordon Waller (1945-2009). Am. Bern Sex Role Inventory psychologist Sandra Ruth Lipsitz Bem on June 22 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Carnegie-Mellon U., and U. of Mich. Austrian "Maximillian Largo in Never Say Never Again" actor-dir. Klaus Maria Brandauer (Klaus Georg Steng) on June 22 in Bad Aussee. French physicist-engineer Gerard (Gérard) Albert Mourou on June 22 in Albertville; eduated at the U. of Grenoble, and Pierre and Marie Curie U.; 2018 Nobel Physics Prize. English rock guitarist Jeffrey Arnold "Jeff" Beck (d. 2023) (Yardbirds, Jeff Beck Group) on June 24 in Wallington, London, Surrey. English rock musician Richard John "Charlie" Whitney (Family, Streetwalkers, Axis Point) on June 24 in Skipton, North Yorkshire. English musician Christopher Gordon Blandford "Chris" Wood (Trafic) on June 24 in Harborne, Birmingham. Am. "Family Ties", "Spin City", "Sit, Ubu, Sit" TV-film writer-producer (Jewish) Gary David Goldberg (d. 2013) on June 25 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Brandeis U. and San Diego State U.; father of Shana Goldberg-Meehan. Roman Catholic archbishop-cardinal (Capuchin) Sean Patrick O'Malley on June 29 in Lakewood, Ohio. Am. "Family Ties" producer Gary David Goldberg on June 25 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; "Sit Ubu, sit". U.S. Maj. Gen. William F. "Bill" Garrison on June 27 in Tex. Am. "The Buddy Holly Story", "Point Break" actor William Gareth Jacob "Gary" Busey Sr. on June 29 in Goose Creek, Tex.; father of Jake Busey (1971-). Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (Seattle Supersonics #45, 1967-71) (Philadelphia 76ers #45, 1971-2) (Cleveland Cavaliers #45, 1972-3) (Milaukee Bucks #21, 1974) Bobby Frank "Bob" Rule on June 29 in Riverside, Calif.; educated at Riverside Community College, and Colorado State U. Am. "You're A Part of Me" singer-songwriter Gene Cotton on June 30 in Columbus, Ohio. Am. "Life After Life" psychiatrist Raymond A. Moody Jr. on June 30 in Porterdale, Ga.; educated at the U. of Va., U. of West Ga., and Medical College of Ga. Am. "Dean's Secy. in Spencer's Mountain" actress Bronwyn Brigid FitzSimons Price on June 30 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Will Price (1913-62) and Maureen O'Hara (1920-); named after a char. in "How Green Was My Valley". Australian singer-songwriter Glenn Barrie Shorrock (Little River Band) on June 30 in Chatham, Kent, England; emigrates to Australia in 1954. Am. libertarian writer-activist (Roman Catholic) Llewellyn Harrison "Lew" Rockwell Jr. on July 1 in Boston, Mass. Am. rocker Warren Entner (Grass Roots) on July 4 in Boston, Mass. Am. libertarian activist Llewellyn Harrison "Lew" Rockwell Jr. on July 1 in Boston, Mass. Canadian Conservative Sask. PM (1982-91) Donald Grant Devine on July 5 in Regina, Sask. French "Les Miserables", "Miss Saigon" composer-actor-producer Claude-Michel Schonberg (Schönberg) (Schönberg) on July 6 in Vannes; collaborator of Alain Boublil (1941-). German "The Reader" novelist and judge Bernhard Schlink on July 6 in Bielefeld. English "Dolly" embryologist Sir Ian Wilmut on July 7 in Hampton, Lucy; educated at Cambridge U.; knighted in 2008. Am. rock drummer (black) Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (Allman Brothers Band) on July 8 in Ocean Springs, Miss. USAF hero pararescueman William Hart Pitsenbarger (d. 1966) on July 8 in Piqua, Ohio. Am. 6'5" basketball player (black) (St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks #23, 1966-77) (Los Angeles Lakers #?, 1977-9) Louis Clyde "Sweet Lou" Hudson (d. 2014) on July 11 in Greensboro, N.C.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "Liz McIntyre in Room 222" actress-activist (black) Donna Denise Nicholas on July 12 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. "Caught Up" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Mildred Virginia "Millie" Jackson on July 15 in Thomson, Ga.; grows up in Newark, N.J. and Brooklyn, N.Y.; mother of Keisha Jackson (1965-). Am. "Codex Magica" fundamentalist Christian writer Texe William Marrs (d. 2019) on July 15. Am. 6'9" hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (black) (Minnesota Muskies #34, 1967-8) (Indiana Pacers #9, 1968-74) (Memphis Sounds #34, 1974-5) (New York Nets #34, 1976) Melvin Joe "Mel" Daniels on July 20 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of N.M. Ghanaian pres. (2009-12) (black) John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills (d. 2012) on July 21 in Tarkwa; of the Fanta ethnic group. English "Top Gun", "Crimson Tide", "Spy Game" dir. Anthony D.L. "Tony" Scott on July 21 in Stockton-on-Tees; brother of Ridley Scott (1937-). English rocker Rick Davies (Supertramp) on July 22 in Swindon, Wiltshire. Am. "Kinflicks" novelist Lisa Alther on July 23 in Kingsport, Tenn.; educated at Wellesley College. Am. rock drummer Dino Danelli (The Young Rascals) on July 23 in Jersey City, N.J. U.S. Sen. (D-Minn.) (1991-2002) Paul David Wellstone (d. 2002) on July 21 in Washington, D.C.; educated at the U. of N.C. Am. "Ode to Billie Joe" singer-songwriter Bobbie Gentry (Roberta Lee Streeter) on July 27 in Chickasaw County, Miss. Am. "Tonya in Doctor Zhivago" actress Geraldine Leigh Chaplin on July 31 in Santa Monica, Calif.; daughter of Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) and Oona O'Neill Chaplin (1926-91). English broadcast journalist Jonathan Dimbleby on July 31 in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire; son of Richard Dimbleby (1913-65). Am. Paramount Pictures CEO (1992-2004) (Jewish) Sherry Lansing (Sherry Lee Duhl) on July 31 in Chicago, ill.; educated at Northwestern U.; wife (1991-) of William Friedkin (1935-). Am. economist Robert Carhart "Bob" Merton on July 31 in New York City; educated at Columbia U., MIT, and Caltech; 1997 Nobel Economics Prize. English rocker Michael d'Abo (Manfred Mann) on Aug. 1 in Betchworth, Surrey; cousin of Miryam d'Abo (1960-); 1st cousin once removed of Olivia d'Abo (1969-). Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Victorovitch Romanenko on Aug. 1 in Orenburg Oblast. English rock drummer Nicola James "Jim" Capaldi (d. 2005) (Traffic) on Aug. 2 in Evesham, Worcestershire. Am. actress Joanna Cassidy (Joanna Virginia Caskey) on Aug. 2. Am. "Sgt. John Munch in Law & Order: SVU" actor (Jewish) Richard Jay Belzer on Aug. 4 in Bridgeport, Conn. Indian-Am. economist Avinash Kamalakar Dixit on Aug. 6 in Bombay; educated at Bombay U., Cambridge U., and MIT. Indonesian Nahdlatul Ulama leader (Sunni Muslim) Achmad Hasyim Muzadi on Aug. 8 in Tuban, East Java. English activist (lesbian) Angela Mason (nee Weir) on Aug. 9 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire; educated at the U. of London, and London School of Economics. Am. poet (gay) Mark Doty on Aug. 10 in Maryville, Tenn.; educated at Drake U. Am. Federal Express founder Frederick Wallace "Fred" Smith on Aug. 11 in Marks, Miss.; father Frederick C. Smith is founder of Dixie Greyhound Bus Lines and Toddle House restaurants; flies crop dusters at age 15; educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones). Am. "Roy DeSoto in Emergency!" actor Kevin Tighe (John Kevin Fishburn) on Aug. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. jockey Robyn Smith Astaire on Aug. 14; 2nd wife of Fred Astaire. Am. writer-journalist Linda Ellerbee (Linda Jane Smith) on Aug. 15 in Bryan, Tex. Am. computer mogul (Oracle Systems founder) (Jewish) Lawrence Joseph "Larry" Ellison on Aug. 17 in Bronx, N.Y.; Italian-Am. father, Jewish mother, who adopts him out to her Jewish aunt and uncle; educated at the U. of Ill., and U. of Chicago. Canadian diplomat Robert R. Fowler on Aug. 18 in Ottawa, Ont.; educated at McGill U., and Queen's U. Indian PM #7 (1984-9) (Zoroastrian) Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (d. 1991) on Aug. 20 in Mumbai (Bombay); eldest son of Indira Gandhi (1917-84) (Hindu) and Feroze Gandhi (1912-60) (Zoroastrian); brother of Sanjay Gandhi (1946-80); educated at Cambridge U.; husband of Sonia Gandhi (1946-); no relation to Mahatma Gandhi. Am. "What the World Needs Now is Love", "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" singer-songwriter Jackie DeShannon (Sharon Lee Myers) on Aug. 21 in Hazel, Ky. Am. bilionaire hedge fund mgr. (vulture capitalist) (Jewish) Paul Eliott Singer on Aug. 22; grows up in Teaneck, N.J.; educated at the U. of Rochester, and Harvard U. U.S. surgeon gen. (1990-) Antonia Coello Novello on Aug. 23 in Fajardo, Puerto Rico; first Hispanic female left-handed U.S. surgeon gen.? Am. "Hassie McCoy in The Real McCoys" actress Lydia Reed on Aug. 23 in Mitchel Field, Long Island, N.Y. Am. engineer-astronaut Gregory Bruce Jarvis (d. 1986) on Aug. 24 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at SUNY Buffalo and Northeastern U. Canadian Argus Corp. chmn. Conrad Moffat Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour on Aug. 25 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. "Dr. Frederick Chilton in The Silence of the Lambs" actor Philip Anthony Mair Heald on Aug. 25 in Rochelle, N.Y. Am. "The Peacock Poems" poet (black) Sherley Anne Williams (d. 1999) on Aug. 25 in Bakersfield, Calif.; grows up in Fresno, Calif.; educated at Calif. State U. and Brown U. Kiwi Olympic archer Neroli Susan Fairhall (d. 2006) on Aug. 26 in Christchurch; first paraplegic athlete in the Olympics (1984). Am. auto racer Johnny Parsons on Aug. 26 in Van Nuys, Calif.; son of Johnnie Parsons (1918-84). Am. rock drummer Maureen Ann "Moe" Tucker (Velvet Underground) on Aug. 26 in Levittown, N.Y.; likes to play standing up. Am. rock bassist John Voorhis "Tim" Bogert III (Vanilla Fudge, Cactus) on Aug. 27 in Ridgefield, N.J. English porno actress (redhead) Kay Parker (Taylor) on Aug. 28 in Birmingham. Am. Earth Day co-founder Denis Allen Hayes on Aug. 29 in Wisc.; grows up in Camas, Wash.; educated at Clark Community College, and Harvard U. Am. journalist-writer Mary Tyler "Molly" Ivins (d. 2007) on Aug. 30 in Monterey, Calif.; grows up in Houston, Tex.; educated at Smith College, and Columbia U.; fired by the New York Times in 1982 for calling a community chicken-killing festival a "gang-pluck". Am. baseball pitcher Frank Edwin "Tug" McGraw Jr. (d. 2004) on Aug. 30 in Martinez, Calif.; father of Tim McGraw (1967-). English artist Roger Dean on Aug. 31 in Ashford, Kent; educated at Royal College of Art, London. Am. "Tighten Up" singer (black) Archie Bell (Archie Bell and the Drells) on Sept. 1 in Henderson, Tex.; brother of Ricky Bell (1955-84). Am. Beanie Babies inventor H. Ty Warner on Sept. 3 in Oak Brook, Ill.; educated at Kalamazoo College. English Atkinson Index economist Sir Anthny Barnes "Tony" Atkinson on Sept. 4; educated at Cambridge U.; knighted in 2000. Am. "Primate Visions" writer Donna J. Haraway on Sept. 6 in Denver, Colo.; educated at Colo. College. Am. "Lily Charles in Pushing Daisies", "Alex in Sisters" actress Swoosie Kurtz (rhymes with Lucy) on Sept. 6 in Omaha, Neb.; named after the B-17D Flying Fortress "Swoose". French physicist (Jewish) Serge Haroche on Sept. 11 in Casablanca, Morocco; 2012 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "You're the First, the Last, My Everything" singer-songwriter-producer (black) Barry Eugene White (Carter) (d. 2003) (Love Unlimited Orchestra) on Sept. 12 in Galveston, Tex. English "Rich and Famous", "Under the Volcano" actress Jacqueline Bisset (Winifred Jacqueline Fraser-Bisset) on Sept. 13 in Weybridge. Am. "Glory of Love" singer Peter Paul Cetera (Chicago) on Sept. 13 in Chicago, Ill.; Polish-Am. father (named Et?), Hungarian-Am. mother. Am. actress-singer (Roman Catholic) Davnie Johanna "Joey" Heatherton on Sept. 14 in Rockville Centre, N.Y.; daughter of Ray Heatherton (1909-97). Australian world surfing champ Bernard "Midget" Farrelly on Sept. 13 in Sydney, N.S.W. Am. Na'vi language creator Paul R. Frommer on Sept. 17 in New York City; educated at the U. of Rochester and USC. Am. "Fried Green Tomatoes" actress-writer (dyslexic) (lesbian) Fannie Flagg (Patricia Neal) on Sept. 21 in Birmingham, Ala.; partner of Rita Mae Brown (1944-); passes as straight with gay actor Dick Sargent until outed. Am. cinematographer (Quaker) Joseph Caleb Deschanel on Sept. 24 in Philadelphia, Penn.; French father; educated at USC; husband of Mary Jo Deschanel (1945-); father of Emily Deschanel (1976-) and Zooey Deschanel (1980-). Am. "Sharon McCone" detective novelist Marcia Muller on Sept. 24. Am. "Wall Street", "Basic Instinct", "Fatal Attraction" actor-producer (Jewish) Michael Kirk Douglas on Sept. 25 in New Brunswick, N.J.; son of Kirk Douglas (1916-) and Diana Dill (1923-); brother of Joel Douglas (1947-), Peter Douglas (1955-), and Eric Douglas (1958-2004); father of Dylan Douglas (1978-). U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (2013-) Doris Okada Matsui on Sept. 25 in Poston, Ariz.; educated at UCB. Am. Universal Studios pres. (1995-013) (Jewish) Ronald Meyer on Sept. 25 in Los Angeles, Calif.; German Jewish immigrant parents; father of Jennifer Meyer (1977-). Am. "The Architect in The Matrix" actor Helmut Bakaitis on Sept. 26 in Lauban, Silesia, Germany (Luban, Poland). U.S. Repub. Ariz. gov. #22 (2009-15) Janice Kay "Jan" Brewer on Sept. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif.; of English and Norwegian descent. English "The Weakest Link" TV host ("Queen of Mean") Anne Josephine Robinson on Sept. 26 in Crosby, Lancashire; of Irish descent; starts out as a wholesale chicken and rabbit dealer. Am. economist Robert Joseph Barro on Sept. 28 in New York City; educated at Caltech, and Harvard U.; husband of Rachel McCleary; father of Joshua Barro. Czech Repub. pres. #3 (2013-) Milos Zeman on Sept. 28 in Kolin; educated at the U. of Economics in Prague. Am. "Magnum, P.I. Theme", "Hill Street Blues Theme", "The Rockford Files Theme" composer Mike Post (Leland Michael Postil) on Sept. 29 in Berkeley, Calif. Am. "A Fire Upon the Deep" sci-fi novelist Vernor Steffen Vinge on Oct. 2 in Waukesha, Wisc. Belgian mathematician Pierre Rene (René) Deligne, Viscount Deligne on Oct. 3 in Brussels. German magician (gay) Roy Uwe Ludwig Horn (d. 2020) (Siegfried and Roy) on Oct. 3 in Nordenham; partner of Siegfried Fischbacher (1939-). Am. "Capt. Harris in Platoon", "Capt. Hill in Casualties of War" actor Dale Adam Dye on Oct. 8 in Cape Girardeau, Mo.; educated at the U. of Md. English rock bassist-singer-songwriter ("the Ox") ("Thunderfingers") John Alec Entwistle (d. 2002) (The Who) on Oct. 9 in Chiswick, London. German assassin Josef Erwin Bachmann (d. 1970) on Oct. 12 in Reichenbach im Vogtland, Saxony; grows up in East Germany. Am. 6'7" basketball player (white) (Baltimore Bullets #15/#24, 1966-72) (Houston Rockets #24, 1973-4) (Buffalo Braves #42, 1974-5) (Chicago Bulls #24, 1975-7) John Warren "Jack" Marin on Oct. 12 in Sharin, Penn.; educated at Duke U. German "NASA flight surgeon in Armageddon" actor Udo Kier (Kierspe) on Oct. 14 in Cologne; moves to Britain in 1962. Israeli-Am. billionaire "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", "Power Rangers" media mogul (Jewish) Haim Saban (AKA Kussa Mahchi) on Oct. 15 in Alexandria, Egypt; emigrates to Israel in 1956, France in 1970, and the U.S. in 1988. Am. psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus (nee Fishman) on Oct. 16 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCLA, and Stanford U. Jamaican 6'5-1/2" reggae music artist (black) Peter Tosh (Winston Hubert MacIntosh) (d. 1987) (Wailers) on Oct. 18 in Kingston. Am. "Rock Your Baby" soul singer (black) George McCrae on Oct. 19 in West Palm Beach, Fla. Am. parapsychologist Randall G. Fontes on Oct. 20; educated at Sonoma State U. Welsh Profumo Affair model-showgirl Marilyn "Mandy" Rice Davies (d. 2014) on Oct. 21 near Llanelli; grows up in Solihull, Warwickshire. Am. "The Biology of Belief" New Age developmental biologist Bruce Harold Lipton on Oct. 21 in Mount Cisco, N.Y.; educated at Long Island U. French molecular machine chemist Jean-Pierre Sauvage on Oct. 21 in Paris. ; educated at the U. Louis-Pasteur; 2016 Nobel Chem. Prize. English rock musician John Roy "Jon" Anderson (Yes) on Oct. 25 in Accrington, Lancashire. Am. Dem. TV commentator Chester James Carville Jr. on Oct. 25 in Ft. Benning, Ga.; Irish-Cajun ancestry; educated at La. State U.; husband of Mary Matalin (1953-). Am. "Afternoon Delight" singer-songwriter Taffy Danoff (Nivert) (Starland Vocal Band) on Oct. 25 in Washington, D.C. Am. activist Jose Angel (José Ángel) Gutierrez on Oct. 25 in Crystal City, Tex.; educated at Texas A&M U. Am. "Det. Andy Sipowicz in NYPD Blue" actor Dennis Franz (Schlacta) on Oct. 28 in Maywood (near Chicago), Ill. English rock musician Denny Laine (Brian Frederick Arthur Hines) (Moody Blues, Wings) on Oct. 29 in Birmingham, West Midlands. Am. cowboy singer (Jewish) Kinky Friedman on Oct. 31 in Chicago, Ill. Iraqi politician (Shiite Muslim) Ahmed (Ahmad) Abdel Hadi Chalabi (d. 2015) on Oct. 30 in Khadhimiya, Baghdad; educated at MIT, and the U. of Chicago. Am. "The Last Girls" novelist (female) Lee Smith on Nov. 1 in Grundy, Va. English rock keyboardist-composer Keith Noel Emerson (d. 2016) (The Nice, Emerson, Lake and Palmer) on Nov. 2 in Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire. Am. "Destruction of Atlantis" neopagan writer (Jewish) Francis Joseph "Frank" Collin (Cohen) (AKA Frank Joseph) on Nov. 3 in Chicago, Ill. Am. TV critic Tom Shales on Nov. 3 in Elgin, Ill. Am. 5'2" singer (black) Scherrie Payne (Supremes) on Nov. 4 in Detroit, Mich.; sister of Freda Payne (1942-). German-Am. chef Friedman (Friedemann) Paul "Chef Tell" Earhardt (d. 2007) on Nov. 5 in Stuttgart; nickname comes from playing William Tell in a school play; emigrates to the U.S. in 1972. Canadian singer-songwriter Bill Henderson (Chilliwack, UHF) on Nov. 6 in Vancouver, B.C. Am. "Only Love is Real" psychiatrist Brian Leslie Weiss on Nov. 6 in New York City; educated at Yale U. Am. baseball pitcher Joseph Franklin "Joe" Niekro (d. 2006) on Nov. 7 in Blaine, Ohio; brother of Phil Niekro (1939-); father of Lance Niekro (1979-). Am. "Never-Ending Song of Love" singer Bonnie Bramlett (Bonnie Lynn O'Farrell) (Delaney & Bonnie) on Nov. 8 in Alton, Ill.; wife (1967-73) of Delaney Bramlett (1939-2008); starts out as the first white member of the Ikettes. Kiwi climatologist Kevin Edward Trenbergh on Nov. 8 in Christchurch; educated at MIT. Am. "The Fate of Liberty" historian (of the U.S. Civil War) Mark E. Neely Jr. on Nov. 10 in Amarillo, Tex.; educated at Yale U. English "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", "Jesus Christ Superstar", "Evita" hall-of-fame lyricist Sir Timothy Miles Bindon "Tim" Rice on Nov. 10 in Shardeloes, Amersham, Buckinghamshire; collaborator of Andrew Lloyd Webber (1948-); knighted in 1994. Am. R&B musician (black) Booker T. Jones (Booker T. and the M.G.'s) on Nov. 12 in South Memphis, Tenn. Am. NBC Sports, ABC Sports, Miracle on Ice sportscaster (Jewish) Alan Richard "Al" Michaels on Nov. 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; "Do you believe in miracles? Yes!"; educated at Arizona State U. English "A History of God", "Charter for Compassion" writer (ex-Roman Catholic sister) Karen Armstrong on Nov. 14 in Wildmoor, Worcestershire; educated at St. Anne's College, Oxford U. Am. UFOlogist William J. "Bill" Birnes on Nov. 7; educated at NYU, and Concord Law School. Am. basketball coach (Syracuse U.) (1976-) James Arthur "Jim" Boeheim on Nov. 17 in Lyons, N.Y. Am. "Full Moon Fever" rocker (alcoholic) Harold Eugene "Gene" Clark (d. 1991) (The Byrds) on Nov. 17 in Tipton, Mo. Am. "The Penguin in Batman Returns", "Louie De Palma in Taxi" 5'0" actor-dir.-producer Daniel Michael "Danny" DeVito Jr. on Nov. 17 in Neptune, N.J.; husband (1982-) of Rhea Perlman (1948-). Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (San Diego/Houston Rockets, 1968-72, 1981-4) (Baltimore Bullets, 1972-81) Elvin Ernest Hayes on Nov. 17 in Rayville, La.; educated at the U. of Houston. Canadian "Saturday Night Live" producer Lorne Michaels on Nov. 17 in Toronto, Ont. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher ("The Franchise") (New York Mets #41, 1967-77) George Thomas "Tom Terrific" Seaver (d. 2020) on Nov. 17 in Fresno, Calif.; educated at USC. Am. 6'3" hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (Baltimore Bullets #10, 1967-72) (New York Knicks #15, 1971-80) Vernon Earl "the Pearl" Monroe on Nov. 21 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Winston-Salem State U. Am. "Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters", "Russell Ziskey in Stripes", "Animal House" actor-dir.-writer (Jewish) Harold Allen Ramis (d. 2014) on Nov. 21 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Washington U. in St. Louis. British marathon runner Priscilla Welch on Nov. 22. Hungarian "Basic Instinct", "Showgirls" screenwriter Josef "Joe" Eszterhas on Nov. 23 in Csakanydoroszlo. English rock drummer Beverley "Bev" Bevan (ELO, The Move) on Nov. 24 in Sparkhill, Birmingham. Am. "Flesh" drag queen actress Candy Arling (James "Jimmy" Lawrence Slattery) (d. 1974) on Nov. 24; grows up in Massapequa Park, Long Island, N.Y. Indian atmospheric scientist Veerabhadran Ramanathan on Nov. 24 in Madurai, Madras; educated at SUNY. German "Brain versus Capital" economist Gunter (Günter) Faltin on Nov. 25 in Bamberg; educated at the U. of Konstanz. Am. musician-producer Felix Cavaliere (Joey Dee and the Starliters, The Young Rascals) on Nov. 29 in Pelham, N.Y. Am. "Elusive Butterfly" singer Robert Neale "Bob" Lind on Nov. 25 in Bbaltimore, Md. Am. actor-writer-game show host (Jewish) Benjamin Jeremy "Ben" Stein on Nov. 25 in Washington, D.C.; son of Herbert Stein (1916-99); educated at Columbia U., and Yale Law School (classmate of Hillary Clinton). Am. R&B singer (black) (Jehovah's Witness) Velma Jean Terrell on Nov. 26 in Belzoni, Miss.; sister of boxer Ernie Terrell (1939-); replaces Diana Ross in the Supremes in 1970-8. U.S Rep. (D-Tex.) (1979-89) (black) George Thomas "Mickey" Leland III (d. 1989) on Nov. 27 in Lubbock, Tex.; educated at Tex. Southern U. Am. "Rubyfruit Jungle" novelist-poet (lesbian) Rita Mae Brown on Nov. 28 in Hanover, Penn.; partner of Fannie Flagg (1944-). Am. "Only a Lonely Heart Sees" pop musician-producer Felix Cavaliere (Young Rascals, Joey Dee and His Starlighters) on Nov. 29 in Pelham, N.Y. Am. rock singer-musician Eric Bloom (Blue Oyster Cult) on Dec. 1 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. rock drummer John Paul Densmore (The Doors) on Dec. 1 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "That's Incredible" actress (Scientologist) Cathy Lee Crosby on Dec. 2 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Lou Crosby and Linda Hayes. Am. rock singer-musician Chris Hillman (Byrds, Flying Burrito Brothers, Desert Rose Band) on Dec. 4 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. rock musician (alcoholic) Dennis Carl Wilson (d. 1983) (The Beach Boys) on Dec. 4 in Inglewood, Calif.; brother of Brian Wilson (1942-) and Carl Wilson (1946-98). Dutch "Gen. Georgi Koskov in The Living Daylights" actor Jeroen Aart Krabbe (Krabbé) on Dec. 5 in Amsterdam; Jewish mother. Am. "Key Largo" singer-songwriter Elbert Joseph "Bertie" Higgins on Dec. 8 in Tarpon Springs, Fla. English comedian-writer-musician Neil James Innes on Dec. 9 in Danbury, Essex. Am. "Ronnie Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind", "Inga in Young Frankenstein" actress (Jewish) Teri Ann Garr on Dec. 11 in Lakewood, Ohio; grows up in North Hollywood, Calif. Am. "Lisa Casey in Mission: Impossible" actress Lynda Day George on Dec. 11 in San Marcos, Tex.; wife (1970-83) of Christopher George (1929-83). Am. "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" 4'9" singer ("Little Miss Dynamite") Brenda Lee (Brenda Mae Tarpley) on Dec. 11 in Atlanta, Ga. British-Am. New Age psychotherapist Roger J. Woolger (d. 2011) on Dec. 18 in Crowborough, Sussex; educated at Oxford U., and King's College, London. Am. mathematician (Jewish) Mitchell Jay Feigenbaum on Dec. 19 in Philadelphia, Penn.; Polish and Ukrainian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at MIT. Kenyan anthropologist-politician Richard Erskine Frere Leakey on Dec. 19 in Nairobi; son of Louis Leakey (1903-72) and Mary Leakey (1913-96); half-brother of Colin Leakey (1933-); brother of Philip Leakey (1949-). English rock singer Alvin Lee (Graham Barnes) (Ten Years After) on Dec. 19 in Mansfield. Am. "DJ Venus Flytrap in WKRP in Cincinnati", "Lt. Marcel Proust Downtown Brown in Simon & Simon" actor (black) Timothy L. "Tim" Reid on Dec. 19 in Norfolk, Va. French computer engineer Francois Gernelle on Dec. 20; educated at the U. of Grenoble. Am. conductor-composer-pianist (Jewish) Michael Tilson Thomas on Dec. 21 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at USC. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher (lefty) (Philadelphia Phillies, 1972-86) Steve Norman "Lefty" Carlton on Dec. 22 in Miami, Fla. U.S. energy secy. #13 (2013-17) Ernest Jeffrey Moniz on Dec. 22 in Fall River, Mass.; Portuguese immigrant parents; educated at Boston College, and Stanford U. U.S. Army Gen. Wesley Kanne Clark Sr. on Dec. 23 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at West Point and Oxford U. Am. "Burning Bridges" musician, auto racer, record exec (founder of Curb Records), and Calif. Repub. lt. gov. #42 (1979-83) Michael "Mike" Curb (Mike Curb Congregation) on Dec. 24 in Savannah, Ga.; of Mexican descent. Am. jazz trumpeter (black) Woody Herman Shaw Jr. (d. 1989) on Dec. 24 in Laurinburg, N.C.; grows up in Newark, N.J. Am. rock musician Henry Charles Vestine (d. 1997) (AKA Harvey Mandel) (AKA Sunflower) (Canned Heat) on Dec. 25 in Takoma Park, Md. Am. education theorist and Weather Underground Org. co-founder William Charles "Bill" Ayers on Dec. 26 in Glen Ellyn, Ill.; son of Commonwealth Edison CEO Thomas G. Ayers (1915-2007); roommate of Terry Robbins (1947-70), who is killed trying to make a bomb. English musician-producer Michael Leslie "Mick" Jones (Foreigner) on Dec. 27 in Portsmouth, Hampshire. Am. "Square Pegs" singer Tracy Nelson on Dec. 27 in Calif.; raised in Madison, Wisc.; not to be confused with actress Tracy Nelson (1963-). Am. astrophysicist (atheist) Sandra Moore Faber on Dec. 28 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Swarthmore College, and Harvard U. Am. polymerase chain reaction biochemist Kary Banks Mullis (d. 2019) on Dec. 28 in Lenoir, N.C.; eduacted atthe Ga. Inst. of Tech., and UCB. Am. "An Officer and a Gentleman" producer-dir. Taylor Edwin Hackford on Dec. 31 in Santa Barbara, Calif.; educated at USC. Am. political scientist Richard McKelvy (d. 2002); educated at Oberlin College, Washington U. in St. Louis, and U. of Rochester. Am. "Living from the Heart" New Age writer Purain Khan Bair on ? in Greensburg, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn.; husband (1991-) of Susanna Bair. English "Pumping Iron" filmmaker George Butler on ? in London. Argentine-Am. economist (coiner of the term "sustainable development") Graciela Chichilnisky on ? in Buenos Aires; educated at MIT, and UCB; student of Gerard Debreu (1921-2004). Am. baseball mgr. (Toronto Blue Jays) (black) Cito Gaston on ? in ?. Am. "The Long Body of the Dream" New Age writer-publisher (Jewish) Richard Grossinger (Towers) on ? in New York City; brother of Jonathan Towers (-2005); father of Mirandy July (1974-); educated at Amherst College, and the U. of Mich. British golfer Tony Jacklin on ? in ?. Ugandan pres. #9 (1986-) (black) Yoweri Kugata Museveni in Ntungamo, W Uganda; born-again Christian and unreconstructed Marxist? Am. historian David M. Oshinsky on ? in ?; educated at Cornell U., and Brandeis U. Chad pres. (1979-82) (black) (Tubu) (Muslim) Goukouni Oueddei on ? in N Chad. Am. mathematician (number theorist) Carl Bernard Pomerance on ? in ?; educated at Brown U., and Harvard U. Palestinian PLO official (Sunni Muslim) Yasser Abed Rabbo on ? in Jaffa. Am. surgeon Bruce A. Reitz on ? in ?; educated at Stanford U., and Yale U. Am. marijuana advocate Edward "Ed" Rosenthal on ? in Bronx, N.Y. Am. "The Warlock in Spite of Himself" novelist Christopher Stasheff on ? in ?. German political scientist (Muslim) Bassam Tibi on ? in Damascus, Syria; emigrates to Germany in 1962. Am. activist (black) Wilma J. Webb on ? in Denver, Colo. wife (1969-) of Wellington Webb (1941-); educated at U. of Colo. Denver. Deaths: French WWI gen. Noel Edouard, Vicomte de Curieres de Castelnau (b. 1851) on Mar. 19 in Montastruc-la-Conseillere. Portuguese pres.-PM Bernardino Machado (b. 1851) on Apr. 29 in Oporto. English painter Sir George Clausen (b. 1852) on Nov. 22 in Cold Ash, Newbury, Berkshire. Am. atty. Frank Joseph Loesch (b. 1852) on July 31 in Cooperstown, N.Y. French statesman-historian Gilbert Hanotaux (b. 1853) on Apr. 11 in Paris. Am. Quaker Oats Co. founder Henry Parson Crowell (b. 1855). Am.-born English Ethical Culture leader Stanton Coit (b. 1857) on Feb. 15 in Eastbourne, Sussex. Austrian-born Am. ophtalmologist Karl Koller (b. 1857) on Mar. 21 in New York City. Am. composer-conductor Edgar Stillman Kelley (b. 1857) on Nov. 12 in Oxford, Ohio. Am. author-journalist Ida Minerva Tarbell (b. 1857) on Jan. 6 in Easton, Conn. British diplomat Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst (b. 1858) on Aug. 2 in Penshurst, Kent. Am. Tay-Sachs neurologist Bernard Sachs (b. 1858) on Feb. 8. English composer Ethel Smyth (b. 1858) on May 8 in Woking. French diplomat Maurice Paleologue (b. 1859) on Nov. 18 in Paris. Am. Calif. gov. #24 (1917-23) William Stephens (b. 1859) on Apr. 25 in Los Angeles, Calif. French Gen. Francois Paul Anthoine (b. 1860) on Dec. 25. Am. psychologist James McKeen Cattell (b. 1860) on Jan. 20 in Lancaster, Penn. Portuguese military junta pres. (1919) Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro (b. 181) on Feb. 11 in Lisbon. Am. sculptor Cyrus Edwin Dallin (b. 1861). U.S. Teapot Dome Scandal interior secy. #28 (1921-3) Albert B. Fall (b. 1861) on Nov. 30 in El Paso, Tex. Italian-born French art critic Felix Feneon (b. 1861) on Feb. 29 in Chatenay-Malabry, Paris. French sculptor Aristide Maillol (b. 1861) on Sept. 27 in Banyuls-sur-Mer, Roussillon. U.S. "Fighting Liberal" Sen. (D-Neb.) (1913-43) George W. Norris (b. 1861) on Sept. 2. Finnish PM #1 (1930-1) and pres. #3 (1931-7) Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (b. 1861) on Feb. 29 in Luumaki. Belgian-born Am. plastics (Bakelite) manufacturer Leo Hendrik Baekeland (b. 1863) on Feb. 23 in Beacon, N.Y. Hungarian-born French philosopher Victor Basch (b. 1863) on Jan. 10 in Lyon (murdered). French PM #75 (1911-12) Joseph Caillaux (b. 1863) on Nov. 21-22. Norwegian "Scream" artist Edvard Munch (b. 1863) on Jan. 23 in Oslo; he leaves his remaining works incl. 1.1K paintings, 4.5K drawings, and 18K prints to the city of Oslo, which opens the Munch Museum in Toyen in 1963: "Nature is not only all that is visible to the eye... It also includes the inner pictures of the soul"; "I do not believe in the art which is not the compulsive result of Man's urge to open his heart." French painter Lucien Pissarro (b. 1863) on July 10 in Somerset, England. Russian photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (b. 1863) on Sept. 27 in Paris, France. English novelist-critic Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (b. 1863) on May 12. Am. baseball player and hall-of-fame bowler Frank Brill (b. 1864) on Nov. 19 in Flushing, N.Y. Estonian German biologist Jakob Johann von Uexkull (b. 1864) on July 25. German physiologist Otto Frank (b. 1865) on Nov. 12 in Munich. French music hall singer Yvette Guilbert (b. 1865) on Feb. 3 in Aix-en-Provence. Am. "The County Chairman" humorist George Ade (b. 1866) on May 16 in Brook, Ind. Russian abstract painter Vassily Kandinsky (b. 1866) on Dec. 13. Am. baseball commissioner Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis (b. 1866) on Nov. 25 - a mountain of a land? French novelist Romain Rolland (b. 1866) on Dec. 30; 1915 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. composer Amy Marcy Beach (b. 1867). Am. Gibson Martini-slurping "Gibson Girl" artist Charles Dana Gibson (b. 1867) on Dec. 23. Russian Orthodox patriarch #12 (1943-4) Sergius I (b. 1867) on May 15 in Moscow. U.S. Rep. (D-N.Y.) (1919-44) Thomas Henry Cullen (b. 1868) on Mar. 1 in Washington, D.C. Am. socialite Florence Foster Jenkins (b. 1868) on Nov. 26 in Manhattan, N.Y. (heart attack on Oct. 20) (syphilis?) Am. journalist William Allen White (b. 1868) on Jan. 29 in Emporia, Kan. Belgian knowledge engineering pioneer Paul Otlet (b. 1868) on Dec. 10 in Brussels. French philosopher Leon Brunschvicg (b. 1869) on Jan. 18. Am. composer Will Marion Cook (b. 1869) on July 19 in Washington, D.C. Canadian "Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town" humorist Stephen Leacock (b. 1869) on Mar. 28 in Toronto: "Advertising may be described as the science of arresting human intelligence long enough to get money from it." English New Delhi architect Edwin L. Lutyens (b. 1869) on Jan. 1 in London. English conductor Sir Henry Joseph Wood (b. 1869) on Aug. 19 in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. German chancellor (1919-20) Gustav Bauer (b. 1870) on Sept. 16. Am. actor Richard Bennett (b. 1870) on Oct. 21 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack). Russian anti-Communist philosopher Peter Struve (b. 1870) on Feb. 22 in Paris (exile). Am. cinematographer G.W. Bitzer (b. 1872) on Apr. 29 in Hollywood, Calif. English "The Maid of the Mountains" composer Harold Fraser-Simson (b. 1872) on Jan. 19 in Inveness, Scotland (fall on a stone staircase at his home in Croy). German composer Paul Graener (b. 1872) on Nov. 13 in Salzburg. Dutch abstract painter Piet Mondriaan (Mondriaan) (b. 1872) on Feb. 1. Indian independence leader Ubaidullah Sindhi (b. 1872) on Aug. 22 in Lahore. Am. novelist Harold Bell Wright (b. 1872) on May 24 in La Jolla, Calif. (pneumonia); most popular U.S. author until Earl Stanley Gardner; "Harold Bell Wright supplied more negative data on the literary quality of the taste of the fiction reading public than any other author. No critic has ever damned Wright with even the faintest praise." (Irvin Harlow Hart) French physicist Henri Buisson (b. 1873) on Jan. 6 in Marseille. French surgeon-biologist Alexis Carrel (b. 1873) on Nov. 5; 1912 Nobel Med. Prize. Spanish playwright Joaquin Alvarez Quintero (b. 1873) on June 14. Am. N.Y. gov. Alfred E. Smith (b. 1873) on Oct. 4 in New York City. Hungarian auto racer Ferenc Szisz (b. 1873) on Feb. 21 in Auffargis, France. U.S. First Lady (1929-33) Lou Hoover (b. 1874) on Jan. 7. Am. newspaper publisher-politician (U.S. Navy secy.) Frank Knox (b. 1874). Russian-born Am. pianist Josef Lhevinne (b. 1874) on Dec. 2. U.S. Sen. (R-Ore.) (1917-44) Charles L. McNary (b. 1874) on Feb. 25. Am. Kewpie doll creator Rose Cecil O'Neill (b. 1874) on Apr. 6 in Springfield, Mo. German diplomat Friedrich Wener von der Schulenburg (b. 1875) on Nov. 10 in Plotensee Prison, Berlin (executed). Am. actor-dir.-producer Edgar Selwyn (b. 1875) on Feb. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. novelist Irvin S. Cobb (b. 1876) on Mar. 10. French writer-painter Max Jacob (b. 1876) on Mar. 5 in Drancy (pneumonia); despite being baptized as a Roman Catholic in his 30s, he was forced to wear a yellow Star of David, and was being deported to Auschwitz when he died in the Drancy Deportation Camp infirmary. English novelist Ethel Lina White (b. 1876) in Chiswick, London. English physicist Charles Glover Barkla (b. 1877) on Oct. 23 in Edinburgh, Scotland; 1917 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. chess champ Frank Marshall (b. 1877) on Nov. 9 in Jersey City, N.J. French automaker ("France's Henry Ford") Louis Renault (b. 1877) on Oct. 24 in Fresnes Prison, Paris; dies 1 mo. after being imprisoned to await trial for collaborating with the Nazis; the cause of death is listed as uremia, and no autopsy is performed, but an X-ray through the coffin reveals a broken neck vertebra, although when the govt. exhumes the body in 1954 the broken bone had been neatly cut out; 3 mo. after his death Renault Co. is nationalized. Philippine pres. #2 (1935-44) Manuel Quezon y Molina (b. 1878) on Aug. 1 in Saranac Lake, N.Y. Am. country musician Fate Norris (b. 1878) on Nov. 11 in Subligna, Ga.; dies onstage at a March of Dimes benefit concert; last words: "I'm not afraid." Persian shah (1925-41) Reza Pahlavi I (b. 1878) on July 26 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Am. auto racing enthusiast William Kissam Vanderbilt Ii (b. 1878) on Jan. 8 in New York City (heart failure). Am. baseball hall-of-fame catcher Roger Philip Bresnahan (b. 1879) on Dec. 4 in Toledo, Ohio. Am. writer Katharine Fullerton Gerould (b. 1879) on July 27 in Princeton, N.J. (lung cancer): "The real drawback to 'the simple life' is that it is not simple. If you are living it, you positively can do nothing else. There is not time." French fashion designer Paul Poiret (b. 1879) on Apr. 30 in Paris. Finnish foreign minister (1940-3) Rolf Johan Witting (b. 1879) on Oct. 11 in Porvoo. German July 20 Plot Gen. Ludwig Beck (b. 1880) on July 20 in Berlin (executed after he bungles suicide). Italian-born Am. "Whispering", "Avalon", "Linger Awhile", "Blueberry Hill" bandleader-songwriter Vincent Rose (b. 1880) on May 20 in Rockville Center, N.Y. French aviation pioneer Paul Cornu (b. 1881) on June 6 in Lieux; dies in his home during the bombardment from the Normandy landings. German diplomat Ulrich von Hassell (b. 1881) on Sept. 8 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). English archbishop of Canterbury (1942-4) William Temple (b. 1881) on Oct. 26 in Westgate-on-Sea, Kent; last to die in office until ?. English-born Am. "The Velveteen Rabbit" writer Margery Williams (b. 1881) on Sept. 4 in New York City. German Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben (b. 1881) on Aug. 8 in Berlin (executed); leaves a letter to his wife, with the soundbyte: "I believe I have gone some way to atone for the guilt which is our heritage." Greek-Danish prince Andrew (b. 1882) on Dec. 3 in Monte Carlo, Monaco. English astrophysicist Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (b. 1882) on Nov. 22 in Cambridge. French diplomat-novelist-dramatist Jean Giraudoux (b. 1882) on Jan. 30. German Nazi Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge (b. 1882) on Aug. 18 (suicide). Dutch-born Am. journalist-historian Hendrik Willem van Loon (b. 1882) on Mar. 11: "Life means progress, and progress means suffering." Italian opera composer Riccardo Zandonai (b. 1883) on June 5. Am. mathematician George David Birkhoff (b. 1884) on Nov. 12 in Cambridge, Mass. Am. writer Eunice Tietjens (b. 1884) on Sept. 6 in Chicago, Ill. (cancer). German Gen. Paul von Hase (b. 1885) on Aug. 8 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). French Resistance leader Georges Mandel (b. 1885) on July 7 in Fontainebleau (executed). French historian Marc Bloch (b. 1886) on June 16 (shot by the Gestapo): "But history is neither watchmaking nor cabinet construction. It is an endeavor toward better understanding"; "The mania for judgments" is a "satanic enemy of true history"; "History is, in its essentials, the science of change. It knows and it teaches that it is impossible to find two events that are ever exactly alike, because the conditions from which they spring are never identical." German Gen. Erich Fellgiebel (b. 1886) on Sept. 4 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged): "Something awful has happened! The Führer lives!" German Gen. Erich Hoepner (b. 1886) on Aug. 8 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). Ukrainian poet Itzhak Katzenelson (b. 1886) on May 1 in Auschwitz, Poland (murdered). German Gen. Karl Heinrich von Stuelpnagel (b. 1886) on Aug. 30 (executed). German Communist leader Ernst Thalmann (b. 1886) on Aug. 18 in Buchenwald (shot on Hitler's orders). German priest Max Josef Metzger (b. 1887) on Apr. 17 in Brandenburg-Gorden Prison (executed). Japanese Adm. Chuichi Nagumo (b. 1887) on July 6 in Saipan (suicide). U.S. Gen. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (b. 1887) on July 12 near Normandy, France (heart attack); his recommendation by Gen. Omar Bradley for promotion to maj. gen. comes too late. Am. "Drums" novelist James Boyd (b. 1888) on Feb. 25. German Gen. Friedrich Olbricht (b. 1888) on July 20 in Berlin (executed). French Milice leader Philippe Henriot (b. 1889) on June 28 in Paris (assassinated). Am. freon inventor Thomas Midgley Jr. (b. 1889) on Nov. 2; suffocates in a rope-pulley device he invented to help him get out of bed after he contracted polio in 1940. German Gen. Hans-Valentin Hube (b. 1890) on Nov. 21 near Obersalzberg (airplane crash). German July 20th plotter Wilhelm Leuschner (b. 1890) on Sept. 29 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). Canadian fundamentalist preacher Sister Aimee Semple McPherson (b. 1890) on Sept. 27 in Oakland, Calif. (barbituate OD). Japanese Gen. Yoshitsugu Saito (b. 1890) on July 10 in Saipan (hara-kiri). German resistance leader Elisabeth von Thadden (b. 1890) on Sept. 8 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (beheaded). German "Desert Fox" Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (b. 1891) on Oct. 14 in Herrlingen (near Ulm) (suicide with cyanide); commits suicide to avoid being put on trial in Roland Freisler's kangaroo People's Court and be executed along with his staff; Hitler promulgates the coverstory that he died from a heart attack or cerebral embolism, ordering a day of mourning, and gives him a state funeral in Ulm at his request, with Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt as his representative; the Allies learn the truth in Apr. 1945 from a letter by Rommell's son Manfred. German Gen. Wilhelm Schneckenburger (b. 1891) on Oct. 14 in Belgrade, Serbia (KIA). Am. "Dr. Kildare", "Destry Rides Again" Western writer Max Brand (Frederick Schiller Faust) (b. 1892) on May 12 near Minturno, Italy; KIA while serving as a war correspondent with Co. E of the U.S. 351st Infantry. Am. politician Wendell L. Willkie (b. 1892) on Oct. 8 - goes from being a household name to forgotten? Canadian flying ace Capt. Arthur Roy Brown (b. 1893) on Mar. 9 in Stouffville, Ont. Polish-born Am. Yiddish novelist Israel Joshua Singer (b. 1893) on Feb. 10 in New York City. German labor leader Bernhard Letterhaus (b. 1894) on Nov. 14 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German Gen. Rudolf Schmundt (b. 1894) on Oct. 1 in Rastenburg. French auto racer-spy Robert Benoist (b. 1895) on Sept. 9 in Buchenwald Camp (executed); on Sept. 9, 1945 the Coupe Robert Benoist auto race is held in Paris in his memory. German Nazi leader Josef Burckel (b. 1895) on Sept. 28 in Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Rhineland-Palatinate (suicide or murder?). Soviet super-spy Richard Sorge (b. 1895) on Nov. 7 in Tokyo (hanged); in 1964 he is awarded a Hero of the Soviet Union medal. German official Count Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf (b. 1896) on Aug. 15 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German July 20th Plotter Lt. Col. Caesar von Hofacker (b. 1896) on Dec. 20 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). Am. gangster Louis "Lepke" Buchalter (b. 1897) on Mar. 4 in Sing Sing, N.Y. (electrocuted). German Jewish film actor-dir. Kurt Gerron (b. 1897) on Nov. 15 in Auchwitz, Poland; murdered one day before Heinrich Himmler orders the gas chambers shut down? German SS officer Konrad Henlein (b. 1898) on May 10 in Pilsen, Czech. (suicide). Danish poet-playwright Kaj Munk (b. 1898) on Jan. 4; murdered by the Gestapo. German July 20th plotter Adolf Reichwein (b. 1898) on Oct. 20 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). Am. child prodigy William James Sidis (b. 1898) on July 17 in Boston, Mass. (cerebral hemorrhage). Italian-born Am. "Paths of Glory" novelist Humphrey Cobb (b. 1899) on Apr. 25 in New York City. Am. journalist Joseph Cookman (b. 1899) on Aug. 12 in New York City (heart failure). French aviator-writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery (b. 1900) on July 31 S of Marseille (KIA). Am. actress Mildred Harris (b. 1901) on July 20 in Los Angeles, Calif. (pneumonia). German Gen. Henning von Tresckow (b. 1901) on July 21 in Krolowy Most, Poland (suicide). Soviet Gen. Nikolai Vatutin (b. 1901) on Apr. 15 in Kiev, Ukraine; dies from sepsis after being ambushed on Feb. 28 by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army near Mylyatyn in Ostroh Raion (Rivne Oblast). German July 20th Plotter Josef Wirmer (b. 1901) on Sept. 8 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). Irish IRA activist Frank Ryan (b. 1902) on June 10 in Loschwitz, Dresden. German July 20th Plotter Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld (b. 1902) on Sept. 8 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). British spy Vera Leigh (b. 1903) on July 6 in Natzweiler-Struthof Camp, France (executed). British Gen. Orde Charles Wingate (b. 1903) on Mar. 24 near Bishnupur, Manipur, India (airplane crash). French Resistance leader Gustave Bieler (b. 1904) on Sept. 5 in Flossenburg, Bavaria (executed). English entertainer Betty Compton (b. 1904) on July 12 in Manhattan, N.Y. (breast cancer). Austrian SS Gen. Franz Kutschera (b. 1904) on Feb. 1 in Warsaw, Poland (assassinated). Am. bandleader Glenn Miller (b. 1904) on Dec. 15 over the English Channel (airplane crash). German jurist Count Peter Yorck von Wartenburg (b. 1904) on Aug. 8 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German July 20 plotter Col. Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim (b. 1905) on July 21 in Berlin (executed). English artist Rex Whistler (b. 1905) on July 18 in Caen, Normandy (KIA). Italian WWII hero Eugenio Calo (b. 1906) on July 14 in San Polo di Arezzo (tortured and murdered by the Germans). German July 20 Plot leader Lt. Col. Claus von Stauffenberg (b. 1907) on July 21 in Berlin (executed). Mexican "Laughing Boy" actress Lupe Velez (b. 1908) on Dec. 13 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (suicide with Seconal in her bedroom on North Rodeo Drive while pregnant with an illegitimate child by Harald Ramond (Maresch)); her funeral in Glendale, Calif. is attended by 4K; her 2nd funeral in Mexico City is attended by thousands more incl. ex-hubby Johnny Weismuller; the real father is Gary Cooper? Malayan Gen. Lim Bo Seng (b. 1909) on June 29 in Batu Gajah Prison, Malaya (executed). French spy Yolande Beekman (b. 1911) on Sept. 13 in Dachau (executed). Russian-born British spy Noor Inayat Khan (b. 1914) on Sept. 13 in Dachau, Germany (executed); last words: "Liberte". Am. Kennedy heir Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy (b. 1915) on Aug. 12 over Suffolk, England (KIA). British Lt. Col. Ivan Lyon (b. 1915) on Oct. 16 in Soreh Island, Riau, Indonesia. British Group Capt. Percy Charles Pickard (b. 1915) on Feb. 18 in Amiens, France (KIA). British spy Diana Rowden (b. 1915) on July 6 in Nazweiler-Struthof Camp, France (executed). German flying ace (83 Vs) Maj. Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (b. 1916) on Aug. 14 in Lubars bei Stendal (KIA). Am. missionary John Birch (b. 1918) on Aug. 25 in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (KIA). French spy Andree Borrel (b. 1919) on July 6 in Natzweiler-Struthof Camp, France (KIA). German flying ace (65 Vs) Capt. Manfred Meurer (b. 1919) on Jan. 22 E of Magdeburg (KIA). Austrian-born German ace (258 Vs) Walter Nowotny (b. 1920) on Nov. 8 in Epe, Germany (KIA). British RAF pilot Cyril Joe Barton (b. 1921) on Mar. 31 in Ryhope Colliery, County Durham (KIA). Hungarian-born Israeli heroine Hannah Szenes (b. 1921) on Nov. 7 in Yugoslavia (executed). German-born French spy Sonia Olschanesky (b. 1923) on July 6 in Natzweiler-Struthof Camp, France (executed). Canadian spy Lt. Romeo Sabourin (b. 1923) on Sept. 14 in Buchenwald Camp (executed). Am. alleged murderer George Junius Stinney Jr. (b. 1929) on June 16 in Columbia, S.C. (electrocuted). Austrian Jewish physician (2nd gen. Christian) Jan Levit (b. ?) in Theresienstadt Prison (40 mi. from Prague), Austria; doctor of WWI assassin Gavrilo Princip in Theriesienstadt Prison in Austria; after the Nazis incarcerate him there in 1942, he is deported to Auschwitz this year and killed.



1945 - The Deeper Hell Year Zero, the most important year of the 20th century, if not of all time? The Holy Cow Dresden Gotterdammerung Year for the Germans as the Allies corner the Axis forces, showing they are capable of atrocities of their own with startling new weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the worst year in human history measured in terms of people killed, houses burned, buildings destroyed and explosives set off? After Enola Gay deals atomic death to the yellow Japanese, a new world order of white is kinda but not really right begins to arise from the ashes of what's left after the slow-breeding white race kills a lot of itself off to make room for the other fast-breeding races waiting in the wings, but keeps its finger on the doomsday button?

Dresden, Feb. 14, 1945 J. Robert Oppenheimer of the U.S. (1904-67) Atomic Bomb, Hiroshima, Japan, Aug. 6, 1945 Atomic Bomb, Nagasaki, Japan, Aug. 9, 1945 Elbe Day, Apr. 25, 1945 Adolf Hitler of Germany (1889-1945) Adolf Hitler's 56th and last birthday Apr. 20, 1945 Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and Blondi (1941-5) Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Dead, Apr. 30, 1945 German Gen. Theodor Busse (1897-1986) Soviet Sgt. Meliton Kantaria (1920-93), Apr. 30, 1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the U.S. (1882-1945) Ibn Saud and FDR, Feb. 15, 1945 Ibn Saud and FDR, Feb. 17, 1945 United Nations Flag, 1945- Harry S. Truman of the U.S. (1884-1972) Bess Wallace Truman of the U.S. (1885-1982) Clement Attlee of Britain (1883-1967) Herbert Stanley Morrison of Britain (1888-1965) Ernest Bevin of Britain (1881-1951) Aneurin Bevan of Britain (1897-1960) Cecil Harmsworth King (1901-87) Michael Young of Britain (1915-2002) Soviet Field Marshal Akleksandr Vasilevsky (1895-1977) U.S. 1st Lt. Karl Heinrich Timmermann (1922-51) British Marshal Sir Arthur Travers Harris (1892-1984) Mount Suribachi Japanese Adm. Tadamichi Kuribayashi (1891-1945) Raising of the U.S. Flag on Mt. Suribachi, Feb. 23, 1945 by Joe Rosenthal (1911-2006) Joe Rosenthal (1911-2006) U.S. Marine Sgt. Louis R. Lowery (1916-87) U.S. Marine Sgt. William H. Genaust (1907-45) U.S. Pvt. Jack H. Lucas (1928-) U.S. Commander George Fleming Davis (1911-45) Yalta Conference, Feb. 4-11, 1945 Soviet Gen. Aleksei Antonov (1896-1962) U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur coming ashore in the Philippines, Feb. 5, 1945 Carl Mydans (1907-2004) Dresden, Feb. 14, 1945 Dresden Frauenkirche, 1945 German Gen. Walther Wenck (1900-82) German Gen. Wilhelm Mohnke (1911-2001) German Gen. Friedrich Hossbach (1894-1980) German Gen. Georg-Hans Reinhardt (1887-1963) German Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner (1892-1973) German Gen. Felix Stiner (1896-1966) French Gen. Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889-1952) British Adm. Lord Louis Mountbatten (1900-79) British Gen. Sir Richard McCreery (1898-1967) Field Marshal 'Smiling' Albert Kesselring (1881-1960) Adm. Karl Dönitz of Germany (1891-1980) Fritz Wächtler of Germany (1891-1945) Canadian Maj. Gen. Christopher Vokes (1904-85) Hanna Reitsch (1912-79) German Gen. Hans Baur (1897-1993) German Gen. Robert Ritter von Greim (1892-1945) Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel signing surrender document in Berlin on May 7, 1945 Japanese Adm. Kantaro Suzuki (1867-1948) Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko of Japan (1887-1990) Mamoru Shigemitsu of Japan (1887-1957) Japanese Gen. Yoshijiro Umezu (1882-1949) Japanese Gen. Sosaku Suzuki (1891-1945) Japanese Adm. Minoru Ota (1891-1945) Japanese Cmdr. Mochitsura Hashimoto (1909-2000) Japanese Gen. Mitsuru Oshijima (1887-1945) Japanese Gen. Shozo Sakurai (1889-1984) Japanese Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi (1879-1946) Japanese Gen. Seishiro Itagaki (1885-1948) U.S. Adm. Marc Mitscher (1887-1947) U.S. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. (1886-1945) Einar Gerhardsen of Norway (1897-1987) Count Johann Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk of Germany (1887-1977) Lewis Baxter Schwellenbach of the U.S. (1894-1948) German Gen. Hanns Albin Rauter (1895-1949) German Gen. Helmuth Weidling (1891-1955) German Capt. Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock (1911-86) German Gen. Heinrich von Vietinghoff (1887-1952) German Gen. Sigfrid Henrici (1889-1964) Canadian Gen. Charles Foulkes (1903-69) U.S. Gen. Oscar Woolverton Griswold (1886-1959) Dutch Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1911-2004) Raoul Wallenberg (1912-47) U.S. Pvt. Eddie Slovik (1920-45) Eva Braun of Germany (1912-45) Traudl Junge of Germany (1920-2002) Helmuth James von Moltke (1907-45) German SS Lt. Gen. Hermann Fegelein (1906-45) German Luftwaffe Gen. Ulrich Kessler (1894-1983) Josef Kramer of Germany (1906-45) Oskar Schindler (1908-74) Mietek Pemper (1920-2011) Hannie Schaft (1920-45) Clara Petacci (1912-45) Mussolini and Clara Petacci hanging around, Apr. 28, 1945 German Gen. Hans Krebs (1898-1945) German Gen. Reinhard Gehlen (1902-79) Ernie Pyle (1900-45) William Joyce 'Lord Haw-Haw' (1906-46) British Lt. Col. Ivan Lyon (1915-44) U.S. Col. William Franklin Smith Jr. (1918-45) Empire State Bldg. Crash, July 28, 1945 USS Bunker Hill, May 11, 1945 The Wilhelm Gustloff, 1937-45 Potsdam Conference, July-Aug., 1945 Alger Hiss of the U.S. (1904-96) U.S. Col. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (1915-2007) in Enola Gay, Aug. 6, 1945 U.S. Capt. Charles W. Sweeney (1919-2004) in Bock's Car, Aug. 9, 1945 V-J Day Kiss, Aug. 14, 1945 Japanese Surrender on U.S.S. Missouri, Sept. 2, 1945 Gen. Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia (1901-70) Japanese Adm. Matome Ugaki (1890-1945) Chinese Gen. Chuh Teh (1886-1976) Geoffrey Lawrence, 3rd Baron Trevethin, 1st Baron Oaksey of Britain (1880-1971) Philip Noel-Baker of Britain (1889-1982) Nuremberg Trials, 1945-9 Karl Renner of Austria (1870-1950) Leopold Figl of Austria (1902-65) Zoltan Tildy of Hungary (1889-1961) Sean Thomas O'Kelly of Ireland (1882-1966) Rómulo Betancourt of Venezuela (1908-81) Juan Peron (1897-1974) and Eva Peron (1919-52) of Argentina Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero of Peru (1894-1989) Enrico Gaspar Dutra of Brazil (1885-1974) Francis Michael Forde of Australia (1890-1983) Joseph Benedict Chifley of Australia (1885-1951) Alcide de Gasperi of Italy (1881-1954) Petru Groza of Romania (1884-1958) Ana Pauker of Romania (1893-1960) German Adm. Wilhelm Canaris (1887-1945) German Maj. Gen. Hans Oster (1887-1945) German Gen. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst (1885-1968) Soviet Gen. Ivan Chernyakhovsky (1906-45) German Gen. Otto Lasch (1893-1971) German Gen. Hermann Foertsch (1895-1961) U.S. Gen. Jacob L. Devers (1887-1979) U.S. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith (1895-1961) Soviet Gen. Ivan Susloparov (1897-1947) Czech Gen. Alois Liska (1895-1977) German Vice-Adm. Friedrich Frisius (1895-1970) Karl Brandt of Germany (1904-48) Hans von Dohnanyi of Germany (1902-45) British Guardsman Edward Colquhoun Charlton (1920-45) Charles Griffith Ross of the U.S. (1885-1950) Harold Hitz Burton of the U.S. (1888-1964) Ralph Austin Bard of the U.S. (1884-1975) German Dr. Claus Karl Schilling (1871-1946) Tokyo Rose (Iva Toguri D'Aquino) (1916-2006) Abraham Klausner of the U.S. (1915-2007) Vannevar Bush of the U.S. (1890-1974) John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd Orr (1880-1971) Baron Fisher of Lambeth (1887-1972) Fritz Suhren of Germany U.S. Lt. Col. Albert Peter Dewey (1916-45) U.S. Capt. Felix Sparks (1917-) German Col. Hermann Graf (1912-88) Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub of the Soviet Union (1920-91) Andrei Vyshinsky of the Soviet Union (1883-1954) SS Gen. Harald Riipalu of Estonia (1912-65) U.S. Adm. Ted Chandler (1894-1945) Richard Ira 'Dick' Bong of the U.S. (1920-45) Audie Murphy of the U.S. (1926-71) British Gen. Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham (1887-1983) George Albert Smith Sr. (1870-1951) Japanese Capt. Sakae Oba British RAF Group Capt. Leonard Cheshire (1917-92) British Gen. Sir Douglas David Gracey (1894-1964) Odette Sansom of France (1912-95) Faubion Bowers of the U.S. (1917-99) U.S. Sen. Henry Styles Bridges (1898-1961) Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden (1895-1948) Ferruccio Parri of Italy (1890-1981) Hellmuth Walter of Germany (1900-80) Sir Benegal Rama Rau of India (1889-1957) Santha Rama Rau (1923-) Navab Safavi (1924-55) Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow (1877-1970) Countess Marion Dönhoff (1909-2002) Gerhard von Mende (1904-63) Youssef Nada (1931-) Fusae Ichikawa of Japan (1893-1981) Red Holzman (1920-98) Happy Chandler (1898-1991) Byron Nelson (1912-2006) Paul Brown (1908-91) Virginia Gildersleeve (1877-) Billy Sianis (1900-70) Barbara Pierce Bush of the U.S. (1925-) Ben Kuroki of the U.S. (1917-) Ben Kuroki of the U.S. (1917-) Martin Dies Jr. of the U.S. (1900-72) Samuel Dickstein of the U.S. (1885-1974) Wilfred Graham Burchett (1911-83) Cordell Hull (1871-1955) British Racing Motors Logo Norman Graham Hill (1929-75) Bill Blass (1922-2002) Nicolas de Gunzburg (1904-81) Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (1900-58) Artturi Illmari Virtanen (1895-1973) Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906-79) Sir Howard Walter Florey (1898-1968) Sir Bernard Lovell (1913-) Percy Lebaron Spencer (1894-1970) Christopher Isherwood (1904-86) Elizabeth Hardwick (1916-2007) Robert Lowell (1917-77) Chester Himes (1909-84) Philip Larkin (1922-85) Harold Laski (1893-1950) Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002) George Orwell (1903-50) Theodor Plievier (1892-1955) Ezra Pound (1885-1972) Gabrielle Roy (1909-83) Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) Dame Rebecca West (1892-1983) Pablo Neruda (1904-73) Percy Howard Hewby (1918-97) F.R. Scott (1899-1985) Wladyslaw Szpilman (1911-2000) Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75) Evelyn Waugh (1903-66) Lev Theremin (1896-1933) Carlo Levi (1902-75) Norton Winfred Simon (1907-93) Arletty (1898-1992) Fawn McKay Brodie (1915-81) Nina Foch (1928-2008) U.S. Capt. John Birch (1918-45) Mary Jessamyn West (1902-84) Miles Davis (1926-91) Charlie 'Bird' Parker (1920-55) Walter Legge (1906-79) Primo Levi (1919-87) Bohuslav Martinu (1890-1959) Bess Myerson (1924-2014) Stephen H. Sholes (1911-68) Richard Tucker (1913-75) John Harold Johnson (1918-2005) Andrews Sisters Eddie Arcaro (1916-97) Harry Caray (1914-98) Harry Caray (1914-98) Ike Williams (1923-940 Paddy Chayefsky (1923-81) Winston Graham (1908-2003) Julien Gracq (1910-2007) Anthony Evan Hecht (1923-2004) Judy Holliday (1921-65) Kenneth Patchen (1911-72) Octavio Paz (1914-98) Karl Popper (1902-94) Sir Osbert Sitwell (1892-1969) Mika Waltari (1908-79) E.B. White (1899-1985) Linnie Marsh Wolfe (1881-1945) Tove Jansson (1914-2005) Roger Williams Straus Jr. (1917-2004) Robert Giroux (1914-2008) Dean Martin (1917-95) and Jerry Lewis (1926-2017) Deborah Kerr (1921-2007) and Anthony Bartley (1919-2001) Edward Benjamin Britten (1913-76) Perry Como (1912-2001) Spade Cooley (1910-69) Mel Tormé (1925-99) Tex Williams (1917-85) Billy Eckstine (1914-93) Bob Kurland (1924-2013) George Mikan (1924-2005) Helen Humes (1913-81) Pierre Balmain (1914-82) Andre Jolivet (1905-74) Bill Mauldin (1921-2003) Bill Mauldin Example Sir Frederick Ashton (1904-88) Han van Meegeren (1889-1947) Anna Magnani (1908-73) Elia Kazan (1909-2003 Yvonne De Carlo (1922-2007) Trevor Howard (1913-88) Art Linkletter (1912-2010) Lawrence Edmund Spivak (1900-94) 'Carousel', 1945 'Anchors Aweigh', 1945 'The Bells of St. Marys', 1945 'Blithe Spirit', 1945 'Brief Encounter', 1945 'The Clock', starring Judy Garland (1922-69) and Robert Walker (1918-51) Jennifer Jones (1919-2009) and David O. Selznick (1902-65) 'Les Enfants du Paradis', 1945 'Leave Her to Heaven', 1945 'The Lost Weekend', 1945 'Mildred Pierce', 1945 Alfred Hitchcock's 'Spellbound', 1945 'Dillinger', starring Lawrence Tierney (1929-2002), 1945 'State Fair', 1945 'The Way to the Stars', 1945 Trevor Howard (1913-88) Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) and Lauren Bacall (1924-) Mike the Headless Chicken (1945-7) Sydney Allard (1910-66) Allard Logo Allard J2, 1949-54 Saab 93, 1955 Saab Sonett, 1955 Saab Logo Weegee (1899-1968) 'Opening Session of the U.N.' by Feliks Topolski (1907-89), 1945 Soviet Tiergarten Memorial, 1945 Elliot Handler (1916-2011) and Ruth Handler (1916-2002) 'Thunderstorm, Yosemite Valley', by Ansel Adams (1902-84), 1945 'Dumont Television Network Logo Avro Canada Logo Douglas A-1 Skyraider F-82 Twin Mustang Wish-Bone Dressing, 1945 Shasta Dam, 1937-45

1945 Chinese Year: Chicken. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) (2nd time 1948). "Year Zero, Jahr Null - this is what a generation of Germans called the year 1945. Year One, Year 1 of the Atomic Age, this is how certain intellectuals, editorialists, scientists kept referring to that year." (John Lukacs) The German Western Front is manned by 79 divs., vs 78 for the Allies, who have overwhelming air superiority; the German Eastern Front stretches from Memel on the Baltic Sea to Lake Balaton in Hungary, with 3M German soldiers (80 divs.) squaring off against 6M Soviet soldiers (180 divs.), and 2.5M German vs. 5.5M Soviet soldiers in reserve; the Germans have 4K tanks and 1,960 aircraft vs. 12.9K tanks and 15,540 aircraft for the Soviets. The Soviet Red Army commits up to 2M rapes of German women starting this year, with the first of 200K children born around Xmas. About this time the Seven Sisters AKA the Consortium for Iran, seven transnat. oil cos. begin dominating the global petroleum industry (until the mid-1970s), named after the mythological Pleiades sisters, daughters of titan Atlas, incl. Anglo-Persian Oil Co. (later BP), Gulf Oil (later merged with Chevron), Royal Dutch Shell, Standard Oil. Co. of Calif. (later Chevron), Standard Oil Co. of N.J. (later Esso, Exxon, and ExxonMobil), Standard Oil Co. of New York (Socony, later Mobil, and ExxonMobil), and Texaco (later merged with Chevron); during the 1973 oil crisis they control 85% of world petroleum reserves, after which the OPEC cartel dominates. The U.S. begins dramatically cutting govt. spending, from $106.9B this year to $44.8B in 1950, with defense spending going from $93.7B this year to $24.2B in 1950; govt. spending falls from 45% of GDP this year to 15% in 1950, and the annual federal budget deficit falls from $53.7B this year to $1.3B in 1950; meanwhile GDP grows from $223B this year to $244.2B in 1947 and $293.8B in 1950; unemployment avgs. 4.5% between this year and 1950. Beginning this year large numbers of Puerto Ricans begin migrating to the U.S. By now the U.S. Navy has grown to 8K ships from 400 at the beginning of the war. The British Labour govt. begins the process of Decolonization, doubling down by preaching the "decolonizing of the mind" to free whites of the misconception that non-whites are inferior; after the Conservatives take over, they halt the process in 1951-60. As the Nazi Empire crumbles, there are mass suicides in Germany, starting in E Prussia and Silesia in Jan., ramping up with Hitler's suicide, and continuing after occupation. There are less than 10K TV sets in the U.S. On Jan. 1 USC defeats Tennessee by 25-0 to win the 1945 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 (12:12 a.m.) a German flying bomb attack on Antwerp kills 37 civilians. On Jan. 1 German planes attack forward U.S. air bases in N France, Belgium, and W Holland in Operation Bodenplatte, the last major offensive of the Luftwaffe, destroying 156 Allied aircraft while losing 227, too many; they were supposed to stage the attack on or before Dec. 16, but duh, the bad weather grounded them? On Jan. 1 the U.S. attacks the German bulge from the S, pushing them out of Moircy, Tenneville, and Chenogne; after German soldiers emerge from a burning house waving a Red Cross flag in Chenogne, Belgium, U.S. troops shoot them in revenge for Malmedy, killing 21. On Jan. 1 an offensive by the German Nineteenth Army in Alsace is thrown back, virtually destroying it. On Jan. 1 the Allies accidentally kill 95 Allied POWs in Nong Pladuk, Thailand when bombing the Burma-Thailand Railway. On Jan. 1 France is admitted to the U.N. On Jan. 1 VF-66 Jet Squadron, the first U.S. jet fighter squadron is formed; Ryan Fireball FR-1 aircraft are operational in Mar., and by May 1 they are capable of aircraft carrier deck operation, but too late to have an effect in the war. On Jan. 1 (night) German Blitz jet bombers stage their first night attack on military targets in the Brussels area; too bad, despite being able to whiz by propeller planes, there aren't enough of them to have an effect in the war. On Jan. 2 the Allies stage an air raid on Nuremberg, destroying Old Town; that doesn't stop them from using the town for the war crimes trials later, despite Heidelberg being untouched. The Battle of the Bulge results in a German rout, their losses irreplaceable, as Mad Adolf images a Superveapon? On Jan. 3 the Allies under British Gen. Montgomery begin a counterattack, with the U.S. First Army attacking the base of the bulge from the N and closing the pincers, and on Jan. 4 the last German offensive in Bastogne fails; the Germans begin a retreat on Jan. 12; on Jan. 16 the U.S. First and Third armies link up at Houffalize, Belgium; by Jan. 17 the Germans withdraw from the Ardennes Forest with a heavy loss of armor and the loss of 220K men, becoming the last major German offensive of the war. On Jan. 3-4 a U.S. aircraft carrier task force under Vice-Adm. Marc Andrew "Pete" Mitscher (1887-1947) attacks the Japanese fleet off Formosa (Taiwan) and the Ryukyu Islands, sinking 12 ships and shooting down 110 planes while only losing 18 planes. On Jan. 3-12 the Japanese stage kamikaze attacks on the U.S. fleet off Luzon, sinking 53 of 164 ships and killing 25; on Jan. 3 they sink escort carrier USS Ommaney Bay, killing 93. On Jan. 4 Hitler orders the 6th SS Panzer Div. to leave the Western Front for the Eastern Front. On Jan. 4 Mitchell Field in Milwaukee, Wisc. is leased to the U.S. War Dept. for use as POW camp, going on to house 3K POWs. On Jan. 5 the Soviet govt. recognizes the Communist-controlled Lublin Committee as the provisional govt. of Poland, pissing-off Churchill, who backs the London-based govt.-in-exile; Warsaw is still behind the German lines; after Churchill dumps the bad news on him, on Feb. 14 FDR issues a directive, with the soundbyte: "Russia continues to be a major factor in achieving the defeat of Germany. We must, therefore, continue to support the USSR by providing the maximum amount of supplies which can be delivered to her ports. I consider this a matter of utmost importance, second only to the operational requirements in the Pacific and the Atlantic." On Jan. 6 the Germans unsuccessfully attack Bastogne, while U.S. forces cut the St. Hubert-Bastogne Road W of Bastogne within 2 mi. of St. Hubert and capture Tillet 8 mi. W of Bastogne. On Jan. 6 George Herbert Walker Bush (b. 1924) marries Barbara Pierce (1925-) in Rye, N.Y., where she grew up (attended h.s. in the South). On Jan. 6 U.S. B-29s bomb Tokyo and Nanking. On Jan. 6 the bridge of the destroyer USS Walke is hit by a Japanese kamikaze in Lingayen Gulf during the invasion of Luzon, Philippines, killing commanding officer George Fleming Davis (b. 1911), who continues to give commands while fatally burned gasoline, receiving a posth. Medal of Honor; ditto happens on Jan. 6 to Adm. Theodore Edson "Ted" Chandler (b. 1894) aboard the USS Louisville, but no cigar, er, medal. On Jan. 6 Manhattan Project dir. James B. Conant writes the soundbyte that an atomic bomb will be ready to drop this year, wondering "whether the month will be July, August or September"; on Jan. 6 he writes the soundbyte that a uranium gun-bomb requires about 42 kg. On Jan. 9 (9:00 a.m.) 60K U.S. troops begin landing at Luzon Island, Philippines; the Japanese debut explosive boat kamikazes, who hit light cruiser USS Columbia, killing 24, and battleship USS Mississippi, killing 25; battleship USS Colorado is hit by friendly fire, killing 18; by evening the troops secure a 17 mi. x 4 mi. bridgehead; on Jan. 10 they hook up with U.S. Capt. Ray C. Hunt (1920-), who escaped the Bataan Death March and organized a Filipino guerrilla force that killed 3K Japanese troops. On Jan. 9 Maj. Raymond Cromley, head of the top-secret Dixie Mission sends a cable to U.S. military HQ in Chunking saying that Mao Tse-tung would like to send a group to Pres. Roosevelt to explain the situation in China; too bad, it is intercepted and quashed by U.S. ambassador to China Patrick J. Hurley, who opposes the meeting, then resigns in Nov. On Jan. 11 the Greek civil war (begun 1944) ends with a truce between British forces and leftist factions; the govt. of Archbishop Damaskinos, supported by British occupation appoints six ministries this year, while the country suffers starvation, economic collapse, and resistance. On Jan. 12 180 divs. under Soviet Field Marshals Georgi Zhukov and Ivan Konev, supported by Polish troops begin the massive Vistula-Oder Offensive in C Poland (ends Feb. 2), followed on Jan. 14 by W Poland, with the Germans only having 75 divs., plus 30 divs. trapped in the Memel and Kurland pockets, and 28 fighting in Hungary; Hitler orders 16 divs. transferred from the Western Front along with masses of artillery - Tinseltown comes to the links? On Jan. 12 U.S. Task Force 38 destroys 41 Japanese ships in the South China Sea. On Jan. 12 German nurse Gertrud Seele (b. 1917) is executed in Plotzensee Prison in Berlin for mouthing off against the Nazis and helping Jews, making her "a recognized enemy of the state". On Jan. 12 the U.S. Office of War Info. announces that 138,393 Americans have been killed since the start of the war, 370,647 wounded, 73,594 missing, and 63,764 taken POW; on Jan. 16 Churchill announces British war dead as 199,497, plus 28,040 Canadians, 18,015 Australians, 17,415 Indians, 8,919 Kiwis, and 5,783 South Africans. On Jan. 14 the Colo.-based 157th "Thunderbird" Infantry Regiment (45th Infantry Div.) attempts to seize the hills above the town of Reipertswiller, France, and by Jan. 17 a group of U.S. soldiers are trapped and surrounded by the Germans atop the hill; on Jan. 18 Capt. Felix Sparks (1917-) becomes a hero when he leaves his tank in full view of the Germans to rescue two wounded GIs, and the Germans mysteriously cease fire to allow him to drag them back into the tank; Sparks retires a Brig. Gen. in the Colo. Nat. Guard, and isn't awarded a medal until a journal of the incident by German soldier Johann Voss is pub. in 2002, saying they "instinctively felt there was no honor to be won by firing on this death-defying act of comradeship". On Jan. 15 before a Panzer corps can arrive from East Prussia, the Soviets capture Kielce, Poland. On Jan. 15 as the Red Army approaches Cracow, the Gestapo shoots 79 Poles. On Jan. 15 House Party, starring Moose Jaw, Sask., Canada-born Arthur Gordon "Art" Linkletter (Gordon Arthur Kelly) (1912-2010) debuts on CBS-Radio (until Sept. 5, 1969). On Jan. 15 (eve.) Hitler arrives in Berlin by train from Bad Neuheim to face his personal final solution; an SS Col. tells him "Berlin will be most practical as our headquarters - we'll soon be able to take the streetcar from the Eastern to the Western Front", causing Hitler to laugh. On Jan. 15 (eve.) a boat train leaves Victoria Station in London en route to Paris, becoming the first regular civilian link since May 1940. On Jan. 17 as the Red Army closes in on Warsaw, the Germans shoot 320 Polish partisans and Soviet POWs in Mlawa, and 41 Jewish slave laborers in Chelmno, from which Mordechai Zurawski and Shimon Srebnik escape. On Jan. 18 the Germans begin evacuating their 57K slaves from Auschwitz and Birkenau to camps in W Germany, mostly by train, but some via death marches. On Jan. 18 Soviet and Polish forces capture Warsaw, Poland after 35,840 Germans are killed, with 62K taken POW; on Jan. 19 they liberate Lodz, Poland (877 out of 250K Jews are left), Cracow (Krakow), Poland (which is prevented from planned Nazi destruction by a lightning attack), and Tarnow, Poland; the speed of the Soviet offensive prevents the Nazis from destroying Silesian industry; anti-Nazi underground leader Marion Doenhoff (Dönhoff) (1909-2002) flees from East Prussia to Hamburg on horseback, taking seven weeks, going on to become a top German journalist for the weekly Die Zeit, rising to ed.-in-chief in 1968. On Jan. 17 the Soviets repel German Operation Konrad III in Budapest, Hungary, and on Jan. 20 the Allies sign a truce with Hungary; on Jan. 17 Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg (1912-47), who saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews from extermination is arrested in Budapest by the Soviets, later "disappearing" while in custody. On Jan. 19 Allied bombers bomb the synthetic oil factory at Monowitz near Auschwitz, leaving 850 sick slave laborers without utilities; 200 later die. On Jan. 20 U.S. pres. #32 Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated for an unprecedented 4th term in the 46th U.S. Pres. Inauguration; Mo.-raised Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) becomes the 34th U.S. vice-pres. - if FDR should die and leave him pres., they could sign the armistice on the USS Missouri? On Jan. 20 the Germans are pushed back to the starting point of their Dec. Ardennes offensive after losing 25K KIA and 75K taken POW vs. 15,600 U.S. soldiers KIA. On Jan. 20 the Soviets invade East Prussia in force, causing 2M German civilians to flee W. On Jan. 20 the Soviets in Czech. break through the Carpathians and advance N from Hungary, taking Bardejov, Presov, and Kosice. On Jan. 20 the Allies bomb the synthetic oil plant at Blechhammer, Silesia, knocking a hole in a wall that allows 41 of 4K Jews to escape. On Jan. 20 the SS blows up two of the last three crematoria in Birkenau, and shoot 200 of 4.2K Jewish women who are too sick to leave; on Jan. 22 escape, and 50 of 60 are killed. On Jan. 20-Feb. 20 the Battle of Ramree Island sees a Japanese army unit based on the Burmese island of Ramree outflanked by a British naval force and refuse to surrender, then attempt to trek across 10 mi. of mangrove swamps infested with thousands of 15-ft.-long saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus); by the morning of Feb. 20 only 20 of the 1K soldiers survive amid the vultures. On Jan. 21 German troops evacuate Tannenberg, East Prussia, site of German's greatest WWI V over Russia, disinterring the remains of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his wife and taking them to Berlin. On Jan. 22 the U.S. stages a heavy air raid on Okinawa. On Jan. 22 Hitler orders the evacuation of Memel by sea without putting up a fight. On Jan. 22 the Soviets cross the Oder River, seizing a bridgehead on the W bank, putting them less than 250 mi. from Berlin. On Jan. 22 (night) more Soviet troops advance through the 1939 Polish frontier town of Rawicz and reach Goben (Göben) on the E bank of the Oder River 150 mi. from Berlin. On Jan. 23 it becomes 1-23-45. On Jan. 23 the German Fourth Army evacuates the fortress of Lotzen (Lötzen), East Prussia sans orders, alowing the Soviets to capture Rastenburg, site of Wolf's Lair, pissing-off Hitler, who dismisses cmdr. Gen. Friedrich Hossbach (1894-1980) (of 1937 Hossbach Memorandum fame), and Gen. Georg-Hans Reinhart (1887-1963) (cmdr. of Army Group Center); at the end of the war Hossbach is in a hospital in Gottingen as U.S. troops approach, causing the Gestapo to attempt to murder him, but he fends them off with a pistol and is taken into U.S. custody, after which he rats Hitler out for being a warmonger, producing the memorandum as proof, allowing him to live to a ripe old age. On Jan. 23 German jurist CountHelmuth James von Moltke (b. 1907) (great-grandnephew of Gen. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder) is executed in Plotzensee Prison for his role in the July 20th 1944 Plot, along with Erwin Planck (b. 1893), son of German physicist Max Planck. On Jan. 24 a German attempt to relieve the sieged city of Budapest is finally halted by the Soviets. On Jan. 24 the British RAF launches Operation Meridian, bombing the Japanese oil refineries in Palembang, Sumatra; on Jan. 29 they return and reduce the output by 75%, leaving the Japanese air force without aviation fuel. On Jan. 25 the Battle of the Bulge (begun Dec. 16) ends with 19K killed and 60K wounded or captured out of 1M Allied troops vs. 100K casualties for the 250K Germans, who lose all of their remaining planes and tanks; the war is all-but over for the Germans; the U.S. replaces their losses with half-trained green troops, mainly right out of high school. On Jan. 25 the SS evacuates Stutthof Labor Camp near Danzig, shooting 12K of 25K POWs first, and putting the rest through a death march. On Jan. 25 the SS murders 538 POWs with typhus in Nawcz, Poland. On Jan. 25 after shooting 350 sick Jews and blowing up the last of five gas chambers and crematoria, the SS evacuates Auschwitz, leaving behind 5.8K Jews and 1.2K Poles incl. Italian Jew Primo Levi (1919-87), who writes the soundbyte: "We lay in a world of death and phantoms. The last trace of civilization had vanished around and inside us. The work of bestial degradation, begun by the victorious Germans, had been carried to its conclusion by the Germans in defeat." On Jan. 25 Grand Rapids, Mich. becomes the first city in the world to fluoridate its drinking water, followed by Newburgh, N.Y. and Brantford, Ont.; test reports 10 years later show a 65% reduction in tooth decay in children - it's really put in to make people docile, and later causes Alzheimer's? On Jan. 26 U.S. troops capture Colmar, France, with Lt. Audie Leon Murphy (1926-71) later winning the Medal of Honor, becoming the most-decorated U.S. soldier of WWII, with 33 awards and decorations. On Jan. 26-27 the Soviet army arrives at Auschwitz, Poland and liberates it and Birkenau, finding 648 corpses and charred ruins of 29 large storehouses, plus six that survived, containing 836K women's dresses, 348K men's suits, and 38K thousand pairs of men's shoes; Jan. 27 becomes Internat. Holocaust Remembrance Day. On Jan. 26-Feb. 7 the Soviets capture the shipbuilding and repair port of Elbing (Elblag) in N Poland (known for its Mennonites) after severe fighting, cutting off 500K German soldiers and severing East Prussia from Germany. On Jan. 27 eight German divs. stop the Soviets near Marienburg, East Prussia. On Jan. 27 a German counterattack retakes Szekesfehervar, Hungary. On Jan. 27 the Soviets encircle Poznan (Posen), Poland and Torun, Poland, while the main army advances towards the 1939 German-Polish border, crossing it on Jan. 29 and capturing Schonlanke (Schönlanke), Germany and Woldenberg, Germany; meanwhile Kustrin (Küstrin) on the E bank of the Oder River 48 mi. from Berlin holds out, and Hitler appoints Heinrich Himmler to command the newly-created (Jan. 24) Vistula Army Group, while massive defenses are erected around Breslau. On Jan. 28 Allied supplies begin reaching China over the newly reopened and extended 1,079-mi. Burma-Ledo Road from Assam, India to Kunming, China, which Chiang Kai-shek renames the Stilwell Road after U.S. Gen. Joseph Stilwell. On Jan. 30 100 U.S. Army Rangers of the Sixth Ranger Infantry Battalion and 400 Filipino guerrillas begin a flawless rescue of 513 POWs from Camp Cabanatuan on Luzon Island 60 mi. N of Manila, where U.S. and Filipino POWs captured at Bataan and Corregidor are housed incl. those from the Bataan Death March, becoming the most successful U.S. rescue effort in history (until ?); all 225 Japanese guards are killed; on the way back, the Japanese kill one Army Ranger and 26 Filipino guerrillas - what took you so long? On Jan. 30 three U.S. divs. launch a drive on the Siegfried Line in Germany. On Jan. 30 Nazi SS guards shoot 4K Jewish POWs on the Baltic coast at Palmnicken (Yantarny), 25 mi. from Kaliningrad on the Sambian Peninsula. On Jan. 30 a Soviet sub in Kiel Harbor sinks the Wilhelm Gustloff, a pleasure liner transporting East Prussian refugees, killing 6K of 9,343, mostly women and children, becoming the greatest naval loss in history (until ?); on Sept. 3, 1988 three British deep-sea divers are arrested for trying to loot the wreckage. On Jan. 30 the Nazi film Kolberg debuts, showing the heroic defenders of the Baltic port of Kolberg fighting off Napoleon in 1807; copies are sent to all German garrisons to pump them up; too bad, the real Kolberg soon falls to the Soviets, which the German press covers up. On Jan. 30 Adolf Hitler delivers his Hitler's Last Radio Broadcast on the 12th anniv. of the Third Reich. On Jan. 31 Soviet tanks stage a surprise drive and cross the Oder River, seizing a bridgehead at Kienitz 50 mi. from Berlin, catching German soldiers strolling the streets; too bad, they outrun their supply lines and have to wait. On Jan. 31 after the Allied armies stall in the Ardennes, the British decide to divert some of their bombers to help the Soviets by attacking German tank factories along with Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig, and Chemnitz. On Jan. 31 after making the mistake of claiming that if given the chance he'd escape again, illiterate Pvt. Edward Donald "Eddie" Slovik (b. 1920) (#36896415) is executed by firing squad at St. Marie-aux-Mines, becoming the first U.S. soldier since the U.S. Civil War (1864) to be executed for desertion out of 3K Americans court-martialed for desertion in WWII, and 49 sentenced to death; in 1974 Martin Sheen portrays Slovik in an NBC-TV movie. In Jan. the Albanian Communist provisional govt. (since 1941) of Enver Halil Hoxha (1908-85) agrees to restore Kosovo to Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito as an autonomous region. In Jan. German flying bomb attacks kill 585 civilians in Britain, followed by 483 in Feb. In Jan. the U.S. 10th Mountain Div., trained in Colo. to fight on skis and to climb becomes the last U.S. div. to enter the war - save the good ski resort sites first? In Jan. Mattel Inc. toy manufacturing co. is founded in El Segundo, Calif. by Harold "Matt" Matson and Elliot Handler (1916-2011), starting out selling toy pianos and dollhouse furniture before introducing Uke-A-Doodle toy ukulele in 1947; in the late 1940s Handler buys Matson out, and the co. is taken over by his wife Ruth Marianna Handler (nee Mosko) (1916-2002); in 1955 it begins sponsoring The Mickey Mouse Club TV series; in 1959 it introduces the Barbie Doll, followed in 1960 by the pull-string talking Chatty Cathy Doll; in 1960 it goes public; in 1971 it acquires Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus for $40M, selling it back in 1982 for $22.8M; in 1977 it launches Mattel Electronics to produce electronic handheld games, which splits-off in 1982; in 1979 it acquires the Holiday on Ice and Ice Follies for $12M, and Western Publishing for $120M; in 1993 it acquires Fisher-Price, followed in 1999 by The Learning Co, selling it for a loss in 2000; on Aug. 14, 2007 it recalls 18M products with lead surface coatings and strong detachable magnets. On Feb. 1 Hitler declares Berlin a fortress city, calling out everybody who can walk to build defense works, with the slogan "Victory or Siberia". On Feb. 2 the Vistula-Oder Offensive (begun Jan. 12) ends with the Red Army resting on the Oder River 43 mi. E of Berlin, allowing pesky German resistance on the N flank (Pomerania) to be dealt with. On Feb. 2 1.2K RAF planes demolish Wiesbaden, Germany and Karlsruhe, Germany; the U.S. Army captures Karlsruhe in Apr. On Feb. 2 after holding secret talks in summer 1943 with Heinrich Himmler about a coup against Hilter, then being arrested last July 21, Prussian finance minister (since 1933) Johannes Popitz (1884-1945) is finally executed in Plotzensee Prison in Berlin after Himmler er, cuts him loose. On Feb. 2 after Stalin approves it, Alexy (Alexius) I (1877-1970) is elected Orthodox patriarch #13 of Moscow and all Russia, and enthroned on Feb. 4, presiding next year over the reunification of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (really a takeover by Stalin?). On Feb. 3 the Allies drop 2.3K tons of bombs on Berlin, almost destroying the Reichsbank, causing them to transfer 100 tons ($238M) of gold plus 1B Reichmarks in currency reserves 200 mi. SW to a salt mine near Merkers; Robert "Rosie" Rosenthal becomes a hero again when his B-17 suffers a direct hit and he continues to target, drops his payload, stays at the controls until the rest of the crew bail out, then bails out at 1K ft. just before it explodes, after which he is rescued by the Russians and returned to duty; Nazi hanging judge Roland Freisler (b. 1893) dies in the attack in the cellar of the courthouse where he is hearing the cases of Fabian von Schlabrendorff, the widow of Wilhelm Solf, and her daughter Countess Ballestrem, whose files are destroyed by the bomb, allowing them later to walk. On Feb. 3 the U.S. firebombs beeftown Kobe, Japan (6th largest Japanese city, 1M pop.), its first firebombing raid on Japan, using yummy napalm or incendiary bombs, dropping them every 50 ft. in an effort at total destruction of slant-eyed people like vermin, returning on Mar. 16 and Mar. 17; in Apr. the U.S. drops napalm in Royan, France, and future anti-Vietnam War activist Howard Zinn (1922-2010) participates. On Feb. 3 the 1 mo. Battle of Manila begins (ends Mar. 3); on Feb. 5 Gen. Douglas MacArthur enters Manila, declaring "I have returned"; a stagey Photo of Gen. MacArthur Coming Ashore by Life photographer Carl Mydans (1907-2004) becomes famous; MacArthur wins the Medal of Honor, becoming the only father-son team to win one for WWI and WWII (father Arthur in WWI). On Feb. 4 U.S. forces breach the outer defenses of the Siegfried Line. On Feb. 4 (6:11 p.m.) the King's Cross Railway Accident in London kills two passengers and injures 25 incl. the train attendant. Hitler dances with the devil in the Paris light, FDR dances with the devil in the pale moonlight? On Feb. 4-11 the Yalta Conference is held by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to secretly decide Germany's fate, namely, dismemberment, with one-third of its E lands annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union, and what remains divided into zones of occupation, along with Austria; Stalin agrees to enter the war against Japan 2-3 mo. after the defeat of Germany only in exchange for guaranteed annexation of the Japanese-controlled S half of Sakhalin Island (with oilfields), the strategic Kurile Islands N of Japan, and the Japanese military base of Port Arthur in Manchuria, plus control of major railway lines in Manchuria, and the div. of Korea along the 38th parallel into Soviet and U.S. zones of occupation, with independence guaranteed after a max. of five years; FDR caves in exchange for the creation of the U.N., his new world policeman; after the other two pressure him, Stalin assures them that there will be fair and free multi-party elections in Poland, later reneging; on Feb. 4 Soviet deputy chief of staff Gen. Aleksei Innokentievich Antonov (1896-1962) tells the Big Three that the Red Army needs Allied bomber help to overcome German ground forces in the Eastern Front, and they agree to concentrate on lines of communication between Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzig; on Feb. 10 the Big Three agree to make Germany pay reparations; Stalin gets them to agree to immediately release Russians captured fighting for Germany; on Feb. 11 the Big Three sign the Yalta Agreement at the Lividia Palace, FDR not knowing that his govt. is riddled with secret Soviet agents who pass all of his plans to Stalin, and that his villa is bugged by the Soviet secret police?; on Mar. 1 FDR tells a joint session of Congress "I come from the Crimean Conference, my fellow Americans, with a firm belief that we have made a good start on the road to a world of peace"; 2 mo. later Stalin tells a Yugoslavian delegation visiting Moscow, "This war is not as in the past; whoever occupies a territory also imposes on it his own social system. Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach"; Churchill's daughter says that being with him and FDR "was like sitting between two lions roaring at the same time". On Feb. 5 former (current?) NKVD agent (since 1940) Ain-Ervin Mere (1903-69), head of the Estonian secret police since 1943 founds the Nazi-collaborating Eesti Vabadusliit with Estonian SS cmdr. Gen. Harald Riipalu (Harald Reibach) (1912-61); after the war they are sentenced to death but flee to Britain, where they stay for life. On Feb. 5 (night) the Red Army crosses the Oder River again at Brieg 25 mi. S of Breslau. On Feb. 7 the Soviets cross the Oder River again at Furstenberg (Fürstenberg) 60 mi. from Berlin. On Feb. 7 minutes after Gen. MacArthur visits Santo Tomas POW Camp in the Philippines (whose 3.7K POWs were liberated on Feb. 4), the Japanese shell it for two days. On Feb. 8 Canadian forces launch Operation Veritable to drive S from Nijmegen and force the Germans from the W bank of the Upper Rhine (ends Mar. 11). On Feb. 8 the Allies bomb Goch (final objective of Operation Veritable), Kleef (Kleve) (Cleves), Kalkar, and Reichswald. On Feb. 9 after 20 days the French First Army under Gen. Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny (1889-1952) completes Operation Cheerful, forcing the surrender of 22K Germans in the Colmar Pocket in C Alsace after losing 1.6K French and 540 U.S. soldiers. On Feb. 9 the Japanese army in Indochina attacks the French in Saigon, Hanoi, and other major cities, and on Feb. 11 Emperor Bo Dai declares the independence of Vietnam; on Apr. 7 Tran Trong Kim (1883-1953) becomes PM, and picks a cabinet on Apr. 17; in mid-Aug. the puppet regime collapses. On Feb. 9 Japanese troops round up 20+ girls and rape them over the next three days; Esther Gracia Moras testifies more ass, er, against them at the Tokyo War Crimes trial. On Feb. 9 Black Fridaysees German and British aircraft battle over Sunnfjord, becoming the largest aerial battle over Norway during World War II. On Feb. 9 (night) Hitler reviews architectural models for the new postwar Nazi Linz, telling Gen. Kaltenbrunner: "Do you imagine I could talk like this about my plans for the future if I did not believe deep down that we really are going to win this war in the end?" On Feb. 10 Rum & Coca-Cola by the Andrews Sisters hits #1 on the U.S. pop charts. On Feb. 10 the Soviets launch a new offensive against Himmler's Vistula Army Group in East Pomerania S of Danzig. On Feb. 10 the 16K-man German army in Perbal, Budapest on the E bank of the Danube River is destroyed, and the 30K in Buda on the W bank surrender; on Feb. 13 after almost all of the Nazi troops are wiped out, along with 40K civilians, the Soviets capture Budapest after a 50-day siege (begun Dec. 29), with 80% of the bldgs. destroyed or damaged, along with all five bridges over the Danube River; the fun then begins as 50K women ages 10-70 are raped by the monkey-loving Red Army and Romanian Army before launching the Vienna offensive - there's a female Harlem Globetrotters? On Feb. 10 U.S. B-29s bomb Tokyo. On Feb. 13 the Soviets capture Budapest, Hungary, sieged since Dec. 29, with 150K of 180K German defenders captured, wounded, or KIA, vs. 80K Soviet soldiers KIA and 240K injured out of 500K. On Feb. 13 14 German V-2s hit London, killing 12 at Wood Green, 12 at Romford, 28 at West Ham, and three at Bexley, bringing the weekly total to a record 180. Happy Valentines Day, Krauts? On Feb. 13/14 after Stalin suggests targeting it at the Yalta Conference, the Dresden Firebombing in Saxony by 1.2K Allied bombers in Operation Thunderclap uses dropping incendiary bombs to create a firestorm, killing 25K-500K civilians, mostly innocent refugees, all on the orders of RAF marshal (1942-5) (CIC of Bomber Command, who incessantly lobbies for the bombing of Germany) Sir Arthur Travers "Bomber" "Butcher" Harris, 1st Baronet (1892-1984); the city is virtually defenseless after most of its AA guns are sent to defend the Ruhr, and they only shoot down eight bombers; there are four air raids by Feb. 15; Dresden's Frauenkirche is destroyed, only a 43-ft.-high mound of rubble flanked by two jagged walls remaining, which is left untouched for 47 years as a symbol, then rebuilt; 39,773 "officially identified dead" are registered, and 20K+ more bodies are found in the ruins; the mass grave bears the inscription "How many died? Who knows the number?"; on Mar. 17, 2010 the Dresden Historians' Commission concludes that a max of 25K were killed in the firebombing; future sci-fi writer Kurt Vonnegut is brought in as a U.S. POW to dig out bodies; the Allies did it to teach the Soviets a lesson about their superior airpower? On Feb. 14 (a.m.) U.S. bombers bomb Chemnitz and Magdeburg. On Feb. 14 Peru, Paraguay, Chile, and Ecuador join the U.N. On Feb. 15 20 U.S. aircraft carriers and 90 warships (most powerful naval force in history until ?) attack Honshu Island, becoming the first U.S. naval attack on Japanese home islands; on Feb. 15-16 U.S. aircraft bomb Tokyo. On Feb. 15 FDR meets aboard the USS Quincy in the Great Bitter Lake of the Suez Canal with Saudi King Abdulaziz Al-Saud (Ibn Saud), who insists that a tent be built for him because he won't sleep in an "iron cabin"; after FDR proposes a Jewish state in Palestine, Ibn Saud tells him that the Muslim World won't accept a Jewish state or a temporary haven in Libya, and that the Jews should go back to Germany and not try to horn in on Arab land; FDR assures him that he will do nothing to assist the Jews against the Arabs in Palestine, and that he will never do anything to harm the Arab people and that the U.S. will not many any changes to its policy on Palestine without prior consultation with both sides; on Feb. 17 Ibn Saud meets with British PM Winston Churchill in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the Fayyoun Oasis 50 mi. S of Cairo, and Churchill takes a harder line, trying to pressure him into using his influence to get the Arab world to accomodate Zionist aspirations, and making no promises to temper support for the Zionists with sensitivity to Arab rights. On Feb. 16 U.S. carrier-based aircraft attack Iwo Jima, while an expeditionary force sails from Saipan. On Feb. 16 U.S. paratroops land on the island fort of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay in the Philippines; on Feb. 17 after killing 100K Filipino civilians, 2K Japanese soldiers hole-up in the walled center of Manila with 5K Filipino hostages, with U.S. Gen. Oscar Woolverton Griswold (1886-1959) ordering them to surrender; on Feb. 23 they're almost all dead. On Feb. 16-19 the Allies bomb 95% of the strategic depot town of Wesel, Germany at the confluence of the Lippe and Rhine Rivers; on Mar. 10 the Germans blow up the Wesel Railway Bridge, their last on the Rhine, which doesn't stop the Allies from bombing the town to rubble on Mar. 23 with 3K field guns and 10 10Kg aerial bombs (biggest of the war), then occupying it at night with Operation Plunder, then dropping 16K paratroops in the surrounding hills on Mar. 24 with Operation Varsity, and reopening the bridge on Apr. 8; the town's pop. is reduced from 25K to 1.9K. On Feb. 17 as artillery can be heard in the distance, the V-2 rocket scientists at Peenemunde pack up and move to Oberammergau in Bavaria, where it is rumored Hitler will make his last stand. The U.S. gets its own version of the White Cavalry to the rescue scenario with the $14 Billion Photo? On Feb. 19 (dawn) the 28th U.S. Marines (110K, biggest Marine force ever) storm barren 5.5 mi. x 2.5 mi. Iwo Jima (Naka Iwo) (Iwo To) (Jap. "sulfur island") (710 mi. S of Tokyo) (largest of the Volcano Islands), the strongest bastion of the Japanese outer-defense system (containing three airfields), commanded by Gen. Tadamichi Kuribayashi (1891-1945), whose brilliant defense stretches out the capture from five to 36 days; 35K Marines land by nightfall at Toblishi Point in the S, beginning a 5-week battle to seize it from the Nips, er, Japs, er, Japanese, so that it can support long range B-29 bombers; 6.8K U.S. troops are KIA, 13K are wounded (19,938 total casualties), and the entire force of 20K Japanese are KIA or commit hari-kiri before the U.S. captures it, becoming the deadliest battle in U.S. Marine Corps history (until ?), generating 22 Medals of Honor; on Feb. 23 after killing 19K of the 20K Japs, extinct 555-ft. (169m) volcano Mount Suribachi (Jap. "grinding bowl") (Mount Pipe, from the times when sulfur gas and water vapor roll down from the summit, resembling a smoking pipe) on the S end is captured; at 11:30 a.m. AP photographer Joseph John "Joe" Rosenthal (1911-2006) takes a 4x5 Speed Graphic B&W (1/400th of a sec.) Photo of the Raising of the U.S. Flag on Mt. Suribachi in Iwo Jima on a water pipe on the 556-ft. summit by five Marines and Navy corpsman John Henry "Jack" "Doc" Bradley (1923-94), which becomes a symbol of the war and later of the Marines, winning him a Pulitzer Prize and becoming the most reprinted photo of the Pacific war; it later comes out that another (smaller) flag was raised at 10:20 a.m. on a water pipe when a photo by Marine Sgt. Louis R. "Lou" Lowery (1916-87) is pub. in Leatherneck mag. in 1947; Marine Sgt. William Homer "Bill" Genaust (b. 1907) also photographs the 2nd raising with a 16mm Bell & Howell movie camera (198 frames), but dies nine days later on Mar. 4 in a cavern in Hill 362A before he can view the film, which is played in movie theaters without giving him credit; of the 12 Marines who raised the two flags, six later die in battle, and four are wounded; the island takes until Mar. 17 to capture, with the last Japs defying all odds to hold out with little food and water, and becomes an airstrip for damaged bombers, then is returned to Japan in 1968, where Old Glory flies on it four days each year; U.S. PFC Jack H. Lucas (1928-), who lied about his age to enter the U.S. Marines at age 14 becomes the youngest Am. in the 20th cent. and the youngest Marine ever to win the Medal of Honor after he jumps onto two enemy grenades to save three fellow soldiers; the photo is used on the 3-Cent Iwo Jima Flag-Raising Stamp (first U.S. stamp to show a WWII scene) to revive flagging war spirit stateside and raise $14B for the war effort, even though it doesn't do anything for the spirit of the troops in the field; after the battle, a Marine carves a depiction of the flag-raising on a large sandstone on the N shore. On Feb. 19 Heinrich Himmler's rep Walter Schellenberg holds a secret meeting behind Hitler's back with Swedish Red Cross official Count Folke Bernadotte asking to help open negotiations with the Western Allies; he agrees to allow Red Cross parcels to be sent only to Nordic inmates (no Slavs or Jews). On Feb. 19 Soviet top ace Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub (1920-91) of the Ukraine shoots down a German Me-262 jet fighter, netting him his 3rd Hero of the Soviet Union decoration on Aug. 18. On Feb. 21 Hitler refuses a request to permit German troops to pull back from Pomerania, ordering them to hold the Stettin-Danzig railway line; on Feb. 22 the last 12K Germans in Poznan (Posen), Poland surrender, dooming Pomerania. On Feb. 21 during the Battle of Iwo Jima, Japanese torpedo planes in the Pacific sink the USS Bismarck Sea, killing 119, and badly damage the USS Saratoga, killing 123; Bismarck Sea becomes the last U.S. Navy aircraft carrier sunk in combat in WWII; a last big V for Japanese kamikazes AKA "floating chrysanthemums". On Feb. 22 the U.S. launches Operation Clarion to destroy all remaining German infrastructure, with 9K aircraft flying day and night to attack 200 comm network targets. On Feb. 23 the U.S. opens a large offensive in the Rhineland. On Feb. 23 Turkey declares war on Germany and Japan. On Feb. 23 the U.S. stages its first firebombing of Tokyo, with 174 B-29s destroying 1 sq. mi. of the city. On Feb. 23 U.S. bombers bomb Pforzheim, Germany; too bad, on Mar. 4 they accidentally drop some bombs on Zurich, killing five civilians. On Feb. 24 the Allies liberate Los Banos Prison in the Philippines. On Feb. 24 Egypt declares war on Germany and Japan; Egyptian PM Ahmed Maher (b. 1888) is assassinated in parliament after reading a decree. On Feb. 24 British Princess Elizabeth (1926-) joins the Auxiliary Transport Service (ATS), becoming a driver after learning mechanics and map-reading. On Feb. 25 Hitler meets with his Gauleiters in Berlin, uttering the soundbytes: "The German people did not have the inner strength they were perceived to have", and "You may see my hand tremble sometimes today, and perhaps even my head now and then, but my heart, never." On Feb. 25 SS Gen. Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff (1900-84), CIC of SS forces in Italy sends an emissary to open secret peace talks with Berne OSS chief Allen Welsh Dulles (1893-1969), agreeing to released Italian resistance leader Ferruccio Parri (1890-1981) (AKA Maurizio) and U.S. agent Maj. Antonio Usmiani; on Mar. 8 he accompanies them to Zurich then promises to get German field cmdrs. to join in and returns to Italy, which never happens, but when he is sentenced to life in prison on Sept. 30, 1964, the incident gets him released in seven years; on June 21 Parri becomes PM #29 of Italy (until Dec. 8). On Feb. 26 the Allies bomb the hell out of Berlin again. On Feb. 26 Syria declares war on Germany and Japan. On Feb. 26 after losing 6K KIA, the remaining 200 Japanese on Corregidor Island blow themselves up in their tunnels under Monkey Point, killing 52 Americans and injuring 196; the few survivors surrender by the night of Feb. 27. On Feb. 27 Gen. MacArthur fights his way into Malacanan(g) Palace in Manila, uttering the soundbyte: "Your capital city, cruelly punished though it be, has regained its rightful place, citadel of democracy in the East"; he later writes the soundbyte: "To others it might have seemed my moment of victory and monumental personal acclaim, but to me it seemed only the culmination of a panorama of physical and spiritual disaster. It had killed something inside me to see my men die." On Feb. 28 the U.S. crosses the Erft River, breaking the natural defense line W of the Rhine River. On Feb. 28 U.S. forces land at Puerto Princesa on Palawan Island, finding 79 POW skeletons, becoming the first of 38 assaults against 450K Japanese soldiers in the S Philippines islands until July, starting with six islands in the next two weeks incl. Mindanao on Mar. 10, in which 13K U.S. soldiers are KIA. On Feb. 28 the Allies learn that thorium ore for atomic energy is being processed in the Auer Factory in Oranienburg N of Berlin, and bomb it on Mar. 15, ending German A-bomb research. On Feb. 28 British intel informs the Soviets of Germany's order of battle on the Eastern Front; meanwhile Soviet Gen. Nikolai Vatutin (b. 1901) is ambushed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army near Mylyatyn in Ostroh Raion (Rivne Oblast), and dies on Apr. 15 in Kiev from sepsis; on Apr. 10 Stalin appoints Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov as cmdr. of the 1st Ukrainian Front until early May, pushing the Germans to the Carpathian Mts. In Feb. the ban on heels higher than 2 in. is lifted in Britain, causing "meta-queues" as women queue in order to join a queue for shoes; the rationing only permits each person three eggs a month, trouser cuffs are banned, socks are short, and boys have to wear shorts until age 12; the black market "spivs", imitating Chicago gangsters in Savile Row suits with fur-bearing molls thrive as police ranks are thinned by the war; wartime social welfare programs reduce class distinctions and lay the foundation for a postwar social welfare state? In Feb. the all-black 6888 Central Postal Directory Battalion of the Women's Army Corps (WACs) is formed to distributed a 2-year backlog of mail to U.S. soldiers held in warehouses in England and France (until Mar. 1946. On Mar. 1 after telling Stalin in Yalta that "there was only one concession he thought he might offer and that was to give him the six million Jews in the United States", Pres. Roosevelt addresses a joint session of Congress, and proclaims the Yalta Conference a success; he utters the soundbyte: "I learned more about the whole problem, the Moslem problem, the Jewish problem, by talking with Ibn Saud for five minutes than I could have learned in the exchange of two or three dozen letters" - call for a free brochure? On Mar. 1 U.S. troops capture Monchengladbach (Mönchengladbach) in North Rhine-Westphalia, W of the Rhine River, reaching the river opposite Dusseldorf on Mar. 2 and finding all the bridges destroyed - the monks in Munich are glad that England's back? On Mar. 1 the Chinese 30th Div. occupies Hsenwi on the Burma Road. On Mar. 1 capable Luftwaffe Field Marshal "Smiling" Albert Kesselring (1881-1960) succeeds von Rundstedt as German cmdr. of the Western Front. On Mar. 2 the U.S. flag is raised over Corregidor. On Mar. 2 the Allies bomb Dresden again to destroy railway yards to the Breslau front, accidentally bombing a hospital ship on the Elbe River - is that like twice-toasted bread? On Mar. 2 after Soviet king of comedy, deputy minister for foreign affairs (1940-9) Andrei Januarevich Vyshinsky (1883-1954) is sent to apply pressure, Romanian King Michael gives in to the Communist govt.; agrarian reforms are introduced, distributing all farms larger than 50 hectares (125 acres) into 12.5 hectare (31 acre) parcels - even the freed blacks in the U.S. Civil war were promised 40 acres and a mule? On Mar. 3 the U.S. occupies the last part of the West Wall in Germany. On Mar. 3 Finland declares war on Germany. On Mar. 3 the RAF bombs The Hague by accident, killing 511. On Mar. 3 the Act of Chapultepec (Mexico), adopted by the Inter-Am. Conference on Problems of War and Peace is signed by all the nations of North and South Am. except Argentina, which signs on Apr. 4; it promises mutual aid during WWII against any aggressors who attack their political independence or territorial integrity, incl. one Am. state against another; it provides for a new treaty to be drafted after WWII, resulting in the 1947 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro. On Mar. 3 Winston Churchill visits ruined Julich (Jülich), Germany, becoming the first British PM on German soil since Neville Chamberlain in Sept. 1938. On Mar. 3 Germany launches its first V-1s against London since Sept., launching 21 from aircraft, seven reaching London, causing a British bombing raid on the rocket site near the Hague, which accidentally kills 520 Dutch civilians. On Mar. 3 the Mutual Broadcasting System plays the first encounter between Superman, Batman, and Robin - a code for the underground? On Mar. 4 Manila, Philippines is liberated by the U.S. after a 1-mo. battle (since Feb. 3), leaving the city in ruins, causing Quezon City to be used as the interim capital until 1976. On Mar. 4 British and Indian troops capture Tamandu, Burma on the Arakan coast, and advance towards Mandalay. On Mar. 4 U.S. bombers bomb the Nakajima Aircraft Engine Factory in Musashino, Japan, becoming their last precision bombing raid over Japan, switching to firebombing and carpet bombing. On Mar. 5 U.S. troops occupy Cologne, Germany. On Mar. 5 the German Army begins drafting boys born in 1929, incl. those not yet 16. The original Springtime for Hitler? On Mar. 6 the Germans launch Operation Spring Awakening (AKA the Plattensee Offensive and the Balaton Defensive Operation) (ends Mar. 16) to repel the Soviets from Vienna, with Hitler telling his generals that they can recapture Budapest and the Hungarian oilfields, which provided 75% of Germany's oil after the loss of Ploesti; no surprise, shortage of fuel along with spring mud makes it a non-starter, and the next-to-last German offensive of the war. On Mar. 6 Nazi SS Gen. Johann Baptist "Hanns" Albin Rauter (1895-1949) is ambushed and severely wounded at the Woeste Hoeve on the Veluwe near Appeldoorn by the Dutch Resistance, after which 263 people are shot in reprisal, even though they were only trying to hijack a truck; German policeman Helmuth Seijffards refuses to join the firing squad, and is is shot; Resistance leader Jan Thijssen (b. 1908) is shot trying to escape on Mar. 8; Rauter is later executed for war crimes near Sheveningen. On Mar. 6 the Germans counterattack and recapture Lauban in Lower Silesia, Germany from the Soviets; on Mar. 11 Joseph Goebbels visits and gives a speech to the bright-eyed nutsos, er, Nazis to pump them up to hold onto Breslau, which falls on May 6 after the Battle of Upper Lusatia in E Saxony (home of the non-absorbed Roman Catholic Sorbs), becoming the last German offensive of the war. On Mar. 6 British intel learns that the Soviets have arrested thousands of Poles in the Home Army loyal to the London govt.-in-exile, killing some as British or German spies and shipping the rest to the Soviet Union. On Mar. 7 (a.m.) after German engineers flub their explosive charges, killing 28 and injuring 63, the U.S. First Army Armored Div. secures the WWI-era Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, Germany (25 mi. S of Bonn), with 100 antsy-happy soldiers crossing the Rhine River by evening, becoming the first foreign invaders to cross the Rhine River into Germany since Napoleon in 1805; 1st Lt. Karl Heinrich Timmermann (1922-51) becomes the first U.S. officer to cross the Rhine; Gen. Patton publicly pisses off the bridge; on Mar. 7 (night) after hearing the bad news, pissed-off Hitler dismisses Field Marshal von Rundstedt with the soundbyte: "He is finished - I don't want to hear any more about him", and appoints capable Luftwaffe Field Marshal "Smiling" Albert Kesselring (1881-1960) as CIC of the Western Front. On Mar. 7 a Communist govt. under Marshal Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) and his Nat. Liberation Movement is formed in Yugoslavia; on Apr. 5 Tito signs a treaty of friendship, mutual aid, and postwar collaboration with Stalin; on Nov. 11 an election boycotted by monarchists elects Tito, and on Nov. 29 a new assembly abolishes the 1K-y.-o. monarchy and proclaims the Federal People's Repub. of Yugoslavia; Montenegro is reorganized as a repub. of the new federation, with capital at (guess? yodel-ay-hee-hoo?) Titograd. On Mar. 8 Canadian troops occupy Xanten in North Rhine-Westphalia (only German town whose name begins with an "X"). On Mar. 8 (night) German troops from the Channel Islands stage a surprise raid on Granville, France, killing 15 U.S. and eight British soldiers and six French civilians, while losing two and releasing 67 German POWs, bringing back captured supplies; UNRRA officer John Alexander is captured in his pajamas, becoming a POW for the rest of the war. On Mar. 8 a V-2 rocket hits Smithfield Market in London, killing 110. On Mar. 8-9 the U.S. 1st Infantry Div. occupies Bonn, Germany. On Mar. 9/10 (night) the Tokyo Firebombing AKA Night of the Black Snow sees 334 U.S. B-29s firebomb Tokyo for two hours with napalm (jellied gasoline) (first use by the U.S. against the Japanese) under Operation Meetinghouse, killing 80K-120K, mostly innocent civilians, and zapping 16 sq. mi. of the city, becoming the most lethal air raid in history (until ?); "I suppose if I had lost the war, I would have been tried as a war criminal" (U.S. Gen. Curtis LeMay); Yoko Ono (1933-) survives the bombing in a bunker for aristocrats; just in case, the Allies stage more sterlization raids in Apr.-May - God bless America? On Mar. 9 the Robert Ley is destroyed in Hamburg harbor by the RAF. On Mar. 10 Gen. Patton's Third Army makes contact with Gen. Hodge's First Army. On Mar. 10 U.S. troops land at Zamboanga Peninsula on Mindanao in the Philippines. On Mar. 11 Hitler makes his last trip from Berlin to inspect defenses between Berlin and the Oder River. On Mar. 11-12 (night) Essen, Germany is bombed by 1.1K RAF bombers, halting production at the Krupp Works - eat it up? On Mar. 12 U.S. troops complete the occupation of the W bank of the Rhine River after taking 343K German POWs. On Mar. 12 the Soviets occupy Kustrin (Küstrin) in Brandenburg 50 mi. from Berlin, one of the last German-held bridgeheads on the E bank of the Oder River. On Mar. 12 Italy's Communist Party calls for an armed uprising in Italy. On Mar. 12 the Soviets return Transylvania to Romania. On Mar. 12 Anne Frank (b. 1929) dies at Bergen-Belsen Camp of typhus. On Mar. 13 Queen Wilhelmina returns to the Netherlands after the starving interior is finally liberated - wearing a cosmetic formula that blends in and is flawless? On Mar. 13 Britain's 11-ton Grand Slam superbomb is tested on the New Forest target bldg. 2 mi. W of Fordingbridge, Hampshire, creating a 130 ft. diam. 70 ft. deep crater; on Mar. 14-Apr. 19 42 Grand Slam bombs are used against nine major German targets incl. the Schildesche railway viaduct near Bielefeld, the Arnsberg railway viaduct, the Nienburg railway bridge, submarine pens near Bremen, and the German gun batteries on Heligoland Island, helping finish Germany off sans A-bombs; on Mar 14 after attacking railroad yards in Essen, Dortmund, Munster, Soest, Osnabruck, Hanover, Borken, Dorsten, Dulmen, and Rheine, the Allies drop a Grand Slam bomb on the Bielefeld Railroad Viaduct between Hamm and Hanover, making it impossible for Germans to reinforce the E bank of the Rhine River. On Mar. 13 Peru declares war on Germany. On Mar. 14 Chile declares war on Gemany. On Mar. 15 after desperate German attempts to destroy the bridge at Remagen incl. firing 11 V-2s from Hellendoor, Holland, a German Luftwaffe raid sees 16 of 21 bombers incl. jets shot down. On Mar. 15 (Thur.) the 17th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1944 to Paramount's Going My Way, along with best dir. to Leo McCarey, best actor to Bing Crosby (1903-77), and best supporting actor to Barry Fitzgerald; Ingrid Bergman gets best actress for Gaslight (she was passed over for "Casablanca" the previous year), and Ethel Barrymore gets best supporting actress for None But the Lonely Heart. On Mar. 16 U.S. troops cut the Cologne-Frankfurt Autobahn, where the Germans had been hiding fighter planes under trees. On Mar. 16 the U.S. declares the island of Iwo Jima secured. On Mar. 16-17 the U.S. bombs Kobe, Japan. On Mar. 17 the Remagen Bridge collapses (from nearby U.S. artillery pounding?), leaving two temporary bridges; at night German divers who don't know it's down are caught trying to blow it up; several thousand U.S. troops have already crossed. On Mar. 17 the Allies bomb N Sumatra. On Mar. 17 the first German U-boat with a Schnorchel breathing tube, designed by Hellmuth Walter (1900-80) sets sail for the E U.S.; on May 5 Walter is captured by the British, giving them the secrets of the new hydrogen peroxide U-boats and fancy new torpedoes being developed in Eckernforde; the U.S. and Britain obtain some experimental models for study - the original Hunt for Red October? On Mar. 17 Churchill asks his chiefs of staffs to plan for Hitler's possible withdrawal from N Germany to S Germany. On Mar. 18 (Easter Sun.) the Okinawa Campaign AKA the Typhoon of Steel begins (ends June 23), involving an Allied fleet of 1.3K ships incl. 40 carriers, 18 battleships, 200 destroyers, and 17 British aircraft carriers with 300 planes) trying to take it from 100K death-wishing Japanese who hold out in Shuri in the S part, going on to result in more casualties (163K) than the Hiroshima-Nagasaki A-bombs; Okinawa is a convenient 325 air mi. from Japanese cities, and both sides know it, which explains the intensity; on Mar. 19 Japanese aircraft badly damage aircraft carrier USS Franklin (AKA Big Ben) off Okinawa, killing 807 and injuring 487, becoming the most badly-damaged U.S. carrier to survive the war after the "ship that wouldn't die" limps back to New York City under its own power. On Mar. 18-19 (night) 1,250 U.S. bombers bomb the Kraut out of Berlin again. On Mar. 19 the Battle of Kure-Kobe off Japan sees the debut of a Japanese manned kamikaze flying bomb, which hits the aircraft carrier USS Wasp, killing 101; the Japanese lose 161 of 193 planes. On Mar. 19 Adolf Hitler issues his Nero Decree (Nerobefehl), a scorched earth policy for all German facilities that could fall into Allied hands - it makes one proud to be a Hun? On Mar. 19 a midnight curfew on nightclubs, bars and other places of entertainment goes into effect in the U.S. On Mar. 19 Polish Jew Chaim Hirszman, one of only two survivors of Belzec Death Camp testifies before a Polish court on German atrocities; after being asked to return the next day, he is murdered on his way home by Polish anti-Semites. On Mar. 20 British and Indian forces liberate Mandalay, Burma. On Mar. 21 U.S. carrier aircraft penetrate Japanese inland waters sheltering the Japanese fleet, damaging 15 warships and destroying 475 planes, with no U.S. ships lost. On Mar. 21 after trying to get Hitler to sue for peace, Panzer Gen. Guderian is dismissed. On Mar. 21 after the Germans house 32 Dutch Resistance POWs on the top floor to stop it from being bombed, Operation Carthage attacks the former Shell Petroleum Co. HQ in Copenhagen with 28 U.S. and 18 British planes, who surgically hit the middle three floors, killing 100 Germans plus six Danish POWs, after which the rest escape by ship to Sweden; too bad, they lose nine aircraft and 10 airmen, and one plane crashes into a school, after which other planes think it's the target, killing 212 Danish civilians incl. 11 nuns and 86 children. On Mar. 21 Allied bombers begin four days of raids over Germany, bombing all known jet airfields. On Mar. 22 the Arab League is chartered in Cairo, Egypt, with members incl. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria; Yemen joins on May 5; by 2018 it has 22 members, with Syria suspended in Nov. 2011. On Mar. 22 the U.S. Third Army quietly crosses the Rhine River at Nierstein 70 mi. S of Remagen, and wine town Oppenheim 20 mi. from Frankfurt, followed by British troops on Mar. 23-24 at Wesel; "Don't tell anyone but I'm across. I sneaked a division over last night, but there are so few Krauts around there, they don't know it yet." (Gen. Patton) This is for my brudder at Iwo Jima? On Mar. 23 1.2K U.S. Navy ships shell Okinawa (pop. 500K) in the largest naval operation in history (until ?), becoming WWII's last ship-to-shore attack. On Mar. 23 the Soviets drive the Germans out of Szekesfehervar, Hungary, ending their Hungarian offensive. On Mar. 23 (night) the Germans send their entire fleet of 50 jet aircraft to bomb Gen. Patton's two new bridgeheads; on Mar. 24 (night) due to shortage of fuel and landing strips they only send 25; meanwhile on Mar. 23 (night) Operation Plunder sees British and Canadian forces cross the Rhine River at Rees and Wesel, aided by Monty's Moonlight, tank-borne 13M candlepower searchlights that blind the Germans; by Mar. 25 (night) they stage six more landings, while the Yanks stage seven. On Mar. 24 Operation Varsity E of the Rhine River becomes the largest 1-day airdrop to date. On Mar. 25 the U.S. First and Ninth Armies begin their final major action in Europe, the encirclement and destruction of the 300K remaining Germans in the Ruhr Pocket; the Germans begin to develop a defeatist mindset reinforced by how physically big the Americans are and how many tanks they have? On Mar. 25 the U.S. First Army breaks out of the bridgehead at Remagen. On Mar. 25 U.S. troops overrun the main German jet airfields in Darmstadt and Frankfurt, making Hitler's super weapon kaput. On Mar. 25 Winston Churchill visits the British 21st Army Group, flying from a British airstrip at Staelen for more than hour along the Rhine River and E of the Meuse River for 140 mi. at 500 ft., playing rabbit with the Germans; after returning, he is driven to Buderich on the W bank of the Rhine River, crossing in a U.S. landing craft to set foot, then returning; on Mar. 26 he crosses again for more than an hour, later writing the soundbyte: "The Rhine and all its fortress lines lie behind the 21st Group of Armies. A beaten army not long ago Master of Europe retreats before its pursuers. The goal is not long to be denied to those who have come so far and fought so well under proud and faithful leadership. Forward all on wings of flame to final Victory." On Mar. 26 the British Pacific Fleet begins neutralizing the Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands (ends Apr. 10). On Mar. 26-31 U.S. forces conquer the Kerama Island Group in the Ryukyu Islands, killing 530 Japanese at Kerama Retto while losing 31; the first mass civilian suicides are seen. On Mar. 27 (7:00 a.m.) a V-2 (which the English begin calling Bob Hopes) falls on London, killing 234 in an apt. house on Vallance Rd., Stepney; another kills 27 in Antwerp; the 3rd lands in Orpington, Kent in the afternoon, killing one, becoming the last V-2 attack of the war, for a total of 2,855 in England and 4,483 in Belgium; the V-2 crew in The Hague packs their last 60 V-2s and heads E. On Mar. 27 Argentina declares war on Germany and Japan, becoming nation #53 to enter WWII. On Mar. 27 the U.S. 20th Army Corps captures Wiesbaden in C Germany, site of Fliegerhorst Luftwaffe base. On Mar. 27-30 the Soviets capture Danzig after bitter street fighting without doing much damage to the city. On Mar. 28 after the U.S. overrides Britain's desire to keep it neutral to allow to receive foodstuffs unhampered, Argentina declares war on Germany and Japan, becoming the last Western hemisphere country to do so; its policies for sheltering escaping Nazis are overlooked. On Mar. 28 the Soviets occupy Gyor (Györ), Hungary 75 mi. SE of Vienna. On Mar. 28 U.S. troops occupy Marburg, Germany and Lauterbach, Germany 200 mi. from Berlin. On Mar. 29 the Soviets capture Kapuvar, Hungary; on Mar. 30 they invade Austria 50 mi. from Vienna. On Mar. 29 U.S. troops under Gen. Patton capture Frankfurt, Germany. On Mar. 30 the Nazis murder 289 anti-Nazis in Rombergpark in Dortmund, Germany. On Mar. 30 a daylight U.S. raid on the German U-boat base at Wilhelmshaven, Germany sinks U-96 and injures Capt. Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock (1911-86), who sinks Allied merchant ships (183K tons) and becomes subject of the 1981 film Das Boot. On Mar. 31 French troops cross the Rhine River at Speyer, Germany and Germersheim, Germany. In Mar. the Allies drop 164K tons of bombs on Germany (3x as much as during the first three years of the war), giving up in mid-Apr. when they run out of targets; the bombing campaign kills 593K German civilians, mostly women, and 100K children. In Mar. the Soviet Union denounces the treaty of friendship that it made with Turkey in 1925; Turkey begins to lean towards the West. In Mar. in Romania after the Communists achieve supreme control, acoalition cabinet is formed under Petru Groza (1884-1958), leader of the Plowmen's Party (splinter group of the Nat. Peasants), with all key positions held by Communists, led by veteran Communist (Jewish) Ana Pauker (1893-1960). In Mar. 140K Japanese soldiers under Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita retreat into the C Cordillera and Caraballo mountain ranges on N Luzon Island. In Mar. Syria joins the Arab League. In Mar. Omar N. Bradley is made a full U.S. gen. - now they work for me, my name is Charlie, er, Omar? In Mar. oldie-moldie Filipino nationalist leader Emilio Aguinaldo (b. 1869) is arrested by U.S. troops on suspicion of collaborating with the Japanese during the war; he is later cleared. By the end of Mar. seven Allied armies (over 80 divs.) have crossed the Rhine River into C Germany, while the Red Army has reached the Oder River opposite Berlin in the N and Vienna in the S. In Mar. 19-y.-o. Jewish "Jersey kid trying to make it as a comic" Jerry Lewis (Joseph Levitch) (1926-) meets 28-y.-o. small-time Steubenville, Ohio Italian-Am. Roman Catholic singer ("King of Cool") Dean Martin (Dino Paul Crocetti) (1917-95), who becomes Lewis' big brother that he always wished he had - the original Midnight Cowboy? April is Cosmic Income Tax Month for the Axis, and full penalties are assessed? The Rat Catcher Month of the Century? On Apr. 1 the Allies led by British Lt. Gen. Sir Richard McCreery (1898-1967) (descendant of road builder John McAdam) begin an offensive in N Italy, which culminates in a 23-day battle near the Po River that takes 1M POWs. A quarter million die in one Pacific island in spring-summer? On Apr. 1 (Easter Sun.) 180K U.S. combat troops and 368K support troops launch Operation Iceberg, an assault on 97K Japanese troops the 82-day Battle of Okinawa (ends June 22) 360 mi. SW of the Japanese mainland, greatest land battle of the Pacific war, with 50K troops landing on an 8-mi. beachhead; on Apr. 6 the Japanese launch Operation Chrysanthemum (Kikusui), using hundreds of kamikazes at the same time, launching seven major and 1.9K minor kamikaze attacks involving 1.5K planes (until May 25), which damage 368 ships, sink 76, and kill 3K U.S. sailors, although no major warship is lost; the wear and tear causes U.S. Adm. Chester Nimitz to relieve his principal cmdrs. for R&R, changing the U.S. Third Fleet into the U.S. Fifth Fleet under Adm. Raymond Ames Spruance (1886-1969); on Apr. 6-7 Operation Ten-Go (Heaven One) sees a Japanese strike force led by 72.8K-ton Japanese battleship IJN Yamato (sister ship of the Musashi, Japan's two biggest and most powerful battleships), accompanied by eight destroyers with only enough fuel for a 1-way trip sail on a suicide mission for Okinawa; it is intercepted by 300 U.S. planes, which sink it, killing 3,063 aboard, and sinking two cruisers incl. IJN Yahagi and four destroyers; on June 22 7K Japanese POWs are taken after 107K Japanese are KIA, plus 20K sealed in caves, plus 150K Okinawa civilians, vs. 7,613 U.S. troops KIA on land and 4.8K at sea; 5.9K Japanese planes are shot down vs. 763 U.S. planes; on Apr. 29-May 21 conscientious objector combat medic U.S. Army Cpl. Desmond Thomas Doss (1919-2006) single-handedly rescues 75 injured soldiers from Hacksaw Ridge (Maeda Escarpment) in Okinawa, receiving the Medal of Honor from Pres. Truman on Nov. 1, 1945, becoming the first conscientious objector (one of seven awarded for the Battle of Okinawa). On Apr. 1 Hitler moves his HQ from the Berlin Chancellery to a bunker deep below it known as the Citadel; the Berlin govt. district around it is defended by SS Gen. Wilhelm Mohnke (1911-2001). On Apr. 1 Stalin sets Apr. 16 as the date to drive for Berlin, talking the Allies into targeting C Germany and Czech. so the Red Army can reach Berlin first; on Apr. 2 after telling Averell Harriman on Mar. 23 "We can't do business with Stalin. He has broken every one of the promises he made at Yalta", Churchill tells Gen. Eisenhower that they should take Berlin first, with the soundbyte: "I deem it highly important that we should shake hands with the Russians as far to the East as possible." On Apr. 2 Soviet troops occupy Hegyeshalom, Hungary on the Austrian border 70 mi. from Vienna (W Europe's E gate); meanwhile on Mar. 26-Apr. 15 Soviet and Bulgarian troops capture Nagykanizsa, Hungary at the center of the Hungarian oilfields. On Apr. 2 a counterattack in the Ruhr is called off by Gen. Kurt Student due to a lack of tank fuel; on Apr. 3 U.S. and British forces complete their encirclement of the Ruhr, taking 15K-20K POWs a day. On Apr. 2 Hitler orders Field Marshal Kesselring to replace every commander in Italy who fails to stand firm. On Apr. 2 German medical services head Dr. Karl Brandt (1904-48) warns Hitler that 20% of needed medicines are out of supply, and that within 2 mo. they will be down to 60%. On Apr. 3 Winston Churchill finally gets his head out of his butt and realizes the threat of the Soviet Union to world peace, writing the soundbyte: "The changes in the Russian attitude and atmosphere since Yalta are grave", also the soundbyte: "Relations with Russia, which had offered such fair promise at the Crimea Conference, had grown less cordial during the ensuing weeks. There had been grave difficulties over the Polish question, and it now seemed possible that Russia would not be willing to give full co-operation at the San Francisco Conference on the proposed new World Organization. It was by no means clear that we could count on Russia as a beneficent influence in Europe, or as a willing partner in maintaining the peace of the world. Yet, at the end of the war, Russia would be left in a position of preponderant power and influence throughout the whole of Europe." On Apr. 3 Milepost, the final U.S.-British aid package to the Soviet Union is agreed to, incl. 1K fighter aircraft, 240K tons of aircraft fuel, 3K planes, 3K tanks, 9K jeeps, and 41K trucks. On Apr. 3 after 5,479 die of illness in Mar. and 17,570 in 3 mo., the Nazis begin evacuating Buchenwald Camp in Weimar (home of Goethe and the Bauhaus), and on Apr. 11 (3:15 p.m.) the U.S. Third Army liberates it, finding 21K starving survivors and piles of corpses incl. Nazi guards hanging in trees after being captured and killed by the inmates; Elie Wiesel (1928-2016) is a survivor; the crematoria are manufactured by J.A. Topf and Sons (founded 1878) - tight clothing can cause itching? On Apr. 3 the all-African-Am. Dusty Devastators of the U.S. enter Germany to kick white master race butt in their own front yards. On Apr. 4 U.S. troops liberate Ohrdruf Camp near Buchenwald, becoming the first camp they liberate; inside the entrance are hundreds of corpses in stripey uniforms with a bullet hole in the back of the head; Gen. Eisenhower visits the camp and telephones Hitler with the shocking news. On Apr. 4 U.S. forces conquer Bielefeld. On Apr. 4 the U.S. Third Army liberates Merkers, Germany, and on Apr. 7 discovers the Nazi Fort Knox, the hidden reserves of the Berlin Reichsbank, along with stolen art works, causing Gen. Eisenhower to visit for a photo-opp. On Apr. 4 Hungary is liberated from Nazi occupation (National Day). On Apr. 4 the Soviets occupy Bratislava, Slovakia. On Apr. 4 after being appointed cmdr. in Jan. of Army Group Center, defending Czech. and the upper reaches of the River Oder, Hitler's favorite general Ferdinand Schorner (Schörner) (1892-1973), is promoted by Hitler to field marshal, becoming the last German field marshal (until ?); after Hitler's last will and testament is read, he is named CIC of the Wehrmacht. On Apr. 4-12 the Battle of Heilbronn in Germany is a V for the U.S. 100th Infantry Div. and U.S. VI Corps after house-to-house fighting against the German XIII Corps aided by Nazi Party auxiliaries. On Apr. 5 German Army Group Center cmdr. Ferdinand Schorner (Schörner) (1892-1973) is promoted to field marshal and CIC of the German army until the surrender of the Third Reicm on May 8, after which he flies to Austria, and is arrested by the Americans on May 18; his army group becomes the last div.-size German unit to surrender on May 11. On Apr. 5 the U.S. begins planning Operation Olympic, the invasion of Kyushu Island in Japan on Nov. 1, and Operation Coronet, the invasion of Honshu Island on Mar. 1, 1946. On Apr. 6 a German counterattack from Muhlhausen towards Eisenach is defeated using decrypted intel. On Apr. 7 the Luftwaffe throws everything it has left against U.S. bombers, losing 133 planes and 72 pilots while shooting down only 23 bombers. On Apr. 7 Japanese PM (since July 18) Gen. Koiso Kuniaki resigns, and is replaced by old fart Adm. Baron Suzuki Kantaro (1867-1948) as PM #29 of Flaming Japan (until Aug. 15, 1945) - all options are on the table, all none of them? On Apr. 6 the Allies liberate Sarajevo, Bosnia as the Germans begin withdrawing from the Dalmatian coast. On Apr. 8 German jurist Hans von Dohnanyi (b. 1902) is murdered in Sachsenhausen. On Apr. 9 Allied troops launch an offensive against the German Gothic Line. On Apr. 9 the Nazis hold a necktie party in Flossenburg Camp in Bavaria for the chief July 20th plotters, Lutheran theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (b. 1906) (for his membership in the Abwehr -cleared in Aug. 1996), Maj. Gen. Hans Oster (b. 1887), jurist Hans von Dohnanyi (b. 1902), and spymaster Adm. Wilhelm Franz Canaris (b. 1887) (head of German Abwehr). On Apr. 9 a U.S. Liberty ship loaded with aerial bombs explodes at Bari, Italy, killing at least 360. On Apr. 9 Mauthausen Camp is liberated. On Apr. 9 Hitler's 1939 attempted assassin Johann Georg Elser (b. 1903) is murdered at Dachau on orders of Heinrich Himmler. On Apr. 9 (night) after 42K German soldiers are KIA along with 25K civilians, and Soviet cmdr. Gen. Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky (Cherniakhovsky) (b. 1906) (youngest Soviet gen. until ?) is KIA on Feb. 18, German Gen. Otto Lasch (1893-1971) surrenders the fortress of Konigsberg (Königsberg) in East Prussia to the Soviets, who take 92K POWs; on Apr. 10 (night) Hitler orders him to be shot as a traitor, but he has already been taken POW. On Apr. 9 the Allies reach the Harz Mts., meeting a German army commanded by Panzer Gen. Walther Wenck (1900-82), surrounding it and driving E to Halle on the Elbe River; on Apr. 10 Wenck becomes cmdr. of the German Twelfth Army located W of Berlin; too bad, as the vise is closed his area of control to his rear and E of the Elbe River becomes a vast refugee camp for German civilians fleeing the Red Army; un-Hitlerlike, Wenck provides food and lodging for up to 250K a day. On Apr. 10 the British Pacific Fleet begins neutralizing Japanese airfields on N Formosa, withdrawing to San Pedro Bay on Apr. 23 after setting a British record for length of time at sea. Finally, hier kums the zupa veapon to save der vaterland? On Apr. 10 German Messerschmitt Me-262 Swallow (Schwalbe) jet fighters shoot down 10 U.S. bombers near Berlin, after which the Great Jet Massacre sees U.S. pilots shoot down 14 German jets over Oranienburg, cutting their force in half and making them abandon the defense of Berlin - talk about too little too late? On Apr. 10 Churchill informs the British public of British war deaths from Sept. 1939-Feb. 28, 1945, incl. 216,287 troops, 30,179 merchant seamen, and 59,793 civilians. On Apr. 11 U.S. Ninth Army troops reach the Elbe River, the agreed-upon demarcation line between Western and Soviet occupation zones S of Wittenberge 85 mi. from Berlin, turning S and E, after which the Third Army races through S Germany to within 30 mi. of both Prague and Vienna, while farther S the U.S. Seventh Army moves toward Nuremberg and Munich. On Apr. 11 Gestapo HQ in Weimar telephones Buchenwald Camp to tell them they're sending troops to blow up the camp and its inmates; too bad, the administrators already fled, and an inmate answers and tells them: "Never mind, it's isn't necessary - the camp has been blown up already"; a few hours later U.S. troops arrive. On Apr. 12 Canadian troops liberate Westerbork, portal to Auschwitz. On Apr. 12 the U.S. govt. publicly discloses the existence of Japanese kamikazes. On Apr. 12 (Thur.) at 3:35 p.m. U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1882) dies of a massive cerebral hemorrhage at the Little White House in Warm Springs, Ga., becoming the 6th straight victim of the Zero-Year Presidential Curse after W.H. Harrison, Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, and Coolidge; his death causes Truman to cancel a poker party; FDR's former private sexretary, er, secy. Lucy Mercer is with him when he dies, which later freaks Eleanor out?; Joseph Goebbels telephones Hitler with the soundbyte: "This is the turning point"; diehard Nazis think that Truman might settle for an armistice or even join them against the Soviets?; ailing trembling shell-shocked drugged-up Hitler rejoices in his bunky bunk bunk bunker, issuing orders to non-existent armies to close in on the headless Amerikaners while his hand won't quit shake shake shaking or his ears quit ring ring ringing - there were birds in the sky, but I never saw them singing, no I never saw them at all till there was you? On Apr. 12 Lamar, Mo.-born amateur pianist (so nearsighted he memorized the Army eye exam chart to get accepted) "Give 'Em Hell" Harry S. [no middle name, just S.] Truman (1884-1972) becomes the lucky 33rd U.S. pres. (until 1953) in the 47th U.S. Pres. Inauguration; (3rd lefty U.S. pres. - last Hoover, next Ford); First Lady is Bess Wallace Truman (1885-1982); the first pres. of the 20th cent. to only have one child (2nd and last is William Clinton); Charles Griffith Ross (1885-1950) becomes White House Press secy. On Apr. 12 U.S. troops capture one of Germany's two heavy-water piles at Stadtilm, Germany near Erfurt, indicating that the Germans are nowhere near developing an atomic bomb. On Apr. 13 Soviet troops occupy Vienna, Austria. On Apr. 13 Hitler issues a clueless proclamation to German troops on the Eastern Front, promising that Berlin will remain German, and Vienna will be German again, with the b.s. soundbytes: "A mighty artillery is waiting to greet the enemy" and "Our infantry losses have been made good by innumerable new units." On Apr. 13 FDR skips the annual Jefferson Day dinner in Washington, D.C., where he was scheduled to utter the soundbyte: "More than an end to war, we want an end to the beginnings of all wars, yes, an end to this brutal, inhuman, and thoroughly impractical method of settling the differences between governments" - you can't reason with the Devil in a man? On Apr. 13 (Fri.) 6K wandering Jews are rounded up and burned alive with gasoline in a barn in Gardelegen, Germany by police and Hitler Youth; a wall collapses, allowing 5K to flee. On Apr. 14 Heinrich Himmler writes a Get Rid of the Evidence Letter to Concentration Camp Commandants, with the soundbyte: "A handover is out of the question. The camp must be evacuated immediately. No prisoner must be allowed to fall into the hands of the enemy alive"; dozens of columns of emaciated POWs in ugly prison garb living on a piece of stale bread a day begin marching through towns and villages in Poland, Czech,. and Germany, while dogs snap at their heels and stragglers are shot or beaten to death incl. 40K men and 17K women forced to march W from Ravensbruck and Sachsenhausen on Apr. 15. A good American politician is not born but made? On Apr. 14 Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (1923-), later U.S. Repub. Kansas sen. (1969-96) and 1996 pres. candidate is severely crippled by an artillery shell in a firefight between his 85th Regiment of the 10th Mountain Div. and German troops in Italy during Operation Craftsman; he spends 40 mo. in army hospitals, losing most of the use of his right arm. On Apr. 14 the royal palace in Tokyo is damaged by a U.S. B-29 firebomb attack. On Apr. 14 German U-boat U-1206 sinks off the Scottish coast after the captain flushes a new toilet and mistakenly opens a valve to the outside, causing sea water to flood the batteries, producing deadly chlorine gas, causing them to surface, drawing fire that kills four, after which the boat is scuttled. On Apr. 14 after rumors spread that Maj. Gen. Christopher Vokes (1904-85), cmdr. of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of the 4th Canadian Armoured Div. was killed by a German civilian, he orders the town of Friesoythe, Lower Saxony, Germany razed. On Apr. 14 (night) the U.S. bombs the Dornier aircraft factory in Wismar, Germany, destroying 80% of the bldgs. On Apr. 15 British Royal Artillery troops liberate Bergen-Belsen Camp in NW Germany, housing 30K emaciated sickly prisoners; 70K+ died here, incl. Anne Frank a few weeks earlier of typhus; commandant ("the Beast of Belsen") Josef Kramer (1906-45) gives the soldiers a cheery inspection tour, acting if nothing's amiss?; the British leave the camp under control of 1.5K Hungarian soldiers for 48 hours, giving them a chance to shoot 72 Jews and 11 non-Jews for petty offenses like stealing a potato peel; when they return they find 10K unburied bodies of starvation victims, and 25K buried bodies; despite giving them food and medical aid, 300 die a day for a week, and 60 a day after two weeks. On Apr. 15 ex-pres. Roosevelt is buried at the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park, N.Y.; commenting on the burial in his Fuhrer Order of the Day, Adolf Hitler utters the soundbyte: "Now that fate has removed from the Earth the greatest war criminal of all time, the turning point of this war will be decided" - is that like saying the world is all about me? On Apr. 15 Operation Kaput sees the Germans launch a futile counterattack against U.S. troops S of Uelzen in hopes of helping Gen. Wenck's Harz Mts. troops break out; the U.S. uses white phosophorus weapons. On Apr. 15 German army quartermaster gen. Alfred Toppe (1904-71) informs Hitler that almost all ammo factories and dumps are in Allied hands, with the soundbyte: "There may shortly occur the most momentous consequences for our entire war effort." On Apr. 15 Canadian forces occupy Arnhem, Holland. On Apr. 15 Hitler's babe Eva Braun arrives at his bunker in Berlin from Munich, with the soundbyte "A Germany without Adolf Hitler would not be fit to live in." On Apr. 16 as his world collapses around him, Herr Hitler issues his Order for a Last Stand on the Eastern Front, with the soundbyte: "The Jewish Bolshevik archenemy has gone over to the attack with his masses for the last time. He attempts to smash Germany and to eradicate our nation... In this hour the entire German nation looks to you, my soldiers in the east, and only hopes that by your fanaticism, by your arms and by your leadership, the Bolshevik onslaught is drowned in a bloodbath. At the moment when fate has taken the greatest war criminal of all times from this earth, the war will take a decisive turn." On Apr. 16 (5:00 a.m.) the Soviets begin the Battle (Fall) of Berlin (ends May 2), crossing the Oder River with 3K of their best tanks after firing 500K shells; 60 German suicide planes try to stop them on the bridges; after Hitler issues an order of the Day that "He who gives the order to retreat is to be shot on the spot", 100K frantic Nazis of the German Ninth Army under bottom-of-the-bushel throw-us-under-the-bus Gen. Ernst Hermann August Theodor Busse (1897-1986) repulse the 1M-man Red Army under Marshal Georgi Zhukov at the Battle of Seelow Heights on Apr. 16-19 on the outskirts of oh-no-not-Berlin in bitter fighting; U.S. fighters shoot down the last 22 German jet aircraft over Berlin; on Apr. 18 in their 2nd attempt the Red Army launches numerous attacks against the defending Germans, gaining 1 mi. at the cost of 3K men and 368 tanks, taking the heights on Apr. 19. On Apr. 16 Soviet troops drive W from Vienna and capture Polten (Pölten), Austria and Furstenfeld (Fürstenfeld), Austria. On Apr. 16 U.S. forces in the Ruhr take 20K German POWs. On Apr. 16 U.S. forces land on Ie Shima Island in the Ryukyu Islands. On Apr. 16 U.S. forces liberate Fallingbostel Camp and Colditz Camp, making a total of 250K POWs freed in Apr. On Apr. 16 Hitler dismisses his personal physician Dr. Karl Brandt after he learns that he sent his wife and child to Thuringia to give themselves up to the Americans. On Apr. 16 the Battle (Fall) of Berlin (Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation) (ends May 2) is begun by the Soviet Union, whose 2.3M-man Red Army, parked since late Feb. 37 mi. E of Berlin launches two fronts, attacking Berlin from the E and S, while a 3rd army group overrunning German forces to the N; the Germans have 766,750 soldiers left, incl. 45K in the Berlin Defence Area, supplemented by 40K Volkssturm, the police, and Hitler Youth. On Apr. 17 Pres. Truman gives a Broadcast to the Armed Forces of the U.S. announcing his assumption of office as their new CIC - you'll never know my love? On Apr. 17 Winston Churchill gives a eulogy in the House of Commons for the late FDR. On Apr. 17 the U.S. bombs Dresden again with 572 bombers. On Apr. 17 U.S. bombers destroy 752 German aircraft on the ground, and the Luftwaffe is kaput. On Apr. 17 after refusing a request from Gen. Beating, er, Heinrich Gottfried Otto Richard von Vietinghoff (1887-1952) in Italy to withdraw to the N, and ordering his armies in the West to attack the weakest points of the Allied flanks and supply lines, while Field Marshal Kesselring orders his troops in the Harz Mts. to stand firm, Hitler orders all road bridges in Berlin blown up, with the soundbyte: "The Russians are in for the bloodiest defeat imaginable before they reach Berlin." On Apr. 17 Mussolini flees from Milan - flees, flies, and bedbugs? On Apr. 17 Dutch Communist resistance fighter Jannetje Johanna (Jo) Schaft (b. 1920) AKA Hannie ("the girl with red hair") is executed. On Apr. 17 U.S. reinforcements land on Mindanao Island to deal with rebel Japanese forces. On Apr. 18 1K British bombers attack German fortifications on Heligoland Island in the North Sea. On Apr. 18 Operation Character sees British commandos led by Lt. Col. Cromarty Tulloch attack Japanese rear positions in Burma as a prelude to capturing Rangoon, killing 10K Japanese troops while losing only 60 men. On Apr. 18 Joseph Goebbels burns his office files. On Apr. 18 popular Scripps Howard war correspondent Ernie Pyle (b. 1900) is killed by Japanese machine gun fire on the Pacific island of Ie Shima off Okinawa, causing Pres. Truman to comment "The nation is saddened again by the death of Ernie Pyle" - which is mightier, the pen or the sword? On Apr. 18 Churchill tells British Gen. Montgomery to forget about Berlin and head for the Baltic port of Lubeck to keep the Soviets from trying to occupy Denmark, and tells Sir Anthony Eden that the Western Allies should "push on to Linz to meet the Russians there", along with "an American circling movement to gain the region south of Stuttgart before it is occupied by the French" because it contains the main German atomic bomb research installations. On Apr. 18 (Hitler's birthday minus 2) the 13-page Schindler's List of 801 (1.1K?) names of Jews at Plszow Camp (near Cracow) to be spared from the death camps and moved to his new factory at Brunnlitz (Brnenec) (near Svitavy) is typed by Jewish inmate Mietek Pemper (1920-2011) for repentant Nazi industrialist Oskar Schindler (1908-74) to fool the Nazis into believing that they all have jobs that are vital to the war effort, when actually they produce schlock products to foul up the Nazi war machine; bribing camp commandant Amon Goeth takes virtually all of Schindler's fortune. On Apr. 18-21 325K encircled German forces in the Ruhr Pocket incl. 30 gens. surrender, ending German resistance on the Western Front; on Apr. 21 after being indicted by the Soviets for the deaths of 577K in Latvian concentration camps and the deportation of 175K for slave labor, German Western Front CIC Field Marshal Otto Moritz Walter (Walther) Model (b. 1891) ("the Fuhrer's Fireman") (who had been on bad terms with Hitler ever since losing the Battle of the Bulge) commits a model suicide in the forest near Duisburg (Ratingen) with a pistol, with the soundbyte "Has everything been done to justify our actions in the light of history? What can there be left for a commander in defeat? In antiquity they took poison." On Apr. 19 after fierce house-to-house fighting, and the suicide of mayor Walter Doenicke on Apr. 9, U.S. troops occupy Leipzig, Germany. On Apr. 19 the Soviets break through the German defenses at Forst (Lausitz), Germany on the Neisse River 75 mi. SE of Berlin. On Apr. 19 the SS shoots Bavarian (Gau Beyreuth) Gauleiter (since Dec. 5, 1935) Fritz Waechtler (Wächtler) (b. 1891) for defeatism. On Apr. 19 Japanese Gen. Sosaku Suzuki (b. 1891) is KIA by U.S. forces on Leyte Island, Philippines, causing Japanese resistance to dwindle. On Apr. 20 (Hitler's birthday) after a fierce 5-day battle, the U.S. 7th Army occupies Nuremberg, Germany, taking 17K German POWs, demoralizing even the most diehard Nazis. On Apr. 20 the Soviets occupy Kalau, Germany 60 mi. from Berlin. On Apr. 20 the last German forces evacuate Yugoslavia N through Croatia towards Zagreb en route to Austria. On Apr. 20 the Allies launch Operation Corncob, a 3-day mission to destroy bridges on the Adige and Brenta Rivers in Italy to prevent a German retreat. On Apr. 20 German Lt. Kurt Waldheim receives a War Merit Cross, First Class with Swords for his work for Gen. Lohr. May you have many more? On Apr. 20 50-million-cadaver man Adolf Hitler (b. 1889) celebrates his 56th birthday in his Berlin bunker; Soviet artillery begins shelling Berlin at 11:00 a.m., and Allied bombers make their last massive raid of Berlin in the afternoon; during a lull, Hitler comes up from his bunker to inspect teenie soldiers of the Hitler Youth, and some old fart men formed into an SS div. tasked with defending Berlin, then returns to the bunker for a tea party; he receives a telegram reading "Norway shall be held!"; some think he's planning on moving to Berchtesgaden to make his last stand; flip-flopping Heinrich Himmler attends the tea party then contacts the Swedish Red Cross, agreeing to send 7K women (half Jews) to Sweden from Ravensbruck. On Apr. 20 what really happens is that Maj. Vidkun and NKVD Maria Quisling issue a decree for Hitler's extraction from Tempelhof Airport to the Orland Airfield near Trondheim along with Eva Braun, and on Apr. 22 they arrive escorted by six Messerschmitt Bf-109s flying in a delta formation, driving to Austrtt Manor; on June 6 Prince Olaf inspects the manor house Austrttborgen? On Apr. 20 (night) the Gestapo celebrates Hitler's birthday at Bullenhuser Damm School in Hamburg, Germany by hanging 20 Jewish children used in medical experiments along with four adult Jewish caretakers and 30 Soviet POWs. On Apr. 21 the Soviets reach the outskirts of Berlin, while Hitler forbids its 2M pop., incl. women and children to evacuate (hoping to have them all wiped out because he's a secret Jewish mole?); meanwhile Joseph Goebbels gives his last radio broadcast - hide, Hitler? On Apr. 21 Hitler orders SS Gen. Felix Martin Julius Steiner (1896-1966) to move N to Eberswalde and break through the Soviet line to reestablish German defenses NE of Berlin and envelop the First Belorussian Front via a pincer movement, forbidding him to fall back to the West; too bad, his tattered unit is outnumbered 10-1, and when Steiner reports that he can't stage the counterattack, Hitler goes into a tearful rage on Apr. 22 during the daily situation conference in the Führerbunker. On Apr. 21 Polish troops occupy Bologna, Italy. On Apr. 21 French troops occupy Stuttgart, Germany. On Apr. 21 German troops sweep for partisans in the area around Gorizia, Italy, killing 170+. On Apr. 21 the Soviets overrun the HQ of the German High Command in Zossen, Germany S of Berlin, leaving it defended by teenie Hitler Youth battle groups hunkered down in the city with anti-tank guns; one group of 70 with three anti-tank guns is killed in Eggersdorf, Germany; Heinrich Himmler assumes command of both the Rhine and Vistula armies. On Apr. 21 British Guardsman Edward Colquhoun Charlton (b. 1920) is awarded the last Victoria Cross (posth.) of the war in Europe for valor in the Battle of Wistedt between Bremen and Hamburg; German Lt. Hans Jurgen von Bulow is awarded the Iron Cross, First Class. On Apr. 22 as Army Detachment Steiner retreats, Hitler learns Steiner refused his orders to attack the Soviets at Eberswalde W of the Oder River 50 mi. NE of Berlin, ending plans for a last stand S in Munich, causing him to declare that the war is lost and that he plans on committing suicide; Gen. Jodl tells him that the German troops on the Elbe River can be brought E to form a defense line through Juterbog and Potsdam SW of Berlin, and Hitler orders Wenck's Twelfth Army to disengage the Yanks and head E to link up with the Ninth Army of Col. Gen. Theodor Busse to attack the Soviets encircling Berlin from the W and S, while the XLI Panzer Corps under Gen. Rudolf Holste attacks from the N; too bad, Holste's army mainly consists of transfers from Steiner's depleted units, and although Wenck's army surprises the Russkies surrounding Berlin with an unexpected attack,, they are halted outside of Potsdam by strong Soviet resistance; the Soviets capture Treuenbrietzen 45 mi. SW of Berlin and 15 mi. NW of Juterbog (Juterbög), and capture it too, blocking the plan; a POW camp at Treuenbrietzen is liberated, freeing former Norwegian army CIC Maj. Gen. Otto Ruge; meanwhile more Soviet troops reach the Bernau, Strausberg, Furstenwalde line E and NE of Berlin. On Apr. 22 Heinrich Himmler meets with Count Folke Bernadotte in Lubeck, and offers to surrender to the Western Allies while continuing to fight the Red Army "until the front of the Western powers has replaced the German front"; Churchill rejects the offer, telling Stalin that he will stick to the agreement of no separate peace and only accept unconditional surrender. On Apr. 22 600 of 1K POWs at Jasenovac Camp near Zagreb, Croatia revolt, with the guards killing 500 before 60 Serbs and 20 Jews escape. On Apr. 22 two Swiss reps of the Red Cross visit Mauthasen with supplies, and are allowed to take away 817 W European POWs. On Apr. 22 (night) the Gestapo shoots 13 prisoners, incl. anti-Nazi activist Rudiger Schleicher (b. 1895), brother-in-law of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Hans von Dohnanyi, monarchist Albrecht Georg Haushofer (b. 1903), and Dietrich Bonhoeffer's brother Klaus Bonhoeffer (b. 1901) at the Lehrter Strasse prison in Berlin. On Apr. 23 Hitler assumes personal command of the defense of Berlin, signing up everybody who can walk; Hermann Goering sends Hitler a telegram proposing to take full control of Germany, with the soundbyte: "If no reply is received by 10 o'clock tonight I shall take it for granted that you have lost your freedom of action", pissing-off Hitler and causing him to overreact and dismiss Goering from all offices of state and order his arrest for treason, summoning Eastern Front Luftwaffe cmdr. (since Feb. 1943) Col.-Gen. Robert Ritter von Greim (1892-1945) from Munich. On Apr. 23 the Gestapo in Berlin executes monarchist Albrecht Georg Haushofer (b. 1903), and Dietrich Bonhoeffer's brother Klaus Bonhoeffer (b. 1901). On Apr. 24 Allied forces cross the Po River, causing the Italian Committee for Nat. Liberation to order a gen. uprising in all German-controlled areas of Italy, attacking retreating Germans. The orginal Help! starring the Bushes and Wankers? On Apr. 24-May 1 after Gen. Wilhelm Keitel and Gen. Alfred Jodl create the desperation plan to mollify Hitler, the Battle of Halbe sees the German Ninth Army under Gen. Ernst Hermann August Theodor Busse (1897-1986) attempt to break out of a pocket in the Spree Forest region SE of Berlin toward the village of Halbe to the S in order to link up with the German 12th Army under baby-faced Gen. Wanker, er, Walther Wenck (1900-82) (the Nazis' youngest general) with the object of heading W and surrendering to the Western Allies; 25K make it after 10K are KIA and the rest (25K-35K) captured by the mean Reds. On Apr. 25 (a.m.) 300+ British bombers attack Hitler's Berghof HQ ("Hitler's Hideout") at Berchtesgaden, Germany, killing six but missing Hermann Goering, who is under arrest in his home nearby. On Apr. 25 Elbe Day sees Germany's defenses collapse, and at 12:00 noon U.S. Lt. Albert Kotzebue shakes hands with Soviet soldiers near Leckwitz, Germany on the W bank of the Elbe River, after which at 4:00 p.m. U.S. 2nd Lt. William D. Robinson does ditto with Soviet Lt. Alexander Silvashko in Torgau, Germany on the Elbe River 10 mi. NW of Stehla (known for keeping brown bears in the moat), causing 324 guns to fire a 24-hour salvo in Moscow in celebration, and crowds to dance in Times Square in New York City; as the Reds move into Germany, they begin weeks of orgying with German women, raping 100K+, with Stalin's amused reasoning that the men deserve some fun after a hard war; the German women attempt to keep sane with reasoning such as "Better a Russki on top than a Yank overhead (in a bomber)" - thinking outside the box? On Apr. 25 French forces occupy Wurttemberg (Württemberg), Germany after reaching Tuttlingen, Germany on Apr. 21 and finding the mass grave of 86 Jews killed 6 mo. earlier; 2,440 more bodies are found in Schomberg, Schorzingen et al. On Apr. 25 as it's about to be liberated, the Gestapo shoots six Jews in Cuneo, Italy. On Apr. 25 Troy Escape Line co-organizer (with her hubby) Anna Rizzo is executed at Ravensbruck. On Apr. 25 the U.S. makes its last B-17 bomber attack on Germany. On Apr. 25 delegates of 46 nations meet in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on Internat. Org. on June 25 the 111-article U.N. Charter ("We the Peoples of the United Nations... United for a Better World") (the first words authored by U.S. Rep. Sol Boom), drafted by Philip John Noel-Baker (1889-1982) of Britain is adopted unanimously; on Oct. 24 the United Nations (U.N.) is created, with a U.N. Gen. Assembly and a U.N. Security Council, consisting of the Permanent (Big) Five Members (U.S., U.K. Soviet Union, France, Repub. of China) and 10 non-permanent members, changing every two years, the U.N. Relief Rehabilitation Admin. (UNRRA) is created, caring for nearly 7M liberated civilians; the Internat. Maritime Consultative Org. and the Internat. Law Commission are created. On Apr. 25 Italian partisans liberate Turin, Italy and Milan, Italy. On Apr. 25 a provisional govt. for Austria is set up with Socialist Party leader Karl Renner (1870-1950) as chancellor #1 on Apr. 27 (until Dec. 25); on May 14 the Dem. Repub. of Austria is proclaimed. On Apr. 25 war secy. Henry L. Stimson tells Pres. Truman about the atomic bomb in a memo, with the soundbyte: "Within four months we shall in all probability have completed the most terrible weapon ever known in human history, one bomb of which could destroy a whole city." On Apr. 26 Potsdam, Germany is occupied by the Soviets, who complete their encirclement of Berlin, with German forces boxed into an area 10 mi. E-W x 3 mi. N-S; Potsdam Palace, the Prussian Versailles is destroyed by a U.S. bombing raid, signifying the demise of Prussia as a political entity, after which the East German Communists pave it over in the 1950s. On Apr. 26 Marshal Henri-Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Petain (Pétain) (1856-1951), head of France's Vichy govt. is arrested in Sigmaringen after the French army takes the town and the castle; Louis-Ferdinand Celine flees to Denmark, is convicted in absentia in France in 1950, then granted amnesty and allowed to return in 1951, where he turns into a hero of the Beatnik movement. On Apr. 26 "Il Duce" Benito Mussolini (b. 1883) is captured while trying to flee to Switzerland by Italian partisans at the village of Dongo on Lake Como, Italy, then summarily shot along with 15 of his friends incl. Fascist Party Secy. Alessandro Pavolini (b. 1903), and 10-year mistress Clara Petacci (b. 1912); the morning of Apr. 29 his and her bodies are hung in a public square in Milan, where a crowd streams by, spitting on them - clear all spitui? Wang-te-wang, I'm a little airplane now? On Apr. 26 after taking off from Gatow, Hitler's favorite pilot Hanna Reitsch (1912-79) and Hitler's personal pilot gen. Hans Baur (1897-1993) land on an improvised airstrip in the Tiergarten near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin bringing Col.-Gen. Robert Ritter von Greim, who was flying the plane until he was wounded in the foot by Soviet AA fire, after which Reitsch, who was stuffed in the plane's er, tiny tail took over; Hitler surprises him by appointing him Herman Goering's successor as head of the Luftwaffe, promoting him to field marshal, becoming the last German field marshal appointed (until ?); on Apr. 28 after Hitler finds out about Heinrich Himmler's secret negotiations with the Allies, von Greim is sent to arrest him, with the soundbyte: "A traitor must never succeed me as Fuhrer"; on Apr. 30 Reitsch evades Soviet searchlights, flak and fighters to reach temporary freedom in German-held territory; too bad, on May 8 von Greim is captured by the Yanks, and after hearing he is to be handed to the Soviets commits suicide with cyanide on May 24 in Salzburg, Austria. On Apr. 26 after losing 38.4K KIA in Czech., the Soviets occupy Brno, Czech., driving N to Olomouc; meanwhile any Germans found are beaten, raped, etc. On Apr. 26 U.S. forces liberate Hitler's old digs Landsberg Prison in Bavaria; U.S. Col. ? Yevell steals a plaque over Hitler's 1924 prison cell, which ends up in the Kentucky Military Museum in Frankfurt, Ky. On Apr. 26 British intel decrypts a message sent to Heinrich Himmler warning him that food supplies for the civil pop. won't last beyond May 10. On Apr. 26 the last 10K POWs of Neuengamme Camp near Hamburg are loaded onto four ships on the orders of Hamburg Gauleiter Karl Kauffman, and held for several days without food or water, allegedly to be sent to Sweden, but actually to be killed by scuttling the ships? On Apr. 26 (night) the Berlin suburbs of Moabit (NW) and Neukolln (Neukölln) (SE) are occupied by the Soviets. On Apr. 26-27 Italian partisans capture 14K German and Fascist POWs in Genoa, Italy along with German Gen. Reinhart Meinhold. On Apr. 27 the German Ninth Army tries to fight back to Berlin, and is stopped at Zossen, Germany. On Apr. 27 their guards turn on 1K Jews from Buchenwald at Marienbad, Czech. and murder them. On Apr. 27 SS deputy Kurt Becher of Mathausen is told by commandant Ernst Kaltenbrunner that "at least a thousand men must still die every day in Mathausen". On Apr. 27 Pres. Truman's Atomic Bomb Target Committee eliminates Tokyo because it's already bombed-out, and selects Hiroshima for the first A-bomb. On Apr. 27 (night) the Soviets forces encircling Berlin link up, cutting off the Germans inside, controlling 75% of Berlin. On Apr. 27-28 the Allies bomb a ship carrying several thousand Jewish women from Stutthof Camp off Rostock, Germany on the Baltic Sea, killing several hundred. On Apr. 28 the Soviets liberate, er, occupy Moabit Prison in Berlin near the Tiergarten, releasing 7K POWs, then attack the Tiergarten, whose battle sounds and fumes penetrate Hitler's bunker. On Apr. 28 Gen. Sigfrid Henrici (1889-1964) becomes Heinrich Himmler's successor as cmdr. of the Vistula Army Group, getting immediately dismissed for not having carried out a scorched earth policy; meanwhile after he slips away to his home in Charlottenburg on Apr. 26, Himmler's rep. in Hitler's bunker SS Lt.-Gen. Hans Georg Otto Hermann Fegelein (b. 1906) (Eva Braun's brother-in-law) is returned by the SS to Berlin and shot for desertion. On Apr. 28 German chief of staff (since Apr. 1) Gen. Hans Krebs (1898-1945) makes his last telephone call from the Fuhrerbunker, calling Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel at the new Supreme Command HQ in Furstenberg (Fürstenberg), telling him that if relief does not arrive within 48 hours all will be lost, causing Keitel to promise to pressure Gens. Wenck and Busse; that night Wenck reports to Furstenberg that his Twelfth Army has been forced back along the entire front, incl. XX Corps after it established temporary contact with the Potsdam garrison, and that no defense of Berlin is possible. I'm the one that you want, ooh ooh ooh? On Apr. 28 (night) as Soviet troops fight their way towards his bunker, and his pal Mussolini's body is being transported to Milan, Germany's most eligible bachelor Adolf Hitler dictates his Last Will and Testament to his private secy. (youngest) Traudl Junge (1920-2002), then finally pops the question and marries longtime blonde certified Aryan girlfriend Eva Braun (b. 1912) in a brief ceremony, and they rush off to nowhere for their honeymoon; his testament claims that neither he nor "anyone else in Germany" wanted war with Britain and the U.S., and contains the soundbyte: "Centuries will go by, but from the ruins of our towns and monuments the hatred of those ultimately responsible will always grow anew against the people whom we have to thank for all this: International Jewry and its henchmen", ending with the soundbyte: "Above all I enjoin the government and the people to uphold the race laws to the limit and to resist mercilessly the poisoner of all nations, International Jewry." On Apr. 28-29 after its last schedule flights leave on Apr. 21, and a flight to Madrid on Apr. 23 is shot down over S Germany, and base cmdr. Rudolf Böttger refuses orders to blow it up and commits suicide, the Soviets occupy Templehof Airport in Berlin. On Apr. 29 Kiwi troops occupy Venice, Italy. Welcome to the new boss, same as the old boss? On Apr. 29 (3:00 p.m.) the U.S. Seventh Army liberates Dachau Camp, the revolted soldiers murdering 530+ SS guards with the help of some inmates, with one lt. machine-gunning 346 lined up against a wall; Denver, Colo.-raised Abraham Klausner (1915-2007) becomes the first Jewish chaplain in the U.S. Army to enter the camp, becoming a father figure to 30K+ emaciated survivors incl. 2,539 Jews, of whom 2,466 die in the next six weeks. On Apr. 29 (p.m.) as the spit is flowing in Milan, Gen. Heinrich von Vietinghoff unconditionally surrenders the German army in Italy to the Allies in Caserta. On Apr. 29 Britain and the U.S. fold and accept Stalin's Lublin Govt. as the legitimate govt of postwar Poland, "recognized on a broader democratic basis with the inclusion of democratic leaders from Poland itself and from Poles abroad", with a commission in Moscow set up to do the selecting, which excludes Am. and British nominees, pissing-off Winston Churchill, who telegraphs Stalin, with the soundbyte: "I have been much distressed at the misunderstanding that has grown up between us on the Crimean Agreement about Poland", and cuts to the chase with the soundbyte: "There is not much comfort in looking into a future where you and the countries you dominate, plus the Communist Parties in many other States, are all drawn up on one side, and those who rally to the English-speaking nations and their associates or Dominions are on the other. It is quite obvious that their quarrel would tear the world to pieces and that all of us leading men on either side who had anything to do with that would be shamed before history." On Apr. 29 (eve.) German Gen. (last cmdr. of the Berlin defenses) Helmuth Otto Ludwig Weidling (1891-1955) tells Hitler that the Soviets have reached the Potsdam Station nearby, and that there are no more anti-tank guns left, and little ammo, causing Hitler to utter the soundbyte: "I cannot permit the surrender of Berlin. Your men will have to break out in small groups"; at 11:00 p.m. Hitler telegraphs the message: "Where are Wenck's spearheards? When will they advance? Where is Ninth Army?"; after distributing vials of poison to those closest to him, and testing one on his German Shepherd Blondi (b. 1941) (it works), Hitler appoints Grand Adm. Karl Doenitz (Dönitz) (1891-1980) as the 2nd (last) Fuhrer, and Joseph Goebbels as the new chancellor - good trivia question? On Apr. 29 (eve.) Gen. Krebs contacts Gen. Alfred Jodl by radio, with the message: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste's spearhead"; on Apr. 30 (a.m.) Jodl sends his reply: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake. Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive"; Wenck gives up on Berlin and decides to move his army E past the Elbe River to the Forest of Halbe to link with the 25K men of the Ninth Army, Hellmuth Reymann's Army Group Spree, and the Potsdam garrison, taking as many citizens of Berlin as possible, saving 250K when they walk into the Yanks and surrender. On Apr. 29-May 8 Operations Manna and Chowhound sees British bombers parachute 11K tons of supplies behind German lines in Rotterdam and The Hague to starving civilians. On Apr. 30 (a.m.) the U.S. 45th Div. occupies Munich, Germany; On Apr. 30 Ravensbruck Camp is liberated by the Red Army. On Apr. 30 (2:30 p.m.) (same day that George Washington became the first pres. of the U.S. in 1789) Soviet (Georgian) Sgt. Meliton Kantariya (1920-93) waves the Red Flag from the 2nd floor of the Reichstag, while German troops are still on the 3rd floor; at 3:30 p.m. Adolf Hitler (b. 1889) and his blonde Aryan honeymoon girl ("come on, pee on my face"?) Eva Braun Hitler commit suicide in his bunker in Berlin, robbing the Russkies of their big prize; she takes the poison first, then he shoots himself with a 7.65 cal. Walther pistol; Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda kill their children with cyanide then commit suicide; Hitler's staff scavenges Berlin for gasoline and burns all their bodies; the Red Flag flies from the roof of the Reichstag at 10:50 p.m.; after the war ends the German pop. first learns of Hitler's single mistress for 15 years who died as his bride, thinking he lived a celibate life like a wanking monk; Hitler took power on Jan. 30, 1933 33 days before FDR did (Mar. 4) and died 18 days after he did (Apr. 12); he really escaped to Argentina with Eva, had two daughters, and lived to age 73, dying on Feb. 13, 1962? On Apr. 30 the 14th British Imperial Army under Adm. Lord Louis Mountbatten (1900-79), supported by U.S. and Chinese forces completes the destruction of the Japanese 15th, 28th, and 33rd Army begun 15 mo. earlier, with total Japanese casualties by May 5 of 347K. On Apr. 30 Gen. Eisenhower tells Soviet Gen. Antonov that U.S. troops will not advance further into Austria than the "general area of Linz" and the Enns River, pissing-off Churchill, who telegraphs Pres. Truman, warning that if the Soviets liberate Prague and W Czech. they "will go the way of Yugoslavia"; too bad, Truman replies that he leaves tactical decisions to the military, after which U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall tells Eisenhower: "Personally and aside from all logistic, tactical, or strategical implications, I would be loath to hazard American lives for purely political purposes." In Apr. Fascist Italian army cmdr. Rodolfo Graziani (b. 1882) is captured near Lake Como, tried and convicted for treason, and imprisoned in May 1950, but released in Aug. because he fakes, er, has ill health. In Apr. the kaput Japanese help Gen. Achmed Sukarno (1901-70) return from exile on Sumatra to 86%-Muslim Indonesia (4th most populous country in the world, with the world's largest Muslim pop.); on Aug. 17 he declares independence from the Netherlands, and establishes the Repub. of Indonesia, declaring the Pancasila (Five Principles) of a secular Muslim state on June 1, pissing-off Islamists, who in 1949 form the Islamist org. Darul Islam, which declares Indonesia an apostate state and proclaims a new Islamic state, going into armed rebellion into the early 1960s before going underground and splitting into Laskar Jihad and Jemaah Islamiyah. In Apr. the Allies discover stolen Nazi art and loot hidden in salt mines. In Apr. after getting scared by the looming menace facing Europe, British PM Winston Churchill orders the British chief of staffs to begin planning Operation Unthinkable, a plan to attack Russia, starting on July 1; after his staff tells him he would lose, the plan is dropped. By Apr. Operation Pluto (Pipelines Under the Ocean) has 11 flexible pipelines operating between Dungeness and Boulogne, delivering 3K tons of fuel a day to the Allies. On May 1 Operation Rainbow (Regenbogen) sees the Germans scuttle 231 U-boats to keep them from falling into Allied hands by May 6; on May 8 150+ U-boats are surrendered to the Allies; U-1277 and U-963 flee to Portugal, and U-530 and U-977 to Argentina. On May 1 German troops in Rhodes surrender. On May 1 after Soviet Marshal Zhukov rejects a truce and demands unconditional surrender, Gen. Hans Krebs (b. 1898) tells Gen. Weidling, who ignores the fight-to-the-death advice of Joseph Goebbels and Martin Bormann and issues an order to the troops and people of Berlin to surrender; on May 2 Krebs commits suicide; Nazi Party Chancellery head Martin Bormann (b. 1900) escapes from Hitler's bunker, only to return and die near it the next day; his remains are found in 1972; before dying, he sends his wife "Mummy Girl" Gerda Bormann (-1946) a radiogram telling her to leave with her children for the Tyrol, and she escapes to Alto Adige in the Dolomite Alps in N Italy bordering Austria, dying in Merano after giving Adolf Hitler's Watercolor Collection to Rodolfo Siviero for safekeeping; it is exhibited in Florence in 1984 on the 40th anniv. of its deliverance from the Nazis. On May 1 the British launch Operation Dracula, bombing Rangoon, Burma from a base in Salboni, India E of Calcutta, with a stop at Baranga Island; on May 2 Cmdr. Eric James Brindley Nicolson (b. 1917), only fighter pilot to win the Victoria Cross in the Battle of Britain dies when his bomber crashes into the Bay of Bengal. On May 1 Operation Oboe One sees Australian troops land on Tarakan Island in Borneo, defeating the Japanese on May 18. On May 1 top Nazi scientists Wernher von Braun and Herbert Wagner along with Gen. Walter Dornberger come out of hiding in the mountains of Bavaria in S Germany and surrender to the Americans on May 2 at Oberammergau after being promised VIP treatment; it is later discovered that they made little progress toward an A-bomb. On May 1 the Mathausen Death March begins (ends May 5). On May 1 after Heinrich Himmler makes him a German surrender offer and he rejects it, Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte (1895-1948) returns to Sweden after rescuing 15K from German concentration camps in White Buses with the Red Cross emblem on the side. On May 2 (6:45 a.m.) Marshal Zhukov accepts the surrender of Berlin; at 3:00 p.m. a ceasefire comes into effect; the Soviets take 134K German POWs; the Soviets announce the Capture of Berlin, and raise the good ole Hammer and Sickle ("over 1 billion served") ("finger licken' good") over the Reichstag; the Allies announce the surrender of Nazi troops in Italy and parts of Austria; the Battle of Berlin (begun Apr. 16) ends after 2 weeks and 2 days, with 81.1K Soviets KIA vs. 92K-100K Germans KIA, 220K wounded, and 480K captured, plus 22K military and 22K civilians KIA inside the Berlin Defence Area; the Soviets lost 1,997 tanks, 2,108 artillery pieces, and 917 aircraft. On May 2 the mayor of Hamburg begins surrender negotiations. On May 2 Winston Churchill tells the House of Commons that 1M German troops have surrendered in N Italy and S Austria. On May 2 German Lt. Rolf Kunze leaves his air base at Trondheim, Norway and defects to the British, landing his Junkers Ju 188 near Fraserburgh, Scotland, becoming the first Nazi bomber to defect. On May 2 Irish pres. Eamon de Valera visits the top German diplomat in Dublin to express condolences on the death of Hitler. On May 3 (a.m.) SS and Hitler Youth massacre 500 of 850 surplus Jewish women POWs in Lubeck Harbor, after which RAF Hawker Typhoons bomb the harbor, sinking three of four ships carrying Jewish POWs from Neuengamme Camp incl. steamer SS Thielbek, and passenger liners SS Cap Arcona and SS Deutschland, killing 8K of 9K, which they thought were SS personnel en route to Norway. On May 3 (11:30 a.m.) German Grand Adm. Hans Georg von Friedeburg and Gen. Hans Kinzel try to surrender three German armies facing the Russians to British Field Marshal Montgomery near Wendish Even in N Germany, but he tells them they can only surrender armies facing the British; on May 4 (6:30 p.m.) after returning to Flensburg to consult with their boss Adm. Doenitz, they return and formally surrender Denmark, Holland, and NW Germany; what's left of Hamburg is occupied by British troops. On May 3 the Nazis hand over Theresienstadt Camp to the Red Cross; Adolf Eichmann had visited it on Mar. 5 to check it out before the last Red Cross visit on Apr. 6. On May 3 Yugoslav partisans seize the Adriatic seaport of Fiume, which had been under Italian or German control since 1924. On May 3-6 British Indian forces under Gen. William Slim (1897-1970) capture Rangoon, Burma from the Japanese. On May 3 Innsbruck, Austria, followed on May 4 by Salzburg, Austria and Hitler's playground Berchtesgaden and Obersalzberg in Bavaria surrender to U.S. troops, who take 2K POWs at Berchtesgaden. On May 4 Flossenburg Camp (founded May 1938) is liberated; former French PM Leon Blum, Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg, and Pastor Martin Niemoller are freed; future Jewish-Am. poet Anthony Evan Hecht (1923-2004) helps liberate the camp, and later says "For years after I would wake shrieking", making the Holocaust one of his main themes. On May 4 Croatian dictator Ante Pavelic makes a street speech in Zagreb, with the soundbyte: "If we must die, let us fall as true heroes, not as cowards crying for mercy"; he then skedaddles N to the Austrian border. On May 4 the British Pacific Fleet returns to action in Okinawa, with kamikaze attacks becoming less effective against their armored flight decks. On May 4 after welcoming them to Pruszkow near Warsaw on Mar. 7 to meet with Soviet Col. Ruslan Pimenov on Mar. 27, the Red Army arrests 16 Polish negotiators for "causing the death of 100 Red Army officers", pissing-off Winston Churchill, who utters the soundbyte: "The perfidy by which these Poles were enticed into a Russian conference and then held fast in the Russian grip is one which will emerge in great detail from the stories which have reached us, and there is no doubt that the publication in detail of this event upon the authority of the great Western Allies, would produce a primary change in the entire structure of world forces"; he also telegraphs Pres. Truman on May 11, with the soundbyte that once all German armies surrender, the Soviet sphere of control "would include the Baltic Provinces, all of Germany to the occupational line, all Czechoslovakia, a large part of Austria, the whole of Yugoslavia, Hungary, Roumania, Bulgaria, until Greece in her present tottering condition is reached. It would include all the great capitals of middle Europe including Berlin, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia", which will "constitute an event in the history of Europe to which there has been no parallel, and which has not been faced by the Allies in their long and hazardous struggle. The Russian demands on Germany for reparations alone will be such as to enable her to prolong the occupation almost indefinitely, at any rate for many years, during which time Poland will sink with many other States into the vast zone of Russian-controlled Europe, not necessarily economically Sovietized but police-governed." On May 4 British PM Winston Churchill writes the soundbyte to his foreign secy. Anthony Eden: "Terrible things have happened. A tide of Russian domination is sweeping forward... After it is over, the territories under Russian control will include the Baltic provinces, all of eastern Germany, all Czechoslovakia, a large part of Austria, the whole of Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. This constitutes one of the most melancholy events in the history of Europe and one to which there has been no parallel. It is to an early and speedy showdown and settlement with Russia that we must now turn our hopes." On May 5 the Prague Uprising by the Czech Resistance against the 1M German troops holding Prague, Czech. ends in a ceasfire when the Red Army arrives on May 8. On May 5 Netherlands Liberation Day sees Canadian Gen. Charles Foulkes and German CIC Gen. Johannes Blaskowitz agree to German capitulation in the Hotel de Wereld in Wageningen; on May 6 it is signed in the auditorium of Wageningen U. next door. On May 5 a desperate counterattack by the German Seventeenth Army at Wansen (Wiazow), Poland 20 mi. N of Breslau kills 469 Soviet soldiers. On May 5 after his 6th U.S. Army Group becomes the first to reach the Rhine, German Gen. Hermann Foertsch (1895-1961) surrenders German forces between the Bohemian Mts. and Upper Inn River to U.S. Gen. Jacob "Jake" Loucks Devers (1887-1979) in Baldham near Munich. On May 5 (4:00 p.m.) Gen. Johannes Albrecht von Blaskowitz (1883-1948) surrenders all German forces in Holland in the Hotel de Wereld at Wageningen, Holland to Canadian Lt.-Gen. Charles Foulkes (1903-69) and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1911-2004), who ignores Blaskowitz's deference; after a typewriter to type the surrender document can't be found, they return on May 6 to sign it. On May 5 Mathausen Camp is liberated by U.S. troops, who find a common grave containing 10K+ corpses; the 110K survivors incl. 28K Jews, incl. future (2005) U.S. Medal of Honor (Korea) winner (son of a Hungarian shoemaker) Tibor "Ted" Rubin (1929-), who emigrates to the U.S. in 1948. On May 5 pro-Mussolini anti-Semitic U.S. poet Ezra Pound (1885-1972) (who lived in Italy since 1924 and broadcast anti-U.S. radio commentaries) is arrested in Italy by the U.S. Army for treason; kept in an outdoor cage, where he writes the Pisan Cantos, he suffers a breakdown and is found mentally incompetent to stand trial, ending up in a mental institution for years before being allowed to return to the U.S.; he returns to Italy in 1958. On May 5 after the SS tries to get several thousand Jewish survivors of Auschwitz to go into a mine tunnel at Ebensee, Germany near Mathausen, Russian Jew Lev Yefimovich Manevich (1898-1945) gets them to refuse, and after calculating their chances of war crimes prosecution they back down, after which the Jews kill the Germans with their bare hands?; U.S. troops arrive at 9:00 p.m. On May 5 a Japanese balloon bomb explodes on Gearhart Mt. in Ore., killing Mrs. Elsie Mitchell (the pregnant wife of a minister) and five children after they attempt to drag it out of the woods in Lakeview, Ore., becoming the only U.S. civilians killed on the U.S. mainland during WWII? On May 5 German troops surrender the Dodecanese Islands to the British. On May 6 (6:00 p.m.) German Gen. ? Nickhoff surrenders his German troops in Breslau, Germany. On May 6 Pilsen (Pizen), Czech. is liberated by the 16th Armored Div. of General Patton's 3rd U.S. Army. On May 6 (6:30 p.m.) German Gen. Jodl flies from Flensburg to Reims, where Gen. Eisenhower tells him he can't just surrender the troops facing the Western Allies or he will seal the front and cut off all negotiations; after checking with Flensburg, Adm. Doenitz shortly after midnight tells him to go ahead and surrender on all fronts. On May 6 Axis Sally (Mildred E. Gillars) (1900-88) makes her final propaganda broadcast to Allied troops on Radio Berlin. On May 6-11 the Prague Offensive in Czech., the last major Soviet operation of WWII sees the 2M Soviet troops take Prague from German Army Group Center (650K men) and Army Group Ostmark (430K), capturing 860K POws. The town with the really cool tall Gothic Cathedral of Notre Dame? On May 7 (1:41 a.m.) the Germans formally surrender as German Chief of Staff Col. Gen. Alfred Jodl signs the surrender document at Gen. Eisenhower's HQ at Rheims (Reims), France, with all fighting to cease at 23:01 Central European Time on May 8 (00:01 May 9 in London); U.S. Gen. Walter Bedell "Beetle" Smith (1895-1961) signs for the Allied Expeditionary Force; Gen. Ivan Alexeyevich Susloparov (1897-1947) signs for the Soviet Union; on May 7 (23:01) German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel signs the surrender for the German forces in East Germany in Marshal Zhukov's Russian Army HQ in Karlshorst on the outskirts of Berlin; AP Paris bureau chief Edward J. Kennedy (1905-63) ignores a news embargo and becomes the first to report the German surrender, getting him fired in Nov. even though the official German announcement under Allied orders came two hours before his dispatch; in the Aug. 1948 issue of Atlantic Monthly he pub. an essay titled "I'd Do It Again". Olomouc, Czech. after destroying the town's prized clock; also Sternbeck, Czech.. On May 7 three U.S. Army vehicles arrive in Prague at the same time as the Soviets, who tell them that Gen. Eisenhower agreed that the Yanks should withdraw to Pilsen; on May 8 (5:04 a.m.) German troops surrender Prague, Czech. after 49K Soviet and ? German troops are KIA; on May 10 Eduard Benes' govt. is captured; on May 11 the last remaining German troops in Prague lay down their arms; the U.S. could have entered the city 3 wks. earlier but was ordered to halt? On May 7 the Nazi SS opens fire on a crowd welcoming Canadian troops in Dam Square in Amsterdam, killing 22 and injuring 100; the troops finish liberating Amsterdam and the real celebration is on May 8. On May 7 German U-boat U-2336 under Capt. Emil Klusmeier (1912-82) sinks Norwegian merchant ship Sneland I, killing seven, and British merchant ship SS Avondale Park, killing two off the coast of Scotland in the Firth of Firth 1 mi. S of the Isle of May, becoming the last Allied naval deaths of the war in Europe. On May 8 Norway is liberated. On May 8 U.S. V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) sees Pres. Truman (b. 1884) (his birthday) announce in a radio address that WWII has ended in Europe, with the soundbyte: "The flags of freedom fly all over Europe"; the Japanese are now without allies, and morale is beginning to disintegrate, but not fast enough; on May 8 Life photographer (1936-74) Alfred Eisenstaedt (1898-1995) gets married signalman Jim Reynolds to pose for a kiss with a nurse in a famous photo that appears in the Aug. 27 issue; in 2007 Glenn McDuffie claims to be the real guy, and Reynolds claims it was V-J Day (Aug. 14) not V-E Day. On May 8 (2:00 p.m.) the German garrison in Saint-Nazaire, France surrenders to U.S. forces. On May 8 (3:00 p.m.) the Dame of Sark Island in the Channel Island raises the Union Jack and Stars and Stripes even though there are 275 German soldiers on the island and no Allied soldiers; 20 British soldiers and three officers arrive on May 10. On May 8 a Muslim demonstration leads to civil unrest and French retaliation; an Arab nationalist movement launches the Algerian Guerrilla War against French rule (ends 1957). On May 8 13K British POWs are flown from Europe to Britain; on May 9 one of the planes crashes in the Channel, killing 25. On May 8 German #1 ace (212 Vs) (first pilot with 200 Vs) Col. Hermann Graf (1912-88) and his 52nd Fighter Wing surrender to the U.S. Army, who turn them over to the Red Army; Graf is released in 1949. This beastly war produces a blonde beast saint? On May 8 as the Russians approach Brunnitz in the Sudetenaland to liberate them, German industrialist Oskar Schindler (1908-74), who spent his entire fortune trying to swindle the Nazis into not sending Jews to death camps by giving them jobs in his phony war goods factory gives a speech urging Jews who worked for him not to pursue revenge attacks, and they melt the gold in their teeth to give him escape funds, along with a signed letter explaining that he shouldn't be prosecuted as a war criminal; Schindler's List of 1.1K of his workers at the Plszow concentration camp that he paid his fortune to save from the death camps is found in 1999. On May 9 Heinrich Himmler (b. 1900) is captured by the U.S. Seventh Army; the loonie toon commits suicide on May 23 evening in Luneburg, Germany by biting a cyanide capsule during a British medical exam four hours after his identity is discovered; he was really murdered by the Brits to keep him from speaking to the Americans? On May 9 Victory Day in Moscow sees a salute by 1K guns, followed by Stalin delivering a radio speech at 8 p.m., with the soundbyte: "The age-long struggle of the Slav peoples for their existence and their independence has ended in victory over the German invaders and German tyranny. Henceforth the great banner of the freedom of the peoples and peace among peoples will fly over Europe." On May 9 30K German troops surrender the Channel Islands. On May 9 after signing the Protocol of Simi, German troops surrender the Aegean islands of Kos, Leros, Milos, Piskopi, and Simi. On May 9 German troops surrender the Baltic island of Bornholm. On May 9 German troops surrender in W and C Czech. and Silesia. On May 9 after being surrounded for 6 mo. by Czech. troops under Brig. Gen. Alois Liska (1895-1977), German troops surrender at Dunkirk, France; German Vice-Adm. Friedrich Frisius (1895-1970) arrives at Gen. Liska's HQ with his surrender document pre-signed. On May 9 the Battle of Lang Son in Vietnam is a V over the French by the Japanese, who massacre the survivors. On May 9 the U.S. govt. lifts the midnight entertainment curfew. On May 10 a plane carrying British soldiers to Oslo to disarm German occupation forces crashes before landing, killing all 24 aboard. On May 10 the Nat. Indigenous Congress of agrarian reform peasants convenes in La Paz, Bolivia. On May 11 Soviet troops overrun several pockets of German resistance E of Pilsen, Czech. On May 11 after German CIC Gen. Friedrich Schorner deserts his command on May 8, Army Group Center becomes the last large German units to surrender; Schorner is arrested on May 18 in Austria by the Yanks. On May 11 after kamikazes hit seven U.S. ships off Okinawa on May 4, killing 446, Japanese kamikaze pilot Kiyoshi Ogawa crashes his plane into the carrier USS Bunker Hill near Okinawa, killing 496 and disabling the ship. On May 12 the U.S. renews its attack on the fortified Shuri Line in S Okinawa, with hundreds KIA on both sides; on May 13 Conical Hill on Okinawa is captured by the U.S. On May 12 German U-boat U-234 en route from Norway to Japan carrying Luftwaffe Gen. Ulrich Otto Eduard Kessler (1894-1983) surrenders to the USS Sutton. On May 13 Winston Churchill gives his Five Years of War speech on the radio, criticizing Eamon de Valera and Eire for their neutrality in WWII, with the soundbytes: "This was indeed a deadly moment in our life, and if it had not been for the loyalty and friendship of Northern Ireland we should have been forced to come to close quarters with Mr. de Valera or perish forever from the earth. However, with a restraint and poise to which, I say, history will find few parallels, we never laid a violent hand upon them, which at times would have been quite easy and quite natural, and left the de Valera Government to frolic with the German and later with the Japanese representatives to their heart's content. When I think of these days I think also of other episodes and personalities. I do not forget Lieutenant-Commander Esmonde, V.C., D.S.O., Lance-Corporal Kenneally, V.C., Captain Fegen, V.C., and other Irish heroes that I could easily recite, and all bitterness by Britain for the Irish race dies in my heart. I can only pray that in years which I shall not see, the shame will be forgotten and the glories will endure, and that the peoples of the British Isles and of the British Commonwealth of Nations will walk together in mutual comprehension and forgiveness"; on May 16 Valera gives his own radio speech giving his side. On May 13 the top-secret Atomic Bomb Target Committee at Los Alamos, N.M. narrows its atomic bomb targets down to Hiroshima, Kyoto, Yokohoma, and Kokura. On May 14 150K Germans are taken POW by the Red Army in East Prussia, and 180K in N Latvia, leaving only a 150K-man German force in Yugoslavia, which surrenders in Slovenski Gradek on May 15, which becomes Yugoslav Victory Day; in the last 2 mo. the Yugoslavs lost 30K KIA, vs. 1.7M killed in the war. On May 14 Mormon pres. (since Nov. 23, 1918) Heber J. Grant (b. 1856) dies, and on May 21 Repub. Boy Scout leader George Albert Smith Sr. (1870-1951) becomes Mormon pres. #8 (until Apr. 4, 1951), going on to denouce the KKK, send supplies to war-torn Europe, and travel 1M mi. in office, becoming the first LDS Church pres. to visit Mexico in office, reconciling the Third Conventionist apostates to the church. On May 15 Burmese nationalist leader Aung San flops from the Japanese to the British, with the soundbyte: "If the British sucked our blood, the Japanese ground our bones." On May 15-24 the Battle of Sugar Loaf in Okinawa sees 3K U.S. Marine casualties; on May 19 the Japanese lose 500 in a suicide attack; the Marines mistakenly use a flamethrower on 85 student nurses in a cave, which becomes known as the Cave of the Virgins. On May 16 Alderney Island is liberated. On May 19 the United Nations Charter committee meets in Muir Woods in Calif., whose giant redwoods are thought to be a natural "temple of peace" for them to gain perspective. On May 21 the last wood barrack at Belsen Camp, incl. a swastika and picture of Hitler is burned down with a flamethrower, complete with a ceremony. On May 21 after actor Humphrey DeForest Bogart (1899-1957) divorces loud jealous Mayo Methot (married 1938) on May 10, he marries his 4th wife, hot young actress Lauren Bacall (Betty Joan Perske) (1924-2014), whom he does four films with; they have son Stephen Humphrey Bogart (1949-) and daughter Leslie Howard Bogart (1952-), who is named after British actor Leslie Howard, who did him a big favor in 1936 by refusing to appear in "The Petrified Forest" unless he was signed too. On May 22 top surviving Nazi military intel officer Maj. Gen. Reinhard Gehlen (1902-79) surrenders to U.S. troops in Oberursel N of Darmstadt in Bavaria, going on to work for the U.S. and Western Germans against the Soviets after the war, setting up the Gehlen Org. in June 1946. On May 22 U.S. Maj. William Bromley begins shipping 400 tons of German rocket equipment from Nordhausen to the U.S. via Antwerp, completing before June 1, when the Soviets occupy Nordhausen. On May 23 the German High Command and Provisional Govt., led by chancellor (since May 1) Count Johann Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (1887-1977) are imprisoned by the Soviets; Adm. von Friedeburg commits suicide; the Allies divide Germany and Berlin and take over the govt. on June 5; the partition of Berlin lasts 45 years; Hitler's Thousand-Year Reich is kaput, and Germany is stripped of all its annexed territory plus all of Eastern Germany (Silesia, Pomerania, East Prussia) (claimed by Poland and the Soviet Union), with the German pop. expelled. On May 24/25 (night) Tokyo, Japan is firebombed by 500+ U.S. B-292 with 3,646 tons of bombs, killing 1K+ incl. 62 Allied POWS, and destroying the Imperial Palace, which is not rebuilt until 1948; ditto on May 26 (night), starting a firestorm that burns 22 sq. mi., losing 43 B-29s, with 169 damaged. On May 24/25 (night) 10 Japanese pilots on a suicide mission land on Yontan Airfield off Okinawa, destroying seven U.S. planes, damaging 26, and igniting 70K gal. of aircraft fuel before being KIA. On May 25 the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff confirm Nov. 1 as the start of Operation Olympic, the invasion of Kyushu Island, Japan. On May 26 the Japanese evacuate Nanning, China, their last direct land link with Indochina; on May 27 Chinese troops quickly occupy it, stranding 200K Japanese troops and cutting off their supply route from SE Asia. On May 27 22 ships in an Allied convoy of 76 vessels collide with each other in a 10-min. period off Newfoundland after one of them strikes an iceberg; no lives are lost. On May 27 Hungarian-born Jewish atomic scientist Leo Szilard meets with U.S. secy. of state James Byrnes in Spartanburg, S.C., and unsuccessfully tries to talk him out of testing the A-bomb for fear that it will prove to Stalin that it works and start an arms race; Byrnes reneges on a promise to tell Truman? On May 28 the Japanese mount their last major offensive against U.S. warships in Okinawa, losing 100 planes without sinking any ships. On May 28 William Joyce AKA Lord Haw-Haw is haw-haw arrested by the British in Flensburg, and deported to Britain, haw-haw. On May 29 after they reject demands to transfer Syrian forces under French command to the Syrian nat. army, French clash with Syrians in Damascus, Aleppo, Hama, and Homs; on May 30 Syrian pres. Shukri al-Quwatli writes a letter to Pres. Truman a la Ho Chi Minh, complaining that the French are killing Syrians with weapons purchased with money borrowed from the U.S. to fight the Nazis, even though the U.S. recognized Syrian independence in 1944, with the soundbyte: "Where now is the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms? What can we think of San Francisco?", causing the U.S. to side with him, getting Winston Churchill to order British troops under Gen. Bernard Paget to drive the French back into their barracks, pissing-off Charles de Gaulle, who utters the soundbyte: "We are not in a position to open hostilities against you at the present time, but you have insulted France and betrayed the West. This cannot be forgotten." On May 31 Polish death camp organizer Odilo Globocnik is arrested in Weissensee in Carinthia by the British, taking a cyanide capsule and committing suicide. On May 31 a meeting in the Pentagon of atomic bomb scientists incl. J. Robert Oppenheimer concludes that it should be dropped on the Japanese sans warning, preferably on a war plant with a large number of workers, saving the U.S. 1M KIA trying to take Japan, and shortening the war by a year; James Byrnes tells Pres. Truman, who concurs. In May imprisoned King Leopold III of Belgium is liberated by U.S. troops in Austria, but accusations of treason cause him to seek exile in Switzerland. In May Soviet troops occupy Brandenburg, Prussia - Frederick the Great rolls over in his grave? In May former French PM Leon Blum is freed from internment in Austria by Allied troops. In May U.S. Gen. George S. Patton becomes military gov. of Bavaria (until Oct.). In May Dutch painter Han van Meegeren (1889-1947) is arrested for capital collaboration with the Nazis for selling the Vermeer painting "The Woman Taken in Adultery" to Hermann Goering, then at his 1947 trial shocks everybody by claiming he forged it, and received 200 original paintings from Goering in return, making him a nat. hero instead; he then goes on to demonstrate his skills, and brag about all the other fakes he had made "to prove my worth as a painter" after "receiving no acknowledgements from artists and critics"; in 1937 he sold a forged Vermeer titled "Christ and the Disciples of Emmaus" for 1M guilders after fooling top art historian Abraham Bredius, and altogether made 7M guilders ($2M): after his charges are switched to forgery, he gets a 1-year sentence out of a max. of two in Nov. 1947, then dies in prison in Dec. 30 after a heart attack, a happy man? In May after the Allies use decrypted messages to slow down testing, the new fleet of German U-boats with the revolutionary Schnorchel (Shnorkel) breathing tube, multiple-targeting torpedo tubes, and prefab construction are ready for battle; too bad, it's far too late, else this super weapon might have turned the tide since it's so hard to locate? In May-June 40K anti-Soviet Cossacks who had surrendered to the British in Austria are turned over to the Red Army; 30K Yugoslavs (Roman Catholic Croatians) are handed over to Tito under the pretense that they are being sent to Italy; they are shipped in locked trains to Slovenia and then shot and buried in mass graves. In May-Aug. U.S. land and carrier-based aircraft begin the greatest air offensive in history, destroying the Japanese navy and industry; the U.S. 20th Air Force drops 40K tons of bombs in Japanese industrial centers in 1 mo. - how about in 1 sec.? On June 3 after the Japanese run low on rations, causing discontent, U.S. Marines seize the Iheya Islands N of Okinawa on June 4 they land on the Oroku Peninsula, fighting 5K Japanese for 10 days and killing 4K vs. 1,608 U.S. soldiers KIA; on June 13 the cmdr. Adm. Minoru Ota (b. 1891) commits suicide in the HQ cave along with 200 others; on June 5 a typhoon damages four U.S. battleships and eight aircraft carriers; battleship USS Missouri and heavy cruiser Louisville are seriously damaged by Japanese kamikazes. On June 3-14 Japanese envoy (former PM in 1936-7) Koki Hirota (1878-1948) meets with the Soviet ambassador in Tokyo to propose a new relationship between the two countries and divide Asia between them - like finding love on The Bachelorette? On June 4 future U.S. pres. Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-73) visits Dachau Camp, becoming revolted and cementing his pro-Israeli views. On June 8 in the presence of Emperor Hirohito, the Japanese cabinet in Tokyo resolves "to prosecute the war to the bitter end"; on June 9 Japanese PM (since Apr. 7) Kantaro Suzuki declares that Japan will fight to the last man rather than accept unconditional surrender like the inferior German Master Race did; he later flip-flops and fights the military faction in the cabinet in order to negotiate peace with the Allies, which only causes them to plan his assassination - better stock up on SPF-googol sunscreen? On June 8 (night) U.S. troops attack Yuza Hill and Kunishi Ridge on Okinawa, meeting fierce resistance; on June 11 (night) they attack again. On June 10 Chinese troops occupy I-Shan, China, pushing the Japanese towards Liuchow. On June 10 Burmese partisans led by British officers drive the Japanese from Loilem, Burma in the Shan Mts. On June 10 Australian forces land on Labuan Island in North Borneo. On June 10 Jose Luis Bustamente y Rivero (1894-1989) is elected pres. in Peru with the support of Liberals and Apristas (until 1948), immediately instituting liberal reforms and restoring civil rights. On June 11 the Soviets forcibly expel 700K Sudeten Germans from Czech. - haw-haw on Hitler? On June 12 Schiermonnikoog Island becomes the last part of Holland to be liberated by the Allies. On June 13 future "Captain Kangaroo" actor Robert James "Bob" Keeshan (1927-2004) enlists in the U.S. Marine Corps two weeks before his 18th birthday, but never sees combat because of the war's end. On June 13 Operation Oboe III sees the Australians liberate Brunei, Borneo. On June 14 Gen. Eisenhower is honored as a Companion of the Liberation by Gen. Charles de Gaulle. On June 14 Burma is liberated by the British - now we can shave? On June 14 U.S. U.N. rep. Bernard Baruch presents the Acheson-Lilienthal Plan of Dean Acheson and David Lilienthal (with help by J. Robert Oppenheimer), which offers to have the U.N. oversee world atomic research via the creation of an internat. atomic development authority; too bad, the Soviet Union and Poland block it. On June 14 Nazi foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop is arrested in Hamburg by British soldiers. On June 18 U.S. bombers attack 23 Japanese towns. On June 18 Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower receives a big welcome in Washington, D.C. where he addresses a joint session of Congress and meets Truman. How long has this been going on? On June 18 Brooklyn, N.Y.-born William Joyce (b. 1906), AKA "Lord Haw-Haw" is charged in London with high treason for his English language pro-Nazi wartime broadcasts on German radio; he is sentenced to death on Sept. 19 and hanged on Jan. 3. On June 18 after the Japanese defenders are forced to live on roots and tree bark, organized Japanese resistance ends on Mindanao Island in the Philippines. On June 18 U.S. Okinawa cmdr. Lt.-Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. (b. 1886), son of U.S. Civil War Confed. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Sr. is KIA in the Battle of Okinawa by a Japanese anti-tank shell while observing the final phase of the battle in the S, becoming the highest-ranking U.S. officer lost during WWII. On June 19 millions of New Yorkers turn out to cheer Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower in the New York City Victory Parade. On June 20 as the Soviets approach Nordhausen and Bleichroden, the last German scientists are evacuated by train into the U.S. zone. On June 20 Emperor Hirohito summons his ministers and military cmdrs. and asks them to make all possible efforts to end the war by diplomatic means; foreign minister Tojo approaches the Soviets in Moscow via ambassador Sato Naotake, and when the U.S. decrypts the message it tips them off that they only want a conditional surrender, making them more determined to nuke them? On June 21 (eve.) as U.S. Marines close in on their command cave at Mabuni, Japanese Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima (b. 1887) and several other officers commit hara-kiri; on June 23 the Battle of Okinawa (begun Mar. 18) ends as Japanese forces surrender; 7,613 U.S. troops are killed on land, and 4,907 at sea, losing 36 warships to kamikaze attacks; 70K-100K Japanese troops and 80K-100K civilians are killed in the 81-day battle, part of a Japanese design to slow down U.S. invasion of their home islands, making U.S. troops have to blast their caves one-by-one with dynamite, and later, napalm; the Japanese lose 7.8K aircraft vs. 763 for the U.S. On June 24 British bombers destroy the two infamous POW-built railway bridges over the River Kwai (Khwae Yai) in Thailand. On June 24 a Victory march in Red Square in Moscow features 200 Soviet soldiers carrying 200 captured Nazi military banners and throwing them at the foot of Lenin's Mausoleum. On June 25 Labor Party leader Einar Henry Gerhardsen (1897-1987) becomes PM of Norway (until Nov. 9, 1951), and forms Norway's first postwar coalition govt.; in Nov. the first gen. elections since 1936 give him a majority, and he forms a Labor govt. - go fish? On June 25 Sean Thomas O'Kelly (1882-1966) becomes pres. #2 of Eire (until June 24, 1959), succeeding Douglas Hyde (b. 1860), who dies in Dublin on July 12, 1949. On June 26 the United Nations (U.N.) Charter, beginning "We the peoples of the United Nations, determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war" is signed in San Francisco, Calif. by 50 nations at the Herbst Theater; Virginia Crocheron Gildersleeve (1877-1965), the only female delegate to the U.N. Conference on Internat. Org. signs for the U.S.; U.S. secy. of state (since 1944) Edward R. Stettinius, who had worked to found the U.N. resigns on June 27 after attending the founding - the world is safe again? On June 27 U.S. Navy undersecy. (1944-5) Ralph Austin Bard (1884-1975) writes a memorandum to war secy. Henry L. Stimson, arguing that "the position of the United States as a great humanitarian nation and the fair play attitude of our people" requires that Japan be given a 2-3-day "preliminary warning" before using the atomic bomb; also that Japan be informed of the likely entry of the Soviet Union into the war, and that "assurances" be given with regard to the Japanese emperor and the treatment of the Japanese people following unconditional surrender, becoming the only person known to have formally dissented from using the atomic bomb without advance warning. On June 28 Gen. MacArthur announces the end of Japanese resistance in the Philippines. On June 29 the new Czech govt. signs a treaty with the Soviet Union ceding Ruthenia, becoming the first formal transfer of territory resulting from WWII. On June 30 James F. Byrnes is appointed U.S. secy. of state by FDR less than six weeks before the surrender of Japan (until 1947), going on to formulate U.S. postwar policy vis a vis the Soviet Union and atomic energy; since there's no vice-pres., he's next in line for succession; he thinks he should have been the pres. all along? In June U.S. Gen. Omar N. Bradley is appointed head of the U.S. Veterans Admin., which sees 10M new veterans added to the ranks after WWII ends, all the white ones looking to get married and own their own gas-electric home in the white suburbs, complete with a bright-colored phone in the kitchen. In June the British-operated Bad Nenndorf interrogation center begins operation (until July 1947), becoming known for mistreatment of German prisoners. On July 1 U.S., British, and French troops move into Berlin. On July 1 the Second Battle of Balikpapan in the Dutch East Indies (conclusion of the Borneo campaign) (ends July 21) begins with Australian troops landing near Balikpapan, taking it on July 3 along with its oil installations; on July 3 U.S. troops land and take Sepinggan Airfield on Borneo. On July 1 the New York State Commission Against Discrimination is established, with Caroline Klein Simon (Jewish) as commissioner #1 (until 1955). On July 1 gasoline rationing ends in the U.S. On July 4 U.S. forces land on Mindanao Island near the S port of Davao, Philippines. On July 5 Gen. MacArthur announces that the liberation of the Philippines is complete. On July 6 Pres. Truman signs an executive order establishing the Medal of Freedom. On July 6 Nicaragua becomes the first nation to formally accept the U.N. Charter. On July 6 Francis Michael Forde (1890-1983) of the Labor Party becomes PM #15 of Australia, lasting seven days (shortest until ?); on July 13 Joseph Benedict Chifley (1885-1951) becomes PM #16 (until Dec. 19, 1949). On July 6 the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff authorize Operation Overcast (Paperclip) to "exploit... chosen, rare minds whose continuing intellectual productivity we wish to use", bringing 350 German and Austrian scientists to the U.S. within a few mo. On July 7 the last 10 of a 23-man British Special Operations group once led by Lt.-Col. Ivan Lyon (1915-44) (KIA on Oct. 16, 1944) on Merapas Island near Singapore are beheaded by the Japanese. This one's for Custer? On July 10 after Adm. Bull Halsey is promoted to fleet Adm. to command the bombardment of Japan from the sea, the U.S. begins a massive attack on the Japanese home islands, starting with a raid on Tokyo by 1K carrier planes, followed on July 14-15 by the shelling of Honshu and Hokkaido, becoming the first bombardment of the Japanese home islands; the USS South Dakota becomes the first battleship to bombard Japan; on July 17 the British fleet joins in U.S. carrier raids against Japanese pop. centers, and on July 19 the last remnants of the Japanese chikki-boom navy are sunk by U.S. and British aircraft. On July 11-12 the U.S. drops thousands of tons of napalm on Japanese forces in Luzon Island around Kiangan. On July 12 Chinese nationalist troops launch Operation Apple, dropping commandos near Kaiping to cut Japanese lines of communications, becoming the first-ever Chinese airborne military operation. On July 12 British Field Marshal Montgomery awards medals to four Soviet gens. incl. Marshals Zhukov and Rokossovky. On July 12 the British launch Operation Surgeon to "cut out the heart" of German aviation expertise, looting their research center at Vokenrode and bringing 20+ scientists to Farnborough incl. Wernher Pinsche, Dietrich Kuchemann, and Adolf Busemann. On July 14 Italy declares war on Japan. On July 14 the Chicago Daily News pub. an article claiming that top German Nazis are being boarded at the Palace Hotel in Luxembourg, which Radio Moscow turns into Luxembourg Palace. On July 14 the USS Massachusetts et al. begin bombarding the imperial ironworks in Kamaishi, Japan. On July 15 the first shipload of U.S. troops from Europe sets sail for the Pacific theater at Naples, Italy. On July 15 Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1904-73) reads to 100K people at Pacaembu Stadium in Sao Paulo, Brazil in honor of Communist revolutionary Luis Carlos Prestes (1898-1990), "the Knight of Hope", who led the 1922 Tenente Rebellion in Brazil. Hello, welcome to The View? On July 16, 1945 (5:29 a.m.) the $2B 48-mo. Manhattan Project (begun 1942), dir. by Sanskrit-reading brain man Julius Robert Oppenheimer (1906-54) succeeds as the first Atomic Bomb (A-Bomb), AKA the Gadget is detonated at the Trinity test site Jornada del Muerto (Journey of the Dead Dan) near Alamogordo ("fat poplar") Air Base near Albuquerque in C New Mexico, yielding the explosive power of 21K tons of TNT; "I am become death, the destroyer of worlds" (Oppenheimer, quoting the Bhagavad-Gita) - from this day white is no longer necessarily right, unless it's in a mushroom cloud? On July 16 the Holocene Era (begun -9.7K) ends, and the Anthropocene Era begins; coined in 2000 by Paul Crutzen. On July 16 Winston Churchill is given a guided tour through what's left ofHitler's Chancellery. On July 16 U.S. and British ships attack military installations and airfields around Tokyo; U.S. bombers attack Mito and Hitachi on Honshu Island. Crimson and clover, over and over, or, Damn these pots? On July 17 now that the Third Reich has unconditionally surrendered, leaving Germans no way to grumble about being sold out at the negotiating table by their leaders, plus the U.S. has the bomb, the Potsdam (Berlin) Conference near Berlin between Truman, Stalin, and Churchill begins in a big wood-paneled room with a big round table in the center, and on July 26 results in the Potsdam Declaration (Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender), an ultimatum to Japan from the U.S., Britain and Nationalist China (the Soviet Union abstains since it's not at war with them yet) demanding unconditional surrender, pointing to what they did to Germany to argue that resistance is futile, which Japan rejects on July 28; Clement Attlee replaces Churchill on July 31; on Aug. 2 the conference ends after deciding to strip the Third Reich of its E provinces between the 1937 border and the Oder-Neisse line, giving East Prussia (except Konigsberg, which goes to the Soviets), Upper and Lower Silesia, E Pomerania, and parts of Brandenburg incl. Breslau (Wroclaw), Rastenburg, and Zabrze back to Poland, and deport several million Germans from Poland, Czech., and Hungary, while millions of Poles move W to fill the vacuum; Stettin becomes Szczecin, Breslaw becomes Wroclaw, Kolberg becomes Kolobrzeg, Allenstein becomes Olsztyn, and Rastenburg becomes Ketrzyn; Germany is to be made "to compensate to the greatest possible extent for the loss and suffering she had caused to the United Nations and for which the German people cannot escape responsibility"; the Soviets also get industrial equipment from all four occupation zones; in an attempt to keep Germany from rebuilding another Reich, "the German economy shall be decentralized for the purpose of eliminating the present excessive concentration of economic power as exemplified in particular by cartels", with the "primary emphasis given to the development of agriculture and peaceful domestic industries"; Germany is to be demilitarized, the Nazi Party demolished and criminalized, and all war criminals punished, with anti-Nazi education put into German schools, and a limited self-govt. based on "democratic principles, but for the duration of the occupation not to permit the formation of a central national German government"; a Council of Foreign Ministers of the U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China is established, to meet on Sept. 1; Truman tells Stalin about the atomic bomb, and he doesn't act surprised? On July 19 Cherry Hills Village, Colo. in Arapahoe County SE of Denver is incorporated, becoming the Beverly Hills of Colo., filled with Beverly Hillbilly-style mansions; in 1953 top entertainer Ethel Merman marries Continental Airlines exec Robert Six and moves into his 26-room mansion there, giving a concert at Red Rocks Amphitheater in 1953; it later becomes a favorite residence for Denver Broncos NFL team coaches and players incl. coach Mike Shanahan, QB John Elway, and QB Peyton Manning; in 1922 Kent Denver School is founded in Denver, Colo. as the Kent School for Girls, moving in 1953 to the Blackmer Farm in Cherry Hills Village, and merging in 1974 with the all-male Denver Country Day School, becoming the alma mater of Madeleine Albright et al. On July 20 Australian troops occupy Miri, Sarawak on Borneo, with 1,234 Japanese vs. 114 Australian and four U.S. soldiers KIA. On July 20 British bombers fly 3,045 sorties against Japanese troops under Gen. Shozo Sakurai (1889-1985) trying to escape from Burma through Moulmein, killing 10K. On July 23 French Vichy govt. head Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain goes on trial for treason - if I've hit rock bottom, that means it's over? On July 24 U.S. Navy bombers attack the naval base at Kure, Japan, sinking battleship-carrier Hyuga in shallow waters on July 27; they also attack airfields in Nagoya, Osaka, and Mito; on July 28 they attack again, sinking aircraft carrier Amagi and heavy cruiser Tone, leaving only one of 25 warships used in the Pearl Harbor attack afloat, the Ushio, which survives the war. On July 25 after winning 14 battle stars, submarine USS Nautilus is decommissioned in Philadelphia, Penn. On July 25 the U.S. announces that all organized Japanese resistance has ended on Mindanao Island. On July 25 the Kaiser-Frazer Corp. is founded by Liberty Ship industrialist Henry John Kaiser (1882-1967) and auto exec Joseph Washington Frazer (1892-1972) after acquiring the assets of Graham Paige, manufacturing the 2-door Kaiser Darrin sports car, with doors that slide into the frame, and the Henry J low-priced compact car; in 1953 they purchase the Willys-Overland Co. for $63M in 1953 and switch to utility cars. On July 26 the British govt. establishes the RAF Missing Research and Enquiry Service to attempt to locate 42K missing airmen. On July 26 (7:00 p.m.) the White House releases the Potsdam Declaration to the press. On July 26 after speeding 5K mi. unescorted across the Pacific in 10 days to deliver parts of the first A-bomb for use in Japan (the crew doesn't know the cargo), cruiser USS Indianapolis arrives at Tinian Island. Thanks, we'll take it from here? On July 26 British PM (since May 10, 1940) Winston Churchill resigns after his Conservatives are soundly defeated by the Labour Party, and on July 26 Clement Richard Attlee (1883-1967) becomes British PM (until Oct. 26, 1951); Herbert Stanley Morrison (1888-1965) becomes deputy PM (until Oct. 26, 1951); Ernest Bevin (1881-1951) becomes foreign secy. (until Mar. 9, 1951); A.J. Cronin's 1937 novel The Citadel, and criticism by the Daily Mirror, owned by the king of harmful evil criticism Cecil Harmsworth King (1901-87) help the Labour Party win in an unexpected landslide; Churchill's wife comments that perhaps it's a blessing in disguise, to which he replies that if so it was very well disguised; the Fabian Society gets a shot in the arm, and its membership rises to 4.5K, incl. more than 100 MPs; on Aug. 3 Welsh Socialist Labour leader Hillary, er, Aneurin (Nye) Bevan (1897-1960) is appointed minister of health (until Jan. 17, 1951), going on to work to ease the postwart housing shortage and form the Nat. Health Service; the Labour Party Manifesto (Let Us Face the Future) is co-written by Morrison and Michael Young (1915-2002), who is created baron Young of Dartington in 1978. On July 28 the U.S. Senate ratifies the U.N. Charter by a 89-2 vote. On July 28 (Sat.) twin-engine U.S. Army B-25 bomber Old John Feather Merchant (Army 0577), piloted by Col. William Franklin "Bill" Smith Jr. (b. 1918) crashes into the Empire State Bldg. between the 78th and 79th floors (Catholic War Relief Services office) at 9:55 a.m., killing 14 - lucky it's a weekend, and not an A-bomb? On July 29 U.S. ships shell aircraft factories in Hamamatsu, Japan on Honshu Island. On July 30 (12:00 a.m.) while en route from Tinian to Guam and Okinawa unescorted to train for the Nov. 1 Japanese invasion, U.S. Navy cruiser (crew of 1,197) USS Indianapolis is hit and sunk by two torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-58 under Cmdr. Mochitsura Hashimoto (1909-2000), and 394 of 1,196 go down with the ship while 802 survivors drift at sea for four days feeding sharks, not knowing that the mission is so secret that nobody is looking for them, until on Aug. 2 an anti-sub plane spots them; only 318 survive, becoming the last major warship lost at sea in WWII, and the greatest sea loss for the U.S. Navy until ?; on July 30 a message bragging about sinking "a battleship of Idaho class" is decrypted by U.S. intel, but they don't connect the dots? On July 30 U.S. Gen. Carl Spaatz tells Washington, D.C. that of the four possible sites for the first A-bomb dropping, only Hiroshima doesn't have any Allied POW camps. On July 31 Vichy French PM Pierre Laval (b. 1883) surrenders to U.S. authorities in Austria; after being turned over to France, on Oct. 15 he is executed by a firing squad in Fresnes Prison, Paris for his wartime collaboration with the Dirtygerms. In July marshal Aleksandr Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (1895-1977) is appointed CIC of Soviet forces in the Far East, running the Manchurian offensive and presiding over Japan's surrender, then becoming minister of defense from 1949 until Stalin's death in 1953. In July the U.S. Congress grants Pres. Truman the authority to negotiate and conclude a multilateral agreement for reciprocal reduction of tariffs with other nations, and in Dec. the U.S. invites its war allies to enter into negotiations, forming the U.N. Economic and Social Committee, which next Feb. adopts a resolution calling for a conference to draft a charter for an Internat. Trade Org. (ITO), which is finalized in Mar. 1948, after which the U.S. Congress repeatedly fails to approve it until Dec. 6, 1950, when Pres. Truman announces that he's giving up. In July Am. physicist William Bradford Shockley (1910-89) prepares a report for the U.S. War Dept. on the probable casualties from an Allied invasion of the Japanese mainland, and concludes "this might cost us between 1.7 and 4 million casualties incl. 400,000 to 800,000 killed", influencing Pres. Truman to nuke Japan - because they're too genetically superior to fight mano a mano with? In July the Japanese begin training Fukuryu (Jap. "crouching dragons"), kamikaze divers who place mines on the hulls of landing craft at invasion beaches; they now have kamikazes for planes, kaiten for torpedoes, and fukuryu for mines. On Aug. 3 Chinese troops under U.S. Gen. Joseph Warren "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell (1883-1946) take Myitkyina, Burma rom the Japanese. On Aug. 4 the officers of the 700K-man Japanese army in Manchuria decide that the Soviet Union won't attack them until Sept. or next spring. On Aug. 5 (night) seven groups of U.S. bombers bomb Saga, Maebashi, Ube, Nishinomiya-Mikage, Imabari, and Hiroshima, Japan. In one stroke America becomes the baddest kid on the block, forever changing the ground rules of the world? It loses any claim to be working for God, becoming just another nation run by Satan with a coverstory? On Aug. 6 (Mon.) (2:45 a.m.) Operation Centerboard sees a B-29 bomber carrying the big bomb take off from Tinian Island in the Marianas; at 8:15 a.m. after Pres. Truman writes in his diary "It seems to be the most terrible thing ever discovered, but it can be made the most useful", then orders atomic bombs to be dropped by the U.S. (1st time in war until ?) on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki (giving a hot shoe to Honshu?), the 5-ton Little Boy U-235 bomb (originally named Thin Man after FDR) is dropped on Hiroshima (high mushrooma?) (pop. 255K) on SW Honshu by B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay (named for his mother Enola Gay Tibbets nee Haggard), piloted by Col. Paul Warfield Tibetts Jr. (1915-2007) (the world's first prof. mass-murderer?), released at 31.6K ft. at 8:15:17 a.m., exploding at 8:16, killing 70K immediately and injuring 70K, most of whom die by 1950, leveling 4 sq. mi. of homes and factories (70% of the city) (62K of 90K bldgs.); in 1986 the Hiroshima Cenotaph lists 138,890 victims; the uranium ore was obtained from Congo after a spy race; of 64kg (141 lbs.) of uranium U-235 in the bomb, only 700 mg (1.5 lbs.) undergoes fission; the bomb carries the message "Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis"; Capt. Robert A. Lewis (1917-83) is the first aboard the aircraft to see the explosion, uttering the soundbyte "My God, look at that son of a bitch go"; "We have used the bomb... only a Japanese surrender will stop us" (Truman); "The force from which the Sun draws its power has been loosed" (Truman) (on the Land of the Rising Sun?); the press coverup begins, with an AP story calling Hiroshima a "Japanese army base"; on Sept. 2 Australian leftist journalist Wilfred Graham Burchett (1911-83) becomes the first Western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bomb is dropped, and his Sept. 5 report in the British Daily Express titled "The Atomic Plague" is the first to describe nuclear radiation and fallout effects, causing the New York Times to diss him with a "No Radioactivity in Hiroshima" article; the city of Hiroshima leaves the Industrial Promotion Center (Hall) standing as a monument; in 1948 dissident Manhattan Project physicist Joan Chase Hinton (1921-2010) emigrates to China during the Red Chinese Rev., and ends up working on a dairy farm; Winston Churchill asks right-wing Sen. (R-N.H.) (1937-61) Henry Styles Bridges (1898-1961) to talk Pres. Truman into nuking Moscow, with the soundbyte: "The only salvation for the civilization of the world would be if the president of the United States would declare Russia to be imperiling world peace and attack Russia", else Russia will attack the U.S. within "the next two or three years when she gets the atomic bomb, and civilization will be wiped out or set back many years." On Aug. 6 U.S. pilot Richard Ira "Dick" Bong (b. 1920), top U.S. Pacific ace in WWII (40 kills) is killed near Burbank, Calif. while testing a new jet aircraft when his parachute fails to deploy - either that or he was nuked at Hiroshima and they covered it up? On Aug. 7 U.S. military officers meet in Luzon to prepare for the first stage invasion of Japan set for Nov. 1. On Aug. 8 the Soviet Union declares war on Japan; on Aug. 9 120K of 1M Soviet troops invade Korea and Manchuria; on Aug. 9-20 the Soviet Invasion of Manchuria (Operation August Storm) liberates Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and N Korea, partitioning the Korean Peninsula, and returning Manchuria and Inner Mongolia to China; on Aug. 10 24 hours after the first Mongolian troops and their Soviet allies cross the border into Japanese-occupied China at the Little Khural (Mongolian Parliament) issues a formal declaration of war against Japan. On Aug. 8 the U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, and France sign an agreement in London establishing the Internat. Military Tribunal (IMT) to try and sentence those who have committed "crimes against humanity" - with themselves immune from prosecution? On Aug. 8 Pres. Truman signs the U.N. Charter. On Aug. 8 Austria and Vienna are divided into four occupation zones, with the Allied Council of Austria given authority over country-wide matters. On Aug. 8 after the state-owned Danube River fleet of Romania is merged with the Soviet fleet as Sovromtransport, the Soviet-Romanian airline TARS (Transporturi Aeriene Romano-Sovietice) is founded. On Aug. 9-10 the Battle of Pingyanchen in Manchuria is a V for the Soviets, who kill or wound 650 of 850 Japanese troops. On Aug. 9 (11:00 a.m.) the Japanese Supreme War Council meets in Tokyo, reaching an impasse, with three gens. for surrender and three for continuing to fight, with war minister Gen. Anami uttering the soundbyte: "It is far too early to say that the war is lost. That we will inflict severe losses on the enemy when he invades Japan is certain, and it is by no means impossible that we may be able to reverse the situation in our favor, pulling victory out of defeat. Furthermore, our army will not submit to demobilization. And since they know they are not permitted to surrender, since they know that a fighting man who surrenders is liable to extremely heavy punishment, there is really no alternative for us but to continue the war." On Aug. 9 (Thur.) (11:02 a.m.) after the planned date of Aug. 11 is moved forward because of predicted bad weather, Fat Man, a 10' 8" long x 5' diam. plutonium surprise (named for Winston Churchill) is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan (pop. 280K) (another sucker?) on the W coast of Kyushu by B-29 Superfortress Bock's Car (Bockscar), named after the usual pilot Frederick C. Bock (1918-2000), but piloted by 25-y.-o. Mass.-born Capt.-Maj. (later brig. gen.) Charles W. Sweeney (1919-2004), killing 74K (35K immediately) and injuring 60K; too bad, the most Christian nation on Earth used an all-Christian crew to bomb a city with an unusually large number of Christians, and almost no soldiers; British observer Group Capt. Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire (1917-92) utters the soundbyte that the mushroom cloud was "obscene in its greedy clawing at the Earth, swelling as if with its regurgitation of all the life that it had consumed", resigning from the RAF; both times the primary target as the industrial city of Kokura (pop. 400K) (now part of Kitakyushu), but the suspected presence of U.S. POWs, bad weather, and fighter planes save it? - cities can now be squashed like what? On Aug. 9 the DuMont TV Network is founded with the announcement of the dropping of the A-bomb on Nagasaki, Japan; regular service begins on Aug. 15, 1946; too bad, it has no radio network to fall back on for a built-in audience and talent, instead partnering with Paramount Pictures, with only three stations (WABD in New York City, WTTG in Washington, D.C., and WDTV in Pittsburgh, Penn.), launching the TV careers of Jackie Gleason and Bishop Fulton Sheen, and pioneering the selling of commercials to different advertisers for the same show; on Jan. 11, 1949 the Golden Spike connecting the U.S. East Coast (WABD in New York City) and U.S. Midwest (WGN-TV in Chicago, Ill.) is activated, followed in 1951 by a West Coast-East Coast link; in 1954 the DuMont Tele-Centre at 205 E. 67th St. in New York City opens in the former Jacob Ruppert Central Opera House; too bad, after the FCC forces it to expand to UHF, it folds on Aug. 6, 1956, becoming known as the Forgotten Network. On Aug. 10 (midnight) not knowing that the U.S. is out of A-bombs and can't make more for several months, pro-surrender foreign minister Shigenori Togo and PM Adm. Suzuki get the emperor to reconvene the Supreme War Council in his bomb shelter, and after two hours of argument the emperor calls it with the soundbyte: "Continuing the war can only result in the annihilation of the Japanese people and a prolongation of the suffering of all humanity. It seems obvious that the nation is no longer able to wage war, and its ability to defend its own shores is doubtful", hence it's time "to bear the unbearable"; early in the morning a formal acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration is sent to Japanese ambassadors in Switzerland and Sweden, "with the understanding that the said Declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogative of His Majesty as a sovereign ruler"; Pres. Truman and his advisers accept a proposal by state secy. James F. Byrnes that Japan will have to accept that "the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the State shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers", and Truman calls a halt to the A-bombing of Japan, with Henry Wallace writing "The thought of wiping out another 100,000 people was too horrible. He didn't like the idea of killing, as he said, 'all those kids'." On Aug. 11 the Soviet navy begins bombarding Sakhalin Island. On Aug. 12 the Soviets capture Hutou, Manchuria, pouring gasoline into the exhaust vents of the fortress and lighting it to smother the Japanese troops inside; on Aug. 19 (night) several hundred Japanese troops blow themselves up with grenades to avoid capture. On Aug. 12 (eve.) a Japanese sub sinks USS Oak Hill, and misses USS Thomas F. Nickel E of Okinawa. On Aug. 13 after the Japanese use kamikaze infantrymen against their tanks at Hualin, Manchuria, Soviet tanks fire on them while trying to disembark from their train, killing 900. On Aug. 14 (a.m.) 800+ U.S. bombers bomb Japanese military installations on Honshu Island; a Northrop P-61 Black Widow radar-equipped night fighter of the 548th Night Fight Squadron "Lady in the Dark" scores the last Allied air victory before VJ-Day. On Aug. 14 the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance is signed by the Repub. of China (nationalist Chinese) and Soviet Union, with China accepting the independence of Mongolia within its previous borders providing that the Soviets cease aiding the Chinese Communist Party and that a referendum be held; the two nations agree to joint control of the Chinese Eastern Railway in preparation of its return to full Chinese sovereignty; it is terminated by the Repub. of China on Feb. 24, 1953. On Aug. 14 the Soviets advance up to 250 mi. into Manchuria, occupying Mukden, and begin to occupy Sakhalin Island and the Kurile Islands. On Aug. 14-15 (midnight) the Kyujo Incident sees the never-say-die military faction of the cabinet send 1K soldiers to attack the Imperial Palace hoping to capture the emperor to save him from himself, killing the cmdr. of the Imperial Guards before they are repelled; Gen. Anami commits hara-kiri to "atone" for the army's defeat and not have to listen to the emperor's surrender proclamation. All American women are easy on V-D Day? On Aug. 15 (noon) plop-plop-fizz-fizz-oh-what-a-relief-it-is VJ-Day (Victory in Japan Day) starts with a pre-recorded message by Emperor Hirohito, who shocks the Japanese people with his sacred voice (1st time ever heard in public), with the soundbyte that the U.S. "has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives", telling them that it's over, and that fighting on would lead to nat. extinction; U.S. Task Force 38 begins a massive attack on Tokyo, which is recalled after the good news; WWII began on Sept. 1, 1945, 2,174 days earlier; the U.S. govt. finally announces the sinking of the Indianapolis, while Lt.-Cmdr. Hashimoto who sunk it reaches his naval base on the Inland Sea expecting to be welcomed as a hero, only to be given the bad news; Japanese Vice-Adm. Matome Ugaki (b. 1890) leads a final mission of seven kamikaze planes, which are shot down off Tokyo before they can reach Okinawa; British King George VI opens the first new Parliament since the war began and declares a nat. holiday, then delivers a 9 p.m. radio broadcast; Pres. Truman announces the good news from the White House Oval Office on Aug. 14, while New York City's Times Square throws a 5,438-ton (biggest ever) ticker tape parade, along with others in Washington, D.C., and sailor-filled San Francisco, Calif., which sparks the city's deadliest riot (until ?), killing 11 and injuring 1K; Truman proclaims a 2-day holiday for federal employees; Chiang Kai-shek delivers a radio speech incl. the soundbyte: "Our faith in justice through the black and hopeless days of eight long years of struggle has been rewarded", and signs a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union, promising the return of Manchukuo (Manchuria) to the nationalists within 3 mo., pissing-off Chinese Red Army CIC Chu Teh (1886-1976), who tells the Allies that the Chinese Communists expect to share in the postwar settlement; meanwhile in France, traitor Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain is found guilty of treason and sentenced to death, but De Gaulle immediately commutes his sentence to life imprisonment; Life mag. features the V-J Day Kiss Photo by Alfred Eisenstadt of tall, dark-haired sailor George Mendonsa (1923--2019) of Newport, R.I. kissing a nurse, capturing the feelings of the time; in 1980 Life identifies the nurse as Edith Shain (1919-2010) of Santa Monica, Calif., and in Aug. 1995 the sailor is identified as retired New York City police detective Carl S. Muscarello; later 21-y.-o. dental asst. Greta Zimmer Friedman (1924-2016) is identified as the nurse; they said nothing to each other after the kiss? On Aug. 15 gasoline and fuel oil rationing end in the U.S. On Aug. 16 Bataan Death March veteran Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, taken POW by the Japanese on Corregidor in 1942 is released from a POW camp in Manchuria by U.S. troops, and on Sept. 5 is promoted to full gen., commanding the U.S. Fourth Army from 1946-7, then retiring; on Aug. 31 he meets Gen. MacArthur in Yokohoma, who is shocked by his emaciated appearance. On Aug. 17 after Japanese PM (since Apr. 7) Kantaro Suzuki (who freaked at the news of the A-bomb and wanted peace) is attempted to be assassinated twice, he resigns, and is succeeded by Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko (1887-1990), who becomes Japanese PM #30 (until Oct. 9), going on to preside over Japan's surrender. On Aug. 19 after being saved by a U.S. unit while helping the Allies, Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) seizes power, and on Sept. 22 establishes a provisional govt. in Hanoi; on Aug. 22 British aircraft drop Free French paratroopers in S Indochina; on Aug. 23 Emperor Bao Dai abdicates and goes into exile in Hong Kong and China, while the French under Gen. Jean-Etienne Valluy (1899-1970) attempt to reclaim Vietnam by force with an all-out attack on Hanoi, incl. house-to-house fighting, capturing it after killing 1K-20K incl. all the Vietminh snipers; on Sept. 2 Ho proclaims the Dem. Repub. of Vietnam, causing civil war to break out; meanwhile after issuing a Declaration of Independence (DOI) modelled after the U.S. version (which was given to him by Am. writer William Lederer in 1940) Ho's Letters to Truman (starting Feb. 16), citing George Washington and asking for help go unanswered - did he lose face? On Aug. 21 Pres. Truman ends the Lend-Lease program that shipped $50B in aid to U.S. allies during World War II, bringing them face-to-face with ruin, and when he realizes his mistake decisions are made to start granting loans. On Aug. 23 Soviet troops occupy Port Arthur (getting revenge for the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5) and Dairen (Dalian) (Dalny) on the Kwantung Peninsula in China, followed on Aug. 25 by S Sakhalin Island; the Manchurian conflict is over, with 8,219 Soviet vs. 40K Japanese troops killed. On Aug. 24 the women at the Japanese internment camp in Sumatra are liberated. On Aug. 24 a blast occurs aboard Japanese transport Ukishima Maru while carrying 4K Koreans home, killing 549. On Aug. 25 U.S. troops liberate an Allied POW camp in Haichow (Tung-hai) on Hainan Island; only 130 of 273 Australian POWs are alive. On Aug. 25 at Stalag-17, er, Leavenworth Prison in Kan. the last U.S. mass execution (until ?) is held as seven German U-boat seamen are hanged for the murder of a fellow seaman, a traitor in their midst who spied on them on behalf of the U.S.; Pres. Truman signed their execution orders. On Aug. 25 Baptist missionary to China and U.S. spy behind Japanese lines Capt. John Morrison Birch (b. 1918) is murdered near Soochow by the Chinese Communists at the orders of Stalin; in a 1953 bio. John Birch Society founder Robert Welch Jr. describes him as "the first uniformed casualty of WWIII", claiming the act was covered up by Stalinist agents in the U.S. govt. On Aug. 26 after the Soviet Union lands 40K troops in North Korea to disarm the Japanese invaders, they reach Pyongyang. On Aug. 27 after Operation Birdcage drops 33M leaflets on 90 Allied POW camps in 150+ locations in Malaya, Burma, and Siam to announce the end of the war, Operation Mastiff sees B-29 Superfortress bombers begin to drop supplies incl. Atabrine for malaria. On Aug. 28 Col. Charles Tench becomes the first U.S. soldier to land in Japan, along with 150 men who land at Atsugi Airfield near Yokohama, telegraphing Gen. MacArthur with the soundbyte "No hostile action encountered"; in theory the occupation is internat., supervised by a 13-nation Far Eastern Commission in Washington, D.C., and a 4-power Allied Council in Tokyo; in fact, it is directed by the U.S. under Gen. Douglas MacArthur with U.S. and British troops - break out your kimonos, girls? On Aug. 28 Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung arrives in Chunking to confer with Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek in a futile effort to avert civil war - turn me over to the authorities? On Aug. 29 U.S. airborne troops under Gen. George Catlett Marshall Jr. (1880-1959) land at Yokosuka, while U.S. battleship Missouri and British battleship Duke of York arrive in Tokyo Bay off Yokohama; on Aug. 29 Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) is named Supreme Commander of Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan, and arrives in Japan on Aug. 30, driving 15 mi. from Atsugi Airfield to Yokohama while 30K Japanese soldiers line the road with bayonets fixed, and setting up Great White Father, er, Allied occupation HQ, with Faubion Bowers (1917-99) as his interpreter and aide-de-camp; when Indian banker Sir Benegal Rama Rau (1889-1957) (gov. of the Reserve Bank of India from 1949-57) becomes India's first ambassador to Japan in 1947, his writer daughter Santha Rama Rau (1923-) meets Bowers and marries him in 1951. On Aug. 30 the British liberate Hong Kong from Japan. On Aug. 31 the Japanese surrender Marcus Island. In Aug. the Nat. Security Agency (NSA) makes a secret deal with ITT, RCA, and Western Union to obtain copies of all telegrams to/from the U.S. on the excuse of protecting atomic secrets under the codenames Project SHAMROCK and Project MINARET. On Sept. 1 the Soviets complete their occupation of the Kurile Islands. On Sept. 2 the Japanese surrender Truk Atoll in the Caroline Islands, Pagan Island and Rota Island in the Mariana Islands, and the Palau Islands. On Sept. 2 Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) becomes pres. of the Dem. Repub. of Vietnam (until Sept. 3, 1969). WWII Armistice Day makes me seasick? On Sept. 2 (Sun.) VJ-Day (Victory in Japan Day) II sees U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur accept the formal unconditional surrender of Japan aboard the "Mighty" USS Missouri (it would have to be Missouri, right Truman?) in Tokyo Bay along with 250 Allied warships from top-hatted Jap officials; the U.S. flag flying on its mast is the same that flew over the U.S. Capitol bldg. on Dec. 7, 1941, plus another from a ship of U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry; for lack of time only the starboard (boarding) side is repainted; cane-carrying foreign minister Mamoru "Shiggy" Shigemitsu (1887-1957) and Gen. Yoshijiro Umezu (1882-1949) sign for the Japanese on the orders of the emperor; MacArthur utters the soundbyte: "We are gathered here, representatives of the major warring powers, to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored. The issues, involving divergent ideas and ideologies, have been determined on the battlefields of the world, and hence are not for our discussion or debate"; future actor Tony Curtis watches the ceremonies from the Signal Bridge of the USS Proteus; Umezu is later sentenced to life in prison for war crimes, converting to Christianity and dying in prison from rectal cancer; POW camp survivors Gen. Jonathan Wainwright of the U.S. and Gen. Arthur Ernest Percival of Britain stand immediately behind MacArthur during the surrender ceremony; British destroyer HMS Whelp is there, along with 1st Lt. Prince Philip of Greece, later searching for British POWs to take back to Britain; World War II (WWII) (begun Sept. 1, 1939) ends after 6 years and one day the Japanese Empire is dissolved, Japanese troops and overseas civilians are ordered to return home, their armed forces are demobilized, and their armaments industry is dismantled; the news doesn't reach thousands of dug-in Japanese troops in the Pacific, some of who carry on loyally for decades; other "truly loyal" Japanese believe Japan won the war, pointing to the fact that the Yank admirals and generals aren't wearing ties and the Japanese are all dressed-up and carrying swords?; every U.S. service member who is honorably discharged receives the "Ruptured Duck" (Honorable Service Lapel Pin); Vice-Adm. Slew McClain, who stands in the front row of brass on deck dies on Sept. 6 of a heart attack in his home in Coronado, Calif.; total number of fatalities: 73M, incl. 24M military and 49M civilian, at a cost of $288B ($3.5T in 2010 dollars); 10M are released from Nazi concentration camps; the Soviets lose 10M KIA, 3.3K POWs, and 7M civilians; the Germans lose 3.25M KIA and 3.6M civilians; 20M in Germany are homeless; China loses 6M civilians to the Japanese; 16M Americans served in the war, and 362,561 (405,399?) were killed; Japan loses 1M KIA and 2M civilians incl. 140K at Hiroshima; 2.4M Japanese die overseas, and almost half are never recovered; Yugoslovia loses 1.5M killed; the country suffering the largest proportion of its pop. killed is Poland, losing 6M out of 35.1M (17.2%) incl. 3M Jews; Britain loses 264,433 KIA, 30,248 merchant seamen, and 60,595 civilians; the British Commonwealth loses 129,196, for a British total of 484,482; Australian dead: 27,073 (vs. 63K in WWI); Indian dead: 36,092; South African dead: 2,227 (mostly pilots); Spanish dead: 4.5K (Siege of Stalingrad); Holland loses 240K incl. 15K from starvation in 1944-5; Greece loses 79,743 KIA, 260K civilians killed by starvation, 70.6K executed in reprisals, and 50K Resistance forces KIA, for a total of 420,343; Finland loses 27K; 1,105 Basutos and 498 Askaris from Africa are KIA; too bad, the vengeful Allies esp. the Red Army go on to rape and slaughter civilians, and slowly starve them by withholding available food, causing up to 9.3M Germans to needlessly die after the war? On Sept. 3 after getting cornered in Nabulaguian Hill in Kiangan, Japanese cmdr. of the Philippines ("the Tiger of Malaya") Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita (b. 1885) surrenders his 50K troops at Baguio to U.S. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright and British Gen. Arthur Ernest Percival, with Percival flying the flag he carried on the way to Bukit Timah to rub it in, and Yamashita declining to commit hara-kiri so someone else won't have to take the blame, handing his pistol, samurai sword, and battle flag to the first soldier he sees, Cuban-born U.S. SSgt. Manuel Perez-Garcia; his hasty trial on Oct. 29-Dec. 7 results in a conviction for war crimes over the Manila Massacre, even though he denies he gave orders and later executed one perp, and after an appeal (to honor) to the U.S. Supreme Court and a denial of clemency by Pres. Truman he is hanged on Feb. 23 next year at Los Banos Camp 30 mi. S of Manila after presenting his black riding boots with gold spurs to his atty. U.S. Maj. George F. Guy (1904-80), who believes in his innocence. On Sept. 4 the U.S. regains possession of Wake Island from 2.2K Japanese troops; in two years the U.S. lost 1.3K soldiers from starvation and 600 from U.S. air attacks. On Sept. 4-12 after Operation Zipper is canceled due to the end of the war, Operation Tiderace sees the British reclaim Singapore from the Japanese. On Sept. 5 Am.-born Iva Toguri d'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose") (1916-2006), who was trapped in Japan while visiting relatives at the onset of WWII, and found a job with the Japanese propaganda radio show The Zero Hour under the alias "Orphan Ann" while working to return to the U.S. is arrested in Yokohama, charged by the FBI with eight counts of treason, and on Oct. 17 is convicted in Tokyo of treason, stripped of U.S. citizenship and returned to the U.S., then convicted again in the U.S. in 1949 and sentenced to 10 years, serving six; in 1977 Pres. Ford pardons her, claiming her guilt is in doubt - I'm looking at myself, reflections of my mind? On Sept. 5 British Indian troops liberate Changi Camp in Singapore. On Sept. 5 (3:45 p.m.) ZEEP (Zero Energy Experimental Pile) near Chalk River, Ont., Canada (110 mi. NW of Ottawa) becomes the first nuclear (uranium/heavy water) reactor outside the U.S. to go critical. On Sept. 7 the Japanese formally surrender the Ryukyu Islands on Okinawa Island. On Sept. 7 Allied warships take 1.2K POWs incl. 89 Bataan Death March survivors from Kiirun in Formosa (Taiwan). On Sept. 8 Operation Masterdom is launched by the French with British, Indian, and ex-POW Japanese troops led by French Col. Henri Cedile and British Maj. Gen. Sir Douglas David Gracey (1894-1964), becoming the first direct anti-Communist struggle after WWII; on Sept. 22 they overthrow the Communist govt. in Saigon, causing the Commies to regroup and counterattack, killing 100+. On Sept. 8 after refusing to change her name to Meredith or Merrick, 35.5-25-35 Bronx, N.Y.-born Bess Myerson (1924-2014) is crowned Miss America, becoming the first Jewish and first Miss New York contestant to win the title, and the second Queen Esther for the Jewish people; she entered after they offered a college scholarship to the winner for the first time; too bad, she experiences so much anti-Semitism during her tour that she resigns and travels with the Anti-Defamation League, giving the speech "You Can't Be Beautiful and Hate"; next Jewish Miss America in ? - who wants to think what her sisters in Europe look like? On Sept. 8 Japanese PM Hideki Tojo attempts suicide rather than face a war crimes tribunal, but later bends over backwards to protect good ole god-on-earth Emperor Showa. On Sept. 8 Korea is partitioned by the U.S. and Soviet Union. On Sept. 9 the Japanese in South Korea, Taiwan, China, and Indochina surrender to Allies. On Sept. 10 Maj. Vidkun Quisling (b. 1887) is sentenced to death in Norway for collaborating with the Nazis, then executed on Oct. 24. On Sept. 10 farmer L.A. Olsen of Fruita, Colo. cuts off the head of a chicken, which lives for another four years, becoming known as Mike the Headless Chicken; the town begins an annual celebration. On Sept. 12 after Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi (1879-1946) has a er, stroke on May 10 upon hearing of the loss of Burma, Gen. Seishiro Itagaki (1885-1948) surrenders all 680K Japanese forces of South East Asia Command to Lord Louis Mountbatten of Britain; on Nov. 30 Terauchi personally surrenders to Lord Mountbatten in Saigon, then dies of another stroke next June 12 while in a POW camp in Malaya. On Sept. 13 Iran demands the withdrawal of Allied forces. On Sept. 18 Gen. MacArthur moves his SCAP command HQ to Tokyo. On Sept. 18 1K white children walk out of schools in Gary, Ind. to protest integration - Hitler or no Hitler, it's still our show? On Sept. 20 Zionist leader Chaim Weismann of the Zionist Jewish Agency sends a memorandum to the Big Four demanding that the Germans be forced to pay "restitution, indemnification and compensation" to the Jewish people; they begin paying in 1953, and stop in ?; by 1981 payments reach 50.18B German marks. On Sept. 22 Pres. Truman accepts U.S. war secy. Henry L. Stimson's recommendation to officially designate the 2nd world war as World War II. On Sept. 22 Bowdoin-educated former Cleveland, Ohio mayor (1935-41) and U.S. Sen. (R-Ohio) (1941-5) Harold Hitz Burton (1888-1964) becomes Supreme Court justice #84 (until Oct. 13, 1958) to replace the seat vacated by Hoover's last appointee Owen J. Roberts (1931-45), and the 9-member court is now as liberal as it can be; Burton becomes the last sitting member of Congress to be appointed to the Court (until ?). Only one day after the world war is named, the Vietnam War begins? On Sept. 26 while searching for missing U.S. pilots and being mistaken for a French officer by Viet Minh guerrillas, OSS Lt. Col. Albert Peter Dewey (b. 1916) (distant relative of N.Y. Gov. Thomas E. Dewey) becomes the first American to die in Vietnam during the fall of Saigon to 14K French troops who were released by the British from internment camps on Sept. 13 and went on a rampage; in Oct. 35K French troops arrive in Vietnam, restoring French rule. On Sept. 27 U.S. god Gen. Douglas MacArthur meets with Japanese ex-god Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo, with MacArthur uttering the soundbyte "You are very, very welcome, sir", becoming the first time his aide Faubion Bowers hears him say the word sir. In Sept. the Soviet Tiergarten Memorial in Berlin is erected to commemorate the 80K Soviet troops KIA in the Battle of Berlin in Apr.-May. On Oct. 2 the first German V-2 rocket is launched under British control in Altenwalde in the British occupation zone of Germany; meanwhile the U.S. imports 457 German rocket scientists by the end of 1947. On Oct. 3 the U.S. May-Johnson Bill, to keep the A-bomb project under military control is introduced to the U.S. House of Reps.; too bad, it is defeated after a lobbying effort by the Assoc. of Manhattan Project Scientists, led by Francis Bonner and Irving Kaplan in favor of a civilian atomic energy org. On Oct. 3-10 the Detroit Tigers (AL) defeat the Chicago Cubs (NL) 4-3 in the Forty-Second (42nd) (1949) "World's Worst" World Series; the last time the Cubs won was in 1908; in Game 4 Chicago Greek immigrant Billy Goat Tavern owner William "Billy" Sianis (1900-70) brings his pet goat Murphy (Sinovia?) with two $7.20 box seat tickets, with the goat wearing a sign saying "We Got Detroit's Goat", and after a brouhaha they are allowed to be seated, but the goat is ejected after it rains by order of Cubs owner Philip Knight Wrigley, and Sianis curses the team, yelling that a WS game will never again be played in Wrigley Field, after which the Cubs lose the game and the series; the next time the Cubs win the WS is in 2016. On Oct. 5 Meet the Press, hosted by bowtie-wearing heavy-rimmed-glasses-wearing Lawrence Edmund Spivak (1900-94) (until 1975), founded by The American Mercury mag. debuts on U.S. network radio; it debuts on NBC-TV on Nov. 6, 1947 (until ?). On Oct. 6 Gen Eisenhower is welcomed in The Hague on Hitler's train. On Oct. 6 the British hang five German POWs in Pentonville Prison in London for murdering a suspected traitor in the ranks during an attempted breakout in 1944. On Oct. 6 Japanese troops surrender in Jesselton, Borneo, followed on Oct. 9 in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on Oct. 19 in Mergui, Burma, on Oct. 21 in Padang, Sumatra, and Oct. 25 in Thaton, Burma. On Oct. 8 Pres. Truman announces that the secret of the atomic bomb will be shared only with Britain and Canada - the Soviet Union doesn't need any help with all its spies? On Oct. 10 the Japanese garrison in Peking (Beijing) surrenders to the Chinese army. On Oct. 11 the Spanish-held city of Tangier is liberated and restored to pre-war status, with the internat. zone of 1923 restored (until 1956). On Oct. 11 negotiations between Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and Communist leader Mao Tse-tung break down, and a civil war begins. On Oct. 16 Scottish agricultural scientist John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd Orr (1880-1971), an expert on nutrition and leader of the OWG (world federal govt.) movement is elected dir.-gen. of the new U.N. Food and Agriculture Org. (FAO) (until 1947), gaining him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1949. On Oct. 17 (Loyalty Day) after being arrested on Oct. 9, then being allowed on Oct. 15 to step onto the balcony of the Casa Rosada gov. house and give a speech before 250K-350K, Col. Juan Peron (1895-1974) is released, marrying blonde bimbo Maria Eva "Evita" Duarte (1919-52) on Oct. 18, and running for pres. next year - lucky Nazis, put it in a pony tail and pack your bags? On Oct. 18 after a coup in Venezuela by the Accion Democratica Party overthrows dictator Gen. Isaias Medina Angarita, and a new constitution guaranteeing free elections with secret ballots is promulgated, Romulo (Rómulo) Betancourt (1908-81), 1937 founder of the Partido Democratica Nacional becomes pres. of Venezuela (until Feb. 17, 1948), going on to institute universal suffrage and social reforms, claim half of all oil co. profits for the country through taxes rather than nationalization, build the country's first refineries, organize hundreds of labor unions, and resettle tens of thousands of Euro refugees despite internal conflict; Juan Pablo Perez (Pérez) Alfonso (1903-79), minister of development goes on to lead the initiative to form OPEC in 1960. On Oct. 18 the Internat. Military Tribunal (judges from the U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, and France) meets in Nuremberg in Bavaria (home of torchlight Nazi Party rallies and the 1935 race laws, along with the pocket watch and the clarinet) (ends 1949); the four main indictments are conspiracy to wage a war of aggression, waging a war of aggression, violation of the laws of war, and crimes against humanity incl. persecution and extermination; the U.S. member is U.S. atty. gen. (1941-5) Francis Biddle; the U.S. prosecutors incl. Robert Houghwout Jackson (1892-1954) (chief) (first/only U.S. Supreme Court justice to take a leave of absence), Thomas Joseph Dodd (1907-71), and Whitney Robson Harris (1912-2010); judges incl. Soviet maj.-gen. Iona Timofeevich Nikitchenko (1895-1967), Francis Beverley Biddle (1886-1968) of the U.S., and Henri Donnedieu de Vabres (1880-1952) of France; alternate judges incl. Lt. Col. Alexander Fedorovich Volchkov (1902-78) of the Soviet Union, John Johnston Parker (1885-1958) of the U.S., and William Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett (1883-1962) of Britain; the presiding judge, British chief justice Geoffrey Lawrence, 3rd Baron Trevethin, 1st Baron Oaksey (1880-1971) opens the big trial on Oct. 20 in Courtroom 600 of the Nuremberg Palace of Justice, one of the only large structures remaining in the city, complete with its own jail, going on to keep it rigged to prevent the accused from pointing out that many of the things they are on trial for were done by their enemies who aren't being put on trial; Irish journalist Rebecca West (1892-1983) (who had an affair with H.G. Wells in 1913-23) covers the trials - how lucky? On Oct. 18 the French Atomic Energy Commission (Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique) (CEA) is founded, making France the first nation with a civilian atomic energy authority. On Oct. 21 women in France are allowed to vote for the first time - too late to vote the old men out who who who who? On Oct. 24 the United Nations (U.N.) is officially born as 29 nations ratify its charter at a conference in San Francisco, Calif. chaired by U.S. State Dept. pres. aide Alger Hiss (1904-96), who attended FDR at the Yalta Conference, and Richard Nixon later accuses of being a Soviet spy. On Oct. 25 Nazi labor leader Robert Ley (b. 1890) commits suicide in prison with a towel noose before trial at Nuremberg. On Oct. 25 the Japanese surrender Taiwan to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. On Oct. 27-Nov. 20 the Battle of Surabya in East Java, Indonesia (birthplace of Sukarno) sees British Indian troops fail to capture the city from pro-independence forces, galvanizing support and gaining internat. support, causing it to be known as "the city of heroes". On Oct. 29 A.B. "Happy" Chandler (1898-1991) resigns from the U.S. Senate to become ML baseball commissioner (until 1950). On Oct. 29 the first 10K ballpoint pens sell out at Gimbels dept. store in New York City on the first day of sales at a price of $12.50 each. On Oct. 30 the USS Albert H. Boe is delivered to Portland, Maine, becoming the last of 2,742 Liberty Ships built; 200+ were sunk in the war; they go on to return 96,575 POWs in the next 9 mo. On Oct. 30 the U.S. govt. announces the end of shoe rationing - Bundy family jokes here? On Nov. 1 Arkansas City, Ark.-born John Harold Johnson (1918-2005) of Chicago, Ill. pub. the first issue of Ebony mag., with a first press run of 25K, countering the stereotypical portrayal of blacks in white-owned media; by 1997 it has a monthly circ. of 1.9M; he receives the Pres. Medal of Freedom in 1996. On Nov. 3 the first gen. election in Hungary gives a 57% majority to the anti-Communist Smallholders Party (landowning peasants), whose leader Zoltan Tildy (1889-1961) becomes pres. (until Feb. 1, 1948); the Communist Hungarian Workers' Party only gets 17% of the vote, but since the country is occupied by the Red Army under Marshal Voroshilov, a coalition cabinet is forced on Hungary with the Communists in control of the key posts, secret police, interior and justice ministries; meanwhile the economy suffers from inflation and food shortages, made worse by large Soviet requisitions. On Nov. 5 the first landing of a jet (a FR-1 Fireball) on a carrier takes place on the USS Wake Island. On Nov. 5 after Indian Nat. Army leader Subhas Chandra Bose is killed in a plane crash in Taiwan on Aug. 18, the Indian Army (INA) (Red Fort) Trials begin in the Red Fort in Delhi (end May 1946); three are found guilty of waging war against the British king and war crimes, and sentenced to death, which is commuted to "rigorous imprisonment", causing riots in Calcutta, Bombay, and Delhi, where Hindus and Muslims join against the hated British; 11K Indian Nat. Army soldiers are released by next Feb., and are greeted as heroes; "The hypnotism of the INA has cast its spell upon us" (Gandhi); "A brave adventure", sprung from "a passionate desire to serve the cause of India's freedom" (Nehru). On Nov. 5 16 Japanese soldiers are taken from Wake Island to Kwajalein to be tried for executing U.S. POWs; three commit suicide en route, incl. Lt. Cmdr. Torashi Ito, who writes a memoir confessing to the executions. On Nov. 5 Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah (1945-79) becomes king (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) #4 of Malaysia (until Sept. 20, 1979). On Nov. 6 the Dies Committee of the U.S. House of Reps., created in 1938 by Martin Dies Jr. (1900-72) (D-Tex.) and Dickhead, er, Samuel Dickstein (1885-1954) (D.-N.Y.) (a Soviet KGB agent?) begins an investigation of seven radio commentators for Communist influence; next year the committee is renamed the House Committee Investigating Un-Am. Activities (HUAC). On Nov. 8 a riverboat sinks off Hong Kong, killing 1,550. On Nov. 9 FBI agents stake out a house in Berkeley, Calif. to watch suspected Soviet spy George Eltenton. On Nov. 13 Charles de Gaulle is elected pres. of the provisional govt. of France (until Jan. 1946). On Nov. 13 despite most liberated Jews wanting to emigrate to Palestine, British foreign secy. Ernest Bevin announces that pre-war immigration restrictions of 13K a year will continue, which doesn't stop 100K from launching Operation Flight, wearing uniforms with the insignia CAJR (Committee for Assistance to Jewish Refugees) and bearing official documents complete with forged stamps. On Nov. 15 German U-Boat Nauecilus collides with a wreck near Gedser lightship en route from Finland to Spain and sinks; on 11-26-46 a message in a bottle is found on the Danish coast, claiming that Adolf Hitler didn't die in his Berlin bunker but instead died aboard this ship; the message is a hoax? On Nov. 15 the commandant, 40 guards, and physician Claus Karl Schilling (1871-1946) from Dachau Camp are tried in Dachau; Schilling pleads to be allowed to write up the results of his medical experiments on malaria patients, and is sentenced to death. On Nov. 16 88 German scientists holding Nazi secrets arrive in the U.S.; German atomic bomb project leader Werner Heisenberg is sent to England. On Nov. 19 Dwight D. Eisenhower replaces George C. Marshall as chief of staff of the U.S. Army, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff begin contingency planning for nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Start the Wagner music going and hand out the stogies, God is on His judgment seat? On Nov. 20 after indictments are handed out in early Oct. against 24 men and six orgs. based on 100K captured documents, the (farcical?) 218-day Nuremberg Trials begin in Nuremberg, Germany, with Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, and Joachim von Ribbentrop sitting at the head of a double line of 22 Nazi leaders in a big open box, fronted by lawyers with headphones and backed by MPs with white helmets and belts, becoming the 1st time in modern history that victors in a war conduct war crimes trials, inventing new offenses (crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes, waging a war of aggression) to get around the old concept of war as politics by other means; the stagey proceedings begin with Nazi after Nazi pleading not guilty, often trying to say more (such as why aren't the Russkies also on trial for invading Poland?) but being cut off; eventually 13 trials lasting until 1949 prosecute 100+ Nazi officials and high-ranking Germany military leaders for allegedly exterminating 6M Jews and 5M Europeans, during which many view the first evidence of the Holocaust (Gr. "holos" + "kaustos" = "completely" + "burnt") (originally the name for sacrifices offered by Jewish priests to Jehovah - comes from an interpretation of the Torah that says that the nation of Israel will return from exile but with 6M less, who are consumed by their enemies?); the "just following orders" defense is disallowed except as a mitigating factor; British MP David Patrick Maxwell Fyfe (1900-67) becomes a celeb for his hot cross-examination of Hermann Goering. On Nov. 21 General Motors (GM) workers go on strike. On Nov. 21 the last residents of the U.S. Japanese-Am. internment camps leave. On Nov. 21 Roger Williams Straus Jr. (1917-2004), son of Macy's owner Roger Williams Strauss Sr. (1891-1957) and heiress Gladys Guggenheim (1895-1980), and paternal grandson of Oscar S. Straus (1850-1926) (first Jewish member of a U.S. pres. cabinet) founds the pub. house of Farrar and Straus with partner John C. Farrar (1896-1974), going on to disdain the "malign tide of commercialism" and pub. quality authors incl. Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-91), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008), Joseph Brodsky (1940-96), Nadine Gordimer (1923-), Seamus Heaney (1939-2013), and Scott Turow (1949-); in 1955 Robert J. Giroux (1914-2008) bolts from Harcourt, Brace & Co. to join up. On Nov. 23 most U.S. wartime rationing of foods, incl. meat and butter ends - just in time for Thanksgiving? On Nov. 25 the Austrian Repub. is reestablished and the first elections since 1930 are held; the People's Party beats the Socialists and Communists, the latter winning 4 of 165 seats; on Dec. 18 Leopold Figl (1902-65) of the People's Party forms a coalition cabinet with the Socialists, and on Dec. 20 becomes chancellor #13 (until Apr. 2, 1953), and on Dec. 20 Socialist Karl Renner (chancellor since Apr. 25) is unanimously elected pres. by the nat. assembly (until 1950). On Nov. 25 the British launch Operation Deadlight to locate, assemble, and sink German U-boats in the British Isles. On Nov. 27 Gen. George C. Marshall steps down as U.S. Army chief of staff, and is named special U.S. ambassador to China to try to end hostilities between the Nationalists and the Communists, a job which wears him out in a year; Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes U.S. Army chief of staff (until Feb. 1948); Adm. Raymond Ames Spruance succeeds Chester Nimitz as CIC of the U.S. Pacific Fleet; too bad, his promotion to fleet Adm. is blocked by Ga. Dem. rep. Carl Vinson, who wants William Halsey Jr. to get it instead, causing Congress to pass an unprecedented act allowing Spruance to receive a full admiral's pay for life upon retirement. On Nov. 28 Scottish actress Deborah Kerr (1921-2007) ("rhymes with star") marries RAF Spitfire ace Anthony Bartley (1919-2001) (until 1959) - affectionately known as Two-Buck Chuck? On Nov. 28 British philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) delivers an address to the British House of Lords, urging full global disarmament in the face of the new power of nukes; "We do not want to look at this thing simply from the point of view of the next few years; we want to look at it from the point of view of the future of mankind... As I go about the streets and see St. Paul's, the British Museum, the Houses of Parliament... in my mind's eye I see a nightmare vision of those buildings as heaps of rubble with corpses all around them." On Nov. 30 foreign minister (since 1944) Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (1881-1954), co-founder and leader of the Christian Dems. becomes PM of Italy (until 1954), with a new govt. supported by all major parties; Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti becomes vice-PM; the Christian Dems. control the office of PM until 1981, while the Italian Communist Party (PCI) becomes the largest single party, forcing the Christian Dems. to forever form short-lived "third force" coalition govts. while forging ties with the Western democracies - like asking a stranger for directions? In Nov. Glenn Miller's Army Band is dissolved. On Dec. 1 Japanese army Capt. Sakae Oba (-198?) surrenders his cool samurai sword to U.S. Marine Lt. Col. Howard C. Kurgis after hiding out in the jungles and caves for almost 17 mo. with 46 soldiers after 30K Japanese soldiers are either captured or killed on Saipan, becoming the last major Japanese surrender; Oba becomes the last samurai, and ends the tradition of hara-kiri by surrendering alive? On Dec. 3 the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules 8-0 in Internat. Shoe Co. v. Washington that a corp. may be subject to the jurisdiction of a state court if it has "minimum contacts" with that state; Judge Robert H. Jackson recuses himself. On Dec. 4 the U.S. Senate approves U.S. participation in the U.N. On Dec. 5 Flight 19, five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers disappear approximately 100 mi. off the coast of Fla. in the Bermuda Triangle (Miami, Bermuda, San Juan), which they later conclude became disoriented and ditched into rough seas, followed by the PBM Mariner flying boat rescue plane, which they later conclude suffered an engine explosion; all 14 crew on the flight and 13 crew in the rescue plane are killed. On Dec. 6 the U.S. announces a $4.4B loan to Britain to help compensate for the termination of Lend-Lease - the first postwar aid to Europe. On Dec. 11 a B-29 Superfortress shatters all records by crossing the U.S. in 5 hrs. 27 min. On Dec. 12 an autonomous Kurdish Repub. of Azerbaijan is declared in Iran, the leftist Tudeh Party rebels get secret help from the Soviets. On Dec. 13 France and Britain agree to quit Syria and Lebanon. On Dec. 13-14 Bergen-Belsen camp commandant Josef Kramer (b. 1906), "the Beast of Belsen" and 10 others are hanged in Hameln for war crimes. On Dec. 15 Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh (who earlier in the year had been rescued by U.S. troops when fighting for the Allies) sends a note to the new French PM Leon Blum asking for peace talks.; on Dec. 17 after after three French soldiers are killed in Hanoi, the French land in Haiphong Harbor, with French gen. Jean-Etienne Valluy uttering the soundbyte "If those gooks want a fight, they'll get it." On Dec. 16 former Japanese PM (1937-8, 1940-1) Prince Fumimaro Konoye (b. 1891), who attempted to resume a leading role in the govt. and was arrested as a war criminal by the Allies kills himself. On Dec. 19 the Second Austrian Repub. is established on the basis of the 1920 constitution (amended 1929). On Dec. 19 Congress confirms Eleanor Roosevelt as the U.S. delegate to the U.N. On Dec. 20 the U.S. Office of Price Admin. announces the end of tire rationing, effective Jan. 1, 1946. On Dec. 21 U.S. Gen. George S. Patton (b. 1885) dies at the age of 60 in Heidelberg, Germany after his 1938 Cadillac limo collides with a military lorry; he is later buried at Hamm, Luxembourg. On Dec. 22 the U.S. recognizes Tito's govt. in Yugoslavia. On Dec. 15-26 the Big Three (U.S., Britain, Soviet Union) hold a 10-day meeting in Moscow seeking an atomic rule by the U.N. Council; on Dec. 27 they agree to divide Korea into two separate occupation zones and to govern the nation for five years. On Dec. 25 deposed Vietnamese emperor (1907-16) Duy Tan (b. 1899) dies in a mysterious plane crash, and his exiled father is allowed to return to Vietnam but remains under house arrest until his death in 1954. On Dec. 26 the French govt. devalues the franc from 49.7 to 119.3 francs to the U.S. dollar or 134.028 francs per kg of fine gold. On Dec. 27 the Dutch formally relinquish sovereignty over Indonesia. On Dec. 27 France agrees to end its 1920 mandate over Syria and give the independent govts. of Syria and Lebanon complete control by next Jan. 1. On Dec. 27 28 nations sign an agreement creating the World Bank AKA the Internat. Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Internat. Bank for Reconstruction and Development, with authorized share capital of $27B to help restore war-ravaged economies. On Dec. 28 the U.S. Congress officially recognizes the Pledge of Allegiance, written in 1892 by Christian Socialist Baptist minister Francis Bellamy (1855-1931). On Dec. 31 the ratification of the U.N. Charter is completed. On Dec. 31 Czech. begins forcing the German pop. of the Sudetenland back to Germany. On Dec. 31 People's Songs, an org. to "create, promote, and distribute songs of labor and the American people" is founded by Pete Seeger, Alan Lomax, Lee Hays et al., going on to pub. a quarterly bulletin in 1946-50 which serves as the model for future folk mags. incl. "Sing Out!" and "Broadside". In Dec. in Albania elections are held for the People's Assembly; only members of the Democratic Front are permitted to participate. Nationalist demonstrations in Syria break into fighting, forcing British troops to restore order. In Dec. Social Dem. Enrico Gaspar Dutra (1885-1974) (minister of war since 1936) is elected pres. of Brazil (until 1950) with the support of the Labor Party of his predecessor Getulio Vargas, going on to become closely aligned with U.S. foreign policy. In Dec. B'nai B'rith is awarded a U.S. Navy citation, followed next Feb. by a citation from the U.S. War Dept. for its contributions to the war effort, becoming the first to be awarded to a nat. civilian org. Now that the corpses are about buried, the Devil leaves the world a little Valentine's Day present on Christmas? In Dec. 52 Gnostic texts on 13 papyrus codices (enough to form a "Gnostic New Testament"), incl. 40 previously unknown, dating back to the 2nd cent. C.E., some perhaps by Roman Gnostic Valentinus (100-155) are discovered near the village of Nag Hammadi in the Jabal al-Tarif Mts. of Upper Egypt near the Nile River N of Luxor, although some of the papyrus books bound in tooled gazelle leather are used as stove stuffers before finding their way to the Coptic Museum in Cairo; they are not pub. until 1956-77, giving fodder to conspiracy theorists about containing some mysterious disproof of Christianity; Codex I, AKA the Jung Codex is smuggled out of Egypt and ends up in the possession of Gnosticism nut Carl Jung (later returned); texts incl.: Gospel of Thomas ("These are the secret words which the living Jesus spoke, and which the twin Judas Thomas wrote down"), Gospel of Philip (describes Jesus' kissing relationship with Mary Magdalene), Gospel of Mary Magdalene (describes her as a disciple and leader), Apocalypse of Peter, Gospel of Peter, Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, Letter of Peter to Philip, First Apocalypse of James, Second Apocalypse of James, Apocalypse of Paul, Gospel of Truth (Buddhist undertones?), Treatise on the Resurrection, Apocryphon (Secret Book) of John, Hypostasis of the Archons, Gospel of the Egyptians, Apocalypse of Adam, Three Steles of Seth, and Second Treatise of the Great Seth. Rhodes is occupied by the British (until 1947). Hanover (Hannover) is incorporated into the West German state of Lower Saxony. Henry Puyi, the last emperor of China is captured by the Soviets and later turned over to the Chinese Communists, who send him to a reeducation camp. Lewis Baxter Schwellenbach (1894-1948) is appointed U.S. labor secy. (until 1948), and is faced with the problem of ahem, telling them lady homeside war workers to go back to being homemakers while the men take their jobs - your real job is to lay on your backs? Fadayan-e (Fada'iyan-e) Islam (freedom fighters for Islam) is founded in Iran by theology student Navab (Navvab) Safavi (1924-55) to fight for Sharia and kill apostates and enemies of Islam; after staging my assassinations, it is suppressed in 1956 and the leading members executed, but continues on under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran. Pogroms in British-occupied Libya in 1945 kill hundreds of Jews and destroy many shops and synagogues, causing 30K Libyan Jews to flee for Israel between 1949-51 before Libya becomes independent in 1951, and PM Mahmoud Muntasser proclaims that the 8K remaining Jews in Libya have "no future", which is proved true as virtually all remaining Jews are expelled after the 1967 Six-Day War - are you a gambling kind of gal? The first beachhead for radical Islam in the West is set up in Munich, Germany after a group of ex-Soviet Muslims are invited to move in and set up shop by the Nazis during WWII to crank out anti-Soviet propaganda, thanks to German prof. Gerhard von Mende (1904-63), and stays, bringing in the Muslim Brotherhood via Egyptian-born financier and Islamic cleric Youssef Moustafa Nada (1931-), who founds the Islamic Center of Munich in the 1970s, and after 9/11 is tied to al-Qaida by the U.S., which finally drops his name on Sept. 24, 2009 after an investigation. British gen. Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham (1887-1983) becomes the last British high commissioner of Palestine (until 1948), continuing the Labour govt.'s resistance against Zionism, uttering the soundbyte: "The forces of nationalism are accompanied by the psychology of the Jew, which it is important to recognize as something quite abnormal and unresponsive to rational treatment." The railway carriage used in the armistice signings at Compiegne, France in 1918 and 1940 is destroyed by Hitler's order so it can't be used on him. The Nazi Black Book by SS Gen. Walther Schellenberg is found, containing 2,820 names of people to be immediately arrested in Britain after a German invasion; names incl. Winston Churchill (1874-1965), Anthony Eden (1897-1977), Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952), Ignace Jan Paderewski (1860-1941), Jan Masaryk (1886-1948), David Low (1891-1963), E.M. Forster (1879-1970), J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Harold Laski (1893-1950), Noel Coward (1899-1973), Aldous Huxley, G.B. Shaw, Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), J.B. Priestley (1894-1984), C.P. Snow (1905-80), H.G. Wells (1866-1946), Rebecca West (1892-1983), Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), Vera Brittain (1893-1970), and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). French actress Arletty (1898-1992) is imprisoned for a wartime affair with a German officer during the occupation, later saying "My heart is French but my ass is international." Mecklenburg camp commandant Fritz Suhren drives with his intimate girlfriend Odette Sansom (1912-95) to the West just ahead of the Russkies, expecting her to vouch for his good treatment of POWs, and when he reaches U.S. lines she reveals herself as one of Vera Atkins' spies and exposes him as a sadistic pig, keeping his pistol and writing case and boarding a plane for England; he then escapes and is recaught twice. Neb.-born Ben Kuroki (1917-), becomes the only Japanese-Am. to fly U.S. bombing missions over Japan in WWII; in 2005 he is awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. The Albanian Bektashi Sect hides 2K Jews during WWII after the PM gives a secret order: "All Jewish children will sleep with your children, all will eat the same food, and all will live as one family"; Albania becomes the only Nazi-occupied country with more Jews after the war than before. After the war Japanese companies illegally use U.S. POWs as slave labor to amass fortunes? Portland, Ore.-born Jewish-Am. entrepreneur Norton Winfred Simon (1907-93) merges his Val Vita co. with Hunt's Foods to create Hunt's Foods, Inc., going on to run full-page ads in Vogue and Life for ketchup and tomato sauce, with the slogan "Hunt for the best", and grow into one of the largest processed food business on the U.S. West coast, after which he uses his dough to buy art. The Repub. of San Marino in Italy, 11 mi. SSW of Rimini (pop. 15K) establishes a Communist govt. (until 1957). The Ten Pound Poms/a>, British subjects who migrate to Australia after WWII under an assisted passage scheme begins, bringing in 1M by 1972, incl. 80K in 1969, when it is upped to 20 pounds. Women gain the vote in Guatemala. After efforts by feminist leader Fusae Ichikawa (1893-1981) et al., women gain the vote in Japan. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the first (only?) American to receive the Soviet Union's Order of Merit. English Socialist Harold Laski (1893-1950) becomes chmn. of the British Labour Party, championing intellectual over trades union Socialism - I yam, I really yam, just like an egg salad? Geoffrey Francis Fisher, Baron Fisher of Lambeth (1887-1972) becomes archbishop of Canterbury (until 1961) - and moves into Lambeth? The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood (originally the Islamic Socialist Front) is founded as a branch of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, and begins its plan of govt. takeover by focusing on social issues; in Apr. 2012 its manifesto pledges "to respect individual rights" and doesn't even mention the word Islam. The combined meticulous records of the Nazi concentration camps are collected and stored by the Allies in the super-secret Bad Arolsen Archive, and despite entreaties from survivors and scholars it is closed for 40 years (until 2006) (to let the guilty avoid prosecution?); meanwhile the official Allied-Zionist Holocaust Story of "6 million murdered in gas chambers and incinerated in ovens by white Nazi devils under direct orders of Hitler" becomes the object of persistent rumors that it is a deliberate lie concocted to defame the Nazi regime, prevent the rise of a neo-Nazi regime, extort billions of marks from the guilt-tripped German survivors, bolster the Zionist state of Israel et al., and that really only several hundred thousand were deliberately murdered, and that Zyklon B gas was only used for delousing clothes and couldn't have been used for mass extermination as the bodies would absorb it and release it into the air when cremated, and that there couldn't be enough ovens or fuel available to dispose of so many bodies, and there weren't any vast dumps of ash or corpses found after the war, plus conflicting Jewish census reports after the war when the lie hadn't been concocted yet; also, the pathetic pictures of starving inmates in the liberated camps ignore that all Germans were starving from the bombing of railways and cutting off of food supplies by the Allies, yoo yoo yoo? - let's say they only killed so many hundred thousand, and hadn't killed the others yet? Let's face it, the horrible inhuman mass-murdering Nazi regime stinks, and had to go, it really had to go? After serving in the U.S. Navy from 1942-5, future U.S. pres. George H.W. Bush (b. 1924) marries Barbara Pierce of Rye, N.Y., daughter of a mag. publisher, then goes to Yale and earns an economics degree and Phi Beta Kappa key in 2.5 years. The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) is founded by 54 nations incl. the Soviet Union; in 1949 the TUC of Britain, the CIO of the U.S. et al. secede to form the non-Communist ICFTU. The Hungarian Writers' Union (Free Union of Hungarian Writers) is founded, growing into a hotbed of dissent with a key role in sparking the 1956 Hungarian Rev. The Congressional Quarterly (CQ) is founded by Nelson Poynter (1903-78), ed. of the St. Petersburg Times in Fla. The Journal of Clinical Psychology is founded (until ?). The United Pentecostal Church Internat. is founded in Hazelwood (near St. Louis), Mo. via the merger of the Pentecostal Church and the Pentecostal Assembles of Jesus Christ, becoming known for Arianism, i.e., denial of the Trinity. The Jehovah's Witnesses become a full-fledged life-death cult with the announcement of their doctrine against accepting blood transfusions in the July 1 issue of The Watchtower. The ultrarightist Propaganda Due (P2) covert (black) Masonic Freemason lodge in Italy is founded (until 1976), becoming known for being involved in numerous crimes and govt. bribery scandals incl. the collapse of the Vatican-affiliated Banco Ambrosiano, the Tangentopoli bribe scandal, and the murders of journalist Mino Pecorelli and banker Roberto Calvi, acting as a shadow govt. or state within a state, with plans to rewrite the Italian constitution, suppress trade unions, and clamp down on the media; members incl. prominent journalists, MPs, military men, and industrialists incl. Silvio Berlusconi, Italian pretender Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (1937-), banker Michele Sindona et al.; in 1982 police discover their "Plan for Democratic Action"; it spreads to Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, with members incl. Argentine pres. (1973) Raul Alberto Lastiri. An anthrax outbreak in Iran kills 1M sheep. During WWII there are over 500 (512?) underground Italian resistance newspapers. The war destroys Berlin, Bremen, and the medieval section of Frankfurt am Main, but leaves Cologne Cathedral standing, and spares picturesque medieval towns Rothenburg, Dinkelsbuhl, Hameln (Hamelin) et al. Family allowances are introduced in Britain. It becomes illegal to "chaw" tobacco in a U.S. federal bldg. - don't spit or I'll shoot? The British Royal Society admits its first female members since its founding 285 years earlier, incl. X-ray crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale. The Ottawa Spy Ring in Canada, which leaks atomic secrets to the Soviets is exposed after Soviet cipher clerk Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (1919-82) defects, leading to the arrest of Alan Nunn May, Klaus Fuchs, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg et al. Horse-lover and cavalryman U.S. Gen. George S. Patton liberates the Lippizaner white stallions of Vienna (originally from the stud farm Lippiza in Slovenia near Trieste) from the Nazis. Joseph Stalin is nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by a former Norwegian foreign minister; he is renominated in 1948 by a Czech. prof. - did he win? Hitler's "Mein Kampf" is outlawed in Germany and Austria until 2014, when its copyright expires. Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall appear with Charles Boyer on the cover of Chess Review mag.; Bogie is MC at the Pan Am. Chess Congress in Los Angeles, and tells Silver Screen that chess is one of the most important things to him; other chess-playing Hollywood actors are Lew Ayres, John Barrymore, Jose Ferrer, Katharine Hepburn, Louis Jourdan, and John Wayne. Fort Wayne, Ind.-born gay fashion designer William Ralph "Bill" Blass (1922-2002) begins his fashion career in New York City working for Paris-born gay Jewish socialite Nicolas "Niki" Louis Alexandre, Baron de Gunzburg (1904-81), launching his own label in 1970 and going on to become known for his timeless Am. style and the quote "The little black dress always looks better in white", making fans of Gloria Vanderbilt, Jacqueline Kennedy, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Candice Bergen, Barbra Steisand, Barbara Walters, Happy Rockefeller, Nancy Kissinger et al.; de Gunzburg goes on to mentor Oscar de la Renta and Calvin Klein. Elle (Fr. "she") mag. is founded in France by Pierre Lazareff and his wife Helen Gordon; the slogan is "If she reads, she reads Elle". The Atomic Research Centre is established in Harwell, England. Bebop fast-tempo jazz becomes popular in the U.S.; trumpeter Miles Davis (1926-91) quits the Juilliard School of Music to join the bebop band of Charlie "YardBird" Parker (1920-55). French composer Andre Jolivet (1905-74) becomes musical dir. of the Comedie Francaise (until 1959), pub. a paper with the soundbyte "True French music owes nothing to Stravinsky". The Philharmonia orchestra in England is founded by Walter Legge (1906-79), becoming the #1 concert orchestra in England, recording for EMI. Brooklyn-born Jewish tenor Richard Tucker (Ruvn Ticker) (1913-75) debuts as Enzo in "La Giaconda" at the Metropolitan Opera, becoming a star - you don't have to be Italian? The Berklee College of Music is founded in Boston, Mass. by pianist Lawrence Berk (named after his son Lee Berk) to teach jazz, rock, and contemporary music, going on to produce Journey drummer Steve Smith et al. Stephen H. Sholes (1911-68) becomes head of the country music div. of RCA Victor, going on to sign Chet Atkins, Eddy Arnold (1918-2008), Jim Reeves (1923-64), Hank Snow (1914-99), Jim Reeves et al. Mercury Records is founded in Chicago, Ill. by Irving Green, Berle Adams, and Arthur Talmadge, going on to sign Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane, Patti Page, concentrating on jukebox distribution; in 1946 midget Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel (1925-61) becomes the winged-hat Mercury Man, going on to become ML baseball's shortest player with the St. Louis Browns in 1951; it goes on to spin-off subsidiaries incl. Blue Rock Records, Cumberland Records, EmArcy Records, Fontana Records, Limelight Records, Philips Records, Smash Records, and Wing Records; in 1972 it is acquired by PolyGram; in 1998 it is acquired by Seagram, who merge it with Universal Music Group, becoming The Island Def Jam Music Group (IDJMG). Anglo-Amalgamated Productions is founded in Britain by Nat Cohen and Stuart Levy to produce B-films, incl. "Wide Boys" (1952), "The Drayton Case" (1954), "Carry On Sergeant" (1958), "Carry On Nurse" (1959), "Carry on Teacher" (1959), "Horrors of the Black Museum" (1959), "Carry on Constable" (1960), "Peeping Tom" (1960), "Circus of Horrors" (1960), "The Criminal" (1960), "Carry On Regardless" 1961), "Carry On Cruising" (1962), "Carry On Cabby" (1963), "Carry On Jack" (1963), "Billy Liar" (1963), "Carry On Spying", "The Masque of the Red Death" (1964), "Catch Us if You Can" (1964), "Carry On Cowboy" (1965), "Carry On Cleo" (1965), "Carry On Screaming" (1966), "Five Golden Dragons" (1967), "The Million Eyes of Sumuru" (1967), and "Poor Cow" (1967); in 1962 Associated British Picture Corp. acquires a 50% share, followed in 1967 by 74%; it closes in 1971. Norman Vincent Peale and his wife Norma, er, Ruth found Guideposts mag. French gay fashion designer Pierre Alexandre Claudius Balmain (1914-82) opens his own gay, er, fashion house in Paris at Elysees 64-83, going on to create the perfumes "Vent Vert" in 1947, "Jolie Madame" in 1953, "Ivoire" in 1979, and "Eau d'Amazonie" in 2006. Leonard Samuel Shoen (1916-99) and his wife Anna Mary Carty found U-Haul in Ridgefield, Wash., growing to 10K trailers on the road by 1955; too bad, two of his 14 children take his biz over in 1986. Allard Motor Co. Ltd. in SW london, England is founded by Sydney Herbert Allard (1910-66), putting large American V8 engines in a light British chassis to give them a high power-to-weight ratio for use in trials events on difficult terrain, going on to produce 1.9K cars by 1958, when it goes bankrupt; in 1949-54 the cycle-fendered Allard J2 and J2-X are produced, with a lightwight aluminum body with independent front suspension, and Ford flathead V8; one comes in 3rd at the 1950 Le Mans, and another wins the 1952 Monte Carlo Rally, driven by Allard himself. Saab Automobile AB (Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget) (Swedish Airplane Corp.) of Linkoping, Sweden (founded in 1937 to build aircraft for the Swedish air force) opens an automobile div., producing the 2-cylinder Saab 92 in Dec. 1949, and selling 20K cards by 1955, when the 3-cylinder Saab 93 replaces it, becoming the first with the trademark trapezoidal radiator grill; in 1955 the Saab Sonett open-top 2-seater roadster debuts; in 1989 GM gains a 50% share, growing to 100% in 2000; in 2010 Spyker acquires it; on Dec. 19, 2001 Saab files for bankruptcy; on June 13, 2012 it is acquired by the Chinese consortium Nat. Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS). Wyanodotte rooster Mike the Headless Chicken (1945-7) is born in Apr., living for 18 mo. after his head is cut off, his handlers selling $4.5K/mo. in tickets at 25 cents per; he is fed with an eye dropper. Ashley Furniture Industries is founded in Arcadia, Wisc. by Ron Wanek and his son Todd Wanek, going to the largest furniture manufacturer in the U.S., with $3.85B revenue and 22.5K employees in 2014. Avro Canada is founded in Toronto, Ont., Canada, growing to become the #3 aircraft manufacturer in Canada. Ex-U.S. Army soldier Phillip Sollomi begins serving Wish-Bone brand salad dressing at his Wish-Bone Restaurant in Kansas City, Mo.; in 1958 it is acquired by Lipton. Sports: On Apr. 6-22 1945 Stanley Cup Finals see the Toronto Maple Leafs defeat the Detroit Red Wings 4-3. On Apr. 18 5'9" Brunswick, Ga.-born Isiah "Ike" Williams (1923-94) defeats Juan Zurita to become world lightweight boxing champ (until May 1951). On May 30 the 1945 (30th) Indianapolis 500 is canceled because of WWI; the race isn't held again until 1946. On Oct. 23 African-Am. baseball player Jackie Robinson signs a contract with the Montreal Royals after the death of anti-black ML baseball commissioner (since 1922) Kenesaw Mountain Landis (b. 1866) last Nov. 25 clears the way; Dodgers mgr. Wesley Branch Rickey (1881-1965) (Landis' nemesis) signed him on Aug. 28 to a minor league contract, hen saw his chance and made his move. The Cleveland Browns football team is founded, with head coach Paul Eugene Brown (1909-91), who pioneers the modern offense, the face mask etc. before being fired on Jan. 9, 1963. Brooklyn Dodgers mgr. Leo Durocher assaults a fan at Ebbets Field, and is tried by judge Samuel Simon Leibowitz of Scottsboro Boys fame; meanwhile Branch Rickey, Walter O'Malley, and John L. Smith acquire a controlling interest in the Brooklyn Dodgers - hey maggot, who ya gonna hire? Tex.-born Byron Nelson (1912-2006) has the greatest year in pro golf history (until ?), winning 18 tournaments, incl. 11 in a row, and 31 of 54 in 1944-5, retiring in 1946 with 52 career wins (incl. 5 majors) to spend more time on his ranch; he finishes in the top 10 in 65 consecutive tournaments in 1942-6. Am. jockey George Edward "Eddie" "Banana Nose" Arcaro (1916-97) rides Pavot to a V in the Belmont Stakes and Hoop Jr., owned by Fred W. Hooper (1897-2000 to a V at the Kentucky Derby for his 3rd win. U.S. Army Sgt. Frank A. Parker wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis men's single's title, and Mrs. Sarah Palfrey Cooke wins the women's single's title. The Rochester Seagrams (founded 1923) is renamed the Rochester Royals, and joins the NBL, moving to the BAA in 1948 and winning the NBA title in 1951 before moving to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1957 and becoming the Cincinnati Royals; in 1972 they move to Kansas City, Mo. and become the Kansas City Kings; in 1985 they move to Sacramento, becoming the Sacramento Kings, going on to become the only team to never trail in a NBA Finals series in 2013; meanwhile in 1945 after being discharged from the U.S. Navy, 5'10" Brooklyn, N.Y.-born William "Red" Holzman (1920-98) joins the Rochester Royals, becoming NBL rookie of the year and helping them win the title his first season, staying with them through their 1951 NBA championship, then leaving in 1953 for the Milwaukee Hawks, going on to become head coach in 1954-7, followed by head coach of the New York Knicks in 1967-82. A syndicate controlled by Lawrence McPhail, Del Webb, and Dan Topping buys the New York Yankees for $2.8M from the heirs of Jacob Ruppert and Edward G. Barrow. St. Louis, Mo.-born Harry Caray (Harry Christopher Carabina) (1914-98), known for his trademark barrel-shaped wide-rimmed black glasses prescribed by Dr. Cyril Nierman, O.D. becomes announcer for the St. Louis Cardinals, getting fired after the 1969 season, moving to the Chicago White Sox in 1971, teaming with former Texas Rangers outfielder Jimmy Piersall in 1977, starting a practice of leading the home crowd in singing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during the seventh-inning stretch; in 1982 he moves to the Chicago Cubs (North Side Chicago, vs. South Side for the Sox), becoming nationally famous on cable superstation WGN-TV, with the nickname "the Mayor of Rush Street", a reference to his love of Budweiser beer; in Dec. 1997 his grandson Chip Caray is hired to share his duties, but he dies in Feb. 1998 before the season begins. British Racing Motors (BRM) is founded in Bourne, Lincolnshire, England as a Formula One racing team, competing in 197 Grand Prix races in 1950-77, winning 17, and winning the constructors' title in 1962; its driver Norman Graham Hill (1929-75) becomes Formula One world champion in 1962 and 1968. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Cordell Hull (1871-1955) (U.S.); Lit.: Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) (Chile) (first Latin-Am.); Physics: Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (1900-58) (Austria) [fission]; Chem.: Artturi Illmari Virtanen (1895-1973) (Finland) [AIM Method for conservation of fodder]; Medicine: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906-79), and Sir Howard Walter Florey (1898-1968) (U.K.) [penicillin]. Inventions: On Mar. 18 the single-seat piston-engine propeller-driven Douglas A-1 Skyraider "Spad" attack aircraft makes its first flight, having a long career with the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force, with 3,180 produced by 1957. On June 15 the North American F-82 Twin Mustang long-range (2K mi.) escort fighter makes its first flight, becoming the last piston-engine fighter ordered into production by the USAF; too bad, WWII ends before they can become operational, and they end up being used to replace the Northrop P-61 Black Widow, seeing action in Korea and becoming the first to destroy North Korean aircraft. In July Am. engineer Vannevar Bush (1890-1974), dir. (1940-6) of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (formerly the Nat. Defense Research Committee) pub. As We May Think in the Atlantic Monthly, predicting hypertext; also Science, the Endless Frontier, a report to the U.S. pres. recommending that the U.S. govt. get into science education and research bigtime, resulting in the 1950 creation of the Nat. Science Foundation (NSF). On Dec. 7 after developing a simpler magnetron that can be mass-produced, the Microwave Oven is patented by Raytheon Co. factory worker Percy Lebaron Spencer (1894-1970); in 1947 Raytheon demonstrates the Radarange, the first commercial microwave oven - he noticed in 1940 that every time he was exposed to microwaves they melted the candy bars in his pockets? Johnson and Johnson Co. develops Duct (Duck) Tape for use by the U.S. military. Italian bar owner Giovanni Achilles Gaggia (1895-1961) perfects the espresso machine with a lever-operated sprung piston, creating the Gaggia Coffee Machine; he patents it in 1947. Rolex produces the first wristwatch with a date display on the face. Russian electronic music founder Leon (Lev) Theremin (1896-1993) invents the Buran ("Snowstorm") Device, the first infrared microphone for the KGB, which uses it to home in on the windows of foreign embassies in Moscow, winning him the Stalin Prize in 1947; meanwhile he disguises "The Thing", an electronic listening device in a Great Seal of the U.S. carved in wood, and it is presented by Soviet school children to the U.S. ambassador as a gesture of friendship for helping them win WWI; it hangs in his office in Moscow until it is accidentally discovered in 1951. Unit Packaging of foodstuffs using plastic packaging films is pioneered, leading to the U.S. "convenience food" habit. Science: On June 30 John von Neumann et al. pub. the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, describing the Von Neuman (Princeton) Architecture for a Digital Computer, the first pub. description of a stored-program computer, which uses a single bus for the instruction fetch and the data operation, contrasting with the Harvard Architecture for a Digital Computer, which uses two or more buses, first proposed by Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-73) in Nov. 1937 and used in the Harvard Mark I Computer in 1944. Clay is discovered to be a mineral with a crystalline structure. Hungarian physicist Lajos Janossy (Jánossy) (1912-78) pioneers the study of cosmic rays. Sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell (1913-) of the U. of Manchester founds the Jodrell Bank Observatory, featuring the 76m Jodrell Radio Telescope, and acts as dir. until 1980; in 2008 it is nearly closed. Unionville, Mo.-born psychologist Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907-82) founds Integrity Groups Therapy, which incl. a religious dimension. E.A. Ruark coins the term "positronium" for the temporary positron-electron combination formed before mutual annihilation (with the emission of gamma ray photons), first predicted by S. Mohorovicic in 1934. Nonfiction: James Truslow Adams (1878-1949), Big Business in a Democracy. Katharine Anthony (1877-1945), The Lambs: A Story of Pre-Victorian England; bio. of siblings Charles Lamb (1775-1834) and Mary Lamb (1764-1847). Alben William Barkley (1877-1956), Atrocities and Other Conditions in Concentration Camps in Germany. Jacques Barzun (1907-2012), Teacher in America; influential in changing schoolteacher training in the U.S. Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888-1972), The Camp of Slow Death (Le Camp de la Mort Lente); his time in the Royallieu concentration camp in Compiegne. Emory Stephen Bogardus (ed.), Graduate Studies in a World Reborn. Stephen Bonsal (1865-1951), When the French Were Here: A Narrative of the Sojourn of the French Forces in America, and Their Contribution to the Yorktown Campaign. Fawn McKay Brodie (1915-81), No One Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith; bestseller by the niece of Mormon pres. #9 (1951-70) David Oman McKay (1873-1970), who was educated at the U. of Chicago, where she dumped her faith and married Jewish defense expert Bernard Brodie, becoming one of the first tenured profs. at JewCLA, er, UCLA; claims that Joseph Smith made the Book of Mormon up, getting her excommunicated from the Mormon Church in 1946 - as if she cares? Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93), The Economics of Peace; founds Peace Economics; proposes the Bathtub Theorem (the rate of accumulation is equal to the difference between the rate of production and the rate of consumption), and applies it to postwar reconstruction. Denis W. Brogan, The Free State. Martin Buber (1878-1965), For the Sake of Heaven. Kenneth Burke (1897-1993), A Grammar of Motives. Emile Cammaerts (1878-1953), The Peace That Was Left. R.G. Collingwood (1889-1943), The Idea of Nature (posth.). Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (1863-1944), Memories and Opinions (autobio.) (posth.). Noel Coward (1899-1973), Middle East Diary. L.G. Curtis, World War: Its Cause and Cure. Carl Van Doren (ed.), Benjamin Franklin's Autobiographical Writings. Norman Douglas (1868-1952), An Almanac. Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005), Concept of the Corporation; study of GM. W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963), Color and Democracy; The Need for an Encyclopedia of the Negro. Georges Duhamel (1884-1966), Lieu d'Asile. Oliver La Farge (1901-63), Raw Material (autobio.). F. Scott Fitzgerald (d. 1940), The Crack-Up John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), Armament and History: The Influence of Armament on History from the Dawn of Classical Warfare to the End of the Second World War; proposes the "constant tactical factor', that every improvement in warfare is eventually checked by a counter-improvement, causing the advantage to shift back and forth between the offense and defense, John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), Adm. Sir Reginald Bacon (1863-1947), and Air Marshal Sir Patrick Playfair (1889-1974), Warfare Today: How Modern Battles Are Planned and Fought on Land, at Sea, and in the Air. John Gunther (1901-70), The Troubled Midnight. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Why Professional Workers Should Be Communists (London); 4-page pamphlet pointing out that Marxism is based on the scientific method, hence scientists should go for it?; he later disavows the position. Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992), The Use of Knowledge in Society; argues that the market price mechanism shares and synchronizes local and personal knowledge, allowing "a self-organizing system of voluntary cooperation", which he calls catallaxy, "that which is the result of human action but not of human design", promoting efficient distribution of resources, while allowing that the state should act as a "safety net", becoming a hit with Ronald Reagan and the leaders of the Velvet Rev. in C Europe. Carlton Hayes (1882-1964), Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942-1945. Earnest Albert Hooton (1887-1954), Young Man, You Are Normal. Laurence Housman (1865-1959), Back Words and Fore Words. Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947), Mainsprings of Civilization. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), The Perennial Philosophy; comparative study of mysticism; "The metaphysic that recognizes a divine Reality substantial to the world of things and lives and minds; the psychology that finds in the soul something similar to, or even identical with, divine Reality; the ethic that places man's final end in the knowledge of the immanent and transcendent Ground of all being—the thing is immemorial and universal"; "The Perennial Philosophy is an attempt to present this Highest Common Factor of all theologies by assembling passages from the writings of those saints and prophets who have approached a direct spiritual knowledge of the Divine"; "If one is not oneself a sage or saint, the best thing one can do, in the field of metaphysics, is to study the works of those who were, and who, because they had modified their merely human mode of being, were capable of a more than merely human kind and amount of knowledge"; "Knowledge is a function of being." Christopher Isherwood (1904-86), Vedanta for Modern Man. Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880-1940), The Story of the Jewish Legion. Andre Kertesz (1894-1985), Day of Paris (photos). Arthur Koestler (1905-83), The Yogi and the Commissar, and Other Essays. Gertrude Lawrence (1898-1952), A Star Danced (autobio.). Carlo Levi (1902-75), Christ Stopped at Eboli; memoir of his exile in Lucania, Italy, where experiences the "Problem of the South". Betty MacDonald, (1908-58), The Egg and I (memoir). W.S. Melsome, The Bacon-Shakespeare Anatomy. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61), The Phenomenology of Perception. George Mikes (1912-87), We Were There to Escape: The True Story of a Jugoslav Officer (first book); life in a POW camp. John Moody, John Henry Newman: His Life and Times. Lord Moran, The Anatomy of Courage. Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1891-1967), Germany Is Our Problem; the Morgenthau Plan to deindustrialize and destroy its power to wage war and reduce it to a rural agricultural society, but he doesn't explain how? Joseph Needham (1900-95), Chinese Science. George William Norris (1861-1944), Fighting Liberal (autobio.) (posth.). Eric Partridge (1894-1979), A Dictionary of RAF Slang. Octavio Paz (1914-98), The Labyrinth of Solitude; study of Mexican idenity. Dexter Perkins (1889-), The New Age of Franklin Roosevelt, 1932-1945). Jean Piaget (1896-1980), Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. Karl Popper (1902-94), The Open Society and Its Enemies (2 vols.) (London); disses the teleological historicism of Plato, Hegel, and Marx as tending toward totalitarianism, promoting Athenian-style liberal democracy as the way to go, making a fan of George Soros; "Unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance. If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them." V.S. Pritchett (1900-97), It May Never Happen. Merlo John Pusey (1902-85), Big Government: Can We Control It? James G. Randall (1881-1953), Lincoln the President (4 vols.) (1945-55); becomes the #1 scholarly bio. of Lincoln, stopping just before his assassination, with Mary complaining of a headache and suggesting that they not attend the play at Ford's Theater, with the last words "And so they went". Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1917-2007), The Age of Jackson (Pulitzer Prize). Sir Osbert Sitwell (1892-1969), Left Hand, Right Hand (autobio.) (vol. 1 of 5), incl. "The Scarlet Tree" (1946), "Great Morning" (1948), "Laughter in the Next Room" (1949), "Noble Essences: A Book of Characters" (1950); his eccentric father Sir George Sitwell of Renishaw Hall, near Sheffield near the Yorkshire-Derbyshire border. William L. Sperry, Religion in America. Wladyslaw Szpilman (1911-2000), Death of a City; his survival in gutted Warsaw in WWII; later pub. under the titles "The Miraculous Survival" and "The Pianist"; the German officer who protected him is Wilm Hosenfeld; filmed in 2002 by Roman Polanski. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), More Men and Mice (autobio.). George R. Stewart (1895-1980), Names on the Land: An Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States; based on his cross-country auto trips in 1924, 1949, and 1950; becomes a std. reference. A.J.P. Taylor (1906-90), The Course of German History; claims that Nazi Germany was an inevitable result of German history going back to barbarian days, and that they had a Sonderweg (special way) of an endless Drang nach Osten against the Slavs since Charlemagne. Woolsey Teller, Essays of an Atheist. Sophie Tucker (1884-1966), Some of These Days (autobio.). U.S. Govt., U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (4 vols.) (1945-7); coins the term "ground zero". C.J. Webb, Religious Experience. Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979), Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History; the first pamphlet by a learned Vitebsk, Russia-born Jewish Zionist scholar describing his radical attempt to reconcile the Bible with the secular history of Egypt by sliding the latter by 600 years, claiming that the Ipuwer Papyrus describes the Exodus, and that it is in reality a great natural catastrophe caused by a collision between Earth and other planets, raising the profound issue of how Science can cope with unique catastrophes; too bad, he goes off the deep end with elaborate theories of planets causing all Biblical miracles, stinking himself up? H.G. Wells (1866-1946), The Happy Turning: A Dream of Life and Mind at the End of Its Tether; his last work; predicts the extinction of mankind - but what do you really want for Xmas? Linnie Marsh Wolfe (1881-1945), Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (May) (Pulitzer Prize); authorized bio.; becomes a std. work; too bad, she dies on Sept. 15, 1945 before being awarded her prize in May 1946. Richard Wright (1908-60), Black Boy (autobio.). Michael Young (1915-2002), Baron Young and Theodor Prager, There's Work for All. Art: Ansel Adams (1902-84), Yosemite Valley. Milton Avery (1885-1965), Three Cows on a Hillside. Georges Braque (1882-1963), Woman with Mandolin; goes downhill from his 1938 painting. Stuart Davis, For Internal Use Only (abstract). Jacob Epstein (1880-1959), Lucifer (sculpture). Max Ernst (1891-1976), Vox Angelica; The Temptation of St. Anthony. William de Kooning (1904-97), Pink Angels; Still Life. Rene Magritte (1898-1967), Common Sense (1945-6). Henri Matisse (1869-1954), The Fall of Icarus (cut-paper collage). Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Le Femme Affamee; Abstracto; The Heart Players; Reve ou Morte. Bill Mauldin (1921-2003), Up Front With Mauldin; collected war cartoons made while with the U.S. Army 45th Div. in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy since 1940, for which he wins the Purple Heart and Legion of Merit. Frank Mechau, Saturday P.M.. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Family Group. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Pelvis Series, Red With Yellow. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Troubled Queen. Endre Rozsda (1913-99), Figure Feminine. Stanley Spencer (1891-1959), Resurrection. Feliks Topolski (1907-89), Opening Session of the U.N. Max Weber (1881-1961), Brass-Band. Weegee (1899-1968), Naked City; crime scene photos of New York City, inspiring a 1948 Hollywood flick. Music: Sir Frederick Ashton (1904-88), Cinderella (Dec. 23) (London). Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Piano Concerto No. 3 in E major, Op. 119; composed during the last 5 mo. of his life; leaves the last 17 measures unfinished, which are finished by his pupils. Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Victory March; The Golden Eagle (Incidental Music). Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Memorial Concert; incl. Theme and Cadenza. Benjamin Britten (1913-76), Peter Grimes (opera) (Sadler's Wells, London) (June 7); libretto by Montagu Slater; based on the poem "Peter Grimes" in "The Borough" by George Crabbe; makes Britten an internat. star; incl. Four Sea Interludes; The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34. Sammy Cahn and Jule Styne (1905-94), Let It Snow. Perry Como (1912-2001), Till the End of Time; based on Chopin's "Heroic Polonaise"; sells 1M copies, making him an overnight success after over a decade of trying, becoming the first artist with 10 million-selling records. Spade Cooley (1910-69) and His Western Dance Gang, Shame on You (#1 in the U.S.); becomes Cooley's signature song, causing him to become known as "the King of Western Swing"; the first song pub. by Hill & Range Pub. Co. of Los Angeles, Calif., founded by Vienna, Austria-born Julian J. Aberbach (1909-2004) et al., which goes on to dominate country music (75% of the action in Nashville), contracting with Elvis Presley in 1955 to pub. all his songs, which keeps him from pub. his own material until the early 1970s. Spade Cooley and His Orchestra, I've Taken All I'm Gonna Take from You (#4 country). Bing Crosby (1933-77), Merry Christmas (album) (#1 in the U.S.) (15M copies). Billy Eckstine (1914-93), Cottage for Sale (1M copies); Prisoner of Love (1M copies). Woody Guthrie (1912-67), This Land Is Your Land; his counter-version of Irving Berlin's "God Bless America", which becomes a counter-culture anthem. Helen Humes (1913-81), Be-Baba-Leba. Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Marinka (operetta) (New York). Stan Kenton (1911-79) and His Orchestra, Artistry in Rhythm. Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967), Missa Brevis. Bohuslav Martinu (1890-1959), Fantasia for Theremin, Oboe, String Quartet and Piano (Nov. 3) (New York). Johnny Mercer (1909-76) and The Pied Pipers, Personality. Vaughn Monroe (1911-73), There I've Said It Again. Johnny Moore's Three Blazers featuring Charles Brown (1922-99), Driftin' Blues (Dec.); helps launch smooth West Coast "lounge blues", making a fan of Ray Charles, who begins covering it in 1946 calling it "a hell of a number"; it is later covered by Lightnin' Hopkins (1950), Billy Eckstine (1959), John Lee Hooker (1969), Chuck Berry (1960), Bobby "Blue" Bland (1968), The Paul Butterfield Blues Band (1967), Albert King (1968), and Little Willie Littlefield (1997). Charlie "Bird" Parker (1920-55), Groovin' High. Edith Piaf (1915-63), Les Tres Cloches; "the folklore of the future". Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953), Cinderella (ballet) (Moscow). Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Carousel (musical) (Majestic Theatre, New York) (Apr. 19) (890 perf.); adapted from the 1909 Ferenc Molnar play "Liliom", transplated from Budapest to the coast of Maine; carnival barker Billy Bigelow (John Raitt/Henry Michel)) hooks up with millworker Julie Jordan (Jan Clayton/Iva Withers)), and after they both lose their jobs he botches a robbery; meanwhile millworker Carrie Pipperidge (Jean Darling/Margot Moser) hooks up with fisherman Enoch Snow (Eric Mattson); filmed in 1956 starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones; features the songs If I Loved You, June Is Bustin' Out All Over, and You'll Never Walk Alone; Rodgers' favorite musical. Tex Ritter (1905-74), You Two-Timed Me One Time Too Often (1945) (by Jenny Lou Carson) (#1 country); first #1 country hit written by a woman. Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951), Up in Central Park. Dinah Shore (1916-94), Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy; written in 1945 by Guy Wood and Sammy Gallop. Dmitri Shostakovitch, 9th Symphony (Aug. 30); debuts on Nov. 20. Richard Strauss (1864-1949), Metamorphosen. Sarah Vaughan (1924-90), Lover Man. Kurt Weill (1900-50), The Firebrand of Florence; lyrics by Ira Gershwin. Margaret Whiting (1924-), All Through the Day; In Love In Vain; from the film "Centennial Summer". Mary Lou Williams (1910-81), The Zodiac Suite; In the Land of Oo-Bla-Dee. Sollie Paul "Tex" Williams (1917-85) releases his first hit country single Tex Williams (1917-85), The California Polka (#4 country). Bob Wills (1905-75) and his Texas Playboys, Smoke on the Water (#1); Stars and Stripes on Iwo Jima (#1). Movies: George Sidney's Anchors Aweigh (July 14) stars Frank Sinatra as Seaman First Class Clarence "Brooklyn" Doolittle, and Gene Kelly as Gunner's Mate 2nd Class Joseph "Joe" Brady, who go on a 4-day shore leave in Hollywood, meeting aspiring singer Susan Abbott (Kathryn Graham); Kelly dances with Jerry the cartoon mouse; does $7.5M box office on a $2.6M budget. Henry King's A Bell for Adano (June 21), based on the 1944 John Hersey novel stars John Hodiak as Maj. Victor P. Joppolo, who must restore order in the war-torn Italian town of Adano, where he hooks up with Tina Tomasino (Gene Tierney) and tries to replace the town's bell. Leo McCarey's The Bells of St. Mary's (Dec. 6) (RKO Radio Pictures) stars Bing Crosby reprising his role as Father O'Malley, and Ingrid Bergman as Sister Mary Benedict, who engage in friendly non-sexual rivalry to build up a big city Roman Catholic school; does $8M box office on a $1.3M budget (#1 grossing film of 1945); Michael Corleone and his wife Kay are watching it when the rival Tattaglia mob hits his daddy Don Vito "the Godfather" Corleone. David Lean's Blithe Spirit (May 14) (Gen. Film Distributors), based on the 1941 Noel Coward play stars Rex Harrison as novelist Charles Condomine of Lympne, Kent, Constance Cummings as his wife Ruth Condomite, and Margaret Rutherford as 200 lb. trance medium Madame Arcati, who conjures up his dead wife Elvira (Kay Hammond), making Ruth jealous; too bad, it flops. Frank Lloyd's Blood on the Sun (Apr. 26) (United Artists), based on a story by Garett Fort about mad Japanese militarist Baron Giichi Tanaka plotting to take over Da World starting in China, with a plan to crush the U.S. stars James Cagney as an Am. newspaperman in Tokyo; also stars Sylvia Sidney; "Shanghai is always gay for everyone but the Japanese"; "Forgive your enemies, but first get even." David Lean's Brief Encounter (Nov. 26) (Denham Studios), based on Noel Coward's 1936 play "Still Life" about a married housewife who discovers how real love is a "violent" thing stars Celia Johnson as Laura Jesson, Trevor Howard as Dr. Alec Harvey, Stanley Holloway as Albert Godby, Joyce Carey as Myrtle Bagot, and Everley Gregg as Dolly Messiter; the soundtrack features Eileen Joyce playing Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2; makes a star of gravelly-voiced English actor Trevor Howard (1913-88). Gabriel Pascal's Caesar and Cleopatra (Sept. 6) (Eagle-Lion Films) (United Artists), produced by Pascal based on the 1901 George Bernard Shaw play stars chicken-legged flat-chested Claude Rains as Julius Caesar (who is rumored to become the first actor to receive a $1M salary, but actually only receives $100K), typecast Scarlett O'Hara Vivien Leigh as Cleopatra, and Flora Robson as her murderous slave Ftatateeta;Stewart Granger plays dashing Apollodorus, Basil Sydney plays Rufio, and Francis L. Sullivan plays eloquent slave Pothinus; 17-y.-o. Roger Moore has a bit part; a flop despite the Technicolor and lavish sets, it does £1.4M box office on a £1.3M budget, almost ending Pascal's career; the first Shaw film released in color, and the last film version of his plays released during his lifetime. Vincente Minnelli's The Clock (May 25) (MGM), produced by Arthur Freed stars Judy Garland in her first non-singing dramatic role as Alice Mayberry, and Robert Hudson Walker (1918-51) as GI Joe Allen on 48-hour leave in New York City, who meet at Penn Station then meet again for their first date under the Beaux Arts clock in the Astor Hotel in Times Square at 1515 Broadway (built 1904, demolished 1967), and rush to get married before his leave is up; the Big Apple is recreated on an elaborate MGM set in Culver City, spending $66K to duplicate Penn Station; meanwhile the studio feeds Garland prescription drugs to control her weight and pep her up, while Walker's wife Jennifer Jones (Phyllis Lee Isley) (1919-2009) dumps him for producer David O. Selznick (1902-65) and files for divorce in Apr., causing him to become alcoholic and die an early death after a failed 5-mo. marriage to John Ford's daughter Barbara in July 1948; after marrying Selznick in 1949, he dies in 1965, freaking her out, along with their daughter Mary Jennifer Selznick (1954-76), who commits suicide by jumping from a 22nd-story window in Los Angeles; Garland doesn't do another dramatic role until "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961), and also dies an early death. Raoul Walsh's Objective, Burma! (Feb. 17) stars Errol Flynn as U.S. Army Capt. Nelson, who leads some commandos behind enemy lines in Burma to prep for the British invasion; pisses the Brits off for making it seem that the Yanks did all the fighting. Edgar G. Ulmer's Detour (B&W) (Nov. 30), written by Martin Goldsmith is a film noir starring Tom Neal as a hitchhiker who gets in trouble with the law and ends up with scheming Ann Savage, accidentally murdering her when she tries to call the police; music by Leo Erdody. William A. Berke's Dick Tracy, Detective (Dec. 1), #1 in the Dick Tracy Quadrilogy by RKO Radio Pictures based on the Chester Gould comic strip stars Morgan Conway as Dick Tracy, Anne Jeffreys as Tess Trueheart, and Mike Mazurki as Alexis "Splitface" Banning; Joseph Crehan plays Chief Brandon. Max Nosseck's B&W Dillinger (Mar. 2) is the major film debut of hulking Lawrence Tierney (1919-2002), who goes on to make a career out of playing tough guys; Anne Jeffreys plays his main squeeze Helen Rogers; "His story is written in bullets, blood and blondes." John Brahm's Hangover Square (Feb. 7), based on the Patrick Hamilton novel stars Laird Cregar as English classical musician George Harvey Bone, who is plagued with amnesia and can't stand dissonances, and hooks up with dance hall singer Netta Longdon (Linda Darnell), who leads him down a dark path; George Sanders plays Dr. Allan Middleton of Scotland Yard. Howard Hawks' To Have and Have Not (Jan. 20) is loosely based on an Ernest Hemingway story about a fishing boat capt. running contraband out of Cuba, which writer William Faulkner turns into a tale about the French underground; the screen debut of husky-voiced Lauren Bacall (Betty Joan Perske) (1924-) ("the Looks"), who causes a million men to wet their shorts when she says to Humphrey Bogart "If you want anything, all you have to do is whistle"; their first of four films together. Peter Dodfrey's Hotel Berlin (Warner Bros.), based on the 1944 Vicki Baum novel stars Helmut Dantine as German resistance leader Martin Richter, who hides out there after escaping Dachau Concentration Camp, Raymond Massey as exposed anti-Hitler plot leader Gen. Arnim von Dahnwitz, Andrea King as his babe Lisa Dorn, Peter Lorre as Nobel laureate Johannes Koenig; does $2.84M box office on a $940K budget. Mervyn LeRoy's The House I Live In (Nov. 9) is a 10-min. lecture for racial and religious tolerance by Frank Sinatra; the title song The House I Live In by Earl Robinson becomes a hit. Roy William Neill's The House of Fear (Mar. 16) (Univeral Pictures), based on 1891 story "The Five Orange Pips" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle stars Basil Rathbone as Sherlock Homlmes, and Nigel Bruce as John Watson. Mark Robson's Isle of the Dead (Sept. 1) original title "Camilla"), produced by Val Lewton for RKO Radio Pictures stars Boris Karloff, in the first of three films he makes with Lewton; set in Greece in 1912, it co-stars Ellen Drew as Thea, a young woman accused of being a vorvolakas (vampire-werewolf combo). Henry Levin's I Love a Mystery (Jan. 25) stars Barton Yarborough and Jim Bannon as Jim Bannon, who is told that he will die in three days "when the temple bells toll four times"; also stars George Macready and Nina Foch. Veit Harlan and Wolfgang Liebeneiner's Kolberg (Jan. 30) is a Nazi propaganda film telling how the fortess town of Kolberg held out against Frog troops in 1807, therefore they can do it again; too bad, the Russkies have already taken the town by its debut? Marcel Carne's Les Enfants du Paradis (The Children of Paradise or the Gods) (Mar. 9), written by written by Neuilly-sur-Seine-born poet-screenwriter Jacques Prevert (Prévert) (1900-77) and filmed under the schnauts of the Nazis by resistance fighters, about a 5-way love pentagon (four men, one femme) in the Paris theater district of the 1800s centered around mime Baptiste (Jean-Louis Barrault) and actress Garance AKA Claire Reine (Arletty) is considered by many the greatest film of all time, being billed as the French answer to the 1939 Hollywood film "Gone With the Wind"; "I would give up all my films to have directed Les Enfants du Paradis." (Francois Truffaut - and it came out in what year? Leopold Lindtberg, The Last Chance, a rare Swiss film stars real pilots who were shot down over Switzerland helping refugees escape across the Alps from Italy. John M. Stahl's Leave Her to Heaven (Dec. 19) (20th Cent. Fox), written by Jo Swerling based on the Ben Ames Williams novel (title taken from Shakespeare's "Hamlet", Act 1 Scene 5) is a Technicolor film noir stars Gene Tierney as super-jealous wife Ellen Berent, Cornel Wilde as her novelist hubby Richard Harland (who lives in the remote island home Back of the Moon), Jeanne Crain as her adoptive sister Ruth, and Vincent Price as her ex-fiance Russell Quinton; does $5M box office, becoming Fox's highest-grossing picture of the decade. Billy Wilder's The Lost Weekend (Nov. 16), written by Charles Brackett stars Welsh-born Ray Milland (Reginald Alfred John Truscott-Jones) (1907-86) as alcoholic Don Birnam, who is in denial in an acclaimed brave performance; also stars Jane Wyman as Helen St. James; "How daring can the screen dare to be?" - is that tea really whiskey? Jean Renoir's The Man from the South (The Southerner), based on the story "Hold Autumn in Your Hand" by George Sessions Perry about a man (Zachary Scott) and his family trying to scrape a living off a farm features script work by William Faulkner (1897-1962), who later claims the film gave him more pleasure than any of his Hollywood work (which he hated?). Edward Dmytryk's Murder, My Sweet (B&W) is a film noir by Raymond Chandler, starring 5-o'clock-shadow-wearing Dick Powell as Philip Marlowe (Chandler's favorite), who falls into several black pools chasing an expensive necklace and a thug named Moose Malloy's (Mike Mazurky) moll named Velma, who turns out to be rich black widow Mrs. Grail (Claire Trevor); also stars Anne Shirley; "I'm just a businessman in a very messy business" (Powell). Michael Curtiz' B&W Mildred Pierce (Sept. 28) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1941 John M. Cain novel stars Joan Crawford (first for Warner Bros. after leaving MGM) as a Southern Calif. housewife whose hubby leaves her during the Depression, forcing her to scramble to open a successful restaurant chain while juggling beaus incl. Wally Fay (Jack Carson), Bert Pierce (Bruce Bennett), and Monte Beragon (Zachary Scott), only to be undone by her pianist daughter Veda (Ann Blyth); does $5.6M box office on a $1.45M budget; "Father, Wally, Monte, you have what you need"; refilmed in 2011 starring Kate Winslet. Joseph H. Lewis' My Name is Julia Ross (Nov. 8), based on the Anthony Gilbert novel is a film noir starring Nina Foch, who "went to sleep as a secretary... and woke up as a madman's bride", married to Ralph Hughes (George Macraeady), who killed his real wife and drugged her, planning to drive her mad, kill her, and call it a suicide. Jean Yarbrough's The Naughty Nineties stars Abbott and Costello as Dexter Broadhurst of the St. Louis Wolves, and Sebastian Dinwiddle, delivering their famous comedy routine Who's on First?: Who (1B), What (2B), I Don't Know (3B), I Don't Care (SS), Today (C), Tomorrow (P), Why (LF), Because (CF); no right fielder is mentioned. Raoul Walsh's Objective: Burma! (?) stars Errol Flynn; too bad, the critics pan it for changing the heroes from Brits to Yanks, causing it to be pulled from British theaters. Chuck Jones' Odor-Able Kitty (Jan. 5) is the debut of Warner Bros. cartoon char. Pepe Le Pew. Irving Rapper's Rhapsody in Blue (Sept. 22) is a biopic about George Gershwin, played by Robert Alda (Alphonso Giuseppe Giovanni Roberto d'Abruzzo) (1914-86) (father of Alan Alda), starring Al Jolson (1886-1950), who introduced his "Swanee", and Oscar Levant, who worked with Gershwin in 1929-48, composing the music for 20+ movies; too bad, Alda is too bland, and the movie flops, pissing-off Rapper, who had fought for John Garfield and Cary Grant, causing him to leave Warner Bros. and go freelance, only to run into the TV era and go down the tube? Roberto Rossellini's Rome, Open City (Roma, Citta Aperta), written by Federico Fellini and Sergio Amidei makes a star of the dir. with his realistic style about the Italian anti-Nazi underground, and launches the neorealism movement in postwar cinema; also makes a star of Italian actress Anna Magnani (1908-73) as Pina, who has a harrowing death scene at the end. Charles Lamont's Salome, Where She Danced (Apr. 17), produced by Walter Wanger based on the story of Lola Montez, "an Arabian Nights story in a Western setting" is the breakthrough role for Canadian-born beauty queen Yvonne De Carlo (Margaret Yvonne Middleton) (1922-2007); does $2.6M box office on a $1.16M budget. Fritz Lang's Scarlet Street (B&W) is a film noir starring Edward G. Robinson as bank teller and amateur painter Christopher Cross, who leaves his shrew wife Adele (Rosalind Ivan) for sexy Kitty March (Joan Bennett), not realizing that she is a ho, while her pimp beau Johnny Price (Dan Duryea) works with her to steal his wealth, not realizing he isn't wealthy and is stealing to get money for her, after which she sells his artwork as her own and gets famous, and he finds out about Johnny and kills her with an icepick, and Johnny is blamed and gets the chair; too bad, just when he gets away with it all, his conscience appears. Charles Vidor's A Song to Remember (Jan. 18) is a bio. of Franz Liszt (1811-86), played by Stephen Bekassy, with Merle Oberon as George Sand; makes a star of brainy blonde "tall cool drink of water" Dutch actress Nina Foch (1928-2008), who plays Constantia. Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (Oct. 31) (United Artists), based on the 1927 novel "The House of Dr. Edwardes" by Hilary Saint George Saunders and John Palmer stars Gregory Peck as fake Green Manors mental hospital dir. Dr. Anthony Edwards, and Ingrid Bergman as Dr. Constance Peterson, who hides him as he tries to recover from amnesia while being accused of murder; rumors abound of offscreen hanky panky; the spellbinding Dream Sequence is designed by Salvador Dali; does $6.4M box office on a $1.5M budget. Elia Kazan's A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (Feb. 28), the dir. debut of Turkish-born Elia Kazan (Elias Kazancioglu) (1909-2003), based on the 1943 novel by Betty Smith about the Nolans in a 1900s tenement stars Dorothy McGuire as Katie Nolan, James Dunn as Johnny Nolan the Brooklyn Thrush, Joan Blondell as Sissy Edwards, and Lloyd Nolan as Officer McShane. Walter Lang's State Fair (Aug. 29) (20th Cent. Fox), an adaptation of the 1933 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical stars Jeanne Crain, Dana Andrews, Vivian Blaine, Fay Bainter, and Charles Winninger; remade in 1962 starring Pat Boone and Ann-Margret; Blue Boy wins grand champion boar; features the songs It's a Grand Night for Singing, and It Might as Well Be Spring. Anthony Asquith's B&W The Way to the Stars (Johnny in the Clouds) (June 16) (Two Cities Films) (Rank Org.) (United Artists), produced by Anatole de Grunwald and co-written by Terence Rattigan based on his 1942 play "Flare Path" is a British war drama starring John Mills as Pilot Officer Peter Penrose of the 720th Squadron at RAF Station Halfpenny Field, who is assigned as co-pilot to Flt. Lt. David Archdale (Michael Redgrave), who took over when Squadron Leader Carter, played by Kent-born Trevor Wallace Howard (Howard-Smith) (1913-88) (his first credited film role) was KIA. John Ford's They Were Expendable (Dec. 20), based on the book by W.L. White stars John Wayne, Robert Montgomery, Ward Bond et al. in a story painting the U.S. Navy as underdogs getting their butts kicked by the Japanese early in WWII; Ford was ordered to return home from Navy duty, and hooked up with his main man Wayne, whom he lost respect for because he never joined the military like he did, torturing him off camera with remarks about not knowing how to salute, etc.? Tay Garnett's The Valley of Decision (June), based on the Marcia Davenport novel stars Gregory Peck as a rich mill owner in 1870 Pittsburgh falling in love with poor but beautiful maid and MGM Queen Greer Garson. Plays: Robert Anderson (1917), Come Marching Home; written aboard ship while serving as a NIO in the Pacific. Philip Barry (1896-1949), Foolish Notion. Samuel Behrman (1893-1973), Dunnigan's Daughter. Gordon Bottomley (1874-1948), Kate Kennedy. Paddy Chayefsky (1923-81), No T.O. for Love; starts out touring European Army bases then opens in London, launching Chayefsky's career. Noel Coward (1899-1973), Sigh No More (revue). Luther Davis, Kiss Them for Me (Belasco Theater, New York) (Mar. 20) (110 performmances); based on Frederic Wakeman's "Shore Leave"; stage debut of Judy Holliday (1921-65). Jean Giraudoux (1882-1944), La Folle de Chaillot (The Mad Woman of Chaillot) (Dec. 19) (Paris). Georg Kaiser (1878-1945), The Raft of the Medusa (verse play); 13 children on a life raft decide to drown the youngest. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Twilight Bar. Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), Le Mal Aimes (Aimés). Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), The Years Between. Elmer Rice (1892-1967), Dream Girl. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Le Soldat et la Sorciere. Irwin Shaw (1913-84), The Assassin. Arnaud d'Usseau and James Gow, Deep Are the Roots (Fulton Theater, New York) (477 perf.); black servant's son Brett grows up playing with white Sen. Langdon's (Charles Waldron) daughters Genebva (Barbara Bel Geddes) and Alice (Carol Goodner), then returns from the war with several decorations, and gets uppity, causing the pissed-off white townsfolk to frame him on stealing a watch, but the girls back him up, and Genevra proposes marriage, which he declines with the soundbyte "We're on the same side"; the first hit for theatrical producer Kermit Bloomgarden (1904-76), who goes on to produce Lillian Hellman's plays and work his way up to the big hits like Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman", "The Diary of Anne Frank", and "The Music Man". Tennessee Williams (1911-83), The Glass Menagerie (New York) (Mar. 31); based on his 1943 short story "Portrait of a Girl in Glass"; narrator Tom Wingfield (Eddie Dowling) tells his mother Amanda (Laurette Taylor) and sickly mentally ill sister Laura (Williams himself?) (Julie Haydon), whose first gentleman caller is Jim O'Connor (Anthony Ross); "Yes, I have tricks in my pocket, I have things up my sleeve. But I am the opposite of a stage magician. He gives you illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion" (Tom); produced by Eddie Dowling and Louis J. Singer. Poetry: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), La Diane Francaise; Et Etrange Pays dans Mon Pays Lui-Meme; Elsa's Eyes (Oct.). W.H. Auden (1907-73), The Collected Poetry of W.H. Auden. John Betjeman (1906-84), New Bats in Old Belfries. Earle Birney (1904-95), Now Is Time. Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93), There is a Spirit: The Nayler Sonnets. Rene Char (1907-88), Le Poeme Pulverise. Idris Davies (1905-53), Tonypandy and Other Poems. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), Short is the Time: Poems 1936-1943. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), Tribute to Angels. Richard Eberthart (1904-2005), War and the Poet: An Anthology of Poetry Expressing Man's Attitudes to War from Ancient Times to the Present 1800 B.C. - 1945 A.D.. Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), Non Serviam. Robert Frost (1874-1963), Masque of Reason. Paul Goodman (1911-72), The Facts of Life. Alain Grandbois (1900-75), Avant le Chaos. Randall Jarrell (1914-65), Little Friend, Little Friend. Philip Larkin (1922-85), The North Ship (debut). Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004), Rescue. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Darkening Meadows. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960), The Terrestrial Expanse. John Crowe Ransom (1888-1974), Selected Poems; 2nd ed. in 1963, 3rd ed. in 1969. F.R. Scott (1899-1985), Trans Canada (debut); Overture. Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888-1970), Scattered Poems (Poesie Disperse). Novels: Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888-1970), Yesteryear (Tmol Shilshom). Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Servitude et Grandeur des Francais: Scenes des Annees Terribles. Sholem Asch (1880-1957), One Destiny: An Epistle to the Christians. Nigel Balchin (1908-70), Mine Own Executioner. Simone Beauvoir (1908-86), All Men are Mortal; Raimon Fosca is cursed to live forever. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), Watt; not pub. until 1953. Ludwig Bemelmans (1899-1962), Dirty Eddie. Robert Bloch (1917-94), The Opener of the Way (short stories) (first book); Sea-Kissed (short stories). Arna Bontemps (1902-73), We Have Tomorrow. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Pleasant Valley; his farming experiences in Ohio. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Portrait of a Marriage. Dino Buzzati (1906-72), The Bears' Famous Invasion of Sicily. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Wide House; about intolerance. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Curse of the Bronze Lamp (Lord of the Sorcerers). Walter Van Tilburg Clark (1909-71), The City of Trembling Leaves; a set of parallel stories set in Reno, Nev. Thomas B. Costain (1885-1965), The Black Rose Mircea Eliade (1907-86), A Great Man. Konstantin Fedin (1892-1977), First Joys. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), Great Son. Susan Glaspell (1882-1948), Judd Rankin's Daughter. Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), The Forest of the South. Winston Graham (1908-2003), The Forgotten Story; Ross Poldark; first in a series of 12 (ends 2002) set in 18th-19th cent. Cornwall; Ross Poldark returns from the Am. wars to find his fiancee Elizabeth Chynoweth about to marry his cousin Francis Poldark, causing him to reopen a family tin mine and marry servant girl Demelza Carne (based on Graham's wife Jean); meanwhile Elizabeth is widowed and marries his arch-enemy George Warleggan; after being made into a BBC TV series in 1975, audiences of 15M cause church services to be canceled when it's showing. Julien Gracq (1910-2007), A Dark Stranger (Un Beau Ténébreux); about lovers Allan and Dolores, who go to an isolated hotel in Brittany to kill themselves. Henry Green (1905-73), Loving. Elizabeth Hardwick (1916-2007), The Ghostly Lover (first novel); wife #2 (1949-72) of poet Robert Lowell (1917-77). L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), The West Window. Chester Himes (1909-84), If He Hollers Let Him Go; black WWII LA shipyard worker struggling against racism. Christopher Isherwood (1904-86), Prater Violet; The Berlin Stories (The Berlin of Sally Bowles). Tove Jansson (1914-2005), The Moomins and the Great Flood; introduces the white round furry trolls with hippo snouts who live in Moominvalley: Moominpappa, Moominmamma, Mommintroll, Sniff, Snufkin, Mymble, Groke, Snork Maiden, and Hattifatteners - after all Finland's been through, escapism is in? MacKinlay Kantor (1904-77), Glory for Me. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887-1956), Kitchen Fugue. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), The River Road (Dec. 21); bastard Walter of Gurnie flees Oxford after the 1273 univ. riots and travels to Mongol China. Josephine Leslie, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir; pub. under alias R.A. Dick; filmed in 1947. Carlo Levi (1902-75), Christ Stopped at Eboli. C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), That Hideous Strength; #3 in Space Trilogy. Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Cass Timberlane. Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002), Pippi Longstocking; bestseller (tr. into 60 languages) about a 9.-o.-o. Swedish redhead orphan (daughter of Capt. Ephraim Longstocking of the Hoptoad, who vanished at sea) (full name Pippilotta Delicatessa Windowshade Mackrelmint Ephraim's Daughter Longstocking) with 90-degree pigtails who has superhuman strength, is smarter than adults, and lives in Villa Villekulla Cottage "at the end of a little Swedish town"; her best friends are her horse, her monkey, and neighbor children Tommy and Annika; "Way out at the end of a tiny little town was an old overgrown garden, and in the garden was an old house, and in the house lived Pippi Longstocking" (first sentence); first of 11 (1945-2000). Norman Lindsay (1879-1969), The Cousin from Fiji. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), Horizon. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Huddlestone House. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), Modern Cairo; Khan El-Khalili. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith. Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), Les Mal Aimes (Aimés). Andre Maurois (1885-1967), Women Without Love. William Keepers Maxwell Jr. (1908-2000), The Folded Leaf. Arthur Miller (1915-2005), Focus (first novel); after it flops he returns to playwriting, and becomes a star. Nancy Mitford (1904-73), The Pursuit of Love. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), A Journey to the Interior (first novel). Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), High Barbaree; filmed in 1947. John O'Hara (1905-70), Pipe Night (short stories). George Orwell (1903-50), Animal Farm (Aug. 17); original title" Animal Farm: A Fairy Story"; satire of totalitarianism and Stalinism by a British dem. Socialist; Napoleon the Berkshire Boar (Joseph Stalin) and his right-hand pig Squealer (Vyacheslav Molotov), his rival Snowball the Pig (Leon Trotsky), Boxer the Horse; "All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others"; "The war is not supposed to be winnable, it is supposed to be continuous, all for the hierarchy of society"; "The essential act of war is destruction, not necessarily of human lives, but of the products of human labor. War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking in the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, too intelligent. It helps to preserve the special mental atmosphere that a hierarchical society needs. War is now a purely internal affair." Edith Pargeter (1913-95), The Eighth Champion of Christendom. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Tour of Duty. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), The Memoirs of a Shy Pornographer; McCannah Skjellyfetti and his agent Skujellifeddy McGranehan; "May I call you Skujellifeddy? Mr. McGranehan's sort of awkward." Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), I'll Hate Myself in the Morning; Summer in December. Theodor Plievier (1892-1955), Stalingrad: The Death of an Army; based on his personal experiences at the front after defecting to the Soviet Union; written from the German POV; Panzer-Oberst Vilshofen and Gnotke, NCO of a Punishment Co. Ellery Queen (ed.), Rogue's Gallery (anthology). Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Yellow Room. Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), Arc de Triomphe; pre-WWII exiles and their struggles, particularly Ravic. Gabrielle Roy (1909-83), The Tin Flute (Bonheur d'Occasion) (first novel); filmed in 1983; about working class people in Quebec; helps start the Quiet Rev. in the 1960s. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Les Chemins de la Liberte (Liberté). Frans Eemil Sillanpaa (1888-1964), The Beauty and Misery of Human Life. Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-91), The Family Moskat. Christina Stead (1902-83), For Love Alone; young Australian woman Teresa hooks up with Latin prof. Jonathan Crow, who won't get serious, causing her to hook up with banker James Quick, does, but she falls for poet Harry with Quick's encouragement to show her that there's more to true love than sex; filmed in 1986. John Steinbeck (1902-68), Cannery Row (Jan.); a sardine fishery in Monterey, Calif. during the Great Depression; Lee Chong the grocer; Mack, leader of the Palace Flophouse and Grill throws a party for Doc the marine biologist that goes wrong; "A poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream"; followed by "Sweet Thursday" (1954); filmed in 1982. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), At Mrs. Lippincote's (first novel). James Thurber (1894-1961), The Thurber Carnival; The White Deer. Mika Waltari (1908-79), The Egyptian; bestseller. Evelyn Waugh (1903-66), Brideshead Revisited: The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder; his magnum opus, about an aristocratic English Roman Catholic family; Hertford College, Oxford U. undergrads Charles Ryder of Brideshead Castle in Wiltshire, Lord Sebastian Flyte, gay Anthony Blanche; Lord and Lady Marchmain; written after a parachute accident in Dec. 1943. Denton Welch (1915-), In Youth Is Pleasure. Mary Jessamyn West (1902-84), The Friendly Persuasion; filmed in 1956. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Man Who Missed the War. E.B. White (1899-1985), Stuart Little; big hit with kids; New York City mouse with a "shy pleasant manner", born to human parents, whose enemy is Snowbell the Cat; filmed in 1999 by Rob Minkoff. Philip Wylie (1902-71), The Paradise Center; the Nazis get even in 1965 and rule the world with atomic bombs; gets him put under house arrest by the U.S. govt. Births: Am. celeb Gail Zappa (Adelaide Gail Sloatman) on Jan. 1; 2nd wife (1967-) of Frank Zappa (1940-93); father of Moon Unit Zappa (1967-), Dweezil Zappa (1969-), Ahmet Zappa (1974-), and Diva Thin Muffin Zappa (1979-). Am. "Crosby, Stills and Nash" singer-songwriter Stephen Arthur Stills (Buffalo Springfield, Crosby, Stills Nash & Young) on Jan. 3 in Dallas, Tex. Am. chemist Richard Royce Schrock on Jan. 4 in Berne, Ind.; educated at the U. of Calif., and Harvard U.; 2005 Nobel Chem. Prize. Canadian "Under Fire", "Turner & Hooch", "Tomorrow Never Dies", "The 6th Day" dir. Roger Spottiswoode on Jan. 5 in Ottawa, Ont. Kenyan PM (2008-13) (black) (Christian) Raila Amolo Odinga on Jan. 7 in Maseno; claims to be a 1st cousin of Pres. Barack Obama. Am. New Age leader (co-founder of the Lindisfarne Assoc.) David Spangler on Jan. 7 in Columbus, Ohio; educated at Arizona State U. Armenian pres. #1 (1991-8) Levon Hakobi Ter-Petrosian (Petrosyan) on Jan. 9 in Aleppo, Syria; educated at Yerevan State U., and Leningrad State U. Polish anatomist (inventor of plastination) Gunther von Hagens (Liebchen) on Jan. 10 in Skalmierzyce, Kalisch; grows up in Germany. Am. alpine skier (Roman Catholic) Vladimir Peter "Spider" Sabich Jr. (d. 1976) on Jan. 10 in Sacramento, Calif.; of Croatian descent; educated at the U. of Colo. English "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy" singer Roderick David "Rod" Stewart (Jeff Beck Group, Faces) on Jan. 10 in North London; of Scottish-English descent. Am. atty. (deputy White House counsel in 1993) Vincent Walker "Vince" Foster Jr. (d. 1993) on Jan. 15 in Hope, Ark.; educated at Vanderbilt U., and U. of Ark. Am. Compaq Computer Corp. co-founder Joseph Rodney "Rod" Canion on Jan. 19 in Houston, Tex.; educated at the U. of Houston. Am. "A Good Scent from Strange Mountain" novelist Robert Olen Butler Jr. on Jan. 20 in Granite City, Ill.; eduated at Northwestern U. English "I'm Not in Love" singer-songwriter-producer Eric Michael Stewart (Mindbenders, 10cc) on Jan. 20 in Droylsden (near Manchester). Am. "The Shadow Box", "The Witches of Eastwick" playwright-screenwriter-actor-dir. Michael Ivan Cristofer on Jan. 22 in Trenton, N.J. Austrian Dominican friar-cardinal (Roman Catholic) Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert, Count of Schoenborn (Schönborn) on Jan. 22 near Leitmeritz, Reichsgau Sudetenland, Bohemia, Germany (Litomence, Czech.). British cellist Jacqueline Mary du Pre (Pré) (d. 1987) on Jan. 26 in Oxford; after contracting multiple sclerosis (MS), she retires at age 27. Am. "Stephanie in Saturday Night Live" actress (Jewish) Karen Lynn Gorney on Jan. 28 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; daughter of Jay Gorney (1894-1990); educated at Carnegie Mellon U., and Brandeis U. Am. "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man" writer-activist John Perkins on Jan. 28 in Hanover, N.H.; educated at Boston U. Am. golfer Donna Maria Caponi on Jan. 29 in Detroit, Mich. Malian pres. (2013-) (black) (Muslim) Ibrahim Boubacar Keita on Jan. 29 in Koutiala; educated at the U. of Dakar, and U. of Paris. Am. "Thomas Magnum in Magnum, P.I.", "Jesse Stone", "Mr. Baseball", "Quigley Down Under", "Lassiter" actor-producer Thomas William "Tom" Selleck on Jan. 29 in Detroit, Mich.; his char. Magnum is a Vietnam Vet and Detroit Tigers fan who missed his young adulthood and works as a freeloading P.I. on the estate of novelist Robin Masters on Kalukau Ave. on the N shore of Oahu. Am. "The Broken Cord", "A Yellow Raft in Blue Water" novelist (Native Am.?) Michael Anthony Dorris (d. 1997) on Jan. 30 in Louisville, Ky. (Dayton, Wash.); of Modoc Indian, Irish and French descent; educated at Georgetown U. and Yale U.; first unmarried man in the U.S. to adopt a child (1971). Am. "Rich in Love" novelist Josephine Humphreys on Feb. 2 in Charleston, S.C.; educated at Duke U., Yale U., and the U. of Tex. Am. 6'1" football hall-of-fame QB (Miami Dolphins, 1967-80) Robert Allen "Bob" Griese on Feb. 3 in Evansville, Ind. Am. "Roe v. Wade" atty. Sarah Ragle Weddington (d. 2021) on Feb. 5 in Abilene, Tex.; educated at McMurry U., U. of Tex. Jamaican "Buffalo Soldier" ska-reggae musician-activist (black) Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (d. 1981) (Wailers) on Feb. 6 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann.; white father, black mother; father of Ziggy Marley (1968-). Am. "Rosemary in Rosemary's Baby", "Allison MacKenzie in Peyton Place" actress Maria de Lourdes Villiers "Mia" Farrow on Feb. 9 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of actress Maureen O'Sullivan (1911-98) and dir.-writer John Farrow (1904-63). Am. "Dreamgirls" composer (gay) Henry Krieger on Feb. 9 in New York City; educated at American U., Columbia U., and Pontifical Xaverian U. Japanese cell biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi on Feb. 9 in Fukuoka; educated at the U. of Tokyo; 2016 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. climate scientist Stephen Henry Schneider (d. 2010) on Feb. 11 in New York City; educated at Columbia U. Swedish "Octopussy" actress Maud Adams (Maud Solveig Christina Wikstrom) on Feb. 12 in Lulea. German "Germany Does Away With Itself" writer-politician Thilo Sarrazin on Feb. 12 in Gera. English "Rembrandt's Eyes" art historian (Jewish) Simon Michael Schama on Feb. 13 in London; Lithuanian-Turkish parents; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge U. Liechtenstein prince (1989-) Hans-Adam II on Feb. 14 in Zurich; son of Franz Joseph II (1906-89) and Georgina von Wilczek (1921-89). English musician John Anthony Helliwell (Supertramp) on Feb. 15 in Todmorden, Yorkshire. Am. "Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid" physicist Douglas Richard Hofstadter on Feb. 15 in New York City; son of Richard Hofstadter (1916-90); educated at the U. of Ore. Am. golfer Judy Torluemke Rankin on Feb. 18 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Children of a Lesser God", "Something About Amelia" dir.-producer Randa Jo Haines on Feb. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Leon Kowalski the Replicant in Blade Runner", "Gen. Munro in The Fifth Element" 6'3" actor Brion Howard James (d. 1999) on Feb. 20 in Redlands, Calif. Am. astrophysicist George Fitzgerald Smoot III on Feb. 20 in Yukon, Fla.; educated at MIT; 2006 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Good Morning Starshine", "Jean" singer Oliver (William Oliver Swofford) (d. 2000) on Feb. 22 in North Wilkesboro, N.C. Am. "Danny Zuko in Grease", "Brad Majors in The Rocky Horror Picture Show" actor Barry Knapp Bostwick on Feb. 24 in San Mateo, Calif. English "Pearl's a Singer", "Lilac Wine" vocalist ("British Queen of Blues") Elkie Brooks (nee Elaine Bookbinder) on Feb. 25 in Broughton, Lancashire. Am. "Judy Robinson in Lost in Space" actress Marta Kristen (Birgit Annalisa Rusanen) on Feb. 26 in Norway. Am. "Devil with a Blue Dress On" singer Mitch Ryder (William S. Levise Jr.) (The Detroit Wheels) on Feb. 26 in Hamtramck, Mich.; Winona Ryder names herself after him. Polish "Orlov in Salt" actor Daniel Olbrychski on Feb. 27 in Lowicz, Lodzkie. Am. 6'7" football defensive end (Baltimore Colts, 1967-71) and "Moses Hightower in Police Academy" actor (black) Charles Aaron "Bubba" Smith (d. 2011) on Feb. 28 in Orange, Tex. Am. "Lt. Templeton Faceman Peck in A-Team", "Lt. Starbuck in Battlestar Galactica" actor Dirk Benedict (Niewoehner) on Mar. 1 in Helena, Mont. Am. "Margaret in Becker" actress Hattie Mae Winston on Mar. 3 in Lexington, Miss. Swiss musician Dieter Meier (Yello) on Mar. 4 in Zurich. Am. 6'6" shot putter James Randel "Randy" Matson on Mar. 5 in Kilgore, Tex.; first to throw it over 70 ft. Am. rock singer-songwriter (black) Arthur Taylor Lee (d. 2006) (Love) on Mar. 7 in Memphis, Tenn. German painter-sculptor Anselm Kiefer on Mar. 8 in Donaueschingen; known for dull musty depressive works evoking the Holocaust without being explicitly about it. Am. "Circus Boy" singer-actor-dir. George Michael "Micky" Dolenz Jr. (Monkees) on Mar. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Italian-born "Count of Monte Cristo" actor George Dolenz (1908-63) and Janelle Johnson (1923-95); husband (1968-) of Samantha Juste (1944-); father of Ami Dolenz (1969-). Am. BTK Killer/Strangler Dennis Lynn Rader on Mar. 9 in Pittsburg, Kan.; grows up in Wichita, Kan.; educated at Wichita State U. English "Bridge of Sighs" rock musician Robin Leonard Trower (Procol Harum, Jude, Robin Trower Trio) on Mar. 9 in Catford, South East London. French novelist Didier Decoin on Mar. 13 in Bologne-Billancourt (Seine). Soviet-Russian mathematician (topologist) and chronologist Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko on Mar. 13 in Stalino. Australian serial murderer ("the Beauty Queen Killer") Christopher Bernard Wilder (d. 1984) on Mar. 13 in Sydney, N.S.W. Am. New Age writer-teacher Master Charles Cannon on Mar. 14 in Syracuse, N.Y. Am. "Wildfire" country singer Michael Martin Murphey on Mar. 14 in Oak Cliff, Dallas, Tex.; educated at the U. of North Tex., and UCLA. Am. rock saxophonist-flautist Walter "Walt" Parazaider (Chicago) on Mar. 14 in Maywood (near Chicago), Ill.; educated at DePaul U. Am. CIA dir. #20 (2006-9) USAF gen. Michael Vincent Hayden on Mar. 17 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Duquesne U. Am. 5'8" sprinter (black) Charles Edward "Charlie" Greene on Mar. 21 in Pine Bluff, Ark. Am. rock musician (black) Rosemary "Rose" "Rosie" Stone (nee Stewart) (Sly and the Family Stone) on Mar. 21 in Vallejo, Calif.; sister of Sly Stone (1943-), Freddie Stone (1946-), and Vet Stone (1950-); known for performing while wearing a platinum-colored wig. Am. singer-musician (black) Rose (Rosie) Stone (Rosemary Stewart) (Sly and the Family Stone) on Mar. 21 in Vallejo, Calif.; known for wearing a grey wig. Am. "Dawg music" mandolinist (Jewish) David Grisman on Mar. 23 in Hackensack, N.J.; grows up in Passaic, N.J. Philippine pres. #16 (2016-) (Deist) Rodrigo Roa "Rody" "Digong" Duterte on Mar. 28 in Maasin, Leyte. Am. hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (New York Knicks #10, 1967-77) (Cleveland Cavaliers #11, 1977-80) Walter "Walt" "Clyde" Frazier on Mar. 29 >Whain Atlanta, Ga.; educated at Southern Ill. U. English rock singer-songwriter-guitarist Eric Patrick "Slowhand" Clapton (Cream) on Mar. 30 in Ripley. Am. 6'0" football defensive back (Detroit Lions, 1967, Washington Redskins, 1969-75) (black) Michael Thomas "Mike" Bass on Mar. 31 in Ypsilanti, Mich. Am. "Gabe Kotter in Welcome Back, Kotter" actor-comedian and "High Stakes Poker" commentator (Jewish) Gabriel Weston "Gabe" Kaplan on Mar. 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously", "Henrietta Lange in NCIS: Los Angeles" actress (lesbian) Linda Cunt, er, Linda Hunt (Lydia Susanna Hunter) on Apr. 2 in Morristown, N.J.; grows up in Westport, Conn. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher (Los Angeles Dodgers, 1966-1980, 1988) Donald Howard "Don" Sutton on Apr. 2 in Clio, Ala. Canadian 5'10" hockey hall-of-fame goalie (Philadelphia Flyers) Bernard Marcel "Bernie" Parent on Apr. 3 in Montreal, Quebec. German politician (Jewish) Daniel Marc "Danny the Red/Green" Cohn-Bendit on Apr. 4 in Mauntauban, France; emigrates to Germany in 1958. Am. "The Eight" novelist Katherine Neville on Apr. 4 in St. Louis, Mo.; wife of Karl H. Pribram (1919-). Am. "Big Bad Mama" dir. Steve Carver on Apr. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Escalante: The Best Teacher in America" columnist-writer Jay Mathews on Apr. 5 in Long Beach, Calif.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "The Fair Tax Book", "The Terrible Truth About Liberals" libertarian-conservative radio talk show host Neal A. Boortz Jr. on Apr. 6 in Bryn Mawr, Penn.; educated at Tex. A&M U., and John Marshall Law School. French chef Joel (Joël) Robuchon on Apr. 7 in Poitiers. Am. computer engineer Gary W. Boone (d. 2013) on Apr. 8 in Canton, Ohio. Am. poet Norman Dubie on Apr. 10 in Barre, Vt.; educated at Goddard College. Am. JDL chmn. (1985-2002) (Jewish) Irving David "Irv" Rubin (d. 2002) on Apr. 12 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; grows up in Granada Hills, Calif. Am. "Mac Robinson in Night Court" actor (black) Charles S. "Charlie" Robinson on Apr. 13 (Nov. 9) in Houston, Tex. English rock guitarist Richard Hugh "Ritchie" Blackmore (Deep Purple, Rainbow) on Apr. 14 in Weston-super-Mare. Irish aid worker (in Iraq) Margaret Hassan (nee Fitzsimons) (d. 2004) (AKA Madam Margaret) on Apr. 18 in Dalkey, County Dublin. Am. entrepreneur-astronaut Gregory Hammond "Greg" Olsen on Apr. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Fairleigh Dickinson U. and U. of Va. Am. football QB-coach (U. of S.C., 2005-) Stephen "Steve" Orr Spurrier on Apr. 20 in Miami Beach, Fla.; educated at the U. of Fla.; 1966 Heisman Trophy. Am. "Everlasting Love" singer (black) Robert Knight on Apr. 24 in Franklin, Tenn. Am. rock bassist Stuart Alden "Stu" Cook (Creedence Clearwater Revival) on Apr. 25 in Oakland, Calif. Swedish "Mamma Mia!" musician-composer Bjorn (Björn) Kristian Ulvaeus (ABBA) on Apr. 25 in Gothenburg. Turkish imam (Sunni Hanafi Muslim) Muhammed Fethullah Gulen (Gülen) on Apr. 27 in Pasinier, Erzurum. Am. "Fences" dramatist (black) August Wilson (Frederick August Kittel) (d. 2005) on Apr. 27 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; white German immigrant father, black cleaning woman mother; spends his career writing the 10-play "Pittsburgh Cycle". Am. "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" soul singer (black) Tammi Terrell (Thomasina Winifred Montgomery) (d. 1970) on Apr. 29 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek" writer Annie Dillard on Apr. 30 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. "Bread and Roses" folk singer-songwriter (Quaker) Margarita Mimi Baez Farina (Fariña) (d. 2001) on Apr. 30 in Palo Alto, Calif.; daughter of Albert Baez (1912-2007); sister of Joan Baez (1941-). Am. astronaut Michael John "Mike" Smith (d. 1986) on Apr. 30 in Beaufort, N.C. Am. "All Time High" singer ("the Delta Lady") Rita Coolidge on May 1 in Lafayette, Tenn.; Scottish and Cherokee ancestry; wife (1973-80) of Kris Kristofferson (1936-). Canadian rock musician Goldy McJohn (John Raymond Goadsby) (Steppenwolf) on May 2 in Toronto, Ont. Am. geneticist Jeffrey Connor Hall on May 3 in New York City; educated at Amherst College, and U. of Wash.; 2017 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Stagecoach West" child actor Richard Ross Eyer on May 6 in Santa Monica, Calif.; brother of Robert Eyer. Am. musician Steve Katz (Blood, Sweat & Tears, The Blues Project) on May 9. Am. "Night Moves", "Like a Rock", "Old Time Rock and Roll" folk-rock singer Robert Clark "Bob" Seger (Silver Bullet Band) on May 6 in Dearborn, Mich. English musician Ian Patrick "Mac" McLagan (d. 2014) (Small Faces) on May 12 in Hounslow, Middlesex. U.S. Rep. (D-Va.) (1991-) James Patrick "Jim" Moran Jr. on May 16 in Buffalo, N.Y.; of Irish descent; educated at the U. of Pittsburgh. U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (1975-) George Miller III on May 17 in Richmond, Calif.; educated at San Francisco State U., and UCD. Am. actress Alana Kaye Stewart Hamilton (nee Collins) on May 18 in San Diego, Calif.; grows up in Nacogdoches, Tex. and Houston, Tex.; wife (1972-5) of George Hamilton (1939-) and (1979-84) Rod Stewart; friend of Farrah Fawcett. English "Tommy" rocker Peter Dennis Blandford "Pete" Townshend (The Who) on May 19 in Chiswick, London. Austrian quantum physicist Anton Zeilinger on May 20 in Ried im Innkreis; educated at the U. of Vienna; 2022 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Capt. Apollo in Battlestar Galactica" actor-writer-producer Richard Lawrence Hatch (d. 2017) on May 21 in Santa Monica, Calif. Norwegian climate scientist Jorgen (Jørgen) Randers on May 22; educated at the U. of Oslo, and MIT. Am. "Kathy Anderson in Father Knows Best" actress Lauren Ann Chapin on May 23 in Los Angeles, Calif. Moroccan PM (2002-7) Driss Jettou on May 24 in El Jadida. Am. actress and Elvis wife (Scientologist) Priscilla Beaulieu Presley (nee Priscilla Ann Wagner) on May 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; mother of Lisa Marie Presley (1968-); pilot father James Wagner dies when she's an infant, and new hubby Paul Beaulieu of mother Anna Lillian Iversen gets stationed in West Germany in 1959, where she meets Elvis the Pelvis, who marries her on May 1, 1967 and divorces her on Oct. 9, 1973. Canadian rock drummer Garry Denis Peterson (The Guess Who, Bachman-Turner Overdrive) on May 26 in Winnipeg, Man. Am. swamp rock singer John Cameron Fogerty (Creedence Clearwater Revival) on May 28 in Berkeley, Calif. French singer-composer (lesbian) Catherine Lara (Baudet) on May 29 in Poissy. German "Berlin Alexanderplatz", "The Marriage of Maria Braun" dir.-writer-actor Rainer Werner Maria Fassbinder (d. 1982) on May 31 in Bad Worishofen, Bavaria. Am. conservative writer-journalist (Jewish) Bernard Richard Goldberg on May 31 in New York City. Am. "For the Soul of Mankind" historian-educator Melvyn Paul Leffler on May 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U., and Ohio State U. Am. mezzo-soprano Frederica "Flicka" von Stade on June 1 in Somerville, N.J. Am. 6'0" golfer Hale S. Irwin on June 3 in Joplin, Mo.; uncle of Heath Irwin (1973-); most PGA Tour Champions victories; oldest U.S. Open champ in 1990 (until ?). Am. "The Age of American Unreason" writer (atheist) Susan Jacoby on June 4 in Okemos, Mich.; educated at Mich. State U. Scottish "A World Without Love" rock singer (not the redhead) Gordon Trueman Riviere Waller (d. 2009) (Peter and Gordon) on June 4 in Braemar; collaborator of Peter Asher (1944-). Am. 6'4" black-gloved Olympic sprinter (black) John Wesley Carlos on June 5 in Harlem, N.Y. Am. historian (of Southeast Asia) Alfred William McCoy on June 8 in ?; educated at Columbia U., and Yale U. Am. "The Wolfen", "The Hunger" horror novelist Louis Whitley Strieber on June 13 in San Antonio, Tex. English rock singer Rodney Terence "Rod" Argent (Zombies, Argent) on June 14 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. German "Cafe Deutschland" painter Joerg Immendorff (d. 2007) on June 14 in Bleckede (near Luneburg). Am. country rock musician John Collins "Marmaduke" Dawson IV (d. 2009) (New Riders of the Purple Sage) on June 16 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the Millbrook School, and Occidental College. Am. "Coast to Coast AM" broadcaster Arthur William "Art" Bell III (d. 2018) on June 17 in N.C. U.S. army gen. Tommy Ray Franks on June 17 in Wynnewood, Okla. Burmese leader and freedom fighter Aung San Suu Kyi (pr. Chee) on June 19 in Rangoon (Yangon); daughter of Burmese army cmdr. Aung San and nurse Khin Kyi (married 1942). Am. "This Boy's Life" novelist Tobias Jonathan Ansell Wolff on June 19 in Birmingham, Ala.; educated at Hertford College, Oxford U., and Stanford U. Am. "Eric Forrester in The Bold and the Beautiful" actor John McCook on June 20 in Ventura, Calif. Canadian "Snowbird" singer Morna Anne Murray on June 20 in Springhill, N.S. English rocker singer-songwriter Colin Edward Michael Bluntstone (Zombies) on June 24 in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. German figure skater Monika Dannemann (d. 1996) on June 24; last person to see Jimi Hendrix alive on Sept. 17/18, 1970. Am. "You're So Vain", "Nobody Does it Better" singer Carly Elisabeth Simon on June 25 in Riverdale, Bronx, N.Y.; daughter of Simon & Schuster co-founder Richard L. Simon (1899-1960) and Jewish African-Am.-German civil rights activist-singer Andrea Heinemann Simon (1909-94). Iranian foreign minister (1981-97) Ali Akbar Velayati on June 25 in Shemiran. Am. "Blondie" singer-actress Deborah Ann Harry on July 1 in Miami, Fla.; adopted at 3 mo. of age by a family from Hawthorne, N.J. Am. "Pete Cochran in The Mod Squad" actor Michael Cole on July 3 in Madison, Wisc. Am. "Dances With Wolves" novelist Michael Blake on July 5 in Fort Bragg, N.C. Tunisian pres. (2011-) Mohamed Moncef Marzouki on July 7 in Grombalia; educated at the U. of Strasbourg. Am. "Midnight" novelist (Roman Catholic) Dean Ray Koontz (AKA Deanna Dwyer, Aaron Wolfe, Brian Coffey, Leigh Nichols, Owen West, Richard Paige, Leonard Chris, Anthony North et al.) on July 9 in Everett, Penn. Am. "Det. Ronald Nathan Ron Harris in Barney Miller" actor (black) Ronald E. "Ron" Glass on July 10 in Evansville, Ind. English tennis player Sarah Virginia "Ginny" Wade on July 10 in Bournemouth, Hampshire; last Brit to win at Wimbledon (July 1, 1977) until Andy Murray in 2012. Am. astrophysicist Joel R. Primack on July 14 in Santa Barbara, Calif.; educated at Princeton U., and Stanford U. Am. "Stringfellow Hawke in Airwolf" actor Jan-Michael Vincent (d. 2019) on July 15 in Denver, Colo.; grows up in Hanford, Calif.; educated at Ventura College. Am. "Robin in Batman" actor Burt Ward (Bert John Gervis Jr.) on July 16 in Los Angeles, Calif.; Ward is his mother's maiden name; world's youngest prof. ice skater at age 2. Am. "Perry White in Superman", "Scarface in Batman", "Master Chief William Cob in Crimson Tide", "Gus in Basic Instinct" actor George Dzundza on July 19 in Rosenheim, Germany; Ukrainian father, Polish mother; emigrates to the U.S. in 1956; educated at St. John's U. Am. "Bette Davis Eyes" singer-songwriter ("the female Rod Stewart") Kim Carnes on July 20 in Pasadena, Calif. English rock bassist John Charles Lodge (Moody Blues) on July 20 in Erdington, Birmingham. Am. 6'0" football free safety (Miami Dolphins #13) (1970-8) Jacob E. "Jake" Scott III on July 20 in Greenwood, S.C. Indian Wipro Ltd. CEO and billionaire ("the Indian Bill Gates") Azim Hashim Premji on July 24 in Mumbai. Canadian Christian Creationist Hugh Norman Ross on July 24 in Montreal. English "The Queen" actress Dame Helen Mirren (Ilyena Vasilievna Mironov) on July 26 in Chiswick, West London; father is an exiled Russian aristocrat, mother is an English baker; created dame in 2003. Am. "Garfield" comic strip creator James Robert "Jim" Davis on July 28 in Marion, Ind.; grows up in Fairmount, Ind. English rock musician Richard William "Rick" Wright (Pink Floyd) on July 28 in Hatch End, London. French "Missing Person" novelist ("the Marcel Proust of our time") Jean Patrick Modiano on July 30 in Boulogne-Billancourt; Italian Sephardic Jewish descent father; Flemish mother; 2014 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. jazz saxophonist (white) David Sanborn on July 30 in Tampa, Fla. Am. Paramount CEO (1992-2004) (Jewish) Sherry Lee Lansing (nee Heimann) on July 31 in Chicago, Ill. Am. physicist (Jewish) (lefty) Douglas Dean Osheroff on Aug. 1 in Aberdeen, Wash.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Caltech and Cornell U.; 1996 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Jennifer Marlowe in WKRP in Cincinnati" actress Loni Kaye Anderson on Aug. 5 in St. Paul, Minn.; father wanted to name her Leiloni, but? Am. businessman Daniel Steven "Dan" Pena (Peña) Sr. on Aug. 10 in Jacksonville, Fla.; grows up in East Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Cal State U. Northridge. Am. "The Jerk", "Wild and Crazy Guy in SNL", "Lucky Day in Three Amigos!", "Orin Scrivello, DDS in Little Shop of Horrors", "George Banks in Father of the Bride II" actor-comedian-playwright-novelist Stephen Glenn "Steve" Martin on Aug. 14 in Waco, Tex.; raised in Southern Calif. - wacko? German "Paris, Texas", "The State of Things", "Wings of Desire" dir.-producer-writer Ernst Wilhelm "Wim" Wenders on Aug. 14 in Dusseldorf. English "King Arthur in Excalibur" actor Nigel Terry (d. 2015) on Aug. 15 in Bristol, Gloucestershire. Am. "Wings of Desire" actor-dir. (Jewish) Robert Elmer "Bob" Balaban on Aug. 16 in Chicago, Ill.; son of movie palace king Elmer Balaban. Am. ballerina Suzanne Farrell (Roberta Sue Ficker) on Aug. 16 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. atty. and USMC officer Lewis Burwell Puller Jr. (d. 1994) on Aug. 18 in Camp Lejeune, N.C.; son of Lewis "Chesty" Puller (1898-1971); educated at the College of William and Mary. English rock singer Ian Gillan (Deep Purple) on Aug. 19 in Hounslow, London. Am. "Peck's Bad Girl", "Anne Brookes in The Ropers", "Rhoda Penmark in The Bad Seed", "Pat Nixon in Frost/Nixon" actress Patricia Ellen "Patty" McCormack (nee Russo) on Aug. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "The Sopranos" TV producer-screenwriter David Henry Chase on Aug. 22 in Mount Vernon, N.Y.; Italian ancestry of surname DeCesare; grows up in Clifton, N.J. and North Caldwell, N.J.; educated at Wake Forest U., NYU, and Stanford U. Am. "60 Minutes" TV journalist Stephen F. "Steve" Kroft on Aug. 22 in Kokomo, Ind.; educated at Syracuse U. English "Ronald Craven in Edge of Darkness", "Robert Muldoon in Jurassic Park" actor Robert "Bob" Peck (d. 1999) on Aug. 23 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. English rock musician-songwriter-producer Kenneth William David "Ken" Hensley (Uriah Heep) on Aug. 24 in Plumstead, South East London. Am. feminist writer Jo Freeman on Aug. 26 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at UCB and the U. of Chicago. Am. Repub. Penn. gov. (1995-2001) and U.S. homeland security secy. #1 (2003-5) Thomas Joseph "Tom" Ridge on Aug. 27 in Munhall, Penn.; Irish descent father, Slovakian Rusyn-descent mother; educated at Harvard U. Am. "The Burning Bed", "Xanadu" leftist dir.-producer (Jewish) Robert Greenwald on Aug. 28 in New York City. Am. Olympic sprinter (black) Wyomia Tyus on Aug. 29 in Griffin, Ga.; first to win consecutive Olympic golds medals in the 100m dash. Irish "Brown Eyed Girl", "Moondance" singer-songwriter George Ivan "Van" Morrison (Them) on Aug. 31 in Belfast. Israeli-Am. violinist (Jewish) Itzhak Perlman on Aug. 31 in Tel Aviv. Soviet cosmonaut Leonid Ivanovich Popov on Aug. 31 in Olesandriia, Kirovhrad Oblast, Ukraine. Am. "Ebony Eyes", "Sentimental Lady" musician Robert Lawrence "Bob" Welch Jr. (Fleetwood Mac) on Aug. 31 in Los Angeles, Calif. Yemeni pres. (2012-) Gen. Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi on Sept. 1 in Thukain, Abyan. Am. "Endless Love", "Waking the Dead" novelist Scott Spencer on Sept. 1 in Washington, D.C.; grows up in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Wisc. German "Octavia in Star Maidens" actress Christiane Kruger (Krüger) on Sept. 8 in Hamburg; daughter of Hardy Kruger Sr. (1948-); sister of Hardy Kruger Jr. (1968-). Am. rock musician (alcoholic) Ronald C. "Ron" "Pigpen" McKernan (d. 1973) (Grateful Dead) on Sept. 8 in San Bruno, Calif. Am. pro-Iraq War writer (Shiite Muslim) Fouad A. Ajami (Arab. "Persian") on Sept. 9 in Arnoun, Lebanon; educated at the U. of Washington. Am. football QB (Denver Broncos, 1968) (black) Marlin Oliver "the Magician" Briscoe on Sept. 10 in Omaha, Neb.; educated at U. of Neb. Am. "Feliz Navidad", "Light My Fire" singer (blind) Jose Feliciano (Jose Montserrate Feliciano Garcia) on Sept. 10 in Lares, Puerto Rico; moves to Spanish Harlem in New York City at age 5. French physicist Francois Gervais on Sept. 11. Am. acoustic guitarist Leo Kottke on Sept. 11 in Athens, Ga. Irish "Wendy in A Fish Called Wanda", "Kate Codd in Poor Little Rich Girls" actress-writer-producer Maria Aitken on Sept. 12 in Dublin. Am. economist Richard H. Thaler on Sept. 12 in East Orange, N.J.; educated at Case Western Reserve U., and U. of Rochester; 2017 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Louise Bogan: A Portrait" writer Elizabeth Frank on Sept. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Melvin Frank (1913-88); educated at UCB. Spanish "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" actress Carmen Garcia Maura on Sept. 15 in Madrid. Am. soprano (black) Jessye Norman on Sept. 15 in Augusta, Ga.; educated at Howard U.; known for her Aida. Am. "White Men Can't Jump", "Blaze", "Bull Durham" dir.-writer Ronald Wayne "Ron" Shelton on Sept. 15 in Whittier, Calif.; plays 2nd base for the Baltimore Orioles farm team in 1967-71; husband of Lolita Davidovich (1961-). Scottish "Year of the Cat", "Time Passages" singer-songwriter Alastair Ian "Al" Stewart on Sept. 15 in Glasgow. Am. 6'8" basketball player-coach (Buddhist) Philip Douglas "Phil" Jackson on Sept. 17 in Deer Lodge, Mont. Kiwi 6'7" "Gyro captain in Road Warrior" actor Bruce Spence on Sept. 17 in Auckland. Lebanese-Am. scholar (Shiite Muslim) Fouad A. Ajami (Arab. "non-Arab or Persian") (d. 2014) on Sept. 18 in Arnoun, Lebanon; of Persian descent; educated at Eastern Ore. U., and U. of Wash. Am. computer programmer John McAfee on Sept. 18 in England; raised in Salem, Va.; educated at Roanoke College. Am. "Eve of Destruction", "Child of Our Times", "Secret Agent Man" singer-songwriter P.F. "Flip" Sloan (Philip Gary Schlein) on Sept. 18 in New York City; collaborator of Steve Barri (1942-). Am. musician (Jewish) David Bromberg on Sept. 19 in Philadelphia, Penn.; grows up in Tarrytown, N.J.; educated at Columjbia U. Am. "Johnny Gage in Emergency!" actor Randolph Mantooth on Sept. 19 in Sacramento, Calif. Am. "Sediment", "Harmonices Mundi" computer music composer Laurie Spiegel on Sept. 20 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Shimer College, and Oxford U.; student of Jacob Druckman (1928-96). Am. "Stories from Candyland" celeb writer (Jewish) Carole Gene "Candy" Spelling (nee Marer) on Sept. 20; wife (1968-2006) of Aaron Spelling (1923-2006); mother of Tori Spelling (1973-) and Randy Spelling (1978-); known for owning Spelling Manor, the largest home in Los Angeles County (built in 1990). Am. "Top Gun", "The Rock", "Armageddon", "National Treasure", "Pirates of the Caribbean" film producer (Jewish) Jerome Leon "Jerry" Bruckheimer on Sept. 21 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "John Milner in American Graffiti", "Melvin Dummar in Melvin and Howard" actor Paul Le Mat on Sept. 22 in Rahway, N.J. Am. "Hammer's Slammers" sci-fi novelist David Drake on Sept. 24; educated at the U. of Iowa, and Duke U. Am. soul singer (black) Delia Mae "Dee Dee" Warwick (d. 2008) on Sept. 25 in Newark, N.J.; sister of Dionne Warwick (1940-); niece of Cissy Houston (1933-); cousin of Whitney Houston (1963-). Am. "Jeff Stone in The Donna Reed Show" William Paul Petersen on Sept. 23 in Glendale, Calif.; brother of Patty Peterson (1954-). Am. Repub. TV journalist (CNN, Fox) Louis Carl "Lou" Dobbs on Sept. 24 in Childress, Tex.; grows up in Idaho; educated at Harvard U. Brazilian pop singer Gal Costa (Maria da Graca Costa Penna Burgos) on Sept. 26 in Salvador, Bahia. English "Love Is the Drug" musician ("the Electric Lounge Lizard") Bryan Ferry (Roxy Music) on Sept. 26 in Washington, Durham. Am. pianist (Jewish) Misha Dichter on Sept. 27 in Shanghai, China; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; emigrates to the U.S. at age 2; educated at Juilliard School; husband of Cipa Dichter. Israeli PM #12 (2006-) Ehud Olmert on Sept. 30 in Binyamina, Palestine; educated at Hebrew U. Panamanian baseball hall-of-fame infielder (black) Rod Carew (Rodney Cline) on Oct. 1 in Gatun. Am. "American Pie", "Vincent", "Castles in the Air" singer-songwriter Donald "Don" McLean on Oct. 2 in New Rochelle, N.Y. Am. cryptographer (pioneer of public-key cryptography) Martin Edward Hellman on Oct. 4.; educated at Bronx High School of Science, NYU, and Stanford U. Am. "Matt Hampton in A World Apart" actor (black) Clifton Duncan Davis on Oct. 4 in Chicago, Ill. English musician (Jewish) Kevin Michael Godley (10cc, Godley & Creme) on Oct. 7 in Prestwich, Lancashire. Am. Internat. Mission of Hope founder Cherie Clark (Sherry Louise Velkovich) on Oct. 8 in Peru, Ind. Am. prof. wrestler Dusty Rhodes (Virgil Riley Runnels Jr.) (d. 2015) on Oct. 11 in Austin, Tex. Am. original Wheel of Fortune letter-turner (Jan. 6, 1975 - Oct. 22, 1982) Susan Stafford (Suan Gail Carney) on Oct. 13 in Lynn, Mass.; educated at Antioch U. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher (Baltiore Orioles) James Alvin "Jim" "Cakes" Palmer on Oct. 15 in New York City. Am. "Borrowed Time" poet-writer (gay) Paul Monette (d. 1995) on Oct. 16 in Lawrence, Mass.; educated at Phillips Academy, and Yale U. Scottish economist Sir Angus Stewart Deaton on Oct. 19 in Edinburgh; educated at Fettes College, and Cambridge U.; knighted in 2016; 2015 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Polyester", "Hairspray" cross-dressing actor (bi) ("Drag Queen of the Century" - People) Divine (Harris Glenn Milstead) (d. 1988) on Oct. 19 in Baltimore, Md.; Baptist Serbian immigrant parents; named by John Waters (1946-). Am. feminist (NOW pres.) Patricia Ireland on Oct. 19 in Oak Park, Ill. Am. "Tainted Love" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Gloria Richetta Jones on Oct. 19 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Rev. Shawn Moore in Footlose", "Roberta Muldoon in The World According to Garp", "Sam Burns in Terms of Endearment", "Dr. Dick Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun" actor John Arthur Lithgow (pr. LITH-go) on Oct. 19 (June 6?) in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Harper Valley PTA" singer Jeannie C. Riley (Jeanne Carolyn Stephenson) on Oct. 19 in Stamford, Tex. Am. 6'5" "Stilgar in Dune", "Ed Hurley in Twin Peaks" actor Everett McGill (Charles Everett McGill III) on Oct. 21 in Miami Beach, Fla. Soviet "Dark Eyes" filmmaker-actor Nikita Sergeyevich Mikhalkov on Oct. 21 in Moscow. Am. "A Thousand Stars" singer Kathy Young (The Innocents) on Oct. 21 in Santa Ana, Calif. Am. "Good Lovin'" musician-songwriter Edward "Eddie" Brigati Jr. (Joey Dee and the Starliters, The Young Rascals) on Oct. 22 in Garfield, N.J. Am. musician Leslie West (Weinstein) (Mountaon) on Oct. 22 in New York City. Am. "Nine" composer-lyricist (Jewish) Maury Yeston on Oct. 23 in Jersey City, N.J. Am. Olympic wrestler Dan Gable on Oct. 25 in Waterloo, Iowa. Am. "The Prince of Tides", "The Great Santini" novelist Donald Patrick "Pat" Conroy (Gael. "wise man") (d. 2016) on Oct. 26 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at the Citadel. Am. "Kelly Garrett in Charlie's Angels" actress Jacquelyn Ellen "Jaclyn" Smith on Oct. 26 in Houston, Tex. ; Russian Jewish descent father, British descent mother; educated at Trinity U. Brazilian pres. #35 (2003-11) Luis Inacio (Inácio) Lula da Silva on Oct. 27 in Caetes, Pernambuco; learns to read at age 10. U.S. nat. security advisor #19 (1997-2001) Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger on Oct. 28 in Millerton, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U. (Quill & Dagger) and Harvard U. English pop singer Wayne Fontana (Glyn Geoffrey Ellis) (The Mindbenders) on Oct. 28 in Manchester. Am. serial murderer Leonard Thomas Lake (d. 1985) on Oct. 29 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. "Arthur the Fonz Fonzarelli in Happy Days" actor-dir.-producer (Jewish) Henry Franklin Winkler on Oct. 30 in Manhattan, N.Y.; German Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Emerson College, and Yale U. Am. "Lou Loomis in Caddyshack", "Buster in Groundhog Day" actor-writer Brian Doyle-Murray on Oct. 31 in Chicago, Ill.; brother of Bill Murray (1950-) and Joel Murray (1963-). Am. singer-songwriter John David Souther on Nov. 2 in Detroit, Mich.; grows up in Amarillo, Tex. Am. chmn. of the Joint Chiefs of Staff #16 (2005-8) Gen. (Marines) Peter Pace on Nov. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Never Say Never Again" singer Lani Hall (Brasil '66) on Nov. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; wife (1974-) of Herb Alpert (1935-). Am. "Have You Never Been Mellow", "You're the One That I Want", "Magic", "Hoplessly Devoted to You" musician-songwriter John Clifford Farrar on Nov. 8 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; emigrates to the U.K. in 1970, and the U.S. in 1975; husband (1969-) of Pat Carroll (1946-); father of Sam Farrar (1978-) and Max Farrar. English dir.-writer-actor (gay) (Roman Catholic-turned-atheist) Terence Davies on Nov. 10 in Kensington, Liverpool, Lancashire. Am. "Funny Face", "The Happiest Girl in the Whole USA" country singer-songwriter Donna Fargo (Yvonne Vaughan) on Nov. 10 in Mount Airy, N.C.; educated at USC. Am. rock musician Chris Dreja (The Yardbirds) on Nov. 11 in Surbiton; of Polish descent. Am. rock musician Vince Martell (Vanilla Fudge) on Nov. 11 in Bronx, N.Y. Nicaraguan pres. #79 (1985-90) and #83 (2007-) Jose Daniel Ortega Saavedra on Nov. 11 in La Libertad. Am. "The Soul of a New Machine" writer John Tracy Kidder on Nov. 12 in New York City; educated at Phillips Academy, Harvard U., and U. of Iowa. Canadian "Heart of Gold" singer-songwriter Neil Percival Young (Buffalo Springfield, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Crazy Horse) on Nov. 12 in Toronto, Ont.; raised in Winnipeg, Man. Norwegian pop singer Anni-Frid, Princess Reuss von Plauen (nee Anni-Frid Lyngstad) (ABBA) on Nov. 15 in Bjorkasen, Ballangen; wife (1992-9) of Prince Heinrich Ruzzo Reuss von Plauen (1950-99). Am. "Warden Samuel Norton in The Shawshank Redemption", "Chief George Earl in Demolition Man" actor Robert Patrick "Bob" Gunton Jr. on Nov. 15 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. "Charles Manson in Helter Skelter" actor Stephen Hall "Steve" Railsback on Nov. 16 in Dallas, Tex. Belgian ballerina Martine van Hamel on Nov. 16 in Brussels. Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (San Diego/Houston Rockets, 1968-72) Elvin Ernest "Big E" Hayes on Nov. 17 in Rayville, La. English rock drummer Andrew McCulloch (Crazy World of Arthur Brown, King Crimson) on Nov. 19 in Bournemouth. Am. "Laugh-In", "Cactus Flower" actress (Jewish) (lefty) Goldie Jeanne Hawn on Nov. 21 in Washington, D.C.; Presbyterian father (not a descendant of DOI signer Edward Rutledge) and Jewish mother; wife (1969-76) of Gus Trikonis and (1976-80) Bill Hudson; partner (1983-) of Kurt Russell (1951-); mother of Kate Hudson (1979-). Am "Do You Know What I Mean?" singer Lee Michaels (Michael Olsen) on Nov. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Niles the Butler in The Nanny", "Prof. Moriarty in Star Trek: TNG" actor Daniel Davis on Nov. 26 in Gurdon, Ark. British rock bassist John Graham McVie (Fleetwood Mac) on Nov. 26; husband (1968-) of Christine McVie (1943-). Welsh rock bassist-songwriter Roger David Glover (Deep Purple, Rainbow) on Nov. 30 in Brecon. Am. singer-actress Bette Midler on Dec. 1 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Am. "Wayne's World", "The Little Rascals", "The Beverly Hillbillies" dir.-producer-writer Penelope Spheeris on Dec. 2 in New Orleans, La.; Greek immigrant father; brother of Jimmie Spheeris (1949-84). Am. Manson Family murderer Charles Denton "Tex" Watson n Dec. 2 in Farmersville, Tex. English "Heaven on the 7th Floor" singer-actor Paul Nicholas (Paul Oscar Beuselinck) on Dec. 3 in Peterborough. Canadian astronaut-physician Roberta Lynn Bondar on Dec. 4 in Saul Sainte-Marie; educated at the U. of Toronto, and McMaster U. Turkish army CIC #27 (2010-11) Gen. Sebhattin Isik Kosaner on Dec. 5 in Izmir. Am. Continental Resources Baaken Formation billionaire oil tycoon Harold Glenn Hamm on Dec. 11 in Lexington, Okla.; son of cotton sharecroppers. Am. "T.R. Ryan in Mama" actor John Kevin Barry Coughlin (d. 1976) on Dec. 12 in New York City; knon for his limp. Am. Godfather's Pizza CEO (1986-96) and Repub. politician (black) Herman J. Cain (d. 2020) on Dec. 13 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "Cissy Davis in Family Affair" actress Kathleen Marie "Kathy" Garver on Dec. 13 in Long Beach, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Am. "Don't the Moon Look Lonesome" novelist-critic (black) Stanley Crouch on Dec. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Winston Zeddemore in Ghostbusters" (black) Ernest Lee "Ernie" Hudson on Dec. 17 in Benton Harbor, Mich.; educated at Wayne State U., and Yale U. Am. TV journalist (Roman Catholic) Christopher John "Chris" Matthews on Dec. 17 in Philadelphia, Penn.; Protestant English-Scots-Irish descent father, Roman Catholic Irish-descent mother; educated at the U. of N.C. English "The Dustbin Baby", "The Story of Tracy Beaker" children's writer Dame Jacqueline Wilson on Dec. 17 in Bath, Somerset; created dame in 2008. Am. "Motel Hell" actress Elaine Joyce on Dec. 19 in Kansas City, Mo.; wife (1999-) of Neil Simon (1927-2018). Am musician John McEuen (Nitty Gritty Dirt Band) on Dec. 19 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. Goddess Movement feminist theologian-historian Carol Patrice Christ on Dec. 20 in Calif.; educated at Yale U. Am. "Catman" rock drummer Peter Criss (George Peter John Criscuola) (Kiss) on Dec. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y. U.S. anti-immigration Rep. (R-Colo.) (1999-2009) (Roman Catholic-turned-Presbyterian) Thomas Gerard "Tom" Tancredo on Dec. 20 in Denver, Colo.; educated at the U. of Northern Colo. Am. "Ring My Bell" singer (black) Anita Ward on Dec. 20 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. TV news correspondent Lila Diane Sawyer on Dec. 22 in Glasgow, Ky.; Repub. politician father; Junior Miss America of 1963; educated at Wellesley College; helps Pres. Nixon with his 1978 memoirs. Am. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" rock drummer Ron Bushy (Iron Butterly) on Dec. 23 in Washington, D.C. Egyptian pres. (2013-) Adly Mahmoud Mansour on Dec. 23 in Cairo. Am. runner Richard C. Wohlhuter on Dec. 23 in Geneva, Ill. English musician Ian Fraser "Lemmy" Kilmister (d. 2015) in Stoke-on-Trent. Am. "Andy Travis in WKRP in Cincinnati" actor Gary Sandy on Dec. 25 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. 6'3" football QB (Oakland Raiders #12, 1970-9) Kenneth Michael "Ken" "the Snake" Stabler (d. 2016) on Dec. 25 in Foley, Ala.; educated at the U. of Ala. Am. "Andy Travis in WKRP in Cincinnati" actor Gary Sandy on Dec. 25 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. "America's Most Wanted" host John Edward Walsh Jr. on Dec. 26 in Auburn, N.Y.; father of Adam John Walsh (1974-81); educated at the U. of Buffalo. Guyana PM (1999-2015) (black) Samuel Archibald Anthony "Sam" Hinds on Dec. 27 in Mahalcony; educated at the U. of New Brunswick. British "Bomber Command" "The Battle for the Falklands" journalist-historian Sir Max Hugh Macdonald Hastings on Dec. 28 in Lambeth, London; educated at Charter House School, and Univ. College, Oxford U.; knighted in 2002. Am. New Age psychologist John Selby on Dec. 28.; educated at Princeton U., and UCB. English "Daydream Believer" singer-songwriter-actor David Thomas "Davy" Jones (d. 2012) (The Monkees) on Dec. 30 in Manchester. Am. computer scientist (Jewish) ("Father of DNA Computing") Leonard Max Adleman on Dec. 31 in Calif.; educated at UCB; coiner of the term "computer virus" in 1984. Am. football player (black) Del Williams (d. 1984) on ? in New Orleans, La. Am. auto racer Lee Alan Shepherd (d. 1985) on ? in ?. Iraqi Shiite politician Ayad (Eyad) Allawi on ?. Am. "Death by Chocolate" chef Marcel Desaulniers on ? in Woonsocket, R.I. Canadian "Why We Love", "The First Sex" anthropologist Helen E. Fisher on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Colo. Syrian sociologist and opposition leader Burhan Ghalioun on ?. Am. "Love Without End: Jesus Speaks" writer-artist Glenda Allen Green on ? in ?; educated at TCU, and Tulane U. Am. "Forrest Gump" novelist Winston Groom on ? in Washington, D.C.; grows up in Mobile, Ala. English "Philosophy of Logics" philosopher Susan Haack on ? in ?. Am. writer Lewis Hyde on ? in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at the U. of Iowa and U. of Minn. English "The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers" historian Paul Michael Kennedy on ? in Wallsend, Tyne and Wear; educated at St. Antony's College, Oxford U. Am. hall-of-fame bowler Michael "Mike" Limongello on ? in Jersey City, N.J.; brother of Peter Limongello (Lemongello) (1949-). Am. brewer John A. "Jack" McAuliffe on ? in Caracas, Venezuela; U.S. diplomat-spy father; grows up in Fairfax, Va. Am. Muslim convert-activist (black) imam Abdul Alim Musa on ? in Ark. Am. "The Mind of Thomas Jefferson" historian Peter S. Onuf on ? in ?; educated at Johns Hopkins U.; father of Nicholas G. Onuf. British cellist Jacqueline du Pre (d. 1987) on ? in ?. Am. poet Philip Schultz on ? in Rochester, N.Y. Canadian libertarian economist (founder of the Fraser Inst.) Michael Walker on ? in Corner Brook, Newfoundland; educated at St. Francis Xavier U., and U. of Western Ont. Palestinian Hamas leader (Sunni Muslim) Mahmoud al-Zahar on ? in Jerusalem. Am. Arab Am. Inst. pres. (Marionite Christian) James J. Zogby on ? in Utica, N.Y.; Lebanese immigrant parents; educated at Temple U., and Princeton U. Deaths: German WWI field marshal August von Mackensen (b. 1849) on Nov. 8 in Burghorn; retired in 1920; dies a monarchist. Am. Mormon pres. #7 (1918-45) Heber J. Grant (b. 1856) on May 14 in Salt Lake City, Utah. U.S. Supreme Court justice #68 (1916-22) John Hessin Clarke (b. 1857) on Mar. 22 in San Diego, Calif. Am. "Old Chester" writer Margaret Deland (b. 1857) on Jan. 13 in the Hotel Sheraton, Boston, Mass. Am. chocolate king Milton S. Hershey (b. 1857) on Oct. 13 in Hershey, Penn. French flatulist Le Petomane (b. 1857) in Toulon. Am. sculptor Herbert Adams (b. 1858) on May 21 in New York City. Serbian gen. Petar Bojovic (b. 1858) on Jan. 20 in Belgrade. Am. educator Felix Emmanuel Schelling (b. 1858): "Inequality, not mediocrity, individual superiority, not standardization, is the measure of the progress of the world." Am. historian Frederic Bancroft (b. 1860) on Feb. 22. German cardinal-archbishop Adolf Bertram (b. 1859) on July 6 in Castle Johannesburg, Jauernig, Czech. French glass designer Rene Lalique (b. 1860) on May 1 in Paris. British gen. Sir Archibald Murray (b. 1860) on Jan. 21 in Reigate, Surrey. Am. Zionist leader Henrietta Szold (b. 1860) on Feb. 13 in Jerusalem, Israel. Am. New Thought leader Nona Lovell Brooks (b. 1861) on Mar. 14 in Denver, Colo. Austrian diplomat Count Albert von Mensdorff (b. 1861) on June 15 in Vienna. Am. movie theater magnate Thomas Lincoln Tally (b. 1861) on Nov. 24. Am. economist-historian John Rogers Commons (b. 1862) on May 11 in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. British Liberal PM (1916-22) David Lloyd George (b. 1863) on Mar. 26 in Ty Newydd, Llanystumdwy, Wales. Italian composer Pietro Mascagni (b. 1863) on Aug. 2. English author Arthur George Morrison (b. 1863) on Dec. 4. Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky (b. 1863) on Jan. 6 in Moscow. Am. ornithologist Frank Chapman (b. 1864) on Nov. 15 in New York City. Am. 9-lived lawman-atty. Elfego Baca (b. 1865) on Aug. 27; subject of the 1958 Walt Disney miniseries "The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca", starring Robert Loggia. Scottish artist Sir David Young Cameron (b. 1865) on Sept. 16 in Perth. English symbolist poet Arthur Symons (b. 1865) on Jan. 22. Italian Fiat co. co-founder Giovanni Agnelli (b. 1866) on Dec. 16. Swedish economist Gustav Cassel (b. 1866) on Jan. 14 in Jonkoping. Am. Calif. gov. #23 (1911-17) Hiram Warren Johnson (b. 1866) on Aug. 6 in Bethesda, Md.: "The first casualty when war comes is truth." German surgeon Georg Kelling (b. 1866) on Feb. 14. Am. zoologist Thomas Hunt Morgan (b. 1866) on Dec. 4 in Pasadena, Calif.; 1933 Nobel Medicine Prize. French physicist Charles Fabry (b. 1867) on Dec. 11 in Paris. German artist Kathe Kollwitz (b. 1867) on Apr. 22 in Moritzburg. Irish nationalist leader Eoin MacNeill (b. 1867) on Oct. 15 in Dublin. Austrian "Bambi" author Felix Salten (b. 1867) on Oct. 8 in Zurich. British Gen. Sir George Frederick Gorringe (b. 1868) on Oct. 24 in Kingston by Sea. Swiss Olympic athlete Helene de Pourtales (b. 1968) on Nov. 2 in Geneva. German poet-playwright Else Lasker-Schuler (b. 1869) on Jan. 22 in Jerusalem. German historian Hermann Oncken (b. 1869) on Dec. 28 in Gottingen. German physicist (fax machine inventor) Arthur Korn (b. 1870) on Dec. 21/22 in Jersey City, N.J. Am. libertarian writer Albert Jay Nock (b. 1870) on Aug. 19 (leukemia). Spanish painter Ignacio Zuloaga (b. 1870) on Oct. 31 in Madrid. Canadian artist-author Emily Carr (b. 1871) on Mar. 2 in Victoria, B.C.: "You come into the world alone and you go out of the world alone yet it seems to me you are more alone while living than even going and coming." Am. "An American Tragedy" novelist Theodore Dreiser (b. 1871) on Dec. 28 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. aviation pioneer Edson Fessenden Gallaudet (b. 1875) on July 1 in Pine Orchard, Conn. Mexican poet Jose Juan Tablada (b. 1871). French poet Paul Valery (b. 1871) on July 20: "I thought it necessary to study history, even to study it deeply, in order to obtain a clear meaning of our immediate time." Am. "Desiderata" poet Max Ehrmann (b. 1872) on Sept. 9 in Terre Haute, Ind. Italian automobile manufacturer Claudio Fogolin (b. 1872) on Apr. 27 in San Vito al Tagliamento. Australian Gen. Sir John Gellibrand (b. 1872) on June 3 in Yea, Victoria. Dutch historian Johan Huizinga (b. 1872) on Feb. 1 in De Steeg in Gelderland (near Arnheim); dies in detention after giving a 1942 speech against the Nazis that got him arrested. Ukrainian hetman (1917-18) Pavlo Skoropadskyi (b. 1873) on Apr. 26 in Bavaria, Germany. British historian Carl Becker (b. 1873) on Apr. 10. Am. baseball player Tuck Turner (b. 1873) on July 16 in Staten Island, N.Y. English real estate magnate Charles Boot (b. 1874). German gay activist Adolf Brand (b. 1874) on Feb. 2 (killed by an Allied bomb). German philosopher Ernst Cassirer (b. 1874) on Apr. 13 in New York City (heart attack). Am. "In This Our Life" novelist Ellen Glasgow (b. 1874) on Nov. 21 in Richmond, Va.: "Experience has taught me that the only cruelties people condemn are those with which they do not happen to be familiar." Am. theatrical producer Oliver Morosco (b. 1875) on Aug. 25 in Hollywood, Calif. (killed by a streetcar). German Thule Society founder Rudolf Freiherr von Sebottendorff (b. 1875) on May 8 in Constantinople (suicide by jumping into the Bosphorus); his suicide was faked by Turkish intelligence, and he really died in Egypt in the 1950s? Am. novelist Arthur Cheyney Train (b. 1875) on Dec. 22. Hungarian-born Am. "The Cohens and Kellys" actor George Sidney (b. 1876) on Apr. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. FCC chmn. #1 (1934-5) Eugene Octave Sykes Jr. (b. 1876) on June 21 in Washington, D.C. (heart attack). Albanian king (1914-21) Vidi I (b. 1876) on Apr. 18 in Predeal, Romania. English chemist-physicist Francis William Aston (b. 1877) on Nov. 20; 1922 Nobel Chem. Prize. Mexican pres. (1924-8) Plutarco Elias Calles (b. 1877) on Oct. 19 in Mexico City. Am. "Sleeping Prophet" psychic Edgar Cayce (b. 1877) on Jan. 3 in Virginia Beach, Va.; predicts that WWIII will begin in 1999, ending civilization. Russian film producer Alexander Khanzhonkov (b. 1877) on Sept. 26 in Yalta. Am. playwright Richard Walton Tully (b. 1877) on Feb. 1 in New York City. French dead-end heir Jerome Napoleon Charles Bonaparte (b. 1878) on Nov. 10 in New York City; last member of the Am. Bonaparte family; dies after tripping over his wife's dog's bone, er, leash in Central Park. French paleontologist Edgar Dacque (b. 1878). German-born Am. poet-playwright Bruno Frank (b. 1878) on June 20 in Beverly Hills, Calif. German dramatist Georg Kaiser (b. 1878) on June 4 in Ascona, Switzerland. French explorer Paul Pelliot (b. 1878) on Oct. 26. Am. Davis Cup founder Dwight Filley Davis (b. 1879) on Nov. 28 in Washington, D.C. Russian-Am. actress Alla Nazimova (b. 1879) on July 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. German Field Marshal Fedor von Bock (b. 1880) on May 4 in Oldenburg, Germany (bombing raid). Hungarian composer Bela Bartok (b. 1881) on Sept. 26 in New York City (leukemia). German organic chemist Hans Fischer (b. 1881) on Mar. 31. Am. actress Doris Keane (b. 1881) on Nov. 25 in New York City. Am. "Flint" novelist Charles Gilman Norris (b. 1881). Am. writer Linnie Marsh Wolfe (b. 1881) on Sept. 15 in Berkeley, Calif. Am. "Kings Row" novelist Henry Bellaman (b. 1882) on June 16 in New York City. Am. inventor Vincent Bendix (b. 1882). English "The Worm Ouroboros" novelist E.R. Eddison (b. 1882) on Aug. 18. German Geiger Counter inventor Hans Geiger (b. 1882) on Sept. 24. Am. rocket science pioneer Robert H. Goddard (b. 1882) on Aug. 10 in Baltimore, Md. (throat cancer); all his patents go to the Guggenheim Foundation, which funded his researches. Austrian sociologist Otto Neurath (b. 1882) on Dec. 22 in Oxford, England. U.S. Dem. pres. #32 (1933-45) Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1882) on Apr. 12 (3:35 p.m.) in the Little White House in Warm Springs, Ga. (cerebral hemorrhage); last words: "I have a terrific headache"; his burial marker bears the phrase "There is nothing to fear but fear itself": "WHen you come to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on." Russian field marshal Boris M. Shaposhnikov (b. 1882) on Mar. 26. Am. artist N.C. Wyeth (b. 1882) on Oct. 19 in Chadds Ford, Penn. French PM (1931-2, 1935-6) Pierre Laval (b. 1883) on Oct. 15 (executed for treason after a botched suicide attempt). French Sinologist Henri Maspero (b. 1883) on Mar. 17 in Buchenwald Camp, Germany. Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini (b. 1883) on Apr. 28 (murdered). Austrian 12-tone composer Anton von Webern (b. 1883) on Sept. 15 in Mittersill, Salzburg; accidentally shot and killed by U.S. Army Pfc. Raymond Norwood Bell (-1955) while enjoying a cigar outside his house during curfew, causing Bell to become an alcoholic and die of remorse. German July 20th Plotter Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (b. 1884) on Feb. 2 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged): "We should not attempt to minimize what has been happening, but we should also emphasize the great guilt of the Jews, who had invaded our public life in ways that lacked customary restraint." German Prussian finance minister (1933-45) Johannes Popitz (b. 1884) on Feb. 2 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). Am. journalist William Seabrook (b. 1884) on Sept. 20 in Rhinebeck, N.Y. (OD). German July 20th plotter Ulrich von Sell (b. 1884) on Nov. 12 in Jamlitz. German Field Marshal Ernst Bush (b. 1885) on July 17 in Aldershot, England; dies in a POW camp. Australian PM #14 (1941-5) John Curtin (b. 1885) on July 5 in Canberra (heart failure). Am. "Ol' Man River" composer Jerome Kern (b. 1885) on Nov. 11 in New York City (cerebral hemorrhage). U.S. Gen. George S. Patton (b. 1885) on Dec. 21 in Heidelberg, Germany (auto accident); dies after his 1938 Cadillac limo collides with a military lorry; buried in Hamm, Luxembourg; really an assassination?: "Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge." Canadian-born Am. "The Coward" film dir. Reginald C. Barker (b. 1886) on Feb. 23 in Pasadena, Calif. (heart attack). U.S. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. (b. 1886) on June 18 in Okinawa, Japan (KIA); highest-ranking U.S. officer KIA in WWII. German Adm. Wilhelm Canaris (b. 1887) on Apr. 9 in Flossenburg Camp (hanged) - sung like a canary? Czech writer Josef Capek (b. 1887) in Apr. in Bergen-Belsen Camp. Japanese Gen. Mitsuru Ojishima (b. 1887) on June 22 in Okinawa (hara-kiri). German Gen. Hans Oster (b. 1887) on Apr. 9 in Flossenburg Camp (hanged). Norwegian traitor Vidkun Quisling (b. 1887) on Oct. 24 in Oslo (executed). Italian-born Am. actor Henry Armetta (b. 1888) on Oct. 21 in San Diego, Calif. (heart attack). German Gen. Friedrich Fromm (b. 1888) on Mar. 12 in Brandenburg an der Havel (executed for failing to stop the July 20 Plot). German politician Ernst von Harnack (b. 1888) on Mar. 5 in Plotzensee Prison (executed). English MG Car Co. founder Cecil Kimber (b. 1888) on Feb. 4 in King's Cross Railway Station, London (train accident). Am. humorist-actor-ed. Robert Benchley (b. 1889) on Nov. 21. Am. sci-fi writer Miles J. Breuer (b. 1889) on Oct. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. Croatian politician Mile Budak (b. 1889) on June 7 in Zagreb. German SS Gen. Richard Gluecks (b. 1889) on May 10 in Flensburg (suicide with cyanide capsule). German Fuhrer Adolf Hitler (b. 1889) and his lover who won't blow his cover Eva Braun (b. 1912) on Apr. 30 in Berlin (suicide); his remains are burned and thrown into a river in 1970; the govt. of Eire sends its condolences; tests on his famously bad teeth by French researchers in 2018 confirm his identity; DNA tests in 2010 reveal North African and/or Jewish ancestry in Hitler; more DNA tests reveal Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry in Braun - who's dey? German-Am. Blue Four art dealer Galka Scheyer (b 1889) on Dec. 13 in Los Angeles, Calf. German anti-Nazi politician Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin (b. 1890) on Apr. 9 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). German Nazi slavemaster Robert Ley (b. 1890) on Oct. 25 in Nuremberg (suicide in prison). Austrian-Bohemian novelist-playwright Franz Werfel (b. 1890) on Aug. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif. Swiss-born Am. "42nd Street" lyricist Al Dubin (b. 1891) on Feb. 11 in New York City. Czech poet-writer Josef Hora (b. 1891) on June 21. Japanese PM (1937-8, 1940-1) Prince Fumimaro Konoye (b. 1891) on Dec. 16 in Tokyo (suicide). Japanese Battle of Iwo Jima gen. Tadamichi Kuribayashi (b. 1891) on Mar. 26 in Iwo Jima (KIA); his body is never identified by the U.S. military. German politician Julius Leber (b. 1891) on Jan. 5 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German Field Marshal Walther Model (b. 1891) on Apr. 21 near Duisburg (Ratingen), Ruhr (suicide by shooting after being indicted for war crimes). Japanese Adm. Minoru Ota (b. 1891) on June 13 in Okinawa (hara-kiri). Japanese Gen. Sosaku Suzuki (b. 1891) on Apr. 19 in Cebu, Philippines (KIA). German Nazi official Fritz Waechtler (b. 1891) on Apr. 19 in Waldmunchen (executed). Polish mathematician Stefan Banach (b. 1892) on Aug. 31 in Lviv, Ukraine (lung cancer). German Field Marshal (last cmdr. of the Luftwaffe) Robert Ritter von Greim (b. 1892) on May 24 in Salzburg, Austria (suicide); last words: "I am the head of the Luftwaffe, but I have no Luftwaffe." German Reich minister of justice Roland Freisler (b. 1893) on Feb. 3 in Berlin (artillery shell); in Feb. 1985 his widow is awarded a widow's pension on the theory that if he had survived he would have held a high position in postwar West Germany. German anti-Nazi politician Erwin Planck (b. 1893) on Jan. 23 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). U.S. Adm. Ted Chandler (b. 1894) on Jan. 7 in Manila Bay, Philippines (KIA). German SS Gen. Arthur Nebe (b. 1894) on Mar. 21 in Plotenzee Prison, Berlin (executed). German Wannsee Conference diplomat Martin Luther (b. 1895) on May 13 in Berlin (heart attack). German Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofen (b. 1895) on July 12 in Bad Ischl; dies in U.S. captivity of a brain tumor. German resistance fighter Rudiger Schleicher (b. 1895) on Apr. 23 in Berlin. French Vichy Gen. Joseph Darnand (b. 1897) on Oct. 10 in Fort de Chatillon (executed). German Nazi propaganda minister (1933-45) Joseph Goebbels (b. 1897) on May 1 in Berlin (suicide); his great-grandchildren all become billionaires: "Think of the press as a great keyboard on which the government can play." Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose (b. 1897) on Aug. 18 in Formosa (Taiwan) (airplane crash). German political activist Anton Arco-Valley (b. 1897) on June 29 in Salzburg (automobile accident). French collaborationist politician Jacques Doriot (b. 1898) on Feb. 22 near Mengen, Wurttemberg; killed by fire from fighters. German SS Capt. August Hirt (b. 1898) on June 2 in Schluchsee, Baden-Wurttemberg (suicide). German Gen. Hans Krebs (b. 1898) on May 2 (15:30) in Berlin (suicide). German Reichskommissar of Norway (1940-45) Josef Terboven (b. 1898) on May 8 in Asker, Norway (suicide). German leader Martin Bormann (b. 1900) on May 2 in Berlin; KIA near Hitler's bunker. German Nazi SS head Heinrich Himmler (b. 1900) on May 23 in Luneburg (suicide by cyanide); last words: "I am Heinrich Himmler"; leaves love letters to his wife, incl. one with the soundbyte: "I'm off to Auschwitz. Kisses! Yours, Hiney": "I marvel at the wisdom of the founders of Indian religions." Swiss astrologer Karl Ernst Krafft (b. 1900) on Jan. 8. Soviet NKVD defector Genrikh Lyushkov (b. 1900) on Aug. 19 in Dairen, China; shot to prevent falling into Soviet hands. German SS Gen. Heinrich "Gestapo" Muller (b. 1900) in May in Berlin; his body is not found until ? Am. "worm's eye view" war correspondent Ernie Pyle (b. 1900) on Apr. 18 on Ie Shima (KIA). German jurist Klaus Bonhoeffer (b. 1901) on Apr. 23 in Berlin (executed). Soviet Gen. Aleksandr Scherbakov (b. 1901) on May 10 (heart failure); Rybinsk is renamed Shcherbakov in his honor in 1946-57. Scottish athlete Eric Liddell (b. 1902) on Feb. 21 in Weihsien Camp, China (brain tumor in a Japanese POW camp); dies after Winston Churchill arranges a POW trade, and he lets a pregnant woman go in his place; all of Scotland mourns. Soviet diplomat Konstantin Umansky (b. 1902) on Jan. 25 in Mexico City, Mexico (plane crash). Am. military chaplain Father William T. Cummings (b. 1903) on Jan. 18. German Auschwitz deputy commandant Capt. Karl Fritzsch (b. 1903) on ? in ?. French auto racer-spy William Grover-Williams (b. 1903) in Feb.-Mar. in Sachsenhauser Camp (executed); he really survives the war and lives under the name Georges Tambal? German geographer Albrecht Haushofer (b. 1903) on Apr. 23 in Berlin (executed). Italian Fascist leader Alessandro Pavolini (b. 1903) on Apr. 28 in Dongo (executed). German SS officer Odilo Globocnik (b. 1904) on May 31 in Paternion, Austria (suicide). German Protestant theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (b. 1906) on Apr. 9 (hanged). Soviet Gen. Ivan Chernyakhovsky (b. 1906) on Feb. 18 near Konigsberg, Prussia (KIA). German Gen. Hermann Fegelein (b. 1906) on Apr. 28 in Berlin (executed). German Beast of Belsen Josef Kramer (b. 1906) on Dec. 13 in Hamelin (hanged). German Jesuit priest Alfred Delp (b. 1907) on Feb. 2 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German jurist Count Helmuth James von Moltke (b. 1907) on Jan. 23 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German SS doctor Sigmund Rascher (b. 1909) on Apr. 26 in Dachau Camp; executed for fraud on orders of Heinrich Himler before the Allies liberate the camp. German SS Col. Rudolf Lange (b. 1910) on Feb. 23 (near Posen?). French spy Denise Bloch (b. 1916) on Feb. 5 in Ravensbruck Camp (executed). U.S. Lt. Col. Albert Peter Dewey (b. 1916) on Sept. 26 in Saigon, Vietnam (assassinated). British wing cmdr. Eric James Brindley Nicolson (b. 1917) on May 2 in the Bay of Bengal (KIA). Am. tennis player Joe Hunt (b. 1919) on Feb. 2 near Daytona Beach, Fla.; killed when his Navy Grumman Hellcat crashes in a training mission. Am. WWI USAF ace Richard Bong (b. 1920) on Aug. 6 near Burbank, Calif. (plane crash). British Guardsman Edward Colquhoun Charlton (b. 1920) on Apr. 21 in Wistedt, Germany (KIA). Dutch resistance fighter Hannie Schaft (b. 1920) on Apr. 17 in Bloemendaal; last words: "I shoot better than you." Am. soldier Eddie Slovik (b. 1920) on Jan. 31 in Saint-Marie-aux-Mines, France (executed). French Resistance agent Violette Szabo (b. 1921) on Feb. 5 in Ravensbruck Camp, Germany (executed). German-born Jewish martyr Anne Frank (b. 1929) on Mar. 12 in Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, Lower Saxony, Germany (typhus).



1946 - The Hirohito Is Not a God Ten Hangings White America Is Top Cop Year? As the dead Nazi bad guys and their victims rot, the victorious Americans come home to an unscarred land to breed a new generation of safe 99.94% pure white good guys, who at the same time don't really believe in racism despite their deep feelings and what their eyes tell them? A good year to start an American franchise business? Meanwhile the Soviet Communists see their chance and begin a Cold War with the Capitalist West using the latter's own credit cards until 1991?

Japanese Emperor Hirohito (Showa) (1901-89) James Francis Byrnes of the U.S. (1879-1972) Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (1892-1980) Wladyslaw Gomulka of Poland (1905-82) Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1869-1947) Umberto II of Italy (1904-83) Juan Peron of Argentina (1895-1974) Trygve Lie of Norway (1896-1968) U.S. MSgt. John Clarence Woods (1911-50) Herbert Stanley Morrison of Britain (1888-1965) Henry Francis Grady of the U.S. (1882-1957) Edward R. Stettinius Jr. of the U.S. (1900-49) Herschel Vespasian Johnson (1894-1966) Abdullah Ibn Hussein of Transjordan (1882-1951) Sheikh Abdullah Saleh al-Farsy (1912-82) Miguel Alemán Valdés of Mexico (1900-83) Georgi Mikhailovich Dimitrov of Bulgaria (1882-1949) Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) of the Soviet Union and Georgi Mikhailovich Dimitrov of Bulgaria (1882-1947) Néstor Guillén Olmos of Bolivia (1890-1966) Tomás Monje Gutierréz of Bolivia (1884-1959) Ludwik Witold Rajchman (1881-1965) Maurice Pate (1894-1965) Kim Il-sung of North Korea (1912-94) Croatian Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac (1898-1960) Ferenc Nagy of Hungary (1903-79) Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej)  of Thailand (1927-2016) Japanese Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma (1888-1946) W. Averell Harriman of the U.S. (1891-1986) Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo of China (1887-1985) Manuel Acuña Roxas of the Philippines (1892-1948) U.S. Adm. Sidney William Souers (1892-1973) U.S. Lt. Gen. Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg (1899-1954) Sir Charles Vyner deWindt Brooke (1874-1963) Fred Moore Vinson of the U.S. (1890-1953) Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg of New Zealand (1889-1963) Maurice Duplessis of Quebec (1890-1959) Andrei Zhdanov of the Soviet Union (1896-1948) James William Fulbright of the U.S. (1905-95) William O'Dwyer of the U.S. (1890-1964) Samuel Francis Hobbs of the U.S. (1887-1952) Sir Sri Kerala Varma VII of Cochin (1870-1948) Patriarch Maximos V (1897-1972) Cardinal Joseph Elmer Ritter (1892-1967) King David Hotel, 1931 King David Hotel, 1946 Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961) Siegmund Warburg (1902-82) Absalom Willis Robertson of the U.S. (1887-1971) Robert Moses (1888-1981) William Heirens (1928-2012) Eugene Isaac Meyer (1875-1959) Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910-2004) Philip Graham (1915-63) Sugar Ray Robinson (1920-89) Louise Brough (1923-) Babe Didrikson Zaharias of the U.S. (1911-56) Gordie Howe (1928-2016) Marty Gordon Howe (1954)-) Mark Steven Howe (1955-) Colleen Joffa Howe (1933-2009) Enos Slaughter (1916-2002) Maurice Podoloff (1890-1985) First Pro Basketball Game, Nov. 1, 1946 Red Auerbach (1917-2006) Ossie Schectman (1919-2013) Chuck Connors (1921-92) Emily Greene Balch (1867-1961) James Phinney Baxter III (1893-1975) John Raleigh Mott (1865-1955) Hermann Hesse (1877-1962) Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965) Percy Williams Bridgman (1882-1961) James Batcheller Sumner (1887-1955) John Howard Northrop (1891-1987) Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904-71) Hermann Joseph Muller (1890-1967) John Presper Eckert (1919-95) and John William Mauchly (1907-80) Arthur Walter Burks (1915-2008) John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-95) Frank Costello (1891-1973) David Pablo Boder (1886-1961) Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher (1924-95) Irene Morgan (1917-2007) Bayard Rustin (1912-87) Mother Cabrini (1850-1917) Tomoya Kawakita (1921-) Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975) Mikhail Botvinnik (1911-95) George Robson (1909-46) Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) Sir Martin Ryle (1918-84) Edward Mills Purcell (1912-97) Felix Bloch (1905-83) Laura Z. Hobson (1900-86) Charles Glen King (1896-) Marion Donovan (1917-) Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904-71) Meyer Lansky (1902-83) Bugsy Siegel (1906-47) Sir Harold Gillies (1882-1960) Michael Dillon (1915-62) Roberta Cowell (1918-2011) Georges Doriot (1899-1987) Karl Taylor Compton (1887-1954) Ralph Edward Flanders of the U.S. (1880-1970) Friedrich Meineke (1862-1954) George Mikes (1912-87) 'How to Be An Alien', by George Mikes (1912-87), 1946 Ann Petry (1908-97) Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) Sir Terence Rattigan (1911-77) Harry Reasoner (1923-91) Clifford Donald Simak (1904-88) Robert Penn Warren (1905-89) Joe Weider (1919-2013) and Ben Weider (1923-2008) Viktor Emil Frankl (1905-97) Mervyn Peake (1911-68) Noman Granz (1918-2001) Clef Records The Modern Jazz Quartet Karl Dietrich Bracher (1922-) Alan Bullock (1914-2004) Yuen Ren Chao (1892-1982) Gordon Alexander Craig (1913-2005 Sir Richard John Evans (1947-) Joachim Clements Fest (1926-2006) Fritz Fischer (1908-99) Jürgen Habermas (1929-) Klaus Hildebrand (1941-) Andreas Fritz Hillgruber (1925-89) David Irving (1938-) Eberhard Jäckel (1929-) Sir Ian Kershaw (1943-) Jürgen Kocka (1941-) Richard Löwenthal (1908-91) John Lukacs (1924-) Friedrich Meinecke (1862-1954) Hans Mommsen (1930-) Lewis Bernstein Namier (1888-1960) Ernst Nolte (1923-) Gerhard Ritter (1888-1967) Hagen Schulze (1943-2014) Michael Stürmer (1938-) A.J.P. Taylor (1906-90) John Toland (1912-2004) Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914-2003) Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1931-2014) Heinrich August Winkler (1938-) Rainer Zitelmann (1957-) Christopher Hill (1912-2003) Eric Hobsbawm (1917-2012) A.L. Morton (1903-87) Brian Pearce (1915-2008) Raphael Samuel (1934-96) Claude Simon (1913-2005) 'Annie Get Your Gun', 1946 Dorothy Thompson (1923-2011) E.P. Thompson (1924-93) 'Its a Wonderful Life', 1946 'My Darling Clementine', 1946 'The Snake Pit' by Mary Jane Ward (1905-81), 1946 Lancelot Lionel Ware (1915-2000) Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91) Daniel Bovet (1907-92) Elizabeth Bishop (1911-79) Pat Frank (1908-64) Ben Hecht (1894-1964) Eric Hodgins (1899-1971) Birgit Nilsson (1918-2005) Henry 'Red' Allen (1906-67) Frank Capra (1897-1991) Jean Kerr (1922-2003) Kirk Douglas (1916-2020) 'Song of the South', 1946 James Baskett (1904-48) Bobby Driscoll (1937-68) Burt Lancaster (1913-94) Larry Parks (1914-75) Dennis James (1917-97) Tay Garnett (1894-1977) 'Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena', 1946-56 Bozo the Clown, 1946- The Bowery Boys, 1946-58 Garson Kanin (1912-99) 'Born Yesterday', 1946 'The Iceman Cometh', 1946 'The Captive Heart', 1946 Alan Rawsthorne (1905-71) 'Cluny Brown', 1946 'The Crimson Ghost, 1946 'The Dark Mirror', 1946 'Gilda', 1946 'Green for Danger', 1946 'House of Horrors', 1946 'The Brute Man', 1946 'A Matter of Life and Death', 1946 'The Postman Always Rings Twice', 1946 'The Yearling', 1946 Eugene Pallette (1889-1954) Benny Bell (1906-99) Johnny Otis (1921-) Warren Avis (1915-2007) Burt Baskin (1913-69) and Irv Robbins (1917-2008) Jose Limón (1908-72) Leo Fender (1909-91) Estée Lauder (1906-2004) Louis Reard (1920-2007) The Bikini, by Louis Reard, modelled by Micheline Bernardini The Atome, by Jacques Heim Jacques Heim (1899-1967) Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957) Jacques Prévert (1900-77) Paramanhansa Yogananda (1893-1952) Mahavatar Babaji 'Hour Glass', 1946-7 L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86) Jack Parsons (1914-52) Marjorie Cameron (1922-95) Aleister Crowley (1875-1947) Sara Northrup Hollister (1924-97) Lucien Coutaud (1904-77) 'Homme et Femme' by Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), 1946 Example of Rosalie Gwathmey (1908-2001) 'Fear' by Hans Hofmann, 1946 Roberto Matta (1911-2002) 'A Grave Situation' by Roberto Matta (1911-2002), 1946) Graham Sutherland (1903-80) 'The Crucifixion' by Graham Sutherland (1903-88), 1946 Machiko Hasegawa (1920-92) 'Sazae-san', 1946-74 'Oh! Calcutta, Calcutta!' by Claude Trouille (1889-1975), 1946 'The Winslow Boy', 1946 Clovis Trouille (1889-1975) Rev. Wilbert Awdry (1911-97) Thomas the Tank Engine Fred Morrison (1920-2010) Earl Silas Tupper (1907-83) Tupperware, 1946 Tide Detergent, 1946 Korean Air Logo Bell X-1 Convair B-36 Peacemaker McDonnell XF-85 Goblin Tonka, 1946 Tonka Truck Chick-fil-A, 1946 7-Eleven, 1946 Samuel Truett Cathy (1921-2014) Kegg's Candies, 1946

1946 Chinese Year: Dog. Time Mag. Man of the Year: James Francis Byrnes (1882-1972). Pop.: China: 455M, India: 311M, Soviet Union: 194M, U.S.: 140M, Japan: 73M, West Germany: 48M, Italy: 47M, Britain: 46M, Brazil: 45M, France: 40M; WWII cost 80M-90M lives; Germany lost 8%-9% of its pop. to the war, vs. 16.5% for Poland, 14% for the Soviet Union, 11.7% for Greece, 3.78% for Japan, 2%-4% for China, and 0.32% for the U.S.; 6M Jews were murdered, incl. 3M (90%) in Poland and 1M in Ukraine, 80% of Czech Jews, 70% of Hungarian, Greek and Dutch Jews, 60% of Yugoslavian and Belgian Jews, 41% of Norwegian Jews, and 20% of French, Italian, and Bulgarian Jews; because of lack of cooperation by local authorities, only 52 of 8K Danish Jews were murdered. The Globalization Era begins as the victorious U.S. forgives Germany its war debts and begins using its surpluses to reindustrialize Europe and Japan; in the 1960s it transitions to recycling global surpluses. The U.S. enters its Keynesian Period, with the wealthy taxed 90%+ and unions becoming powerful ("A paradise lost" - Paul Krugman); it ends with the 1973 energy crisis and stagflation. The U.S. emerges from WWII energy independent and self-sufficient in oil production; it takes until the early 1970s to become a net oil importer; it never imports a high percentage of its own oil demand from the Middle East, but uses its grate powah to control who gets access to it, mainly W Europe and Japan. A housing boom begins, with housing starts zooming from 200K in 1945 to 1.15M in 1950, with most new homes furnished with wall-to-wall (fitted) carpeting, and appliances incl. vacuum cleaners, causing vacuum cleaner sales to zoom from 1.3M units in 1940 to 3.5M units in 1950, with 21 manufacturers splitting the market; widspread adoption of air conditioning causes a pop. explosion in the South, incl. Atlanta, Ga., Miami, Fla., and Houston, Tex. There are 15M 10-pin bowlers in the U.S. The Industrial Rev. goes global after WWII, causing the first big flush of CO2 emissions to be released; too bad, the Earth's avg. temp declines in 1940-75. James and Mary are the most popular baby names in the U.S. this year; Michael is #7, and begins a climb over the next 50 years, reaching #1 in 1998, and still at #2 in 2006 (#1 = Jacob); only one of the top 10 girl names (Mary) is still in the list by 2006; Robert slides to 47 and Richard to 99 by 2006. There's two chickens in every pot and a car in every garage? Horny white heterosexual U.S. soldiers return from the war to horny waiting white hetero American women (some just dabbled in lesbianism during the war years?), with 100K marriages a mo., and soon the U.S. Baby Boom (ends 1964) begins as the middle class and its consumer society rise to prominence in a booming economy caused by wartime spending; 700K new homes are started this year; unemployed GIs are called 52-20s since they are entitled to $20 a week for 52 weeks? On Jan. 1 while his people weep, Emperor #124 (since Dec. 25, 1926) Hirohito (Showa) (1901-89) goes on the radio and announces to the people of Japan that he's not a god, and the Japanese are not a superior race - I'm Ray Orbison? On Jan. 1 Bolzano Province is transferred by the Allies to Italian control, leaving only Venezia Giulia (claimed by Yugoslavia) not under Italian sovereignty. On Jan. 1 20 Japanese soldiers on Corregidor surrender after living in underground tunnels and discovering the news while looking for water. On Jan. 1 County Mayo, Ireland-born Dem. William O'Dwyer (1890-1964), Tammany Hall's candidate becomes New York City mayor #100 (until Aug. 31, 1950), singing "It's a Great Day for the Irish" at his inauguration, going on to establish the Office of City Construction Coordinator, with Robert Moses as park commissioner #1, and preside over the first $1B city budget, creating a traffic dept. and raising subway fares from 5 cents to 10 cents; too bad, he resigns after a police corruption scandal, receiving a ticker tape parade and getting appointed U.S. ambassador to Mexico by Pres. Truman (until Dec. 6, 1952), staying in Mexico except for a trip back to answer questions about his connections with organized crime, which haunts him for life. On Jan. 1 Alabama defeats USC by 34-14 to win the 1946 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 3 the prison sentence of mobster Lucky Luciano (1897-1962) is commuted by New York Gov. Thomas Dewey for his help in preventing dock sabotage during the war; on Feb. 10 he is exiled to Italy, and Frank Costello (1891-1973) takes over his criminal org. On Jan. 7 the occupying powers officially recognize the Austrian Repub. within its 1937 frontiers, and on June 28 it is given larger powers by the Allied Council. On Jan. 7 the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules 5-3 in Marsh v. Alabama that a Jehovah's Witness' right to distribute religious materials in front of the post office in Chickasaw, Ala. cannot be denied by using licensing or trespassing laws, even when the town is privately owned, because the more an owner opens his property up to the public in general, the more his rights are circumscribed by the statutory and constitutional rights of those who are invited in, and in this case her First Amendment rights are more important; should apply to Internet monopolies like Google and Facebook to prevent censorship of non-leftists? This is the world of confusion we live in, let's make it a place worth fight, er, living for? On Jan. 10 the first meeting of the United Nations (U.N.) Gen. Assembly, with 51 nations represented is held in Central Hall, Westminster, London; Nationalist China is represented by a delegation led by Columbia U.-educated Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo (1887-1985), Chinese ambassador to the U.S. (1946-56); after diplomatic efforts by U.S. U.N. rep. Sol Bloom, the U.N. takes over the finances of the U.N. Relief and Rehabilitation Admin., which Bloom calls "the supreme moment" of his life. On Jan. 10 Chiang Kai-shek and Yenan Communist forces halt fighting in China. On Jan. 12 a WWII Victory Parade is held in New York City, led by 13K men of the 82nd Airborne Div. (incl. the African-Am. 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion) under Gen. James M. Gavin. On Jan. 17 after chairing the U.S. delegation to the 1945 U.N. Conference on Internat. Org, Chicago, Ill.-born U.S. secy. of state #48 (1944-5) Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr. (1900-49) becomes U.S. U.N. ambassador #1, resigning on June 3 after getting pissed-off at Truman's refusal to use the U.N. as a tool to resolve tensions with the Soviet Union, while Truman thinks he's soft on Communism as proved by yielding too much to Stalin as FDR's advisor at Yalta; on June 3 Atlanta, Ga.-born N.C.-raised diplomat Herschel Vespasian Johnson (1894-1966) becomes acting U.S. U.N. rep. (until Jan. 14, 1947). On Jan. 17 after Iran complains over Soviet interference in its internal affairs, the U.N. Gen. Assembly holds its first session; on Jan. 24 it establishes the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) "to deal with the problems raised by the discovery of atomic energy". Internat. Military Tribunal for the Far East, which convenes on Apr. 28-29, indicting 28 Japanese war leaders for war crimes; 25 are tried, and seven are hanged. On Jan. 19 500 U.S. and Polish troops launch Operation Keehaul, using tear gas to forcibly repatriate 339 Soviet POWs who don't want to go back. On Jan. 20 Charles de Gaulle resigns as pres. of France. On Jan. 23 Pres. Truman sets up the office of U.S. Dir. of Central Intelligence (DCI) to coordinate U.S. intel activities, with rear Adm. Sidney Souers (1892-1973) as dir. #1 and Kingman Douglass (1896-1971) as deputy dir. #1 on Feb. 2; in June Army Lt. Gen. Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg (1899-1954) becomes dir. #2 (until 1947). On Jan. 24 the U.N. Gen. Assemby establishes the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) "to deal with the problems raised by the discovery of atomic energy". On Jan. 25 the U.N. Security Council adopts Resolution 1 without a vote, establishing the Military Staff Committee (MSC) to plan U.N. military operations and assist in armament regulation, providing a command staff for a set of air force contingents provided by the Permanent Five. On Jan. 25 the United Mine Workers (UMW) rejoins the Am. Federation of Labor (AFL); in Apr. UMW pres. John L. Lewis defies a court order and calls the Great Miners' Strike of 1946 of 350K miners, drawing a personal fine of $10K and a union fine of $700K; he does it again next year and the fines are doubled - like he cares? On Jan. 30 the first Franklin Roosevelt Dime is issued by the U.S. Mint, of .900 fine silver (discontinued 1964). On Jan. 31 Yugoslavia proclaims a new 1946 Yugoslavian Constitution modeled after the Soviet Union, and the new govt. is recognized by the Western powers although they know about their dirty laundry; meanwhile Yugoslavia goes on to make political and economic agreements with Albania, Bulgaria, Czech., Hungary, and Poland. In Jan. after a truce arranged by the U.S. is flouted, the Chinese Civil War breaks out between the Communists and the Nationalists (ends Jan. 1, 1949). In Jan. the RAF Strikes in India sees 50K men in 60+ RAF stations in India and Ceylon strike after being told they were to be used to maintain British rule rather than be sent home, becoming the biggest British military mass revolt in history; this leads to the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946 against British rule on Feb. 18-25, which starts in Karachi and spreads to Calcutta, involving 20K+ sailors in 78 ships and shore establishments; civilians in Bombay support with a 1-day gen. strike, which spreads to other cities. In Jan. Leon Blum is appointed French ambassador extradordinary, and in May he negotiates a loan of $1.37B from the U.S. In Jan. at the request of the Council of Foreign Ministers (U.S., Soviet Union, Britain) two opposition members are added to the Communist-dominated Romanian cabinet, which pledges that free elections will be held, causing the U.S. and Britain to recognize the govt. on Feb. 5. In Jan. after a catfight between the military, the State Dept., and the FBI, Pres. Truman establishes the Central Intelligence Group to coordinate all federal govt. intel under the dir. of a Nat. Intelligence Authority composed of a U.S. pres. rep, the secy. of state, secy. of war, and secy. of the Navy, with Rear Adm. Sidney W. Souers as dir. #1; it is abolished on Sept. 18, 1947. In Jan.-Mar. 1946 after future Scientology founder Lafayette Ronald (L. Ron) Hubbard (1911-86) (AKA LHR) moved in Aug. into the Pasadena, Calif. mansion of Los Angeles, Calif.-born chemist John "Jack" (Marvel) Whiteside Parsons (1914-52), cofounder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and fellow disciple of the Thelema of English black magic practitioner ("the wickedest man in the world") Aleister (Edward Alexander) Crowley (1875-1947), (who runs Ordo Templi Orientis (O.D.O.), which has a branch in Pasadena), and Parsons began masturbating onto magic tablets in the desert in Dec. to bring about the incarnation of Thelemite goddess Babalon onto Earth, Parsons unsuccessfully attempts to father a Moonchild with his new wife, Belle Plaine, Iowa-born redhead Marjorie Cameron (1922-95) while performing the Babalon Working rituals along with Hubbard in an attempt to manifest the archetypal divine femine called Babalon; the Parsons mansion is next door to the estate of beer king Adolphus Busch; in 1945 Hubbard meets Pasadena, Calif.-born Crowley follower and ex-lover of Parsons Sara Elizabeth Bruce Northrup Hollister (1924-97) (sister of Jack's wife Helen Hollister), whom Crowley calls a "vampire" for her disruptiveness, eloping in 1946 while he is still married to first wife Margaret Grubb, after which they latch onto a substantial amount of Parsons' life savings, causing him to go into a tailspin, declaring himself the Antichrist in 1949 and dying in a home lab explosion on June 17, 1952 after being investigated by the FBI for espionage for consulting for the Israeli rocket program and losing his defense contracts, causing allegations of a govt. hit; Sara goes on to help her hubby develop Dianetics, becoming his personal auditor until he turns on her and begins harassing her, causing her to leave him for his employee Miles Hollister in 1951 and move to Hawaii; on Dec. 1, 1947 Aleister Crowley (b. 1875) dies in Hastings, East Sussex, England, deeply affecting L. Ron Hubbard, who decides to "take over the mantle of the Beast", according to his son Lafayette Ronald Hubbard Jr. AKA Ronald DeWolf (1934-91), who adds: "My father did not worship Satan. He thought he was Satan." On Feb. 1 Hungary declares itself a repub., with PM (since Nov. 15, 1945) Zoltan Tildy (1889-1961) as pres. #1 (until Aug. 4, 1948), and Ferenc Nagy (1903-79) as PM #1 on Feb. 4 (until May 31, 1947); meanwhile this year 150K ethnic Germans are expelled, plus another 100K next year. On Feb. 1 after being recommended by the Soviet Union, Norwegian foreign minister and labor leader Trygve Halvdan Lie (1896-1968) is chosen to be secy.-gen. #1 of the U.N., taking office on Feb. 2 (until Nov. 10, 1952), calling it a "going organization"; after the U.N. becomes involved in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoes his reappointment in 1951, but the U.S. stages an end-around run, getting him reappointed by the U.N. Gen. Assembly by 46-5-8, pissing-off the Soviet Union even more, causing him to finally resign. On Feb. 8 PM Salazar of Portugal prohibits opposition parties. On Feb. 8 Soviet-trained puppet Kim Il-sung (Il Sung) (1912-94) is appointed chmn. of the North Korean Provisional People's Committee. On Feb. 9 Stalin announces a new 5-year plan for the Soviet Union, calling for production boosts of 50% - in false paperwork? On Feb. 21 anti-British demonstrations take place in Egypt, followed by anti-British demonstrations in India on Feb. 23. On Feb. 22 the Long Telegram from Moscow by U.S. diplomat-historian George Frost Kennan (1904-2005), followed by the 1947 Foreign Affairs article The Sources of Soviet Conduct (The X Article) (under the alias "X"), portraying the Soviet Union as expansionist, and espousing the Containment Doctrine establish him as the principal architect of U.S. Cold War strategy; "It is clear that the United States cannot expect in the foreseeable future to enjoy political intimacy with the Soviet regime. It must continue to regard the Soviet Union as a rival, not a partner, in the political arena. It must continue to expect that Soviet policies will reflect no abstract love of peace and stability, no real faith in the possibility of a permanent happy coexistence of the Socialist and capitalist worlds, but rather a cautious, persistent pressure toward the disruption and, weakening of all rival influence and rival power" - keep the frost on to kennel 'em? On Feb. 24 Col. Juan Domingo Peron (1895-1974) of the Justicialist Party is elected as pres. of Argentina with 54% of the vote in a 20+-way split; the support of the descamisados (shirtless working class) is instrumental; on June 4 he is sworn-in (until Sept. 21, 1955), going on to attempt to fight poverty and dignify labor while protecting Nazis; labor union membership grows from 500K this year to 2M by 1950 out of 5M laborers. On Feb. 25-26 (night) a race riot in Columbia, Tenn. starts after a fist fight between a black veteran and a white shopkeeper, killing two and wounding 10. On Feb. 28 U.S. secy. of state James F. Byrnes gives a speech in New York City launching the Cold War, with the soundbyte: "If we are to be a great power, we must act as a great power, not only to ensure our own safety but to preserve the peace of the world." In Feb. Chester Bowles is appointed dir. of the Office of Economic Stabilization by Pres. Truman, but resigns in June in protest against legislation on price control. On Mar. 1 the British govt. takes control of the Bank of England after 252 years. On Mar. 1 Panama receives a new constitution. On Mar. 2 Pridi Banomyong (Phanomyong) (1900-83) becomes PM #7 of Thailand (until Aug. 23). On Mar. 4 the comic strip Rip Kirby, by "Flash Gordon" artist Alexander Gillespie "Alex" Raymond (1909-56) debuts (until June 26, 1999), about a sophisticated, urbane, pipe-smoking glasses-wearing scientist privte detective, his valet Desmond, and steady girlfriend Honey Dorian, breaking the mold. On Mar. 5 Winston Churchill gives his Iron Curtain (Sinews of Peace) Speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Mo., popularizing the term "Iron Curtain", which had been used by the Nazis in the closing days of WWII, and which Churchill had used in telegrams to Truman on May 12 and June 4, 1945; "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow", warning that Communist parties and fifth columns "constitute a growing challenge and peril in Christian civilization"; too bad, the Western press, still in love with the Soviet Paradise disses him, and it takes the Berlin Wall for the speech to appear prophetic; he also calls for "a new unity in Europe", from which no nation should be "permanently outcast", calling it a "grand pacification of Europe... within the structure of the United Nations and in accordance with its Charter". How did the U.S. get to the point of fighting George Washington? On Mar. 6 after Ho Chi Minh makes the mistake of trusting the French to help him oust 150K Nationalist Chinese who are raping and pillaging in the N, the Mar. Agreement sees France recognize Vietnam statehood within the Indo-Chinese Federation, with Ho Chi Minh as pres.; too bad, they soon renege, and on Dec. 28 they declare martial law, starting the First (French) Indochina War (ends May 7, 1954); meanwhile the history ignoramus Yanks blindly back the Frogs against the George Washington of Vietnam, known for reciting the U.S. Declaration of Independence to his people, who break out in cries of joy, giving the French $2B in aid, throwing Ho and his people into the arms of their ancient enemies the Chinese. On Mar. 7 the 18th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1945 to Paramount's The Lost Weekend, along with best dir. to Billy Wilder and best actor to Ray Milland, best actress to Joan Crawford for Mildred Pierce, best supporting actor to James Dunn for A Tree Groes in Brooklyn, and best supporting actress to Anne Revere for National Velvet; Crawford feigns illness and misses the awards ceremony on the radio then ushers the press into her bedroom to accept, after which she soon divorces actor hubby (since 1942) Phillip Terry (Frederick Henry Kormann) (1909-93), launching the Woman Best Actress Curse (Bette Davis, Halle Berry, Kate Winslet, Sandra Bullock). On Mar. 10 after machinations by his rival Tito, Hungarian pro-monarchy resistance leader Gen. Drazha Mihailovich is arrested for collaborating with the enemy, and shot on July 17 amid Western protests; on Sept. 18 Roman Catholic archbishop Aloysius Stepinac (1898-1960) of Croatia is arrested on similar charges, plus forced conversion of Orthodox Serbs to Catholicism, and sentenced to 16 years' hard labor - step on a crack and break your mother's back? On Mar. 15 British PM Clement Attlee expresses agreement with India's right to independence. On Mar. 19 1K-sq.-mi. Reunion Island 400 mi. SE of Madagascar becomes an overseas dept. of France. On Mar. 21 the U.N. sets up temporary HQ at Hunter College in Bronx, N.Y. On Mar. 22 the first U.S.-built rocket to leave the Earth's atmosphere reaches an alt. of 50 mi. On Mar. 22 the British mandate in Transjordan comes to an end, and on May 25 Britain grants it independence; the Arab state of Jordan is established, covering three-fourths of the territory of E Palestine, and on May 25 it proclaims Abdullah I Abdullah Ibn Hussein (1882-1951) as king (until July 20, 1951), and he changes the name of his state to Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, claiming direct descent from Prophet Muhammad, then shortens Transjordan to Jordan on Apr. 3, 1949. On Mar. 23 W. Averell Harriman (1891-1986), son of Union Pacific founder E.H. Harriman, and a former rowing coach at Yale, who taught Dean Acheson as a freshman becomes U.S. ambassador to Britain. On Mar. 30 1K Nazis attempting to revive the Nazi party in Frankfurt am Main are arrested by the Allies. On Mar. 31 after the Nat. Liberation Front (Ethniko Apelftherotiko Metopo) (EAM) and other leftist groups refuse to participate, the first gen. elections in Greece give an overwhelming V to the royalist Algerian Popular Party, and on Apr. 18 its leader Panyoti Tsaldaris becomes PM, while Greek Communists begin guerrilla activities, starting the Greek Communist Civil War (ends 1949). On Mar. 31 the Chinese Civil War (War of Liberation) begins (ends May 1, 1950), with the 1.2M-man Red Chinese army of Mao Tse-dung making their move to defeat the Kuomintang Nationalist Chinese of Chiang Kai-shek, with the Commies promising peasants land in exchange for military service, wiping out 1.12M nationalist troops while growing their army to 2M men. On Apr. 1 the 6.8 1946 Aleutian Islands Earthquake injures 165-173 and causes $26M in damage after causing a tsunami that hits Kauai and Hilo, Hawaii. On Apr. 2 Japanese Lt. Hisata Tomiyasu is found guilty of the murder of 14 Indian soldiers (using some for target practice) as well as cannibalism in Wewak, New Guinea in 1944. On Apr. 3 Japanese Bataan Death March cmdr. Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma (b. 1888) is executed outside Manila, Philippines. On Apr. 4 Iranian PM Ahmad Qavan signs an agreement allowing the Soviets to develop the oilfields; Soviet troops leave Iran, and the Azerbaijan and Kurdistan republics collapse, letting Iran regain control. On Apr. 8 the League of Nations assembles for the last time in Geneva; on Apr. 18 it votes itself out of existence and turns over all its assets to the U.N. - that's not even a fortune? On Apr. 12 British Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander succeeds the Earl of Athlone as gov.-gen. of Canada (until 1952). On Apr. 16 the U.S. launches its first captured V-2 rocket at White Sands - turn over your kingdom to Eezba? On Apr. 17 Syria gains its independence from France as the last French troops leave. On Apr. 18 the U.S. formally recognizes Tito's Yugoslavian govt. On Apr. 22 the comic strip Sazae-san debuts in the Asahi Shimbun in Japan (until Feb. 21, 1974), created by female manga artist Machiko Hasegawa (1920-92). On Apr. 29 the U.N. Security Council votes 10-0-1 (U.S.S.R.) to condemn the Franco regime in Spain. On May 2-4 there is a prisoner revolt at Alcatraz Federal Prison. On May 7 the Council of Foreign Ministers in Paris unanimously approves the cession of Transylvania to Romania. On May 9 King (since 1900) Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) of Italy abdicates in favor of his son Umberto (Humbert) II (1904-83), who is then ousted by plebiscite (12.7M to 10.7M votes) on June 2 and the Italian monarchy dissolved, ending the House of Savoy (founded in the 11th cent.), with the Repub. of Italy proclaimed; the June 2 elections give the Christian Dems. 207 of 556 seats, with the Socialists getting 115 and the Communists 104 (19% of the vote); on June 11 PM Alcide de Gasperi is made provisional pres., and on June 13 Umberto II leaves the country while refusing to accept the plebiscite; next Dec. 28 Victor Emmanuel III (b. 1869) dies in exile. On May 9 Hour Glass, sponsored by Standard Brands and hosted by Edward Mier "Eddie" Mayehoff (1909-92) and Helen Parrish (1924-59) debuts on NBC-TV (until Mar. 1947), becoming the first regularly-scheduled variety show on U.S. network TV; on Nov. 14, 1946 ventriloquist Edgar Bergen appears on the show, becoming one of the first major radio stars to appear on TV. On May 11 the first 20K CARE (Cooperative for Am. Remittances to Europe) packages arrive in La Havre, France, followed by 100M more over the next two decades; Italians love the canned fruit cocktail, while Germans hate the peanut butter? On May 15 Ceylon is granted a new constitution giving it almost complete self-govt. in domestic affairs. On May 16 self-taught artist Jon Gnagy (1907-81) becomes the first program to be broadcast from the antenna on top of the Empire State Bldg.; he goes on to pioneer drawing classes on TV in the 1950s and 1960s. On May 23 Rama Varma XVII dies, and his younger brother Sir Sri Kerala Varma VII (1870-1948) becomes king of Cochin in SW India (until Aug. 15, 1947. On May 24 U.S. Pres. Truman seizes control of the nation's railroads with the U.S. Army to forestall a threatened strike. On May 28 Manuel Acuna (Acuña) Roxas (1892-1948) becomes pres. #5 of the Philippines (pres. #1 of the 3rd Philippine Repub.) (until Apr. 15, 1948), and Elpidio Quirino becomes vice-pres. In May the first annual Cannes Film Festival is held. On June 3 the U.S. Supreme (Stone) Court rules 6-1 in Morgan v. Virginia to strike down Va.'s segregation of interstate bus passengers, based on the case of Irene Amos Morgan (Irene Morgan Kirkaldy) (1917-2007); ACLU atty. Thurgood Marshall skips relying upon the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment and uses the Interstate Commerce Clause to win, which causes the court to reverse a string of decisions dating back to 1878; the case did not comment on a state's right to segregate whites from blacks; next Apr. 9-23 16 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) activists go on the Journey of Reconciliation, riding on interstate Greyhound and Trailways buses through Va. to N.C., where police arrest Bayard Rustin (1912-87), who is convicted of violating N.C. segregation laws and given 22 days on a chain gang; in all, 24 tests result in 12 arrests and mob violence, inspiring the 1961 Freedom Rides. On June 4 a gigantic eruption on the Sun is photographed by the coronograph of the High Altitude Observatory at the U. of Colo. On June 8 a WWII Victory Parade is held in London, England; too bad, Soviet, Polish, and Yugoslav reps refuse to attend. On June 9 after returning last Dec. from Switzerland with a law degree, and Lord Louis Mountbatten commenting in Jan. that he's a "frightened, short-sighted boy, his sloping shoulders and thin chest behung with gorgeous diamond-studded decorations", Rama VIII (Ananda Mahidol) (b. 1925) accidentally shoots himself (assassinated?) in his bedroom four days before a planned trip back to Switzerland to finish his J.D. degree, and his brother Bhumibol Adulyadej (Phumiphon Adulet) is proclaimed by the nat. parliament with a regency council to rule in his name until he completes his musical education in Switzerland, becoming Chakri King Rama IX (1927-2016) of Thailand (until Oct. 13, 2016); by the end of the cent. he is the longest-ruling monarch alive - and he can compose good pop tunes and play them too? On June 10 after a referundum on June 2, the Italian Repub. is proclaimed, with female suffrage, ending the monarchy. On June 17 Lt. Gen. Bernard Cyril Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg (1889-1963) (cmdr. of the New Zealand Army Expeditionary Force in WWII) becomes gov.-gen. of New Zealand (until Aug. 15, 1952). On June 20 Cash and Carry debuts on the DuMont TV Network (until July 1, 1947), hosted by and Jersey City, N.J.-born Dennis James (Demie James Sposa) (1917-97), becoming the first network TV game show, in which contestants take cans off a supermarket shelf and answer the question on it; of course the cans are all made by sponsor Libby Foods. On June 20-21 U.S. treasury secy. #53 (since July 23, 1945) Frederick Moore "Fred" Vinson (1890-1953) of Ky. is appointed by his longtime buddy Pres. Truman as U.S. Chief Justice #13 and its 86th justice (until Sept. 8, 1953) to replace liberal Repub. Harlan Fiske Stone (1941-6), keeping the number of justices at nine, all liberal. On June 25 Ho Chi Minh travels to France for independence talks. On June 25 a fire at the St. George Terminal of the Staten Island Ferry in New York City kills three and injures 280. On June 26 Evanston, Ill.-born genius-IQ William George Heirens (1928-2012), known as "the Lipstick Killer" after leaving the lipstick message "For heavens sake catch me before I kill more/I cannot control myself" at a crime scene is arrested, confessing to three murders in 1945-6 and receiving a life sentence wih possibility of parole, dying in a hospital in Chicago on Mar. 5, 2012 after recanting his confession and claiming coercion. On June 27 the Canadian Citizenship Act retains the status of British subjects for Canadians (effective 1-1-1947). On June 27 the Council of Foreign Ministers in Paris votes to return the Dodecanese Islands to Greece. On June 29 British authorities arrest 2.7K Jews in Palestine allegedly to stamp out terrorism. On June 30 the Three Times Yes (3xTAK) (People's) Referendum in Poland is rigged to show overwhelming support for the Polish Communist Party, after which Communist Atheist Stalin puppet Wladyslaw Gomulka (1905-82) leads the Commies in winning the 1947 legislative elections, calling himself "the hegemon of Poland"; allegedly Stalin was told that the pope will never agree to an atheist Communist regime in Roman Catholic Poland, and he replies "How many divisions does the pope have?" In June Eugene Isaac Meyer (1875-1959), owner (since 1933) of the Washington Post becomes pres. #1 of the World Bank, and makes his son-in-law Philip Leslie Graham (1915-63) (husband of Katharine Graham) the new publisher of the Washington Post (1946-63), then he resigns in Dec. and returns as chmn., letting Graham keep his job. In June the Gehlen Org. intel agency, named after Reinhard Gehlen is established U.S. occupation authorities in the United States Zone of Germany, consisting of former members of the 12th Dept. of the Army Gen. Staff (Foreign Armies East or FHO). In June-Sept. 100K Jews leave Poland for displaced persons camps in Germany. Hot hot hot? On July 1 the U.S. Navy explodes a 20-kiloton atomic bomb (A-bomb) near Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, where the USS Salt Lake City and other vessels are anchored to resemble a fleet, becoming the first peacetime A-bomb test; German warship Prinz Eugen is used as a target, and survives the blast; on July 5 the navel-exposing Bikini bathing suit, created by lecher, er, automotive engineer Louis Reard (1920-2007) makes its hot debut at an outdoor fashion show at the Molitor Pool in Paris on model (nude dancer) Micheline Bernardini (1927-) (the male reaction is akin to an A-bomb explosion); weeks earlier Jacques Heim (1899-1967) introduced a less exhibitionist 2-piece version called the Atome (smallest particle of matter known), and both send skywriters into the skies of the French Riviera to advertise; U.S. women adopt it by next year, but it is pretty much banned until 1960? On July 4 (U.S. Independence Day) the Repub. of the Philippines becomes independent of U.S. sovereignty, become the first Far East victim of the Japanese to gain independence - pass the adobo, pinakbet, pancit, sansrival, and hola-hola? On July 4 a Jewish pogrom by angry Roman Catholic mobs in Kielce, Poland kills 42 and wounds 50, becoming the last pogrom in Europe (until ?). On July 6 the Soviets claim important industrial establishments in their zone of occupation of Austria, calling them German assets - and the name of the place is Stalin Mall? On July 7 Italian-born Mother Francis Xavier Cabrini (1850-1917) is canonized as the first Am. saint by Pope Pius XII, who also creates 32 new cardinals on Feb. 18 - payback for the war? On July 15 a British royal commission reveals the existence of a Communist fifth column in Canada directed by the Soviet Union, implicating a Labour-Progressive Party MP. On July 17 the Chinese Communists start an offensive against the nationalists at the Yangtze River; on July 20 the nationalists launch an offensive in North China with 113 brigades (1.6M troops). On July 20 Joseph Elmer Ritter (1892-1967) is appointed by Pope Pius XII as archbishop #4 of St. Louis, Mo., going on to end segregation in the city's parochial schools next year, fending off threats of charges under state segregation laws by pointing out that Church law automatically excommunicates anybody bringing charges against a bishop in a secular court; he also requires written permission to be given for any Catholic in his diocese to attend a non-Catholic or secular college. On July 21 Bolivian pres. (since Dec. 20, 1943) Gualberto Villarroel (b. 1908) is killed in a coup by a mob of workers, soldiers and students in La Paz upset over falling tin prices, who hang him from a lamp post in the public square a la Mussolini; a provisional govt. is set up led by Supreme Court justice Nestor Guillen (Néstor Guillén) Olmos (1890-1966), promising restoration of civil liberties and punishment of Villarroel officials, and free elections with army members barred from public office; too bad, on Aug. 16 after 27 days of almost-presidente Olmos, Tomas Monje Gutierrez (Tomás Monje Gutierréz) (1884-1959) becomes acting pres. (until Mar. 1947), and the govt. is recognized by the U.S. and Argentina. On July 22 Jewish Lehi (Stern Gang) extremists incl. Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir blow up the SW wing of the 5-star pink limestone King David Hotel in Jerusalem (built 1931) housing British admin. offices, killing 91 and injuring 45, turning it into a Zionist stronghold on May 4, 1948 when the British flag is lowered, overlooking the no-man's land armistice line between Israeli and Jordanian territory; the Jews invent modern publicity-seeking terrorism?; the affair turns #1 Am. journalist Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961) (supporter since 1920) against Zionism, causing the Zionists to put on the screws, getting her column dropped by the New York Post, along with other newspapers, tanking her career; in 1951 she founds the pro-Arab Am. Friends of the Middle East; funded by the CIA and Aramco? On July 24 Jerry Lewis (1926-2017) and Dean Martin (1917-95) make their first formal appearance together in a nightclub in Atlantic City, N.J.; they break up exactly 10 years later. On July 25 the U.S. Navy detonates a 2nd A-bomb at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, becoming the first underwater test - throw another shrimp on the barbie, mate? On July 25 the Anglo-Canadian Wheat Agreement provides for British purchases of Canadian wheat at below-market prices for four years starting Aug. 1. On July 26 Aloha Airlines (originally Trans-Pacific Airlines) begins operations from Honolulu Internat. Airport in Hawaii, growing to a fleet of 22 aircraft flying to 20 destinations; it ceases operations on Mar. 31, 2008. In July the U.S. lends Britain $3.75B. In July Albania and Yugoslavia sign a treaty of friendship and cooperation, followed by a series of economic and technical agreements aimed at integrating their economies. In July British deputy PM (1945-51) Herbert Stanley Morrison (1888-1965) and U.S. ambassador Henry Francis Grady (1882-1957) propose the Morrison-Grady Plan to solve the Palestine problem by federalization under overall British trusteeship; both Arabs and Jews reject the idea of British control - welcome to the sea of love? I'm fully bright? On Aug. 1 U.S. Pres. Truman signs the U.S. Fulbright Act into law, sponsored by U.S. Sen. (D-Ark.) (1945-74) James William Fulbright (1905-95), providing for the use of funds from the sale of surplus U.S. wartime supplies in other countries for educational purposes, initiating Fulbright Fellowships, awarded to Americans for study and teaching abroad and to foreigners for study in the U.S.; 60 states eventually sign up, starting with China, Philippines, and Greece - baby I'm ready to go? Speaking of bright? On Aug. 1 Pres. Truman establishes the U.N. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which approves the U.S. plan for control of nukes. On Aug. 1-2 citizens of Athens, Tenn. use armed force to clean up their govt. On Aug. 3 U.S. State Dept. official Samuel Klaus writes a 106-page confidential memo detailing alarming levels of Communist infiltration into the U.S. govt., which is later used by Sen. Joseph McCarthy to launch his investigation. On Aug. 10 Francis V. Keesling (1908-1997), a Washington lobbyist for the city of San Francisco, Calif. successfully gets Congress to pass a bill allowing Chinese male citizens living in the U.S. to bring over their wives - as long as they're shopping sluts? How now brown cow? On Aug. 16 Direct Action Day AKA the Great Calcutta Riot/Killings begins as peaceful protests all over India by the Muslim League against the Indian Nat. Congress for refusing to divide the former British Raj into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan turn violent at the Ochterloney Monument, where the largest Muslim assembly (30K-100K) in India is being held ends with the mad Muslims attacking Hindus and looting their shops while brandishing brickbats, bottles, and iron bars, after which the Week of the Long Knives begins in Bengal and Bihar by Muslims against Hindus and Sikhs, killing 4K, injuring 100K and leaving 100K homeless within 72 hours. On Aug. 27 after a strong nationalist movement in Laos is quashed by the French, they install Sisavangvong, king of Luangprabang (a supporter of the French against the Viet Minh) as constitutional monarch of a newly created state of Laos, consisting of Luangprabang and the Laotian territory of Vientiane (a French protectorate since 1893). On Aug. 29 the U.N. Security Council votes 10-0-1 (Australia) for Resolution 8 to admit Afghanistan, Iceland, and Sweden, rejecting Albania, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Transjordan, Ireland, Portugal, and Siam; on Dec. 12 it votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 13 to admit Siam. On Aug. 30 Portland, Ore.-born gay chef James Andrew Beard (1903-85) becomes the first to teach cooking on TV on NBC-TV's cooking show I Love to Eat (until 1947), beginning his rise to the #1 culinary figure in the U.S., "the Dean of American Cuisine" (Julia Child); in 1955 he establishes the James Beard Cooking School. On Sept. 1 a Greek plebiscite approves by 69% the return of King George II, and he arrives in Athens on Sept. 28. On Sept. 1 the Hawaii Dem. Rev. begins, with strikes, protests, and civil disobedience culminating in the Hawaiian territorial elections of 1954, which ends the reign of the Hawaiian Repub. Party and the Big Five Oligopoly of Hawaii. On Sept. 6 an agreement between Austria and Italy gives the South Tyrol (Alto Adige) considerable autonomy; meanwhile the Soviets and Yugoslavs make demands on Austria, blocking a peace settlement with the Western Allies, claiming German assets and refusing to withdraw occupation forces (until 1955). On Sept. 6 U.S. secy. of state James F. Byrnes gives a speech in Stuttgart proposing that the conquered German enemy be rehabilitated and eventually returned to self-govt.; too bad the Soviets don't want to play? On Sept. 8 Bulgaria ends its monarchy in favor of a Soviet-style people's repub. after a nat. referendum called by Communists installed by the Red Army, with Georgi Mikhaylovich Dimitrov (1882-1949) as gen. secy. #1 in Dec. (until July 2, 1949); Bulgaria acquires the rep. of being Moscow's most (should we say slavishly?) loyal satellite. On Sept. 18 Brazil adopts the 1946 Brazilian Constitution, and on Sept. 24 the Brazilian congress convenes for the first time in nearly a decade. On Sept. 19 Winston Churchill makes a speech in Zurich, in which he utters the soundbyte "If Europe were once united in the sharing of its common inheritance there would be no limit to the happiness, prosperity, and glory of which its 300 or 400M people would enjoy"; on Sept. 20 he argues for a "U.S. of Europe". Sheer cover, the magical makeup? On Sept. 29 the French Union (Union Francaise) is formed by the French Fourth Repub., comprising France and its overseas depts. and territories and associated states (ends 1958); it is confirmed by referendum on Oct. 13; the colony of Chad becomes a French overseas territory within the French Union; French Somaliland in E Africa becomes the French Territory of the Afars and Issas within the French Union; the colony of Senegal in W Africa becomes a territory within the French Union. On Sept. 30 the British and French voluntary withdraw their troops from Syria after free elections are held to replace the French mandate. In Sept. Britain, France and the U.S. set up the Tripartite Gold Commission (Tripartite Commission for the Restitution of Monetary Gold (TGC) to oversee the return of some $4B in gold plundered by the Nazis from European treasuries (ends 1948). In Sept. Britain repatriates 394K German POWs; 5K in Cyprus first have to build a railway from Nicosia to Caralos, where the British are holding thousands of Jews caught trying to sneak into Palestine. In Sept. Clark Clifford (1906-98) sends a memorandum to Pres. Truman, claiming that the Soviet Union has designs for global domination, and recommending atomic and biological warfare against it; shocked Truman locks it in his safe to keep it from distribution. Hitler's goons get justice after a fail trial? On Oct. 1 after being found guilty on Sept. 30, sentences are handed down on 22 Nazi leaders by the Internat. Military Tribunal at Nuremberg; Hermann Goering (Air Force and SS), Alfred Jodl (Hitler's advisor), Ernst Kaltenbrunner (SS), Wilhelm Keitel (Army), Joachim von Ribbentrop (foreign minister), Alfred Rosenberg (Nazi philosopher), Fritz Sauckel (German factory slave labor head), Julius Streicher (anti-Semitic propagandist), Hans Frank (gov.-gen. of occupied Poland), Wilhelm Frick (interior minister), Arthur Seyss-Inquart (Austrian traitor), Albert Kesselring, and Martin Bormann (Hitler's dead deputy, tried in absentia) are all sentenced to hanging; Kesselring's sentence is commuted to life in prison, and he is released in 1952, even though he is elected leader of the neo-Nazi Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten org. in prison, and goes on to proudly defend the regime and lobby to abolish the Nuremberg Principles; Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess (commits suicide in 1987), Adm. Erich Raeder, and Walter Funk (economics minister) get life; Raeder is released in Sept. 1955; Baldur von Schirach (Hitler Youth) and Albert Speer (armaments minister) get 20 years; Konstantin von Neurath (protector of Bohemia-Moravia) gets 15 years; Adm. Karl Doenitz gets 10 years; three, incl. Schacht and von Papen are acquitted; Gen. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst (1885-1968) (known for planning the Nazi invasion of Denmark and Norway) is sentenced to death for the execution of 40 British commandos and POWs, but is released in 1953 claiming a heart condition; only 10 hangings take place on Oct. 16 (Hoshana Rabbah) after slimmed-up (60 lbs.) 138-IQ Goering swallows potassium cyanide capsule in his cell 2-3 hours before his execution and bugs out in advance, pissing-off the vengeful Allies bigtime; after being hanged by U.S. Master Sgt. John Clarence Woods (1911-50), they are cremated in Munich and the ashes dropped into the Isar River near Munich; the reason they were hanged not shot is to fulfill the Purim account in the Bible? On Oct. 1 the low rates which the federal govt. gets on U.S. railroads (since the 1850s) are discontinued. On Oct. 2 the Dumont TV Network debuts the half-hour Faraway Hill, the first TV soap opera (until Dec. 18, 1946). On Oct. 4 (Yom Kuppur) Pres. Truman issues a statement endorsing the Zionist solution in Palestine of a partition and a "viable Jewish state", shutting the British up; on Oct. 6 Pres. Truman questions British Jews about Palestine; on Oct. 23 Loy Henderson, dir. of the U.S. State Dept.'s Near East Agency warns Truman that immigration of Jewish Communists into Palestine will increase Soviet influence; on Oct. 28 Truman writes a letter to King Saud that he believe that "a national home for the Jewish people should be established in Palestine". On Oct. 6-15 the St. Louis Cardinals (NL) (after defeating Brooklyn in a runoff for the NL pennant) defeat the Boston Red Sox (AL) 4-3 in the Forty-Third (43rd) World Series; the mad dash of Enos Bradsher "Country" Slaughter (1916-2002) from first base to home plate sparks the Cardinals' Game 7 V; the Red Sox haven't won since 1918 after they traded Ruth in 1920, and fans begin hearing about the Curse of the Bambino. On Oct. 16 10 Nazi war criminals condemned in the Nuremberg trials are hanged. On Oct. 18 German spy Theodore Erdmann Erich Lau is arrested during a business trip to the U.S., becoming the last member of the Kurt Ludwig Spy Ring; the first captured in spring 1941 was Senor Don Julio Lopez Lido. On Oct. 22 two British ships sink near Albania after hitting mines; the U.N. later condemns Albania. On Oct. 23 the U.N. Gen. Assembly convenes in New York State for the 1st time in an auditorium in Flushing Meadows (Flushing Queens), N.Y. (until Oct. 1949). On Oct. 26 The Crimson Ghost serial by Republic Pictures debuts for 12 chapters. On Oct. 27 France adopts a new 1946 French Constitution, founding the Fourth French Repub. (ends Oct. 4, 1958). On Oct. 28 German rocket engineers begin work in the Soviet Union; the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Space Race is on, only it's about military not scientific or civilian uses of space? In Oct. Bristol Old Vic Theatre School is founded in Bristol, England by Laurence Olivier, admitting only 12 students a year for their 3-year course; On Nov. 1 Father Wojtyla (later Pope John Paul II) is ordained in Krakow (Cracow), Poland; alumni incl. Naomie Harris, Daniel Day-Lewis, Jeremy Irons, Greta Scacchi, Patrick Stewart, and Gene Wilder. On Nov. 2 after Pres. Truman's approval rating sinks to 32%, causing the Repubs. to begin joking "To err is Truman", and "What would Truman do if he were alive?", the 1946 U.S. House of Reps elections are held, and despite Truman calling for higher levels of Jewish immigration to Palestine to woo the Jewish vote, the Repubs. end up with a 55-seat House majority (from 191-242 to 246-188), becoming the biggest Dem. D since 1928, adding to their control of the Senate; John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (1917-63) (D-Mass.) is elected to the House of Reps. (until Jan. 3, 1953); Byrd Dem. Absalom Willis Robertson (1887-1971) (D-Va.) (father of future TV evangelist Pat Robertson) is elected to the Senate (until Dec. 30, 1966); Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-94) is elected as a U.S. Repub. Rep. from Calif. (until 1950) using $6K won playing high stakes poker in the U.S. Navy; Jewish-Am. "Stagecoach", "Gone With the Wind" screenwriter ("the Shakespeare of Hollywood") Ben Hecht (1894-1964) uses his influence to support Jewish terrorists, causing a U.S. supply ship to be named after him and the British to boycott his work through the early 1950s, which he gets around by submitting them anonymously. On Nov. 3 Emperor Hirohito proclaims a new 1946 Japanese Constitution, to go into effect next year, drafted by occupation authorities, where the emperor is no longer a god but is retained as a symbol of national unity while stripped of political power; both houses of the Diet are made elective, and all adults age 20 or over are given the vote; in Article 9 the Japanese people "forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation", and reject the maintenance of armed forces. On Nov. 4 the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Org. (UNESCO) is founded in Paris to succeed the League of Nations' Internat. Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, with English biologist Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975) as secy.-gen. #1 (until 1948), who soon writes UNESCO: Its Purpose and Its Philosophy; too bad, the usual 6-year term is cut to two years due to his agnostic stand and scientific humanism, plus his backing of ZPG and birth control, which pisses-off the Roman Catholic Church. On Nov. 9 Pres. Truman ends the wage and price freeze. On Nov. 12 the first "autobank" (banking by car) opens in Chicago, Ill. On Nov. 15 Joseph McCarthy's HUAC interrogates astronomer Harlow Shapley - to see if he saw any red commie stars in the skies? On Nov. 15 the 17th Paris Air Show opens at the Grand Palais des Champs-Elysees, becoming the first since 1938. On Nov. 17 (Sun.) (8:30 p.m.) the half-hour series Television Screen Magazine debuts on NBC-TV (until 1949), with a panel incl. Bob Haymes, John McCaffery, Millicent Fenwick, Ray Forrest, George F. Putnam et al. hosting various guests, which incl. few celebs, who are still leerie of the new medium. On Nov. 19 elections in Romania give the Communists 338 out of 404 seats, causing opposition parties to declare them fraudulent - positive, encouraging K-Love? On Nov. 23 a French naval fire in Haiphong, Vietnam kills 6K (2K?). On Nov. 24 liberal Colorado Party leader Tomas Barreta (-1947) is elected pres. of Uruguay (until 1947). On Nov. 25 the U.S. Supreme Court grants Oregon Indians land payment rights from the U.S. govt. In Nov. the 4th annual meeting of the Union Federation of Mine Workers of Bolivia (FSTMB) is held, and signs a Trotskyist declaration proclaiming their desire for a rev. in alliance with the Nat. Rev. Movement (MNR) and the peasants. On Dec. 1 Miguel Aleman Valdes (Alemán Valdés) (1902-83) becomes the first non-military pres. of Mexico (until Nov. 30, 1952), going on to construct large public works, reform schools, and extend social security coverage, launching the Mexican Miracle that caused the economy to grow fast until recession and inflation killed it in the early 1970s. On Dec. 1 the state of Hessen (capital Wiesbaden) is formed in the U.S. occupation zone of Germany, absorbing the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, while the state of Rhineland-Palatinate is formed in the French occupation zone, absorbing Oberwesterwald, Unterlahnkreis, Unterwestersald and St. Goarshausen - Hesse becomes less of a Messe since 1567? On Dec. 2 the U.S. and Britain merge their German occupation zones. On Dec. 3 a gen. strike shuts down Oakland, Calif. for 2 days after two large dept. stores resist a unionized workforce. On Dec. 5 Pres. Truman issues Executive Order #9808, creating the President's Committee on Civil Rights (until 1947), headed by Gen. Electric pres. (since 1939) Charles Edward "Electric Charlie" Wilson (1886-1972), which goes on to recommend new civil rights legislation to protect "all parts of our population". On Dec. 7 United Mine Workers Pres. John L. Lewis orders all striking miners back to work. On Dec. 7 the worst hotel fire in the U.S. to date breaks out at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, Ga. killing 119, incl. hotel founder (1913) W. Frank Winecoff (b. 1876). On Dec. 9 the Doctors' Trial in Nuremberg, Germany begins (ends Aug. 20, 1947), acquitting seven of 23 defendants, giving death sentences to seven incl. Hitler's personal physician Karl Brandt (1904-48), and the rest prison sentences from 10-life. On Dec. 11 the U.N. Internat. Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is established to service children in countries devastated by WWII, with Polish physician-bacteriologist Ludwik Witold Rajchman (1881-1965) as chmn. #1 (until ?), and Am. businessman Maurice Pate (1894-1965) as exec. dir. #1 in 1947-65; in 1953 the words "internat." and "emergency" are dropped from the name; when Pate dies on Jan. 19, 1965, UNICEF has 550+ long-term programs, and has helped 55M children in 116 countries; in Oct. 1965 UNICEF is awarded the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize. On Dec. 11 Spain is suspended from the U.N. On Dec. 11 the 1st Session of the U.N. Gen. Assembly adopts U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 96, "The Crime of Genocide", making genocide an internat. crime separate from gen. crimes against humanity, inviting the U.N. Economic and Social Council to draw up an internat. treaty that would oblige states to prevent and punish acts of genocide, which is adopted in 1948 as the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. On Dec. 12 "Wash-Day Miracle" Tide (Alo, Vizir, Ace) brand heavy-duty laundry detergent using alkylbenzine sulfonates and chemical builders is introduced by Procter & Gamble, becoming the world's first heavy-duty detergent, capturing the market and putting Lever Brothers' Rinso and Gold Dust Washing Powder out of biz, with the motto "America's Washday Favorite"; in 1984 a clear liquid version is introduced. On Dec. 12 after being convinced by N.Y. planning czar Robert Moses (1888-1981) not to build it in Philadelphia, Penn., a U.N. committee votes to accept a 6-block tract of Manhattan real estate offered as a gift by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to be the permanent site of their U.N. HQ, which is begun on Sept. 14, 1948; on Dec. 14 the U.N. Gen. Assembly okays the deal, and adopts a disarmament resolution prohibiting the A-bomb. On Dec. 12 the U.N. Security Council votes 11-0-0 to admit Siam (Thailand). On Dec. 14 U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 97 (1) is adopted, titled "Registration and Publication of Treaties and International Agreements: Regulations to give effect to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations", inviting the U.N. Secretariat to draw up a register of internat. treaties and agreements and establish procedures for modification and certification of extracts. On Dec. 16 after Charles J. Hatfield III sues the La. State Board of Education, the Southern U. Law Center is founded for African-Am. students, opening next Sept. On Dec. 19 the First (French) Indochina War begins (ends Aug. 1, 1954) as Ho Chi Minh attacks the French in Hanoi. On Dec. 21 (4:20 a.m.) an undersea earthquake causes a tsunami that kills 1,086 and leaves 500K homeless in Honshu, Japan - just what they need now? On Dec. 23 the highest ridership in NYC subway history takes place, with 8.8M passengers. On Dec. 24 the Fourth French Repub. is established, with Leon Blum as interim PM (until 1947). On Dec. 24 U.S. Gen. MacNarney gives 800K "minor Nazis" amnesty. On Dec. 25 Chiang Kai-shek offers a new Chinese constitution in Nanking pledging universal suffrage; Gen. George C. Marshall abandons his attempts to mediate in China after each side prefers an armed conflict - did you ever try to swing on a Red Star? On Dec. 26 after Grodno, Poland-born "Mob Accountant" Meyer Lansky (Meier Suchowlanski) (1902-83) convinces the Mafia to place him in charge, becoming a major investor as he borrows millions from the mob and gets Lucky Luciano to smuggle in several tons of Carrara marble from Italy, the $6M Flamingo Hotel of fellow Jewish gangster (teenage friend) Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel (1906-47), (named after his girlfriend Virginia Hill, whom he called the Flamingo for her skill at beejays), the 3rd hotel casino on the Las Vegas Strip (named after a similar strip in Los Angeles) has its grand opening; too bad, few show up, but the future of Las Vegas as a gambling haven is secured. On Dec. 30 U.S. Navy patrol plane George 1, with a crew of nine mapping the Antarctic coast as part of Adm. Richard E. Byrd's 4K-man 13-ship semi-imperialist (to establish U.S. sovereignty in Antarctica) Operation Highjump (Aug. 26, 1946-Feb. 1947) crashes in a snowstorm, and three are killed; the survivors are rescued on Jan. 13 by George John Dufek (1903-77). On Dec. 31 Pres. Truman officially proclaims the end of hostilities in World War II - that last tsunami was really an underwater A-bomb and it was covered up? In Dec. Quebec PM (1944-59) Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis (1890-1959), a strong Roman Catholic begins a crusade against the pesky Jhovah's Witnesses, revoking the liquor license of Montreal JW restauranteur Frank Roncarelli, who had been bailing out hundreds of JWs arrested for selling lit. without permits, causing a court fight which is decided in 1959 by the Canadian Supreme Court, which rules 6-3 in Roncarelli vs. Duplessis that he exceeded his authority, and grants Roncarelli $33K of the $118K damages he sought, after which Duplessis soon croaks and goes to Catholic heaven? Exiled King Leopold III of Belgium is exonerated of treason, but hostile popular opinion keeps him in exile. The once-proud kingdom of Prussia-Brandenburg, allocated to the Soviet Zone of Occupation in 1945 becomes a state of East Germany, and is divided into districts (bezirke) in 1952. The last French troups are evacuated from Lebanon. Rwanda-Burundi is made a U.N. trust territory, administered as part of the Belgian Congo. Britain dissolves the Straits Settlements (begun 1826) in Malaya. Sarawak is ceded to the British crown by Sir Charles Vyner deWindt Brooke (1874-1963), 3rd and last white rajah (since 1917) of Sarawak, er, Sarawakian rajah. Finnish PM (since 1944) Juho Kusti Paasikivi becomes pres. of Finland (until 1956). Maximos V (1897-1972) becomes ecumenical patriarch #267 of Constantinople (until 1948). The U.S. Social Security Board is replaced by the Federal Security Admin., with Arthur Joseph Altmeyer continuing as commissioner (until 1953). The U.S. Hobbs Act, sponsored by U.S. Rep. (D-Ala.) Samuel Francis "Sam" Hobbs (1887-1952) is passed, directed at labor racketeering, making it a federal crime to affect interstate commerce via robbery or extortion. The U.S. Bell (Philippine) Trade Relations Act gives the Philippines free trade access to U.S. markets until 1954 to help with economic recovery. Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher (1924-95) applies to the U. of Okla. Law School, and is denied because of race, causing the NAACP led by Thurgood Marshall to take her case to the U.S. Supreme Court, which rules on Jan. 12, 1948 in Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla. that Okla. must provide instruction for blacks equal to that of whites, serving as a precursor of Brown v. Board of Education; after Okla. creates the Langston U. Law School in Tulsa, another lawsuit proves that it is not equal but inferior, causing Sipuel to be admitted to the U. of Okla. Law School on June 18, 1949; too bad, she has to sit in a special chair marked "Colored" that is chained off from the rest of the class, and ditto in the lunchroom, which doesn't stop white students from crawling under the chain to eat with her and hundreds of people from donating funds to pay her way; she graduates in 1951 and begins practicing law in Chickasha, Okla. in 1952; in 1992 Okla. Gov. David Walters appoints her to the U. of Okla. board of regents. English fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley, released from priz in 1945 is attacked in the House of Commons after it is disclosed that Count Dino Grandi, Italian ambassador to Britain had been paying him £60K a year to promote fascism. Britain sends 40K troops to subdue the Muslim tribal Pashtuns in Waziristan, subjecting them to the Frontier Crimes Regulation that holds the kin of a criminal responsible for his crimes; too bad, after failing to subdue them, the Brits pull out in 1948. Jewish leader Golda Meir issues the soundbyte "We only want that which is given naturally to all peoples... to be masters of our fate." Soviet 2nd Communist Party secy. (1941-8) Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov (1896-1948) pub. Report on the Journals Zvezda and Leningrad, dictating an end to the Soviet lit. trend to humanism and a return to Socialist realism defined by the criterion of "partiinost" (service to the party), setting Russian lit. back to the dark ages as writers crank out technical manuals for industry and agriculture framed as novels until Stalin's 1953 death? The famous age-old bordellos of Paris are shut down, causing prostitution to go to the streets. Australia sets up an Immigration Dept. to handle the influx of 1M displaced Europeans and Middle Easterns arriving from the war over the next decade, incl. Jews, Greeks, Italians, non-Muslim Egyptians, Hungarians, Turks, Lebanese, Maltese, and Poles. Oil (discovered in 1938) is first exported from Kuwait. Ex-Socialist activist Walter Philip Reuther (1907-70) (who left the Socialist party in 1939) is elected pres. of the United Auto Workers (UAW) (until 1952), immediately purging it of Commies. Speaking of Commies, British Labour leader (supposedly an ex-Marxist now) Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (1889-1952) leads the sale of British jet engine designs to the Soviet Union, incl. the Rolls-Royle Nene engine, which allows the Soviets to reverse-engineer it and build their own Klimov VK-1 engine which is installed in the MiG-15 jet in time for deployment in Korea in 1950, causing several B-29 bomber kills; next year Cripps becomes chancellor of the exchequer, launching the Crippsian Austerity Program, raising taxes and forcing a reduction in consumption to stablize the pound and boost exports while supporting nationalization of coal and steel, making him unpopular, causing BBC announcer McDonald Hobley to call him Sir Stifford Crapps. Latvian-born Am. psychologist David Pablo Boder (1886-1981) visits Europe, becoming the first to interview 109 Jewish concentration camp survivors, popularizing the term "Holocaust". New entrance ramps to the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel displace Little Syria, AKA "the Heart of New York's Arab World". Muslim poet-scholar Sheikh Abdullah Saleh al-Farsy (1912-82) forms the pro-Muslim but secular Quit Kashmir Movement and leads a mass uprising, resulting in his arrest. The Nat. Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Inst. is founded in Washington, D.C. - see Charles Lindbergh's plane hanging on wires? Am. labor leader Sidney Hillman (d. 1946) begins working for a World Federation of Labor, which he envisages as part of a NWO under U.S.-Soviet leadership - does it move you at all? The British Arts Council is founded to bring the best of the arts of the U.K. to the world. German-born Jewish Am. psychologist Kurt Zadek Lewin (1890-1947) develops Sensitivity Training after receiving a call from the Conn. State Inter-Racial Commission to help find a way to combat religious and racial prejudices. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr. (1924-) graduates from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis and marries Plains, Ga. neighbor Rosalynn Smith Carter (1929-); they have 3 sons (John William, 1947, James Earl III, 1950, Donnel Jeffrey, 1952) and 1 daughter (Amy Lynn, 1957). Malcolm Little (later Malcolm X) (1925-65), son of a Christian preacher is arrested for robbery, and spends six years in prison, where he is introduced to the Nation of Islam, joining it in 1947. bodybuilding empire that incl. Dave Draper and Ahnuld (Arnold Schwarzenegger). The U.S. Nat. School Lunch Act is passed; by 2001 it is serving 27M children. The Internat. Whaling Commission (IWC) is set up to regulate whaling; too bad, it sets quota limits on whales that are biased toward whalers, and doesn't reduce them until the 1960s. U.S. scientists infect hundreds in Guatemala with syphilis in experiments (until 1948); the U.S. govt. takes until Oct. 1, 2010 to admit it. Long-time (since 1933) U.S. New Deal interior secy. Harold Le Claire Ickes resigns from the govt. over disapproval of Truman's policies, and begins writing a daily syndicated newspaper column in which he pontificates on U.S. politics (until 1952). William "Bill" Loeb III (1905-81), son of Teddy Roosevelt's exec secy., who is Jewish but pub. a fake baptismal certificate on the front page of his Burlington Daily News in 1942 buys the Manchester Union and Evening Leader in N.H. from former U.S. Navy secy. William Franklin Knox, and merges them, the repeats the baptismal certificate hoax on its front page in 1950, going on to call Pres. Eisenhower "Dopey Dwight" and Pres. Ford "Gerald the Jerk", pull the Canuck Letter hoax in 1972 on Edmund Muskie that derailed his pres. bid, and fight organized labor while supporting Jimmy Hoffa. Okefenokee Swamp Park in Ga. is established; 14-ft. 1K-lb. Oscar the Gator (1907-2007) is a hit with tourists. The U.S. Forest Service begins stepping up its commercial forest clear-cutting operations, from 4M board-ft. this year to 11M by 1960. The U.S. Navy forms the 7-man Blue Angels (named after a nightclub in New York City) aerial demonstration team on July 21, flying the WWI-proven carrier-based prop-driven F-6F Grumman Hellcat, painted Navy blue with gold lettering. Japanese-Am. (dual citizenship) Tomoya Kawakita (1921-) returns to the U.S. after spending WWII in Japan allegedly torturing Am. POWs, after which he is charged and convicted of treason, and ends up in Alcatraz Prison until he is pardoned by JFK on Oct. 24, 1963 and deported to Japan. German-born Jewish financier Siegmund George Warburg (1902-82) of the German Jewish Warburg Family founds S.G. Warburg & Co. in London, working with Euro financiers to intertwine the financies of all Euro countries so intimately that if democracy ever breaks down again and a dictatorship arises, they will be starved? The School of the Americas (SOA) is founded by the U.S. govt. to train security forces in Central Am. to "thwart armed Communist insurgencies"; in 2000 it is renamed the Western Hemisphere Inst. for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC). After the war, the Historiography of Nazi Germany begins, cranking up to milions of words, with the Allies starting it up while the Germans lick their wounds, then finally cranking up their versions, with the spectrum ranging from Hitler as the Devil Incarnate to Hitler the Savior of Mankind, with left-wingers and right-wingers multiplying the larger implications; the main disputes are functionalist vs. intentionalist, pro and anti Sonderweg, Totalitarianism vs. Fascism, Germanism or Capitalism, and Holocaust or no Holocaust; leading historians incl. Karl Dietrich Bracher (1922-), Martin Broszat (1926-89) (functionalist), Alan Louis Charles Bullock (1914-2004), Gordon Alexander Craig (1913-2005), Sir Richard John Evans (1947-), Joachim Clemens Fest (1926-2006), Fritz Fischer (1908-99), Jurgen (Jürgen) Habermas (1929-), Klaus Hildebrand (1941-) (intentionalist), Andreas Fritz Hillgruber (1925-89) (intentionalist), David John Cawdell Irving (1938-), Eberhard Jackel (Jäckel) (1929-), Sir Ian Kershaw (1943-) (functionalist), Jurgen (Jürgen) Kocka (1941-), Richard Lowenthal (Löwenthal) (1908-91), John Adalbert Lukacs (1924-), Timothy Wright Mason (1940-90) (coiner of the terms intentionalist and functionalist), Friedrich Meinecke (1862-1954), Hans Mommsen (1930-) (functionalist), Sir Lewis Bernstein Namier (1888-1960), Ernst Nolte (1923-), Gerhard Georg Bernhard Ritter (1888-1967), Hagen Schulze (1943-2014), Michael Sturmer (Stürmer) (1938-), A.J.P. (Alan John Percivale" Taylor (1906-90), John Willard Toland (1912-2004) Baron Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper (1914-2003) Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1931-2014), Heinrich August Winkler (1938-), and Rainer Zitelmann (1957-); the jury is still out, check back later. English Marxist historian John Edward Christopher Hill (1912-2003) founds the Communist Party Historians Group to promote "history from below" (people's history) along with British historians Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm (1917-2012), E.P. (Edward Palmer) Thompson (1924-93), A.L. (Arthur Leslie) Morton (1903-87), and Brian Leonard Pearce (1915-2008), later joined by Raphael Elkan Samuel (1934-96) and Dorothy Katharine Gane Thompson (nee Towers) (1923-2011) (wife of E.P. Thompson); in 1952 they found the journal Past and Present at Oxford U.; too bad, the group loses many members after the 1956 Hungarian Uprising, incl. Samuel, Thompson, and Pearce; in 1992 it becomes the Socialist History Society (SHS), admitting non-Communists, founding the journal Socialist History and pub. "Occasional Papers". Korean engineer Sun Myung Moon (1920-2012) founds an underground church in North Korea, and ends up in a Communist concentration camp before fleeing to South Korea and setting up shop again. The last DC-3 airplane (introduced 1935) is built. Commercial TV is established in the U.S., and 7K TV sets are sold; Syd Cassyd (1909-2000) founds the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences; GM's Chevrolet div. becomes the first car co. to advertise on network TV. Italian military aircraft manager Piaggio begins manufacturing those cute little Vespa (It. "wasp") 2-stroke scooters, which are later made famous by Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn in "Roman Holiday"; they are sold in the U.S. starting in 1951. The United Spinal Assoc. is founded in New York City by paralyzed WWII vets. William Schuman founds the Julliard String Quartet. The U.S. begins infecting 5K citizens of Guatemala with syphilis without their knowledge; they file suit in U.S. court in 2010, lose in 2012, then withdraw their appeal in June 2013. As the U.S. 10th Mountain Div. breaks up, 2K of its vets head for Colo. to work the emerging U.S. Ski Industry and enjoy the "champagne powder snow" made possible by the dry inner continental air, and the shirtsleeve weather made possible by a latitude equal to the Straits of Messina between Italy and Sicily; Chicago industrialist Walter Paepcke (1896-1960) and Austrian skier Friedl Pfeifer (1911-95) build the first ski lift up Aspen Mt. near the deserted silver mining town of Aspen, Colo., opening next year; in 1956 Interstate 70 (I-70) in Colo. is begun, connecting the main ski towns and enhancing the Colo. ski industry, which by 2000 does $2.5B a year, with 25 ski resorts covering 37.8K acres. English barrister-biochemist Lancelot Lionel Ware (1915-2000) and Australian barrister Roland Berrill (1897-1961) on Oct. 1 found the High IQ Club, later known as Mensa Internat., whose membership is limited to those who score in the top 2% on an IQ test. English artist Graham Sutherland (1903-80) holds his first 1-man exhibition in New York City at the Buchholz Gallery. Ford Modeling Agency in New York City is founded by Eileen Ford (1922-) and Gerard William "Jerry" Ford (1924-2008), not to be confused with future U.S. pres. Gerald R. Ford. Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) is founded as the flag carrier of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, becoming the largest airline in Scandinavia. Southland Corp. in Irving, Tex., which has been operating Tote'm stores in the U.S. since 1927, changes its name to 7-Eleven for its operating hours, growing to 56K locations in 18 countries by modern times. Paris, France-born Harvard business School prof. Georges Frederic Doriot (1899-1987) ("Father of Venture Capitalism"), MIT pres. (1930-48) Karl Taylor Compton (1887-1954), and U.S. Sen. (R-Vt.) (1946-59) Ralph Edward Flanders (1880-1970) found Am. Research and Development Corp., becoming the first modern publicly-owned venture capital firm; in 1957 they invest $70K in Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC), which turns into $355M when it goes public in 1968, becoming their first big success. Decorated WWII Army Air Corps bomber pilot Warren Avis (1915-2007) founds Avis Rent a Car at airports in Miami, Fla. and Ypsilanti, Mich. with $85K, two employees, and less than 200 cars; after years of ferocious competition Hertz overtakes it, causing Avis to use the motto "We're Number Two: We Try Harder"; Warren Avis sells his interest in 1954 for $8M and lives on a farm in Ann Arbor, Mich. Ice cream-loving fat Jewish-Ams. Burt "Butch" Baskin (1913-69) and Irvine "Irv" Robbins (1917-2008) found the Baskin-Robbins ice cream parlor chain to make learn returning WWII vets fat, a good business idea; Burt married Irv's sister Shirley in 1942. Queens, N.Y.-born Estee (Estée) Lauder (Josephine Esther Mentzer) (1906-2004), daughter of Hungarian Jewish immigrants begins a cosmetic biz with skin creams invented by her chemist uncle John Schotz of New Way Labs, incl. Super Rich All-Purpose Cream, Six-In-One Cold Cream, and Dr. Schotz's Viennese Cream, creating her first fragrance Youth Dew in 1953, marketed as a bath oil to make them buy more, selling 50K bottles the first year, growing to 150M by 1984. Australian Nat. U. in Canberra is founded. Lake Mills, Iowa-born Wallace Earle Stegner (1909-83) ("Dean of Western Writers") founds the Stanford Creative Writing Program at Stanford U. The New Bodleian Library at Oxford U. is founded. The Soil Assoc. in Britain is founded to push for organic farming. The Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) is founded in Manhattan, N.Y. to promote Austrian School of Economics theories, esp. free open markets and civil liberties, spawning the creation on Apr. 10, 1947 of the Mount Pelerin Society in Switzerland. The Culinary Inst. of Am. in Hyde Park, N.Y. is founded to crank out chefs; in Apr. 2007 it begins giving out the Augie Award, named for French chef ("the Chef of Kings and King of Chefs") Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846-1935). Am. photographer Rosalie Gwathmey (1908-2001) exhibits her photos of black life in Charlotte, N.C. at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City; she quits photography in 1955. German exile Thomas Mann (1875-1955) refuses an invitation to return to Germany, stating that he can't trust writers who remained during the Nazi period, to which German writer Frank Thiess (1890-1977) responds that writers like him stayed as "a spiritual resistance... out of which a new Germany must be formed", coining the term "inner emigration". Frank Sinatra has 15 singles on the pop charts this year, four next year, and only one in 1948. Italian-born French film critic Nino Frank (1904-68) coins the term "film noir" for B&W Am. B crime films such as "The Maltese Falcon". After being fired from "Army Wives" (1944) by dir. Otto Preminger for refusing to sit next to black actor Clarence Muse in a kitchen scene, then filming his final movie "Suspense", 300 lb. Winfield, Kan.-born "Fiar Tuck" actor Eugene William Pallette (1889-1954) becomes convinced that there will be a "world blow-up" by atomic bombs, building a "mountain fortress" on a 3.5K acre ranch near Imnaha, Ore., complete with a herd of prize cattle, a canning plant, and lumber mill; in 1948 when the atomic war fails to materialize, he returns to Los Angeles, but never acts in another movie. After white jazz musicians begin returning from WWII to New York City, they develop Cool Jazz from black bebop and black saxophonist Lester Young during this decade. The Modern Jazz Quartet (the Milt Jackson Quartet until 1952) is founded by Dizzy Gillespie band members John Aaron Lewis (1920-2001) (piano), Milton "Bags" Jackson (1923-99) (vibraphone), Raymond Matthews "Ray" Brown (1926-2002) (bass), who in 1952 is replaced by Percy Heath (1923-2005) (bass), and Kenneth Spearman "Kenny" "Klook" Clarke (1914-85), who in 1955 is replaced by Connie Kay (Conrad Henry Kirnon) (1927-94) (drums); they disband in 1974, then reform in 1981-93. Self-taught Swedish farmer's daughter Birgit Nilsson (1918-2005) begins her soprano singing career at the Stockholm Royal Opera as Agathe in Carl Maria von Weber's "Der Freischutz" after three days' notice, followed by Verdi's "Lady Macbeth" next year under Fritz Busch, who takes her under his wing until she debuts at the Vienna State Opera in 1953 and goes on to own Turandot and Wagnerian roles, uttering the soundbyte "Isolde made me famous - Turandot made me rich". Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena debuts on DuMont Network, hosted by Chris Schenkel, airing boxing matches from St. Nicholas Arena at the corner of 69 W. 66th St. and Columbus Ave. in Manhattan, N.Y. (founded 1896) on Mon. nights, becoming the last program aired by the network on Aug. 6, 1956. Bozo the Clown debuts on a kids' record album by Capital Records exec Alan Wendell Livingston (1917-), with voice provided by Vance DeBar "Pinto" Colvig (1892-1967), who debuts on TV in Los Angeles in 1949; by the 1960s 183 different TV Bozos entertain kids in almost every major U.S. city as well as other countries incl. Brazil and Thailand; in 1956 Larry Harmon (Lawrence Weiss) (1925-2008) buys the rights, and claims to have created him, causing the Clown Hall of Fame to later revoke his Lifetime of Laughter Achievement Award when it learns of his deception; in 1999 Grand Rapids, Mich. cancels the show, leaving Chicago as the last TV station carrying it, and it too folds in 2005. John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s children Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910-2004) et al. form Rockefeller Brothers Inc., pioneering postwar venture capital; in 1969 it becomes Venrock. Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Co. (later Fender Musical Instruments Corp.) is founded in Fullerton, Calif. by Clarence Leonidas "Leo" Fender (1909-91) to manufacture electric guitars and amplifiers, helping to launch rock and roll, starting with the Telecaster in fall 1949, followed by the Stratocaster in 1954. Prell brand shampoo begins to be marketed, colored with FD&C #8 green dye. Korean Nat. Airlines is founded in Seoul, South Korea, commencing operations on Oct. 30, 1948 with a flight from Seoul to Pusan; on Mar. 1, 1969 it begins operations as the privatized Korean Air Lines; on Mar. 1, 1984 it becomes Korean Air. Mechanic Nick Tacony begins selling sewing machines from his basement in St. Louis, Mo., going on to expand to vacuum cleaners et al. and incorporate the Tacony Corp., which builds a network of distribution centers; in 1984 his son Ken Tacony becomes CEO; in 1997 vacuum cleaner production is transferred from Taiwan to St. James, Mo., which goes on to produce 1M units. Chick-fil-A pressure-fried chicken sandwich restaurants are founded in Atlanta, Ga. by devout Southern Baptist Samuel Truett Cathy (1921-2014) as the Dwarf Grill, changing to Chick-fil-A in 1967, and expanding to 1.8K restaurants by 2015, mainly in the SE U.S. Bible Belt; all restaurants are closed on Sundays, Thanksgiving, and Christmas; the motto is "Eat mor chikin'"; in 1997 it begins sponsoring the Peach Bowl; too bad, they begin harassing anybody with an "eat more" slogan, until on Dec. 11, 2014 Bo Muller-Moore is granted a trademark for "Eat More Kale"; in 2008 they become the first fast food restaurant to become completely trans-fat free; in Jan. 2011 they begin openly opposing same-sex marriage, causing the PC police to come down on them; in Feb. 2014 they announce their intention of eliminating antibiotics from their chicken within five years. Kegg's Candies is founded in Houston, Tex. by Robert Kegg to make handmade chocolates, becoming legendary in Tex. Tonka (Sioux "great, big") diecast toy truck maker is founded in Mound, Minn. by Lynn Everett Baker (1898-1964) et al. of Mound Metalcraft after they acquire the business from bldg. occupant E.C. Streater, changing their name in Nov. 1955; their logo shows nearby Lake Minnetonka; in 1987 it acquires Kenner Parker for $555M; in 1991 it is acquired by Hasbro. Sports: On Mar. 30-Apr. 9 the 1946 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Canadians defeat the Boston Bruins 4-1. On Apr. 23 the Continental Basketball Assoc. (CBA) (original name Eastern Penn. [Prof.] Basketball League) is founded, featuring three African-Am. players on the Hazleton Mountaineers, which in 1955-6 becomes the first pro basketball team with an all-black starting lineup; in 1948-9 the all-black Dayton Rens competes in the NBL; in 1970 it is renamed the Eastern Basketball Assoc., billing itself as the world's oldest pro basketball league, becoming a minor league and farm team for the NBA, with 10-day temp worker contracts; in Aug. 1999 NBA star Isiah Thomas leads a group that purchases the CBA, which loses its deal with the NBA and goes bankrupt on Feb. 8, 2001; in 2001-9 it is revived. In May the first Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial in Ft. Worth, Tex. is held, becoming one of five invitational tournaments on the PGA Tour. On Mar. 24 alcoholic Alexander Alekhine (b. 1892) dies, leaving Mikhail Botvinnik (1911-95) of the Soviet Union as the #1 world chess player, although their match is canceled because of Alekhine's death, but he wins the world chess title in 1948 in a 5-man tournament, becoming world chess champ #6 (until 1957). On Apr. 18 Jackie Robinson debuts as 2nd baseman for the Montreal Royals - whatever you say boss? On May 30 the 1946 (30th) Indianapolis 500, the first presided over by new track owner Tony Hulman is won by English-born Canadian driver George Robson (1909-46) (pr. like rob son), who utters the soundbyte: "I just kept steering to the left"; too bad, on Sept. 2 he dies in an accident at Lakewood Speedway in Atlanta, Ga. Back when white men still thought they could jump? On June 6 the Basketball Assoc. of Am. (BAA) is founded in the U.S. by members of the Arena Assoc. of Am., with Ukrainian-born Jewish atty. (Am. Hockey League pres.) Maurice Podoloff (1890-1985) as pres. #1 (until 1963), starting with 11 teams, incl. the (Boston Celtics, Philadelphia Warriors, Providence Steamrollers, Washington Capitols (coached by Brooklyn, N.Y.-born cigar-loving Arnold Jacob "Red" Auerbach (1917-2006) until 1949, followed by the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in 1949-50, and the Boston Celtics in 1950-66), New York Knickerbockers, and Toronto Huskies in the Eastern Div., and the Pittsburgh Ironmen, Chicago Stags, Detroit Falcons, St. Louis Bombers, and Cleveland Rebels in the Western Div.; on Nov. 1 the first prof. basketball game (four 12-min. quarters) is played by the ABA in Toronto, Canada, with the New York Knickerbockers defeating the Toronto Huskies by 68-66 before a crowd of 7,090 at Maple Leaf Gardens, with no shot clock or zone defenses, and few jump shots; Oscar Benjamin "Ossie" Schectman (1919-2013) of the Knickerbockers makes the first basket; anyone taller than 6'8" Huskies player George Thomas Nostrand (1924-81) is admitted free; on Jan. 11, 1947 the BAA outlaws zone defense; in 1947 the BAA introduces a collegiate draft; the 1947 title is won by the Philadelphia Warriors, followed by the Baltimore Bullets in 1948, and the Minneapolis Lakers in 1949; in 1949 they merge with the NBL to form the NBA. On June 19 Joe Louis defends his world heavyweight boxing title for the 23rd time with an 8th round KO of Billy Conn at Yankee Stadium, with a record 146K people watching on TV; before the match reporters claimed Conn might outpoint him with greater hand-foot speed, to which Louis replied: "He can run but he can't hide." On Sept. 21 the Cleveland Indians play their final game in League Park, built in 1891. On Oct. 16 6'0" right winger Gordon "Gordie" Howe (1928-2016) makes his debut with the Detroit Red Wings at age 18, scoring a goal; he goes on to play for the Red Wings for 25 seasons, earning the nickname "Mr. Hockey", retiring in 1980 after setting a ton of NHL scoring records that stand until Wayne Gretzky breaks them in the 1990s, incl. most points in a season (95 in 1953); in 1971 he retires, is inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972, then comes back in 1973 with the WHA Houston Aeros, playing with his sons Marty Gordon Howe (1954-) and Mark Steven Howe (1955), scoring 100+ points 2x by 1979, then playing for one season in 1980 with the Hartford Whalers before permanently retiring, becoming the first NHL player to compete in five different decades (until ?); his wife (1953-2009) Colleen Joffa Howe (1933-2009) goes on to become known as "Mrs. Hockey", bringing the first Junior A hockey team to the U.S., and building the first indoor public rink in Mich. "Lucas McCain in The Rifleman" actor Kevin Joseph "Chuck" Connors (1921-92) of the Boston Celtics (#11) becomes the first to shatter a backboard during pregame warmups at Boston Arena due to faulty installation; in 1949 he joins the Brooklyn Dodgers for one game, then in 1959 joins the Chicago Cubs as a 1st baseman for 66 games, getting drafted by the NFL Chicago Bears but never suiting up; he goes on to become one of only 12 athletes to play for both ML baseball and the NBA. On Nov. 9 after holding out for several weeks for more money, George Mikan makes his pro debut for the NBL Chicago American Gears in a 66-61 loss to the Oshkosh All-Stars, going on to lead playoff upsets over three teams to win the 1947 NBL Championship, which goes to owner Maurice White's head, causing him to leave the NBL and form his own 16-team Prof. Basketball League of America (PBLA), which folds in weeks in 1948, causing the Gears to fold with them. On Nov. 30 the 3-mo. 1946 World Series of Bowling at the 74th Regiment Armory in Buffalo, N.Y. (first since 1942) begins, aired on ABC-TV, with 35K bowlers competing for $260K in prizes; the traveling termite camera is first used to follow the ball down the alley. On Nov. 30-Dec. 8 the BPAA All-Star Tournament in Chicago, Ill. sees Andy Varipapa defeat Allie Brandt by 200+ pins in 100 games. Assault (1943-71) (jockey W. Mehrtens) becomes the 7th horse to win horseracing's Triple Crown (last 1943). John A. Kramer wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Pauline M. Betz win's the women's singles title; Althea Louise Brough Clapp (1923-) wins the French Open, along with the women's singles title at Wimbledon, going on to win 5x (1946, 1948-50, 1954), plus nine straight doubles titles at the U.S. Open (1942-50). Ted Bishop wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Lloyd Mangrum wins the Open; Babe Didrikson Zaharias (1911-56) wins the U.S. women's amateur title. Hans von Meiss-Teuffen (1911-) sails solo from Spain to the U.S. in a record 58 days. Ga.-born black boxer Sugar Ray Robinson (Walker Smith Jr.) (1920-89) wins the world welterweight boxing title (until 1951). Welterweight Aurele "Al" Couture KOs Ralph Walton with one punch in 10.5 sec., becoming the shortest boxing match in history (until ?). The U.S. team defeats the Australian team to win the Davis Cup of tennis. Australia, captained by Sir Donald George Bradman retains Ashes in the MCC Tour. The bankrupt Miami Seahawks of the All-Am. Football Conference are purchased by a Baltimore, Md. group and renamed the Baltimore Colts in honor of the area's horse racing history; after three seasons and a 10-26-2 record, the whole AAFC (Colts, Browns, Yankees, 49ers) joins the NFL. Coach Curly Lambeau purchases Rockwood Lodge for the Green Bay Packers, becoming the first self-contained training facility in prof. football history; too bad, the board of dirs. doesn't like it and he ends up leaving the team in 1949. The Nat. Stock Car Racing Assoc. (NSCRA) is founded in Atlanta, Ga., operating in the SE U.S. in competition with NASCAR etc., becoming #2 we try harder until going defunct in 1951. The first Little Brown Jug Race, featuring 3-y.-o. pacing Standardbreds is held in Delaware, Ohio, becoming the middle leg of the Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers, incl. the Cane Pace (founded 1955) in Freehold, N.J., and the Messenger Stakes (founded 1956) in Westbury, N.Y. The Mid-Am. Conference (MAC) of the NCAA Div. 1 is founded by five teams in the Great Lakes region from W N.Y. to Ill., incl. Ohio U., Butler U., U. of Cincinnati, Wayne (State) U., and (Case) Western Reserve U., followed in 1948 by Miami U. and Western Mich. U., the U. of Toledo in 1950, Kent State U. in 1951, Bowling Green State U. in 1952, Marshall U. in 1954-69, Central Mich. U. and Eastern Mich. U. in 1972, Ball State U. and Northern Ill. U. in 1973, the U. of Akron in 1992, SUNY in 1997, the U. of Central Fla. in 2002, and Temple U. in 2005, becoming known as the "Conference of Quarterbacks" for supplying QBs to the NFL. Canadian bodybuilder brothers Joseph "Joe" Weider (1919-2013)) and Benjamin "Ben" Weider (1924-2008) organize the first Mister Canada contest and the Internat. Federation of Bodybuilders (IFBB) on their way to building a worldwide bodybuilding empire that produces Arnold Schwarzenegger. Architecture: The 85.1-mi. Delaware Aqueduct in New York City (begun in 1939) is built to bring water from Yonkers, N.Y., bringing the city half of its water supply of 1.3B gal. per day. R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) constructs his prototype spaceship-like Dymaxion House in Wichita, Kan.; the 7-room structure's estimated selling price is $6,400, but nobody shows up wanting to produce it for him. Walter Gropius et al. form The Architects' Collaborative (TAC). London Airport opens; it receives a new terminal in 1955. The Golden Nugget Casino in Las Vegas, Nev. is built. Swastika-shaped National U. in Naval Base Coronado, Calif. is built. The 602-ft.-high arch-gravity Shasta Dam (originally Kennett Dam) (begun 1937) across the Sacramento River at the N end of Sacramento Valley in N Calif. is completed, creating 4.5M acre ft. (5.6G liters) Shasta Lake, which becomes the largest reservoir in Calif. The 120 mi. x 40 mi. (2M acre) White Sands Proving Ground in SC N.M. is established by the U.S. Army, and is used to test captured German V-2 missiles, and the first A-bomb in July at the Trinity Site on the E side; in 1958 it becomes the White Sands Missile Range. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Emily Greene Balch (1867-1961) and John Raleigh Mott (1865-1955) (U.S.); Lit.: Hermann Hesse (1877-1962) (Switzerland); Physics: Percy Williams Bridgman (1882-1961) (U.S.) [high-pressure physics]; Chem.: James Batcheller Sumner (1887-1955), John Howard Northrop (1891-1987), and Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904-71) (U.S.) [crystallization of enzymes, proteins, and viruses incl. tobacco mosaic virus]; Med.: Hermann Joseph Muller (1890-1967) (U.S.) [X-ray mutations]. Inventions: On Jan. 10 the U.S. Army establishes the first-ever radar contact (echoes) with the Moon from Belmar, N.J - didn't I hear that radio show before? On Jan. 19 the Bell X-1 (originally Bell XS-1) rocket plane is first flown, becoming the first manned airplane to break the sound barrier. On Feb. 1 a press conference is held at the U. of Penn. to unveil the "Giant Brain" ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) digital computer, developed by physicist John William Mauchly (1907-80) and electronics engineers John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr. (1919-95) and Arthur Walter Burks (1915-2008); it performs 5K additions per sec., and consists of 18K vacuum tubes, 70K resistors, 10K capacitors, and 5M hand-soldered joins, taking 15K sq. ft. of floor space and weighing 30 tons; when it is first switched on the lights all over Philly allegedly dim; six Philly women are recruited to do the nasty job of operating it; the patent suit Honeywell Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp. awards John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-95) priority over ENIAC in 1973 as the inventor of the modern electronic digital computer, invalidating ENIAC's 1964 patent and putting it into the public domain. On Feb. 16 the first commercially-designed helicopter is tested at Bridgeport, Conn. On Aug. 8 the Convair B-36 Peacemaker strategic bomber makes its first flight, becoming the largest mass-produced piston engine aircraft, with the longest wingspan (230 ft.) (70.1m) of any combat aircraft, with its range of 10K mi. (first manned bomber with an unrefueled intercontinental range) and max. payload of 72K lb. making it the first bomber capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal from its four bomb bays sans modifications, being adopted as the primary nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) until the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress becomes operational in 1955; on Aug. 23, 1948 the McDonnell XF-85 Goblin jet fighter makes its first flight, designed as a parasite fighter to be deployed from a Convair B-36 bomber bomb bay to defend it from enemy fighters; too bad, it is too inferior to face them in combat, and there are docking problems, caused it to be canceled in 1949 after only two are built. On Sept. 11 the first mobile long-distance car-to-car telephone conversation takes place. On Oct. 9 the first manufactured electric blanket goes on sale for $39.50. Fairey Aviation Co. invents a pilotless rocket missile. Four B-29s land in Siberia after bombing Japan, allowing Soviet aircraft designer Andrei Tupolev to disassemble and reverse-engineer them, then build Soviet Tupolev Tu-4 clones for carrying their nukes, with fully-trained crews ready for the 1947 May Day parade. Vitamin C, isolated by Am. biochemist Charles Glen King (1896-1988) is first marketed in pill form. Richfield, Utah-born Walter Frederick "Fred" Morrison (1920-2010) of Santa Monica, Calif. invents the Frisbee (original name Whirlo-Way, then Pluto Platter in 1955) (originally a popcorn can lid then a cake pan), selling the rights to Wham-O in 1957 and going on to sell 200M units by 2009. DEET insect repellant is developed for military use; commercial use begins in 1957. Detroit-style pizza is invented by Buddy's Rendezvous (later Buddy's Pizza) in Detroit, Mich., featuring a thick deep-dish crisp crust with a fried or crunchy texture. Airtight Tupperware, based on the indented rim of a paint can is invented by Am. inventor Earl Silas Tupper (1907-83), who pioneers direct marketing via the Tupperware Party. Marion Donovan (1917-) invents the Boater, a waterproof covering for disposable cloth diapers. High quality frozen orange juice concentrate is perfected by Minute Maid. Science: Long after the Indians showed them the Rain Dance? On July 14 after pioneering work by Am. chemist-physicist Irving Langmuir (assoc. dir. of research at Gen. Electric in 1932-50), his asst., self-taught Am. chemist-meteorologist Vincent Joseph Schaefer (1906-93) of GE Labs in Schenectady, N.Y. pioneers the principle of Cloud Seeding on Mt. Washington in N.H.; on Nov. 13 the first Artificial Snow is produced by seeding clouds with crushed dry ice at Mt. Greylock, Mass. in the Berkshire Mts., causing a major snowstorm; next Oct. 13 Project Cirrus is begun by the USAF, U.S. Office of Naval Research, and the U.S. Army Signal Corps to seed a hurricane with 180 lb. of crushed dry ice, after which the hurricane changes direction and makes landfall near Savannah, Ga., causing the public to blame them and the project to be canceled, with the govt. not admitting it had seeded it until 1959. In 1962 NOAA launches Project Stormfury to weaken cyclones by flying aircraft into them and seeding them with silver iodide; too bad, it doesn't work, and the last flight is flown in 1971, and the project canceled in 1983; in 2010 Pinhas Alpert et al. of Tel Aviv U. review past data and conclude that cloud seeding isn't very effective. English physicist Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965) discovers that sunspots emit radio waves. Kiwi plastic surgeon Sir Harold Delf Gillies (1882-1960) performs the first British sex reassignment surgery from female to male on British physician Laurence Michael (Laura Maud) Dillon (1915-62), who becomes the world's first transsexual; in 1951 after Dillon perfoms an orchidectomy on her, Gillies performs the first British sex reassignment surgery (vaginoplasty) from male to female using a flap technique. The isotope C-13 (carbon-13) is discovered by ?. Posen, Prussia Germany-born psychologist ("Father of Social Psychology") Kurt Zadek Lewin (1890-1947) (pr. luh-VEEN) pub. the paper "Action Research and Minority Problems", coining the term "Action Research" to mean "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action"; next year he coins the term "Group Dynamics". English radio astronomer Sir Martin Ryle (1918-84) of England builds the first Multi-Element Astronomical Radio Interometer and pub. the first interferometric astronomical measurements at radio wavelengths, later fighting claims from others and ending up with the 1974 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. physicist Edward Mills Purcell (1912-97) and Felix Bloch (1905-83) of the U.S. independently develop the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique for measuring the magnetic fields of atomic nuclei to liquids and solids, winning them the 1952 Nobel Physics Prize - freshness with a spin, plug it in plug it in? ? of Italy synthesizes the muscle-relaxing and paralyzing drug curare (curine and curarine). Ogden, Utah-born psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens (1906-73) pub. his Levels of Measurement theory, claiming that all scientific measurement is conducted with nominal (qualitative), ordinal, interval, or ratio quantitative scales. Nonfiction: Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Wellington. Saul David Alinsky (1909-72), Reveille for Radicals; 2nd ed. in 1969. B.R. Ambedkar (1891-1956), Who Were the Shudras?; calls the Aryan invasion theory of India "so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago". Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), Earth and Reveries of Space. James Phinney Baxter III (1893-1975), Scientists Against Time (Pulitzer Prize); written while official historian of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), Mainly on the Air. Ruth Benedict (1887-1948), The Chrysantheum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Eric Bentley, The Playwright as Thinker. Am. Bible Society, Revised Standard Version of the New Testament (RSV); revision of the 1901 Am. Standard Version; Old Testament pub. in 1952. Marc Bloch (1886-1944), Strange Defeat (posth.); blames the French military establishment for not recognizing that "the whole rhythm of modern warfare has changed its tempo", causing it to cave-in so quickly in WWII. Stephen Bonsal (1865-1951), The Lesser Nations at Versailles. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), A Few Brass Tacks; his political and economic views. Capt. Harry C. Butcher, Three Years with Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher (London). Alejo Carpentier (1904-80), Music in Cuba. Hereward Carrington (1880-1959), The Invisible World. Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945), The Myth of the State (posth.); an attempt at understanding the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany, blaming Martin Heidegegger for allowing Germany to be captured by an irrational belief in destiny after departing from Edmund Husserl's objective, logical philosophy. Yuen Ren Chao (1892-1982), How to Cook and Eat in Chinese; bestseller; coins the terms "pot sticker" and "stir fry"; his Recipe for Stirred Eggs in Ch. 13 is a classic of comedy. Frank Chodorov (1877-1966), The Economics of Society, Government and State. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Come, Tell Me How You Live: An Archaeological Memoir (autobio.) (Nov.); title comes from the White Knight's poem in "Through the Looking Glass" (1871) by Lewis Carroll; describes her 2nd hubby Sir Max Mallowan's archeological work in Syria. R.G. Collingwood (1889-1943), The Idea of History (posth.); seeks "to vindicate history as a form of knowledge distinct from natural science and yet valid in its own right; "History is for human self-knowledge... the only clue to what man can do is what man has done. The value of history, then, is that it teaches us what man has done and thus what man is." James Middleton Cox (1870-1957), Journey Through My Years (autobio.). Sir William A. Craigie, A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles (4 vols.). Ely Culbertson (1891-1955), Must We Fight Russia?. Merle Eugene Curti (1897-1996), The Roots of American Loyalty; a study of patriotism. Jonathan Worth Daniels (1902-81), Frontier on the Potomac. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), The Portable Mark Twain. Michael Dillon (1915-62), Self: A Study in Endocrinology and Ethics (autobio.); his life as a "masculine invert" (transsexual); "Where the mind cannot be made to fit the body, the body should be made to fit, approximately at any rate, to the mind." Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1890-1998), The Everglades: River of Grass. Norman Douglas (1868-1953), Late Harvest (autobio.). Katherine Dunham (1912-), Journey to Accompong; her experiences in Jamaica. James Montgomery Flagg (1877-1960), Roses and Buckshot (autobio.). Viktor Emil Frankl (1905-97), Man's Search for Meaning; his experiences in a concentration camp, where he discovers his psychotherapeutic method of finding meaning in all forms of existence; it is trans. to English in 1959, becoming a bestseller (10M copies), helping found Humanistic Psychology. Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), Concord and Liberty. Henri Honore Giraud (1879-1949), My Escapes. Pieter Geyl (1887-1966), Napoleon For and Against. Paul Goodman (1911-72), Art and Social Nature; The State of Nature; The Copernican Revolution. John Hersey (1914-92), Hiroshima; pub. in The New Yorker in Aug. on the 1st anniv. of the Hiroshima A-bomb (Aug. 6). Sidney Hook (1902-89), Education for Modern Man. Albert Hourani (1915-93), Syria and Lebanon. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Science, Liberty and Peace. Alvin Saunders Johnson (1874-), The Clock of History. Joshua L. Leibman, Peace of Mind. W. Levison, England and the Continent in the Eighth Century. Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), History of Cuba. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), Evelyn Waugh. Etienne Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace. Friedrich Meinecke (1862-1954), The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections (Die Deutsche Katastrophe: Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen); tries to explain the success of the Nazis as the result of Prussian militarism, rapid industrialization, the weakness of the middle class, and a series of accidents that helped Hitler, calling National Socialism an "alien force occupying Germany" while retaining his anti-Semitism and blaming Jews for the fall of liberalism as well as his own troubles. George Mikes (1912-87), How to Be An Alien: A Handbook for Beginners and More Advanced Pupils; bestseller (300K copies); illustrated by Nicolas Clerihew Bentley (1907-78); "Continental people have sex lives; the English have hot water bottles." Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976), History as a Literary Art: An Appeal to Young Historians; "American historians, in their eagerness to present facts and their laudable concern to tell the truth, have neglected the literary aspects of their craft. They have forgotten that there is an art of writing history." George Edwin Mowry (1909-84), Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement; 2nd ed. 1960; based on his dissertation based on Roosevelt's papers, bringing out the role of populism as the "real seedbeed" of Progressivism. Sean O'Casey (1890-1964), Drums Under the Window (autobio.); vol. 3 of "Mirror in My House". George Orwell (1903-50), The Prevention of Literature (Jan. 2); Critical Essays (Feb. 14); Politics and the English Language; "The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish spurting out ink"; “It is almost universally felt that when we call a country democratic we are praising it: consequently the defenders of every kind of regime claim that it is a democracy... Words of this kind are often used in a consciously dishonest way." Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), Earth Could Be Fair: A Chronicle. Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), Science, Faith and Society; criticizes the positivist account of science for ignoring the role of personal commitments. Henry Habberley Price (1899-1984), Thinking and Representation. V.S. Pritchett (1900-97), The Living Novel (essays); Build the Ships: The Official Story of the Shipyards in Wartime. James G. Randall (1881-1953), Lincoln and the South; his Southern roots and attachments. Adm. Sir. Herbert William Richmond (1871-1946), Statesmen and Sea Power, an analysis of British foreign policy from Elizabeth I to the end of World War II, which examines "the interrelationships of political and military strategy, and the connections between Britain's developing overseas influence and the utilisation of her maritime strengths", establishing him as a top authority on naval theory; claims that the 1942 Fall of Singapore was sealed by "the illusion that a Two-Hemisphere Empire can be defended by a One-Hemisphere Navy"; Too bad, his constructive criticism of the Admiralty prevents his ideas from being acted on, and he is considered only a gadfly. Archibald Robertson (1886-1961), Jesus: Myth or History?; "Jesus, then, is a myth. The story of the God-man is a literary creation, refashioned (as Celsus pointed out in the second century) "three times, four times, and many times" in the interest of the movement which evolved it... But Jesus is also history... Had he never lived, the Christian creed would have evolved very much as we know it, but Pontius Pilate would not have been immortalized." Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from Earliest Times to the Present Day; big hit, fixing him financially for life and helping him win the 1950 Nobel Lit. Prize despite being dissed by several historians, who accuse of him of rushing it to press to make money; "A precious book... a work that is in the highest degree pedagogical which stands above the conflicts of parties and opinions" (Albert Einstein); "[It] confers on philosophers who are dead and gone a kind of false contemporaneity which may make them seem important to the uninitiate. But nevertheless it is a misreading of history" (George Boas); "I regarded the early part of my History of Western Philosophy as a history of culture, but in the later parts, where science becomes important, it is more difficult to fit into this framework. I did my best, but I am not at all sure that I succeeded. I was sometimes accused by reviewers of writing not a true history but a biased account of the events that I arbitrarily chose to write of. But to my mind, a man without bias cannot write interesting history - if, indeed, such a man exists." (Russell) Israel Joshua Singer (1893-1944), Of a World That Is No More (autobio.) (posth.). Dr. Benjamin Spock (1903-98), The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. Werner Stein, Kulturfahrplan (Culture Timetables). George R. Stewart (1895-1980), Man, An Autobiography. I.F. Stone (1907-89), Underground to Palestine; the mass illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine starting in 1939. Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979), Cosmos Without Gravitation; his 2nd radical pamphlet, with his new nutso version of celestical mechanics, which he later retreats from; too bad, he makes a mistake and sends it to Am. astronomer Harlow Shapley, pissing him off and making him a lifelong enemy? Paramanhansa Yogananda (1893-1952), Autobiography of a Yogi; bestseller, introducing Westerners to meditation and Yoga; tells the story of 2K-y.-o. Indian saint Mahavatar Babaji, who allegedly visited Lahiri Mahasaya and his disciples between 1861 and 1935. Art: Margaret Bourke-White (1904-71), Dear Fatherland, Rest Quietly (photos). Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Cow with Umbrella. Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), Homme et Femme. Jean Dubuffet (1901-85), Men and Trees Sleepwalking. Max Ernst (1891-1976), The Phases of the Night. Hans Hofmann (1880-1966), Fear. Fernand Leger (1881-1955), Composition with Branch. Bill Mandel (1917-2016), A Guide to the Soviet Union. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Le Pelerin du Doute; A Grave Situation. Philip Noel-Baker (1889-1982), U.N., the Atom, the Veto. Charles Norman (1904-96), The Muses' Darling; bio. of Christopher Marlowe. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), In the Patio No. 1. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), George Canning. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), The Key; The Tea Cup; Shimmering Substance (from The Sounds in the Grass). Mark Rothko (1903-70), The Source. Howard Spring (1889-1965), And Another Thing (autobio.). Saul Steinberg (1914-99), All in Line (cartoons). Graham Sutherland (1903-80), The Crucifixion; for St. Matthew's Church. Clovis Trouille (1889-1975), Oh! Calcutta, Calcutta!; portrait of a reclining nude shown from behind; title is a pun on "Oh quel cul t'as" (Oh, what a lovely ass you have); namesake of the 1969 musical "Oh! Calcutta!". Victor Vasarely (1906-97), The Blind Man. William Allen White (1868-1944), The Autobiography of William Allen White (posth.) (Pulitzer Prize). Richard Wright (1908-60), How "Bigger" Was Born: Notes of a Native Son. Music: Henry "Red" Allen (1906-67), Drink Hearty. The Andrews Sisters, Christmas Island; Winter Wonderland. Sir Frederick Ashton (1904-88), Symphonic Variations (ballet) (Cesar Franck, composer) (London). Gene Autry (1907-98), Have I Told You Lately that I Love You? (#3 country); Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You) (#4 country). George Balanchine, Nightshadow (ballet) (Vincenzo Bellini (1801-35), composer) (New York). Benny Bell (1906-99), Take A Ship for Yourself; Pincus the Peddler (his signature song); Shaving Cream; risque lyrics causes it to be banned by radio stations until Dr. Demento makes it a #18 U.S. hit in 1975. Irving Berlin (1888-1989), Dorothy Fields (1905-74), and Herbert Fields (1897-1958), Annie Get Your Gun (musical) (Imperial Theatre, New York) (May 16) (1,147 perf.); about Annie Oakley (1860-1926) and her mgr.-hubby Frank Butler (1847-1926); dir. by Joshua Logan; stars Ethel Merman as Annie, and Ray Middleton as Frank; features the songs There's No Business Like Show Business, Doin' What Comes Natur'lly, I'm an Indian, Too (later ommitted for being too insensitive to Indians), Moonshine Lullaby, You Can't Get a Man with a Gun", They Say It's Wonderful, and Anything You Can Do; filmed in 1950 starring Betty Hutton and Howard Keel. Boris Blacher (1903-75), Die Flut (chamber opera). Marc Blitzstein (1905-64), The Airborne (symphony). Benjamin Britten (1913-76), The Rape of Lucretia (opera) (Glyndebourne). Jack Brooks and Hoagy Carmichael (1899-1981), Ole Buttermilk Sky. Nat King Cole (1919-65) Trio, The Christmas Song (Merry Christmas to You) (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire), which becomes a big pop/R&B hit, causing him to record it again in 1953 with a full orchestra conducted by Nelson Riddle, and again in 1961 in stereo, becoming the most-loved seasonal song with women aged 30-49; composed in 1945 by Mel Torme (1925-99) and Robert Wells (1922-98) as a way to keep cool during a hot summer; top Christmas song of the cent.?; (Get Your Kicks on) Route 66; composed by Bobby Troup (1918-99). Perry Como (1912-2001), Prisoner of Love; Surrender. Spade Cooley and His Orchestra, Detour (#2 country); You Can't Break My Heart (#3 country). Aaron Copland (1900-90), 3rd Symphony (Oct. 18). Bing Crosby (1903-77) and the Andrews Sisters, South America, Take It Away (May 11); written by Harold Rome for the 1946 revue "Call Me Mister". Judy Garland (1922-69), On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe; written by Harry Warren (1893-1981) and Johnny Mercer; from the film "The Harvey Girls"; best song Oscar for 1946. Ferde Grofe (1892-1972), Atlantic Crossing/Aviation Suite (1946-50). Alexei Haieff (1914-94), The Princess Zondilda and Her Entourage (ballet). Billie Holliday (1915-59), Good Morning Heartache (Jan. 22); by Irene Higginbotham (1918-88), Ervin Drake (1919-2015), and Dan Fisher (1920-2001). Norman Dello Joio (1913-2008), A Jubilant Song; based on the poetry of Walt Whitman. Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five, Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin' (#1 in the U.S.); written in 1944 by Joe Greene (1915-86). Alan Jay Lerner (1918-86) and Frederick Loewe (1901-88), Brigadoon (musical); set in a mystical village in the highlands of Scotland, where people born in the 18th cent. awaken for 24 hours every 100 years; Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas; Fiona Campbell and Jean Campbell; Mr. Lundie; Harry Beaton; filmed in 1954. Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), The Medium (1-act opera) (May 8) (Columbia U., New York); melodramatic supernatural thriller; so scary it is usually followed by a 1-act comic opera. Johnny Mercer (1909-76) and Harold Arlen (1905-86), Come Rain or Come Shine; from the musical "St. Louis Woman". Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Turangalila Symphony (1946-8); his only symphony, in 10 movements based on Hindu scripture. Bill Monroe (1911-96) and His Blue Grass Boys, Blue Moon of Kentucky. Vaughn Monroe (1911-73), Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow. Josef Myrow (1910-87) and Mack Gordon (1904-59), You Make Me Feel So Young; introduced in the 1946 film "Three Little Girls in Blue", sung by Carol Stewart and Del Porter, dubbing Vera-Ellen and Charles Smith; "You make me feel so young/ You make me feel as though spring has sprung." Johnny Otis (1921-2012), Harlem Nocturne; his first big hit. Edith Piaf (1915-63), La Vie en Rose. Cole Porter (1891-1964), Around the World (musical). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Piano Sonata No. 2; Symphony No. 2. Memphis Slim (1915-88), Rockin' the House. Leo Sowerby, The Canticle of the Sun (Pulitzer Prize). The Ink Spots, The Gypsy. Sir Michael Tippett (1905-98), The Midsummer Marriage (opera) (1946-52). Margaret Whiting (1924-), Guilty; Oh, But I Do. Hank Williams Sr. (1923-53), Never Again (Dec.) (debut). Mary Lou Williams (1910-81), Trumpets No End; rearrangement of Irving Berlin's "Blue Skies". Bob Wills (1905-75) and his Texas Playboys, New Spanish Two Step (#1); White Cross on Okinawa (#1); Roly Poly (#3). Movies: Jean Cocteau's La Belle et la Bete (Beauty and the Beast) stars Jean Marais as the Beast slash Prince, and Josette Day as the Beauty. William Wyler's The Best Years of Our Lives, written by Robert Emmet Sherwood stars Fredric March and Harold Russell. Howard Hawks' The Big Sleep (Aug. 31), written by William Faulkner and Leigh Brackett based on the 1939 Raymond Chandler novel stars Humphrey Bogart as private eye Philip Marlowe, who is hired to protect young Carmen Sternwood (Martha Vickers), and falls in love with her older sister Vivian Sternwood Rutledge (Lauren Bacall). George Marshall's The Blue Dahlia (Apr. 19), the first original screenplay of Raymond Chandler (1888-1959) stars Alan Ladd as Johnny Morrison, who is framed for the murder of his wife Helen (Doris Dowling) and ends up in the arms of blonde angel Joyce (Veronica Lake). Stuart Heisler's Blue Skies (Oct. 16) is a musical starring Bing Crosby as Johnny Aams and Fred Astaire as Jed Potter, featuring the Irving Berlin song Blue Skies. Basil Dearden's The Captive Heart (Apr. 29) (Ealing Studios) is a British war drama starring Michael Redgrave as Czech soldier Capt. Karel Hasekl, who escapes from Dachau in summer 1940 and assumes the identity of dead British Capt. Geoffrey Mitchell only to get caught again during the fall of France and shipped to another camp, where fellow British soldiers see through his story and suspect him of being a spy; meanwhile he attempts to keep the deception going by sending love letters to Michell's wife Celia (Rachel Kempson), rekindling her love; also stars Jimmy Hanley as Pvt. Matthews, Mervyn Johns as Pvt. Di Evans, Rachel Thomas as his wife Dilys, and Jack Warner as his friend-business partner Cpl. Ted Horsfall; score by Lancashire-born Alan Rawsthorne (1905-71), who goes on to compose scores for "School for Secrets (1946), "Uncle Silas" (1947) "Saraband for Dead Lovers" (1948), "Pandora and the Flying Dutchman" (1951), "Where No Vultures Fly" (1951), "The Cruel Sea" (1953), "West of Zanzibar" (1954), "The Man Who Never Was" (1956), and "Floods of Fear" 1958). Ernst Lubitsch's B&W Cluny Brown (May 1) (20th Cent. Fox), based on a novel by Margery Sharp stars Jennifer Jones as uninhibited Cluny Brown, whose plumber uncle sends her to work as a servant in an English country estate, where she hooks up with Czech refugee writer Adam Belinski (Charles Boyer), who tries to keep her from marrying dull pharmacist Jonathan W. Wilson (Richard Haydn); score by Cyril J. Mockridge; "Well, shall we have a go at it?" (Jones, before unclogging a sink); "I understand. If I feel like feeding the squirrels to the nuts, this isn't the place for it" (Jones); does $1M box office. Robert Siodmak's The Dark Mirror (Oct. 18), based on a story by Vladimir Pozner stars Olivia de Havilland as twins Terry and Ruth Collins, who are both suspected of murder of Dr. Scott Elliott, played by Lew Ayres of "All Quiet on the Western Front", whose career was rescued by de Havilland after he became a conscientious objector medic in WWII and she insists he have the part. Gordon M. Douglas' Dick Tracy vs. Cueball (Dec. 18), #2 in the Dick Tracy Quadrilogy stars Morgan Conway as Dick Tracy, Anne Jeffreys as Tess Trueheart, Lyle Latell as Pat Patton, Dick Wessel as Harry "Cueball" Lake, and Ian Keith as Vitamin Flintheart. King Vidor's Duel in the Sun (Dec. 8) stars Jennifer Jones as hot half-breed Indian girl Pearl Chavez on a Western ranch who incites brothers Gregory Peck and Joseph Cotten to you know what, becoming David O. Selznick's last try to outdo the success of his "Gone With the Wind", even incl. Butterfly McQueen in the cast; it becomes the #2 grossing film of 1947; the first film seen by future dir. Martin Scorsese. Charles Vidor's B&W Gilda (Feb. 14) is a film noir starring Glenn Ford as small-time hood Johnny Farrell, and Rita Hayworth as femme fatale Gilda Mundson Farrell, who performs a 1-glove striptease in black satin, made more sexy by cinematographer Rudolph Mate and the wardrobe by Jean Louis; features the dance numbers Put the Blame on Mame and Amado Mio. Francis Searle's A Girl in a Million (Oct. 28) shows that men are still king as Hugh Williams dumps his big-mouth wife and gets a job in the men-only War Dept., but a col. arrives with mute daughter Joan Greenwood, which turns him on, so he marries her, only to have her you know what restored so that he's back with another big-mouth wife. David Lean's Great Expectations (Dec. 26) (Cineguild) stars John Mills as Pip, Valerie Hobson as Estella, Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham, and is the film debut of Paddington, London-born Sir Alec Guinness (1914-2000) as Herbert Pocket; based on a 1939 stage version written by Guinness. Sidney Gilliat's Green for Danger (Dec. 7) (Gen. Film Distributors) is a British thriller film based on the 1944 Christianna Brand novel, starring Alastair Sim as Inspector Cockrill, who investigtes an operating room death in Heron's Park Emergency Hospital in SE England during the Aug. 1944 V-1 Doodlebug offensive on London after Nurse Frederica "Freddi" Linley (Sally Gray) tells him that it wasn't an accident; Trevor Howard plays anaesthetist Dr. Barney Barnes, Leo Glenn plays Mr. Eden, and Rosamund John plays Nurse Esther Sanson. Jean Yarbrough's B&W House of Horrors (Mar. 29) (Universal Pictures) stars acromegaly-sufferer Rondo Hatton (1894-1946) (who died on Feb. 2) as the mad Creeper, who is taken on by sculptor Marcel De Lange (Martin Kosleck) as his subject, turning him loose on them when they don't like his work; followed on Oct. 1, 1946 by Jean Yarbrough's B&W The Brute Man. Frank Capra's B&@ It's A Wonderful Life (Dec. 21) (RKO), the ideal postwar escapist white Am. flick is based on the story "The Greatest Gift" by Philip Van Doren Stern, starring James Stewart as George Bailey, Donna Reed as Mary Hatch Bailey, and Lionel Barrymore as mean old Henry F. Potter in Bedford Falls persecutes George for mismanagement of $8K, causing him to attempt suicide on Christms Eve, only to be rescued by his guardian angel Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers); Ward Bond plays Bert the cop; Thomas Mitchell plays Uncle Billy; Todd Karns plays brother Harry; score by Dimitri Tiomkin; debuts on Dec. 21 after a Dec. 20 preview for charity at the Globe Theatre in New York City; does $3.3M box office on a $3.18M budget; voted most inspirational film of all time by Americans in 2006. Alfred E. Green's The Jolson Story (Oct. 10), starring Larry Parks (1914-75) (who is nominated for an Oscar) rejuvenates the career of Al Jolson (1886-1950), who dubs the vocals even though he is too old to play himself onscreen; the sequel "Jolson Sings Again" (1949) is another hit; too bad, Parks is forced to testify before HUAC in 1951, and admits to being a Communist, ruining his career even though he names names. Robert Siodmak's The Killers (Aug. 28), based on a short story by Ernest Hemingway is the film debut of "Mr. Muscles and Teeth" Burt Stephen Lancaster (1913-94) as ex-boxer "The Swede", who is murdered by the mob, causing insurance investigator Jim Reardon (Edmond O'Brien) to get even with crime boss Big Jim Colfax (Albert Dekker) and femme fatale Kitty Collins (Ava Gardner); Sam Levene plays police detective Lt. Sam Lubinsky; Miklos Rosza's musical score is later used on TV's "Dragnet". Mitchell Leisen's Kitty (Jan. 25), based on the 1943 novel by Rosamond Mitchell stars Paulette Goddard and Ray Milland in a Pygmalion story set in 18th cent. London. Phil Karlson's Live Wires (Jan. 12) stars the Bowery Boys (formerly the East Side Kids), incl. Leo Bernard Gorcey (1917-69) as Terrence Aloysius "Slip" Mahoney, and Henry Richard "Huntz" Hall (1919-99) as Horace Debussy "Sach" Jones; they continue to make sequels through 1958. Wesley Ruggles' London Town, starring Sid Field and Petula Clark is the first British Technicolor musical extravanganza, and one of the biggest flops in British film history. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's B&W A Matter of Life and Death (Stairway to Heaven) (Nov. 1) (Rank Org.) (Eagle-Lion Films), featuring an escalator linking Heaven and Earth, with heavenly scenes filmed in B&W using underdeveloped Technicolor to give a pearly hue; stars David Niven as RAF Squadron Leader Peter Carter, who flies his badly damaged Lancaster back to England from Germany, and jumps sans parachute, waking up on the beach near the English Channel, falling in love with June (Kim Hunter), while Heavenly Conductor 71 (a French aristocrat guillotined in the French Rev.) tries to explain to him that he missed him as he was falling and should come with him, causing him to appeal, facing prosecutor Abraham Farlan (Raymond Massey), first casualty of the Am. Rev. War; "Nothing is stronger than the law in the Universe, but on Earth, nothing is stronger than love"; does $1.75M box office on a £650K budget. John Ford's B&W My Darling Clementine (Dec. 3) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1931 Stuart N. Lake novel "Wyatt Earp, Frontier Marshal" about the Oct. 26, 1881 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral stars Henry Fonda as Wyatt Earp, Victor Mature as Doc Holliday, Walter Brennan as Old Man Clanton, Tom Holt as Virgil Earp, Ward Bond as Morgan Earp, Tim Holt as Virgil Earp, and John Ireland as Billy Clanton; features the 1884 Percy Montrose song Oh My Darling, Clementine; Linda Darnell plays Holliday's babe Chihuahua; favorite movie of Col. Potter in "M*A*S*H". Michael Curtiz'Night and Day (Aug. 3) stars Cary Grant as Cole Porter (1891-1964), and Alexis Smith as his wife Linda. Archie L. Mayo's A Night in Casablanca is the last Marx Brothers film; "I'm Beatrice Ryner. I stop at the hotel. - I'm Ronald Kornblow. I stop at nothing"; "Hey boss, you got a woman in there? - If I haven't, I've been wasting thirty minutes of valuable time." Jean Negulesco's Nobody Lives Forever (Nov. 1), written by W.R. Burnett is a film noir stars John Garfield as ex-GI Nick Blake, who decides to fleece slinky blonde rich widow singer Gladys Halvorsen (Geraldine Fitzgerald), and falls for her instead; also stars Walter Brennan as Pop Gruber, who utters the soundbyte "You're 34 now, and from here on it's mostly downhill." Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious (Sept. 6) stars Cary Grant as U.S. spy T.R. Devlin, who romances Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman) while asking her to spy on her father's Nazi friends in Rio; Claude Rains plays Alexander Sebastian. Tay Garnett's The Postman Always Rings Twice (May 2), based on the 1934 James M. Cain novel stars Lana Turner as Cora Smith, and John Garfield as drifter Frank Chambers, who murder her hubby then suffer the consequences. Harve Foster's and Wilfred Jackson's animated Song of the South (Nov. 12) (Walt Disney Productions) (RKO Radio Pictures) , based on the Joel Chandler Harris Uncle Remus stories is Disney's first film with some live action, and stars James Baskett (1904-48) as Uncle Remus, who is awarded an honorary Oscar; also stars child actor Bobby Driscoll (1937-68) as Johnny; the first African-Am. best actor Oscar winner is Sidney Poitier in 1964; does $65M box office on a $2.125M budget; incl. the (racially degrading?) hit song Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah. Lewis Milestone's The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (July 24) (Paramount), based on the short story "Love Lies Bleeding" by Jack Patrick is the film debut of Kirk Douglas (Issur "Isador" "Izzy" Danielovitch Demsky) (1916-2020) as D.A. Walter O'Neil, wimpy husband of Iverstown-owning Martha Smith Ivers (Barbara Stanwyck), who with Sam Masterson (Van Heflin) share a childhood secret about the murder of Aunt Ivers. Orson Welles' The Stranger (B&W), based on a story by Victor Trivas stars Welles as brilliant Nazi war criminal Franz Kindler, who hides out as old-clock-loving college prof. Charles Rankin in Harper, Conn., while Nazi hunter Edward G. Robinson tracks him down and tries to get his innocent wife Sarah (Loretta Young), daughter of a Supreme Court Justice to give him up; the devilish Nazis are claimed to give Jews showers before gassing them so that the gas will seep into their pores better. Paul Terry's Terrytoon movie cartoon The Talking Magpies is the debut of magpies Heckle (British accent) and Jeckle (Brooklyn accent). Richard Whorf's Till the Clouds Roll By (Dec. 5) stars Robert Walker as composer Jerome Kern, known for "Show Boat" (1927); also stars Judy Garland, Dinah Shore, Lena Horne, Van Johnson, who sings Don't Ask Me, I Won't Dance, slim-hot Angela Lansbury, who sings How'd You Like to Spoon with Me, and Frank Sinatra, who sings Old Man River. Mitchell Leisen's To Each His Own (Mar. 12) stars Olivia de Havilland as Piersen Falls, U.S. girl Josephine "Jody" Norris, who turns down suitors Mac Tilton (Bill Goodwin) and Alex Piersen (Phillip Terry), then has a child out of wedlock with U.S. fighter pilot Capt. Bart Cosgrove (John Lund) in 1919, and has to give him up, moving to WWII England, where she meets the grown-up son. John Farrow's Two Years Before the Mast, based on the Richard Henry Dana novel stars Alan Ladd as Charles Stewart, the privileged son of a ship owner who is shanghaied in Boston aboard the S.S. Pilgrim bound for Calif., on which sadistic Capt. Thompson (Howard da Silva) brutalizes the men trying to set a record, causing them to mutiny and face trial back in Boston. Clarence Brown's The Yearling (Dec. 18) (MGM), based on the 1938 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings novel stars Gregory Peck and Jane Wyman as Ezra "Penny" and Ora Baxter in post-Civil War Fla., and Claude Jarman Jr. as their fawn-loving son Jody, who wins a special Oscar as outstanding child actor; does $7.6M box office on a $3.883M budget, making only $451K profit; MGM's most successful movie of 1946; spawns beloved pet movies incl. "Old Yeller" and "Kes". Vincente Minnelli's Ziegfeld Follies (Apr. 8) features Fred Astaire and Gene Kelley (their only film duet); costs MGM $3M to make, and actually has six dirs. Plays: Marcel Achard (1899-1974), Close to My Girlfriend (Aupres de Ma Blonde) (Shubert Theatre, New York) (Nov. 2) (245 perf.); dir. by and starring Alfred Lunt, also starring Lynne Fontanne; features the song Do You Know How to Plant Cabbage? (Savez-vous Planter les Choux?). Maxwell Anderson (1888-1959), Joan of Lorraine. Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Romeo et Jeannette; Medee (Medea). Robert Ardrey (1908-80), Jeb. Arnold M. Auerbach (1912-98) and Harold Jacob Rome (1908-93), Call Me Mister (Nat. Theatre, New York) (Apr. 18) (Majestic Theatre) (Plymouth Theatre) (734 perf.); about troops returning to civilian life; stars Betty Garrett, George S. Irving, Maria Karnilova, Harry Clark, Jules Munshin, and Lawrence Winters; features the song South America, Take It Away, sung by Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters; filmed in 1951 starring Betty Grable as USO entertainer Kay Hudson, Dan Dailey as her ex-husband Shep Dooley, and Dale Robertson as Capt. Johnny Comstock. Irving Berlin (1888-1989), Herbert Fields, and Dorothy Fields, Annie Get Your Gun (musical) (New York) (May 16) (1,147 perf.); stars Ethel Merman as Annie Oakley (1860-1926), and Ray Middleton as Frank Butler. Ugo Betti (1892-1953), Crime on Goat Island. Arna Bontemps (1902-73) and Countee Cullen (1903-46), St. Louis Woman. Gordon Bottomley (1874-1948), Maids of Athens. Jean Cocteau (1889-1963), L'Aigle a Deux Tetes (The Two-Headed Eagle). Russel Crouse (1893-1966) and Howard Lindsay (1889-1968), State of the Union (Pulitzer Prize). Eduardo De Filippo, Filumena. Christopher Fry (1907-2005), A Phoenix Too Frequent (comedy) (Mercury Theatre, London); stars Paul Scofield; The Firstborn (Oxford Playhouse). Lillian Hellman (1905-84), Another Part of the Forest. Garson Kanin (1912-99), Born Yesterday (comedy) (Lyceum Theatre, New York) (Feb. 4) (1,642 perf.); stars Paul Douglas as crooked tyccon Harry Brock, who goes with his girlfriend Billie Dawn (Judy Holliday) to Washington, D.C to buy some politicians, where she meets journalist Paul Verrall (Gary Merrill), who wins her and helps her escape from him; filmed in 1950 starring Holliday; according to Neil Simon, the funniest play ever written. Jean Kerr (1922-2003), The Song of Bernadette. John Treville Latouche (1914-56) and Duke Ellington (1899-1974), Beggar's Holiday (musical) (Broadway Theatre, New York) (Dec. 26) (111 perf.); rewrite of John Gay's "The Beggar's Opera"; stars Alfred Drake, Zero Mostel, Thomas Gomez, Avon Long, and Herbert Ross; Ellington's only book musical; an interracial relationship causes nightly picketing, killing the show. Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), Oak Leaves and Lavender. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), The Iceman Cometh (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Oct. 9) (136 perf.); first play in 10 years; dir. by Eddie Dowling; Harry Hope's saloon in 1912 Greenwich Village, with 15 patrons incl. 12 men and three hos, where salesman Theodore "Hickey" Hickman visits every 6 mo., and expects to find his wife "rolling in the hay with the iceman" when he comes home, later revealing that he has murdered her; written at Tao House in Calif. - policeman without the pol? John Patrick (1905-95), The Hasty Heart (New York). Terence Rattigan (1911-77), The Winslow Boy (London) (Sept. 6) (New York) (1947); based on the real-life case of Stonyhurst College cadet George Archer-Shee in 1908; 14-y.-o. Ronnie Winslow at the Royal Naval College at Osborne is accused of stealing a 5-shilling postal order from a fellow cadet, and fights to prove his innocence to keep his life from being ruined; dir. by Glen Byam Shaw; stars Emlyn Williams, Mona Washbourne, Angela Baddely, and Kathleen Harrison filmed in 1948 by Anthony Asquith, starring Robert Donat as Sir Robert Morton, Sir Cedric Hardicke as Arthur Winslow, and Margaret Leighton as Catherine Winslow. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Les Nuits de la Colere; L'Archipel Lenoir, ou Il ne Faut Pas Toucher aux Choses Inutiles, Pourquoi pas Moi? Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Morts sans Sepulture (Sépulture). Carl Zuckmayer (1896-1977), Der Teufels General (The Devil's General); Gen. Harras, based on #2 German WWI ace Ernest Udet (1896-1941). Poetry: Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), The Bishop's Beggar; The Last Circle (posth.). Elizabeth Bishop (1911-79), North and South. Josef Capek (1887-1945), Poems from a Concentration Camp (posth.); lovely Bergen-Belsen, he loved it so much he could die? Aime Cesaire (1913-2008), Armes Miraculeuses. Rene Char (1907-88), Feuillets d'Hypnos. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), Flowering of the Road. Odysseus Elytis (1911-96), An Heroic and Funeral Chant for the Lieutenant Lost in Albania. John Gould Fletcher (1886-1950), The Burning Mountain. Josephine Jacobsen (1908-2003), For the Unlost. Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), Medea. Patrick Kavanagh (1904-67), The Dawning of the Day. Denise Levertov (1923-97), The Double Image (debut). Robert Lowell (1917-77), Lord Weary's Castle (Pulitzer Prize); dedicated to his cousin "Warren Winslow, Dead at Sea"; incl. The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket; "The bones cry for the blood of the white whale,/ the fat flukes arch and whack about its ears,/ the death-lance churns into the sanctuary, tears/ the gun-blue swingle, heaving like a flail,/ and hacks the coiling life out: it works and drags/ and rips the sperm-whale's midriff into rags,/ gobbets of blubber spill to wind and weather." Walter De La Mare (1873-1976), The Traveller. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Silence. Phyllis McGinley (1905-78), Stones from Glass Houses. Howard Moss (1922-87), The Wound and the Weather (debut). Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), An Astonished Eye Looks Out of the Air; Sleepers Awake; Panels for the Walls of Heaven; Pictures of Life and Death; They Keep Riding Down All the Time; Selected Poems. Jacques Prevert (1900-77), Paroles (Words) (debut); his masterpiece?; about life in Paris during/after WWII. Kathleen Raine (1908-2003), Living in Time. Muriel Rukeyser (1913-80), The Beast in View; "To be a Jew in the twentieth century/ Is to be offered a gift. If you refuse,/ Wishing to be invisible, you choose/ Death of the spirit, the stone insanity." Genevieve Taggard (1894-1948), Slow Music. Dylan Thomas (1914-53), Deaths and Entrances; incl. "The Hunchback in the Park", "A Winter's Tale", "Paper and Sticks", "Deaths and Entrances"; "On almost the incendiary eve/ Of several near deaths,/ When one of the great least of your best loved/ And always known must leave/ Lions and fires of his flying breath,/ Of your immortal friends/ Who'd raise the organs of the counted dust,/ To shoot and sing your praise,/ One who called deepest down shall hold his peace/ That cannot sink or cease/ Endlessly to his wound/ In many married London's estranging grief." William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), Paterson (4 vols.) (1948, 1949, 1951, 1958). Louis Zukofsky (1904-78), Anew. Novels: Richard Aldington (1892-1962), The Romance of Casanova. Jorge Amado (1912-2001), Seara Vermelha. Sholem Asch (1880-1957), East River: A Novel of New York. Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974), Mr. President. Rev. Wilbert Awdry (1911-97), Thomas the Tank Engine; about an undersized tank engine (based on the 1913 E2 Class designed by Lawson Billinton) who is known as a fuck-up until he becomes useful after an accident and is rewarded with his own branch line; becomes a TV series in 1979. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), The Expelled; The Calmative; The End. Mercier and Camier; not pub. until 1974. Ludwig Bemelmans (1899-1962), Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), The Rise of Henry Morcar; #2 in the Inheritance Trilogy. Arna Bontemps (1902-73) and Jack Conroy (1898-1990), Slappy Hooper, the Wonderful Sign Painter. Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), Dos Fantasias Memorables (short stories); Un Modelo para la Muerte (short stories). Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), The Lifeline. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), Lucinda Brayford. Kay Boyle (1902-92), A Frenchman Must Die; Thirty Stories (short stories). Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Pavilion of Women. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Tomorrow's Another Day. James M. Cain (1892-1977), Past All Dishonor. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87), House in the Uplands. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), This Side of Innocence. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), He Who Whispers; My Late Wives. Joyce Cary (1888-1957), The Moonlight. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Hollow (Murder After Hours) (Nov.); Hercule Poirot #23; she later claims she ruined the novel by putting Poirot in it. William Cooper (1910-2002), Three Marriages. Warwick Deeping (1877-1950), The Impudence of Youth. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), La Derniere Brigade. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), The Prodigal Brother. James T. Farrell (1904-79), Bernard Clare. Howard Fast (1914-2003), The American: A Middle Western Legend. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), The Big Clock. Errol Flynn (1909-59), Showdown (2nd and last novel); written on the set of "Objective: Burma!". C.S. Forester (1899-1966), Lord Hornblower. Pat Frank (1908-64), Mr. Adam (Was Wanted by Every Woman in the World); about a nuclear accident which renders all men sterile except one lucky guy. Miles Franklin (1879-1954), My Career Goes Bung; sequel to "My Brilliant Career" (1901). Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), That Awful Mess. Romain Gary (1914-80), Tulipe. Fred Gipson (1908-73), The Fabulous Empire: Colonel Zack Miller's Story (first novel). Winston Graham (1908-2003), Demelza; Poldark Saga #2. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), King Jesus; he had a legitimate claim to the throne of Judah via Herod the Great? L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), The Sixth Heaven; #2 in the Eustace and Hilda Trilogy. Thomas Heggen (1918-49), Mister Roberts; backwater cargo ship USS Reluctant sails "from apathy to tedium with occasional side trips to monotony and ennui"; based on the author's experiences aboard cargo ships USS Virgo and USS Rotanin in the SW Pacific in WWII; Roberts is based on the Rotanin's exec officer Donald House; filmed in 1955. James Hilton (1900-54), So Well Remembered. Laura Z. Hobson (1900-86), Gentleman's Agreement; bestseller (1.6M copies) about the huge problem of anti-Semitism in the U.S.; filmed in 1947 starring Gregory Peck. Eric Hodgins (1899-1971), Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (first novel); illustrated by William Steig. Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957), Zorba the Greek; set in 1930s Piraeus, Greece; narrator tries to get out of his bookworm habits by visiting Crete, and hires 65-y.-o. Alexis Zorba as his foreman for his lignite mine, going on to shack up with Madame Hortense and go back to being a bookworm, but with a Dionysian rather than Apollonian outlook; "A living heart, a large voracious mouth, a great brute soul, not yet severed from mother earth" (description of Zorba); "Man is a brute... If you're cruel to him, he respects and fears you. If you're kind to him, he plucks your eyes out" (Zorba); "I am going to do with my books what you did with the cherries. I'm going to eat so much paper it'll make me sick. I shall spew it all up and then be rid of it forever" (narrator). Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), Love Story Incidental. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Thieves in the Night. Philip Larkin (1922-85), Jill (first novel). Rosamond Lehmann (1901-90), The Gypsy's Baby and Other Stories. Lois Lenski (1893-1974), Strawberry Girl. Eric Linklater (1899-1974), Private Angelo. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), George Brown's Schooldays; Yellow Tapers for Paris. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Flight Into Danger; Saigon Singer. Angela du Maurier (1904-2002), Lawrence Vane: A Novel. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), The King's General; bestseller. William Keepers Maxwell Jr. (1908-2000), The Heavenly Tenants (short stories). Carson McCullers (1917-67), The Member of the Wedding; filmed in 1952; "Frankie is in love with her brother and the bride"; "It happened that green and crazy summer. It was a summer when for a long time she had not been a member. She belonged to no club and she was a member of nothing in the world. And she was afraid." William McFee (1881-1966), In the First Watch. Kate O'Brien (1897-1974), That Lady. Mary O'Hara (1885-1980), Green Grass of Wyoming; #3 in the Flicka Trilogy. Zoe B. Oldenbourg (1916-2002), Argile et Cendres (The World is Not Enough) (first novel); set in the 12th cent. C.E. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), The Cuckoo Clock (Too Many Women). Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Linden on the Saugus Branch. Mervyn Peake (1911-68), Titus Groan; #1 in the Gormenghast Trilogy, about Gormenghast Castle. Ann Petry (1908-97), The Street; first million-selling novel by a black woman writer. Theodor Plievier (1892-1955), Stalingrad. Harry Reasoner (1923-91), Tell Me About Women (first and only novel). Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), Arc de Triomphe. Conrad Michael Richter (1890-1968), The Fields. Kenneth Lewis Roberts (1881-1941), Lydia Bailey. Mazo de la Roche (1879-1961), Return to Jalna. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), Turbulent Tales (short stories). William Saroyan (1908-81), The Adventures of Wesley Jackson. Anna Seghers (1900-83), The Outing of the Dead Girls; autobio. pre-WWI novel. Clifford D. Simak (1904-88), The Creator (first novel). Claude Simon (1913-2005), The Cheat (Le Tricheur) (first novel). Howard Spring (1889-1965), Dunkerley's. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Harley Street. Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), Death into Life. Christina Stead (1902-83), Letty Fox: Her Luck. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), English Maiden. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), Palladian. Jim Thompson (1906-77), Heed the Thunder (Sins of the Fathers). Gore Vidal (1925-2012), Williwaw (first novel); "Indian word for a big wind peculiar to the Aleutian islands and the Alaskan coast. It is a strong wind that swoops down from the mountains toward the sea". Mary Jane Ward (1905-81), The Snake Pit; filmed in 1948 starring Olivia de Havilland, based on her experiences at Rockland State Hospital in Orangeburg, N.Y., where she was diagnosed with schizophrenia and treated with scalding baths and electroshock therapy until she gets gentle care by psychoanalyst Gerard Chrzanowski (1913-2000), who becomes Dr. Kik in the novel; the film causes reforms in state psychiatric hospitals. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), All the King's Men (Pulitzer Prize); the political novel of the U.S.?; Willie Stark, his son Tom, and his aide Jack Burden; filmed in 1949. Jerome Weidman (1913-98), Too Early to Tell. Eudora Welty (1909-2001), Delta Wedding. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), Codeword Golden Fleece; Come Into My Parlour. Edmund Wilson (1895-1972), Memoirs of Hecate County. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), The Foxes of Harrow; first bestselling novel by an African-Am., and first book by an African-Am. purchased by Hollywood. Births: Am. social psychologist (black) Claude Mason Steele on Jan. 1 in Phoenix, Ill.; educated at Ohio State U. English rock musician John Paul Jones (John Baldwin) (Led Zeppelin) on Jan. 3 in Sudcup, Kent. Am. "Lawrence Welk" dancer Cissy King on Jan. 3 in Trinidad, Colo. Am. "Sweet Soul Music" soul singer (black) Arthur Lee Conley (d. 2003) on Jan. 4 in McIntosh County, Ga. Am. biophysicist (inventor of smart gels) Toyoichi Tanaka on Jan. 4 in Nagaoka, Japan. Am. "Kay Admas in The Godfather", "Looking for Mr. Goodbar", "Baby Boom" actress Diane Keaton (Hall) on Jan. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif.; Roman Catholic Irish-Am. father, Methodist mother. Am. "Catch of the Day" photographer Thomas D. Mangelsen on Jan. 6 in Grand Island, Neb.; educated at the U. of Neb., Doane College, and Colo. State U. English rocker Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett (d. 2006) (Pink Floyd) on Jan. 6 in Cambridge. Egyptian grand imam (2010-) (Sunni Muslim) Ahmed Muhammad Ahmed el-Tayeb on Jan. 6 in Qena; educated at the Sorbonne. Am. "Rolling Stone" mag. pub. (Jewish) Jann Simon Wenner on Jan. 7 in New York City; educated at UCB. Am. guitarist-songwriter Robert Alan "Robby" Krieger (Doors) on Jan. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif. English rock drummer Aynsley Thomas Dunbar (Journey, Whitesnake, Jefferson Starship) on Jan. 10 in Liverpool. Am. singer Naomi (Diana Ellen) Judd (d. 2022) on Jan. 11 in Ashland, Ky.; mother of Wynonna Judd (1964-). Am. singer-trumpeter Cynthia Robinson (Sly and the Family Stone) on Jan. 12 in San Francisco, Calif. British serial killer physician ("Dr. Death") ("The Angel of Death") Harold Frederick Shipman (d. 2004) on Jan. 14 in Nottingham. Am. football player Travis Williams (d. 1991) on Jan. 14 in El Dorado, Ark. Am. astronaut Michael Lloyd Coats on Jan. 16 in Sacramento, Calif. English "Flaubert's Parrot", "England, England", "Arthur & George" novelist Julian Patrick Barnes (AKA Dan Kavanagh) on Jan. 19 in Leicester; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford U. Am. "Nine to Five", "Jolene", "Here You Come Again" big-boobed singer-actress-songwriter Dolly Rebecca Parton on Jan. 19 [Capricorn] in Sevierville, Locust Ridge, Tenn.; 4th of 12 children from a poor white trash family in the Smoky Mts. of Tenn.; debuts at the Grand Ole Opry at age 12; the day after her high school graduation she heads for Nashville, ending up on the Porter Waggoner Show, where she writes the hit song "I Will Always Love You" to make him f eel better after leaving him and going solo - as she never tires of telling everybody, except for the white trash part? Am. "Twin Peaks" dir. David Keith Lynch on Jan. 20 in Missoula, Mont. Am. "Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me", "In the Ghetto", "Memories" country singer-songwriter-actor Morris Mac Davis on Jan. 21 in Lubbock, Tex. English punk musician-mgr. Malcolm McLaren (Malcolm Robert Andrew Edwards) (d. 2010) (Sex Pistols, New York Dolls) on Jan. 22 in London; lover of Vivienne Westwood (1941-). Russian politician-businessman Boris Abramovich Berezovsky (d. 2013) on Jan. 23 in Moscow; critic of Vladimir Putin, causing him to flee to the U.K. in 2000. Canadian "The Rookies", "Slap Shot", "Twin Peaks" actor Michael Leonard Ontkean on Jan. 24 in Vancouver, B.C. Am. "Gul Evek in Star Trek: TNG" actor Richard Poe on Jan. 25 in Portola, Calif. English "Dangerous Liaisons" playwright-actor-dir. Christopher James Hampton on Jan. 26 in Fayal, Azores, Portugal; educated at New College, Oxford U. English historian (Jewish) Jonathan Irvine Israel on Jan. 26 in London; educated at Queens' College, Cambridge U., and Oxford U. Am. "Siskel & Ebert" film critic Eugene Kal "Gene" Siskel (d. 1999) on Jan. 26 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Yale U.; collaborator of Roger Ebert (1942-2013). Am. "The Alien Factor" dir. Donald Michael "Don" Dohler (d. 2006) on Jan. 27 in Baltimore, Md. Am. R&B singer (black) Nedra Talley (Ronettes) on Jan. 27 in New York City; cousin of Ronnie Spector (1943-) and Estelle Bennett (1941-). Am. scientist Mark Henry Skolnick on Jan. 28 in Temple, Tex.; educated at UCB. Am. rock guitarist (Jimi Hendrix's favorite?) Terry Alan Kath (d. 1978) (Chicago) on Jan. 31 in Chicago, Ill. English "C-3PO in Star Wars" actor Anthony Daniels on Feb. 1 in Salisbury, Wiltshire. English "Sarah Jane Smith in Doctor Who" actress Elisabeth Claira Heath Sladen (d. 2011) on Feb. 1 in Liverpool. Mexican rock drummer Adolfo "Fito" de la Parra (Canned Heat) on Feb. 3 in Mexico City. English "Meredith in Georgy Girl" actress-model Tessa Charlotte Rampling on Feb. 5 in Sturmer, Essex. English "Kobayashi in The Usual Suspects", "Roland Tembo The Lost World", "Giuseppe Conlon in In the Name of the Father" actor (Roman Catholic) ("best actor in the world" - Steven Spielberg) Peter William "Pete" Postlethwaite (d. 2011) on Feb. 7 in Warrington, Cheshire. U.S. Sen. (D-Va.) (2007-13) and U.S. Navy Secy. #66 (1987-8) James Henry "Jim" Webb Jr. on Feb. 9 in St. Joseph, Mo.; of Scots Irish descent; not to be confused with Scottish occult author James Webb (1946-80). Indian yoga guru Bikram Choudhury on Feb. 10 in Calcutta. Scottish "Atlantis", "Mellow Yellow", "Hurdy Gurdy Man" singer-musician Donovan Phillips Leitch on Feb. 10 in Maryhill, Glasgow. Australian geologist Ian Rutherford Plimer on Feb. 12 in Sydney; educated at the U. of N.S.W., and Macquarie U. Am. rock bassist Joe Schermie (d. 2002) (Three Dog Night) on Feb. 12 in Madison, Wisc. U.S. Sen. (D-Conn.) (2011-) and Conn. atty. gen. #23 (1991-2011) (Jewish) Richard Blumenthal on Feb. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; German Jewish immigrant father, Prussia-Baden, Germany descent Jewish mother; educated at Harvard U., Trinity College, Cambridge U., and Yale U. (classmate of Pres. Bill Clinton) and Hillary Clinton. Am. model-actress Marisa Berenson on Feb. 15 in New York City; sister of Berry Berenson (1948-). Irish-Am. "The Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines" New Age feminist writer Patricia Monaghan (d. 2012) on Feb. 15 in Long Island, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Minn., U. of Alaska, and Union Inst. English "Boba Fett in Star Wars", "Q's assistant Smithers in James Bond" actor Jeremy Bulloch on Feb. 16 in Market Harborough, Leicestershire. Argentine "The Official Story", "Old Gringo" dir.-producer-writer Luis Adalberto Puenzo on Feb. 16 in Buenos Aires. Am. "Sandy Hogan in The Hogan Family" actress Sandra Kay "Sandy" Duncan on Feb. 20 in Henderson, Tex. Am. blues-rock musician J. (John) (Jay) Geils on Feb. 20 in New York City. Am. pres. daughter Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox on Feb. 21 in Whittier, Calif.; daughter of Pres. Richard Nixon. Am. "Det. Mary Beth Lacey in Cagney and Lacey", "Maxine Gray in Judging Amy" actress Ellen Tyne Daly on Feb. 21 in Madison, Wisc.; daughter of James Daly (1918-78); sister of Timothy Daly (1956-); educated at Brandeis U.; wife (1966-90) of Georg Stanford Brown (1943-); mother of Kathryne Dora Brown (1971-). English "Hans Gruber in Die Hard", "Severus Snape in Harry Potter" actor Alan Rickman (d. 2016) on Feb. 21 in Acton, London; educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Am. "Way of the Peaceful Warrior" writer Daniel Jay "Dan" Millman on Feb. 22 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCB. Am. computer scientist Terry Allen Winograd on Feb. 26. Am. chemical physicist (Sunni Muslim) ("Father of Femtochemistry") Ahmed Hassan Zewail on Feb. 26 in Damanhur, Egypt; educated at the U. of Penn.; becomes U.S. citizen in 1982; 1999 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "Dead Heat: The Race Against the Greenhouse Effect" geoscientist (Jewish) Michael Oppenheimer on Feb. 28 in New York City; educated at the U. of Chicago. English "Quarantine" novelist Jim Crace on Mar. 1 in Hertfordshire. Czech tennis hall-of-fame player Jan Kodes on Mar. 1 in Prague. English rocker David Jon Gilmour (Pink Floyd) on Mar. 6 in Cambridge. Am. "Peter McCallister in Home Alone", "Paul in Big" actor John Heard Jr. on Mar. 7 in Washington, D.C. Am. "Love Stinks" rock musician Peter Wolf (Peter W. Blanfield) (J. Geils Band) on Mar. 7 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. rock bassist Randy Herman Meisner (Eagles) on Mar. 8 in Scottsbluff, Neb. Am. "A Groovy Kind of Love", "Arthur's Theme" singer-songwriter-lyricist Carole Bayer Sager on Mar. 8 in New York City. Spanish "Jamon", "Huevos de Oro" painter-dir. (bi) Bigas Luna on Mar. 10 in Barcelona. Am. "Cabaret" singer-actress Liza May Minnelli on Mar. 12 [Pisces] in Hollywood, Calif.; daughter of Vincente Minnelli (1903-86) and Judy Garland (1922-69); half-sister of Lorna Luft (1952-); named after the Gershwin song "Liza". Am. "Ray Krebbs in Dallas" actor Steven Francis "Steve" Kanaly on Mar. 14 in Burbank, Calif. Am. 6'7" hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (Baltimore/Washington Bullets #41, 1968-81) Westley Sissel "Wes" Unseld on Mar. 14 in Louisville, Ky.; educated at the U. of Louisville. Am. baseball right fielder (black) Bobby Lee Bonds Jr. (d. 2003) on Mar. 15 in Riverside, Calif.; son of Barry Bonds (1964-). Am. "Ramtha" psychic Judy Zebra "J.Z." Knight (Judith Darlene Hampton) on Mar. 16 in Roswell, N.M. German biologist Georges Jean Franz Kohler (Köhler) (d. 1995) on Mar. 17 in Munich; 1984 Nobel Medicine Prize. Am. R&B singer (black) Ruth Pointer (Pointer Singers) on Mar. 19 in Oakland, Calif.; sister of Anita Pointer (1948-), June Pointer (1953-2006), Bonnie Pointer (1950-), and June Porter (1953-2006). Welsh "James Bond 007" actor Timothy Dalton on Mar. 21 in Colwyn Bay. English musician Raymond Edward "Ray" Dorset (Mungo Jerry) on Mar. 21 in Ashford, Middlesex. Dutch-Australian singer-songwriter-producer Harry Vanda (Johannes Hendricus Jacob Vandenberg) (Easybeats, AC/DC) on Mar. 22 in The Hague; emigrates to Australia in 1963. Am. "Mark McCain in The Rifleman" actor-singer John Ernest "Johnny" Crawford on Mar. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif.; brother of Robert L. Crawford Jr. (1944-). Canadian-Am. "Can Man Live Without God?", "Light in the Shadow of Jihad", "The Grand Weaver" Christian apologist Ravi Zacharias on Mar. 26 in Madras, India; grows up in Delhi; educated at Ontario Bible College, Trinity Internat. U., and Ridley Hall, Cambridge U. Am. economist Robert James "Bob" Shiller on Mar. 29 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich., and MIT; student of Franco Modigliani. Am. Vietnam War POW Pfc Robert Russell Garwood on Apr. 1 in Greensburg, Ind. English singer Ronald Frederick "Ronnie" "Plonk" Lane (d. 1997) (Small Faces, Faces) on Apr. 1 in East End, London. English "Adrian Mole" children's writer Susan Lillian "Sue" Townsend on Apr. 2 in Leicester. English "Faith Ashley in Wish Me Luck" actress-novelist Jane Asher on Apr. 5 in Willesden, London; sister of Peter Asher (1944-); gets engaged to Paul McCartney on Dec. 25, 1967 and teaches him to play the recorder, then finds him in bed with Am. photographer Francie "Fanny" Schwartz (1944-) and calls it off on July 20, 1968. German diplomat (Munich Security Conference chmn., 2008-22) Wolfgang Friedrich Ischinger on Apr. 6 in Buren, Essingen, West Germany. Am. Ethernet co-inventor Robert Melancton Metcalfe on Apr. 7 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at MIT, and Harvard U.; collaborator of David Reeves Boggs. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher (Oakland Athletics, 1965-74) (New York Yankees, 1975-9) James Augustus "Jim" "Catfish" Hunter (d. 1999) on Apr. 8 in Hertford, N.C. Am. 6'2" baseball 1B player-mgr. (black) (Houston Astros, 1966-79) Robert Jose "Bob" Watson on Apr. 10 in Los Angeles, Calif.; not to be confused with sax player Bobby Watson (1953-). Am. "Al Bundy in Married With Children", "1-800-COLLECT" actor Edward Leonard "Ed" O'Neill on Apr. 12 in Youngstown, Ohio.; educated at Ohio U., and Youngstown State U. (Delta Sigma Phi); signed in 1969 by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an outside linebacker, then released before the start of the regular season. Am. "Let's Stay Together" R&B singer (black) ("last of the Great Soul Singers") Rev. Al Green (Albert Leornes Greene) on Apr. 13 in Forrest City, Ark.; son of sharecropper Robert Greene. Am. "Sally McMillan in McMillan and Wife" actress-activist Susan Saint James (Susan Jane Miller) on Aug. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Conn. College for women; wife (1981-) of Dick Ebersol (1947-). Am. Dem. White House chief of staff (2010-11) Peter Mikami "Pete" Rouse on Apr. 15 in New Haven, Conn.; 2nd gen. Japanese-Am. mother; educated at Colby College, London School of Economics, and Harvard U. Am. Casanova Killer serial murderer Paul John Knowles (d. 1974) on Apr. 17 in Orlando, Fla. English "Sharon and Susan in The Parent Trap" actress Hayley Catherine Rose Vivien Mills on Apr. 18 in London; sister of Juliet Mills (1941-). Am. singer-songwriter-musician Alexander Lee "Skip" Spence (d. 1999) (Jefferson Airplane, Moby Grape) on Apr. 18 in Windsor, Ont., Canada; emigrates to the San Jose, Calif. in the late 1950s. English "Dr. Frank-N-Furter in The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "Pennywise the Dancing Clown in It" actor-singer-composer Timothy James "Tim" Curry on Apr. 19 in Grappenhall, Warrington, Lancashire. Am. typographer John Langdon on Apr. 19; educated at Dickinson College; basis of Dan Brown's char. Robert Langdon. Honduran pres. (2002-6) Ricardo Rodolfo Maduro Joest on Apr. 20 in Panama; educated at Stanford U. Belgian economist Jacques-Francois Thisse on Apr. 21 in Liege. English economist Nicholas Herbert Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford on Apr. 22 in Hammersmith; educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge U., and Nuffield College, Oxford. Am. "Hairspray" dir.-screenwriter John Samuel Waters Jr. on Apr. 22 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at NYU. Am. "Duck Dynasty" star (Christian) Phil Alexander Robertson on Apr. 24 in Vivian, La. Am. "Connie Corleone in The Godfather", "Adrian Pennino in Rocky" actress Talia Shire (Talia Rose Coppola) on Apr. 25 in Lake Success, N.Y.; sister of Francis Ford Coppola (1939-); niece of Anton Coppola (1917-). Am. writer-diplomat and U.S. deputy secy. of state (1994-2001) Nelson Strobridge "Strobe" Talbott III on Apr. 25 in Dayton, Ohio; educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones) and Oxford U.; friend of Bill Clinton, whom he met at Oxford while translating Nikita Khrushchev's memoirs. English rock bassist Gordon Haskell (King Crimson, Les Fleur de Lys) on Apr. 27 in Verwood, Dorset. English "Quadrophenia" film dir. Francis George "Franc" Roddam on Apr. 29 in Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. Swedish king (1973-) Carl XVI Gustaf on Apr. 30 in Haga Palace; only son of Gustaf VI Adolf (1882-1973) and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; grandson of Gustav VI Adolf. Am. swimmer Donald Arthur "Don" Schollander on Apr. 30 in Charlotte, N.C. Am. "Unfit for Command", "The Obama Nation" writer Jerome Robert Corsi on Aug. 31 in East Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Case Western Reserve U., and Harvard U. Chinese "MI: 2" movie dir.-producer-actor-writer (Christian) John Woo (Wu Yu-Seng) on May 1 in Guangzhou, Canton; emigrates to Hong Kong at age five. Am. "It's My Party", "Judy's Turn to Cry" "Sometimes I Wish I Were a Boy" singer (Jewish) (lesbian) Lesley Gore (Lesley Sue Goldstein) (d. 2015) on May 2 in New York City; raised in Tenafly, N.J. Am. TV sportscaster (black) Greg Gumbel on May 3 in New Orleans, La.; brother of Bryant Gumbel (1948-). Sudanese-British Celtel billionaire (black) Mohammed "Mo" Ibrahim on May 3 in Sudan; grows up in Alexandria, Egypt; educated at Alexandria U., and U. of Bradford. Am. "Henry Spofford III in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" actor George "Foghorn" Winslow (George Karl Wentzlaff) (d. 2015) on May 3 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Williams in Enter the Dragon", "Black Belt Jones" actor-martial artist (black) Jim Kelly (James Kelly Daniels) (d. 2013) on May 5 in Millersburg, Ky.; educated at the U. of Louisville. Am. "Hee Haw" comedian-singer Lulu Roman (Bertha Louise Hable) on May 6 in Dallas, Tex. Am. "Afternoon Delight", "Take Me Home, Country Roads" singer-songwriter William "Bill" Danoff (Starland Vocal Band) on May 7 in Springfield, Mass; husband of Taffy Nivert. Am. "Don't Leave Me This Way" singer-songwriter-actress (black) Thelma Houston (nee Jackson) on May 7 in Leland, Miss. Am. rock drummer Bill Kreutzmann (Grateful Dead) on May 7 in Palo Alto, Calif.; with Mickey Hart (1943-) forms the "rhythm devils". English children's writer (Jewish) Michael Wayne Rosen on May 7 in Harrow, London; educated at Wadham College, Oxford U. English "The Global Brain" writer Peter Russell on May 7 in London; educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge U., and Bristol U. English chef Brian Turner on May 7 in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire. German-Am. actress Jaid Barrymore (Ildiko Jaid Mako) on May 8 in Brannenburg, West Germany; Hungarian parents; grows up in Penn.; wife (1981-4) of John Drew Barrymore (1932-2004); mother of Drew Barrymore (1975-). Am. "Murphy Brown", "Shirley Schmidt in Boston Legal" actress Candice Patricia Bergen on May 9 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; daughter of Edgar Bergen (1903-78) and Frances Bergen (nee Westerman); Swedish immigrant paternal grandparents named Berggren ("mountain branch"); educated at the U. of Penn. English musician-songwriter Graham Keith Gouldman (10cc) on May 10 in Broughton, Salford. English "Feelin' Alright" singer-songwriter David Thomas "Dave Mason (Traffic) on May 10 in Worcester. Am. physician and Jarvik-7 artificial heart designer Robert Koffler Jarvik on May 11 in Midland, Mich.; educated at Syracuse U., NYU, and the U. of Utah; husband (1987-) of Marilyn vos Savant (1946-). Polish-Am. architect (Jewish) Daniel Libeskind on May 12 in Lodz, Poland; educated at the Cooper Union, and U. of Essex. English musician-composer-producer Robert Fripp (King Crimson) on May 16 in Wimborne Minster, Dorset. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player (black) ("Mr. October") (lefty) Reginald Martinez "Reggie" Jackson on May 18 in Wyncote, Penn. Am. "1-armed man Sykes in The Fugitive", "Ambassador G'Kar in Babylon 5" actor Andrew C. "Andreas" Katsulas (d. 2006) on May 18 in St. Louis, Mo.; of Greek descent. French 6'10" wrestler-actor ("the Eighth Wonder of the World") Andre the Giant (Andre Rene Roussimoff) (d. 1993) on May 19 in Coulommiers; of Bulgarian and Polish descent. Am. Dem. Hawaii gov. #4 (1986-94) (first Native Hawaiian) John David Waihe'e (Waihee) III on May 19 in Honokaa; educated at the U. of Hawaii. Am. "I Got You Babe" singer-actress (dyslexic) (aviophobe) (Scientologist) Cher (Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere) (Sonny and Cher) on May 20 in El Centro, Calif.; Armenian immigrant father; Cherokee descent mother Georgia Holt (Jackie Jean Crouch); wife (1964-75) of Sonny Bono (1935-98). British string theory physicist Michael Boris Green on May 22 in London; educated at Churchill College, Cambridge U. Australian golfer Anthony David Graham on May 23 in Windsor, N.S.W. Am. judge (Jewish) Douglas Howard Ginsburg n May 25 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Cornell U., and U. of Chicago. English "Slaughter on 10th Avenue" rock guitarist-composer-producer (Mormon) Mick Ronson (d. 1993) (Ziggy Stardust's Spiders from Mars) on May 26 in Hull, Yorkshire. Danish jazz bassist Niels-Henning Orsted Pedersen (d. 2005) on May 27 in Osted, Zealand. Am. Mothers Against Drunk Driving founder Candace Lynn "Candy" Lightner (nee Dodderidge) on May 30. Swedish "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" dir. Lars Sven "Lasse" Hallstrom on June 2 in Stockholm. English Yorkshire Ripper serial murderer Peter William Sutcliffe (Coonan) on June 2 in Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire. Am. rock drummer (alcoholic) Michael Clarke (Michael James Dick) (d. 1993) (Byrds) on June 3 in Spokane, Wash. Am. "Hey There Lonely Girl" singer (black) Eddie Holman on June 3 in Norfolk, Va. Am. rock musician (black) Freddie Stone (Frederick Stewart) (Sly and the Family Stone) on June 5 in Vallejo, Calif.; brother of Sly Stone (1943-), Rose Stone (1945-), and Vet Stone (1950-). Am. rock musician Mickey Lee Soule (Rainbow) on June 6 in Cortland, N.Y. Canadian-Am. TV talk show host (Jewish) Jenny Jones (Janina Stranski) on June 7 in Bethlehem, Palestine. English "Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution" historian John Stephen Morrill on June 12; educated at Trinity College, Oxford U. Am. biochemist Paul Lawrence Modrich on June 13 in Raton, N.M.; of Croatian descent; educated at MIT, and Stanford U.; 2015 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. paleontologist John R. "Jack" Holder on June 15 in Shelby, Mont.; educated at the U. of Mont. Am. singer Janet Elizabeth Lennon (Lennon Sisters) on June 15 in Venice, Los Angeles, Calif.; sister of Dianne Barbara Lennon (1939-), Margaret Anne "Peggy" Lennon (1941-), and Kathleen Mary "Kathy" Lennon (1943-). U.S. Repub. pres. #45 (2017-) and real estate mogul (Presbyterian) ("comb-over bunny" - Rosie O'Donnell) ("The Donald" - Ivana Trump) Donald John Trump Sr. on June 14 (Flag Day) [Gemini] in Queens, N.Y.; son of Frederick Christ "Fred" Trump (1905-99), son of German-born Friedrich Drumpf (Ger. "inner dream, soul urge") (1869-1918); educated at Fordham U., and Wharton School, U. of Penn.; husband (1977-92) of Ivana Marie Zelnickova Trump (1949-), (1993-9) Marla Ann Maples (1963-), and (2005-) Melania Knauss Trump (1970-); father of Donald John "Don" Trump Jr. (1977-), Ivanka Trump (1981-), Eric Frederick Trump (1984-), Tiffany Trump (1993-), and Barron Trump; raised in a 23-room mansion in Queens; suffers from chirophobia (fear of shaking hands). Am. paleontologist John R. "Jack" Horner on June 15 in Shelby, Mont.; educated at the U. of Mont.; inspiration for Dr. Alan Grant in "Jurassic Park". U.S. Rep. (D-Ohio) (1983-) Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur on June 16 in Toledo, Ohio; educated at the U. of Wisc., U. of Mich., U. of Manchester, and MIT. Am. TV home repairman Robert J. Bob Vila on June 20 in Miami, Fla. German musician Andre Watts on June 20 in Nuremberg. Am. actor Andrew Rubin on June 22 in New Bedford, Mass. Am. "Gary Ewing in Knotts Landing" actor Theodore Tillman "Ted" Shackelford III on June 23 in Oklahoma City, Okla. Am. astronaut Ellison Shoji Onizuka (d. 1986) on June 24 in Kealakekua, Hawaii; educated at the U. of Colo. Am. 4'11" liberal political economist and U.S. labor secy. (1993-7) Robert Bernard Reich on June 24 in Scranton, Penn.; educated at Dartmouth College, Oxford U., and Yale U. English musician Ian McDonald (Foreigner) on June 25 in Osterley, Middlesex. Am. "Little Luke in The Real McCoys" actor Michael L. Winkelman (d. 1999) on June 27. Am. "Sen. Robert Kelly in X-Men" actor Bruce Davison on June 28 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "It's always something" comedian (Jewish) Gilda Susan Radner (d. 1989) on June 28 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich.; named after a Rita Hayworth role; wife (1984-9) of Gene Wilder (1933-). Am. "Big History" historian David Gilbert Christian on June 30 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Oxford U. Ukrainian crime boss (Jewish) Semion Yudkovich Mogilevich on June 30 in Kiev. Am. neuroscientist Richard Axel on July 2 in New York City; educated at Stuyvesant H.S., Columbia U., and Johns Hopkins U.; 2004 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Lookin' for Love" country singer Johnny Lee (John Lee Ham) on July 3 in Alta Loma, Tex. Am. "Born on the Fourth of July" anti-war activist Ronald Lawrence "Ron" Kovic on July 4 in Laydsmith, Wisc.; grows up in Massapequa, N.Y.; of Croatian descent. Am. financier-philanthropist and greenmailer ("the Junk Bond King") Michael Robert Milken on July 4 in Encino, Calif.; educated at UCB, and Wharton School - who's he robbin' and milkin'? Dutch physicist Gerardus 't Hoof (Dutch "the head") on July 5 in Den Helder; 1999 Nobel Physics Prize. U.S. Repub. pres. #43 (2001-9) George Walker "Dubya" Bush on July 6 [Cancer] in New Haven, Conn.; eldest son of U.S. pres. George H.W. Bush (1924-) and Barbara Bush (1925-); brother of Jeb Bush (1953-) and Robin Bush (1949-1953); distant relative of Marilyn Monroe, Princess Di, and John Kerry; grows up in Midland and Houston, Tex. with three brothers and two sisters, wanting to be the next Willie Mays, playing Little League baseball and joining the Cub Scouts, then graduates from Yale U. (Skull & Crosbones) in 1968, where he is a cheerleader, followed by a stint in the Tex. Air Nat. Guard, then an MBA from Harvard U. Am. 6'6" football player (New York Giants #89, 1969-71) (Los Angeles Rams #89, 1972-81) and "Hunter" actor John Frederick "Fred" Dryer on July 6 in Hawthorne, Calif. Australian "Animal Liberation" philosopher (Jewish) (humanist) Peter Albert David Singer on July 6 in Melbourne; Austrian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Oxford U. Am. "Rocky Balboa", "Rambo" actor-dir. ("the Italian Stallion") Testo Sterone, er, Sylvester Gardenzio "Sly" Stallone on July 6 [Cancer] in New York City; voted "most likely to end up in the electric chair" by his classmates at age 15; husband (1985-7) of Brigitte Nielsen (1963-); "One's a bad actor who mumbles and blows stuff up, and the other is Sylvester Stallone" (Craig Ferguson, CBS' "Late, Late Show", 2007, referring to George W. Bush). Am. "Lt. Henry Goldblume in Hill Street Blues" actor Joseph Peter "Joe" Spano on July 7 in San Francisco, Calif. Australian-Scottish rocker Ronald Belford "Bon" Scott (d. 1980) (AC/DC) on July 9 in Kirriemuir, Scotland; emigrates to Australia in 1952. English Travolta Dress couturier Victor Edelstein on July 10 in London. Am. "Lolita" actress Sue Lyon on July 10 in Davenport, Iowa. English R&B-blues vocalist John Lawton (Uriah Heep, Lucifer's Friend, Les Humphries Singers) on July 11 in Halifax, West Yorkshire. U.S. Sen. (D-Mass.) (2013-) Edward John "Ed" Markey on July 11 in Malden, Mass.; educated at Boston College. Am. billionaire computer scientist-philanthropist Robert Leroy "Bob" Mercer on July 11 in San Jose, Calif.; educated at the U. of N.M., and U. of Ill.; father of Rebekah Mercer (1973-). Am. painter (gay) Martin Wong (d. 1999) on July 11 in Portland, Ore.; raised in San Francisco's Chinatown; partner of Miguel Pinero (1946-88). Am. "Cheech and Chong" actor-comedian Richard Anthony "Cheech" Marin on July 13 in E Los Angeles, Calif.; collaborator of Tommy Chong (1938-); flees from the draft in 1968 and settles in Vancouver, B.C.; Cheech is short for chicharron. Am. "Heart Like a Wheel", "Living in the USA" singer ("First Lady of Rock") Linda Maria Ronstadt (The Stone Poneys) on July 15 in Tucson, Ariz. Brunei sultan #29 (1967-) and PM #1 (1984-) Hassanal (Hassan al) Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah on July 15 in Bandar Seri Begawan; educated at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. English "Sweeney Todd", "Mornay in Braveheart" actor Alun (Alan) Armstrong on July 17 in Annfield Plain, County Durham. Am. "Flight of the Intruder", "Jake Grafton" novelist Stephen Coonts on July 19 in Buckhannon, W. Va.; educated at West Va. U., and U. of Colo. Romanian tennis player Ilie "Nasty" Nastase on July 19 in Bucharest. Am. Studio 54 co-owner and boutique hotelier (Jewish) Ian Schrager on July 19 in New York City; educated at Syracuse U., and St. John's U.; collaborator of Steve Rubell (1943-89). Am. "Roger Murtaugh in Lethal Weapon" actor-activist (black) Danny Lebern Glover on July 22 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. singer Sally Flynn (Lawrence Welk) on July 23 in Ontario, Ore.; educated at Brigham Young U.; wife (1974-) of Clay Hart (1942-). English musician Andrew "Andy" Mackay (Roxy Music) on July 23 in Lostwithiel, Cornwall. Am. artist-poet-actor-critic ("the George Sanders of the Lower East Side, the Rex Reed of the art world" - Andy Warhol) Rene (Albert Napoleon) Ricard (d. 2014) on July 23 in Boston, Mass.; grows up in Acushnet, Mass.; protege of Andy Warhol; launches the careers of Julian Schnabel and Jean-Michel Basquiat Am. "The Foreigner", "The Nerd" playwright-actor Larry Shue (d. 1985) on July 23 in New Orleans, La.; educated at Ill. Wesleyan U. Am. watermelon-smashing comedian Gallagher (Leon Anthony Gallagher Jr.) on July 24 in Ft. Bragg, N.C.; of Irish and Croatian descent; educated at the U. of South Fla. Kazakhstani cosmonaut #1 Toktar Ongarbyuly Aubakirov on July 27 in Karaganda. Am. "Sunshine", "Shanty" singer Jonathan Edwards on July 28 in Minneapolis, Minn. Australian economist Ross Gregory Garnaut on July 28 in Perth; educated at Australian Nat. U.; student of Peter Drysdale 1938-). Am. "Harlan County, U.S.A." dir.-producer (Jewish) Barbara Kopple on July 30 in New York City. Am. "Everybody Loves a Clown", "This Diamond Ring" musician Gary Lewis (Gary Hold Lee Levitch) (Gary Lewis and the Playboys) on July 31 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Jerry Lewis (1926-2017); his mother Patti Lewis tells the nurse to name him Cary after Cary Grant but she screws up? English rock bassist Raymond "Boz" Burrell (d. 2006) (King Crimson, Bad Company) on Aug. 1 in Lincoln. Am. rock drummer Eric M. "Rick" Coonce (Grass Roots) on Aug. 1 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. singer Sandi Griffiths (nee Jensen) (Lawrence Welk) on Aug. 1 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Brigham Young U. Am. Olympic 29.5 ft. 2.5 in. (8.9m) long jumper (black) Robert "Bob" Beamon on Aug. 2 in New York City. Am. "Victoria Vicky Lord in One Life to Live" actress Erika Alma Hermina Slezak on Aug. 5 in Hollywood, Calif.; of Austrian and Dutch descent; educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. Am. astrophysicist John Cromwell Mather on Aug. 7 in Roanoke, Va.; educated at UCB; 2006 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "The Rose" singer-songwriter-actress Amanda McBroom on Aug. 9; daughter of David Bruce (1914-76). French writer Renaud Camus on Aug. 10 in Chamalieres, Puy-de-Dome, Auvergne. Am. "Lady Lay Down", "Backside of Thirty" country singer John Conlee on Aug. 11 in Versailles, Ky. Am. "Ask Marilyn" "world's highest IQ" celeb Marilyn vos Savant on Aug. 11 in St. Louis, Mo.; German immigrant father, Italian immigrant mother; descendant of Ernst Mach (1838-1916); wife (1987-) of Robert Jarvik (1946-); educated at Washington U. in St. Louis. Am. economist (Jewish) Janet Louise Yellen on Aug. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Brown U., and Yale U; wife of George Akerlof (1940-). Am. "Peggy Maxwell in The Name of the Game", "Sally McMillan in McMillan and Wife", "Kate McArdle in Kate and Allie" actress Susan St. James (Susan Jane Miller) on Aug. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; not to be confused with Jill St. John (1940-). Am. "By the Time I Get to Phoenix", "Galveston", "Wichita Lineman" songwriter Jimmy Layne Webb on Aug. 15 in Elk City, Okla. Kurdish Dem. Party leader (1979-) Massoud Barzani on Aug. 16 in Mahabad, Iran; son of Mustafa Barzani (1903-79). Am. "Dana Lambert in Mission: Impossible", "Norma Cassady in Victor/Victoria" 5'8" actress (Jewish) Lesley Ann Warren (Woronoff) on Aug. 16 in New York City. Am. "Valley Girl", "Real Genius", "Rambling Rose" film dir. Martha Coolidge on Aug. 17 in New Haven, Conn.; relative of Pres. Calvin Coolidge; educated at NYU. Indonesian foreign affairs minister (1999-2001) and welfare minister (2004-5) (Muslim) Alwi Abdurrahman Shihab on Aug. 19 in Rappang, South Sulawesi. Am. astronaut (black) Charles Frank "Charlie" Bolden Jr. on Aug. 19 in Columbia, S.C. U.S. Dem. pres. #42 (1993-2001) (lefty) (Freemason?) William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (Blythe III) AKA Slick Willie on Aug. 19 in Hope, Ark.; educated at Georgetown U., Univ. College, Oxford U., and Yale U.; husband (1975-) of Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947-); father of Chelsea Clinton (1980-); learns to read by age 3; plays sax in the school band and in a jazz group - likes to let women blow his sax? Am. 5'5" Olympic long jumper Martha Rae Watson on Aug. 19 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. TV journalist (Jewish convert?) Constance Yu-Hwa "Connie" Chung on Aug. 20 in Washington, D.C.; Taiwanese immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Md. wife (1984-) of Maury Povich (1939-). French PM #9 (1984-6) (Jewish) Laurent Fabius on Aug. 20 in Paris. Egyptian secularism activist Farag Fouda (Foda) (d. 1992) on Aug. 30 near Damiette; German electronic musician Ralf Hutter (Hütter) (Kraftwerk) on Aug. 20 in Krefeld. Indian Infosys Technologies founder Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy on Aug. 20 in Mysore, Karnataka. Am. "The Bear Comes Home" writer (Jewish) Rafi Zabor (Joel Zaborovsky) on Aug. 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Brooklyn College. English historian-novelist Robert Graham Irwin on Aug. 23 in Guildford; educated at Epsom College, and Oxford U.; student of Bernard Lewis (1916-2018). English rock drummer Keith John Moon (d. 1978) (The Who) on Aug. 23 in Wembley, London. Am. "The X-Files" film-TV composer (Jewish) Mark Snow (Martin Fulterman) on Aug. 26 in New York City; brother-in-law of Tyne Daly (1946-) and Tim Daly (1956-). French physicist Andre (André) Neveu on Aug. 28 in Paris. Am. economist Francine Dee Blau on Aug. 29 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Julie Barnes in The Mod Squad", "Norma Jennings in Twin Peaks" actress (Jewish) (Scientologist) Peggy Lipton (Jones) on Aug. 30 in New York City; Russian Jewish father, Irish Jewish mother; wife (1974-90) of Quincy Jones (1933-); mother of Kidada Ann Jones (1974-) and Rashida Leah Jones (1976-); dates Elvis, who dumps her when she tries to convert him to Scientology? Am. writer Jerome Robert Corsi on Aug. 31 in East Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Chrissie Watkins in Jaws" stuntwoman Susan Backlinie (nee Susan Jane Swindall) on Sept. 1 in Ventura, Calif. Australian falsetto singer Barry Alan Crompton Gibb (Bee Gees) on Sept. 1 in Douglas, Isle of Man, England; brother of twins Robin Gibb (1949-2012) and Maurice Gibb (1949-2003). Am. "Will It Go Round in Circles" R&B organist (black) ("the Fifth Beatle") William Evertt "Billy" Preston (d. 2006) on Sept. 2 in Houston, Tex. Am. rock musician Gary Duncan (Gary Ray Grubb) (Quicksilver Messenger Service) on Sept. 4 in San Diego, Calif. Am. "Capt. Spalding the Singing Surgeon in M*A*S*H", "Dead Skunk in the Middle of the Road" folk singer-actor-humorist Loudon Snowden Wainwright III on Sept. 5 in Chapel Hill, N.C. Turkish-Am. biochemist (Sunni Muslim) Aziz Sancar on Sept. 8 in Savur, Mardin, Turkey; educated at Istanbul U., and UTD; 2015 Nobel Chem. Prize. Canadian rock bassist Bruce Palmer (d. 2004) (Buffalo Springfield) on Sept. 9 in Liverpool, N.S.; raised in Toronto, Ont. Am. Olympic sprinter (black) James "Jim" Hines on Sept. 10 in Dumas, Ark.; first to break the 10-sec. 100m barrier. Israeli "The Invention of the Jewish People" historian (Jewish) Shlomo Sand (Zand) on Sept. 10 in Linz, Austria; Polish Jewish parents; emigrates to Israel in 1948. English children's writer-illustrator Anthony Edward Tudor Browne on Sept. 11 in Sheffield, Yorkshire. Am. "Summertime Blues" rock bassist Dickie Peterson (d. 2009) (Blue Cheer) on Sept. 12 in Grand Forks, N.D. Am. "The Puzzle Palace", "The Shadow Factory" writer-journalist V. James Bamford on Sept. 15 in Natick, Mass.; educated at Suffolk U. Am. "Woodrow F. Call in Lonesome Dove", "Agent K in Men in Black", "Marshal Samuel Gerard in The Fugitive" actor-dir. Tommy Lee Jones on Sept. 15 in San Saba, Tex.; father is a cowboy and oil rig worker; grandmother is of Cherokee descent; rooms with Al Gore at Harvard U. Am. "JFK", "Platoon", "Born on the Fourth of July" dir.-writer William Oliver Stone on Sept. 15 in New York City; Jewish father, French-born Roman Catholic mother; educated at Yale U., and NYU. Am. Coors CEO (1993-) (fundamentalist Christian) Peter Hanson "Pete" Coors on Sept. 20 in Golden, Colo.; son of Joseph Coors (1917-2003), and Holly Coors (1920-2009); great-grandson of Adolph Coors (1847-1929); brother of Jeffrey H. Coors (1945-) and Joseph Coors Jr. (1942-); educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, Cornell U., and U. of Denver. Nigerian juju musician (black) ("Minister of Enjoyment") King Sunny Ade (Adé) (Sunday Adeniyi) (King Suny Ade and His African Beats) on Sept. 22 in Ondo. U.S. Rep. (R-Calif.) Daniel Edward "Dan" Lungren on Sept. 22 in Long Beach, Calif.; educated at the U. of Notre Dame, USC, and Georgetown U. Am. football hall-of-fame "Steel Curtain" defensive tackle (#75) (black) Charles Edward "Mean Joe" Greene on Sept. 24. in Temple, Tex. Am. Exxon Valdez capt. Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood on Sept. 24 in Hawkinsville, Ga.; grows up in Huntington, Long Island, N.Y.; educated at SUNY. English "The Taos Quintet" New Age writer Stuart Wilde on Sept. 24 in Farnham; twin brother of Dee Dee Wilde; educated at St. George's College. Am. "Pacific Overtures", "Big", "Contact", "Bounce" librettist (Jewish) John Weidman on Sept. 25; son of Jerome Weidman (1913-98); educated at Harvard U., and Yale U. Am. "The Return of the Living Dead", "Alien" dir.-writer Daniel Thomas "Dan" O'Bannon on Sept. 30 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at USC. Am. poet Larry Patrick Levis (d. 1996) on Sept. 30 in Fresno, Calif.; son of a grape grower; educated at Syracuse U., and the U. of Iowa. French auto racer and UFO prophet (founder of the Raelian Movement) Rael (Raël) (Claude Maurice Marcel Vorilhon) on Sept. 30 in Vichy, Allier. Am. "The Things They Carried", "Going After Cacciato" novelist William Timothy "Tim" O'Brien on Oct. 1 in Austin, Minn.; educated at Macalester College, and Harvard U. Am. "The First Cut is the Deepest" soul singer (in the U.K.) (black) P.P. Arnold (Patricia Ann Cole) on Oct. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. defense secy. #24 (2013-15) Charles Timothy "Chuck" Hagel on Oct. 4 in North Platte, Neb.; educated at Brown College, and U. of Neb. U.S. JCS chmn. #17 (2007-) Adm. Michael Glenn "Mike" Mullen on Oct. 4 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Janet Margaret Weiss in The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "Louise Elizabeth Sawyer in Thelma and Louise", "Sister Helen Prejean in Dead Man Walking", "Annie Savoy in Bull Durham" actress and liberal activist (lapsed Roman Catholic) (Susan Saran Wrap?) Susan Sarandon (Susan Abigail Tomalin) on Oct. 4 in Jackson Heights, Queens, N.Y.; British descent father, Sicilian descent mother; wife (1967-79) of Chris Sarandon (1942-); partner (1988-2009) of Tim Robbins (1958-); educated at the Catholic U. of Am. - Susan Saran Wrap? Am. actress Heather MacRae on Oct. 5 in New York City; daughter of Gordon MacRae (1921-86) and Sheila MacRae (1921-2014); sister of Meredith MacRae (1944-2000). Palestinian PLO leader (Anglican?) Hanan Daoud Khalil Ashrawi on Oct. 8 in Nablus. French "Diva" dir.-producer Jean-Jacques Beineix on Oct. 8 in Paris. U.S. rep. (D-Ohio, 1997-2013) (Roman Catholic) Dennis John Kucinich on Oct. 8 in Cleveland, Ohio. English "Josslyn Hay, Earl of Erroll in White Mischief" actor-writer-dir. Walter Charles Dance on Oct. 10 in Redditch, Worcestershire. Japanese PM #61 ((2010-11) Naoto Kan on Oct. 10 in Ube, Yamaguchi; educated at the Tokyo Inst. of Technology. Canadian 6'5" hockey player Peter Joseph "Little M" Mahovlich on Oct. 10 in Timmins, Ont.; brother of Frank "Big M" Mahlovich (1938-); Croatian immigrant parents. Am. country-folk singer-songwriter John Prine (d. 2020) on Oct. 10 in Maywood, Ill. English TV host Christopher John "Chris" Tarrant on Oct. 10 in Reading, Berkshire. Am. "Chicken George Moore in Roots" singer-actor (black) Ben Vereen (Benjamin Augustus Middleton) on Oct. 10 in Miami, Fla. (Laurinburg, N.C.?). U.S. Gen. H. Steven Blum on Oct. 13 in Baltimore, Md. Am. "Lamont Sanford in Sanford and Son" actor (black) Grady Demond Wilson on Oct. 13 in Valdosta, Ga.; becomes a Christian minister in 1984. English singer-musician David Justin Hayward (Moody Blues) on Oct. 14 in Swindon, Wiltshire. Am. "Battlestar Galactica" writer-producer Michael Sloan on Oct. 14 in New York City; husband (1990-) of Melissa Sue Anderson (1962-). Indian "A Passage to India" actor Victor Banerjee on Oct. 15 in Calcutta. Am. pop musician Richard Lynn Carpenter (The Carpenters) on Oct. 15 in New Haven, Conn.; brother of Karen Carpenter (1950-83). Am. folk musician David Holt on Oct. 15 in Gatesville, Tex. English "The Golden Compass" novelist (humanist) Philip Pullman on Oct. 16 in Norwich, Norfolk; educated at Exeter College, Oxford U. Am. "Chrissy Snow in Three's Company" actress (Roman Catholic) (dyslexic) Suzanne Maie Somers (nee Mahoney) (d. 2023) on Oct. 16 in San Bruno, Calif. ; Irish descent. Am. Hollywood publicity agent (Jewish)Veronica "Ronni" Chasen (d. 2010) on Oct. 17 in Kingston, N.Y.; sister of Larry Cohen (1941-). English "Les Miserables", "The Phantom of the Opera", "Cats" billionaire theatrical producer (gay) Sir Cameron Anthony Mackintosh on Oct. 17 in Enfield, London; Scottish father, Maltese mother; knighted in 1996. Am. fiberglass Olympic pole vaulter Robert Lloyd "Bob" Seagren on Oct. 17 in Pomona, Calif. Scottish "Stuck in the Middle With You" singer-songwriter Joseph "Joe" Egan (Stealers Wheeel) on Oct. 18 in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Am. "Lost Highway", "Wild at Heart" screenwriter-poet Barry Gifford on Oct. 18 in Chicago, Ill. Canadian "The Lord of the Rings", "The Fly" composer-conductor Howard Leslie Shore on Oct. 18; uncle of Ryan Shore (1974-). Austrian feminist playwright-novelist (Communist) Elfriede Jelinek on Oct. 20 in Murzzuschlag, Styria; Czech Jewish father, Romanian-German Roman Catholic mother; 2004 Nobel Lit. Prize. English "The Gathering Storm" dir. Richard Loncraine on Oct. 20 in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Am. punk rocker Lux Interior (Erick Lee Lamphear-Purkhiser) (d. 2009) (The Cramps) on Oct. 21 in Akron, Ohio; husband of Poison Ivy (Kristy Wallace) (1953-). Am. "The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success" New Age writer-physician Deepak Chopra on Oct. 22 in New Delhi, India; emigrates to the U.S. in 1968. Am. meteorologist Roger A. Pielke Sr. on Oct. 22 in ?; educated at Towson State College, and Penn. State U.; father of Roger A. Pielke Jr. (1968-). Canadian rock drummer Jerry Edmonton (d. 1993) (Steppenwolf) on Oct. 24 in Oshawa, Ont. English musician Keith Hopwood (Herman's Hermits) on Oct. 26 in Davyhulme (near Manchester). Am. "Wheel of Fortune" TV host Pat Sajak (Patrick Leonard Sajdak) on Oct. 26 in Chicago, Ill.; Polish-Am. father. English OPQ psychologist Peter Saville on Oct. 26 in London; educated at Leicester U., and Brunel U. Am. astronaut Terry Jonathan Hart on Oct. 27 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Lehigh U., MIT, and Rutgers U. Danish ballet dancer-choreographer Peter Martins on Oct. 27. Canadian "National Lampoon's Animal House", "Meatballs", "Stripes", "Ghostbusters" film dir.-producer-actor (Jewish) Ivan Reitman on Oct. 27 in Komarno, Slovakia; emigrates to Canada in 1950. English "Black Magic Woman" hall-of-fame rock guitarist (Jewish) Peter Green (Peter Allen Greenbaum) (d. 2020) (Fleetwood Mac) on Oct. 29 in Bethnal Green, London. Am. astronaut Robert Lee "Hoot" Gibson on Oct. 30 in Cooperstown, N.Y.; educated at Calif. Polytechnic State U. Irish "Fergus in The Crying Game" actor Stephen (Graham) Rea on Oct. 31 in Belfast; educated at Queen's U. of Belfast. U.S. Repub. First Lady (2001-9) Laura Lane Welch Bush on Nov. 4 in Midland, Tex.; wife of Pres. George W. Bush; educated at Southern Methodist U., and UTA; likes to teach her dolls to read, and ends up a librarian. Am. photographer (gay) Robert Mapplethorpe (d. 1989) on Nov. 4 in Floral Park, Queens, N.Y.; of English, Irish, and German descent; educated at the Pratt Inst. Dutch "Saturday Night" rock singer-artist Hermanus "Herman" Brood (d. 2001) on Nov. 5 in Zwolle. Am. singer-songwriter-musician Gram Parsons (Cecil Ingram Connor III) (d. 1973) (Internat. Submarine Band, The Byrds, The Flying Burrito Brothers) on Nov. 5 in Winter Haven, Fla. Am. "The Flying Nun", "Sybil", "Norma Rae" 5'2-1/2" actress Sally Margaret Field on Nov. 6 in Pasadena, Calif.; daughter of Margaret Field (1923-). Australian musician-songwriter-producer John Farrar (Shadows) on Nov. 8 in Melbourne; father of Sam Farrar (1978-); collaborator of Olivia Newton-John (1948-). English rock singer-songwriter Roy Adrian Wood (The Move, ELO, Wizzard) on Nov. 8 in Kitts Green, Birmingham. Am. "Olivia in Sesame Street" actress Alaina Reed-Hall on Nov. 10 in Springfield, Ohio. Am. Repub. politician (dir. of the OMB in 1981-5) David Alan Stockman on Nov. 10 in Ft. Hood, Tex.; educated at Mich. State U., and Harvard U.; starts out as an anti-war activist at MSU. U.S. Rep. (D-Fla.) (black) Corrine Brown on Nov. 11 in Jacksonville, Fla.; educated at Fla. A&M U., and U. of Fla. Am. New Age writer Sheldan Nidle on Nov. 11 in New York City; educated at the U. of Buffalo, Ohio U., and USC. Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Alekseyevich Solovyov on Nov. 11 in Moscow. Am. country singer Ray Wylie Hubbard on Nov. 13 in Soper, Okla. Am. mineralogist Richard Andrew Kosnar (d. 2007) on Nov. 13 in N.J.; studies civil engineering at Rutgers U., then moves to Colo. in 1971, going on to turn people onto minerals, causing prices to skyrocket and getting Kosnarite (found in Mt. Mica, Maine) named after him in 1993 even though he has no mineralogy degree. Am. "Food of the Gods" New Age psychonaut-philosopher-ethnobotanist Terence Kemp McKenna (d. 2000) on Nov. 16 in Paonia, Colo.; educated at UCB. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (Boston Celtics #10, 1969-79) (Golden State Warriors #12, 1979-80) (Kansas City Kings #10, 1980-1) Joseph Henry "Jo Jo" White on Nov. 16 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Kansas U. Am. Repub. politician John Spencer on Nov. 17 in Yonkers, N.Y.; not to be confused with the actor born on Dec. 20. Am. "New Age Politics" leftist activist Mark Ivor Satin on Nov. 18. English/French model-singer-plus-plus (bi) (transexual?) Amanda Lear on Nov. 18. Am. "A Lover's Question", "Three Sheets in the Wind" country singer Jacky Ward on Nov. 18 in Groveton, Tex. Am. "Into the Night" singer-songwriter Benny Mardones on Nov. 19 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. rock guitarist Howard Duane Allman (d. 1971) (Allman Brothers Band) on Nov. 20 in Nashville, Tenn.; brother of Gregg Allman (1947-2017). Am. TV journalist Judy Woodruff on Nov. 20 in Tulsa, Okla. Am. "Sebastian in The Little Mermaid", "Turk Adams in Enos" actor (black) Samuel E. Wright on Nov. 20 in Camden, S.C. Am. "Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil" historian-novelist (Jewish) Ronald "Ron" Rosenbaum on Nov. 17 in New York City; grows up in Bay Shore, N.Y.; educated at Yale U. Am. serial murderer Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy (Cowell) (d. 1989) on Nov. 24 in Burlington, Vt. Am. serial murderer ("the Butcher of Times Square") ("the Times Square/New York Torso Ripper") (bi) Richard Francis Cottingham on Nov. 25 Bronx, N.Y. Am. "The UFO Encyclopedia" writer and country/folk music songwriter Jerome Clark on Nov. 27 in Canby, Minn.; educated at S.D. State U., and Minn. State U. Am. "Gremlins" film dir. Joseph Domenick "Joe" Dante on Nov. 28 in Morristown, N.J. Am. writer Richard Samuel "Dick" Morris on Nov. 28 in New York City; educated at Columbia U. Am. business commentator-forecaster ("Political Atheist Citizen of the World") Gerald Celente on Nov. 29 in Bronx, N.Y. Yugoslavian perf. artist ("Grandmother of Performance Art") Marina Abramovic on Nov. 30 in Belgrade; disciple of Aleister Crowley? Irish "Alone Again (Naturally)", "Clair" singer-songwriter Gilbert (Raymond Edward) O'Sullivan on Dec. 1 in Waterford. Italian fashion designer (gay) Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace (d. 1997) on Dec. 2 in Reggio Calabria; brother of Donatella Versace (1955-). Am. "A Political History of the Space Age" historian Walter Allen McDougall on Dec. 3 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Amherst College, and the U. of Chicago. Spanish opera singer Jose Carreras (José Carreras) (Josep Maria Carreras Coll) on Dec. 5 in Barcelona. Am. soul-funk singer (black) Howard "Frankie" Beverly (Maze) on Dec. 6 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. Taylor Rule economist John Brian Taylor on Dec. 8 in Yonkers, N.Y.; educated at Princeton U., and Stanford U. Indian politician (Indian Nat. Congress Party) Sonia Gandhi (Edvige Antonia Albina Maino) on Dec. 9 in Lusiana, Italy; wife (1969-91) of Rajiv Gandhi (1944-91). Brazilian auto racer Emerson Fittipaldi (pr. "fitshipowdzhi") on Dec. 12 in Sao Paulo; named after Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82). Am. "Diff'rent Strokes", "The Facts of Life" songwriter-singer-actress Gloria Loring (Gloria Jean Goff) on Dec. 12 in New York City; wife (1970-83) of Alan Thicke (1947-2016); mother of Robin Thicke (1977-). English "Berlin: The Downfall 1945", "Stalingrad" military historian Antony James Beevor on Dec. 14; educated at Winchester College. English "Blow Up" actress-singer-dir. Jane Mallory Birkin on Dec. 14 in London. Am. "Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker", "The Patty Duke Show", "Neely O'Hara in Valley of the Dolls" actress Anna Marie "Patty" Duke (d. 2016) on Dec. 14 in Elmhurst, Queens, N.Y.; wife (1972-85) of John Astin (1930-); mother of Sean Astin (1971-) and Mackenzie Astin (1973-). Indian politician Sanjay Gandhi (d. 1980) on Dec. 14; youngest son of Indira Gandhi (1917-84) and Feroze Gandhi (1912-60); brother of Rajiv Gandhi (1944-91). Am. entertainment exec. Michael S. Ovitz on Dec. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. English "Spamalot", "Monty Python's Life of Brian", "Oxford Blues", "Once Bitten", "Carry on Columbus", "The Wild" musician and film composer John Du Prez (Trevor Jones) on Dec. 14 (Modern Romance) in Sheffield; educated at Christ Church, Oxford U.; collaborator of Eric Idle (1943-). Am. 6'4" tennis player Stanley Roger Smith on Dec. 14 in Pasadena, Calif. Am. pop singer Joyce Vincent-Wilson (Tony Orlando and Dawn) on Dec. 14 in Detroit, Mich. Am. rock drummer Carmine Appice (Vanilla Fudge) on Dec. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; brother of Vince Appice (1957). Swedish "Mamma Mia!" musician-composer Goran (Göran) Bror "Benny" Andersson (ABBA) on Dec. 16 in Vallingby, Stockholm. Am. "Dr. Peter White in St. Elswhere", "Sgt. Clayton Ezekiel Zeke Anderson in Tour of Duty" actor Terence Knox (Terry Davis) on Dec. 16 in Richland, Wash. Am. Socialist feminist writer (black) (lesbian) Barbara Smith on Dec. 16 in Cleveland, Ohio. Canadian "SCTV", "dad in American Pie" comedian-dir.-producer (Jewish) Eugene Levy on Dec. 17 in Hamilton, Ont. South African anti-apartheid activist (black) Stephen Bantu "Steve" Biko (d. 1977) on Dec. 18 in Tarkastad; grows up in Ginsberg. Am. "Jaws", "E.T.", "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Jurassic Park", "Schindler's List", "Munich" dir.-producer (Jewish) (Eagle Scout) Steven Allan Spielberg on Dec. 18 in Cincinnati, Ohio; Ukrainian Jewish immigrant paternal grandparents; grows up in Haddon Township, N.J., and Phoenix, Ariz.; educated at Cal State U. Long Beach. Puerto Rican playwright-actor (gay) Miguel Pinero (Piñero) (d. 1988) on Dec. 19 in Gurabo; emigrates to the U.S. in 1950; partner of Martin Wong (1946-99). Am. "Spenser: For Hire", "Dan Tanna in Vega$" actor (Roman Catholic) Robert Michael Urich (d. 2002) on Dec. 19 in Toronto, Ohio; of Slovak and Rusyn descent. Romanian-Am. poet-novelist-writer Andrei Codrescu (AKA Andrei Steiu) on Dec. 20 in Sibiu; emigrates to the U.S. in 1966. Israeli psychic faker (Jewish) (vegan) Uri Geller (Geller Gyorgy) on Dec. 20 in Tel Aviv; claims his powers come from the planet of Hoova? Am. "Leo McGarry in West Wing" actor John Spencer (Speshock) (d. 2006) on Dec. 20 in Paterson, N.J.; Irish-Am. father, Ukrainian-Am. mother. Am. "Law & Order" TV producer Richard Anthony "Dick" Wolf on Dec. 20 in New York City; educated at Phillips Academy; classmate of Pres. George W. Bush. Am. "King Herod in Jesus Christ Superstar", "Bluto's brother Blotto Blutarsky in Animal House" actor (Jewish) Josh Mostel on Dec. 21 in New York City; son of Zero Mostel (1915-77); educated at Brandeis U. Am. rock singer Carl Dean Wilson (d. 1998) (Beach Boys) on Dec. 21 in Hawthorne, Calif.; brother of Brian Wilson (1942-) and Dennis Wilson (1944-83). Am. celeb Pamela Susan Courson (d. 1974) on Dec. 22 in Weed, Calif.; common-law wife of Jim Morrison. Am. "Erica Kane in All My Children" 5'2" TV soap opera actress Susan Victoria Lucci on Dec. 23 in Scarsdale, N.Y.; educated at Fordham U. U.S. Sen. (R-Ala.) (1997-) (United Methodist) Jefferson Beauregard "Jeff" Sessions III on Dec. 24 in Selma, Ala.; educated at Huntington College, and the U. of Ala. Am. "Margaritaville", "Come Monday", "Cheeseburger in Paradise" singer-writer-producer James William "Jimmy" "Bubba" "Fishsticks" "Marvin Gardens" Buffett (d. 2023) (Coral Reefer Band) on Dec. 25 in Pascogoula, Miss.; educated at Auburn U. Am. 6'3-1/2" football hall-of-fame fullback (Miami Dolphins #39, 1968-74, 1979) Lawrence Richard "Larry" Csonka on Dec. 25 in Stow, Ohio; of Hungarian descent; educated at Syracuse U. Am. astrologer Joyce Jillson (d. 2004) on Dec. 26 in Cranston, R.I. English liberal writer-journalist (atheist humanist) Mary Louisa "Polly" Toynbee on Dec. 27 on the Isle of Wight; daughter of Theodore Philip Toynbee (1916-81); granddaughter of Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975); educated at St. Anne's College, Oxford U. Am. golfer Hubert Myatt Green on Dec. 28 in Birmingham, Ala. U.S. Sen. (D-S.D.) (1997-2015) Timothy Peter "Tim" Johnson on Dec. 28 in Canton, S.D.; of Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish ancestry; grows up in Vermillion, S.D.; educated at the U. of S.D., and Mich. State U. Am. rock singer-musician (albino) Edgar Winter (Edgar Winter Group) on Dec. 28 in Beaumont, Tex.; brother of Johnny Winter (1944-2014). English singer Marianne (Marian Evelyn) Faithfull on Dec. 29 in Hampstead, London. Swiss serial murderer Werner Ferrari on Dec. 29. Panamanian jockey Laffit Alejandro Pincay Jr. on Dec. 29 in Panama City. Peruvian archeologist Ruth Martha Shady Solis on Dec. 29 in Callao. Am. "Horses" singer-songwriter-poet-artist ("Godmother of Punk") Patricia Lee "Patti" Smith on Dec. 30 in Chicago, Ill.; Jehovah's Witness mother; grows up in Deptford, N.J. English historian (of medicine) Roy Sydney Porter (d. 2002) on Dec. 31 in South London; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge U. Belgian wrap dress fashion designer (Jewish) Princess Diane Von Furstenberg (Fürstenberg) (Diane Simone Michelle Halfin) on Dec. 31 in Brussels; Russian-born father, Greek-born mother; educated at the U. of Geneva; wife (1969-72) of Prince Egon of Furstenberg. French theoretical physicist Joel Scherk (Joël) (d. 1980). British "Bohemian Rhapsody" singer (Zoroastrian) (gay) ("Asia's first rock star") Freddie Mercury (Farrokh Bulsara) (d. 1991) (Queen) in Stone Town, Zanzibar; of Indian Parsi descent. Japanese "smar5 gel" biophysicist Toyoichi Tanaka (d. 2000). Israeli historian Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov on ? in ?. Am. artist Chris Burden on ? in Boston, Mass.; educated at Pomona College and UCI. English "The Jupiter Effect", "In Search of Schrodinger's Cat" astrophysicist John R. Gribbin on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Sussex, and Cambridge U. Am. neuroscientist Roland Redmond Griffiths on ? in ?. Am. "The Tao of Pooh" writer Benjamin Hoff on ? in ?; grows up in Sylvan, Ore.; educated at Evergreen State College. Am. "Sad Eyes", "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" singer-songwriter Robert John (Robert John Pedrick Jr.) on ? in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. human geneticist Mary-Claire King in Ill.; educated at the U. of Calif. Berkeley. Canadian sociologist (Jewish) Michael Neumann on ?; son of Franz Leopold Neumann (1900-54); educated at Columbia U. and the U. of Toronto. Am. dBASE programmer Cecil Wayne Ratliff on ? in Trenton, Ohio. Am. "Threats Instead of Trees" poet Michael Ryan on ? in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "The Pilot's Wife" novelist Anita Shreve on ? in ?; educated at Tufts U. British "Why Globalization Works" economist (Jewish) Martin Wolf on ? in London; Austrian Jewish immigrant father, Dutch Jewish immigrant mother; educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford U., and Nuffield College, Oxford U. Polish astronomer Alex Wolszczan in Szczecinek. Deaths: Russian rev. scientist Nikolai Morozov (b. 1854) on July 30 in Borok. French automobile manufacturer Marquis Jules Albert de Dion (b. 1856) on Aug. 19 in Paris. Am. historian Doane Robinson (b. 1856) on Nov. 27 in Pierre, S.C. U.S. Sen. (D-Md.) (1923-9) William Cabell Bruce (b. 1860) on May 9 in Ruxton, Md. French film producer Leon Gaumont (b. 1864) on Aug. 9. German-born Am. diplomat Henry Morgenthau Sr. (b. 1856) on Nov. 25. Am. Dallas Morning News publisher George Bannerman Dealey (b. 1859) on Feb. 26 in Dallas, Tex. (heart attack). German composer Richard Burmeister (b. 1860) on Feb. 19 in Berlin. Am. Hormel Foods founder George Albert Hormel (b. 1860) on June 5 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart failure). English-born Canadian children's writer Ernest Thompson Seton (b. 1860). Am. publisher Gardner Cowles Sr. (b. 1861) on Feb. 28 in Des Moines, Iowa. Scottish "Little Black Sambo" children's writer Helen Bannerman (b. 1862) on Oct. 13 in Edinburgh (cerebral thrombosis). Am. songwriter Carrie Jacobs-Bond (b. 1862) on Dec. 28. German dramatist-novelist Gerhart Hauptmann (b. 1862) on June 6; 1912 Nobel Lit. Prize. U.S. Supreme Court justice #66 (1914-41) James Clark McReynolds (b. 1862) on Aug. 24 in Washington, D.C. Am. pathologist Simon Flexner (b. 1863). Am. silent film cowboy actor William S. Hart (b. 1864) on June 23 in Newhall, Calif. - leaving a slew of "William S."'s? Am. baseball player and NL pres. (1914-18) John Kinley Tener (b. 1863) on May 19 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. "The Clansman" novelist Thomas Dixon Jr. (b. 1864) on Apr. 3 in Raleigh, N.C. German adm. Wilhelm Anton Souchon (b. 1864) on Jan. 13 in Bremen. Am. photographer Alfred Stieglitz (b. 1864) on July 13 in New York City. English tennis player Maud Watson (b. 1864) on June 5 in Charmouth. German Gen. Rudiger von der Goltz (b. 1865) on Nov. 4 in Bernbeuren. Am. archeologist Edgar Lee Hewett (b. 1865) on Dec. 31 in N.M. Am. forest conservation pioneer Gifford Pinchot (b. 1865) on Oct. 4 (leukemia). Am. author Logan Pearsall Smith (b. 1865) on Mar. 2 in London: "If you are losing your leisure, look out; you may be losing your soul." Am. muralist Jules Guerin (b. 1866) on June 14 in Am. film producer Adam Kessel (b. 1866) on Sept. 21 in Keeseville, N.Y. German composer Paul Lincke (b. 1866) on Sept. 4. English novelist Edwards Phillips Oppenheim (b. 1866) on Feb. 3 in St. Peter Port, Guernsey. English "War of the Worlds", "Time Machine" writer and sci-fi king H.G. Wells (b. 1866) on Aug. 13 in London; pub. 100+ books, the last one pub. right after his death predicting the extinction of mankind; last words: "Go away! I'm alright!"; "If we don't end war, war will end us"; "We were making the future, and hardly any of us troubled to think what future we were making" - what was he thinking? French army cmdr. Henri Gouraud (b. 1867). Polish pres. (1926-39) Ignacy Moscicki (b. 1867) on Oct. 2 near Geneva, Switzerland. English "Disraeli" actor George Arliss (b. 1868) on Feb. 5 in London. English composer Sir Granville Bantock (b. 1868) on Oct. 16. French occultist Augustin Chaboseau (b. 1868) on Jan. 2 in Paris. U.S. Sen. (R-Wash.) (1911-23) Miles Poindexter (b. 1868) on Sept. 21. Spanish Socialist politician Francisco Largo Caballero (b. 1869) on Mar. 23 in Paris (exile); his son Francisco Largo Calvo (-2001) continues resistance to Franco, fleeing to Spain in 1949 until his death. Am. atty. Lyda Conley (b. 1869). German geopolitician Karl Haushofer (b. 1869) on Mar. 10 in Pahl (suicide); teacher of Rudolf Hess. English composer Sidney Jones (b. 1869) on Jan. 29 in London. Scottish-born Am. educator-writer William Allan Neilson (b. 1869). English "Chu Chin Chow" composer George Frederic Norton (b. 1869) on Dec. 15 in Holford. Am. "The Elements of Style" writer William Strunk Jr. (b. 1869) on Sept. 26 in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Am. "Magnificent Ambersons" writer Booth Tarkington (b. 1869) on May 19. French mathematician Louis Bachelier (b. 1870) on Apr. 28 in Saint-Servan-sur-Mer. Am. writer Ray Stannard Baker (b. 1870) on July 12 in Amherst, Mass. (heart attack). Australian novelist Henry Handel Richardson (b. 1870) on Mar. 20 in Hastings, East Sussex, England. Danish helicopter inventor Jacob Christian Ellehammer (b. 1871). British politician Baron Arthur Ponsonby (b. 1871) on Mar. 23. English historian Adm. Sir Herbert William Richmond (b. 1871) on Dec. 15 in Cambridge. Am. economist Leo Stanton Rowe (b. 1871). German Dachau physician Claus Karl Schilling (b. 1871) on May 28 in Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria (hanged). Hungarian-born British chief rabbi (1913-46) Joseph Herman Hertz (b. 1872) on Jan. 14. French physicist Paul Langevin (b. 1872) on Dec. 19. U.S. Supreme Court justice (1925-46) Harlan Fiske Stone (b. 1872) on Apr. 22. Am. "Wait 'Til the Sun Shines Nellie" songwriter Harry Von Tilzer (b. 1872) on Jan. 10 in New York City. English economic historian Sir John Clapham (b. 1873) on Mar. 29: "Economic advance is not the same thing as human progress." Austrian-Czech tenor Leo Slezak (b. 1873) on June 1 in Rottach-Egern. Am. novelist-spiritualist Stewart Edward White (b. 1873) on Sept. 18 in Hillsborough, Calif. Am. anti-Dewey educator William Bagley (b. 1874) on July 1. Am. Amateur Hour MC Maj. Edward Bowes (b. 1874) on June 13/14 in Rumson, N.J.; born and died on Flag Day? Am. novelist Edith Barnard Delano (b. 1874) on Sept. 7 in Old Deerfield, Mass. Am. Penn.-born Paris expatriate "Lost Generation" writer-poet Gertrude Stein (b. 1874) on July 27: "Money is always there but the pockets change. It is not in the same pockets after a change and that is all there is to say about money"; "Everybody gets so much information all day long that they lose their common sense." Austrian paleontologist Othenio abel (b. 1875) on July 4 in Mondsee. Am. novelist Ethelreda Lewis (b. 1875) on Aug. 1. Am. chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis (b. 1875) on Mar. 23. Spanish composer Manuel de Falla (b. 1876) on Nov. 14. Irish-born Am. silent film actor Jack W. Johnston (b. 1876) on July 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. English playwright-actor-producer Harley Granville-Barker (b. 1877) on Aug. 31 in Paris. English mathematician-astronomer Sir James Hopwood Jeans (b. 1877) on Sept. 16 in Dorking, Surrey: "One must stand stiller than still" (for reverse time travel to occur); "Life exists in the Universe only because the carbon atom possesses certain exceptional properties"; "The stream of knowledge is heading towards a non-mechanical reality. The Universe begins to look more like a great thought than a machine. Mind no longer appears to be an accidental intruder into the realm of matter... we ought rather hail it as the creator and governor of the realm of matter"; "Our main contention can hardly be that the science of today has a pronouncement to make, perhaps it ought rather to be that science should leave off making pronouncements: the river of knowledge has too often turned back on itself." Italian-born Am. artist Joseph Stella (b. 1877) on Nov. 5: "I have seen the future and it is good. We will wipe away the religions of old and start anew." Czech poet Karel Toman (b. 1877) on June 12 in Prague. German Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg (b. 1878) on Mar. 14 in Nuremberg; dies in detention after giving evidence at the Nuremberg Trials. Am. boxer Jack Johnson (b. 1878) on June 10 in Franklinton, N.C. (automobile crash on U.S. Hwy. 1); killed after driving his high-powered Lincoln Zephyr off a curve at 70+ mph en route to see the Joe Louis v. Billy Conn title fight (furiously racing from a diner that refused to serve him?); pardoned by Pres. Trump on May 24, 2018. Scottish-born Am. actor Donald Meek (b. 1878) on Nov. 18. Am. auto racer Barney Oldfield (b. 1878) on Oct. 4 in Beverly Hills, Calif. Am. journalist Joseph Medill Patterson (b. 1879) on May 26. Japanese Field Marshal Japanese Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi (b. 1879) on June 12 in Malaysia (stroke). Am. abstract painter Arthur Garfield Dove (b. 1880). Am. actor W.C. Fields (b. 1880) on Dec. 25 in Pasadena, Calif.: "Anyone who hates small dogs and children can't be all bad"; "If you can't dazzle them with brilliance, baffle them with bull"; "There's an Ethiopian in the fuel supply"; "I never vote for anyone - I always vote against"; "I must have a drink of breakfast"; "Somebody left the cork out of my lunch." Am. lyricist Brian Hooker (b. 1880) on Dec. 28 in New London, Conn. German philosopher Count Hermann Keyserling (b. 1880) on Apr. 26 in Inndsbruck, Austria. Japanese diplomat Yosuke Matsuoka (b. 1880) on June 26 in Tokyo; dies in Sugamo Prison before trial on war crimes charges. Am. author Damon Runyon (b. 1880) on Dec. 10 in New York City: "The race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, but that's the way to bet"; "I long ago come to the conclusion that all life is 6 to 5 against." U.S. Gen. George Veazey Strong (b. 1880) on Jan. 10. Am. politician James J. Walker (b. 1881) on Nov. 18. Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu (b. 1882) on June 1. Am. actor Noah Beery Sr. (b. 1882) on Apr. 1. German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (b. 1882) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg (hanged) - just following orders? French writer Lucien Daudet (b. 1883). English economist John Maynard Keynes (b. 1883) on Apr. 21. Am. baseball pitcher Jack Quinn (b. 1883) on Apr. 17 in Pottsville, Penn. U.S. gen. Joseph Stilwell (b. 1883) on Oct. 12 in San Francisco, Calif. Swiss-born Am. Chevolet Motor Co. co-founder Arthur Chevrolet (b. 1884) on Apr. 16 in Slidell, La. (suicide). British actor Lionel Atwill (b. 1885) on Apr. 22. French Croix de Feu founder Francois de La Rocque (b. 1885) on Apr. 28; dies under house arrest. German Nazi journalist Julius Streicher (b. 1885) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg (hanged); before reaching the gallows he shouts "Purimfest 1946"; last words "The Bolsheviks will hang you one day" - what did the card say? Am. silent film actress Florence Turner (b. 1885) on Aug. 28 in Woodland Hills, Calif.; appeared in 160+ films. Japanese gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita (b. 1885) on Feb. 23 near Manilla (hanged). German composer Heinrich Kaminsky (b. 1886) on June 21 in Ried. Lithuanian-born Am. labor leader Sidney Hillman (b. 1887) on July 10 in New York City. Am. hall-of-fame baseball pitcher Walter Perry Johnson (b. 1887) on Dec. 10 in Washington, D.C.; AL MVP 1913, 1924; wins 414 of 802 games (.597) (#2 to Cy Young) pitching for the Washington Senators (AL) in 1907-27; first player with 3K strikeouts until Bob Gibson in 1974. British film dir. Roy William Neill (b. 1887) on Dec. 14 in London (heart attack). Japanese gen. Takashi Sakai (b. 1887) on Sept. 30 in Nanking (executed). Scottish TV inventor John Logie Baird (b. 1888) on June 14 in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England (stroke). Am. theater producer Antoinette Perry (b. 1888) on June 28 in New York City (heart attack); namesake of the Tony Awards. Am. auto racer Joe Dawson (b. 1889) on June 18. English painter Paul Nash (b. 1889) on July 11 in Boscombe, Hampshire. German Reich justice minister (1942-5) Otto Georg Thierack (b. 1889) on Nov. 22 in Sennelager, Paderborn (suicide). British occultist Dion Fortune (b. 1890) on Jan. 8 in Middlesex, London (leukemia). Am. pres. advisor Harry L. Hopkins (b. 1890) on Jan. 29. German Gen. Alfred Jodl (b. 1890) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg (hanged). German Gen. Georg Thomas (b. 1890) on Dec. 29; dies in Allied custody. Am. Anheuser-Busch CEO (1934-46) Adolphus Busch III (b. 1891) on Aug. 29 in St. Louis, Mo. (cerebral hemorrhage). Australian actress Mae Busch (b. 1891) on Apr. 20 in San Fernando Valley, Calif. (colon cancer). Russian-born French chess champ #5 (1927-35, 1937-46) Alexander Alekhine (b. 1892) on Mar. 24. French actress Maria Falconetti (b. 1892) on Dec. 12 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Austrian chancellor Dr. Arthur Seyss-Inquart (b. 1892) on Oct. 16 (executed). German air marshal Hermann Goering (b. 1893) on Oct. 15 (suicide). German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (b. 1893) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg (hanged). German Nazi propagandist Alfred Rosenberg (b. 1893) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg (hanged). Am. horror actor Rondo Hatton (b. 1894) on Feb. 2 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (heart attack). Am. country musician George Puckett (b. 1894) on July 13 in East Point, Ga. (blood poisoning). German Nazi slavemaster Fritz Sauckel (b. 1894) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg (hanged); last words: "I die innocent, my sentence is unjust, God protect Germany". Norwegian novelist Ronald Fangen (b. 1895) on May 22 in Snaroya. German SS Gen. Friedrich August Jeckeln (b. 1895) on Feb. 6 in Riga, Latvia (hanged). Hungarian Bauhaus prof. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (b. 1895) on Nov. 24. German Nazi scumbag Arthur Greiser (b. 1897) on July 21 in Poznan, Poland (hanged); last public execution in Poland (until ?). Hungarian fascist leader Ferenc Szalasi (b. 1897) on Mar. 12 in Budapest (hanged). Am. "Tea for Two", "Through the Years" composer Vincent Youmans (b. 1898) on Apr. 5 in Denver, Colo. (TB). Am. economist Henry Simons (b. 1899) on June 19. German Nazi gov.-gen. of Poland (1939-45) Hans Frank (b. 1900) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg (hanged); dies with a smile on his face after converting to Roman Catholicism. Austrian "Jud Suss" actor Ferdinand Marian (b. 1902) on Aug. 7 in Pulling, Germany. Am. West painter Frank Mechau (b. 1902). Am. poet Countee Cullen (b. 1903) - the good die young? Austrian Nazi leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner (b. 1903) on Oct. 16 in Nuremberg, Germany (hanged); highest-ranking SS leader to be tried. Am. actor-comedian Rags Ragland (b. 1905) on Aug. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif. (alcoholism); Phil Silvers and Frank Sinatra are at his deathbed, and Sinatra sings at the funeral, with Silvers eulogizing him. Am.-born British traitor William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) (b. 1906) on Jan. 3 in Wandsworth Prison, London (hanged); penultimate person to be hanged in Britain for a crime other than murder - the bad haw-haw young? Austrian Nazi schweinhund SS Capt. Amon Goeth (b. 1908) on Sept. 13 in Krakow (hanged). Bolivian pres. (1943-6) Gualberto Villarroel (b. 1908) on July 21 in La Paz (assassinated by a mob). English-born Am. auto racer George Robson (b. 1909) on Sept. 2 in Atlanta, Ga. (auto accident). Canadian Seabiscuit jockey George Woolf (b. 1910) on May 31 in Arcadia, Calif. (fall from a horse at Santa Anita due to diabetes). Am. athlete Cornelius Cooper Johnson (b. 1913) on Feb. 15 (pneumonia). Thai king (1935-46) Rama VIII (b. 1925) in Bangkok on June 9 (assassinated).



Births - The Daybreak Year, when once boss Britain, now the English Patient begins devolving, losing India and Pakistan? The Spruce Goose Roswell UFO Coverup Sonic Boom Year, when the Doomsday Clock begins running with a nasty, vicious temper and a wicked sense of humor?

U.S. Gen. George Catlett Marshall (1880-1959) Warren Robinson Austin of the U.S. (1877-1962) French Gen. Jacques Leclerc (1902-47) Vincent Auriol of France (1884-1966) Maurice Thorez of France (1900-64) Jawaharlal Nehru of India (1889-1964) B.R. Ambedkar of India (1891-1956) Muhammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan (1874-1948) Fatima Jinnah of Pakistan (1893-1967) Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan (1891-1951) Hari Singh of India (1895-1961) Gen. Aung San of Burma (-1947) Don Stephen Senanayake of Ceylon (1883-1952) Rómulo Gallegos of Venezuela (1884-1969) Enrique Hertzog Garaizabal of Bolivia (1896-1981) Paul I of Greece (1901-64) Frederick IX of Denmark (1899-1972) Luis Batlle Berres of Uruguay (1897-1964) Lajos Dinnyes of Hungary Henry Francis Grady of the U.S. (1882-1957) Abba Eban of Israel (1915-2002) Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver (1893-1963) Elizabeth Short, the Black Dahlia (1924-47) Robert Alphonso Taft of the U.S. (1889-1953) Fred Allen Hartley Jr. of the U.S. (1902-69) William Joseph 'Wild Bill' Donovan (1883-1959) U.S. Adm. Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (1897-1982) Allen Welsh Dulles of the U.S. (1893-1969) James Vincent Forrestal of the U.S. (1892-1949) George Frost Kennan of the U.S. (1904-2005) Paul Henry Nitze of the U.S. (1907-2004) Moshe Sharett of Israel (1894-1965) Carl Bert Albert of the U.S. (1908-2000) William Stuart Symington Jr. of the U.S. (1901-88) Frank Wisner of the U.S. (1909-65) James Aloysius Farley of the U.S. (1888-1976) Friedrich Flick (1883-1972) The Hollywood Ten Kenneth A. Arnold (1915-84) Michel Aflaq (1910-89) U.S. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau (1902-91) U.S. Lt. Col. Philip J. Corso (1915-98) Roswell Alien Chuck Yeager of the U.S. (1923-2020) Indonesian Air Vice-Marshal Halim Perdanakusuma (1922-47) Benjamin 'Bugsy' Siegel (1906-47) Bugsy Siegel, June 20, 1947 Virginia Hill (1916-66) The Lonely Hearts Killers Howard Hughes (1905-76) The Spruce Goose, 1947 Juan Trippe (1899-1981) Bernard Mannes Baruch of the U.S. (1870-1965) Jim Thompson (1906-67) Bayard Rustin (1912-87) William Shockley (1910-89) John Bardeen (1908-91), Walter Bradford Shockley (1910-89) and Walter Houser Brattan (1902-87) Gerald L. Pearson (1905-87) Baron Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914-2003) A.B. Guthrie Jr. (1901-91) Ring Lardner Jr. (1915-2000) John Parnell Thomas of the U.S. (1895-1970) Malcolm Lowry (1909-57) Sir Robert Robinson (1886-1975) Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Branch Rickey (1881-1965) Ben Chapman (1908-93) Larry Doby (1923-2003) Babe Paley (1915-78) Yogi Berra (1925-2015) Joe Fulks (1921-76) Wataru Misaka (1923-) Terry Sawchuk (1929-70) Terry Sawchuk (1929-70) Ken McKenzie (1923-2003) The Hockey News, 1947- Mauri Rose (1906-81) Ned Day (1911-71) Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) Jack Kerouac (1922-69) Madeline Gleason (1903-79) Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82) Robert Duncan (1919-88) William Everson (1912-94) Jack Spicer (1925-65) Neal Cassady (1926-68) Christian Dior (1905-57) Maurice Allais (1911-2010) Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002) Kon-Tiki, 1947 Lionel Trilling (1905-75) Henry Wilder Foote (1875-1964) Sir Arthur Keith (1866-1955) Andre Gide (1869-1951) Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965) Sir Robert Robinson (1886-1975) Robert Ruark (1915-65) Oral Roberts (1918-2009) Roy Brown (1925-81) Jerome Bruner (1915-) Margaret Antoinette Clapp (1910-74) Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896-1984) and Gerty Theresa Cori (1896-1957) George Dantzig (1914-2005) Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-73) Hendrik Casimir (1909-2000) Sidney Farber (1903-73) Dennis Gabor (1900-79) Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) Dirk Polder (1919-2001) John von Neumann (1903-57) Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887-1971) Edwin Herbert Land (1909-91) Polaroid Land Camera, 1947 Willard Frank Libby (1908-80) Walter Felsenstein (1901-75) Chung Ju-yung (1915-2001) U.S. Adm. Grace Murray Hopper (1906-92) Auguste Piccard (1884-1962) Edward Pearson Warner (1894-1958) Ronald Frederick Delderfield (1912-72) Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955) Herman Northrop Frye (1912-91) Fred Gipson (1908-73) Alfred Charles Kinsey (1894-1956) James A. Michener (1907-97) Sir John Mortimer (1923-2009) Allan Nevins (1890-1971) Antoinette Perry (1888-1946) Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915-2009) Jose Saramago (1922-2010) William Jay Smith (1918-2015) Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) John C. Trever (1916-2006) William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) Adelle Davis (1904-74) Ahmet Ertegun (1923-2006) Manolete (1917-47) Dominguin (1926-96) Billy Graham (1918-2018) John Stott (1921-2011) 'Kukla, Fran and Ollie', 1947-57 Jimmy MacDonald (1906-91) Alberto Moravia (1907-90) Suzy Parker (1932-2003) William P. 'Bill' Odom (-1949) Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887-1971) John Hope Franklin (1915-2009) Beate Uhse-Rotermund (1919-2001) Quigg Newton of the U.S. (1912-2006) Henry A. Barnes (1906-68) Florence Rena Sabin (1871-1953) Helen Peterson (1915-2000) Richard Wilbur (1921-2017) Paul Celan (1920-70) Nudie Cohn (1902-84) Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921-90) Alexander Joy Cartwright II (1820-92) Joel Solomon Goldsmith (1892-1964) 'The Big Story', 1949-58 Kraft Television Theatre', 1947-58 'Pantomime Quiz', 1947-59 'A Streetcar Named Desire', 1947 Jean Peters (1926-2000) Richard Widmark (1914-2008) 'Black Narcissus', 1947 'Body and Soul', starring John Garfield (1913-52), 1947 'Brighton Rock', 1947 'Captain from Castile', 1947 'The Code of Scotland Yard', 1947 'The Egg and I', 1947 'Fun and Fancy Free', 1947 'Gentlemans Agreement', 1947 'The Ghost and Mrs. Muir', 1947 'Hue and Cry', 1947 'Life with Father', 1947 'Miracle on 34th Street', 1947 'Odd Man Out', 1947 'The Paradine Case', 1947 'Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman', 1947 'Take My Life', 1947 'The Woman in the Hall', 1947 Jason Robards Jr. (1922-2000) Roy Rogers (1911-98) and Dale Evans (1912-2001) 'The Howdy Doody Show', 1947-60' 'You Bet Your Life', 1950-61 Groucho Marx (1890-1977) 'Howdy Doody, 1947-60' Buffalo Bob Smith (1917-98) Clarabell the Clown Eduard van Beinum (1900-59) Buddy Clark (1911-49) Dizzy Gillespie (1917-93) Chano Pozo (1915-48) Irving Layton (1912-2006) Bud Wilkinson (1916-94) Jeno Paulucci (1918-) Emilio Pucci (1914-92) Merle Travis (1917-83) Tex Williams (1917-85) Charles James (1906-78) Robert Lowell (1917-77) King Soopers, 1947 Rockefeller Center, 1947 Pres. Truman in White House Bowling Alley, 1953 Pres. Nixon in White House Bowling Alley, 1970 Philippe Halsman (1906-79) Photo of Albert Einstein (1879-1955) by Philippe Halsman (1906-79), 1947 'Erie Comics', Jan. 1947 Kenner Products, 1947 B-47 Stratojet, 1947 F-86 Sabre F9F Panther F-9 Cougar MiG-15 Thomas Toliver Goldsmith Jr. (1910-2009) and Estle Ray Mann

1947 The Chinese Year of the Pig. Time Mag. Man of the Year: George Catlett Marshall (1880-1959) (1st time 1943). The Doomsday Clock begins pub. in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; it starts out at 7 min. till midnight. The Golden Age of Television begins (ends 1961), with serious fare incl. hour-long anthology drama series making TV worth watching; too bad, the relentless amoral power of capitalism turns it into the boob tube, catering to lowest-common-denominator mass audiences to sell advertising; in 1947 NBC begins kinescoping its programs, i.e., filming the picture from a TV monitor. Returning U.S. soldiers switch from blue to white collar jobs with a 40-hour workweek and more disposale income, moving to big city suburbs and developing their backyards into havens. This year and next the White House receives 48.6K telegrams, 790,575 cards, and 81.2K other pieces of mail on the subject of Palestine. On Jan. 1 Ill. defeats UCLA by 45-14 to win the 1947 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 2 Gandhi begins a march for peace in troubled areas of Bengal, Bihar and Delhi which lasts until Dec. On Jan. 3 Congressional proceedings are televised for the 1st time as viewers in Washington, D.C., Philadelphia and New York City see some of the opening ceremonies of the 80th Congress. On Jan. 3 McAlester, Okla.-born Dem. Carl Bert Albert (1908-2000) becomes a U.S. from Okla. (until Jan. 3, 1977), going on to become House majority whip in 1955-62, House majority leaer in 1962-71, and U.S. Speaker of the House #46 on Jan. 21, 1971-Jan. 3, 1977, becoming known as "the Little Giant from Little Dixie", holding the highest political office of any Oklahoman (until ?); McAlester becomes known as "the Capital of Little Dixie" for its old-time Dem. politics. On Jan. 4 the weekly news mag. Der Spiegel (Ger. "The Mirror") is founded in Hamburg, Germany by British army officer John Challenor and former Wehrmacht radio operator Rudolf Augstein, reaching 1M circ. by modern times; Spiegel Online is launched in 1994. On Jan. 5 Britain nationalizes its coal industry. On Jan. 5 physician Enrique Hertzog Garaizabal (1896-1981), leader of the Repub. Socialist Union (Genuine Repub., Socialist-Repub., and Socialist) Party is elected pres. of Bolivia (until 1949) over Liberal Party candidate Luis Fernando Guachalla, former ambassador to the U.S.; on Sept. 18 Indian uprisings and several overthrow attempts by the MNR cause him to declare a state of siege. On Jan. 6 (afternoon) Pres. Truman gives his 1947 State of the Union Speech to Congress, the first one to be televised; Coolidge's 1923 State of the Union Speech was the first to be broadcast on radio; in his diary for Jan. 6, Truman calls the White house "this great white jail". On Jan. 7 James F. Byrnes resigns as U.S. secy. of state due to poor health, and on Jan. 8 is succeeded by Gen. George Catlett Marshall (1880-1959) (until 1949), who on June 5 proposes the Marshall (European Recovery) Plan to help rebuild Western Europe; it pays out $4.8B by 1949, but the real rebuilding is done by private sector capitalism? - don't worry, Father, we'll build again? On Jan. 9 the First (French) Indochina War ramps up as French gen. Jacques Leclerc (b. 1902), CIC of French troops in Indochina breaks off all talks with Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh, and in Feb. is appointed inspector of land troops in North Africa, then on Nov. 28 is killed in an airplane crash at Colomb-Bechar; on Jan. 19 French forces begin a drive on Hue, Vietnam, and go on to take most of the provincial capitals of N and C Vietnam in Jan.; Hue falls in early Feb.; meanwhile the French encircle the Vietminh base at Viet Bac ("North Vietnam"), and almost capture Ho Chi Minh, who escapes through a camouflaged tunnel, after which French gen. Jean-Etienne Valluy decides that his 15K men can't cover 80K sq. mi. of territory to ferret out the 60K Commie troops, and withdraws to a string of forts along Route 4 between Lang Son and Cao Bang, which becomes known as Rue sans Joie (Street Without Joy) after it becomes the scene of regular Vietminh ambushes; meanwhile the SDECE (French military intel) starts working with opium producers in the Golden Triangle to fund its covert operations, which evolves into the French Connection. On Jan. 13 British troops replace striking truck drivers. Luck be my lady tonight? On Jan. 13 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 5-4 in La. ex rel. Francis v. Resweber that attempting a 2nd electrocution after the first fails does not violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, nor does it constitute a 2nd imposition of punishment in violation of the Fifth Amendment, with Justice Stanley F. Reed writing the soundbyte: "Our minds rebel against permitting the same sovereignty to punish an accused twice for the same offense. But where the accused successfully seeks review of a conviction, there is no double jeopardy upon a new trial. Even where a state obtains a new trial after conviction because of errors, while an accused may be placed on trial a second time, it is not the sort of hardship to the accused that is forbidden by the Fourteenth Amendment... For we see no difference from a constitutional point of view between a new trial for error of law at the instance of the state that results in a death sentence instead of imprisonment for life and an execution that follows a failure of equipment. When an accident, with no suggestion of malevolence, prevents the consummation of a sentence, the state's subsequent course in the administration of its criminal law is not affected on that account by any requirement of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. We find no double jeopardy here which can be said to amount to a denial of federal due process in the proposed execution"; dissenting Justice Harold Burton writes the soundbyte: "How many deliberate and intentional reapplications of electric current does it take to produce a cruel, unusual and unconstitutional punishment? While five applications would be more cruel and unusual than one, the uniqueness of the present case demonstrates that, today, two separated applications are sufficiently 'cruel and unusual' to be prohibited. If five attempts would be 'cruel and unusual,' it would be difficult to draw the line between two, three, four and five. It is not difficult, however, as we here contend, to draw the line between the one continuous application prescribed by statute and any other application of the current. Lack of intent that the first application be less than fatal is not material. The intent of the executioner cannot lessen the torture or excuse the result." On Jan. 14 after being appointed by Pres. Truman, U.S. Sen. (R-Vt.) (1931-46) Warren Robinson Austin (1877-1962) becomes U.S. U.N. ambassador #2 (until Jan. 22, 1953), the first official one since the previous ones had been reps to the U.N. Conference on Internat. Org. not the U.N. per se; he goes on to see the creation of Israel, the partition of India and Pakistan, the 1948 Communist coup in Czech., the Soviet blockade of Berlin and the Berlin Airlift, the Marshall Plan, NATO, the People's Repub. of China, the Chinese occupation of Tibet, and the Korean War. What happens in Hollyweird stays in Hollyweird? On Jan. 15 in Los Angeles, Calif. the mutilated remains of 22-y.-o. aspiring actress Elizabeth Short (b. 1924) (known as the Black Dahlia for her dark outfits) are found dumped in a vacant lot in the residential L.A. neighborhood of Leimert Park; she had been hung upside down and tortured, her body cut in half, and her face carved into a hideous rictus; the case is never solved, even though the perp sends the girl's birth certificate and address book, with one page ripped out, to the police; later Steve Hodel claims it was his L.A. cop father? On Jan. 16 Vincent Jules Auriol (1884-1966) becomes pres. #1 of the 4th French Repub. (until Jan. 16, 1954). On Jan. 16 the Imperial Household Law is passed in Japan, permitting only males to succeed to the throne (until ?); the last female monarch Go-Sakuramachi ruled in 1762-70; too bad that a male heir is slow in coming? On Jan. 21-Mar. 21 the 1946-7 U.K. Winter sees cold spells hit on Jan. 21, bringing snowstorms that leave large snowdrifts that block the transport of coal to electric power stations, causing severe hardships incl. shutdown of businesses; in mid-Mar. warm weather returns, causing massive snow melting that brings widespread flooding affecting 100K bldgs., causing a 10% drop in industrial production along with a 10% reduction in cereal and potato crops and 25% of the sheep herds freezing to death, all causing the Labour Party to lose popularity and the English pound to be devalued from $4.03 to $2.80; meanwhile cold and famine in Berlin kills 150, businesses close in Ireland, and civil unrest rocks the Netherlands, contributing to the introduction of the Marshall Plan in Europe. On Jan. 25 Am. #1 gangster Al Capone (b. 1899) dies of syphilis in Miami Beach, Fla. In Jan. a nat. constituent assembly meets in Laos, and on May 11 king Sisavong Vong proclaims a new 1947 Laotian Constitution providing for a limited parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Early in the year 11 Dead Sea Scrolls are discovered by 15-y.-o. Bedouin shepherd Muhammad adh-Dhib (Arab. "the wolf") (George Herbert's Muad-dib?) in a cave above Qumran 1 mi. from the NW shore of the Dead Sea in caves 1Q and 3Q on the Qumran Waddy near ancient Khirbet, Palestine, built ca. 100 B.C.E. and destroyed by the Romans ca. 68 C.E.; the Syrian Orthodox Monastery of St. Mark in Jerusalem buys five of them in 1948, and the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem buys the other six; 972 texts are discovered by 1956; in spring 1948 Am. archeologist John C. Trever (1916-2006) of the Am. School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem examines fragments, and discovers the oldest known copy of the Book of Isaiah (100 B.C.E.) among them, 1.4K years older than the next oldest in existence (1300 C.E.), proving that the text of the Old Testament has survived virtually intact after all these cents.; Am. archeologist William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) of Johns Hopkins U. calls it "the greatest manuscript discovery of modern times"; the Israeli govt. later launches Operation Scroll to survey all the caves in the area, discovering hundreds of parchment and papyrus scrolls and scraps, discovering a 12th cave in 2016. In Jan. the first official meeting of the Los Angeles (Beverly Hills) Friars Club, organized by Milton Berle is held at the Savoy Hotel in Beverly Hills to roast and embarrass its celeb members for fun, attended by Al Jolson (1886-1950), Bing Crosby (1903-77), Jack Benny, George Burns, George Raft, George Jessel, Robert Taylor, Jonie Taps, Harry Cohn, and Abbott & Costello; founding member George Jessel, known for the 1921 hit song The Toastmaster goes on to receive the title "Toastmaster General of the United States"; members later incl. Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Jerry Lewis, the Marx Brothers, Sammy Davis Jr., Billy Crystal, and Johnny Carson. In Jan. the town of Loveland, Colo. begins its Valentine Remailing Program, backed by the Loveland Chamber of Commerce; each letter is hand-stamped with a special cachet and verse, and canceled with a special stamp; by 2016 an avg. of 160K cards are remailed from the U.S. and 110 countries each year. In Jan. the comic book Erie Comics (52 pages, full color, 10 cents) is pub. by Avon Periodicals, created by Joseph "Joe" Kubert (1826-2012) and Fred Kida (1920-2014), becoming the first standalone horror comic book, founding the gentre; it lasts for only one issue. On Feb. 7 the British govt. announces that is going to terminate its mandate for Palestine, and on Feb. 14 announces that it will refer the problem to the U.N. On Feb. 10 reps from 21 nations sign five peace treaties in Paris with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland; freedom of navigation for all nations on the Danube River is guaranteed; Yugoslavia annexes the greater part of Italian Istria, incl. the Italian province of Venezia Giulia and the city and district of Fiume; but fails to obtain the key port of Trieste; in June Greece acquires the Dodecanese Islands from Britain; France acquires the Briga and Tenda areas of N Italy; Transylvania is returned to Romania, and the land transfers of 1940 are validated; Romania agrees to pay the Soviet Union $300M in reparations in commodities within 8 years (reduced by half in 1948); Italian reparations are set at $360M after the Western Allies waive their claims; Romanian armed forces are limited in size, and Romanian citizens are guaranteed freedom of expression and religious worship, although in practice the country is Sovietized and purged of dissidents. WWII turns into a big V for Secularism without firing a shot back home? On Feb. 10 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 5-4 in Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township to uphold a N.J. statute reimbursing parents for the cost of transporting their children to and from parochial school, an apparent V; too bad, Am. Jewish Congress atty. Leo Pfeffer gets the Court to rule that the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment applies to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and gets Justice Hugo Black to inject the phrase "wall of separation between church and state" into the majority opinion, throwing down the old wall of separation between Jew, er, state and federal govt., giving the feds a lever to begin systematically throwing all religion out of public institutions and erecting a new wall, inaugurating the separatist (secularist) era of the court, when all the ACLU has to do is ask and they'll okay tearing down religious symbols on public property (ends ?), turning a big corner leading to total secularization of all state govts. while Christian ministers wring their hands and cry wolf; Hugo Black writes the majority opinion, which incl. the soundbyte: "The 'establishment of religion' clause of the First Amendment means at least this: Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions or prefer one religion over another. Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion. No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, for church attendance or non-attendance. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion. Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa. In the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect 'a wall of separation between Church and State.'" On Feb. 12 PM William King of Canada announces countinued military cooperation with the U.S. On Feb. 17 the Voice of America (VOA) begins broadcasting to former U.S. ally (now hated godless Commies) the Soviet Union. On Feb. 25 Bela Kovacs (1908-59), secy.-gen. of the Smallholders' Party in Hungary (not to be confused with the Hungarian clarinetist born in 1937) is arrested for plotting against occupation forces, and given life in Siberia, beginning the purge of the party's anti-Communists, leading to the whole party becoming kaput by next year; Kovacs is released in 1956, just in time for you know what. In Feb. the British govt. informs the U.S. that they can no longer afford to supply $400M in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey; on Mar. 12 Pres. Truman goes before Congress asking for aid to Greece and Turkey in fighting Communist guerrillas, becoming known as the Truman Doctrine, "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures", ' initiating the policy of "containment" of Communism. In Feb. the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women meets in Lake Success, N.Y. In Feb. an article in Harper's mag. by former U.S. war secy. Henry Stimson gives the official line justifying the nuking of Japan as "our least abhorrent choice", avoiding a land invasion that would have cost 1M Am. casualties; actually only 750K troops were earmarked for the invasion, and real casualty figures would have been more like 60K-90K? On Mar. 4 France and Britain sign a Mutual Assistance Treaty in Dunkirk, France, pledging to come to each other's aid if attacked by Germany again. On Mar. 11 the Parity Amendment to the Philippine constitution gives U.S. citizens the right to equal access to Philippine resources. On Mar. 13 the 19th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1946 to Goldwyn-RKO Radio's The Best Years of Our Lives, along with best dir. to William Wyler, best actor to Fredric March, best supporting actor to Harold Russell, and best screenplay to Robert Emmet Sherwood; best actress goes to Olivia de Havilland for To Each His Own, and best supporting actress to Anne Baxter for The Razor's Edge. On Mar. 14 the Philippines gives the U.S. the right to host military bases on 99-year leases, pissing-off some nationalists. On Mar. 21 after work by the Hoover Commission on Org. of the Executive Branch of the Govt. by FDR's former campaign mgr. James Aloysius Farley (1888-1976), who broke with FDR in 1940 after a 3rd term, calling it a break in the tradition set by Dem. Party founder Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), the XXII (22nd) (Pres. Term Limit) amendment to the U.S. Constitution is sent to the states for ratification by the 80th Congress (ratified 1951). On Mar. 22 Pres. Truman signs Executive Order #9835 establishing a federal loyalty program that forbids the employment of loyalty risks; on Mar. 13, 1948 it is softened to withhold personnel loyalty and security info. from members of Congress. On Mar. 25 a coal mine explosion in Centralia, Ill. kills 111. On Mar. 31 the Dodecanese Islands are returned to Greece. In Mar. the Dutch sign the Cheribon (Linggadjati) Agreement with Sukarno, recognizing the Repub. of Indonesia, but in July a dispute over its implementation leads to a war (until 1949). In Mar. former U.S. asst. war secy. (1941-5) John Jay McCloy becomes pres. of the World Bank (until June 1949), after which he replaces Lucius D. Clay as U.S. high commissioner for Germany (until 1952). In Mar. the First Pan-Malaysian Islamic Convference is held in Gunung Semanggul, Perak, launching the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. In the spring and summer the Lemko minority group is ruthlessly evicted from their homes in NE Poland in the Carpathians and scattered throughout Poland; some migrate to Cleveland in time for The Deer Hunter? On Apr. 1 king (since Nov. 3, 1935) George II (b. 1890) dies, and his brother Prince Paul (first cousin of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh) becomes king Paul I (1901-64) of Greece (until Mar. 6, 1964). On Apr. 2 the British govt. subjects an account of its admin. of Palestine under the League of Nations mandate to the U.N. Gen. Assembly, and asks it to make recommendation about Palestine's future govt., causing it on May 13 to appoint an 11-nation special committee to study the problem and report by Sept.; on Aug. 31 it issues its report, unanimously recommending that Britain terminate its mandate for Palestine and grant it independence, and recommending by a 7-4 vote that Palestine be partitioned into Jewish and Arab states; on Sept. 17 U.S. state secy. George Marshall addresses the U.N. Gen. Assembly, saying that the U.S. is reluctant to endorse the partition of Palestine; on Oct. 10 the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff issue the memorandum "The Problem of Palestine", arguing that a partition would let the Soviet Union replace the U.S. and Britain in the region and endanger U.S. access to Middle East oil; on Oct. 10 U.S. deputy rep. to the U.N. Security Council Herschel Johnson announces U.S. support for the partition plan, after which on Oct. 17 Pres. Truman writes to Sen. Claude Pepper: "I received about 35,000 pieces of mail and propaganda from the Jews in this country while this matter was pending. I put it all in a pile and struck a match to it - I never looked at a single one of the letters because I felt the United Nations Committee was acting in a judicial capacity and should not be interfered with"; on Nov. 19 Chaim Weizmann meets with Truman and emphasizes the importance of the Negev region to Israel. On Apr. 2 the top-rated crime drama show The Big Story debuts on NBC Radio (until Mar. 23, 1955), sponsored by Pall Mall cigarettes (Lucky Strike cigarettes in 1954-5) and narrated by Robert "Bob" Sloane, dramatizing the lives of newspaper reporters; on Sept. 16, 1949 it debuts on NBC-TV for 349 episodes (until June 28, 1957, then in syndication until 1958). On Apr. 6 the first Tony Awards (Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Broadway Theatre), named in honor of Denver, Colo.-born Am. Theatre Wing co-founder Mary Antoinette "Tony" Perry (1888-1946) are presented by the Am. Theatre Wing and the Broadway League at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, becoming the highest U.S. theater honor, the New York City version of the Emmys, Grammys, and Oscars (EGOT), and the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the U.K., and the Moliere Award in France; theaters must have 500+ seats to be considered; by 2010 only 40 theaters make the list. On Apr. 7 the Socialist nationalist pan-Arab Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Arab. "al-Ba'th al-Arabi" = "The Arab Resurrection") holds its first congress in Damascus, Syria, with Syrian Orthodox Christian turned Muslim Michel Aflaq (1910-89) as leader, who defends Islam as essential for retaining Arab identity, providing it with "the most brilliant picture of their language and literature, and the grandest part of their national history", with the soundbyte: "Islam is to Arabism what bones are to the flesh." On Apr. 9 the F5 Woodward Tornado begins in Tex. as an F2 in White Deer, sweeping 125 mi. to Woodward, Okla., killing 107 and causing $10.5M damage; 4-y.-o. Joan Gay Croft disappears; really a family of 8-9 tornadoes? On Apr. 11 the sitcom My Friend Irma (a ripoff of "My Sister Eileen?") debuts on CBS Radio (until Aug. 23, 1954), about beautiful dumb blonde secy. Irma Peterson (known for whining and crying, and plugging sponsor Swan Soap) and her roommate Jane Stacy, who live in a run-down apt. in Manhattan run by Mrs. O'Reilly; their neighbor is nutty Prof. Kropotkin; her boss is millionaire Richard Rhinelander, III whom she has the hots for; spawns a film (1949), a comic strip (Sept. 11, 1950), and a CBS-TV series on Jan. 8, 1952-June 1954, becoming the first show telecast from their new Television City studios in Hollywood. On Apr. 14 Gen. Charles de Gaulle launches Rassemblement du Peuple Francais (RPF) (Rally for the People), working for a strong pro-free enterprise balanced budget central govt. (ends 1953). On Apr. 16 a huge explosion with a mushroom cloud takes place in a ship in the port of Texas City, Tex., known for its ammonium nitrate processing, destroying most of the city and killing 581+ incl. all but one member of the fire dept., leading to the first-ever class action lawsuit. On Apr. 16 Jewish financier Bernard Mannes Baruch (1870-1965) coins the term "Cold War" during a speech to the S.C. House of Reps. On Apr. 18 the pesky German island fortress of Heligoland (Helgoland) in the North Sea is razed by the British with 3.5K tons of explosives. On Apr. 20 Christian X (b. 1870) dies, and his eldest son Frederick (Fredrik) IX (1899-1972) (a rear-adm.) becomes king of Denmark (until Jan. 14, 1972), going on to preside over Denmark's transformation from a neutral agricultural society to a welfare state that actively joins alliances, with women achieving equality; being without a male heir, his brother Prince Knud becomes heir apparent, but after women get to work a referendum on Mar. 27, 1953 sets his eldest child Margrete II up as his successor. On Apr. 21 Princess Elizabeth of Britain (b. 1926) celebrates her 21st birthday, wowing her future subjects with the soundbyte: "I welcome the opportunity to speak to all the people of the British Commonwealth of Nations wherever they live, whatever race they come from, and whatever language they speak.... This is a happy day to me, but it is also one that brings serious thought, thoughts of life looming ahead, with all its challenges, and with all its opportunity. At such a time, it is a great help to know that there are multitudes of friends all round the world who are thinking of me and who wish me well. I am grateful and I am deeply moved... I declare before you all that my whole life whether it be long or short shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong. But I shall not have strength to carry out this resolution alone unless you join in it with me, as I now invited you to do. I know that your support will be unfailingly given. God help me to make good my vow, and God bless all of you who are willing to share in it." On Apr. 27 Marshal Tito announces a 5-year industrial plan for Commie Paradise Yugoslavia. On Apr. 27 Babe Ruth speaks before 60K at Yankee Stadium for "Babe Ruth Day". On Apr. 28 Norwegian ethnographer Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002) leaves Lima, Peru in a tiny 6-man pae-pae balsa log raft with a bamboo cabin named Kon-Tiki, traveling 7K km (4.3K mi.) to the Tuomotu Islands in Polynesia in 101 days, and spawning all kinds of theories of history; a documentary movie is released in 1951. On Apr. 30 the U.N. Security Council votes 10-0-1 (Australia) for Resolution 24 to admit Hungary; on May 23 it votes 10-0-1 (Australia) for Resolution 25 to admit Italy; on Aug. 12 it votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 29 to admit Yemen and Pakistan, and 9-0-2 (Poland, U.S.S.R.) to admit Bulgaria and Romania. In Apr. U.S. Adm. Bull Halsey (released from active last Dec.) retires - and now you'll rock and roll? Smack dead on the floor? In Apr. after Britain grants it independence, Burma holds elections, and Gen. Aung San (1915-47), founder of the Tatmadaw (modern Burmese military) on Dec. 26, 1942 is elected pres.; too bad, on July 19 he is assassinated in Rangoon by a political rival, and the U.N. takes over. In Apr. the Gen. Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) convention begins meeting in Geneva in parallel to the meetings to create the Internat. Trade Org. (ITO), and on Oct. 30 eight countries sign a provisional agreement, followed next Jan. 1 by 23 nations signing the full agreement at the Palais de Nations in Geneva; 100+ countries eventually sign it, agreeing to 45K tariff concessions worth $10B; after opposition in Congress, Pres. Truman never submits it; the next GATT round is held in Apr. 1949; in 1994 GATT is replaced by the World Trade Org. (WTO) after eight rounds of meetings - why do tariffs come before trade? In Apr. the San Francisco Poetry Renaissance begins when Madeline Gleason (1903-79) (founding mother) organizes the First Festival of Modern Poetry at Marcelle Laubadt's Lucien Labaudt Gallery in San Francisco, Calif., featuring Kenneth Charles Marion Rexroth (1905-82) (founding father) along with Robert Edward Duncan (1919-88), William "Bill" Everson (1912-94) (Brother Antoninus), Muriel Rukeyser (1913-80), and Jack Lester Spicer (1925-65). On May 1 Evelyn McHale jumps off the 86th floor of the Empire State Bldg. in New York City; photographer Robert C. Wiles takes a photo of "the most beautiful suicide" as she lays on top of a crushed automobile. On May 4 Paul Rafaelson is sentenced to death for cruelties to fellow Jewish POWs, becoming the first Jewish criminal to be hanged for atrocities (next in ?). On May 4 the first of 82K German POWs are repatriated from Egypt; "Those who are still enthusiastic Nazis and Fascists, numbering 5,000, will be the last to be removed." (Palestine Post) On May 6 German Field Marshal "Smiling" Albert Kesselring (1881-1960) is sentenced to death by the British for allowing the shooting of 335 Italian civilians in reprisal for a partisan action; he later gets his sentence commuted to life, and is pardoned and freed after five years - call 1-800-BEACHES? On May 7 (Wed) (7:30 p.m.) the hour-long drama-anthology series Kraft Television Theatre debuts on NBC-TV for 525 episodes (until Oct. 1, 1958), featuring TV plays with new stories and chars. each week, launching the careers of Hope Lange et al.; on Jan. 12, 1955 Rod Serling's Patterns is aired, becoming such a hit that it is reshown 3 weeks later and turned into a feature film, winning Serling his first of six Emmys for dramatic writing; on Oct. 10, 1963 it is replaced by Kraft Suspense Theatre (Crisis) for 59 episodes (until July 1, 1965). On May 30 after being accused of conspiracy by the Communists, Hungarian PM Imre Nagy resigns, and is replaced by Lajos Dinnyes (1901-61) (pr. din-YESH) (until 1948); the Communists go on to take total control of Hungary, crushing dissidents with an iron hand. In May the May 1947 Italian Crisis in Italy results in Communist ministers being ejected; meanwhile France has its own May 1947 French Crisis, resulting in French Communist Party (PCF) head Maurice Thorez (1900-64), along with four other Communist ministers being ejected from the govt. of Paul Ramadier. In MayEros Films is founded in London, England by brothers Philip Hymans (1894-1997), Sydney Hyams, and Michael Hyams, sons of a Russian immigrant banker and named after a statue at Picadilly Circus, producing "The Man Who Watched Trains Go By" (1954), "The Sea Shall Not Have Them" (1955), "Battle of the V-1" (1958), and "Behemoth, the Sea Monster" (1959) before declaring bankruptcy in June 1961. On June 5 Marshall Plan aid is offered to all former warring nations; the Soviet Union refuses, along with all Communist Bloc countries incl. Czech., whose cabinet votes unanimously on July 7 to accept until it is bitch-slapped in Moscow, cementing the division of WWII victors into opposing blocs. On June 5 the U.N. Balkans Investigation Commission submits its report to the U.N. Security Council calling for an end to the support given by Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria to the Greek Communist rebels. On June 12 snow falls in Denver, Colo., setting a lateness record (until ?). On June 20 (midnight) blue-eyed Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel (b. 1906), founder of the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas and friend of actor George Raft is murdered with three shots to the head from the garden while reading a newspaper in the living room of the Beverly Hills, Calif. Spanish-Moorish mansion of his bobbing babe ("Queen of the Mafia") Virginia "Sugar" Hill (1916-66) at 810 Linden Dr. (probable hit by the mob, who suspect him of using her as a courier for loot embezzled from the Flamingo Hotel) 10 days after she leaves on a trip to Paris with a wealthy French boy; when she hears the news she faints. On June 23 the anti-union U.S. Taft-Hartley Act, sponsored by Repub. Sen. Robert Alphonso Taft (1889-1953) of Ohio and Repub. Sen. Fred Allen Hartley Jr. (1902-69) of N.J. is passed over the veto of Pres. Truman, who calls it a "slave-labor bill"; treating all unions (which have grown from 3M to 15M members since 1935) as corrupt, Communist-dominated, and over-uppity, it bans secondary boycotts, jurisdictional strikes, and closed union shops, makes a union shop subject to employee vote, and adds six unfair union practices to the Wagner Act, incl. annual certification that they aren't Communists; it creates the Nat. Labor Relations Board (NLRB), and gives the pres. the power to seek an 80-day injunction against any strike; it is never repealed despite union and liberal protests, and Truman drops his opposition when he finds it convenient to use it himself? On June 24 Sebeka, Minn.-born aviator Kenneth A. Arnold (1915-84) allegedly sights nine flying saucers (name coined by journalists) over Mt. Rainier in Wash., causing a UFO Craze; the first Flying Saucer Convention is held next fall at the Labor Temple in New York City. In summer the Shaker Village Work Group in New Lebanon, N.Y. opens as a summer camp for teenies, teaching Shaker crafts and culture, helping influence the Am. folk music revival of the 1950s-1960s and the 1960s counterculture movement, launching the hit songs "Michael Row the Boat Ashore" (1954) and "Kumbaya" (1957); it closes after the 1972 season. In summer after alcoholic pool hall hustler and mean streets vet Neal Leon Cassady (1926-68), who dropped out of East High School and lives with his alcoholic barber father in the Windsor Hotel on skid row on Grant St. marries 16-y.-o. LuAnne Henderson and travels to New York City with her, meeting Columbia U. student Irwin Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) and Jack (Jean-Louis) Kerouac (1922-69) (friends of William S. Burroughs) they arrive in Denver, Colo., and Ginsberg works as a shipping clerk at Daniels and Fisher and tries to get Cassady in the sack at the Colburn Hotel at 980 Grant St., after which Ginsberg eulogizes Denver in his famous poem "Howl!" (1955): "who journeyed to Denver, who died in Denver, who came back to Denver & waited in vain, who watched over Denver & brooded & loned in Denver and finally went away to find out the Time, & now Denver is lonesome for her heroes." On July 1 the U.S. Housing and Rent Act is passed, exempting new construction from rent controls. On July 2-4 the Roswell Incident leads many to believe that the U.S. govt. covered-up an extraterrestrial landing in New Mexico led by CIA dir. #3 (1947-50) Rear Adm. Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (1897-1982), with U.S. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau (1902-91) supposedly in charge of the secret files, whom his subordinate Lt. Col. Philip J. Corso (1915-98) (born in Jupiter, Fla.) later blows the whistle on in The Day After Roswell (1997); in Apr. 2011 a classified memo dated Mar. 22, 1950 is released by the FBI from Guy Hottel, SAC, Washington, with the soundbyte "An investigator for the Air Force stated that three so-called flying saucers had been recovered in New Mexico. They were described as being circular in shape with raised centers, approximately 50 feet in diameter. Each one was occupied by three bodies of human shape but only 3 feet tall, dressed in metallic cloth of a very fine texture. Each body was bandaged in a manner similar to the blackout suits used by speed flyers and fast pilots. According to ... informant, the saucers were found in New Mexico due to the fact that the Government has a very high-powered radar set-up in that area and it is believed the radar interferes with the controling mechanism of the saucers" - what do you see on my forehead, the word dumbass? On July 4 the annual 4th of July ceremony at the monument grounds in Washington, D.C. is televised for the first time. On July 7 Goodman Ace's You Are There debuts on CBS Radio (until Mar. 19, 1950), transporting a network newsroom into the past to report on famous historical events; it debuts on CBS-TV for 147 episodes on Feb. 1, 1953 (until June 9, 1957), starring Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (1916-2009). On July 8 demolition work begins in New York City to make way for the permanent United Nations HQ. On July 17 Jewish Agency head Moshe Sharett (Shertok) (1894-1965) tells the Special Committee on Palestine how the Arab Muslims would rather let the British rule Jerusalem than share power with Jews. Just when the U.S. is #1 on the planet, dumbo Truman single-handedly dismantles U.S. military might, insuring that the Korean War will be an American D? On July 26 Pres. Truman signs the U.S. Nat. Security Act, to take effect on Sept. 18, unifying the Dept. of War (Army), Navy, and newly-formed Air Force into the Nat. Military Establishment (NME), with the Marine Corps staying under the Navy Dept. and the Coast Guard under the Dept. of the Treasury (shifted to the Navy Dept. during time of war). After the abbrevation NME sounded too much like enemy, the name was changed on Aug. 10, 1949 to Dept. of Defense; it also establishes the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Nat. Security Council (NSC), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on Sept. 18 to replace the Nat. Intelligence Authority and the Central Intelligence Group; on May 1 Rear Adm. Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (1897-1982) becomes dir. #3 of the CIA (until Oct. 7, 1950), going on to join super-secret Majestic-12 and help run the Roswell UFO coverup?; Allen Welsh Dulles (1893-1969) helps create the CIA, and becomes its first civilian dir. in 1953; the CIA hires 1K Nazis for spying and intel during the Cold War?; on Sept. 17 U.S. Navy secy. (since 1944) James Vincent Forrestal (1892-1949), the chief planner of defense unification becomes U.S. defense secy. #1 (until Mar. 28, 1949), giving it a paranoid dipstick baby-don't-stop-now anti-Communist mentality that spawns the Cold War policies of George Frost Kennan (1904-2005) and Paul Henry Nitze (1907-2004). On July 29 the all-new Indonesian Repub. Air Force begins attacking the Dutch, bombing Java, Semarang, and Salatiga, killing seven Indonesians; on July 29 Dakota VT-CLA, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain carrying medical supplies from Malaysia is shot down by the Dutch in Maguwo, Yogyakarta; on Aug. 17 air vice-marshal Abdul Halim Perdanakusuma (b. 1922) leads paratroopers into Borneo; too bad, on Dec. 14 his plane crashes outside Tanjung Hantu, Malaysia, killing him. On Aug. 1 Hungary enacts a 3-year plan, calling for nationalization of the banks and a planned economy. On Aug. 2 Tomas Barreta dies, and Liberal Colorado vice-pres. Luis Batlle Berres (1897-1964) (of Catalan and Irish descent) becomes pres. of Uruguay (until 1951), continuing the substitution industrialization program aided by U.S. loans, which causes the industrial work force to grow from 50K to 140K. On Aug. 14 India becomes independent after 200 years of British rule, and on Aug. 15 Britain voluntarily withdraws its troops as the Union Jack complete with the Star of India is taken down from Viceroy's House in New Delhi seconds after midnight on Aug. 14/15; on Aug. 15 Jawaharlal Nehru (1899-1964) becomes PM #1 of India (until May 27, 1964); on Aug. 15 Untouchable (Dalit) polymath Bhimrao Ramji "B.R." Ambedkar (1891-1956) AKA Babasaheb, principal architect of the 1949 Constitution of India and author of Annihilation of Caste (1936) becomes law and justice minister #1 (until Sept. 1951); Mahatma Gandhi lobbies for the Union Jack to be placed on the Indian flag, with the soundbyte: "Though the British might have inflicted harm on the Indians, it was not done by their flag"; the Partition of India sees India and Pakistan (West Pakistan and East Pakistan, 1K mi. apart), led by secular Muslim gov.-gen. #1 Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) (Aug. 11) become independent dominions of the British Commonwealth; they are separated by the Wagah (Wagha) Rd. on the Grand Trunk Rd., marking the Radcliffe Line of demarcation; Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (1896-1951) becomes PM #1 of Pakistan (until Oct. 16, 1951); Jinnah becomes "Father of the Nation" of Pakistan, and his dentist sister Fatima Jinnah (1893-1967) becomes "Mother of the Nation"; 400M people (20% of the pop. of the Earth) gain independence from Whitey, er, Britain; the Majlis e Shura (Parliament) of Pakistan is established, with a Senate and Nat. Assembly, located in Karachi until 1960, when it moves to Islamabad; the word "Pakistan" was concocted from Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, and Baluchistan; Bombay becomes a state of India; in 1947-51 15M people migrate between Pakistan and India; Henry Francis Grady (1882-1957) becomes the first U.S. ambassador to India (until 1948); too bad, Jinnah starts out with a speech seemingly promising a secular state where "Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims will cease to be Muslims, not in a religious sense, for that is the personal faith of an individual, but in a political sense as citizens of one state", then after Hindu-Muslim rocks the house, on Oct. 11 he flip-flops, saying "We should have a state in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play", then next Feb. 21 adds "We have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil"; meanwhile Hindu-Muslim violence kill 200K-1M, and creates 1M refugees in Pakistan and India; Gandhi begins a fast in protest at the partition of Pakistan and India; on Oct. 26 despite a rebellion of the Muslim pop., Hindu maharaja (last) (1925-61) Hari Singh (1895-1961) of Muslim-majority Kashmir signs the Instrument of Accession with India; Lord Mountbatten promises that no permanent union with India will be accepted without a plebiscite by the Kashmiri people, but the Indian govt. hogs its way in and pushes the plebiscite into the future, triggering the Kashmir Conflict (War) (ends ?), causing heavy fighting and becoming a recipe for decades of torment. On Aug. 18 the municipality of Buayan (Dadiangas) in South Cotabato, Central Mindanao, S Philippines is created by order of Pres. Manuel Roxas; in June 1954 it is renamed General Santos City (modern-day pop. 594K); on July 8, 1968 it is chartered a a city, the southernmost in the Philippines; it becomes part of the admin. region of Soccskargen (Region XII) (South Cotabato, Catabato City, North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, General Santos City). On Aug. 23 after the World Federalist Movement (WFM) is founded in Asheville, N.C. to lobby for a global federalist govt., setting up its HQ across from the U.N. in New York City, a conference in Montreux, Switzerland pub. the Montreux Declaration, which contains the soundbyte "We are convinced that mankind cannot survive another world conflict"; by next year the WFM has 150M members from 19 countries; in 1991-2004 actor Peter Ustinov becomes pres. On Aug. 28 legendary bullfighter Manolete (1917-47), who commands up to $45K a perf. and makes $300K a year is mortally wounded by the Miura bull Islero in a bullfight in Linares, Spain, and dies on Aug. 28 at age 30, after which Miguel Dominguin (Dominguín) (Luis Miguel Gonzalez Lucas) (1926-96) (who was on the same card) proclaims himself the #1 bullfighter, and Gen. Franco orders three days of nat. mourning - Hemingway eat your heart out? On Aug. 31 a gen. election in Hungary gives the Communists the largest number of seats; the coalition cabinet of 15 members has five Commies. On Sept. 2 the Inter-Am. Defense Conference in Rio de Janeiro approves the Inter-Am. Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Treaty of Rio de Janeiro), continuing the mutual protection guarantees of the 1945 Act of Chapultepec, causing the pub. of an article in a Soviet periodical in Oct. attacking Brazilian pres. Enrico Dutra as a tool of the U.S., and when the Soviet govt. refuses to accept responsibility for the article Brazil severs diplomatic ties. On Sept. 7 Themistokles Sophoulis (-1949) becomes PM of Greece (until 1949), forming a coalition govt. of liberals and populists. On Sept. 13-21 Charlotte, N.C.-born neo-evangelical Christian William Franklin "Billy" Graham Jr. (1918-2018) conducts his first crusade in the Civic Auditorium in Grand Rapids, Mich., followed by #2 in Charlotte, N.C. on Nov. 9-23; he goes on to conduct 417 crusades in 185 countries and territories on six continents by 2005, reaching 210M total people; in 1948 Graham is asked "What do you expect the World Council of Churches to do this August when they visit Copenhagen?", replying "I believe they are going to nominate the Antichrist"; too bad, in the 1950s Graham begins distancing himself from fundamentalism, and in 1957 he forms an executive committee for his New York Crusade that rejects the Virgin Birth and the Deity of Christ, pissing-off Bob Jones Sr., founder of his alma mater, who quotes 2 John 9-11 to withdraw fellowship because he doesn't "abide in the teaching of Christ", hardening the split between fundamentalists and neo-evangelicals;in 1961 Graham visits the WCC gen. assembly in New Delhi, followed by the 4th assembly in Uppsala, Sweden in 1968, going on to attend all but two WCC gen. assemblies, going on to hook up with London-born British Anglican social gospel preacher John Robert Walmsley Stott (1921-2011) to host the First Internat. Congress on World Evangelization in Palais de Beaulieu in Lusanne, Switzrland on July 16-25, 1974, composed of 2.7K evangelical Christian leaders from 15 countries, "possibly the widest-ranging meeting of Christians ever held", going on to reach out and partner with a global Christian ecumenical movement that incl. the Vatican, making evangelism take a back seat to social justice, changing the center of gravity from lily white North Am. and Europe to Africa, Latin Am., and Asia; the 2nd congress is held in 1989 in Manila, Philippines. On Sept. 15 after being established by the Feb. 10 Peace Treaty with Italy, the Free Territory of Trieste is set up under the jurisdiction of the U.N. Security Council (until 1954); Rhodes is ceded to Greece. On Sept. 18 William Stuart Symington Jr. (1901-88) (CEO of Emerson Electric Co., the world's largest manufacturer of airplane armament) becomes U.S. Air Force secy. #1 (until Apr. 24, 1950); new CIA exec Frank Gardner Wisner (1909-65) creates the covert Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) for agitprop and subversion of hostile states and support of anti-Communist forces; it founds Operation (Project) Mockingbird to influence domestic and foreign media, with his network becoming known as "Wisner's Wurlitzer", making FBI dir. J. Edgar Hoover jealous of "Wisner's gang of weirdos", passing background info. on its members to Wisc. Sen. Joseph McCarthy, who gets staff member Carmel Offie fired in 1953; it is exposed in an Apr. 1967 in Ramparts mag. and a 1973 CIA document titled "Family Jewels", causing the Church Committee of the U.S. Congress to investigate in 1975. On Sept. 26 in Ceylon the first cabinet under the 1946 constitution takes office, with scholar Don Stephen Senanayake (1884-1952) as PM (until mar. 22, 1952); after agreements with Britain to reduce British influence, the new parliament convenes on Nov. 24. On Sept. 27 the Communist Info. Bureau (Cominform) is set up by reps of nine Communist countries in secret meetings in Poland (ends 1956). On Sept. 30-Oct. 6 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) 4-3 in the Forty-Fourth (44th) World Series; the first WS with a non-white player (Jackie Robinson of the Dodgers); the first WS to be shown on TV (New York area only); Yankees catcher Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra (1925-2015) (known for malapropisms incl. "Baseball is 90% mental and the other half is physical", "It's like deja vu all over again", "It ain't over till it's over", "When you come to a fork in the road, take it", "No one goes there nowadays, it's too crowded", "The future ain't what it used to be") becomes the first pinch hitter to hit a homer in the series; Ted Williams repeats as the 8th player to win baseball's triple crown (first time 1942). In Sept. the U.S. refers their dispute over Korea with the Soviet Union to the U.N., and in Nov. a U.N. commission is established to arrange all-Korean elections, which the Soviet-backed North Korean authorities refuse to cooperate with. On Oct. 5 the Saar Basin (Saar-Palatinate) is given an autonomous govt. having a customs union with France (ends 1957). On Oct. 5 Pres. Truman delivers the first televised White House address. On Oct. 13 the children's puppet show Kukla, Fran and Ollie debuts on WBKB in Chicago, Ill., moving to WNBQ in Chicago on Nov. 29, 1948, and NBC-TV on Jan. 12, 1949, airing Mon.-Fri. at 6:00-6:30 p.m. Central Time (until May 1, 1957), starring Frances Helen "Fran" Allison (1907-89), and Punch and Judy-type puppets Kukla, Oliver J. "Ollie" Dragon, Madame Oglepuss, Beulah Witch, Fletcher Rabbit, Cecil Bill (who speaks "tooie talk"), Col. Crackie, Dolores Dragon et al. On Oct. 14 (Tues.) U.S. test pilot Maj. Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager (1923-2020) ignores two broken ribs from a drunken horseback ride to break the sound barrier in a Bell X-1 rocket plane named Glamorous Glennis (his wife) over Edwards AFB (Mojave Desert) in Calif., reaching a speed of 662 mph (750 mph?) (Mach 1.06) at 42K ft., and creating the first sonic boom. On Oct. 21 the U.N. Gen. Assembly calls on Greece, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria to settle their disputes by peaceful means, and authorizes the U.N. Balkans Commitee to observe compliance. On Oct. 26 the British withdraw their troops from Iraq. On Oct. 27 You Bet Your Life, starring Julius Henry "Groucho" Marx (1890-1977) debuts on ABC Radio, moving to CBS Radio on Oct. 5, 1949; on Oct. 4, 1950 it becomes an NBC-TV show (until 1961), with a combined total of 529 episodes, becoming the first TV game show to have its reruns syndicated; every episode has a secret word; the intro features the song Hooray for Captain Spaulding from the 1928 Broadway musical "Animal Crackers"; on Feb. 18, 1954 Groucho takes on a spunky old lady (secret word = "clock"). In Oct. the Majlis (Iranian Parliament) nullifies the Soviet oil agreement. In Oct. a bus crashes into a bldg. in Holmfirth, Yorkshire, killing nine. In Oct. screenwriter Ring Lardner Jr. (1915-2000) refuses to tell the whacked-out House Un-Am. Activities Committee (HUAC), under chmn. (R-N.J.) (1936-50) John Parnell Thomas (1895-1970) if he had ever been a member of the Communist Party, and is indicted for contempt of Congresst for taking the Fifth Amendment, along with the other members of the Hollywood Ten, incl. Alvah Cecil Bessie (1904-85) (Jewish), Herbert J. Biberman (1900-71) (Jewish), Lester Cole (1904-85), Canadian-born dir. Edward Dmytryk (1908-99) (Jewish) (member since 1944), John Howard Lawson (1894-1977) (Jewish) (head of the Hollywood div. of the Am. Communist Party) Albert Maltz (1908-85) (Jewish), Samuel Ornitz (1890-1957) (Jewish), Robert Adrian Scott (1912-73), and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo (1905-76) (member since 1943), and given 1-year prison sentences in Danbury Prison in Conn. and Mill Point Prison in W. Va., served in 1950 after losing their appeals, after which many of them set up a colony in Mexico; Cole, Lawson and Ornitz founds the Writers Guild of Am. in 1933; the Hollywood Blacklist begins, ruining many careers; Dmytryk moves to England and directs two films before getting into financial problems and returning to turn rat; Bertolt Brecht testifies in front of it then returns to Europe; next year John Parnell Thomas is indicted for padding congressional payrolls, takes the Fifth Amendment at his own trial, and is convicted of fraud and given an 18-mo. sentence, resigning from the House on Jan. 2, 1950, and ending up in Danbury Prison with Lester Cole and Ring Lardner Jr. before being pardoned on Dec. 24, 1952 by Pres. Truman; meanwhile the 3-ring circus atmosphere embarrasses HUAC into leaving Hollywood alone until 1951? On Nov. 2 after surviving Maine Sen. Owen Brewster's congressional investigation of alleged war profiteering (arranged by Pan Am pres. Juan Trippe (1899-1981) in an effort to trip him up and force him to sell his holdings in rival TWA?), OCD-suffering world's richest man Howard Hughes (1905-76) pilots the monumentally big (five stories tall) and expensive H-4 Hercules HK-1 Flying Boat (AKA the Spruce Goose), the world's largest airplane (made of birch), built with govt. backing for a 1-mi., 1- min. test flight over Long Beach Harbor in Calif., relieving Hughes of his promise to leave the country and never return if it doesn't fly; it never flies again - and he got the hidden helium balloons out without being caught? On Nov. 6 Meet the Press, hosted by Lawrence Edmund Spivak (1900-94) (until 1975) debuts on NBC-TV, becoming America's longest-running TV program (ends ?). On Nov. 8 Lt. Gen. (later Field Marshal) Phin Choonhavan (1891-1973) leads a coup in Bangkok, Thailand, causing former PM Pridi Banomyong to free to exile in China then Paris for life. On Nov 13 Pantomime Quiz (originally Pantomime Quiz Time), based on the parlor game Charades debuts on KTLA-TV (ends Oct. 9, 1959), hosted by Mike Stokey (1918-2003), winning the first Emmy Award for most popular TV program, moving to CBS-TV in Oct. 1949-Aug. 28, 1951, NBC-TV on Jan. 2-Mar. 26, 1952, CBS-TV on July 4-Aug. 28, 1952, DuMont Network on Oct. 20, 1953-Apr. 13, 1954, CBS-TV on July 9-Aug. 2, 1954, ABC-TV on Jan. 22-Mar. 6, 1955, CBS-TV on July 8-Sept. 6, 1957, and ABC-TV on Apr. 8, 1958-Oct. 9, 1959; on Sept. 17, 1962-Sept. 2, 1964 it returns to CBS-TV as "Stump the Stars"; in Jan.-Sept. 1979 it is syndicated as "Celebrity Charades". On Nov. 20 Britain's Princess Elizabeth marries her 2nd cousin once-removed (through Christian IX of Denmark) and 3rd cousin (through Queen Victoria) Prince Philip Mountbatten (1921-) (who becomes duke of Edinburgh, earl of Merioneth and baron of Greenwich, followed by prince in 1957) in a ceremony broadcast worldwide from Westminster Abbey; they are both great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria, and call each her hon and cabbage; Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson are not invited; they have one son, Prince Charles of Edinburgh (b. 1948), and one daughter, Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise (b. 1950). On Nov. 21 U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 177 is adopted, directing the Internat. Law Commission to "formulate the principles of international law recognized in the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and in the judgment of the Tribunal, allowing the creation of the Nuremberg Principles defining war crimes from the experience of the Nuremberg Trials on Nov. 20, 1945 to Oct. 1, 1946, later (1998) used by the Internat. Criminal Court. On Nov. 29 as the British Mandate for Palestine is expiring, after extensive Zionist lobbying by superbrain Jew Abba Eban (1915-2002) and Lithuanian-born Am. Zionist rabbi Abba Hillel Silver (1893-1963) of Cleveland, Ohio, the U.N. by a two-thirds majority (33-13 with 10 abstentions) approves the U.N. Partition Plan for Palestine (U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 181), which recommends the partition of mother-of-all-headaches Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish state starting next May 15, giving the Jews three slivers of disconnected land along the Mediterranean coast and the Sinai Desert, 60% in the Negev Desert, along with "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a corpus separatum under the administration of the United Nations", with Jews given access to it only as an island cut off from their slivers, surrounded by Arab-controlled land, what an insult; the international regime (which also incl. the city of Bethlehem) was to remain in force for a period of 10 years, after which referendum was to be held in which the residents were to decide the future regime of their city; of course the Arabs reject even this generous plan that gave them about 90% of the original Palestine Mandate, not only in Transjordan and the U.N. partition area, but in the new state of Israel, 800K Arabs bumping elbows with 1.2M Jews, with Jews barred from settling in the 35K sq. mi. of Transjordan, later renamed Jordan, a probable double snub on Christians and their John the Baptist; the Muslim Arabs immediately declare jihad against the 600K Jews there, starting with a fatwa by the ulema at Al-Ahzar U. in Cairo calling for "jihad to save Palestine and defend the Al-Aqsa Mosque"; Czech foreign minister Jan Masaryk helps the Hagana smuggle Jews into Palestine in defiance of the British naval blockade, and next Jan. 14 signs a $750K deal to sell Israel 4,570 Mauser rifles, 225 light machine guns, and 5M bullets; the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon is founded, later becoming Hezbollah; the seaport of Haifa at the base of Mt. Carmel on the S shore of the Bay of Acre, where the British-owned oil pipeline from Iraq terminates is included in Israel, becoming a main scene of attacks by the Arab League; after the Arabs place the Jewish pop. in Jerusalem under siege in 1948, Israel regards the internationalization proposals null and void, and establishes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in 1950. In Nov. Boulder Dam is renamed Hoover Dam. In Nov. the Nat. Turkey Federation becomes the official pres. turkey supplier; Pres. Truman holds the first turkey receiving ceremony in the Rose Garden. In Nov. Dem. James Quigg Newton Jr. (1911-2003), son of James Quigg Newton Sr. (Denver's first public housing dir.) defeats mayor Ben Stapleton and becomes mayor #36 of Denver, Colo. (until 1955), going on to modernize the city, hiring Henry A. Barnes (1906-68) (inventor of the "Barnes Dance" 3-way pedestrian crossing street lights) as city traffic engineer, and retired medical researcher Florence Rena Sabin (1871-1953) (first full woman professor at a medical college in 1917, who in 1944 was appointed by Colo. Gov. John Vivian to chair a state subcommittee on health, getting the Sabin Health Laws passed modernizing the public health system) as dir. of the health care system in 1948, then passing the city's first sales tax and pledging to end segregation and discrimination, appointing Helen Peterson (1915-2000) (a Cheyenne-Lakota Indian named Wa-Cinn-Ya-Win-Pi-Mi) as the first dir. of the Denver Commission on Human Relations; too bad, Denver remains a highly segregated city while the whites flee to the suburbs. On Dec. 1 Pres. Truman appoints Gen. Omar N. Bradley to return to active duty to succeed retiring Gen. Eisenhower as army chief of staff. On Dec. 3 the Waldorf Statement is issued by Motion Picture Assoc. of Am. pres. Eric Allen Johnston (1896-1963) after a closed meeting of 48 film execs in New York City's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, cutting the Hollywood Ten loose and promising to keep Commies out of Hollyweird, although they don't make an official blacklist for fear of lawsuits; since most of the execs are 1st or 2nd gen. Jewish immigrants who love the U.S. for letting them thrive in a sea of goyim, they decide to play it Yankee Doodle all the way? - you can buss up and clean up, but can't cover up that bald spot? On Dec. 4 (every 3rd Sun.) the half-hour live anthology series Television Playhouse debuts on NBC-TV (until Apr. 11, 1948), sponsored by the Nat. Theater and Academy, using unknown actors; the first episode is "The Last of My Solid Gold Watches" by Tennessee Williams. On Dec. 5 knowing that the Arabs are well supplied by the British, anti-Israel U.S. secy. of state George Marshall announces that the U.S. State Dept. is imposing arms embargo on the Middle East, causing Israel to have to turn to the Soviet Bloc for arms; it lasts until the 1967 Six-Day War. On Dec. 6 Pres. Truman dedicates the 1.4M-acre Everglades Nat. Park in S Fla. On Dec. 12 Pres. Truman writes to Chaim Weizmann how it is essential that restraint and tolerance be exercised by all parties for a peaceful settlement in the Middle East. On Dec. 12 the UMW withdraws from the AFL. On Dec. 22 Italy adopts a new 1947 Italian Constitution that calls for govt. decentralization, a chamber of deputies and a popularly elected senate. On Dec. 23 Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba (Islamic Org. of Male Students) is founded in Pakistan to preach in institutions of higher education. On Dec. 24 20K Communist guerrillas led by Gen. Markos Vafiades proclaim the First Provisional Dem. Govt. of Free Greece, causing the Greek govt. to dissolve the Greek Communist Party and Nat. Liberation Front (EAM) on Dec. 27. On Dec. 25-26 the North Am. Blizzard of 1947 dumps 26.4 in. on Central Park in Manhattan, N.Y., killing 77, the most snow since record keeping began in 1869, becoming the worst U.S blizzard since 1888; beaten on Feb. 12, 2006 (26.9 in.); Britain experiences its most severe winter since 1894? On Dec. 27 The Howdy Doody Show (originally the Puppet Playhouse) (the first network weekday children's show) debuts on NBC-TV (until Sept. 24,1960), produced in Rockefeller Center, Studio 3A in New York City, selling people on the future of TV; "Say, kids, what time is it? It's Howdy Doody time!"; Howdy Doody has 48 fernticles, er, freckles on his face, one for each U.S. state, and he and his twin bro' Double Doody were born on Dec. 27, 1941; show founder and host "Buffalo Bob" Smith (Robert Emil Schmidt) (1917-98) is the voice; Smith's sidekick is mute seltzer bottle and bicycle horn-wielding Clarabell the Clown, first played by Robert James "Bob" Keeshan (1927-2004) (until 1952); other chars. incl. Chief Thunderthud, of the Ooragnak (Kangaroo backwards) Tribe, known for the greeting "Kowabonga", Princess Summerfallwinterspring (Judy Tyler), J. Cornelius Cobb, Sir Archibald the Explorer, The Featherman, Ugly Sam (Dayton Allen), and Pierre the Chef (Dayton Allen); it is shown in color starting in 1955. On Dec. 30 under Communist pressure, King Michael of Romania abdicates, ending the monarchy (begun 1881), and a Communist-controlled People's Repub. of Romania is proclaimed, with a five (later 17) member presidium (ends Aug. 21, 1965). On Dec. 31 Cincinnati, Ohio-born "King of Cowboys" Roy Rogers (Leonard Franklin Slye) (1911-98) (rider of Trigger) marries Tex.-born Dale Evans (Lucille Wood Smith) (Frances Octavia Smith) (1912-2001) (rider of Buttermilk) in Davis, Okla. (his 2nd marriage), admitting that her "teenage brother" Tommy is really her son Tom Fox Jr.; their only child Robin Elizabeth dies of Down Syndrome shortly before her 2nd birthday, causing Evans to write the bestseller Angel Unaware; they become a rare model of marital fidelity and until death do us part in Hollyweird. In Dec. Venezuela holds its first-ever dem. election, electing novelist Romulo (Rómulo) Gallegos (1884-1969) as pres., with his liberal Accion Democratica Party winning a majority of seats in the constituent assembly; Gallegos takes office next Feb. 17; meanwhile the military chafes at the bit, and he doesn't last the year. In Dec. anti-Jewish riots burn the synagogue of Aleppo, home of the 1K-y.-o. Aleppo Codex of the Hebrew scriptures, which had been housed there since the late 14th cent., and about 40% of it ends up missing; after going underground, it is smuggled into Israel in a washing machine in 1958 and housed in the new Shrine of the Book with the Dead Sea Scrolls; in 1982 a missing page surfaces in New York City, followed by another in 2007 kept by Aleppo Jew Sam Sabbagh as a good luck charm, triggering a worldwide search for the rest in order to establish the definitive Jewish Bible text. In Dec. a special Empire State Bldg. Carillon of 61 tones is installed on the 88th floor of the Empire State Bldg. in New York City to play Christmas carols, becoming the loudest in the world, heard on Coney Island. Yemen joins the U.N. and establishes diplomatic relations with the U.S. A referendum in Spain gives Gen. Franco the presidency for life, plus the right to name his successor. The U.S. withdraws as mediator in China. Former Hungarian pres. Count Mihaly Karolyi becomes Hungarian minister to France and Belgium. The U.S. Pres. Succession Act makes the Speaker of the House next in line for the presidency after the vice-pres., followed by the Sen. pres. pro tempore, then the cabinet officers in the order their depts. were created. George F. Kennan becomes dir. of the U.S. State Dept. Policy Planning Staff (until 1950), advocating the Marshall Plan while objecting to "overmilitarization" such as NATO and the H-bomb. Guatemala passes the 1947 Labor Code providing workers with social security and the right to unionize. A revolt among Malagasy tribesmen against French rule in Madagascar kills 11K before being quelled. In Nigeria the first of a series of short-lived British-backed constitutions is framed, giving natives limited participation in provincial legislatures. Upper Volta, partitioned in 1933 is reconstituted. The islands of Western Samoa become a U.N. trust territory administered by New Zealand. The Pacific island of Nauru becomes a U.N. trusteeship administered by Australia, New Zealand, and Britain. The Marshall Islands (named after British explorer John Marshall in 1788) become part of the U.S. Trust Territory in the Pacific Islands. The rise of Israel and anti-Jewish sentiment causes the Jewish community of Bahrain to flee to Bombay, and later settle in Tel Aviv; by 2006 there are only 36 Jews left in Bahrain; the Jews lobby for compensation for their abandoned properties until ?. The Zika Virus is first seen in a rhesus macaque from Zika ("overgrown") Forest by scientists at the East African Virus Research Inst. in Entebbe, Uganda; it is isolated from a human in Nigeria in 1954; until an outbreak on Yap Island in Micronesia in Apr. 2007, cases of infection are rare. The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England opens on the site of the former Royal Military College (RMC) (founded 1802) after it combines with the Royal Military Academy ("the Shop") in Woolwich (founded 1741). German slave labor industrialist Friedrich Flick (1883-1972), who made millions of marks off of 48K slave laborers during the Nazi regime, 80% of whom died, is found guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg and sentenced to seven years, and only serves three, after which he goes back in biz and refuses to compensate his victims until his death, leaving his fortune to his son Friedrich Karl Flick (1927-2006), who follows in his footsteps and retires as a billionaire in Austria in 1985. West Chester, Penn.-born activist Bayard Rustin (1912-87) organizes the first Freedom Ride (Journey of Reconciliation) to challenge racial segregation on interstate busing, getting put on a chain gang for it, and going on to mentor and back up Martin Luther King Jr. in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference while riding on the er, back of the civil rights bus because of his homosexuality. Richard E. Byrd makes his Fourth Antarctic Expedition, AKA Operation High Jump, reaching Little America in Jan., mapping 845K mi. of territory, and on Feb. 14 making his 2nd flight over the South Pole (first in 1929), where he drops the flags of all members of the U.N.; he returns in Apr., reporting the discovery of large coal deposits. U.S. aviator William P. "Bill" Odom (-1949) flies around the world in 73 hours 5 min; on Mar. 6, 1949 he sets a record of 36 hours 2 min. for a flight from Honolulu to Teterboro, N.J. in a Beech Aircraft Model 75, using $75 for gas and oil, then on ? dies in a crash of the modified P-51 racer Begin the Beguine in Cleveland, Ohio marring the rep of aviators. Am. aeronautical engineer Edward Pearson Warner (1894-1958) becomes pres. of the Internat. Civil Aviation Org. The U.S. Nat. Weather Service is founded, with HQ in Silver Spring, Md. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor Roosevelt et al. found Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) in Washington, D.C. to promote progressive politics, socioeconomic justice, etc. The first skyjacking is effected in order to escape from a Communist country to the West, with U.S. approval, resulting in 21 more skyjackings by 1956, 18 to escape Communism; after the rise of Fidel Castro in 1959, the tables get turned? German expatriate writer Erich Maria Remarque becomes a U.S. citizen. Rev. William Franklin "Billy" Graham Jr. (1918-) begins running his own evangelistic campaigns; in 1948-2004 he is on Gallup's most admired list 48x. Pontotoc County, Okla.-born Choctaw-Cherokee descent Baptist preacher Oral Robber, er, Granville Oral Roberts (1918-2009) has a magic moment with the Third Epistle of John ("I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as they soul prospereth"), causing him to buy a Buick, see God, and turn Pentecostalist, going on radio, followed by TV in 1954, conducting 300+ faith healing crusades in the U.S. and six continents, laying hands on 2M people, claiming to heal them of all ailments and even to be able to raise the dead, raising lakes of cash via direct-mail campaigns under the banner of seed-faith, maxing out at $120M/year and employing 2.3K, going on to become "the Godfather of the Charismatic Movement", founding the Oral Roberts Evangelistic Assoc. in Tulsa, Okla., followed by Oral Roberts U. in 1963 in Tulsa, whose students must sign an honor code to not engage in premarital sex, drink, or smoke; on Mar. 17, 1968 he and his wife convert to the United Methodist Church. The CFA Inst. is founded in Charlottesville, Va. to offer the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation, the Certificate in Investment Peformance Measurement (CIPM), the Claritas Investment Certificate, and the Chartered Investment Counselor credential; in 1945 it begins pub. the Financial Analysts Journal; in 1960 it establishes the Graham and Dodd Award in honor of Benjamin Graham and David Dodd of Columbia U. Entomologist Alfred Charles Kinsey (1894-1956) switches to sexology, and founds the Inst. of Sexual Research at the U. of Indiana at Bloomington. Eleanor Roosevelt, Hubert H. Humphrey, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., John Kenneth Galbraith, Walter Reuther et al. found Americans for Dem. Action (ADA) in Washington, D.C. to promote liberal causes. Ahmet Ertegun (1923-2006), son of a Turkish ambassador founds Atlantic Records in Sept. in New York City, which goes on to sign and popularize Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, and the Rolling Stones. Cheraw, S.C.-born jazz trumpeter John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (1917-93) hires Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzalez) (1915-48), pioneering Cubop AKA Afro-Cuban Jazz. Ex-CIA U.S. Army man James Harrison Wilson "Jim" Thompson (1906-67) founds the Thai Silk Co. in Bangkok, going on to revitalize the Thai silk industry and become known as the "Thai Silk King". The annual Reith Lectures on the BBC are founded to let oustanding leaders speak on contemporary issues. The Aspen Ski Lift in Colo., the world's longest opens this year; $3.75 a ride, w/free blanket incl. After supporting the Fascists in WWII and making friends with Mussolini's eldest daughter Edda, getting arrested by the Gestapo and tortured before being allowed to travel to Switzerland for the duration of the war, Florence, Italy-born fashion designer Don Emilio Pucci, Marchese di Barsento (1914-92) begins designing skiwear using colorful stretch fabrics that become known as Pucci prints, expanding in 1949 to swimwear and women's wear, making fans of Marilyn Monroe, Sophia Loren, Jacqueline Kennedy, Kylie Minogue, Madonna et al.; in 1959 he expands to lingerie; in 1965 he designs new costumes for Branff Internat. Airways hostesses, which they call "the end of the plain plane". The Lonely Hearts Killers Raymond Martinez Fernandez (1914-51) and Martha Jule Beck (1920-51) begin their serial murder spree of victims met via lonely hearts ads, killing up to 20 in N.Y. and Mich. by the time of their arrest in Wyo. Township (near Grand Rapids), Mich. on Mar. 1, 1949; on Mar. 8, 1951 after being convicted of one murder both are electrocuted at Sing Sing Prison in N.Y.; filmed in 1970 by Leonard Kastle as "The Honeymoon Killers". The Smaldone crime family of Denver, Colo., incl. Eugene "Checkers" Smaldone (1911-92), Clyde "Flip Flop" Smaldone, and Clarence "Chauncey" Smaldone, having switched from car theft and bootlegging to gambling and loan sharking buy a bldg. at 3760 Tejon St., which they turn into Gaetano's Restaurant (complete with a photo of Frank Sinatra above the bar), which becomes a city landmark; Denver mayor John Hickenlooper (2nd cousin of film dir. George Hickenlooper) buys it in 2004. CBS founder William S. Paley marries socialite Barbara "Babe" Cushing Paley (1915-78), daughter of famed brain surgeon Harvey Cushing (1869-1939), facing antisemitism while building a social set incl. Truman Capote, whom she drops after he tells too much in his book "Answered Prayers"; Babe makes the best-dressed list 14x, making pantsuits chic. The voluptuous hourglass-silhouette New Look of French designer Christian Dior (1905-57) takes over women's fashion, with long billowing skirts serving as a relief after years of clothes rationing, allowing him to brand his name across a wide range of products - when I left the party I left her under the table? English-born New York fashion designer ("America's First Couturier") Charles Wilson Brega James (1906-78) holds a successful exhibition in Paris, going on to invent the spiral cut, taxi dress, figure-eight skirt, puffer jacket, and Pavlovian waistband that expands after a meal, and pioneer licensing; Christian Dior credits him with inspiring his New Look. 15-y.-o. Suzy Parker (1932-2003) signs with Ford Modeling Agency, going on to become the signature face of Coco Chanel, and the first model to earn $100K a year before bailing out and becoming an actress in the late 1950s. Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, N.Y. is founded, becoming the world's largest landfill; it is reclaimed in 2009. Zim Integrated Shipping Services of Haifa, Israel (founded 1945) purchases and refurbishes SS Kedma(h), using it to transport hundreds of thousands of Jewish immigrants from Britain; in 1948 Princess Elizabeth helps send it off as the first officially Zionist ship flying the Israeli flag. Billionaires' playground Jekyll Island is taken over by the state of Ga. The annual John Bates Clark Medal, named after Am. economist John Bates Clark (1847-1938) is established by the Am. Economic Assoc. (AEA) for the economist working in the U.S. under age 40 who makes the most significant contribution, becoming #2 to the Nobel Econ. Prize; the first winner is Paul A. Samuelson; it is dominated by Harvard U. and MIT until 2000, when Stanford U. starts to pass them up? Defenders of Wildlife is founded to stop the use of steel-jawed leghold traps for fur-bearing animals, expanding to conservation, preservation of biodiversity, and threats to habitats, along with reestablishment of the wolf pop. Leftist Dem. Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911-2004) succeeds Robert Montgomery as pres. of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) (until 1952; 1959-60). Dutch conductor Eduard von Beinum (1900-59) becomes dir. of the London Philharmonic Orchestra, but leaves in 1949 due to a bad heart. Soprano Maria Callas makes her debut in Ponchielli's "Gioconda" at Verona. Pablo Casals vows to never play in public again as long as Franco is in power. William Randolph Hearst retires to his Beverly Hills mansion with Marion Davies. After Walt Disney's voice gets too hoarse from smoking, Scottish-born John James "Jimmy" MacDonald (1906-91) takes over the voice of Mickey Mouse (until 1977), starting with Fun and Fancy Free. Postwar scarcities in Berlin cause the black market to thrive, with 1 lb. of coffee bringing 550 RM, a pack of Am. cigarettes 150 RM, an egg 25 RM, and a box of matches 10 RM. Walter Felsenstein (1901-75) becomes dir. of the new Komische Opera in Berlin (until 1975) - the city itself is a komische opera? Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914-53) suffers a depression this year, causing him to drink himself to death six years later? Brooklyn Dodgers mgr. Leo Durocher (1906-) marries Am. actress Laraine Day (1920-). Life mag. calls actress Rita Hayworth the "Love Goddess". Luigino "Jeno" F. Paulucci (1918-) of the U.S. founds Chun King frozen Chinese food co., and goes on to found 70+ more frozen food lines incl. Jeno's Pizza Rolls and Michelina's Inc. Ukrainian-born Am. tailor Nudie Cohn (1902-84) sets up a shop at 5015 Lankersheim Blvd. in North Hollywood, Calif., going on to produce expensive Western-style Nudie Suits for country music stars, featuring rhinestones and appliques; singer Porter Wagoner eventually buys 60+ of them, also Roy Rogers, Elvis Presley, and ZZ Top. The real price of war is watching the next generation restrict fertility? Beate Uhse-Rotermund (nee Kostlin) (1919-2001), Germany's only female stunt pilot in the 1930s, seeing a market among postwar German wives with "no apartment, no income, and no future" for kids, begins selling "Pamphlet X" on the Knaus-Ogino (rhythm) method of contraception; after becoming a success, in 1951 she opens a mail order co. offering condoms and books on "marital hygiene"; in 1962 she opens the world's first sex store in Flensburg. South Korean automobile maker Hyundai (Korean for modern) is founded by Chung Ju-yung (1915-2001); in 1997 the conglomerate is broken up into Hyundai Motor Group et al. Kenner Products is founded on Kenner St. in Cincinnati, Ohio just N of Union Terminal by brothers Albert, Phillip, and Joseph L. Steiner, pioneering TV ads for toys in 1958, incl. Bubble-Matic bubble-blowing toy gun (1957), Girder and Panel building sets (1957), Give-a-Show Pojector (1959), Easy-Bake Oven (1963), Electric Mold Master (1963), Spirograph drawing toy (1966), Star Wars action figures (1978), DC Comics Super Powers action figure (1984), Real Ghostbusters action figures (1986), Starting Lineup sports action figures (1988), Dark Knight (Batman) action figures (1990), and Jurassic Park line (1998); in the early 1960s it introduces its mascot the Kenner Gooney Bird, along with the logo "It's Kenner! It's fun!", which is discontinued in 1974; in 1967 it is acquired by Gen. Mills, which merges its Rainbow Crafts Div. along with Play-Doh; in 1985 it spins-off Kenner Parker Toys, which in 1986 sells off its Lionel Trains div.; in 1987 it is acquired by Tonka, which is acquired by Hasbro in 1991; in 2000 its HQ is closed and its products merged into Hasbro's. Lloyd J. King and Charles W. Houchens found the King Soopers supermarket chain in Arvada, Colo.; in 1957 it is acquired by the Dillon Cos.; in 1983 it merges with Kroger. The Tulagi nightclub at 1129 13th St. in Boulder, Colo. is founded by Ray Imel and Rex Bailey, named after a South Pacific island involved in the WWII Battle of Guadalcanal, becoming a hip scene for local U. of Colo. students to drink 3.2 beer while watching rock bands incl. The Eagles, ZZ Top, Flying Burrito Brothers, Lina Ronstadt, John Lee Hooker, and Doobie Brothers; in 200 it becomes the Which Wich sandwich shop. Sports: On Apr. 8-19 the 1947 Stanley Cup Finals (first all-Canadian finals since 1935) see the Toronto Maple Leafs defeat the Montreal Canadiens 4-2, becoming the 2nd NHL dynasty (1947-51). The Great American Color Line is broken with a baseball bat? On Apr. 10 black Montreal Royals infielder Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (1919-72) receives a call from Brooklyn Dodgers. pres. Wesley Branch Rickey (1881-1965) in his room at the McAlpin Hotel across the street from Macy's on 34th St. in Manhattan, offering him a ML min. $5K contract; on Apr. 15 he steps on Ebbetts Field as #42 of the blue-white uniformed Brooklyn Dodgers, breaking ML baseball's color line; known for a weak throwing arm and a shaky ankle, he goes 0 for 3 amid taunts and threats by fans and players, incl. Phillies mgr. Ben Chapman (1908-93); the St. Louis Cardinals almost boycott him; his debut bat is not saved; he goes on to win the Rookie of the Year award, pump his team up to eventually win a WS, and become the first black All-American - soon black men will be batting at white women's home plates, eh kukies? On Apr. 25 U.S. Pres. Harry S. Truman officially opens a pair of bowling lanes installed on the ground floor of the West Wing of the White House, given to him for his birthday; Truman doesn't like them, but lets his staff start a league; in 1955 they are moved to the Old Executive Office Bldg. to make way for a mimeograph room; in 1969 avid bowlers Pres. and Mrs. Nixon have a new 1-lane privately-financed bowling alley built in an underground workspace below the driveway leading to the North Portico. On May 30 the 1947 (31st) Indianapolis 500 is won by Mauri Rose (1906-81) (2nd win), with teammate Bill Holland coming in 2nd after he mistakenly believes he's a lap ahead and waves as he passes; on lap 40 Holland's car spins, causing William "Shorty" Cantlon (1904-47) to swerve into the outside retaining wall, killing him; his car is left resting against the wall for the rest of the race. On June 3-14 the 1947 BAA Finals sees the Philadelphia Warriors (coach Edward Gottlieb), led by 6'5" Joseph Franklin "Jumping Joe" Fulks (1921-76) (#10) ("first of the high-scoring forwards") defeat the Chicago Stags (coach Harold Olsen) by 4-1; on Feb. 10, 1949 Fulks scores a record 63 points, which isn't bested until 1959 by Elgin Baylor with 64 points. On July 1 the 1947 BAA Draft sees Ogden, Utah-born 5'7" point guard Wataru "Wat" Misaka (1923-) selected by the New York Knickerbockers, becoming the first non-Caucasian and first Asian player in the BAA and NBA; he is cut after playing three games and scoring seven points. On July 5 Lawrence Eugene "Larry" Doby (1923-2003) joins the Cleveland Indians, becoming the 2nd black player in the ML and the 1st in the AL; he has a .301 avg. in 1948, helping Cleveland win the pennant, and makes the All-Star team six years in a row. On Dec. 14 the BPAA All-Star Tournament is won by Andy Varipapa, who defeats Joe Wilman by 17 pins, 13,448-13,431, becoming a 2-peat. J.A. Kramer wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's single's title, and Louise Brough wins the women's singles title; the U.S. defeats Australia to win the Davis Cup of tennis. R.H. Riegel wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Lew Worsham wins the Open; Babe Didrikson Zaharias becomes the first U.S. golfer to win the British women's amateur title. The Nat. Industrial Basketball League (NIBL) for mill workers is founded by five industrial teams belonging to the NBL that didn't join the NBA, incl. the Peoria Cats, Milwaukee Allen-Bradleys, Akron Goodyear Wingfoots, Milwaukee Harnischfeders, and Fort Wayne General Electrics, with the Bartlesville Phillips 66ers (Oilers) and Denver Chevies replacing the Harnischfeders and General Electrics in 1948; in 1949 the Dayton Industrialists join; the 66ers become league champions in 1949, 1950, 1951, and 11x in 14 seasons; in 1961 after expanding to 11 teams then shrinking to six, the NIBL becomes the Nat. Alliance of Basketball Leagues (NABL). The Buffalo NFL football team ditches the name Buffalo Nickels for Buffalo Bills in honor of Am. West showman Buffalo Bill Cody. Disney gives the U. of Oregon the rights to use Donald Duck for their team logo. After being signed to an amateur contract at age 14, 5'11" Ukrainian-descent goalie Terrance Gordon "Terry" "Uke(y)" Sawchuk (1929-70) (known for stopping pucks with his well-sawed and well-chucked unmasked face, receiving 400 stitches incl. three in his right eyeball before donning a facemask in 1962) signs with the Detroit Red Wings (#1), winning the Calder Trophy for rookie of the year then going on to lead them to three Stanley Cups in five years, dying on May 31,1970 after a fight with a teammate, compiling a career record 103 shutouts. Charles Burnham "Bud" Wilkinson (1916-94) becomes head coach of the U. of Okla. Sooners football team (until 1963), going on to compile a 145-29-4 record along with three nat. championships (1950, 1955, 1956), incl. a 47-game winning streak in 1953-7. The Australian Women's Bowling Council is founded, holding the first nat. women's lawn bowling championship in Australia in 1949 in Sydney, which is won by Mrs. R. Cranley from Queensland. The first Golden North Salmon Derby is held in Juneau, Alaska. The Hockey News (THN) is founded in Canada by Ken McKenzie (1923-2003), becoming the #1 ice hockey mag. in North Am., with 225K circ. by modern times. Architecture: .526 mi. (.847km) paperclip Martinsville Speedway in Ridgeway, Va. is built by H. Clay Earles, becoming the only race track that has been on the NASCAR circuit from its beginning in 1948 to survive to modern times, becoming one of the first paved oval tracks in the NASCAR circuit, and the shortest track in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series; it has asphalt surfaces on the straightaways, and concrete surfaces on the turns. Rockefeller Center (Radio City) in New York City (begun 1931) finishes construction; every year a Norway spruce is selected for their elegantly decorated Christmas tree. Le Corbusier designs Unite d'Habitation in Marseille, France. Frank Lloyd Wright designs the S.C. Johnson and Son Research Tower (Johnson Wax Bldg.) in Racine, Wisc., featuring cantilever construction with reinforced concrete slabs, and glass corner floor-to-ceiling windows at the corners. William J. Levitt begins building Levittown, a modern suburb near Island Trees, N.Y., starting with 2K affordable but identical looking homes; the Truman admin. cooperates with easy loans for U.S. war vets (whites only); by 1951 there are 17,447 homes in this worker's paradise. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Am. Friends Service Committee (U.S.) and British Society of Friends' Service Council (U.K.); Lit.: Andre Paul Guillaume Gide (1869-1951) (France); Physics: Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965) (U.K.) [ionosphere]; Chem.: Sir Robert Robinson (1886-1975) (U.K.) [anthocyanins and alkaloids]; Med.: Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896-1984) and Gerty Theresa Cori (1896-1957) (U.S.) [Cori Cycle], and Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887-1971) (Argentina) [role of pituitary in diabetes]; Houssay was forced to retire from the Nat. U. of Buenos Aires in 1946 for his political views. Inventions: On Jan. 25 Greenville, S.C.-born physicist Thomas Toliver Goldsmith Jr. (1910-2009) and Estle Ray Mann file for a patent for the first Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device, which is granted on Dec. 14, 1948 (#2,455,992). Everybody can own a pic of Edwin-burgh? On Feb. 21 Edwin Herbert Land (1909-91) publicly demonstrates his Polaroid Land Camera, which develops its own B&W photo in 60 sec.; it goes on sale next Nov. on the day after Thanksgiving at Jordan Marsh Dept. Store in Boston, Mass., launching a craze; it takes until 1962 to go color; Land retires in 1982, and the name is dropped in 1983. On June 19 the revolutionary Tucker Torpedo automobile, featuring streamlined design, rear engine, disc brakes, pop-out windows and padded dashboard is unveiled in Chicago, but the govt. shuts it down after only 51 are produced after pressure from the Detroit monopoly; 48 survive past the turn of the cent. On Sept. 9 (Tue.) Yale-educated U.S. Navy Lt. (later Rear Adm.) Grace Murray Hopper (1906-92) discovers the first known computer bug in relay #70 panel F of the Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator at Harvard U., a moth, which she removes with tweasers and tapes into the computer log, with the entry "First actual case of bug being found", announcing that she has debugged a computer program - I bet you thought? On Oct. 1 to counter the Soviet MiG-15, the transonic swept-wing (first for the U.S.) North American F-86 Sabre(jet) fighter makes its first test flight, becoming a success against the Soviet MiG-15 in the Korean War (1950-3); 7,800 are built by 1956, and 9,860 by 1994, becoming the most-produced Western fighter. On Nov. 24 the single-engine straight-wing carrier-based Grumman F9F Panther makes its first flight, becoming Grumman's first jet fighter, adopted by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, seeing action in the Korean War, later adopted by Argentina; 1,382 are produced by 1958. On Dec. 16 the revolutionary Bipolar Junction Transistor is invented by Bell Lab scientists William Bradford Shockley (1910-89), John Bardeen (1908-91), and Walter Houser Brattain (1902-87), winning them the 1956 Nobel Physics Prize; they don't officially announce the invention until July 1, 1951; meanwhile Gerald L. Pearson (1905-875) improves it by replacing the metal leads with thin semiconductor filaments to reduce noise, creating the point-contact transistor. On Dec. 17 the first $1.9M Boeing B-47 Stratojet, the first all-jet bomber, with a revolutionary swept wing is test-flown; it begins operation in June 1951; a total of 2,032 are delivered by 1957. On Dec. 30 the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 "Fagot" fighter jet makes its first flight, using swept wings to reach transonic speeds; it is first used in combat in the Korean War (1950-3),, causing the U.S. to respond with the F-86 Sabre. The Harwell Atomic Reactor in Oxfordshire becomes the first British atomic pile, beginning the nuclear era in the British Isles. Traffic engineer Henry A. Barnes (1906-68) comes to Denver, Colo. from Flint, Mich. to unclog city streets, and soon invents (or adapts) the Barnes Dance, AKA the pedestrian scramble, a traffic light that stops all traffic at an intersection to allow pedestrians to cross; it is soon adopted worldwide. Hungarian-British engineer-physicist Dennis Gabor (1900-79) invents Holography with electrons in an attempt to improve resolution of electron microscopes; it takes until 1963 to make holograms with laser light sources. Grand Valley, Colo.-born Willard Frank Libby (1908-80) of the U. of Chicago Inst. of Nuclear Studies discovers the C-14 Radiocarbon Dating Method just in time for the Dead Sea Scrolls, which are dated between -167 and +233, winning the 1960 Nobel Chem. Prize; the Before Present (BP) time scale is calibrated for Jan. 1, 1950. Edward H. Lowe (1920-95) invents Kitty Litter. Swiss-Belgian scientist Auguste Piccard (1884-1962) constructs FNRS-2 (Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique), the first Bathyscape (Bathyscaph). After opening a bauxite mine in Bauxite, Ark. in 1940 and an aluminum plant near Sheffield, Ala. in 1941, Reynolds Wrap brand aluminum foil begins to be produced by Reynolds Metal Co. (founded in 1919 in Louisville Ky. as U.S. Foil Co. by Richard S. Reynolds Sr., nephew of tobacco magnate R.J. Reynolds, moving its HQ in 1938 to Richmond, Va.), pioneering aluminum siding in 1945 just in time for peacetime - goes with a nude Debbie Reynolds? On May 11 B.F. Goodrich Co. of Akron, Ohio announces the development of the Tubeless Tire. The herbicide Glyphosate is introduced, becoming the active ingredient in Monsanto's Roundup, and the most-used agricultural chemical on Earth; too bad, the first case of glyphosate resistance is documented in 1997, spreading to 20 weed species by 2010. Science: Buffalo, N.Y.-born pathologist Sidney Farber (1903-73) develops the first treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the folate antagonist aminopterin, going on to become "the father of modern chemotherapy" and "the father of pediatric pathology". With the help of his advisor Edward Tatum, Montclair, N.J.-born molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) earns his doctorate from Yale U. by showing that the bacterium Escherichia coli doesn't just clone its DNA but enters a sexual phase during which it can share genetic info. through bacterial conjugation, earning him the 1958 Nobel Physiology Prize. English physicist Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897-1974) proposes the theory that all massive rotating bodies incl. the Earth are magnetic. Dutch physicists Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir (1909-2000) and Dirk Polder (1919-2001) propose the Casimir-Polder Force between two polarizable atoms and between a polarizable atom and a conducting plate; next year Casimir proposes the Casimir Effect, a force between neutral conducting plates. Portland, Ore-born mathematician George Bernard Dantzig (1914-2005) pub. the Simplex Method; Budapest, Hungary-born Am. mathematician John von Neumann (1903-57) pub. the theory of Duality. After being predicted in 1935 by Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa (1907-81), mu meson (muon) is verified by English physicist Cecil Frank Powell (1903-69); Cesare (Cesar) Mansueto Giulio Lattes (1924-2005) proves the existence of two kinds of mesons in cosmic rays, the pi meson (pion) and the mu meson (muon); the pion spontaneously transforms into a muon then decays into an electron or positron; K-mesons are also identified, which decay into pions or muons, or directly into electrons; Yukawa receives the 1949 Nobel Physics Prize, and Powell receives the 1950 Nobel Physics Prize. British archeologist Francis R. Steele reconstructs the 18th cent. B.C.E. Code of Hammurabi from the Nippur excavations of 1888-1900. Scrapie is first diagnosed in U.S. sheep. Nonfiction: Anon., American College Dictionary. Maurice Allais (1911-2010), Economie et Interet; introduces the Overlapping Generations Model, and the Golden Rule Savings Rate (of Optimal Growth). L.S. Amery, Thoughts on the Constitution. Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), The Reappearance of the Christ. Ernest William Barnes (1874-1953), The Rise of Christianity; pisses-off the Anglican Church, almost getting him canned. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), A Survey of Western Civilization. Geoffrey Barraclough (1908-84), The Origins of Modern Germany. William Christopher Barrett (1913-92), What Is Existentialism? Simone Beauvoir (1908-86), The Ethics of Ambiguity; into French Existentialism. Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004), The Photographs of Henri Cartier-Bresson. Abraham Arden Brill (1874-1948), Lectures on Psychoanalytic Psychiatry. Norman Oliver Brown (1913-2002), Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth - I'm never in one place, I roam from town to town? Jerome Bruner (1915-), Value and Need as Organizing Factors in Perception; founds New Look Psychology, which challenges psychologists to study not just an organism's response to a stimulus but also its internal interpretation; "Throughout the history of modern psychology, until very recent times, perception has been treated as though the perceiver were a passive recording instrument of rather complex design. One might, in most experiments, describe him in much the same graphical terms as one uses to describe the latest piece of recording apparatus obtainable from Stoelting or the American Optical Company. Such psychology, practiced as it were in vitro, has fallen short of clarifying the nature of perception in everyday life much as did the old nerve-muscle psychophysiology fall short of explaining behavior in everyday life. Both have been monumentally useful - in their place. The names of Weber, Fechner, Wundt, Titchener, Hecht, and Crozier are safely ensconced in any respectable psychological hall of fame. But their work, like the work of the nerve-muscle men, is only a beginning." James F. Byrnes (1879-), Speaking Frankly; his experiences as U.S. secy. of state. E.F. Carritt, Ethical and Political Thinking. Gustavs Celmins (1899-1968), At the Crossroads of Europe (autobio.). Sir Edmund Kerchever Chambers (1866-1954), Matthew Arnold. Margaret Antoinette Clapp (1910-74), Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow (Pulitzer Prize).; Am. statesman John Bigelow (1817-1911). G.D.H. Cole, The Intelligent Man's Guide to the Post-War World. James Bryant Conant (1893-1978), Understanding Science. Herbert Cutner (1881-1969), Teach Yourself Etching: A Manual for Students, Artists and Collectors; followed by "Teach Yourself Commercial Art" (1949). Adelle Davis (1904-74), Let's Cook it Right; bestseller promoting natural uncooked foods, becoming a 4-vol. series (end 1965). Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), Across the Wide Missouri, With an Account of the Discovery of the Miller Collection (Pulitzer Prize) (Bancroft Prize). David C. Douglas, The Rise of Normandy. W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963), The World and Africa. Leon Edel (1907-97), James Joyce. Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), Excursions (essays). James T. Farrell (1904-79), Literature and Morality. Louis Fischer (1896-1970), Gandhi and Stalin; "Defeating Stalin with Gandhi is the way to personal freedom and personal decency, and therefore to democracy, and therefore to peace." Henry Wilder Foote (1875-1964), The Religion of Thomas Jefferson; he was a Unitarian? Otto Heinrich Frank (1889-1980) (ed.), The Diary of Anne Frank (The Diary of a Young Girl) (The Backhouse: Diary Notes of a Young Girl); covers June 14, 1942 to Aug. 1, 1944; originally pub. in Dutch; she calls herself Kitty. John Hope Franklin (1915-2009), From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans; sells 3M copies. Erich Fromm (1900-80), Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. Herman Northrop Frye (1912-91), Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake; explains Blake's poetry as derived from Milton's "Paradise Lost" and the Bible; makes him an instant star. H.W. Garrod, Scholarship, Its Meaning and Value. Joel Solomon Goldsmith (1892-1964), The Infinite Way; teaches the principles of spiritual healing, and forbids the creation of an org. or church from it. Don Golenpaul (1900-74) (ed.), Information Please Almanac. Paul Goodman (1911-72), Kafka's Prayer; Communitas: Means of Livelihood and Ways of Life (w/Percival Goodman). Elgin Groseclose (1899-1983), Introduction to Iran. John Gunther (1901-70), Inside U.S.A.. Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, Maya Explorer; Am. explorer John Lloyd Stephens (1805-52). J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Adventures of a Biologist; What Is Life?; "In the same way Shakespeare's plays consist of words, whereas words are a very small part of Eisenstein's films. It is important to know this, as it is important to know that life consists of chemical processes"; helps found the field of Quantum Biology. Margaret E. Hall (ed.), Selected Writings of Benjamin Nathan Cardozo. Oscar Handlin (1915-2001) and Mary Flug Handlin (-1976), Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774-1861; rev. ed. Jan. 1987; reveals the importance of political action in the development of the U.S. free enterprise system. Robert W. Henderson, Bat, Ball, and Bishop; makes the case for Alexander Joy Cartwright II (1820-92) as the inventor of Am. baseball, causing the U.S. Congress to officially recognize him and throw phony Abner Doubleday out. Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), The Eclipse of Reason. Theodor Heuss, Deutsche Gestalten; the whole is greater than the sum of the parts? Albert Hourani (1915-93), Minorities in the Arab World. Julian Huxley (1887-1975), Evolution and Ethics, 1893-1943 (Touchstone for Ethics); his update of his grandfather Thomas Henry Huxley's 1893 book; Man in the Modern World. Karl Jaspers (1883-1969), The Question of Guilt. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), Thomas Wolfe: A Critical Study. Walter Johnson (1915-85), William Allen White's America. Estes Kefauver (1903-63) and Jack Levin, Twentieth-Century Congress. Sir Arthur Keith (1866-1955), Evolution and Ethics; "The German Fuhrer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist; he has consciously sought to make the practice of Germany conform to the theory of evolution. He has failed, not because of the theory of evolution, but because he has made three fatal blunders in its application." Lawrence Robert Klein (1920-), The Keynesian Revolution; how he became an avid Keynesian, devoting his life to finding empirical proof via computer modeling (econometrics). Primo Levi (1919-87), If This Is a Man (Se Questo e un Uomo) (Survival in Auschwitz); his time in Auschwitz from Feb. 1944-Jan. 27, 1945. McCallum and Readman, The British General Election of 1945. Charles A. MacDonald (1923-), Company Commander; an Allied infantry cmdr. (Capt. of Companies I and G, 23rd Infantry, 2nd Infantry Div.) fighting from the Battle of the Bulge in Sept. 1944 to the Crossing of the Rhine. Robert Morrison MacIver (1882-1970), The Web of Government. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61), Humanism and Terror. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Planned Chaos; "The characteristic mark of this age of dictators, wars, and revolutions is its anti-capitalistic bias. Most governments and political parties are eager to restrict the sphere of private initiative and free enterprise. It is an almost unchallenged dogma that capitalism is done for and that the coming of all-around regimentation of economic activities is both inescapable and highly desirable." W.O. Mitchell (1914-), Who Has Seen the Wind. Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976), History of United States Naval Operations during World War II (15 vols.) (1947-62); written after being selected by the U.S. Navy and his friend FDR for the job in 1942 and given a commission in the Naval Reserve. Gilbert Murray (1866-1957), From the League to U.N.. Joseph Needham (1900-95), History Is On Our Side. Allan Nevins (1890-1971), The Ordeal of the Union (8 vols.) (1947-71); covers 1847-65 in great detail; wins the first Bancroft Prize. Edwin Newman (1919-2010), Strictly Speaking; bestseller; "Will America be the death of English?" Charles Norman (1904-96), So Worthy a Friend: William Shakespeare. George Orwell (1903-50), The English People. Mary White Ovington (1865-1951), The Walls Come Tumbling Down; history of the NAACP by a co-founder. Eric Partridge (1894-1979), Shakespeare's Bawdy; explains the dirty jokes and double entendres. Raphael Patai (1910-96), Man and Temple in Ancient Jewish Myth and Ritual. George S. Patton (1885-1945), War As I Knew It (autobio.) (posth.) Charles Petrie (1895-1977), Diplomatic History, 1713-1933; followed by Earlier Diplomatic History, 1492-1713 (1949). Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), Swiss Essays (posth.). James G. Randall (1881-1953), Lincoln the Liberal Statesman. Vance Randolph (1892-1980), Ozark Superstitions; repub. in 1964 as "Ozark Magic and Folklore". Guido Ruggiero, Existentialism. Walter Bowman Russell (1871-1963), The Secret of Light; lays out his unified theory of physics and cosmogony claiming that the Universe is based on the principle of rhythmic balanced interchange, with the existence of mind being a cause rather than an effect, claiming to prove the existence of God, becoming a hit with New Agers. Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915-2009), Foundations of Economic Analysis; a textbook based on his dissertation; uses the classical thermodynamics methods of U.S. physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) to derive a "general theory of economic theories", becoming the 2nd U.S. textbook to explain Keynesian economics, and the best-selling economic textbook so far (until ?) (4M copies), winning him the 1970 Nobel Economics Prize (first American); it attempts to find a common mathematical structure for economics based on maximizing behavior of agents and stability of equilibria, promoting index numbers, welfare economics, and comparative statics (known for the correspondence principle), launching the Neoclassical Synthesis of Economics and value-free Positive (Value-Free) Economics. Mark Schorer (1908-77), William Blake: The Politics of Vision. Francis Butler Simkins (1897-1966), The Everlasting South; champion of a pro-North interpretation of Reconstruction turns conservative, defending segregation as a venerable tradition - better not mess up with Monday Night Football? Cornelia Otis Skinner (1901-79) and Emily Kimbrough, Our Hearts Were Young and Gay; their Euro tour after college, back when gay didn't mean sexual orientation. Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Society, Culture and Personality. Joseph Szigeti (1892-1973), With Strings Attached: Reminiscences and Reflections (autobio.). Philip Toynbee (1916-81), Prothalamium: A Cycle of the Holy Graal; Tea with Mrs. Goodman. Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914-2003), The Last Days of Hitler; commissioned by the British govt. to rebut Soviet claims that Hitler was still alive and living in the West; "It was always understood that Hitler would remain true to his original programme 'Weltmacht oder Niedergang' - world-power or ruin. If world-power was unattainable, then (it was agreed by all who knew him) he would make the ruin as great as he could." U.S. State Dept., Making of the Peace Treaties; Treaties of Peace with Italy, Bulgaria, Roumania and Finland. Alan W. Watts (1915-73), Behold the Spirit: A Study in the Necessity of Mystical Religion. Rebecca West (1892-1983), The Meaning of Treason; study of WWII; rev. ed. pub. in 1964. John Gilbert Winant (1889-1947), Letter from Grosvenor Square (Nov. 3); pub. on the day of his suicide. Yvor Winters (1900-68), In Defense of Reason. C. Vann Woodward (1908-99), The Battle for Leyte Gulf; 2nd ed. 1965. Frances Amelia Yates (1899-1981), The French Academies of the Sixteenth Century. Michael Young (1915-2002), Labour's Plan for Plenty; What Is a Socialized Industry? - don't get threatened by ecstasy? Art: Paul Delvaux (1897-1994), The Great Sirens (79.5" x 112.5"). Max Ernst (1891-1976), Design in Nature. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Another World (wood engraving). Alberto Giacometti (1901-66), The Pointing Man (sculpture); Walking Man I (Homme qui Marche I) (bronze sculpture). Philippe Halsman (1906-79), Photo of Albert Einstein; used on a 1966 U.S. postage stamp and the cover of 1999 Time mag. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Das Matterhorn. Marino Marini, Riders (sculpture). Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Young English Girl. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Accidentalite; Metamatician #12; Black Mirror. Bill Mauldin (1921-2003), Back Home; cartoons on U.S. WWII vets. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Three Standing Figures. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Galaxy; Full Fathom Five; Cathedral; Enchanted Forest. Clyfford Still (1904-80), 1947 (PH-118). Maurice de Vlamnick, A Bunch of Flowers. Music: Gene Autry (1907-98), Here Comes Santa Claus (Down Santa Claus Lane) (#9 in the U.S.) (#5 country). Gene Autry (1907-98) and Oakley Haldeman, (Our Own) Jole Blon (#4 country). Milton Babbitt (1916-), Three Compositions for Piano; early example of total serialization in music. Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Two Royal Wedding Fanfares. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Five Pieces for Brass. Boris Blacher (1903-75), Orchestral Variations on a Theme by Paganini. Benjamin Britten (1913-76), Albert Herring (opera) Glyndebourne). Roy Brown (1925-81), Good Rocking Tonight (June); popularizes the term "rocking"; recorded at J&M Records in New Orleans, La., owned by Cosimo Matassa (1926-2014). Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1895-1968), Naomi and Ruth. Buddy Clark (1911-49), Linda; I'll Dance at Your Wedding; How Are Things in Glocca Morra?; Peg O' My Heart. An Apple Blossom Wedding; makes him an instant hit; too bad, a plane crash ends his rising star. Perry Como (1912-2001), Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba. Spade Cooley and His Orchestra, Crazy 'Cause I Love You (#4 country). Billy Eckstine (1914-93), Everything I Have Is Yours. Gottfried von Einem (1918-96), Dantons Tod (opera) (Salzburg). Ella Fitzgerald (1917-96), Oh, Lady Be Good (1947). Red Foley (1910-68) and the Cumberland Valley Boys, New Jolie Blonde (New Pretty Blonde) (by Moon Mullican) (#1 country). Harry Lawrence Freeman (1869-1954), Allah (opera); based on the H. Rider Haggard novels. Buddy Greco (1926-2017), Ooh! Look-A There, Ain't She Pretty (#15 in the U.S.). Alexei Haieff (1914-94), Beauty and the Beast (ballet). Dick Haymes, How Are Things in Glocca Morra? Charles Edward Ives (1874-1954), Symphony No. 3 (Pulitzer Prize). Mahalia Jackson (1911-72), Move On Up a Little Higher. Gordon Jenkins (1910-84) and Charles LaVere, Maybe You'll Be There (1M copies). Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Concerto for Ondes Martenot and Orchestra. Kay Kyser's Orchestra, (I'd Like to Get You On a) Slow Boat to China; sung by Harry Babbitt; written by Frank Loesser. Burton Lane and E.Y. Harburg, Finian's Rainbow (musical) (Jan. 10) (New York); an Irish village awakens every cent.; filmed in 1968; Og the leprechaun; incl. How Are Things in Gloccamorra. Aram Khachaturian (1903-78), Symphony No. 3; meant as a tribute to Communism, it backfires when Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov (1896-1948) condemns it in the 1948 Zhdanov Decree as "formalist" and "antipopular", causing him to almost give up composing. Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), The Telephone (opera) (New York). Amos Milburn (1927-80), Down the Road a Piece. Vaughn Monroe (1911-73), Ballerina. Clyde Moody (1915-89), Shenandoah Waltz (1M copies); based on a fiddle tune by Chubby Wise. Johnny Moore's Three Blazers featuring Charles Brown (1922-99), Merry Christmas Baby (Nov.); composed by Johnny Moore and Lou Baxter, which becomes a Christmas standard covered by Chuck Berry, Etta James, Mae West, Otis Redding, B.B. King, Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, The Monkees, Billy Idol, Bruce Springsteen, Booker T. & the MGs, Christina Aguilera, Bonnie Raitt, Cheryl Crow, Hanson, Melisa Etheridge et al. Jerry Murad and the Harmonicats, Peg O' My Heart. Carl Orff (1895-1982), Die Bernauerin (opera) (Stuttgart). Charlie "Bird" Parker (1920-55), Ornithology: Classic Recordings 1945-1947 (album). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), The Trial of Lucullus (1-act opera). Memphis Slim (1915-88) and the House Rockers, Messin' Around (#1 R&B); Harlem Bound. Merle Travis (1917-83) and Tex Williams (1917-85), Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette); a cover version by Phil Harris goes #1 in Aug. T-Bone Walker (1910-75), Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday is Just As Bad); inspires B.B. King to begin playing the guitar. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Hatikvah; Israeli nat. anthem; Four Walt Whitman Songs. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Elmer Rice (1892-1967), and Langston Hughes (1902-67), Street Scene. Hank Williams Sr. (1923-53), Move It On Over (MGM Records) (#4 country); a man comes home late and is forced by his wife to sleep in the doghouse; his first big country hit. Tex Williams (1917-85), Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette) (#1 country) (#1 in the U.S.); That's What I Like About the West (#4 country). Bob Wills (1905-75) and his Texas Playboys, Sugar Moon (#1). Movies: James Edward Grant's The Angel and the Badman (Feb. 15) (first produced by John Wayne) stars John Wayne as injured gunfighter Quirt Evans, who is nursed back to health by big-breasted Quaker Penelope Worth (Gail Russell); Wayne's wife (1946-54) Esperanza Baur gets so jealous that she tries to shoot him as he returns from the wrap party. Norman Taurog's The Beginning or the End (Mar.) (MGM), starring Hume Cronyn as Robert Oppenheimer is the first movie about Truman's decision to drop the A-bomb, and is the victim of heavy censoring by the Truman admin. to make the decision look inevitable and noble. Henry Koster's The Bishop's Wife (Nov. 13), based on the 1928 novel by Robert Nathan stars David Niven as Episcopal Bishop Henry Brougham, who prays for guidance on getting a new cathedral, and receives angel Dudley (Cary Grant), whom he ends up getting jealous of; Loretta Young plays the bishop's daughter Julia, and Monty Woolley plays Prof. Wutheridge. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's Black Narcissus (May 26) (Gen. Film Distributors) based on the 1939 Rumer Godden novel and shot in Pinewood Studios and Leonardslee Gardens in West Sussex stars Deborah Kerr as Anglican nun Sister Superior Clodagh attempting to found a hospital-school in the Himalayas at the Palace of Mopu near Darjeeling, where she hooks up with British local agent Mr. Dean (David Farrir); meanwhile the Young General (Sabu) hooks up with low-caste dancing girl Kanchi (Jean Simmons), "a basket off fruit, piled high and luscious and ready to eat"; too bad, Sabu's crypto-blackness causes U.S. censors to go to work? Robert Rossen's Body and Soul (Nov. 9) stars John Garfield as amateur boxer Charlie Davis, who is taken on by sleazy boxing promoter Quinn (William Conrad) and becomes the champ; Lilli Palmer plays the romantic interest with great legs Peg Born. John Boultin's B&W Brighton Rock (Dec.) (Charter Film Productions), based on the 1938 Graham Greene novel stars Richard Attenborough as gang leader Pinkie Brown, who marries innocent Rose (Carol Marsh) to keep her from testifying against him as amateur sleuth Ida Arnold (Hermione Baddeley) closes in on his 1935 murders of newspaper reporter Fred Hale and fellow gang member Spicer while trying to hide a recording he made containing the soundbyte: "What you want me to say is I love you. Well here is the truth. I hate you, you little slut. You make me sick." Henry King's Captain from Castile (Dec. 25) (20th Century Fox), based on the 1945 novel by Samuel Shellabarger stars Tyrone Power as 1518 Castilian nobleman Pedro De Vargas, who flees the wrath of Spanish Inquisition chief Diego de Silva (John Sutton) to Mexico and joins Hernan Cortez (Cesar Romero) in his expedition to Mexico to take on Montezuma in scenes filmed near the Paricutin Volcano using 19.5K extras; the film debuts of Elizabeth Jean Peters (1926-2000) (future wife of Howard Hughes in 1957-71), who plays peasant girl Catana Perez, and Mohawk actor Jay Silverheels (1912-80), who plays runaway Aztec slave Coatl, and goes on to play Tonto in the TV series "The Lone Ranger" (1949-57). Walt Disney's Chip an' Dale introduces the chipmunks Chip (black nose) and Dale (red nose), whose names are a pun on "Chippendale"; they actually debut in "Private Pluto" (1943) sans names. George King's Code of Scotland Yard (The Shop at Sly Corner) (Pennant Pictures), based on the play by Edward Percy stars Oscar Homolka as wealthy French refugee Descius Heiss in London, whose employee Archie Fellowes (Kenneth Griffith in his film debut) discovers that he is a fence and tries to blackmail him; Muriel Pavlow plays his concert violinist daughter Margaret Heiss; Derek Farr plays Robert Graham. Edward Dmytryk's Crossfire (July 22) is a film noir aobut Am. anti-Semitism based on the 1947 novel "The Brick Foxhole" by Richard Brooks, starring Robert Mitchum, Robert Young, Robert Ryan, and Gloria Grahame. Delmer Daves' Dark Passage (Sept. 5), written by Delmer Daves based on the David Goodis novel stars Humphrey Bogart as escaped framed murderer Vincent Parry, and Lauren Bacall (their 3rd film together) as artist Irene Jansen, who shelters him in San Francisco and helps him get a new face from a plastic surgeon so he can find the real killer; also stars Agnes Moorehead as harpy Madge Rapf; "Don't change yours, I like it just as it is" (Bogie to Bacall). Claude Autant-Lara's Devil in the Flesh (Le Diable au Corps) (Sept. 12), based on the 1923 Raymond Radiguet novel stars Gerard Philipe as a teenie hooking up with French soldier Palau's wife Micheline Presle during WWII. John Rawlins' Dick Tracy's Dilemma (May 20), #3 in the Dick Tracy Quadrilogy stars Ralph Byrd as Dick Tracy, Kay Christopher as Tess Trueheart, Jack Lambert as Steve "The Claw" Michel, and Ian Keith as Vitamin Flintheart. John Rawlins' Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome (Karloff) (Sept. 26), #4 in the Dick Tracy Quadrilogy stars Ralph Byrd as Dick Tracy, Anne Gwynne as Tess Trueheart, and Boris Karloff as toothpick-chomping Gruesome. Chester Erskine's The Egg and I (Mar. 21), based on the 1945 Betty MacDonald memoir stars Fred MacMurray and Claudette Colbert, and introduces Marjorie Main and Percy Kilbride as the colorful hillbillies Ma and Pa Kettle (with 13 children); the film debut of ever-childless Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jean Baker) (1926-62) as an extra; nine sequels are made through 1957. Arthur Dreifuss' Follow That Music (Jan. 31) (RKO), written by Russ Green stars Gene Krupa, Nan Leslie, and Red Rodney, becoming the film debut of Chicago, Ill.-born Navy vet Jason Nelson Robards Jr. (1922-2000), who marries Lauren Bacall in 1961-9, and struggles with alcoholism. Jack Kinney's, Bill Roberts', Hamilton Luske's, and William Morgan's animated Fun and Fancy Free (Sept. 27) (Walt Disney Productions) debuts, consisting of the stories "Bongo", narrated by Dinah Shore, and "Mickey and the Beanstalk", narrated by Edgar Bergen and his dummies Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd telling the tale to Jiminy Cricket and child actress Luana Patten at her birthday party; the last film in which Walt Disney voices Mickey Mouse before hiring sound effects artist Jimmy MacDonald; does $3.165M box office on a ? budget. Elia Kazan's Gentleman's Agreement (B&W) (Nov. 11), written by Moss Hart based on the 1946 Laura Z. Hobson novel stars Gregory Peck as nat. mag. writer Phil Green in New York City, who pretends to be Jewish to write an article on anti-Semitism, experiencing its bitterness in Hollywood's first major attack on it; too bad, it never mentions the Holocaust; also stars Dorothy McGuire as Peck's babe Cathy, Celeste Holm as fashion ed. Ann Detry, John Garfield as Peck's Jewish buddy, and cute little Dean Stockwell as Peck's son; closet Jew Garfield comes out in the film, which draws the attention of HUAC; top money-maker of 1948 - Hitler out of the way, each decade Jew-dominated Hollyweird attempts to tell stupid goy American masses what to think, and only those who sell out to the Jewish moguls can get a job there, or is it just natural progress? Joseph L. Mankiewicz's The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (June 26) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1945 novel by R.A. Dick stars Gene Tierney as widow Lucy Muir, who moves to the seaside English village of Whitecliff and lives in Gull Cottage with her daughter Anna (Natalie Wood) and maid Martha (Edna Best), where she is visited by ghost Capt. Daniel Gregg, played by Rex Harrison, who dictates his memoirs to her while falling in love. Charles Crichton's B&W Hue and Cry (Feb. 25) (Ealing Studios) (Gen. Film Distributors) (Eagle-Lion Films), about street children gangs gives a vivid portrait of post-WWII London, showing the damage still evident; stars Alastair Sim as Felix H. Wilkinson, Harry Fowler as Joe Kirby, Jack Warner as Nightingale, and Valerie White as Rhona Davis; the first Ealing Comedy. Henry Hathaway's Kiss of Death (Aug. 27), written by Ben Hecht (1894-1964) and Charles Lederer based on a story by Eleazer Lipsky stars Victor Mature as ex-con Nick Bianco, and Richard Weedt Widmark (1914-2008) in his film debut as Tommy Udo, who has a creepy laugh and pushes wheelchair-bound Mildred Dunnock down a flight of stairs, getting nominated for a best supporting actor Oscar and ending up typecast as a villain in film noirs. Orson Welles' The Lady from Shanghai (Dec. 24), based on the noel "If I Die Before I Wake" by Sherwood King stars Welles' ex-wife Rita Hayworth as Elsa "Rosalie" Bannister, in her only role as a villainness, with Welles ruining her gorgeous auburn locks by clipping it and bleaching it, turning audiences off and guaranteeing a box office bomb; Welles plays Michael O'Hara; filmed on Errol Flynn's yacht; "Maybe I would live so long I'd forget her. Maybe I'd die trying" (Welles); the hall of mirrors scene at the end rocks? Michael Curtiz' Life with Father (Aug. 14) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1935 autobio. of Clarence Day Jr. stars William Powell as Father Clarence Day Jr., and Irene Dunne as his Methodist wife Vinnie, who's forever trying to get him baptized; also stars Elizabeth Taylor as Mary Skinner;all the boys in the family are redheads; does $6.455M box office on a $4.7M budget. Zoltan Korda's The Macomber Affair (Apr. 20), based on a story by Ernest Hemingway and shot in Mexico stars Robert Preston and Joan Bennett as Francis and Robert Macomber, who get in a love triangle on safari in Kenya with tour guide Robert Wilson (Gregory Peck), after which Francis gets shot by his wife. George Seaton's B&W Miracle on 34th Street (The Big Heart) (20th Cent. Fox) (May 2), based on a story by Valentine Davies stars English actor Edmund Gwenn (Kellaway) (1877-1959) as Kris Kringle, who is hired by Macy's and faces the cynical boss' daughter Doris Walker (Maureen O'Hara), while her believing daughter Susan, played by Natalie Wood (Natasha Nikolaevna Zakharenko) (1938-81) also acts as matchmaker for Fred Gailey (John Payne); scenes of the real thing in the film popularize Macy's Christmas Parade; the house at the end is located at 24 Derby Rd., Port Washington, N.Y.; Kringle proves his sanity by stating that J.Q. Adams' vice-pres. was Daniel D. Tompkins, when it was really John C. Calhoun (Tompkins served under James Monroe); refilmed in 1994. Charlie Chaplin's Monsieur Verdoux (Apr. 11), based on an idea of Orson Welles is a black comedy starring Chaplin and croissant-chewing Martha Raye in a scandalous story about a Parisian bank cashier who murders rich women to support his real wife and family; after it bombs, he shelves it for 17 years, and it becomes a cult hit. Edmund Goulding's Nightmare Alley (B&W), based on the novel by William Lindsay Gresham and produced by George Jessel is a film noir starring Tyrone Power as handsome lowlife allegedly Scottish carnival worker Stanton Carlisle, who seduces aging Zeena (Joan Blondell) into teaching him a secret code ("Here, quick now, what is this" = a hat) that turns him into headlining hotel mind reader the Great Stanton after he dumps her and picks up younger asst. Molly (Coleen Gray); Helen Walker plays scheming pshrink Lilith Ritter; Stanton starts out talking about the act known as the Geek, who bites heads off chickens ("I don't know how anybody can get so low") ("reached too high"); also stars Mike Mazurki as Mr. Bruno. Carol Reed's Odd Man Out (Feb. 1) (Rank Org./Two Cities Films), based on the F.L. Green novel is a film noir set in Northern Ireland, starring James Mason as Johnny McQueen, wounded leader of a terrorist group on the lam with his babe Kathleen Sullivan (Kathleen Ryan), and Robert Newton as painter Lukey, who wants him to pose for him. Victor Saville's On Green Dolphin Street (Nov. 5), based on the novel by Elizabeth Goudge stars Lana Turner and Donna Reed as two 19th cent. Kiwi sisters who compete for hunk Van Heflin; the theme song On Green Dolphin Stret is composed by Bronislaw Kaper and Ned Washington. Jacques Tourneur's Out of the Past (Nov. 13), based on the Daniel Mainwaring (alias Geoffrey Homes) novel "Build My Gallows High" is a film noir starring Robert Mitchum as New York City P.I. Jeff Bailey, who is hired to find gangster Whit Sterling's (Kirk Douglas) moll Kathie Moffat (Jane Greer), ending up in bed with her. Alfred Hitchcock's B&W The Paradine Case (Dec. 29) (Vanguard Films), produced and written by David O. Selznick based on the novel by Robert Smythe Hitchens stars Gregory Peck as defense atty. Anthony Keane, who defends Mrs. Maddalena Anna Paradine (Alida Valli) on murder charges and falls for her, Ann Todd as his wife Gay, Charles Laughton as Judge Lord Thomas Horfield, Charles Coburn as Sir Simon Flaquer, and Joan Tetzel as his daughter Judy; the film debut of Louis Jourdan (Louis Robert Gendre) (1921-2015) as valet Andre Latour; costs $4.258M to make, and is a box office flop; Hitchcock's last film with Selznick. George E. Marshall's The Perils of Pauline (July 4), starring Betty Hutton is not a remake of the 1914 serial melodrama, but a bio. of Pearl White and a tribute to the silent film era. Robert Montgomery's Ride the Pink Horse (Oct. 18), written by Ben Hecht based on a novel by Dorothy B. Hughes stars Montgomery as Gagin, the "man with no place", who arrives by bus in a small rural town in N.M. to avenge his best friend Shorty's death, and meets Indian Pila (Wanda Hendrix) at a carousel owned by Pancho (Thomas Gomez) while fending off FBI agent Bill Retz (Art Smith) and mobster Frank Hugo (Fred Clark). Preston Sturges' The Sin of Harold Diddlebock (Apr. 4) stars Harold Lloyd in his last feature film appearance doing all his own stunts as a man who gets fired, makes a fortune gambling, then buys a circus, using a lion to intimidate investors into backing him. Stuart Heisler's Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman (A Woman Destroyed) (Mar.) (Universal), loosely based on the life of Bing Crosby's first wife Dixie Lee stars Lee Bowman as rising singer Ken Conway, and Susan Hayward as nightclub singer Angie Evans, who goes alcoholic after giving up her career for him; Eddie Albert plays piano player Steve Anderson; Ethel Wales appears in an uncredited part; does $2.3M box office on a $1.36M budget after losing $112K on its initial release. Ronald Neame's B&W Take My Life, based on the 1947 Winston Graham novel stars Hugh Williams as Nicholas "Nicky Talbot", who cheats on his opera singer wife Philippa Shelley (Greta Gynt) with Elizabeth Russman (Rosalie Crutchley), ending up on trial for strangling her, causing her to turn detective and follow the trail to Elizabeth's composer hubby Sidney Flemming (Marius Goring) and Inspector Archer (Henry Edwards). Cecil B. De Mille's Unconquered (Sept. 24) (Paramount Pictures), based on the Neil Swanson novel set during Pontiac's Rebellion at Fort Pitt (1763-6) stars Gary Cooper as Capt. Christopher Holden, and Paulette Goddard as Abigail Martha "Abby" Hale, who is kidnapped by Martin Garth (Howard Da Silva). Sidney Lanfield's Where There's Life (Nov. 21) (Paramount Pictures), stars Bob Hope as Am. radio announcer Michael Joseph Valentine, whose father King Hubertus II is assassinated by the secret Mordia society, making him king; title comes from "Don Quixote": "Where there's life, there's hope"; does $3M box office. Jack Lee's B&W The Woman in the Hall (Oct. 28), written by producer Ian Dalrymple based on a novel by G.B. Stern stars Ursula Jeans as widow Lorna Blake, who has two daughters that she uses to extort money from rich people via a pathetic begging story until she bags rich Sir Halmar Bernard (Cecil Parker), who proposes to her after she lies that she only has one daughter, Molly (Jill Freud AKA Jill Raymond), abandoning the other daughter Jay (Jean Simmons). Harry Foster's World of Sports: Bowling Kings (Nov. 14) (Columbia Pictures), filmed in Fla., narrated by Bill Stern features hall-of-fame bowler Edward P. "Ned" Day (1911-71) and trick shot bowler Joe(y) "the Fabulous" Felcaro. Plays: Jean Anouilh (1910-87), L'Invitation au Chateau (Château) (Ring Around the Moon). Aleksei Arbuzov (1908-86), Get With Youth. Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Le Mal Court. Ugo Betti (1892-1953), The Inquiry. Noel Coward (1899-1973), Peace in Our Time. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), Now Barabbas; The Chiltern Hundreds; written after being released from priz for refusing to attack Le Havre with his tank group; in 1988 he unsuccessfull applies for a pardon. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), Der Blinde (debut). Jean Genet (1910-86), The Maids. Julian Green (1900-98), Si j'Etais (j'étais) Vous. Paul Eliot Green (1894-1981), The Common Glory. Walter Greenwood (1903-74), Cure for Love. Sir Alan Patrick Herbert (1890-1971), Bless the Bride (London) (887 perf.). Kermit "Ken" Lane (1912-96) and Irving Taylor (1914-83), Everybody Loves Somebody (Sometime). Arthur Miller (1915-2005), All My Sons. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), A Family Piece. J.B. Priestley (1894-1984), The Linden Tree. Tennessee Williams (1911-83), A Streetcar Named Desire (Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York) (Dec. 3) (855 perf.) (Pulitzer Prize); set in the French Quarter of New Orleans, La., starring Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski, Jessica Tandy as Blanche DuBois, Kim Hunter as Stella Kowalski, and Karl Malden as Mitch; "I have always depended upon the kindness of strangers" (Blanche); "This game is seven-card stud" (Steve). Poetry: W.H. Auden (1907-73), The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Ecologue (Pulitzer Prize). Paul Celan (1920-70), Todesfuge (Death Fugue); concentration camp life; "Black milk of daybreak we drink it at evening/ We drink it at morning and midday, we drink it at night/ And we drink and we drink." Countee Cullen (1903-46), On These I Stand (posth.). Victor Daley (1858-1905), Creeve Roe (posth.). Richard Eberhart (1904-2005), Burr Oaks. Robert Frost (1874-1963), Steeple Bush. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Fields of Wonder. Patrick Kavanagh (1904-67), A Soul for Sale. Irving Layton (1912-2006), Here and Now. Robert Lowell (1917-77), Lord Weary's Castle (Pulitzer Prize). Henri de Montherlant (1896-1972), Le Maitre de Santiago. Howard Nemerov (1920-91), The Image and the Law: Poems (debut). Pablo Neruda (1904-73), The Heights of Machu Picchu. Nelly Sachs (1891-1970), In den Wohnungen des Todes (debut). Giorgos Seferis (1900-71), The Thrush. William Jay Smith (1918-2015), Poems (debut). Wallace Stevens (1879-1955), Transport to Summer; incl. Notes Toward A Supreme Fiction; "And for what, except for you, do I feel love?". Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888-1970), The Pain (Il Dolore). Patrick White (1912-90), The Ham Funeral (Adelaide); based on the painting "The Dead Landlord" by William Dobell; a young poet is seduced by Mrs. Lusty in a filthy rooming house in post-WWII London; they hold a you know what to mourn her hubby's sudden death. Richard Wilbur (1921-2017), The Beautiful Changes, and Other Poems (debut); incl. The Beautiful Changes; "Your hands hold roses always in a way that says/ They are not only yours; the beautiful changes/ In such kind ways,/ Wishing ever to sunder/ Things and things' selves for a second finding to lose/ For a moment all that it touches back to wonder." Novels: Conrad Aiken (1889-1973), The Kid. Thomas Armstrong, King Cotton. Elliott Arnold, Blood Brother; filmed in 1950 as "Broken Arrow". Nigel Balchin (1908-70), Lord I Was Afraid. H.E. Bates (1905-74), The Purple Plain. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Selected Stories (posth.). Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), The Ruins Bird (L'Oisea des Ruines). Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), The Rise of Henry Morcar. Robert Bloch (1917-94), The Scarf. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Innocence and Experience; Search for a Soul. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Wild is the River. Richard Brooks (1912-92), The Brick Foxhole; a group of Marines pick up and murder a gay man; filmed in 1947 as "Crossfire"; the 1974 film "Crossfire" changes it to a Jewish man. Margaret Wise Brown (1910-52), Goodnight Moon; illustrated by Clement G. Hurd (1908-88); "Goodnight room. Goodnight moon. Goodnight cow jumping over the moon. Goodnight light, and the red balloon..." W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Romelle. Dino Buzzati (1906-72), The Bears' Famous Invasion of Sicily. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Wide House; about intolerance. Albert Camus (1913-60), The Plague (La Peste); the plague sweeps Oran, Algeria; based on the 1849 cholera epidemic? John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Curse of the Bronze Lamp (Lord of the Sorcerers). Thomas B. Costain (1885-1965), The Black Rose (Dec. 21); bastard Walter of Gurnie flees Oxford after the 1273 univ. riots, and travels to Mongol China. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), Mountain Time. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), A Great Man. Konstantin Fedin (1892-1977), First Joys. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), Great Son. Robert Briffault (1874-1948), New Life of Mr. Martin. Fred Gipson (1908-73), Hound-Dog Man; bestseller (250K copies); about a hunting trip in 1912 by Clint McKinney, his younger brother, and womanizing friend Blackie Scantling; filmed in 1959. Susan Glaspell (1882-1948), Judd Rankin's Daughter. Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), The Forest of the South. Winston Graham (1908-2003), The Forgotten Story; Ross Poldark; first in a series of 12 (ends 2002) set in 18th-19th cent. Cornwall; Ross Poldark returns from the Am. wars to find his fiancee Elizabeth Chynoweth about to marry his cousin Francis Poldark, causing him to reopen a family tin mine and marry servant girl Demelza Carne (based on Graham's wife Jean); meanwhile Elizabeth is widowed and marries his arch-enemy George Warleggan; after being made into a BBC TV series in 1975, audiences of 15M cause church services to be canceled when it's showing. Henry Green (1905-73), Loving. Elizabeth Hardwick (1916-2007), The Ghostly Lover (first novel); wife #2 (1949-72) of poet Robert Lowell (1917-77). L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), The West Window. Chester Himes (1909-84), If He Hollers Let Him Go; black WWII LA shipyard worker struggling against racism. Christopher Isherwood (1904-86), Prater Violet; The Berlin Stories (The Berlin of Sally Bowles). Tove Jansson (1914-2005), The Moomins and the Great Flood; introduces the white round furry trolls with hippo snouts who live in Moominvalley: Moominpappa, Moominmamma, Mommintroll, Sniff, Snufkin, Mymble, Groke, Snork Maiden, and Hattifatteners - after all Finland's been through, escapism is in? MacKinlay Kantor (1904-77), Glory for Me. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887-1956), Kitchen Fugue. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), The River Road. Carlo Levi (1902-75), Christ Stopped at Eboli. C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), That Hideous Strength; #3 in Space Trilogy. Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Cass Timberlane. Norman Lindsay (1879-1969), The Cousin from Fiji. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), Horizon. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Huddlestone House. Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), Whisky Galore; filmed in 1949; during WWII cargo vessel SS Cabinet Minister is wrecked off Scottish island group Great and Little Todday, leaving 50K cases of you know what. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), Modern Cairo; Khan El-Khalili. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith. Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), Les Mal Aimes (Aimés). Andre Maurois (1885-1967), Women Without Love. William Keepers Maxwell Jr. (1908-2000), The Folded Leaf. Arthur Miller (1915-2005), Focus (first novel); after it flops he returns to playwriting and becomes a star. Nancy Mitford (1904-73), The Pursuit of Love. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), A Journey to the Interior (first novel). Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), High Barbaree; filmed in 1947. John O'Hara (1905-70), Pipe Night (short stories). George Orwell (1903-50), Animal Farm (Aug. 17); original title" Animal Farm: A Fairy Story"; satire of totalitarianism and Stalinism by a British dem. Socialist; Napoleon the Berkshire Boar (Joseph Stalin) and his right-hand pig Squealer (Vyacheslav Molotov), his rival Snowball the Pig (Leon Trotsky), Boxer the Horse; "All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others"; "The war is not supposed to be winnable, it is supposed to be continuous, all for the hierarchy of society"; "The essential act of war is destruction, not necessarily of human lives, but of the products of human labor. War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking in the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, too intelligent. It helps to preserve the special mental atmosphere that a hierarchical society needs. War is now a purely internal affair." Edith Pargeter (1913-95), The Eighth Champion of Christendom. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Tour of Duty. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), The Memoirs of a Shy Pornographer; McCannah Skjellyfetti and his agent Skujellifeddy McGranehan; "May I call you Skujellifeddy? Mr. McGranehan's sort of awkward." Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), I'll Hate Myself in the Morning; Summer in December. Theodor Plievier (1892-1955), Stalingrad: The Death of an Army; based on his personal experiences at the front after defecting to the Soviet Union; written from the German POV; Panzer-Oberst Vilshofen and Gnotke, NCO of a Punishment Co. Ellery Queen (ed.), Rogue's Gallery (anthology). Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Yellow Room. Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), Arc de Triomphe; pre-WWII exiles and their struggles, particularly Ravic. Gabrielle Roy (1909-83), The Tin Flute (Bonheur d'Occasion) (first novel); about working class people in Quebec; helps start the Quiet Rev. in the 1960s; filmed in 1983. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Les Chemins de la Liberte (Liberté). Frans Eemil Sillanpaa (1888-1964), The Beauty and Misery of Human Life. Claude Simon (1913-2005), The Tightrope (La Corde Raide). Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-91), The Family Moskat. Christina Stead (1902-83), For Love Alone. John Steinbeck (1902-68), The Pearl; about pearl diver Kino of La Paz, Mexico and his infant son Coyotito, who is bitten by a scorpion; The Wayward Bus; half-Mexican half-Irish Juan Chicoy and his small bus named Sweetheart in Rebel Corners 42 mi. S of San Ysidro, Calif.; filmed in 1957 starring Jayne Mansfield. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), At Mrs. Lippincote's (first novel). James Thurber (1894-1961), The Thurber Carnival; The White Deer. Lionel Trilling (1905-75), The Middle of the Journey (first and only novel); an affluent Communist couple. Mika Waltari (1908-79), The Egyptian; bestseller. Denton Welch (1915-), In Youth Is Pleasure. Mary Jessamyn West (1902-84), The Friendly Persuasion; filmed in 1956. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Man Who Missed the War. E.B. White (1899-1985), Stuart Little (first children's book); big hit with kids; critics either love it or hate it, but nobody has no opinion about it?; New York City talking mouse with a "shy pleasant manner", born to human parents, who likes racing model sailboats in Central Park, and whose enemy is Snowbell the Cat, who scares his friend Margalo the Bird out of town, causing him to take off in a gasoline-powered model car to search or it and comes to Ames Crossing, where he dates Harriet Ames before moving on; filmed in 1999 by Rob Minkoff. Philip Wylie (1902-71), The Paradise Center; the Nazis get even in 1965 and rule the world with atomic bombs; gets him put under house arrest by the U.S. govt. Births: Am. George W. Bush Inst. founder (Jewish) James Kenneth Glassman on Jan. 1 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Harvard U. Am. orthodox rabbi (Jewish) Daniel Lapin on Jan. 1 in Johannesburg, South Africa; Lithuanian Jewish descent parents; emigrates to the U.S. in 1973. Am. celeb Gail Zappa (Adelaide Gail Sloatman) on Jan. 1; 2nd wife (1967-) of Frank Zappa (1940-93); father of Moon Unit Zappa (1967-), Dweezil Zappa (1969-), Ahmet Zappa (1974-), and Diva Thin Muffin Zappa (1979-). Am. "Crosby, Stills and Nash" singer-songwriter Stephen Arthur Stills (Buffalo Springfield, Crosby, Stills Nash & Young) on Jan. 3 in Dallas, Tex. Am. chemist Richard Royce Schrock on Jan. 4 in Berne, Ind.; educated at the U. of Calif., and Harvard U.; 2005 Nobel Chem. Prize. Canadian "Under Fire", "Turner & Hooch", "Tomorrow Never Dies", "The 6th Day" dir. Roger Spottiswoode on Jan. 5 in Ottawa, Ont. British "Dangerous Liaison", "Kill Chain", "Rumsfeld" journalist Andrew Myles Cockburn on Jan. 7 in London; grows up in County Cork, Ireland; educated at Glenalmond College, and Worcester College, Oxford U.; husband (1977-) of Leslie Cockburn (1952-). Kenyan PM (2008-) (black) (Christian) Raila Amollo Odinga on Jan. 7 in Maseno; claims to be a 1st cousin of Pres. Barack Obama. Am. New Age leader (co-founder of the Lindisfarne Assoc.) David Spangler on Jan. 7 in Columbus, Ohio; educated at Arizona State U. English "Starman", "Fame", "China Girl", "Changes" musician-actor (bi in his head?) ("the Thin White Duke") David Bowie (David Robert Jones) (d. 2016) on Jan. 8 in Brixton, London; husband (1970-80) of Angie Bowie (1949-), and 1992-2016) Iman (1955-); father of Duncan Jones (1971-) and Alexandria Zahra "Lexi" Jones (2000-). Polish anatomist (inventor of plastination) Gunther von Hagens (Liebchen) on Jan. 10 in Skalmierzyce, Kalisch; grows up in Germany. English "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy" singer Roderick David "Rod" Stewart (Jeff Beck Group, Faces) on Jan. 10 in North London; of Scottish-English descent. Am. "America in the King Years" historian Taylor Branch on Jan. 14 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at U. of N.C., and Princeton U. Am. atty. (deputy White House counsel in 1993) Vincent Walker "Vince" Foster Jr. (d. 1993) on Jan. 15 in Hope, Ark.; educated at Vanderbilt U., and U. of Ark. Am. Compaq Computer Corp. co-founder Joseph Rodney "Rod" Canion on Jan. 19 in Houston, Tex.; educated at the U. of Houston. Am. chef (Baptist) Paula Ann Hiers Deen on Jan. 19 in Albany, Ga. Am. "A Good Scent from Strange Mountain" novelist Robert Olen Butler Jr. on Jan. 20 in Granite City, Ill.; eduated at Northwestern U. English "I'm Not in Love" singer-songwriter-producer Eric Michael Stewart (Mindbenders, 10cc) on Jan. 20 in Droylsden (near Manchester). Am. "The Shadow Box", "The Witches of Eastwick" playwright-screenwriter-actor-dir. Michael Ivan Cristofer on Jan. 22 in Trenton, N.J. Am. "Stephanie in Saturday Night Live" actress (Jewish) Karen Lynn Gorney on Jan. 28 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; daughter of Jay Gorney (1894-1990); educated at Carnegie Mellon U., and Brandeis U. Am. "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man" writer-activist John Perkins on Jan. 28 in Hanover, N.H.; educated at Boston U. Am. golfer Donna Maria Caponi on Jan. 29 in Detroit, Mich. Canadian physician Brian Day on Jan. 29 in Liverpool, England; educated at the U. of Manchester, and U. of British Columbia; emigrates to Canada in July 1973. Am. "Thomas Magnum in Magnum, P.I.", "Jesse Stone", "Mr. Baseball", "Quigley Down Under", "Lassiter" actor-producer Thomas William "Tom" Selleck on Jan. 29 in Detroit, Mich.; his char. Magnum is a Vietnam Vet and Detroit Tigers fan who missed his young adulthood and works as a freeloading P.I. on the estate of novelist Robin Masters on Kalukau Ave. on the N shore of Oahu. Am. "The Broken Cord", "A Yellow Raft in Blue Water" novelist (Native Am.?) Michael Anthony Dorris (d. 1997) on Jan. 30 in Louisville, Ky. (Dayton, Wash.); of Modoc Indian, Irish and French descent; educated at Georgetown U. and Yale U.; first unmarried man in the U.S. to adopt a child (1971). Am. "Frank McPike in Wiseguy", "Mike Ehrmantraut in Breaking Bad" actor Jonathan Ray Banks on Jan. 31 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Indiana U.; classmate of Kevin Kline. Am. "Rich in Love" novelist Josephine Humphreys on Feb. 2 in Charleston, S.C.; educated at Duke U., Yale U., and the U. of Tex. Am. 6'1" football hall-of-fame QB (Miami Dolphins, 1967-80) Robert Allen "Bob" Griese on Feb. 3 in Evansville, Ind. Jamaican "Buffalo Soldier" ska-reggae musician-activist (black) Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (d. 1981) (Wailers) on Feb. 6 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann.; white father, black mother; father of Ziggy Marley (1968-). U.S. Repub. vice-pres. #44 (1989-93) James Danforth "Dan" Quayle on Feb. 4 in Indianapolis, Ind.; educated at Ind. U. Am. country musician Earl R. "Joe" Ely on Feb. 9 (The Flatlanders) in Amarillo, Tex.; grows up in Lubbock, Tex. Am. "Rosemary in Rosemary's Baby" actress Maria de Lourdes Villiers "Mia" Farrow on Feb. 9 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of actress Maureen O'Sullivan (1911-98) and dir.-writer John Farrow (1904-63). Soviet-Am. chess grandmaster (Jewish) Boris Franzevich Gulko on Feb 9 in Erfurg, East Germany. Swedish "Octopussy" actress Maud Adams (Maud Solveig Christina Wikstrom) on Feb. 12 in Lulea. German "Germany Does Away With Itself" writer-politician Thilo Sarrazin on Feb. 12 in Gera. Am. Duke U. basketball coach (1980-) Michael William "Mike" "Coach K" Krzyzewski (pr. shuh-shev-ski or zhuh-zhev-ski) on Feb. 13 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at West Point Military Academy. English "Citizens", "Rembrandt's Eyes" historian (Jewish) Simon Michael Schama on Feb. 13 in London; Sephardic Jewish Greek father; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge U. Liechtenstein prince (1989-) Hans-Adam II on Feb. 14 in Zurich; son of Franz Joseph II (1906-89) and Georgina von Wilczek (1921-89). Am. "Rusty Williams in Make Room for Daddy" actor Russell Craig "Rusty" Hamer (d. 1990) on Feb. 15 in Tenafly, N.J. English musician John Anthony Helliwell (Supertramp) on Feb. 15 in Todmorden, Yorkshire. Am. "Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid" physicist Douglas Richard Hofstadter on Feb. 15 in New York City; son of Richard Hofstadter (1916-90); educated at the U. of Ore. Am. golfer Judy Torluemke Rankin on Feb. 18 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Leon Kowalski the Replicant in Blade Runner", "Gen. Munro in The Fifth Element" 6'3" actor Brion Howard James (d. 1999) on Feb. 20 in Redlands, Calif. Am. astrophysicist George Fitzgerald Smoot III on Feb. 20 in Yukon, Fla.; educated at MIT; 2006 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. chef Lidia Matticchio Bastianich on Feb. 21 in Pola, Italy (Pula, Croatia); emigrates to the U.S. in 1958; mother of Joe Bastianich (1968-) and Tanya Bastianich (1972-). Am. "Good Morning Starshine" singer Oliver (William Oliver Swofford) (d. 2000) on Feb. 22 in North Wilkesboro, N.C. Am. "Brad Majors in The Rocky Horror Picture Show" actor Barry Knapp Bostwick on Feb. 24 in San Mateo, Calif. English "Pearl's a Singer", "Lilac Wine" vocalist ("British Queen of Blues") Elkie Brooks (Elaine Bookbinder) on Feb. 25 in Broughton, Lancashire. Am. "Judy Robinson in Lost in Space" actress Marta Kristen (Birgit Annalisa Rusanen) on Feb. 26 in Norway. Am. "Devil with a Blue Dress" singer Mitch Ryder (William S. Levise Jr.) (Detroit Wheels) on Feb. 26 in Hamtramck, Mich.; Winona Ryder names herself after him. Polish "Orlov in Salt" actor Daniel Olbrychski on Feb. 27 in Lowicz, Lodzkie. Iraqi secret service (Mukhabarat) head Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti (d. 2013) on Feb. 27 in Tikrit; brother of Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1951-2007) and Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1952-2015); half-brother of Suddam Hussein (1947-2013); father of Ayman Sagbawi Ibrahim (1971-). Am. 6'7" football defensive end (Baltimore Colts, 1967-71) and "Moses Hightower in Police Academy" actor (black) Charles Aaron "Bubba" Smith (d. 2011) on Feb. 28 in Orange, Tex. Am. "Lt. Templeton Faceman Peck in A-Team", "Lt. Starbuck in Battlestar Galactica" actor Dirk Benedict (Niewoehner) on Mar. 1 in Helena, Mont. Canadian "Jason Seaver in Growing Pains" actor-songwriter Alan Willis Thicke (Jeffrey) (d. 2016) on Mar. 1 in Kirkland Lake, Ont.; educated at the U. of Western Ontario; husband (1970-84) of Gloria Loring, (1994-9) Gina Tolleson, and (2005-16) Tanya Callau; father of Robin Thicke (1977-). Am. hall-of-fame bowler George N. Pappas on Mar. 3. Am. hall-of-fame bowler John "Johnny" Petraglia on Mar. 3 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Margaret in Becker" actress Hattie Mae Winston on Mar. 3 in Lexington, Miss. Swiss musician Dieter Meier (Yello) on Mar. 4 in Zurich. Am. 6'6" shot putter James Randel "Randy" Matson on Mar. 5 in Kilgore, Tex.; first to throw it over 70 ft. Am. serial murderer (gay) (IQ 75) Ottis Elwood Toole (d. 1996) on Mar. 5 in Jacksonville, Fla.; lover-partner of Henry Lee Lucas (1936-2001). Am. "Meathead in All in the Family", "When Harry Met Sally", "A Few Good Men", "Misery", "The Princess Bride" actor-writer-dir.-producer-activist (Jewish) Robert "Rob" Reiner on Mar. 6 in Bronx, N.Y.; son of Carl Reiner (1922-) and Estelle Reiner (1914-2008); educated at UCLA. Am. rock singer-songwriter (black) Arthur Taylor Lee (d. 2006) (Love) on Mar. 7 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. Project Gutenberg founder Michael Stern Hart on Mar. 8 in Tacoma, Wash.; educated at the U. of Ill. German painter-sculptor Anselm Kiefer on Mar. 8 in Donaueschingen; known for dull musty depressive works evoking the Holocaust without being about it. Am. "Circus Boy" singer-actor-dir. George Michael "Micky" Dolenz Jr. (Monkees) on Mar. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Italian-born "Count of Monte Cristo" actor George Dolenz (1908-63) and Janelle Johnson (1923-95); husband (1968-) of Samantha Juste (1944-); father of Ami Dolenz (1969-). English "Bridge of Sighs" rock musician Robin Leonard Trower (Procol Harum, Jude, Robin Trower Trio) on Mar. 9 in Catford, South East London. Canadian PM #19 (1993) (first until ?) (first baby boomer) Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell on Mar. 10 in Port Alberni, B.C.; educated at the U. of B.C., and London School of Economics. English weather forecaster Piers Richard Corbyn on Mar. 10 in Chippenham, Wiltshire; brother of Jeremy Corbyn (1949-); educated at Imperial College of London, and Queen Mary College, U. of London. U.S. Repub. Mass. gov. #70 (2003-7) and U.S. Sen. (R-Utah) (2019-) (Mormon) Willard Mitt Romney on Mar 12 in Detroit, Mich.; son of George Romney (1907-95) and Lenore Romney; educated at Brigham Young U., and Harvard U. French novelist Didier Decoin on Mar. 13 in Bologne-Billancourt (Seine). Russian mathematician (topologist) and chronologist Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko on Mar. 13 in Stalino (Donetsk), Ukraine; educated at Moscow State U. Am. "Funky Winkelbean" comic stip artist Thomas Martin "Tom" Batiuk on Mar. 14 in Akron, Ohio; educated at Kent Stte U. Am. New Age writer-teacher Master Charles Cannon on Mar. 14 in Syracuse, N.Y. Am. "Wildfire" country singer Michael Martin Murphey on Mar. 14 in Oak Cliff, Tex. Am. rock saxophonist-flautist Walter "Walt" Parazaider (Chicago) on Mar. 14 in Chicago, Ill. Am. Dem. mayor #41 of Denver, Colo. (1983-91) (first Hispanic), U.S. transportation secy. #12 (1993-7), and U.S. energy secy. #8 (1997-8) Federico Fabian Pena (Peña) on Mar. 15 in Laredo, Tex.; educated at UTA, and U. of Tex.; husband (-2001) of Ellen Hart Pena (1958-). Am. CIA dir. #20 (2006-) gen. Michael Vincent Hayden on Mar. 17 in Pittsburgh, Penn. English "The 39 Steps", "Will Kempe in Shakespeare in Love" playwright-actor-comedian Evan George Patrick Barlow on Mar. 18 in Leicester, Leicestershire; Am. "Denying the Holocaust", "The Eichmann Trial" historian (Jewish) Deborah Esther Lipstadt on Mar. 18 in ?; educated at CCNY, and Brandeis U. British-Am. theoretical physicist John Lawrence Cardy on Mar. 19; educated at Downing College, Cambridge U. Am. 6'4" basketball player-coach (white) (San Diego Rockets #42, 1967-70) (Los Angeles Lakers #12, 1970-5) (Phoenix Suns #12, 1975-6) Patrick James "Pat" Riley on Mar. 20 in Rome, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Ky. Am. sprinter (black) Charles Edward "Charlie" Greene on Mar. 21 in Pine Bluff, Ark. Am. rock musician (black) Rosemary "Rose" "Rosie" Stone (nee Stewart) (Sly and the Family Stone) on Mar. 21 in Vallejo, Calif.; sister of Sly Stone (1943-), Freddie Stone (1946-), and Vet Stone (1950-); known for performing while wearing a platinum-colored wig. Am. singer-musician (black) Rose (Rosie) Stone (Rosemary Stewart) (Sly and the Family Stone) on Mar. 21 in Vallejo, Calif.; known for wearing a grey wig. Am. Dem. Wash. gov. #22 (2005-13) Christine "Chris" O'Grady Gregoire on Mar. 24 in Adrian, Mich.; educated at the U. of Wash., and Gonzaga U. Am. "All-American Husband" country singer-songwriter Peggy Sue Webb on Mar. 24 in Butcher Holler, Ky.; sister of Loretta Lynn (1932-) and Crystal Gayle (1951-); grows up in Ind. Iraqi PM #73 (2005-6) and foreign minister (2014-) Ibrahim al-Eshaiker al-Jaafari on Mar. 25 in Karbala; educated at the U. of Mosul. English pop musician (gay) Sir Elton Hercules John (nee Reginald Kenneth "Reggie" Dwight) on Mar. 25 in Pinner, Harrow, Middlesex, London. Am. basketball player (black) Walter Clyde "Walt" Frazier on Mar. 29 in Atlanta, Ga. English rock singer-songwriter-guitarist Eric Patrick "Slowhand" Clapton (Cream) on Mar. 30 in Ripley. Am. football defensive back (Detroit Lions, 1967, Washington Redskins, 1969-75) (black) Michael Thomas "Mike" Bass on Mar. 31 in Ypsilanti, Mich. Am. "Gabe Kotter in Welcome Back, Kotter" actor-comedian (Jewish) Gabriel "Gabe" Kaplan on Mar. 31 in New York City. Canadian political commentator Rex Murphy on Mar. ? in Carbonear, Newfoundland; educated at the Memorial U. of Newfoundland, and Oxford U. Am. 6'1" basketball player-announcer (black) (Cincinnati Royals #23, 1969-71) (Chicago Bulls #2, 1971-8) (Milwaukee Bucks #4, 1978-9) Norman Allen "Norm" "Stormin' Norman" Van Lier (d. 2009) on Apr. 1 in East Liverpool, Ohio; educated at Saint Francis U. Am. country musician ("Queen of Country Rock") Emmylou Harris on Apr. 2 in Birmingham, Ala. Am. "Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously", "Henrietta Lange in NCIS: Los Angeles" actress (lesbian) Linda Hunt (Lydia Susanna Hunter) on Apr. 2 in Morristown, N.J.; grows up in Westport, Conn. Am. "Sexual Personae" feminist writer (lesbian) Camille Anna Paglia on Apr. 2 in Endicott, N.Y.; Italian descent father, Italian immigrant mother; educated at Binghampton U., and Yale U. Canadian 5'10" hockey hall-of-fame goalie (Philadelphia Flyers) Bernard Marcel "Bernie" Parent on Apr. 3 in Montreal, Quebec. French writer Pierre Autin-Grenier (d. 2014) on Apr. 4 in Lyon. German politician (Jewish) Daniel Marc "Danny the Red/Green" Cohn-Bendit on Apr. 4 in Mauntauban, France; emigrates to Germany in 1958. Am. "The Eight" novelist Katherine Neville on Apr. 4 in St. Louis, Mo.; wife of Karl H. Pribram (1919-). Philippine pres. #14 (2001-10) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on Apr. 5; daughter of Diosdado Macapagal (1910-97); educated at Georgetown U. (classmate of U.S. pres. Bill Clinton) and Assumption College. Am. "Big Bad Mama" dir. Steve Carver on Apr. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Escalante: The Best Teacher in America" columnist-writer Jay Mathews on Apr. 5 in Long Beach, Calif.; educated at Harvard U. Am. U.S. Rep. (R-Tex.) (1985-2006) and House Majority Leader (2003-5) Thomas Dale "Tom the Hammer" DeLay on Apr. 8 in Laredo, Tex.; educated a the U. of Houston. Am. poet Norman Dubie on Apr. 10 in Barre, Vt.; educated at Goddard College. Am. "Anthony Bouvier in Designing Women" actor (black) Meshach Taylor (d. 2014) on Apr. 11 in Boston, Mass. Am. "Mac Robinson in Night Court" actor (black) Charles S. "Charlie" Robinson on Apr. 13 (Nov. 9) in Houston, Tex. English rock guitarist Richard Hugh "Ritchie" Blackmore (Deep Purple, Rainbow) on Apr. 14 in Weston-super-Mare. Am. "Holly Goodhead in Moonraker", "Holly Harwood in Dallas" actress-model Lois Cleveland Chiles on Apr. 15 in Houston, Tex.; educated at UTA, and Finch College; paternal niece of Eddie Chiles (1910-93); wife (2005-) of Richard Gilder Jr. (1932-). Am. 7'2" hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (Milwaukee Bucks #33, 1969-75) (Los Angeles Lakers #33, 1975-89) Kareem (Arab. "the noble one, servant of the Almighty") Abdul-Jabbar (Ferdinand Lewis "Lew" Alcindor Jr.) on Apr 16 in New York City; educated at UCLA; converts to Islam in 1971. Am. "Velvet Brown in National Velvet" actress Lori Martin (Dawn Catherine Menzer) (d. 2010) on Apr. 18 in Glendale, Calif. Malaysian deputy PM (1993-8) and finance minister (1991-8) (Sunni Muslim) Anwar bin Ibrahim on Apr. 20 in Bukit Mertajam, Penang; educated at the U. of Malaya, and Nat. U. of Malaysia. Am. entrepreneur-astronaut Gregory Hammond "Greg" Olsen on Apr. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Fairleigh Dickinson U. and U. of Va. Am. football QB-coach (U. of S.C., 2005-2015) Stephen "Steve" Orr Spurrier on Apr. 20 in Miami Beach, Fla.; educated at the U. of Fla.; 1966 Heisman Trophy. Am. "Everlasting Love" singer (black) Robert Knight on Apr. 24 in Franklin, Tenn. Am. rock bassist Stuart Alden "Stu" Cook (Creedence Clearwater Revival) on Apr. 25 in Oakland, Calif. Kiwi climate change scientist Michael James "Jim" Salinger on Apr. 15. Am. "Ferris Bueller's mom Katie Bueller in Ferris Bueller's Day Off" actress Cindy Pickett on Apr. 18 in Sand Springs, Okla. Swedish "Mamma Mia!" musician-composer Bjorn (Björn) Kristian Ulvaeus (ABBA) on Apr. 25 in Gothenburg. Am. "Fences" dramatist (black) August Wilson (Frederick August Kittel) (d. 2005) on Apr. 27 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; white German immigrant father, black cleaning woman mother; spends his career writing the 10-play "Pittsburgh Cycle". Brazilian conservative philosopher-journalist Olavo Luiz Pimentel de Carvalho on Apr. 29 in Campinas. Am. "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" soul singer (black) Tammi Terrell (Thomasina Winifred Montgomery) (d. 1970) on Apr. 29 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek" writer Annie Dillard on Apr. 30 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. "Bread and Roses" folk singer-songwriter (Quaker) Margarita Mimi Baez Farina (Fariña) (d. 2001) on Apr. 30 in Palo Alto, Calif.; daughter of Albert Baez (1912-2007); sister of Joan Baez (1941-). Am. astronaut Michael John "Mike" Smith (d. 1986) on Apr. 30 in Beaufort, N.C. Am. "All Time High" singer ("the Delta Lady") Rita Coolidge on May 1 in Lafayette, Tenn.; Scottish and Cherokee ancestry; wife (1973-80) of Kris Kristofferson (1936-). English vacuum cleaner inventor Sir James Dyson on May 2 in Cromer, Norfolk; knighted in 2007. Canadian rock musician Goldy McJohn (John Raymond Goadsby) (Steppenwolf) on May 2 in Toronto, Ont. Am. "Walter Vale in The Visitor", "Nathaniel Fisher in Six Feet Under" actor Richard Dale Jenkins on May 4 in DeKalb, Ill.; educated at Ill. Wesleyan U. Am. 6'3" basketball player-coach (black) (Atlanta Hawks #14, 1969-70) (Cleveland Cavaliers #21, 1970-1, 1975) (Seattle SuperSonics #21, 1971-2), (Golden State Warriors #21, 1973-5) (New York Knicks #9, 1975-9) Alfred "Butch" Beard Jr. on May 5 in Hardinsburg, Ky.; educated at the U. of Louisville. Am. "Stagecoach West" child actor Richard Ross Eyer on May 6 in Santa Monica, Calif.; brother of Robert Eyer (1948-2005). Am. musician Steve Katz (Blood, Sweat & Tears, The Blues Project) on May 9. Am. "Night Moves", "Like a Rock", "Old Time Rock and Roll" folk-rock singer Robert Clark "Bob" Seger (Silver Bullet Band) on May 6 in Dearborn, Mich. Scottish "After Man" speculative evolution paleontologist Dougal Dixon on May 9 in Dumfries; educated at the U. of St. Andrews. U.S. White House chief of staff (2001-6) Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr. on May 10 in Brockton, Mass.; educated at the U. of S.C., and Harvard U. Colombian drug lord ("El Mexicano") Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha (d. 1989) on May 14 in Pacho. Am. rock drummer Claude Hudson "Butch" Trucks (Allman Brothers Band) on May 11 in Jacksonville, Fla. U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (1975-2015) George Miller III on May 17 in Richmond, Calif.; son of George Miller Jr. (1914-69); educated at San Francisco State U., and UCD. Am. actress Alana Kaye Stewart Hamilton (nee Collins) on May 18 in San Diego, Calif.; wife (1972-5) of George Hamilton (1939-) and (1979-84) Rod Stewart. English "Tommy" rocker Peter Dennis Blandford "Pete" Townshend (The Who) on May 19 in Chiswick, London. Am. "Capt. Apollo in Battlestar Galactica" actor Richard Hatch on May 21 in Santa Monica, Calif. Canadian "For Better or For Worse" cartoonist Lynn Franks Johnston (nee Ridgway) on May 28 in Collingwood, Ont.; grows up in North Vancouver, B.C. Am. actress and Elvis wife (Scientologist) Priscilla Beaulieu Presley (nee Priscilla Ann Wagner) on May 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; mother of Lisa Marie Presley (1968-); pilot father James Wagner dies when she's an infant, and new hubby Paul Beaulieu of mother Anna Lillian Iversen gets stationed in West Germany in 1959, where she meets Elvis the Pelvis, who marries her on May 1, 1967 and divorces her on Oct. 9, 1973. Am. "Alice Johnson in Room 222" actress Karen Lynne Valentine on May 25 in Sebastopol, Calif. Australian "Janine Surf Cody in Animal Kingdom" actress Jacqueline Ruth "Jacki" Weaver on May 25 in Sydney, N.S.W. Canadian rock drummer Garry Peterson (Guess Who) on May 26 in Winnipeg, Man. Am. swamp rock singer John Cameron Fogerty (Creedence Clearwater Revival) on May 28 in Berkeley, Calif. Egyptian archeologist (Egyptologist) Zahi Hawass on May 28 in Damietta; educated at Cairo U., and U. of Penn. French violinist-singer-composer (lesbian) Catherine Lara (Baudet) on May 29 in Pussy, er, Poissy. German. "Berlin Alexanderplatz", "The Marriage of Maria Braun" dir.-writer-actor Rainer Werner Maria Fassbinder (d. 1982) on May 31 in Bad Worishofen, Bavaria. Am. conservative writer-journalist (Jewish) Bernard Richard Goldberg on May 31 in New York City. Am. mezzo-soprano Frederica "Flicka" von Stade on June 1 in Somerville, N.J. Am. golfer Hale S. Irwin on June 3 in Joplin, Mo.; uncle of Heath Irwin (1973-). Austrian Social Dem. chancellor (1997-2000) Viktor Klima on June 4 in Schwechat, Lower Austria. Am. historian Jack Norman Rakove on June 4 in Chicago, Ill.; son of Milton L. Rakove (1918-83); educated at Haverford College, and Harvard U.; student of Bernard Bailyn (1922-). Scottish "A World Without Love" rock singer (not the redhead) Gordon Trueman Riviere Waller (d. 2009) (Peter and Gordon) on June 4 in Braemar; collaborator of Peter Asher (1944-). Am. black-gloved Olympic sprinter (black) John Wesley Carlos on June 5 in Harlem, N.Y. Am. historian Alfred William McCoy on June 8; educated at Columbia U. and Yale U. U.S. HUD secy. #10 (1993-7) and Dem. San Antonio, Tex. mayor (1981-9) Henry Gabriel Cisneros on June 11 in San Antonio, Tex.; educated at Texas A&M U., Harvard U., MIT, and George Washington U. Israeli jurist (Jewish) Elyakim Rubinstein on June 13 in Tel Aviv; educated at the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. Am. "The Wolfen", "The Hunger", "Communion" horror novelist Louis Whitley Strieber on June 13 in San Antonio, Tex.; educated at UTA. Am. country singer Mary Lou Turner on June 13 in Hazard, Ky. English rock singer Rodney Terence "Rod" Argent (The Zombies, Argent) on June 14 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. German "Cafe Deutschland" Neue Wilde painter Joerg (Jörg) Immendorff (d. 2007) on June 14 in Bleckede (near Luneburg), Lower Saxony. English "The Woman in Black" playwright-screenwriter-actor Nigel Stephen Mallatratt (d. 2004) on June 15 in Mill Hill, London. Italian "When a Child Is Born" composer Ciro Dammicco (AKA Zacar) on June 16 in Bari. U.S. gen. Tommy Ray Franks on June 17 in Wynnewood, Okla. Burmese leader and freedom fighter Aung San Suu Kyi (pr. Chee) on June 19 in Rangoon (Yangon); daughter of Burmese army cmdr. Aung San and nurse Khin Kyi (married 1942). Am. "This Boy's Life" novelist Tobias Jonathan Ansell Wolff on June 19 in Birmingham, Ala.; educated at Hertford College, Oxford U., and Stanford U. Am. "Eric Forrester in The Bold and the Beautiful" actor John McCook on June 20 in Ventura, Calif. Canadian "Snowbird" singer Morna Anne Murray on June 20 in Springhill, N.S. Am. "Burt Gummer in Tremors", "Steve Keaton in Family Ties" actor Michael Edward Gross on June 21 in Chicgo, Ill.; brother of Mary Gross (1953-); educated at the U. of Ill., and Yale U. U.S. Rep. (R-Calif.) (1989-) Dana Tyrone Rohrbacher on June 21 in Coronado, Calif.; educated at USC, and CSULB. Am. 6'5" basketball player Peter Press "Pistol Pete" Maravich (d. 1988) on June 22 in Aliquippa, Penn.; Serbian descent father; educated at LSU; born with a missing left coronary artery. English rocker singer-songwriter Colin Edward Michael Bluntstone (Zombies) on June 24 in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. German figure skater Monika Dannemann (d. 1996) on June 24; last person to see Jimi Hendrix alive on Sept. 17/18, 1970. Am. "You're So Vain", "Nobody Does it Better" singer Carly Elisabeth Simon on June 25 in Riverdale, Bronx, N.Y.; daughter of Simon & Schuster co-founder Richard L. Simon (1899-1960) and Jewish African-Am.-German civil rights activist-singer Andrea Heinemann Simon (1909-94). Am. "James "J.J." Evans Jr. in Good Times", "Dyn-O-mite!" actor (black) James Carter "Jimmie" Walker Jr. on June 25 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in Bronx, N.Y. Iranian foreign minister (1981-97) Ali Akbar Velayati on June 25 in Shemiran. Am. "Digital Barbarism" novelist-journalist (Jewish) Mark Helprin on June 28 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U., Princeton U., and Magdalen College, Oxford U.; becomes an Israel citizen in 197?. Am. psychologist Linda Susanne Gottfredson (nee Howarth)/a> on June ? in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at UCB, and Johns Hopkins U. Am. "Heart of Glass" singer-actress Deborah Ann Harry (Blondies) on July 1 in Miami, Fla.; adopted at 3 mo. of age by a family from Hawthorne, N.J. Am. "Seinfeld" comedian-writer-producer (Jewish) Lawrence Gene "Larry" David on July 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Md.; collaborator of Jerry Seinfeld (1954-). Am. "Pete Cochran in The Mod Squad" actor Michael Cole on July 3 in Madison, Wisc. Am. conservative political scientist-historian (Roman Catholic) Andrew J. Bacevich Sr. on July 5 in Normal, Ill.; educated at West Point, and Princeton U. Am. "Dances With Wolves" novelist Michael Blake on July 5 in Fort Bragg, N.C.; educated at the U. of N.M., UCB, and Eastern N.M. U. Nepalese king (last) (2001-8) Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev on July 7 in Kathmandu; 2nd son of crown prince Mahendra and 1st wife princess Indra; son of King Birendra (1944-2001); brother Gyanendra (1947-). Tunisian pres. #4 (2011-4) Moncef Marzouki on July 7 in Grombalia; educated at the U. of Strasbourg. English explorer Ginny Fiennes (Virginia Frances, Lady Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes) (nee Pepper) (d. 2004) on July 9 in Godalming, Surrey. Am. "Midnight" novelist (Roman Catholic) Dean Ray Koontz (AKA Deanna Dwyer, Aaron Wolfe, Brian Coffey, Leigh Nichols, Owen West, Richard Paige, Leonard Chris, Anthony North et al.) on July 9 in Everett, Penn. Am. "Det. Ronald Nathan Ron Harris in Barney Miller" actor (black) Ronald E. "Ron" Glass on July 10 in Evansville, Ind. Am. "Alice's Restaurant" folk singer-songwriter Arlo Davy Guthrie on July 10 in Coney Island, N.Y.; son of Woody Guthrie (1912-67) and Marjoria Mazia Guthrie (1917-83); brother of Nora Guthrie (1950-). Welsh rugby player Sir Gareth Owen Edwards on July 12 in Gwaun-Cae-Gurwen; knighted in 2015. French physicist Alain Aspect on June 15 in Agen, Lot-et-Garonne; educated at Paris-Saclay U.; 2022 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Stringfellow Hawke in Airwolf" actor Jan-Michael Vincent on July 15 in Denver, Colo. Am. Black Liberation Army member (black) Assata Olugbala Shakur (nee JoAnne Deborah Byron) (Chesmaird) on July 16 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y.; educated at CCNY; godmother of Tupac Shakur. Am. "Robin in Batman" actor Burt Ward (Bert John Gervis Jr.) on July 16 in Los Angeles, Calif.; Ward is his mother's maiden name; world's youngest prof. ice skater at age 2 (until ?). English queen consort (2022-) and duchess of Cornwall Camilla Parker Bowles (nee Camilla Rosemary Shand) on July 17 in London; 2nd wife (2005-) of Prince Charles of Wales (1948-). Am. "Perry White in Superman", "Scarface in Batman", "boat chief in Crimson Tide", "Gus in Basic Instinct" actor George Dzundza on July 19 in Rosenheim, Germany. Am. "Bette Davis Eyes" singer-songwriter ("the female Rod Stewart") Kim Carnes on July 20 in Pasadena, Calif. English rock bassist John Charles Lodge (Moody Blues) on July 20 in Erdington, Birmingham. Am. football free safety (Miami Dolphins #13) (1970-8) Jacob E. "Jake" Scott III on July 20 in Greenwood, S.C. Am. "Broadcast News", "Drive" actor-comedian-dir.-writer (Jewish) Albert Brooks (Albert Lawrence Einstein) on July 22 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; son of Harry Einstein (1926-58); half-brother of Charles Einstein (1926-2007); brother of Bob Einstein (1947-2019). Indian Wipro Ltd. CEO and billionaire ("the Indian Bill Gates") Azim Hashim Premji on July 24 in Mumbai. Canadian Christian Creationist Hugh Norman Ross on July 24 in Montreal. English "The Queen" actress Dame Helen Mirren (Ilyena Vasilievna Mironov) on July 26 in Chiswick, West London; exiled Russian aristocrat father, English baker mother; created dame in 2003. Am. "Garfield" comic strip creator James Robert "Jim" Davis on July 28 in Marion, Ind.; grows up in Fairmount, Ind.; educated at Ball State U. Am. TV exec Duncan "Dick" Ebersol on July 28 in Torrington, Conn.; educated at Yale U.; husband (1976-81) of Susan Stafford (1945-) and (1981-) Susan Saint James (1946-). English rock musician Richard William "Rick" Wright (Pink Floyd) on July 28 in Hatch End, London. Am. jazz saxophonist (white) David Sanborn on July 30 in Tampa, Fla. U.S. Repub. Calif. gov. #38 (2003-11) and actor-bodybuilder (Roman Catholic) Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger on July 30 in Thal, Styria, Austria; husband (1988-2011) of Maria Shriver (1955-); educated at Santa Monica College, and U. of Wisc. Am. Paramount CEO (1992-2004) (Jewish) Sherry Lee Lansing (nee Heimann) on July 31 in Chicago, Ill. Am. physicist (Jewish) (lefty) Douglas Dean Osheroff on Aug. 1 in Aberdeen, Wash.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Caltech and Cornell U.; 1996 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "The Looming Tower", "Going Clear" writer Lawrence Wright on Aug. 4; educated at Tulane U., and Am. U. in Cairo. Am. "Jennifer Marlowe in WKRP in Cincinnati" actress Loni Kaye Anderson on Aug. 5 in St. Paul, Minn.; father wanted to name her Leiloni, but? Canadian 6'4" hockey hall-of-fame goalie (Montreal Canadiens) and Liberal MP (2004-11) Kenneth Wayne "Ken" Dryden on Aug. 8 in Hamilton, ONt. Am. "The Jerk", "Wild and Crazy Guy in SNL", "Lucky Day in Three Amigos!", "Orin Scrivello, DDS in Little Shop of Horrors", "George Banks in Father of the Bride II" actor-comedian-playwright-novelist Stephen Glenn "Steve" Martin on Aug. 14 in Waco, Tex.; raised in Southern Calif. - wacko? Am. "A Perfect Stranger" romance novelist (Roman Catholic) Danielle Steel (Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel) on Aug. 14 in New York City; German Jewish immigrant father, Portuguese immigrant mother; educated at NYU; wrote 176 books incl. 146 novels, selling 800M+ copies; works 20-22 hours/day on an old typewriter. German dir.-producer-writer Ernst Wilhelm "Wim" Wenders on Aug. 14 in Dusseldorf. Am. "Wings of Desire" actor-dir. (Jewish) Robert Elmer "Bob" Balaban on Aug. 16 in Chicago, Ill.; son of movie palace king Elmer Balaban. Am. ballerina Suzanne Farrell (Roberta Sue Ficker) on Aug. 16 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "A Beautiful Mind" writer-journalist Sylvia Nasar on Aug. 17 in Rosenheim, Germany; Uzbek father, Bavarian mother; emigrates to the U.S. in 1951; educated at Antioch College, and NYU. English rock singer Ian Gillan (Deep Purple) on Aug. 19 in Hounslow, London. Am. "Rick in Simon and Simon", "Maj. John D. Mac Macgillis in Major Dad" actor Gerald Lee "Mac" McRaney on Aug. 19 in Collins, Miss.; of Scottish and Choctaw ancestry; educated at the U. of Miss.; husband (1989-) of Delta Burke (1956-). Am. Reagan supply-sider economist (Jewish) (alcoholic) (cocaine addict) Lawrence Alan "Larry" Kudlow on Aug. 20 in Englewood, N.J.; educated at the U. of Rochester, and Princeton U. Am. "Leon C. Nash in RoboCop", "Leland Palmer in Twin Peaks", "Jack Taggart Sr. in Jeepers Creepers 2" actor Raymond Herbert "Ray" Wise on Aug. 20 in Akron, Ohio; educated at Kent State U. Chinese-Canadian WHO dir. #7 (2007-17) Margaret Chang Fung Fu-chun on Aug. 21 in Hong Kong. Am. "Peck's Bad Girl", "Anne Brookes in The Ropers", "Rhoda Penmark in The Bad Seed", "Pat Nixon in Frost/Nixon" actress Patricia Ellen "Patty" McCormack (nee Russo) on Aug. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "The Sopranos" TV producer-screenwriter David Chase on Aug. 22 in Mount Vernon, N.Y. Am. TV journalist Steve Kroft on Aug. 22 in Kokomo, Ind.; educated at Syracuse U. Am. "Shirley Feeney in Laverne & Shirley" actress Cynthia Jane "Cindy" Williams (d. 2023) on Aug. 22 in Van Nuys, Calif.; educated at Los Angeles City College. English "Ronald Craven in Edge of Darkness" actor Bob Peck (d. 1999) on Aug. 23 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. Am. "Beth Gallagher in Fatal Attraction" actress (Christian Scientist-turned-Scientologist) Anne Archer on Aug. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif.; wife (1969-77) of William Davis, and (1979-) Terry Jastrow; mother of Tommy Davis (1972-) and Jeffrey Tucker Jastrow (1984-). English rock musician-songwriter-producer Kenneth William David "Ken" Hensley (Uriah Heep) on Aug. 24 in Plumstead, South East London. U.S. Sen. (D-W.Va.) (2010-) and Dem. W. Va. Gov. #34 (2005-10) Joseph "Joe" Manchin III on Aug. 24 in Farmington, W. Va.; educated at W. Va. U. Am. feminist writer Jo Freeman on Aug. 26 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at UCB and the U. of Chicago. Am. "Margie Manners in Leave It to Beaver", "Chris Carmichael in The Lucy Show" actress on Aug. 26 in Maplewood, N.J.; wife (1971-8) of Paul Gleason (1939-2006). Am. "Anya Amasova in The Spy Who Loved Me" actress Barbara Bach (Goldbach) on Aug. 27 in Rosedale, Queens, N.Y.; Jewish father, Irish Roman Catholic mother; educated at UCLA; wife (1981-) of Ringo Starr (1940-). Am. "Deep Throat" porno actor (alcoholic) (Christian) Harry Reems (Herbert Streicher) (d. 2013) on Aug. 27 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. Repub. Penn. gov. (1995-2001) and U.S. homeland security secy. #1 (2003-5) Thomas Joseph "Tom" Ridge on Aug. 27 in Munhall, Penn.; Irish descent father, Slovakian Rusyn-descent mother; educated at Harvard U. Am. "The Burning Bed", "Xanadu" leftist dir.-producer (Jewish) Robert Greenwald on Aug. 28 in New York City. Am. Olympic sprinter (black) Wyomia Tyus on Aug. 29 in Griffin, Ga.; first to win consecutive Olympic golds medals in the 100m dash. Irish "Brown Eyed Girl", "Moondance" singer-songwriter George Ivan "Van" Morrison (Them) on Aug. 31 in Belfast. Israeli-Am. violinist (Jewish) Itzhak Perlman on Aug. 31 in Tel Aviv. Soviet cosmonaut Leonid Ivanovich Popov on Aug. 31 in Olesandriia, Kirovhrad Oblast, Ukraine. Am. "Ebony Eyes", "Sentimental Lady" musician Robert Lawrence "Bob" Welch Jr. (Fleetwood Mac) on Aug. 31 in Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. Rep. (D-Tx.) (2005-) (black) Alexander N. "Al" Green on Sept. 1 in New Orleans, La.; educated at Fla. A&M U., Tuskegee Inst. of Technology, and Tex. Southern U. Yemeni pres. (2012-) Gen. Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi on Sept. 1 in Thukain, Abyan. Am. "Endless Love", "Waking the Dead" novelist Scott Spencer on Sept. 1 in Washington, D.C.; grows up in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Wisc. Italiam PM (2021-) Mario Draghi on Sept. 3 in Rome; educated at Sapienza U. of Rome, and MIT. Am. "Dr. Mary Albright in 3rd Rock from the Sun", "Allison Allie Lowell in Kate & Allie" actress Jane Therese Curtin on Sept. 6 in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at Elizabeth Seton Junior college. English Teacup Poisoner serial murderer Graham Frederick Youn (d. 1990) on Sept. 7 in Neasden, London. German "Octavia in Star Maidens" actress Christiane Kruger (Krüger) on Sept. 8 in Hamburg; daughter of Hardy Kruger Sr. (1948-); sister of Hardy Kruger Jr. (1968-). Am. rock musician (alcoholic) Ronald C. "Ron" "Pigpen" McKernan (d. 1973) (Grateful Dead) on Sept. 8 in San Bruno, Calif. Am. pro-Iraq War writer (Shiite Muslim) Fouad A. Ajami (Arab. "Persian") on Sept. 9 in Arnoun, Lebanon; educated at the U. of Washington. Am. "Feliz Navidad", "Light My Fire" singer (blind) Jose (José) (José Montserrate Feliciano Garcia) on Sept. 10 in Lares, Puerto Rico; moves to Spanish Harlem in New York City at age 5. Am. acoustic guitarist Leo Kottke on Sept. 11 in Athens, Ga. Irish "Wendy in A Fish Called Wanda", "Kate Codd in Poor Little Rich Girls" actress-writer-producer Maria Aitken on Sept. 12 in Dublin. Kiwi "Reilly, Ace of Spies", "Dr. Alan Grant in Jurassic Park" actor Nigel John Dermot "Sam" Neill on Sept. 14 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland; emigrates to New Zealand in 1954; educated at the U. of Canterbury, and Victoria U. of Wellington. Spanish "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" actress Carmen Garcia Maura on Sept. 15 in Madrid. Am. soprano (black) Jessye Norman on Sept. 15 in Augusta, Ga.; educated at Howard U.; known for her Aida. Am. "White Men Can't Jump", "Blaze", "Bull Durham" dir.-writer Ronald Wayne "Ron" Shelton on Sept. 15 in Whittier, Calif.; plays 2nd base for the Baltimore Orioles farm team in 1967-71; husband of Lolita Davidovich (1961-). Scottish "Year of the Cat", "Time Passages" singer-songwriter Alastair Ian "Al" Stewart on Sept. 15 in Glasgow. Am. 6'8" basketball player-coach (Buddhist) Philip Douglas "Phil" Jackson on Sept. 17 in Deer Lodge, Mont. Kiwi 6'7" "Gyro captain in Road Warrior" actor Bruce Spence on Sept. 17 in Auckland. Am. computer programmer John McAfee on Sept. 18 in England; raised in Salem, Va.; educated at Roanoke College. Am. "Eve of Destruction", "Child of Our Times", "Secret Agent Man" singer-songwriter P.F. "Flip" Sloan (Philip Gary Schlein) on Sept. 18 in New York City; Am. father, Romanian immigrant mother; collaborator of Steve Barri (1942-). Am. "Johnny Gage in Emergency!" actor Randolph (Randy DeRoy) Mantooth on Sept. 19 in Sacramento, Calif.; of Native Am., German, and Scottish descent. Am. "Stories from Candyland" celeb writer (Jewish) Carole Gene "Candy" Spelling (nee Marer) on Sept. 20; wife (1968-2006) of Aaron Spelling (1923-2006); mother of Tori Spelling (1973-) and Randy Spelling (1978-); known for owning Spelling Manor, the largest home in Los Angeles County (built in 1990). Am. "Top Gun", "The Rock", "Armageddon", "National Treasure", "Pirates of the Caribbean" film producer (Jewish) Jerome Leon "Jerry" Bruckheimer on Sept. 21 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "It", "Carrie", "Pet Sematary", "The Dark Tower", "The Shining", "The Stand", "Misery", "Salem's Lot" "The Shawshank Redemption" novelist Stephen Edwin King (nee Pollock) (AKA Richard Bachman) on Sept. 21 in Portland, Maine; educated at the U. of Maine; husband (1971-) of Tabitha King (1949-); father of Joe Hill (1972-) and Owen King (1977-). "I have the heart of a small boy and I keep it in a jar on my desk." Am. "'Night, Mother" playwright-screenwriter Marsha Norman on Sept. 21 in Louisville, Ky.; educated at the U. of Louisville. Am. "John Milner in American Graffiti", "Melvin Dummar in Melvin and Howard" actor Paul Le Mat on Sept. 22 in Rahway, N.J. Am. "Roe v. Wade" celeb plaintiff Jane Roe (Roman Catholic) Norma Leah McCorvey (nee Nelson) (d. 2017) on Sept. 22 in Simmesport, La.; grows up in Houston, Tex. Am. Mannheim Steamroller co-founder Louis F. "Chip" Davis Jr. on Sept. 5 in Hamler, Ohio; educated at the U. of Mich.; collaborator of Jackson Berkey (1942-). Am. "Hammer's Slammers" sci-fi novelist David Drake on Sept. 24; educated at the U. of Iowa, and Duke U. Am. soul singer (black) Delia Mae "Dee Dee" Warwick (d. 2008) on Sept. 25 in Newark, N.J.; sister of Dionne Warwick (1940-); niece of Cissy Houston (1933-); cousin of Whitney Houston (1963-). Am. "I Never Promised You A Rose Garden" country singer ("the Great Lady of Country Music") Lynn Rene Anderson on Sept. 26 in Grand Forks, N.D.; daughter of Casey Anderson and Liz Anderson (1927-2011); raised in Fair Oaks, Calif.; 1966 Calif. Horse Show Queen. English "Love Is the Drug" singer Bryan Ferry (Roxy Music) on Sept. 26 in Washington, Durham. Am. "Jeff Stone in The Donna Reed Show" William Paul Petersen on Sept. 23 in Glendale, Calif.; brother of Patty Peterson (1954-). Am. TV (CNN) anchor Louis "Lou" Dobbs on Sept. 24 in Childress, Tex. Brazilian pop singer Gal Costa (Maria da Graca Costa Penna Burgos) on Sept. 26 in Salvador, Bahia. Am. pianist Misha Dichter on Sept. 27 in Shanghai, China; Polish parents; emigrates to the U.S. at age 2; educated at Juilliard School; husband of Cipa Dichter. Am. "Bat Out of Hell" singer-actor Meat Loaf (Michael/Marvin Lee Aday) (d. 2022) on Sept. 27 in Dallas, Tex.; educated at the U. of North Tex. Am. historian (pres. #28 of Harvard U., 2007-) Catharine Drew Gilpin Faust on Sept. 28 in New York City; grows up in Clarke County, Va.; educated at Bryn Mawr College, and U. of Penn. British historian Sir Richard John Evans on Sept. 29 in Woodford, London; Welsh parents; educated at Jesus College and St. Anthony's College, Oxford U., U. of Hamburg, and U. of East Anglia; disciple of Fritz Fischer (1908-99). Am. "bloodsucking lawyer Donald Gerraro in Jurassic Park", "Izzy Moreno in Miami Vice" actor Martin Ferrero on Sept. 29 in Brockport, N.Y. Israeli PM #12 (2006-) (Jewish) Ehud Olmert on Sept. 30 in Binyamina, Palestine; educated at Hebrew U. Panamanian baseball hall-of-fame infielder (black) Rod Carew (Rodney Cline) on Oct. 1 in Gatun. Australian New Age writer Nevill Drury (d. 2013) on Oct. 1 in Hastings, England; emigrates to Australia in 1956; educated at Sydney U., Macquarie U., and U. of Newcastle. Am. skier Vladimir Peter "Spider" Sabich Jr. (d. 1976) on Oct. 1 in Sacramento, Calif.; of Croatian descent. Am. Dungeons & Dragons game designer David Lance "Dave" Arneson (d. 2009) on Oct. 1 in Hennepin Count, Minn.; collaborator of Gary Gygax (1938-2008). Am. "little Eichmanns" writer-activist Ward LeRoy Churchill on Oct. 2 in Urbana, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. "American Pie", "Vincent", "Castles in the Air" singer-songwriter Donald "Don" McLean on Oct. 2 in New Rochelle, N.Y. Am. Subway co-founder Frederick Adam "Fred" DeLuca (d. 2015) on Oct. 3 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Italian-Am. parents; educated at the U. of Bridgeport. Am. cryptographer (pioneer of public-key cryptography) Martin Edward Hellman on Oct. 4.; educated at Bronx High School of Science, NYU, and Stanford U. Am. "Matt Hampton in A World Apart" actor (black) Clifton Duncan Davis on Oct. 4 in Chicago, Ill. English "Back in Black" singer-songwriter Brian Johnson (AC/DC) on Oct. 5 in Dunston, Gateshead; of partial Italian descent. Am. Dem. New York City police commissioner (1994-6, 2014-16) William Joseph "Bill" Bratton on Oct. 6 in Boston, Mass.; educated at the U. of Mass. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Gail Farrell on Oct. 6 in Salinas, Calif.; grows up in Durant, Okla. English musician (Jewish) Kevin Michael Godley (10cc, Godley & Creme) on Oct. 7 in Prestwich, Lancashire. Am. Internat. Mission of Hope founder Cherie Clark (Sherry Louise Velkovich) on Oct. 8 in Peru, Ind. Am. "The Language of the King James Bible" writer Gail Anne Riplinger on Oct. 10. Am. original Wheel of Fortune letter-turner (Jan. 6, 1975 - Oct. 22, 1982) Susan Stafford (Susan Gail Carney) on Oct. 13 in Lynn, Mass.; educated at Antioch U. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher (Baltiore Orioles) James Alvin "Jim" "Cakes" Palmer on Oct. 15 in New York City. Am. "Borrowed Time" poet-writer (gay) Paul Monette (d. 1995) on Oct. 16 in Lawrence, Mass.; educated at Phillips Academy, and Yale U. Am. "And When I Die", "Wedding Bell Blues", "Eli's Comin'", "Stoned Soul Picnic" Rock & Roll Hall of Fame singer-songwriter (bi) (feminist) (vegetarian) (animal rights activist) Laura Nyro (Nigro) (d. 1`997) on Oct. 10 in Bronx, N.Y.; of Russian-Polish Jewish descent; Italian Am. descent paternal grandfather; partner (1980-97) of Maria Desiderios (1954-99). Scottish economist Angus Stewart Deaton on Oct. 19 in Edinburgh; educated at Fettes College, and Cambridge U. Am. "Polyester", "Hairspray" cross-dressing actor (gay) Divine (Harris Glenn Milstead) (d. 1988) on Oct. 19 in Baltimore, Md.; Serbian immigrant mother; grows up in Lutherville, Md. Am. feminist (NOW pres.) Patricia Ireland on Oct. 19 in Oak Park, Ill. Am. "Tainted Love" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Gloria Richetta Jones on Oct. 19 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Rev. Shawn Moore in Footlose", "Roberta Muldoon in The World According to Garp", "Sam Burns in Terms of Endearment", "Dr. Dick Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun" actor John Arthur Lithgow (pr. LITH-go) on Oct. 19 (June 6?) in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Harper Valley PTA" singer Jeannie C. Riley (Jeanne Carolyn Stephenson) on Oct. 19 in Stamford, Tex.; grows up in Nashville, Tenn. Am. 6'5" "Stilgar in Dune", "Ed Hurley in Twin Peaks" actor Everett McGill (Charles Everett McGill III) on Oct. 21 in Miami Beach, Fla. Soviet "Dark Eyes" filmmaker-actor Nikita Sergeyevich Mikhalkov on Oct. 21 in Moscow. Am. "A Thousand Stars" singer Kathy Young (The Innocents) on Oct. 21 in Santa Ana, Calif. Am. "Good Lovin'" musician-songwriter Edward "Eddie" Brigati Jr. (Joey Dee and the Starliters, The Young Rascals) on Oct. 22 in Garfield, N.J. Am. musician Leslie West (Weinstein) (Mountaon) on Oct. 22 in New York City. Am. "Nine", "Grand Hotel" composer-lyricist (Jewish) Maury Yeston on Oct. 23 in Jersey City, N.J. Am. "The Prince of Tides", "The Great Santini" novelist Donald Patrick "Pat" Conroy (Gael. "wise man") (d. 2016) on Oct. 26 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at the Citadel. Israeli Supreme Court justice (2003-) (Jewish) Miriam Naor on Oct. 26 in Palestine; educated at Hebrew U. of Jerusalem Am. Olympic wrestler-coach (U. of Iowa) Danny Mack "Dan" Gable on Oct. 25 in Waterloo, Iowa; educated at Iowa State U. U.S. nat. security advisor #19 (1997-2001) Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger on Oct. 28 in Millerton, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U. (Quill & Dagger) and Harvard U. English pop singer Wayne Fontana (Glyn Geoffrey Ellis) (The Mindbenders) on Oct. 28 in Manchester. Am. "Arthur the Fonz Fonzarelli in Happy Days" actor-dir.-producer (Jewish) Henry Franklin Winkler on Oct. 30 in Manhattan, N.Y.; German Jewish immigrant parents; born with dyslexia. educated at Emerson College, and Yale U. Am. "Lou Loomis in Caddyshack", "Buster in Groundhog Day" actor-writer Brian Doyle-Murray on Oct. 31 in Chicago, Ill.; brother of Bill Murray (1950-) and Joel Murray (1963-). Am. 5'10" Olympic long-distance runner Frank Charles Shorter on Oct. 31 in Munich, Germany. U.S. Rep. (D-Hawaii) (2013-) (Buddhist) Maize Keiko Hirono on Nov. 3 in Koori, Fukushima, Japan; Japanese father, Am. mother; educated at the U. of Hawaii, and Georgetown U.; emigrates to Hawaii in 1955; first female elected U.S. Sen. from Hawaii, first Asian-Am., Japan-born, and Buddhist U.S. Senator Am. musician-actor Peter Blair Denis Bernard Noone (AKA Peter Novac) (Herman's Hermits) on Nov. 5 in Davyhulme, Lancashire; educated at St. Bede's College. Am. chmn. of the Joint Chiefs of Staff #16 (2005-8) Gen. (Marines) Peter Pace on Nov. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. Manson Family member Robert Kennedy "Bobby" Beausoleil on Nov. 6 in Santa Barbara, Calif. Am. "Never Say Never Again" singer Lani Hall (Brasil '66) on Nov. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; wife (1974-) of Herb Alpert (1935-). Am. Subway Vigilante celeb Bernhard Hugo Goetz on Nov. ? in Kew Gardens, Queens, N.Y.; German immigrant parents; educated at NYU. Am. bowler (alcoholic) Barry James "Jim" Chestney on Nov. 11 in Ogden, Utah. Am. rock musician Chris Dreja (The Yardbirds) on Nov. 11 in Surbiton; of Polish descent. Am. rock musician Vince Martell (Vanilla Fudge) on Nov. 11 in Bronx, N.Y. Nicaraguan pres. #79 (1985-90) and #83 (2007-) Jose Daniel Ortega Saavedra on Nov. 11 in La Libertad. Am. "The Soul of a New Machine" writer John Tracy Kidder on Nov. 12 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. Canadian "Heart of Gold" singer-songwriter Neil Percival Young (Buffalo Springfield, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Crazy Horse) on Nov. 12 in Toronto, Ont.; raised in Winnipeg, Man. Am. country/Southern rock musician Toy Talmadge Caldwell Jr. (d. 1993) (The Marshall Tucker Band) on Nov. 13 in Spartanburg, S.C.; brother of Tommy Caldwell (1949-80) and Tim Caldwell (-1993). Am. "National Lampoon's 1964 High School Yearbook" political libertarian conservative satirist-journalist P.J. (Patrick Jake) O'Rourke (d. 2022) on Nov. 14 in Toledo, Ohio; educated at Miami U., and Johns Hopkins U. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Milwaukee Bucks, 1969-77, 1981) (Washington Bullets, 1977-81) Robert L. "Bob" Dandridge on Nov. 15 in Richmond, Va. educated at Norfolk State U. Norwegian pop singer Anni-Frid, Princess Reuss von Plauen (nee Anni-Frid Lyngstad) (ABBA) on Nov. 15 in Bjorkasen, Ballangen; wife (1992-9) of Prince Heinrich Ruzzo Reuss von Plauen (1950-99). Am. "Warden Samuel Norton in The Shawshank Redemption", "Chief George Earl in Demolition Man" actor Robert Patrick "Bob" Gunton Jr. on Nov. 15 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. Dem. N.M. gov. #30 (2003-11) and U.S. U.N. ambassador #21 (1997-8) William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III on Nov. 15 in Pasadena, Calif.; Anglo-Mexican father, Mexican-Spanish mother; educated at Tufts U. Am. "Charles Manson in Helter Skelter" actor Stephen Hall "Steve" Railsback on Nov. 16 in Dallas, Tex. Belgian ballerina Martine van Hamel on Nov. 16 in Brussels. Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (San Diego/Houston Rockets #11, 1968-72) (Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets #44, 1972-81) Elvin Ernest "Big E" Hayes on Nov. 17 in Rayville, La.; educated at the U. of Houston. Am. "A.J. in Simon and Simon" actor Francis Jameson Parker Jr. on Nov. 18 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Beloit College. English rock drummer Andrew McCulloch (Crazy World of Arthur Brown, King Crimson) on Nov. 19 in Bournemouth. Am. "Laugh-In", "Cactus Flower" actress (Jewish) (lefty) Goldie Jeanne Hawn on Nov. 21 in Washington, D.C.; Presbyterian father (not a descendant of DOI signer Edward Rutledge) and Jewish mother; wife (1969-76) of Gus Trikonis and (1976-80) Bill Hudson; partner (1983-) of Kurt Russell (1951-); mother of Kate Hudson (1979-). Am "Do You Know What I Mean?" singer Lee Michaels (Michael Olsen) on Nov. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif. Japanese "Iron Chef" chef Koumei Nakamura on Nov. 24 in Shimbara, Nagasaki. Am. "Dan Fielding in Night Court" actor John Bernard Larroquette on Nov. 25 in New Orleans, La. Am. "Niles the Butler in The Nanny", "Prof. Moriarty in Star Trek: TNG" actor Daniel Davis on Nov. 26 in Gurdon, Ark. British rock bassist John Graham McVie (Fleetwood Mac) on Nov. 26; husband (1968-) of Christine McVie (1943-). Welsh rock bassist-songwriter Roger David Glover (Deep Purple, Rainbow) on Nov. 30 in Brecon. Am. "Glengarry Glen Ross", "Speed-the-Plow" playwright-screenwriter-novelist-dir. (Jewish) David Alan Mamet on Nov. 30 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Goddard College; half-brother of Tony Mamet. Am. Wind Beneath My Wings", "From a Distance", "The Rose" singer-actress (Jewish) ("the Divine Miss M") Bette Midler on Dec. 1 in Honolulu, Hawaii; named after Bette Davis; educated at the U. of Hawaii; wife (1984-) of Marin von Haselberg; mother of Sophie von Haselberg (1986-); sells 35M records. Am. "Wayne's World", "The Little Rascals", "The Beverly Hillbillies" dir.-producer-writer Penelope Spheeris on Dec. 2 in New Orleans, La.; Greek immigrant father; brother of Jimmie Spheeris (1949-84). English "Heaven on the 7th Floor" singer-actor Paul Nicholas (Paul Oscar Beuselinck) on Dec. 3 in Peterborough. Canadian astronaut-physician Roberta Lynn Bondar on Dec. 4 in Saul Sainte-Marie; educated at the U. of Toronto, and McMaster U. Am. environmental scientist Jane Lubchenko on Dec. 4 in Denver, Colo.; educated at Colorado College, U. of Washington, and Harvard U. Canadian computer scientist Geoffrey Everest Hinton on Dec. 6 in Wimbledon, London; educated at King's College, Cambridge U., and U. of Edinburgh. English "Madame Doubtfire" children's writer-illustrator Anne Fine on Dec. 7 in Leicester, Leicestershire; educated at the U. of Warwick. Am. "Jesse James in The Long Riders" actor-dir.-producer James Keach on Dec. 7 in Savannah, Ga.; son of Stacy Keach Sr. (1914-2003); brother of Stacy Keach Jr. (1941-); husband (1993-2013) of Jane Seymour (1951-). Am. rocker (heroin addict) Gregory LeNoir "Gregg" Allman (d. 2017) (Allman Brothers Band) on Dec. 8 in Nashville, Tenn.; brother of Duane Allman (1946-71); grows up in Daytona Beach, Fla. Am. chemist Thomas Robert Cech on Dec. 8 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Grinnell College, and UCB; 1989 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. Godfather's Pizza CEO (1986-96) and Repub. politician (black) Herman Cain (d. 2020) on Dec. 13 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "Don't the Moon Look Lonesome" novelist-critic (black) Stanley Crouch on Dec. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. English "Harold Abrahams in Chariots of Fire" actor (Roman Catholic) Harry Bernard "Ben" Cross on Dec. 16 in London. Am. TV journalist Christopher John "Chris" Matthews on Dec. 17 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at the College of the Holy Cross, and UNC. Am. "It Ain't Easy Bein' Easy" country singer Janie Marie Fricke (Frickie) on Dec. 19 in South Whitley, Ind.; educated at Indiana U. Am. "Motel Hell" actress Elaine Joyce on Dec. 19 in Kansas City, Mo.; wife (1999-) of Neil Simon (1927-2018). Am musician John McEuen (Nitty Gritty Dirt Band) on Dec. 19 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. Chicago police chief Jon Graham Burge (d. 2018) on Dec. 20 in Soputh Deering, Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Mo. Am. "Catman" rock drummer Peter Criss (George Peter John Criscuola) (Kiss) on Dec. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. anti-immigration Repub. politician (Roman Catholic-turned-Presbyterian) Thomas Gerard "Tom" Tancredo on Dec. 20 in Denver, Colo.; educated at the U. of Northern Colo. Am. "Ring My Bell" singer (black) Anita Ward on Dec. 20 in Memphis, Tenn. U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (1994-) Susan Ellen "Zoe" Lofgren on Dec. 21 in San Mateo, Calif.; educated at Stanford U., and Santa Clara U. Am. TV news correspondent Lila Diane Sawyer on Dec. 22 in Glasgow, Ky.; Repub. politician father; Junior Miss America of 1963; educated at Wellesley College; helps Pres. Nixon with his 1978 memoirs. Am. "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" rock drummer Ron Bushy (Iron Butterly) on Dec. 23 in Washington, D.C. Egyptian pres. (2013-) Adly Mahmoud Mansour on Dec. 23 in Cairo. Am. "Andy Travis in WKRP in Cincinnati" actor Gary Sandy on Dec. 25 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. football QB (Oakland Raiders #12, 1968-79) Kenneth Michael "Kenny" Stabler on Dec. 25 in Foley, Ala.; educated at the U. of Ala. Am. "Andy Travis in WKRP in Cincinnati" actor Gary Sandy on Dec. 25 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. New Age psychologist John Selby on Dec. 28.; educated at Princeton U., and UCB. Am. "Barnaby West", "Wagon Train" actor-historian Michael Thornton Burns on Dec. 30 in Mineola, N.Y.; educated at UCLA, and Yale U. English "Daydream Believer" singer-songwriter-actor David Thomas "Davy" Jones (d. 2012) (The Monkees) on Dec. 30 in Manchester. Am. 6'7" basketball player (white) (Philadelphia 76ers #50/#23, 1973-82) Steven Charles "Steve" "the Mayor" Mix on Dec. 30 in Toledo, Ohio; educated at the U. of Toledo. Am. computer scientist (Jewish) ("Father of DNA Computing") Leonard Max Adleman on Dec. 31 in Calif.; educated at UCB; coins the term "computer virus" in 1984. Brazilian Selaron Steps artist Jorge Selaron (Selarón) (d. 2013) in Chile. Am. football player (black) Del Williams (d. 1984) on ? in New Orleans, La. Am. auto racer Lee Alan Shepherd (d. 1985) on ? in ?. Iraqi Shiite politician Ayad (Eyad) Allawi on ?. Am. "Death by Chocolate" chef Marcel Desaulniers on ? in Woonsocket, R.I. Canadian "Why We Love", "The First Sex" anthropologist Helen E. Fisher on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Colo. Syrian sociologist and opposition leader Burhan Ghalioun on ?. Am. "Love Without End: Jesus Speaks" writer-artist Glenda Allen Green on ? in ?; educated at TCU, and Tulane U. Am. "Forrest Gump" novelist Winston Groom on ? in Washington, D.C.; grows up in Mobile, Ala. Canadian biologist Paul David Neil Hebert on ? in Kingston, Ont.; educated at the U. of Windsor, and U. of Guelph. Am. writer Lewis Hyde on ? in Boston, Mass.; educated at the U. of Iowa and U. of Minn. Am. "The Age of American Unreason" writer (atheist) Susan Jacoby on ? in ?. English "The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers" historian Paul Michael Kennedy on ? in Wallsend, Tyne and Wear; educated at St. Antony's College, Oxford U. Russian (Soviet) paleontologist Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov on ? in ?. Am. geologist-paleontologist Douglas A. Lawson on ? in ?. Canadian Greenpeace environmentalist activist Patrick Moore on ? in Port Alice, B.C.; grows up in Winter Harbour, Vancouver Island; logger father; educated at the U. of B.C. Am. Muslim convert-activist (black) imam Abdul Alim Musa on ? in Ark. Am. poet Philip Schultz on ? in Rochester, N.Y. Am. venture capitalist (co-founder of Genentech) Robert A. "Bob" Swanson (d. 1999) in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at MIT. Palestinian Hamas leader (Sunni Muslim) Mahmoud al-Zahar on ? in Jerusalem. Am. Arab Am. Inst. pres. (Marionite Christian) James J. Zogby on ? in Utica, N.Y.; Lebanese immigrant parents; educated at Temple U., and Princeton U. Deaths: German WWI Field Marshal August von Mackensen (b. 1849) on Nov. 8 in Burghorn; retired in 1920; dies a monarchist. Am. Mormon pres. #7 (1918-45) Heber J. Grant (b. 1856) on May 14 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Am. "Old Chester" writer Margaret Deland (b. 1857) on Jan. 13 in the Hotel Sheraton, Boston, Mass. Am. chocolate king Milton S. Hershey (b. 1857) on Oct. 13 in Hershey, Penn. French world renowned flatulist Le Petomane (b. 1857) in Toulon. Am. sculptor Herbert Adams (b. 1858) on May 21 in New York City. German #1 theoretical physicist Max Planck (b. 1858) on Oct. 4 in Gottingen, Lower Saxony; next year the Kaiser Wilhelm Society is named after him: Planck's principle: "Scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Science progresses one funeral at a time.)" Serbian gen. Petar Bojovic (b. 1858) on Jan. 20 in Belgrade. Am. educator Felix Emanuel Schelling (b. 1858) on Dec. 15: "Inequality, not mediocrity, individual superiority, not standardization, is the measure of the progress of the world." Am. retail store magnate Harry Gordon Selfridge (b. 1858) on May 8 in Putney, London (pneumonia). German cardinal-archbishop Adolf Bertram (b. 1859) on July 6 in Castle Johannesburg, Jauernig, Czech. German-born Am. candymaker Emil Julius Brach (b. 1859) on Oct. 29 in Chicago, Ill. British evangelist Gipsy Smith (b. 1860) on Aug. 4; dies of a heart attack aboard the Queen Mary en route to the U.S. Am. Zionist leader Henrietta Szold (b. 1860) on Feb. 13 in Jerusalem, Israel. Am. New Thought leader Nona Lovell Brooks (b. 1861) on Mar. 14 in Denver, Colo. Am. historian Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin (b. 1861) on Sept. 24. Austrian diplomat Count Albert von Mensdorff (b. 1861) on June 15 in Vienna. Am. fundamentalist leader William Bell Riley (b. 1861) on Dec. 5 in Golden Valley, Minn. Am. movie theater magnate Thomas Lincoln Tally (b. 1861) on Nov. 24. Am. economist-historian John Rogers Commons (b. 1862) on May 11 in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. Am. industrialist Henry Ford (b. 1863) on Apr. 7 in Fair Lane, Dearborn, Mich.: "Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young." British Adm. Sir Reginald Bacon (b. 1863) on June 9. British Liberal PM (1916-22) David Lloyd George (b. 1863) on Mar. 26 in Ty Newydd, Llanystumdwy, Wales. Italian composer Pietro Mascagni (b. 1863) on Aug. 2. English author Arthur George Morrison (b. 1863) on Dec. 4. Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky (b. 1863) on Jan. 6 in Moscow. Am. 9-lived lawman-atty. Elfego Baca (b. 1865) on Aug. 27; subject of the 1958 Walt Disney miniseries "The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca", starring Robert Loggia. Scottish artist Sir David Young Cameron (b. 1865) on Sept. 16 in Perth. Am. printer Frederic Goudy (b. 1865) on May 11 in Marlborough, N.Y. English symbolist poet Arthur Symons (b. 1865) on Jan. 22. Italian Fiat co. co-founder Giovanni Agnelli (b. 1866) on Dec. 16. Swedish economist Gustav Cassel (b. 1866) on Jan. 14 in Jonkoping. Am. zoologist Thomas Hunt Morgan (b. 1866) on Dec. 4 in Pasadena, Calif.; 1933 Nobel Medicine prize. German artist Kathe Kollwitz (b. 1867) on Apr. 22 in Moritzburg. Irish nationalist leader Eoin MacNeill (b. 1867) on Oct. 15 in Dublin. Austrian "Bambi" author Felix Salten (b. 1867) on Oct. 8 in Zurich. British Gen. Sir George Frederick Gorringe (b. 1868) on Oct. 24 in Kingston by Sea. German poet-playwright Else Lasker-Schuler (b. 1869) on Jan. 22 in Jerusalem. Am. Calif. gov. #26 (1927-31) Clement Calhoun Young (b. 1869) on Dec. 24 in Berkeley, Calif. Am. historian Evarts Boutell Greene (b. 1870). German physicist (fax machine inventor) Arthur Korn (b. 1870) on Dec. 21/22 in Jersey City, N.J. Am. libertarian writer Albert Jay Nock (b. 1870) on Aug. 19 (leukemia). Spanish painter Ignacio Zuloaga (b. 1870) on Oct. 31 in Madrid. Canadian artist-author Emily Carr (b. 1871) on Mar. 2 in Victoria, B.C.: "You come into the world alone and you go out of the world alone yet it seems to me you are more alone while living than even going and coming." Am. "An American Tragedy" novelist Theodore Dreiser (b. 1871) on Dec. 28 in Hollywood, Calif. Mexican poet Jose Juan Tablada (b. 1871). French poet Paul Valery (b. 1871) on July 20: "I thought it necessary to study history, even to study it deeply, in order to obtain a clear meaning of our immediate time." Canadian mathematician-historian Shirley Jackson Case (b. 1872) on Dec. 5 in Lakeland, Fla. Am. "Desiderata" poet Max Ehrmann (b. 1872) on Sept. 9 in Terre Haute, Ind. Italian automobile manufacturer Claudio Fogolin (b. 1872) on Apr. 27 in San Vito al Tagliamento. Australian Gen. Sir John Gellibrand (b. 1872) on June 3 in Yea, Victoria. Dutch historian Johan Huizinga (b. 1872) on Feb. 1 in Gerderland (near Arnheim); dies in detention after giving a 1941 speech against the Nazis. Ukrainian hetman (1917-18) Pavlo Skoropadskyi (b. 1873) on Apr. 26 in Bavaria, Germany. British historian Carl Becker (b. 1873) on Apr. 10. Am. baseball player Tuck Turner (b. 1873) on July 16 in Staten Island, N.Y. German gay activist Adolf Brand (b. 1874) on Feb. 2 (killed by an Allied bomb). Am. novelist Ellen Glasgow (b. 1874) on Nov. 21: "Experience has taught me that the only cruelties people condemn are those with which they do not happen to be familiar." German Thule Society founder Rudolf Freiherr von Sebottendorff (b. 1875) on May 8 in Constantinople (suicide by jumping into the Bosphorus); his suicide was faked by Turkish intelligence, and he really died in Egypt in the 1950s? Am. novelist Arthur Cheyney Train (b. 1875) on Dec. 22. French poet Leon-Paul Fargue (b. 1876) on Nov. 24 in Paris. Am. geographer Ellsworth Huntington (b. 1876) on Oct. 17. Hungarian-born Am. "The Cohens and Kellys" actor George Sidney (b. 1876) on Apr. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Albanian king (1914-21) Vidi I (b. 1876) on Apr. 18 in Predeal, Romania. English chemist-physicist Francis William Aston (b. 1877) on Nov. 20; 1922 Nobel Chem. Prize. Mexican pres. (1924-8) Plutarco Elias Calles (b. 1877) on Oct. 19 in Mexico City. Am. "Sleeping Prophet" psychic Edgar Cayce (b. 1877) on Jan. 3 in Virginia Beach, Va.; predicts that WWIII will begin in 1999, ending civilization. Russian film producer Alexander Khanzhonkov (b. 1877) on Sept. 26 in Yalta. German chemist Carl Mannich (b. 1877) on Mar. 5 in Karlsruhe. French dead-end heir Jerome Napoleon Charles Bonparte (b. 1878) on Nov. 10 in New York City; last member of the Bonaparte family; dies after tripping over a dog's bone, er, leash. French paleontologist Edgar Dacque (b. 1878). German-born Am. poet-playwright Bruno Frank (b. 1878) on June 20 in Beverly Hills, Calif. German dramatist Georg Kaiser (b. 1878) on June 4 in Ascona, Switzerland. French explorer Paul Pelliot (b. 1878) on Oct. 26. Am. Davis Cup founder Dwight Filley Davis (b. 1879) on Nov. 28 in Washington, D.C. Am. writer Henry James (b. 1879) on Dec. 13. Russian-Am. actress Alla Nazimova (b. 1879) on July 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. German Field Marshal Fedor von Bock (b. 1880) on May 4 in Oldenburg, Germany (bombing raid). Peruvian archeologist Julio Cesar Tello (b. 1880) on June 3 in Lima. Hungarian composer Bela Bartok (b. 1881) on Sept. 26 in New York City (leukemia). German organic chemist Hans Fischer (b. 1881) on Mar. 31. Am. actress Doris Keane (b. 1881) on Nov. 25 in New York City. Am. "Flint" novelist Charles Gilman Norris (b. 1881). Am. "Kings Row" novelist Henry Bellaman (b. 1882) on June 16 in New York City. Am. inventor Vincent Bendix (b. 1882). English "The Worm Ouroboros" novelist E.R. Eddison (b. 1882) on Aug. 18. German Geiger Counter inventor Hans Geiger (b. 1882) on Sept. 24. Am. rocket science pioneer Robert H. Goddard (b. 1882) on Aug. 10 in Baltimore, Md. (throat cancer); all his patents go to the Guggenheim Foundation, which funded his researches. Austrian sociologist Otto Neurath (b. 1882) on Dec. 22 in Oxford, England. U.S. Dem. pres. #32 (1933-45) Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1882) on Apr. 12 at 3:35 p.m. in the Little White House in Warm Springs, Ga. (cerebral hemorrhage); last words: "I have a terrific headache"; his burial marker contains the phrase "There is nothing to fear but fear itself." Russian Field Marshal Boris M. Shaposhnikov (b. 1882) on Mar. 26. Am. artist N.C. Wyeth (b. 1882) on Oct. 19 in Chadds Ford, Penn. French PM (1931-2, 1935-6) Pierre Laval (b. 1883) on Oct. 15 (executed for treason after a botched suicide attempt). Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini (b. 1883) on Apr. 28 (murdered). Austrian 12-tone composer Anton von Webern (b. 1883) on Sept. 15 in Mittersill, Salzburg; accidentally shot and killed by U.S. Army Pfc. Raymond Norwood Bell (-1955) while enjoying a cigar outside his house during curfew, causing Bell to become an alcoholic and die of remorse. German July 20th Plotter Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (b. 1884) on Feb. 2 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged): "We should not attempt to minimize what has been happening, but we should also emphasize the great guilt of the Jews, who had invaded our public life in ways that lacked customary restraint." Am. priest-historian Peter Guilday (b. 1884) on July 31. German Prussian finance minister (1933-45) Johannes Popitz (b. 1884) on Feb. 2 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). Am. journalist William Seabrook (b. 1884) on Sept. 20 in Rhinebeck, N.Y. (OD). German July 20th plotter Ulrich von Sell (b. 1884) on Nov. 12 in Jamlitz. German Field Marshal Ernst Bush (b. 1885) on July 17 in Aldershot, England; dies in a POW camp. Chinese collaborationist official Yin Ju-keng (b. 1885) on Dec. 1 in Nanjing (executed by firing squad for treason). Am. "Ol' Man River" composer Jerome Kern (b. 1885) on Nov. 11 in New York City (cerebral hemorrhage). U.S. Gen. George S. Patton (b. 1885) on Dec. 21 in Heidelberg, Germany (auto accident); dies after his 1938 Cadillac limo collides with a military lorry; buried in Hamm, Luxembourg: "Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge." German modernis designer Lilly Reich (b. 1885) on Dec. 14 in Berlin. Canadian-born Am. "The Coward" film dir. Reginald C. Barker (b. 1886) on Feb. 23 in Pasadena, Calif. (heart attack). Am. bowling champ Jimmy Blouin (b. 1886). U.S. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. (b. 1886) on June 18 in Okinawa, Japan (KIA); highest-ranking U.S. officer KIA in WWII. German Adm. Wilhelm Canaris (b. 1887) on Apr. 9 in Flossenburg Camp (hanged) - sung like a canary? Czech writer Josef Capek (b. 1887) in Apr. in Bergen-Belsen Camp. Japanese Gen. Mitsuru Ojishima (b. 1887) on June 22 in Okinawa (hara-kiri). German Gen. Hans Oster (b. 1887) on Apr. 9 in Flossenburg Camp (hanged). Norwegian traitor Vidkun Quisling (b. 1887) on Oct. 24 in Oslo (executed). Italian-born Am. actor Henry Armetta (b. 1888) on Oct. 21 in San Diego, Calif. (heart attack). German Gen. Friedrich Fromm (b. 1888) on Mar. 12 in Brandenburg an der Havel (executed for failing to stop the July 20 Plot). German politician Ernst von Harnack (b. 1888) on Mar. 5 in Plotzensee Prison (executed). English MG Car Co. founder Cecil Kimber (b. 1888) on Feb. 4 in King's Cross Railway Station, London (train accident). Am. humorist-actor-ed. Robert Benchley (b. 1889) on Nov. 21. Am. sci-fi writer Miles J. Breuer (b. 1889) on Oct. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. Croatian politician Mile Budak (b. 1889) on June 7 in Zagreb. German SS Gen. Richard Gluecks (b. 1889) on May 10 in Flensburg (suicide with cyanide capsule). German Fuhrer Adolf Hitler (b. 1889) and his lover who won't blow his cover Eva Braun (b. 1912) on Apr. 30 in Berlin (suicide); his remains are burned and thrown into a river in 1970; he really fled to Argentina?; DNA tests in 2010 reveal North African and/or Jewish ancestry in Hitler; more DNA tests reveal Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry in Braun - who's dey? German Nazi spy Hermann Goertz (b. 1890) on May 23 in Dublin, Ireland (suicide with cyanide to avoid deportation). German anti-Nazi politician Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin (b. 1890) on Apr. 9 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). German Nazi slavemaster Robert Ley (b. 1890) on Oct. 25 in Nuremberg (suicide in prison). Austrian-Bohemian novelist-playwright Franz Werfel (b. 1890) on Aug. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif. Swiss-born Am. "42nd Street" lyricist Al Dubin (b. 1891) on Feb. 11 in New York City. Czech poet-writer Josef Hora (b. 1891) on June 21. Japanese PM (1937-8, 1940-1) Prince Fumimaro Konoye (b. 1891) on Dec. 16 in Tokyo (suicide). German politician Julius Leber (b. 1891) on Jan. 5 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German Field Marshal Walther Model (b. 1891) on Apr. 21 near Duisburg (Ratingen), Ruhr (suicide by shooting after being indicted for war crimes). Japanese Adm. Minoru Ota (b. 1891) on June 13 in Okinawa (hara-kiri). Japanese Gen. Sosaku Suzuki (b. 1891) on Apr. 19 in Cebu, Philippines (KIA). German Nazi official Fritz Waechtler (b. 1891) on Apr. 19 in Waldmunchen (executed). Polish mathematician Stefan Banach (b. 1892) on Aug. 31 in Lviv, Ukraine (lung cancer). German Field Marshal (last cmdr. of the Luftwaffe) Robert Ritter von Greim (b. 1892) on May 24 in Salzburg, Austria (suicide); last words: "I am the head of the Luftwaffe, but I have no Luftwaffe." German Reich minister of justice Roland Freisler (b. 1893) on Feb. 3 in Berlin (artillery shell); in Feb. 1985 his widow is awarded a widow's pension on the theory that if he had survived he would have held a high position in postwar West Germany. German anti-Nazi politician Erwin Planck (b. 1893) on Jan. 23 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (executed). U.S. Adm. Ted Chandler (b. 1894) on Jan. 7 in Manila Bay, Philippines (KIA). German SS Gen. Arthur Nebe (b. 1894) on Mar. 21 in Plotenzee Prison, Berlin (executed). German Wannsee Conference diplomat Martin Luther (b. 1895) on May 13 in Berlin (heart attack). German Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofen (b. 1895) on July 12 in Bad Ischl; dies in U.S. captivity of a brain tumor. German resistance fighter Rudiger Schleicher (b. 1895) on Apr. 23 in Berlin. French Vichy Gen. Joseph Darnand (b. 1897) on Oct. 10 in Fort de Chatillon (executed). German Nazi propaganda minister (1933-45) Joseph Goebbels (b. 1897) on May 1 in Berlin (suicide); his great-grandchildren all become billionaires: "Think of the press as a great keyboard on which the government can play." Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose (b. 1897) on Aug. 18 in Formosa (Taiwan) (airplane crash). German political activist Anton Arco-Valley (b. 1897) on June 29 in Salzburg (automobile accident). French collaborationist politician Jacques Doriot (b. 1898) on Feb. 22 near Mengen, Wurttemberg; killed by fire from fighters. German SS Capt. August Hirt (b. 1898) on June 2 in Schluchsee, Baden-Wurttemberg (suicide). German Gen. Hans Krebs (b. 1898) on May 2 (15:30) in Berlin (suicide). German Reichskommissar of Norway (1940-45) Josef Terboven (b. 1898) on May 8 in Asker, Norway (suicide). Am. Chicago crime boss Al "Scarface" Capone (b. 1899) on Jan. 25 in Palm Island, Miami Beach, Fla. (heart attack after a stroke and bronchopneumonia); was released from prison on Nov. 16, 1939 after his advanced syphilis causes paresis, leaving him with the mind of a 12-y-o.: one of the first patients to be treated with penicillin, after it's too late to reverse brain damage; "Don't mistake my kindness for weakness. I am kind to everyone, but when someone is unkind to me, weak is not going to be what you remember about me." Russian-born Am. mobster Jacob Shapiro (b. 1899) on June 9 in Ossining, N.Y. (heart attack). German leader Martin Bormann (b. 1900) on May 2 in Berlin; KIA near Hitler's bunker. Am. socialite Ruth Harkness (b. 1900) on July 20. German Nazi SS head Heinrich Himmler (b. 1900) on May 23 in Luneburg (suicide by cyanide); last words: "I am Heinrich Himmler"; leaves love letters to his wife, incl. one with the soundbyte: "I'm off to Auschwitz. Kisses! Yours, Hiney": "I marvel at the wisdom of the founders of Indian religions." Swiss astrologer Karl Ernst Krafft (b. 1900) on Jan. 8. Soviet NKVD defector Genrikh Lyushkov (b. 1900) on Aug. 19 in Dairen, China; shot to prevent falling into Soviet hands. German SS Gen. Heinrich "Gestapo" Muller (b. 1900) in May in Berlin; his body is not found until ? Am. "worm's eye view" war correspondent Ernie Pyle (b. 1900) on Apr. 18 on Ie Shima (KIA). German jurist Klaus Bonhoeffer (b. 1901) on Apr. 23 in Berlin (executed). Soviet Gen. Aleksandr Scherbakov (b. 1901) on May 10 (heart failure); Rybinsk is renamed Shcherbakov in his honor in 1946-57. French Gen. Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (b. 1902) on Nov. 28 in Colomb-Bechar, French Algeria; created marshal in 1952. Scottish athlete Eric Liddell (b. 1902) on Feb. 21 in Weihsien Camp, China (brain tumor). Am. jazz musician Jimmie Lunceford (b. 1902) on July 12 in Seaside, Ore. (coronary occlusion); poisoned by a white supremacist restaurant owner? Soviet diplomat Konstantin Umansky (b. 1902) on Jan. 25 in Mexico City, Mexico (plane crash). Am. military chaplain Father William T. Cummings (b. 1903) on Jan. 18. German Auschwitz deputy commandant Capt. Karl Fritzsch (b. 1903) on ? in ?. French auto racer-spy William Grover-Williams (b. 1903) in Feb.-Mar. in Sachsenhauser Camp (executed); he really survives the war and lives under the name Georges Tambal? German geographer Albrecht Haushofer (b. 1903) on Apr. 23 in Berlin (executed). Italian Fascist leader Alessandro Pavolini (b. 1903) on Apr. 28 in Dongo (executed). German SS officer Odilo Globocnik (b. 1904) on May 31 in Paternion, Austria (suicide). German Protestant theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (b. 1906) on Apr. 9 (executed). Soviet Gen. Ivan Chernyakhovsky (b. 1906) on Feb. 18 near Konigsberg, Prussia (KIA). German Gen. Hermann Fegelein (b. 1906) on Apr. 28 in Berlin (executed). German Beast of Belsen Josef Kramer (b. 1906) on Dec. 13 in Hamelin (hanged). German Jesuit priest Alfred Delp (b. 1907) on Feb. 2 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German jurist Count Helmuth James von Moltke (b. 1907) on Jan. 23 in Plotzensee Prison, Berlin (hanged). German SS doctor Sigmund Rascher (b. 1909) on Apr. 26 in Dachau Camp; executed for fraud on orders of Heinrich Himler before the Allies liberate the camp. German SS Col. Rudolf Lange (b. 1910) on Feb. 23 (near Posen?). French spy Denise Bloch (b. 1916) on Feb. 5 in Ravensbruck Camp (executed). U.S. Lt. Col. Albert Peter Dewey (b. 1916) on Sept. 26 in Saigon, Vietnam (assassinated). British wing cmdr. Eric James Brindley Nicolson (b. 1917) on May 2 in the Bay of Bengal (KIA). Am. tennis player Joe Hunt (b. 1919) on Feb. 2 near Daytona Beach, Fla.; killed when his Navy Grumman Hellcat crashes in a training mission. Am. WWI USAF ace Richard Bong (b. 1920) on Aug. 6 near Burbank, Calif. (plane crash). British Guardsman Edward Colquhoun Charlton (b. 1920) on Apr. 21 in Wistedt, Germany (KIA). Dutch resistance fighter Hannie Schaft (b. 1920) on Apr. 17 in Bloemendaal; last words: "I shoot better than you." French Resistance agent Violette Szabo (b. 1921) on Feb. 5 in Ravensbruck Camp, Germany (executed). German-born Jewish martyr Anne Frank (b. 1929) on Mar. 12 in Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, Lower Saxony, Germany (typhus).



1948 - The Too Brief Debrief Thomas E. Who The World Got Israel the New Jewish State Year? Jesus-quoting Gandhi learns Jesus' lesson and dies violently, living forever through his followers, while Jesus-denying Israel rejects Jesus' lesson and rises again violently, forever living on the edge of annihilation? Meanwhile the extreme-violent U.S. and U.S.S.R. throw their weight around like two Behemoths, using divided Germany as the chessboard in an A-bomb-threatening Cold War?

Mohandas K. 'Mahatma' Gandhi (1869-1948) Gandhi Murderers Japanese Gen. Itagaki Seishiro (185-1948) Japanese Gen. Heitaro Kimura (1888-1948) Japanese Gen. Kenji Doihara (1883-1948) Japanese Gen. Iwane Matsui (1878-1948) Japanese Gen. Akira Muto (1892-1948) Koki Hirota of Japan (1878-1948) U Nu of Burma (1907-95) Klement Gottwald of Czechoslovakia (1896-1953) Syngman Rhee of South Korea (1875-1965) Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam Pasha (1893-1976) Eddie Jacobson (1891-1955) State of Israel is Born, May 14, 1948 George Frost Kennan of the U.S. (1904-2005) David Ben-Gurion of Israel (1886-1973) Dorothy de Rotschild (1895-1988) British Gen. Sir John Bagot Glubb (1897-1986) Adolf 'Al' Schwimmer of Israel (1917-2011) Golda Meir of Israel (1898-1978) Moshe Dayan of Israel (1915-81) Abdullah el Tell of Jordan (1918-) James Grover McDonald of the U.S. (1886-1964) Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden (1895-1948) Ralph Johnson Bunche of the U.S. (1904-71) Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah of Kashmir (1905-82) Shigeru Yoshida of Japan (1878-1967) U.S. Gen. Curtis Emerson Le May (1906-90) Ludwig Erhard of West Germany (1897-1977) Ernst Reuter of West Germany (1889-1953) Fritz Ebert Jr. of East Germany (1894-1979) U.S. Gen. William H. Tunner (1906-83) Gail Halvorsen of the U.S. (1920-) Elpidio Quirino of the Philippines (1890-1956) Hubert Horatio Humphrey Sr. of the U.S. (1911-78) James Strom Thurmond of the U.S. (1902-2003) Alger Hiss of the U.S. (1904-96) Whittaker Chambers (1901-61) U.S. Pres. Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-94) Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1909-2004) Willem Drees of the Netherlands (1886-1988) Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qassimi of UAE (1918-2010) Ahmad bin Yahya of Yemen (1891-1962) Margaret Chase Smith of the U.S. (1897-1995) Gen. Manuel A. Odria of Peru (1897-1974) Louis Stephen St. Laurent of Canada (1882-1973) Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty of Hungary (1892-1975) Arpad Szakasits of Hungary (1888-1965) Istvan Dobi of Hungary (1898-1968) Matyas Rákosi of Hungary (1892-1971) Jorge Eliécer Gaitán of Colombia (1903-48) Col. Carlos Delgado Chalbaud of Venezuela (1909-50) Sheik Sir Ali bin Abdullah Al-Thani of Qatar (1895-1974) Chinese Gen. Feng Yuxiang (Yu-Hsiang) (1882-1948) Chin Peng of Malaysia (1924-) Raphael Lemkin (1900-59) Isser Harel of Israel (1912-2003) Dick Button of the U.S. (1929-) Barbara Ann Scott of Canada (1928-2012) Henri Oreiller of France (1925-62) Gretchen Fraser of the U.S. (1919-94) Daniel Francois Malan of South Africa (1874-1959) Philip Noel-Baker of Britain (1889-1982) Fanny Blankers-Koen of Netherlands (1918-2004) Bob Mathias of the U.S. (1930-2006) Y.A. Tittle (1926-2017) Doak Walker (1927-98) Art Ross (1886-1964) Patriarch Athenagoras I (1886-1972) John Cade (1912-80) Claude Shannon (1916-2001) Dr. Horace Smithy (1914-48) Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) Jay Wright Forrester (1918-) Heinz von Foerster (1911-2002) Raymond Oliver (1909-90) Harold Lyons (1913-98) Milton Berle (1908-2002) Arthur Godfrey (1903-83) Frank Yankovic (1915-98) Ted Mack (1904-76) Heinrich Nordhoff (1899-1968) Norman Mailer (1923-2007) Gore Vidal (1925-2012) Shirley Jackson (1916-65) Federic Bancroft (1860-1945) Leslie Fiedler (1917-2003) Douglas Southall Freeman (1886-1953) Daniel Halévy (1872-1962) Alfred C. Kinsey (1894-) Yukio Mishima (1925-70) Alan Stewart Paton (1903-88) Nelson Poynter (1903-78) Harold Robbins (1912-97) B.F. Skinner (1904-90) E.E. 'Doc' Smith (1890-1965) Elizabeth Spencer (1921-) Peter Hillsman Taylor (1917-94) Nat Hickey (1902-79) John Wooden (1910-2010) Pancho Gonzales (1928-95) Margaret Osbourne duPont (1918-) Ernie Harwell (1918-2010) Willie Turnesa (1914-2001) Benjamin Minge Duggar (1872-1956) Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004) Bill France Sr. (1909-92) NASCAR Logo Francis Parker Yockey (1917-60) Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916-93) Halldor Kiljan Laxness (1902-98) Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965) Edward Calvin Kendall (1886-1972) Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916-93) Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) P.M.S. Blackett (1897-) David Herbert Donald (1920-2009) William Henry Herndon (1818-91) Eugen Herrigel (1884-1955) Arne Tiselius (1902-71) Paul Hermann Mueller (1899-1965) George Gamow (1904-68) Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) Thomas Gold (1920-2004) Hermann Bondi (1919-2005) Julian Schwinger (1918-94) Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (1906-79) Richard Feynman (1918-88) Freeman Dyson (1923-2020) Paul Kirkpatrick 1894-1992) Albert V. Baez (1912-2007) William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) Ludwig Lewisohn (1882-1955) Sir Fitzroy MacLean (1911-96) Merle Miller (1919-86) Roy Franklin Nichols (1896-1973) Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. (1887-1969) Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955) Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955) Samuel Woolley Taylor (1907-97) Moses Asch (1905-86) Folkways Records Cisco Houston (1918-61) Muddy Waters (1913-83) 'The Man With My Face', Samuel Woolley Taylor (1907-97), 1948 'Studio One', 1948-58 Fletcher Markle (1921-91) Peter Viereck (1916-2006) Debbie Reynolds (1932-) Moira Shearer (1926-2006) Dore Schary (1905-80) Edith Head (1897-1981) Vera Miles (1929-) Douglas Edwards (1917-90) Stan Jones (1914-63) Pee Wee King (1914-2000) Redd Stewart (1923-2003) Sir Malcolm Sargent (1895-1967) Nat King Cole (1919-65) and eden ahbez (1908-95) Momofuku Ando (1910-2007) Willie Pep (1922-2006) v. Sandy Saddler, Oct. 29, 1948 Korczak Ziolkowski (1908-82) Hanya Holm (1893-1992) Lucebert (1924-94) Doris Day (1922-) Carole Landis (1919-48) Carole Landis (1919-48), July 5, 1948 Rex Harrison (1908-90) Rachel Roberts (1927-80) Robert Mitchum (1917-97) Robert Mitchum (1917-97) Felicien Marceau (1913-) Ed Sullivan (1901-74) 'Candid Camera', 1948-67 'The Morey Amsterdam Show', 1948-50 'The Philco Television Playhouse', 1948-55 'Alan Dale (1925-2002) 'Fred Coe (1914-79) John Lee Hooker (1917-2001) Norman Joseph Woodland (1921-) Barcode Bunny Lapin (1914-99) Reddi-Wip, 1948 Charles P. Lazarus (1923-) Pee Wee Hunt (1907-79) Wendy Barrie (1912-78) 'Perry Como (1912-2001) and Jo Stafford (1917-2008) 'The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre', 1948-50 'Lamp Unto My Feet', 1948-79 'Village Barn', 1948-9 'Village Barn', 1948-9 'Village Barn', 1948-9 'Kiss Me, Kate', 1948 'Mister Roberts', 1948 '3 Godfathers', 1948 'Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein', 1948 'Blanche Fury', 1948 'Easter Parade', 1948 'Escape', 1948 'Esther Waters', 1948 Dirk Bogarde (1921-99) 'The Fallen Idol', 1948 'Fort Apache' starring John Wayne (1907-79), 1948 James Warner Bellah (1899-1976) 'Hamlet', 1948 Jean Simmons (1929-) 'Joan of Arc', 1948 Jane Russell (1921-2011) Broderick Crawford (1911-86) 'The Loves of Carmen', 1948 'Oliver Twist', 1948 'Les Parents Terribles', 1948 'Red River', 1948 Montgomery Clift (1921-66) 'The Red Shoes', 1948 'Rope', 1948 'The Snake Pit', 1948 'The Treasure of the Sierra Madre', 1948 Crazy Horse Memorial, 1948- 'Rex Morgan, M.D.' by Nicholas Peter Dallis (1911-91), 1948- Walt Kelly (1913-73) 'Pogo', 1948-75 Ivory-Billed Woodpecker 'Woman with a Young Goat' by Robert Colquhoun, 1948 'The Acrobat and His Partner' by Fernand Leger (1881-1955), 1948 'Christinas World' by Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009), 1948 'A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park' by Diego Rivera (1886-1957), 1947-8 Frank Scully (1892-1964) Uzi Gal (1923-2002) Uzi, 1948- El Al Logo Alexander Lippisch (1894-1976) Tom Kilburn (1921-2001) Freddie Williams (1911-77) Manchester Baby, 1948 Convair 7002, 1948

1948 Doomsday Clock: 7 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Rat. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) (1st time 1945). The first day of the Jewish Passover falls during a blood-red moon; last 1492; next 1967, 2014, 2015. The total pop. of Big J rises from 52K in 1922 to 165K, consisting of two-third Jews and one-third Arabs, both Arab Muslims and Christians. Beginning this year large numbers of WWII refugees begin migrating to the U.S. This year the 81st U.S. Congress is elected, with Dem. majorities in both houses, becoming known for the "Class of 48" of future presidents, all having gone through the war together, fostering a lifelong bipartisan spirit: John F. Kennedy, Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford, Lyndon B. Johnson; a coincidence that Ford's jersey number at the U. of Mich. (playing center) is 48; they all turned on JFK in 1963? A U.S. poll reveals that Bing Crosby is "the most admired man alive", ahead of Jackie Robinson and Pope Pius XII. TV sets in use in the U.S., and only 37 stations on the air. On Jan. 1 Michigan defeats USC by 49-0 to win the 1948 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 the Benelux customs union between Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg comes into effect; on Mar. 17 France, Britain, West Germany and the U.S. sign the 50-year Brussels Treaty of military, economic and social cooperation with it, becoming a forerunner of the European Union. On Jan. 1 the Fascist Party is outlawed in Italy. On Jan. 2 Heinrich Nordhoff (1899-1968) becomes head of Volkswagen (until 1968), going on to make the VW Bug a worldwide marketing hit while reducing the man-hours needed to produce one from 400 to 100 within six years; no surprise, most Jews boycott it. On Jan. 4 Britain grants independence to Burma, with U Nu (1907-95) as PM #1 (until June 12, 1956). On Jan. 9 Arabs begin attacking Jewish settlements in N Palestine. On Jan. 13 the first Arab jihadist attack against the Jews in Palestine occurs at Gush Etzion in the hills of Hebron, followed by more attacks on Jan. 14 and Jan. 16. On Jan. 17 the U.N. Security Council votes 9-0-2 (Ukraine, U.S.S.R.) to approve Resolution 38, calling upon the govts. of India and Pakistan to refrain from aggravating the situation in Kashmir, and to inform the council of any changes in the situation. On Jan. 20 the U.N. Security Council votes 9-0-2 (Ukraine, U.S.S.R.) to approve Resolution 39, establishing a 3-man committee to advise it on the best course of action in Kashmir. On the same day Charles I was beheaded? On Jan. 30 after sticking up for Muslims and trying to get India to pay them 550M rupees it owes them, while on the way to a night prayer meeting Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (b. 1869) is assassinated in New Delhi with three shots in the chest at point blank range by 37-y.-o. right-wing Hindu nationalist Nathuram Vinayak Godse (1910-49), a member of the high Hindu caste, who is hanged on Nov. 15, 1949 along with ringleader Narayan Dattatraya Apte (1911-49); French photojournalist Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004) gains internat. fame for his coverage of Gandhi's funeral on the banks of the Ganges River on Jan. 31, where he is cremated. In Jan. Chinese "Christian General" Feng Yuxiang (Yu-Hsiang) (b. 1882) is kicked out of the Chinese Kuomintang after going to the U.S. on an official mission to study water conservation methods and issuing soundbytes that Chiang Kai-shek is more flagrant than the Communists in denying the principles of Sun Yat-sen; in Sept. he boards a Soviet vessel in the U.S. vowing to return to China and overthrow the nationalist govt., but dies on Sept. 1 on the Black Sea in a stateroom fire. In Jan. the Secret Service finally catches "Old Eighty-Eight" (case file #880), 73-y.-o. "Little Old Moneymaker" Edward Mueller (Emerich Juettner), an elderly widower who had been making and passing 10-12 $1 counterfeit bills a week for nine years, with the "s" and "h" in Washington reversed; in Sept. he pleads guilty, but is only given 1 year and serves 4 mo.; his fine is one genuine dollar. In Jan. an overthrow attempt by Villarroel loyalists is quashed by Bolivian pres. Enrique Hertzog. In Jan. the French govt. devalues the franc yet again with an agreement with the U.S. making the official rate of exchange 214.39 francs to the U.S. dollar (0.47 cents per franc); the open market rate is 314 to the U.S. dollar. In Jan. a bus skids into a bus queue in Bargeddie (8 mi. E of Glasgow) in Scotland, killing eight and injuring 12. On Feb. 2 Italy signs a treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the U.S. On Feb. 4 Ceylon becomes a self-governing dominion in the British Commonwealth, becoming the first non-European colony to achieve this status. On Feb. 6 the U.S. and British zones of Berlin merge economically into Bizonia (Bizone), pissing-off the Soviets, who respond on Feb. 13 by creating a German Economic Commission in the Soviet zone; the Allies respond by agreeing to draft a separate constitution for West Germany. On Feb. 7 Gen. Omar N. Bradley becomes U.S. Army chief of staff; outgoing chief of staff Gen. Eisenhower is appointed pres. of Columbia U. (until Dec. 1950). The new Cold War chess game between the U.S. and Soviet Union makes opening moves on the Korean sideboard? On Feb. 8 the North Korean People's Army (NK) is officially activated; in Feb. the U.N. approves a resolution providing for elections in the U.S. (S) zone of Korea; on Apr. 8 Pres. Truman orders the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Korea, and on May 10 U.N.-supervised elections are held in South Korea for a constituent assembly, which on July 12 adopts a new 1948 Korean Constitution, and proclaims the Repub. of Korea (not South Korea, but Korea), with right-winger Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) (son of a Presbyterian minister) elected pres. on July 24 (until Apr. 26, 1960; on Aug. 15 the U.S. military formally relinquishes power to the South Korean govt.; meanwhile on July 10 the North Korean People's Council in the Soviet (N) zone promulgates a Soviet-style draft constitution for the Dem. People's Repub. of Korea (DPRK), holds rigged elections for the supreme people's assembly on Aug. 25, and on Sept. 9 in Pyongyang it formally proclaims the DPRK and elects Soviet puppet Kim Il-sung as PM, who claims jurisdiction over all of Korea and launches the Korean People's War, massacring 30K insurgents (mainly civilians?) on Cheju Island (Jejudo) S of South Korea on Apr. 3, 1948-May 1949; in Nov. the South Korean nat. assembly asks the U.S. to retain military forces until it can organize its army, and on Dec. 12 the U.N. Gen. Assembly adopts a resolution approving the request and recognizing the South Korean govt. as the only legitimate govt. on the peninsula; in the ensuing chess game the U.S. keeps the South Korean army at police levels while Stalin rejects Kim Il-sung's initial proposals for escalation to conventional warfare and only provides military equipment while withdrawing the Soviet army. On Feb. 13 Hungary signs a treaty of cooperation and mutual aid with the Soviet Union. On Feb. 17 pres. Romulo Gallegos of Venezuela takes office, but is ousted on Nov. 24 by the military, who set up a military junta to rule the Venice of South America, causing Gallegos to flee to Havana and later to Mexico (until 1948), and Romulo Betancourt to flee to New York City, beginning a long exile in which he plots his comeback and writes big books exposing Venezuelan corruption while becoming a great friend of the U.S. On Feb. 17 learned Yemeni king (since 1918) Imam Yahya (b. 1869) is assassinated by British-backed assassin Alqardaei of the Bani Murad tribe, which king Abdullah I of Jordan compares to the death of caliph #3 Othman, and his son Ahmad bin Yahya Hamidaddin (1891-1962) becomes the next-to-last Shiite Zaidi king of Yemen (until Sept. 18, 1962), going on to modernize the military and form ties with the Soviet Union and China while trying to annex Aden; meanwhile the creation of the Jewish State of Israel pisses-off Arabs in Aden, who riot and kill scores of Jews and destroy their homes and shops, causing Israel to begin Operation Magic Carpet to airlift 50K Jews to Israel, leaving 10K in Yemen; after the Zaydi imamate is overthrown and civil war breaks out, more exit, followed by 1.2K more during the 1991 Gulf War; by 2009 the persecuted remainder concentrated in Saada and Raydah are down to 350. On Feb. 19 Pres. Truman speaks at the Jefferson-Jackson Dinner to mark the 100th anniv. of the Dem. Nat. Committee, calling Jefferson "the father of American liberalism" and Jackson "the man who later gave American liberalism even greater meaning", adding: "The party of progressive liberalism... carries on the traditions of Jefferson and Jackson." No freedom left, check? On Feb. 23-25 Soviet-backed Communists stage a coup in Czech., and force Pres. Eduard Benes to sign off on a new predominantly Communist govt.; for the next several mo. the Commies purge all democracy from the country, nationalize industries, and confiscate estates of over 50 hectares; the lit. and artistic output and its tradition goes kaput; on Mar. 10 foreign minister Jan Masaryk (b. 1886) is killed in a fall from his office window, and it is reported as suicide, but but but?; on May 9 a new constitution is adopted for the Czechoslovak Repub., and on May 30 the Commie-dominated Nat. Front wins 1-party elections; on June 7 Eduard Benes (b. 1884) resigns as pres., claiming ill health, and dies on Sept. 3; on June 14 Commie leader (PM since 1946) Klement Gottwald (1896-1953) becomes pres. of Czech. (until Mar. 14, 1953); on June 27 the Social Dem. Party is forced to merge with the Commie Party, and on Oct. 25 forced labor camps are set up for the malcontents. On Jan. 30-Feb. 8 the V (5th) Winter Olympic Games are held in St. Moritz, Switzerland; 669 athletes from 28 nations compete in 22 events in four sports; military patrol (biathlon) and winter pentathlon are demonstrated; Richard Totten "Dick" Button (1929-) becomes the first U.S. athlete to win a figure skating title, and the first to perform a double axel in the Olympics; Norway wins all three medals in ski jumping; Barbara Ann Scott (1928-2012) of Canada AKA Canada's Sweetheart becomes the first Canadian to win the ladies' singles gold medal in figure skating; French alpine ski racer ("the Parisian of Val d'Isere") ("the Madman of Downhill") Henri Oreiller (1925-62) wins the first Olympic gold in downhill, 4 sec. ahead of the silver medalist; he also wins gold in combined, and bronze in special slalom; Gretchen Fraser (1919-94) wins the first U.S. gold in Alpine skiing. On Mar. 5 after the tribal chiefs are defeated with Indian help, Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah (1905-82), "the Lion of Kashmir" becomes PM of Kashmir (until 1953). On Mar. 5 the U.N. Security Council votes 8-0-3 (Argentina, U.K., Syria) for Resolution 42 to be informed of the situation in Palestine; on Apr. 1 it votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 43 to request representatives relating to the Palestine situation, and 9-0-2 (Ukraine, U.S.S.R.)for Resolution 44 to call for a special session of the Gen. Assembly on Palestine; on Apr. 17 it votes 9-0-2 (Ukraine, U.S.S.R.) for Resolution 46 to call for an end to hostilities in Palestine; on Apr. 23 it votes to establish a Truth Commission for Palestine. On Mar. 8 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 8-1 in McCollum v. Board of Education that state public schools can't set aside class time for religious instruction. On Mar. 13 after hearing that he refuses to meet him, Pres. Truman's old Jewish business partner from Mo. Edward "Eddie" Jacobson (1891-1955) pushes Chaim Weizmann on him to hear his arguments, with the soundbyte: "Your hero is Andrew Jackson. I have a hero too. He's the greatest Jew alive. I'm talking about Chaim Weizmann. He's an old man and very sick, and he has traveled thousands of miles to see you. And now you're putting him off. This isn't like you, Harry", causing Truman to agree after uttering the soundbyte "You win, you baldheaded son of a bitch", causing him to drop the anti-Zionist policy of top U.S. State Dept. advisor George Frost Kennan (1904-2005), who wrote position papers in Jan. and Feb. calling for the 2-state plan to be abandoned and a U.N. trusteeship to be established in the belief that a Jewish state couldn't survive a military attack by the Arab world, later writing: "When we lent our support, nearly thirty years ago, we accepted a certain share of the responsibility for the success of the undertaking", adding that the U.S. should do everything to help Israel survive "short of the actual dispatch and employment of combat forces". On Mar. 17 the Hells Angels under-25 middle-class dropout motorcycle gang in Calif. is founded, known for filthy Levis and denim tops, Nazi helmets and badges, and a symbiosis with hippies in the 1960s, policing their gatherings; to join one must perform an outrageous revolting act; the babes are classed as Mammas (free to all) or Old Ladies (attached). On Mar. 18 the Soviet Union recalls its military and technical advisors from Yugoslavia - those who know, know Marshal's law? On Mar. 20 the Soviets walk out of the Allied Control Council (Komandanterie), charging the Western powers with undermining the agreed-on 4-party admin. of Germany; on Apr. 1 the Soviets get pissed-off at Allied attempts to revive capitalism, and begin interfering with traffic between Berlin and West Germany, hassling passengers with ID checks, etc. On Mar. 20 the 20th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1947 to 20th Century-Fox's Gentleman's Agreement, along with best dir. to Elia Kazan and best supporting actress to Celeste Holm; best actor goes to ? for A Double Life, best actress to Loretta Young for The Farmer's Daughter, and best supporting actor to Edmund Gwenn for Miracle on 34th Street (who utters the soundbyte "Now I know there is a Santa Claus"). In Mar. the Aztec, N.M. UFO Incident allegedly sees a crashed 99 ft. diam. flying saucer containing 16 humanoid bodies recovered by the U.S. military in Hart Canyon 12 mi. NE of Aztec, N.M., first reported in Oct. 1949 by New York City-born journalist Francis Joseph Xavier "Frank" Scully (189-1964) in Variety mag. followed by his 1950 book "Behind the Flying Saucers", which claims two more incidents and sells 60K copies; he claims his sources are Silas M. Newton and Dr. Gee, who are exposed in 1952 and 1956 by San Francisco Chronicle reporter John Philip Cahn as con artists, which causes Scully to double-down and back the story's veracity. On Apr. 3 Louisiana Hayride debuts from the Municipal Auditorium in Shreveport, hosted by Horace "Hoss" Logan, becoming the scene of Elvis Presley's first TV appearance on Mar. 3, 1955; it airs its last show on Aug. 27, 1960. On Apr. 9 populist Colombian Liberal Party head and former Bogota mayor Jorge Eliecer Gaitan Ayala (Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala) (b. 1903), enemy of the "oligarchy" is assassinated in Bogota, causing massive riots in Bogota known as the Bogotazo, which spread to the rest of the country and trigger the 10-year La Violencia (ends 1958), which features the Colombian Necktie, where a victim's throat is slashed and his/her tongue is pulled out through the open wound. On Apr. 9 ("the Cruel Month") the Deir Yassin Massacre sees the Zionist Irgun Zwei Leumi terrorist org. of Menachem Begin (1913-92) attack the small Arab village of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, massacring 300 of all ages; really just 100?; they follow it with 254 more on Apr. 13, 90 more on Apr. 19, and 100 more on May 18; on May 13 they attack and seize Jaffa, the Arab outpost in Jewish territory, causing all but 15K of the Arab pop. to flee; Jewish terrorists go on to depopulate 531 Palestinian towns and villages, and 11 urban neighborhoods, killing or displacing 450K-725K Palestinians in the 1948 Palestinian Exodus, many of whom really fled Palestine on their own initiative or under Arab orders as the Arab armies attacked the Jews like turbaned Nazis, later causing a propaganda war, it depends on whom you believe, not even a genius can figure it out, but the Arab Higher Committee (AHC), the de facto Muslim govt. orders tens of thousands of Arabs to evacuate Haifa on Apr. 21-22, after ordering the 6K Arabs out of Tiberias a few days earlier despite Jewish protestations, and later it orders the partial or complete evacuation of the Arab. pops. of Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Beisan, and on Apr. 30 they allegedly order the evacuation of all Arab villages between Tel Aviv and Haifa; the AHC gives the excuse either that the Arab army needs maneuvering room, or that the Jews would take them hostage, or that remaining in a Jewish state would make them into traitors; meanwhile on Apr. 13 the Hadassah Medical Convoy Massacre sees the Arabs massacre a Jewish medical convoy, killing 79, mostly doctors and nurses. On Apr. 10 the U.N. Security Council votes 10-0-1 (Argentina) for Resolution 45 to admit Burma. Speaking of geniuses? On Apr. 10 after being solicited by the Stern Gang, Albert Einstein writes them a letter calling them a "terrorist organization" full of "misled and criminal people". On Apr. 13 a new Stalinist constitution is proclaimed in Romania, and the presidium is increased to 14 members; meanwhile the royals are forced to leave, incl. Princess Ileana, whose Bran Castle in S Transylvania 105 mi. N of Bucharest, famous as the haunt of Vlad the Impaler is confiscated (until 2006). On Apr. 15 Manuel Roxas (b. 1892) dies, and on Apr. 16 vice-pres. Elpidio Quirino (1890-1956), a leader of the WWII resistance, whose wife and three of his children were killed by the Japanese in 1945 becomes pres. #6 (#2 of the 3rd Repub.) of the Philippines (until Dec. 30, 1953), going on to negotiate an amnesty for Marxist Huk guerrillas. On Apr. 18 Italy holds its first nat. elections under the 1947 constitution, with Communists threatening to take control, but the Christian Dems. win an absolute majority, vs. 30.7% for the Popular Front of Socialists and Communists; on May 23 PM Alcide de Gasperi forms a new govt., while the Communist-dominated Federation of Labor (CGIL) stages a gen. strike to protest the wounding of Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti on July 14 by a student, causing the non-Communist elements in CGIL to secede and form a separate trade union on Oct. 18; reconstruction in Italy is easier than most Euro counries since only 15% of its industrial installations, all in the N were destroyed by the war; the postwar economy takes until 1956 to prosper because of the backward agricultural S. On Apr. 19-25 the First Composers' Congress in the Soviet Union denounces modernist composers Dmitri Shostakovich et al.; next in 1957. On Apr. 22 Barney Blake, Police Reporter debuts on NBC-TV for 13 episodes (until July 8, 1948), sponsored by Am. Tobacco Co. and starring Orville Eugene "Gene" O'Donnell (1911-92) as Barney Blake, and Judy Parrish (1916-) as his secy. Jennifer Allen, becoming the first mystery series on U.S. network TV. On Apr. 30 the Ninth Inter-Am. Conference of Am. States is held in Bogota, and the Org. of Am. States (OAS) is founded; a rev. uprising severely damages the city. On May 3 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 6-0-3 in Shelley v. Kraemer that covenants prohibiting the sale of real estate to members of specific racial groups are legally unenforceable; Justices Stanley F. Reed, Robert H. Jackson, and Wiley B. Rutledge recuse themselves. On May 3 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules unanimously in U.S. v. Paramount Pictures Inc. to ends the monopolistic Hollywood studio system; decision; Justice Felix Frankfurter recuses himself; meanwhile Isidore "Dore" Schary (1905-80) of RKO Pictures (who helped draft the 1947 Waldorf Statement) becomes chief of production at MGM, ending up in a war with founder Louis B. Mayer for wanting the films to have a liberal New Deal message, and in 1951 Mayer is ousted and Schary becomes pres. (until 1956). A big day for Bible thumpers and Millennium Feverists? "Thus says the Lord God: O my people, I will open your graves and have you rise from them, and bring you back to the land of Israel." (Ezekiel 37:12) On May 14 (midnight) the Jewish Nat. Council in Tel Aviv, Palestine proclaims the new Jewish State of Israel, with David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) (known for the soundbyte "The Bible is our deed to the land of Israel") as PM #1 (until Jan. 24, 1954); it incl. an Unwritten Israeli Constitution, and a unicameral Knesset (Heb. "assembly"), whose HQ along with the Israeli Supreme Court bldg. are paid for by Yad Hanadiv (Rothschild Foundation), chaired by wealthy English Zionist Dorothy Mathilde de Rothschild (nee Pinto) (1895-1988); "We offer peace and amity to all the neighboring states and their peoples, and invite them to cooperate with the independent Jewish nation for the common good of all. The State of Israel is ready to contribute its full share to the peaceful progress and development of the Middle East"; the U.S. recognizes it 11 min. later, but Pres. Truman refuses to call it a Jewish state, although he ignores advice from U.S. secy. of state George Marshall et al. in order to recognize it because he believes that it fulfills Biblical prophecy?; "Thus says the Lord God: O my people, I will open your graves and have you rise from them, and bring you back to the land of Israel." (Ezekiel 37:12); the Israeli army had nine obsolete planes for an air force, no cannons or tanks, and 60K trained fighters, only 18.9K of them fully ready for fighting, causing operations chief Yigael Yadin to tell David Ben-Gurion, "The best we can tell you is that we have a 50-50 chance." On May 15 the British Palestine Mandate ends and the British withdraw, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War with Arab states as Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, Egyptian, and Transjordanian troops, supported by Saudi and Yemenite troops attack, screaming "Allahu Akbar", "Jihad", and "Idbah al-Yahud" (slaughter the Jews), showing that it isn't a nationalist but a religious struggle, and sorry, but Islam will never accept the Jewish state of Israel; the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon is founded to wage jihad, later becoming Hezbollah; on May 15 Egyptian Arab League secy.-gen. #1 (1945-52) Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam Pasha (1893-1976) utters the soundbyte "This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre"; on May 17 the Soviet Union recognizes Israel; Jordanian King Abdullah Ibn Hussein's British-trained Arab League under British Lt. Gen. Sir John Bagot Glubb (1897-1986) (AKA Glubb Pasha) seizes control of Judea and Samaria, along with the Jewish Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem on May 28 ("The blackest event in Israel's War of Independence") and annexes them, cutting off access by Jews to the Western Wall until 1967, going on to destroy or desecrate 50+ synagogues in the Jewish Quarter; only Great Britain and Pakistan recognize the annexation; Egypt occupies (but doesn't annex) Gaza; U.S. aircraft manufacturer Adolf "Al" Schwimmer (1917-2011) violates U.S. laws to smuggle surplus aircraft and found the Israeli Air Force on May 28, is convicted in 1950 of violating the U.S. Neutrality Act, and becomes pres. of Israel Aircraft Industries until 1978, finally receiving a pardon by Pres. Bill Clinton in 2000; onu May 29 the U.N. Truce Supervision Org. (UNTSO) (the first U.N. peacekeeping force) is established, with HQ in Jerusalem to oversee the truce; Golda Meir (1898-1978) becomes the Israeli ambassador to the U.N; Ha Tikva(h) becomes the Israeli nat. anthem; the knee-jerk reaction of Arabs is to expel all Jews from Arab cities from Casablanca to Baghdad; the Christian pop. of Jordanian Jerusalem falls from 25K to 11K by 1967 as restrictive laws are placed on them; the Vatican hides the Temple Menorah and other holy vessels looted from the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE so that they can't be used by the Israelis to rebuild it; they are returned on ? On May 20 Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte (1895-1948) is appointed as the first U.N. mediator in Palestine. On May 24 the live weekly variety series Village Barn debuts on NBC-TV (until Sept. 1949), originating from the underground Village Barn nightclub in Greenwich Village, N.Y., becoming the first country music program on U.S. network TV; the debut episode features Tex Ruby, Curly Fox, and The Dixie Boys; later episodes feature Pappy Howard and His Tumbleweed Gang, Harry Ranch and His Kernels of Korn, Bill Long's Ranch Girls, Plute Pete, Romolo De Spirito, Shorty Warren and His Western Rangers, and Okla. gov. Roy J. Turner; when it closes in the late 1960s, the Village Barn becomes Electric Lady Studios, famous as the place where Jimi Hendrix records; above it is the 8th Street Playhouse. On June 1 CBS Radio Show (since 1936) debuts as the half-hour talk show We the People on CBS-TV (until Jan. 1, 1952 after switching to NBC-TV in 1949), with the host interviewing celebs "up close and personal". On June 3 the Marshall Plan (European Recovery Plan) (ERP), named after U.S. secy. of state George Marshall and enacted by the 80th U.S Congress on Mar. 13 (Senate) and House (Mar. 31) becomes effective, going on to give 18 Western European countries over $12B in aid in the next four years; the Soviet Union refuses benefits, and blocks them to Eastern Block countries incl. East Germany and Poland; U.S cos. are forbidden to take their profits in the form of foreign exchange out of Euro countries, while Americans working outside the U.S. for 510 days over 18 mo. are exempt from IRS taxes, causing Hollywood to set up shop in Britain; the Marshall Plan is really a scam to force Communism on Europe? On June 8 New York City-born Jewish comedian Milton "Uncle Miltie" Berle (Mendel Berlinger) (1908-2002) hosts the first 1-hour Texaco Star Theater, which causes TV to become wildly popular in the U.S., causing Berle to be called "Mr. Television"; the show lasts until June 1956. On June 10 Israeli Army (former U.S. Army) Col. David Daniel "Mickey" Marcus (b. 1901) is shot and killed by his own sentries while urinating in a field because he is wrapped in a bed sheet and they mistake him for an Arab? On June 11 a ceasefire in the Arab-Israeli war is declared after Israel loses 6,373 of 650K and spends $500M. On June 12 the United Workers' Party in Hungary is created to unite Communists and Social Dems. On June 12 Thoroughbred Racing on CBS debuts on CBS-TV with the broadcast of the Belmont Stakes, followed by the Preakness Stakes; it first broadcasts the Kentucky Derby in 1952, becoming the first time it is connected to network lines; meanwhile NBC-TV broadcasts the Belmont Stakes 1950-2. On June 13 the dying George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. (b. 1895) makes his final raspy appearance at Yankee Stadium ("The House that Ruth Built") (its 25th anniv. celebration), and his uniform #3 is retired; on July 26 he attends the New York City debut of The Babe Ruth Story, then dies a few weeks later on Aug. 16. On June 15 Jack O'Leary of Los Angeles, Calif. catches a fit of hiccups that doesn't end until June 1, 1956, 160M hiccups later, during which time he loses 64 lbs. and receives over 60K letters with suggested cures - did he try papaya enzyme tablets? At least they pulled the plug in nice weather? On June 16 the Soviets pull out of the Komandantarie (Allied Council), and on June 17 Britain, France, and the U.S. agree to merge occupation zones and set up a separate West German Repub. under Allied control; on June 18 Ludwig Erhard (1897-1977), new dir. of economics announces a currency reform, introducing the deutschmark on June 20 and stabilizing it with 250M DM in cash, causing frantic Soviet efforts to match them, incl. a currency reform of their own on June 23; on June 24 at 6:00 a.m. after scheduled elections for mayor in Berlin threaten to put Social Dem. leader (former Communist) Ernst Reuter (1889-1953) in power, the Soviets, fearing a reuinified non-Communist Germany blockade all road and rail transportation to the Western Zone of Berlin, and begin the Berlin Blockade (ends 1949), threatening 2.5M citizens with starvation and freezing; on July 1 after lightweight Truman (worrying about being reelected) opts out of sending troops (settling for sending 60 B-29s to England), the Allies respond with a massive airlift called Operation Vittles, under the leadership of Gen. Curtis Emerson LeMay (1906-90) (fresh from destructive WWII air raids over Europe and fire-bombings of Japan), with the assistance of young analyst Robert McNamara; the Germans need 1.5K tons of food and 2.5K tons of fuel per day, and at first the airlift, using Lockheed Sunderland C-47s (3 tons cap.) can only supply 1K tons total to Tempelhof Airport, and the traffic jam results in several accidents, but in July Gen. William H. Tunner (1906-83) (who flew supplies across the Himalayas to anti-Communist forces in China) is put in charge, and increases the efficiency of the airlift to 1.5K flights and 4.5K tons a day, with planes having a 30 min. turnaround complete with pretty frauleins running runway snack bars, and planes not landing on the first pass having to turn around; meanwhile RIAS broadcasts Western propaganda and music, incl. jazz, causing an entire German generation of lazy couch potatoes to turn into lifelong jazz fans; when it is discovered that Germans loathe peanut butter, the pesky Yanks ship them plenty?; meanwhile Italians receiving U.S. food discover the delights of canned fruit cocktail, and it becomes a delicacy; U.S. pilot Gail Halvorsen (1920-) gains fame by dropping candy to Berlin kids, becoming known as "Chocolate Uncle" to fatherless German girl Mercedes Wild (1941-) of Friedenau, who writes to him to drop candies when he spots her garden's white chickens; after failing to spot them, he mails her some, along with a letter; on Aug. 1 the Soviets offer Berliners free food in the Soviet zone, as long as they sell out by registering their ration cards, which few agree to; as winter approaches, the Allies hire 18K workers (half women) and build a second airport in two mo., then begin night flights; on Sept. 6 the East German Communists stage demonstrations over planned elections, and on Sept. 9 after RIAS urges protest 500K Germans mob the Reichstag area and listen to a speech by Reuter, after which some pass the Brandenburg Gate into the Soviet sector and tear down red flags, pissing-off the authorities, causing police to kill a demonstrator; on Nov. 30 the Communists oust the dem. majority in the Berlin muncipal assembly and set up a new admin., claiming authority over all Berlin; on Dec. 5 elections in the Western Zone (boycotted by the Communists) give the Socialists 64.6% of the vote, and Ernst Reuter is elected mayor, but by this time his jurisdiction extends only to West Berlin as the Communists elect Friedrich "Fritz" Ebert Jr. (1894-1979) (son of Social Dem. leader and German pres. #1 Fritz Ebert Sr.) as mayor of East Berlin (until 1965); both East and West Germany decide to stick with black-red-gold flags; on Dec. 28 the U.S., Britain, France and the Benelux countries declare the Internat. Ruhr Authority, eventually admitting West Germany. On June 20 (Sun.) (8-9 p.m. ET) the New York City-based variety show Toast of the Town debuts on CBS-TV (until June 6, 1971), hosted by former boxer and newspaper sportswriter Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan (1901-74), featuring Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, Monica Lewis, and Richard Rogers and Oscar Hammerstein II previewing "South Pacific", becoming the longest-running show in TV history; "a really big shoe"; on Sept. 25, 1955 it becomes "The Ed Sullivan Show"; in 1965 it switches to color; in June 1968 CBS-TV Studio 50 is renamed the Ed Sullivan Theater. On June 20 after he sees the horrors of a Communist-backed Hollywood union strike and flops and becomes a conservative political activist, Ronald Reagan's wife (since 1940) Jane Wyman divorces him. On June 21-25 the 1948 Repub. Nat. Convention is held in Philadelphia, Penn.; NBC-TV provides the first live TV coverage of a nat. political convention, with commentators John Cameron Swayze and Ben Grauer; the Eastern Repubs. in control pass over "Mr. Republican" Robert A. Taft of Ohio as unappealing, and nominate New York Gov. Thomas E. Dewey for pres. on the 3rd ballot, with Gov. Earl Warren of Calif. as vice-pres.; Dewey becomes the last Repub. pres. candidate with a mustache until ?; the campaign slogan is "Had enough?"; a populist ticket like this seems unbeatable? On June 22 after the British Nationality Act of 1948 grants British passports to all citizens of the British Commonwealth, causing a flood of immigration from the British African-Caribbean Community begins with the first group of 492 immigrants from Jamaica on HMT Empire Windrush (originally the German ship MV Monte Rose) becoming known as the Windrush Generation; by 2007 there are 600K incl. 283K of mixed white and Afro-Caribbean origin. On June 25 the U.S. Displaced Persons Act is passed, differentiating refugees from immigrants and increasing the numbers of displaced Europeans allowed to immigrate to the U.S.; in 1948-52 399,698 are admitted. On June 28 Stalin kicks the "Tito Clique" from Cominform for doctrinal errors (bucking against Stalin's yoke), and imposes economic sanctions, but stops short of invading Yugoslavia, becoming the first split in the Communist East Bloc; on July 21-29 a Yugoslavia Communist Party congress is held, where Tito denies the charges and receives a vote of confidence, then purges the party of Cominform supporters. On June 28 Italy is allocated $601M under the Marshall Plan. On June 28 Count Folke Bernadotte makes the first formal peace proposal to the Arabs and Israelis, proposing that Palestinian and Transjordan form a "union, comprising two members, one Arab and one Jewish"; after that is rejected, he makes a 2nd proposal on Sept. 16 for two independent states; too bad, on Sept. 17 (Fri.) he is assassinated in Jerusalem by the Zionist Lehi terrorist group (AKA the Stern Gang), who wrongly believed that the Israeli govt. was about to accept the proposal; on Sept. 18 the U.N. Security Council condemns the killing as "a cowardly act which appears to have been committed by a criminal group of terrorists", after which the Lehi group is disarmed and its members arrested, but nobody is ever charged with the killing, causing Sweden to have frosty relations with Israel, even though it recognizes Israel in 1950; in Sept. the Israeli govt. also dissolves the Irgun Zionist terrorist org. (founded 1931), whose members go on to found the right-wing Herut (Heb. "freedom") Party, predecessor of the Likud Party; Bernadotte is succeeded as U.N. mediator #2 by U.S. diplomat Ralph Johnson Bunche (1904-71), who works out a truce on Nov. 4 (U.N. Security Council Resolution 61) and an armistice on Nov. 16 (U.N. Security Council Resolution 62), and on Dec. 29, 1950 becomes the first African-Am. to win the Nobel Peace Prize. On July 1 after years of experimental broadcasts, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approves commerical TV broadcasts; New York City station WNBT (later WNBC) becomes the first to make the changeover, hosting a 1-time episode of Truth of Consequences (which debuted on NBC Radio on Mar. 23, 1940), hosted by producer Ralph Livingstone Edwards (1913-2005), featuring impossible-to-answer trivia questions followed by Beulah the Buzzer, and the "consequences", a zany and embarrassing stunt, often involving reunion with a loved one; after a 1-time special on NBC-TV on July 1, 1948, it debuts again on Sept. 7, 1950 (until Dec. 31, 1987), becoming the first TV program with a live audience to be recorded on 35mm film with multiple cameras; in 1954 Edwards is replaced by Jack Bailey, followed in 1956 by Bob Barker, in 1977 by Bob Hilton, and in 1987 by Larry Anderson; on Jan. 22, 1957 it becomes the first TV program to be broadcast in all U.S. time zones from a videotape; in 1966 it becomes the first successful daily game show in first-run syndication (until 1978, then 1987-8); on Mar. 31, 1950 Hot Springs, N.M. (founded 1916) renames itself Truth or Consequences, N.M. (modern-day pop. 6K) to get Edwards to host the show there, after which he attends the annual fiesta the first weekend of every May until his death. On July 4 fading rumored pregnant Hollywood actress Carole Landis (b. 1919) commits suicide with Secanol in her Pacific Palisades, Calif. home after her married lover, English actor Rex Harrison (1908-90) won't leave his wife for her, causing Fox to cancel his contract, ruining his Hollywood career until his 1956 Broadway hit "My Fair Lady"; in 1962 he marries Welsh actress Rachel Roberts (1927-80), who divorces him in 1971 then ODs on sleeping pills in 1980 when he won't take her back. On July 5 the British Nat. Health Service Act, sponsored by health minister Aneurin Bevan goes into effect after an 18-mo. war with the British Medical Assoc. and the Conservative Party, with Bevan uttering the soundbyte that in order to cement the deal, he had "stuffed their mouths with gold"; medicine is socialized, and free health care for all at 2,688 British hospitals is now paid for by increased marginal tax rates on wealthy business owners; too bad, the net result is long waiting lines. On July 9-19 the first truce ends with the Jews under Yitzhak Rabin (1922-95) launching Operation Danny to strike out E from Tel Aviv and push towards Jerusalem, capturing Lydda (Lod) and Ramla (Ramle), after which only a few hundred of 50K-70K Arab residents remain. On July 12 after Eisenhower refuses to betray his political leaning and accept their nomination, and Henry Wallace carries off the Dem. left wing to his new Progressive Party, the gloomy 1948 Dem. Nat. Convention opens in Philadelphia, Penn. and on July 14 nominates colorless blunderer Harry Truman for pres., and to fit the mood picks aged Sen. Alben W. Barkley of Ky. for vice-pres.; to add to their woes, when they pass a strong civil rights plank after Minneapolis, Minn. mayor (since 1945) Hubert Horatio Humphrey Sr. (1911-78) utters the soundbyte "The time has arrived in America for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights", the white Southern conservatives bolt, forming the segregationist States' Rights Dem. Party, AKA the Dixiecrats on July 17 in Birmingham, Ala., and nominate S.C. Gov. James Strom Thurmond (1902-2003) for pres.; never fear, for on 2 a.m. on July 14 feisty Truman tells his party, "Senator Barkley and I will win this election, and make those Republicans like it, and don't you forget it"; Truman promptly recalls the 80th "Do Nothing" (according to Truman) Congress into a special session, and presents it with his agenda of civil rights, housing, and education, only to watch it adjourn two weeks later having done, er, nothing; from here on Truman campaigns against Do-Nothing Congress instead of Dewey, a tactic Dewey falls for, trying to act as uncontroversial and be as platitudinous as possible, while Truman makes a spunky working-man-against-special-interests Whistle-Stop Tour across the U.S. some 22K mi. on his train The Magellan, with the slogan "Help Hustle Harry Home", speaking 275x, usually from the rear platform of his train at 10-min. stops to big crowds, promising a "Fair Deal", to which the crowds respond "Give 'em hell, Harry!" On July 17 Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qassimi (1918-2010) overthrows his uncle and father-in-law Sheikh Bin Salim al-Qassimi in a bloodless coup, and becomes emir of United Arab Emirate Ras al-Khaimah (until Oct. 27, 2010). On July 19 the sitcom Our Miss Brooks debuts on CBS Radio, moving to CBS-TV on Oct. 3, 1952 (until July 7, 1957), starring Eve Arden (Eunice Mary Quedens) (1908-90) as Constance "Connie" Brooks, an English teacher at Madison H.S., Gale Gordon (Charles Thomas Aldrich Jr.) (1906-95) as principal Osgood Conklin, handsome Robert Rockwell (1920-2003) as shy biology teacher Philip Boynton, whom Miss Brooks has the hots for, Jane Morgan (1880-1972) as Miss Brooks' absent-minded landlady Mrs. Davis, known for exotic inedible breakfasts and her cat Minerva, and Richard Donald "Dick" Crenna (1926-2003) as student Walter Denton; filmed in 1956. On July 22 a referendum in Newfoundland votes 78K to 71K for confederation with Canada. On July 23 Truman appoints Coldwater, Ohio-born Zionist James Grover McDonald (1886-1964) (League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 1933-5) as U.S. special envoy to Israel against the advice of the State Dept., getting promoted to full ambassador in Feb. 1949 (until 1951). On July 29-Aug. 14 the XIV (14th) Summer Olympic Games, organized by British minister Philip John Noel-Baker (1889-1982) are held in London after a 12-year hiatus caused by Hitler; 59 nations compete in 136 events; the U.S. wins the most medals, and Britain comes in 12th (23); ripped-legged "Flying Housewife" Francina Elsje "Fanny" Blankers-Koen (1918-2004) of the Netherlands wins four golds; "boy wonder" Robert Bruce "Bob" Mathias (1930-2006) of the U.S. wins the decathlon, and repeats in 1952 after playing in the 1952 Rose Bowl (first until ?). On July 30 after the purge of anti-Communists from the Smallholders' Party is complete, Hungarian pres. (since 1946) Zoltan Tildy is forced to resign, and is replaced by United Workers' Party chmn. (former Socialist) Arpad Szakasits (1888-1965) (a padded sack of what?) (until Apr. 26, 1950); on Dec. 9 PM Lajos Dinnyes is forced to resign in favor of pro-Communist Istvan Dobi (1898-1968) (until 1952); meanwhile the real power is in the hands of Communist deputy PM Matyas Rakosi (1892-1971), gen. secy. of the Hungarian Communist Party (until 1956). On July 31 Idlewild (New York Internat.) Airport (named after Idlewild Golf Course, then renamed John F. Kennedy Internat. in 1963) on Long Island, N.Y. is dedicated by Pres. Truman. In July Krupp Works head Alfried Krupp is convicted by a U.S. tribunal of using slave labor and plundering occupied countries, and is sentenced to 12 years in prison with his properties confiscated. In July Rama Varma XVIII (Parikshith Thampuran) (-1964) becomes the last king of Cochin, ruling 1 year (until 1949). On Aug. 10 after debuting on ABC Radio on June 28, 1948 (ends Sept. 23, 1948), the joke reality series Candid Camera (originally Candid Microphone) debuts on ABC-TV (until 1954 after switching to NBC-TV in fall 1949), starring Allen Albert Funt (1914-99); it returns on CBS-TV in 1959-67. On Aug. 10 the musical variety show The Alan Dale Show debuts on the DuMont Network (until Jan. 16, 1951 after switching to CBS in 1950), starring Alan Dale (Aldo Sigismondi) (1925-2002). On Aug. 11 the sitcom The Laytons debuts on DuMont Network for 10 episodes (until Oct. 13, 1948), starring Amanda E. Randolph (1896-1967), who becomes the first African-Am. performer to star in a regular role in a U.S. network TV series. On Aug. 28 emir (since 1913) Sheik Abdullah bin Jassim Al-Thani abdicates in favor of his son Sir Hafiz Ali bin Abdullah Al-Thani (1895-1974), who becomes emir of Qatar (until Oct. 24, 1960). On Aug. 31 (night) Hollywood actor Robert Charles Durman Mitchum (1917-97) is arrested in the Hollywood cottage of blonde starlet Lila Leeds (who is engaged to Lana Turner's ex-hubby Stephen Crane) for possession of marijuana, causing his Sept. 1 appearance on the steps of city hall in Los Angeles to address a gathering for Nat. Youth Week to be canceled; he serves 2-mo. in jail, the publicity boosting his career, and Howard Hughes of RKO buys his contract from David O. Selznick for $200K. A hero exposes a rat, or it takes a crook to know a crook? In Aug. the House Committee on Un-Am. Activities (HUAC) begins investigating former FDR aide Alger Hiss (1904-96) after confessed Communist Whittaker Chambers (1901-61) accuses him of being a Communist and passing U.S. State Dept. papers (typed on a typewriter named Woodstock) in 1936-7 to the Soviets in front of HUAC and again in front of Meet the Press, causing Hiss to sue him, while the anti-Communists swarm my-name-sounds-like-a-snake Hiss, launching the political career of Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-94), who gains fame for the Pumpkin Papers (spy notes hidden in a pumpkin in a field) and attempts to backstab Hiss on trivial questions, e.g., "Have you ever seen a prothonotary warbler?"; on Aug. 25 the saga features the first Congressional hearing to be televised; in Aug. 1975 Hiss becomes the first disbarred lawyer to be readmitted; meanwhile in Dec. HUAC pub. Guide to Subversive Orgs. and Pubs., which is revised and expanded in 1951, 1957, and 1961, the last ed. stating the Communist fronts gain support from non-Communist dupes by exploiting their interest in world peace and/or civil rights, naming the Civil Rights Congress; FBI dir. J. Edgar Hoover furnishes each FBI field office with 2+ copies. On Sept. 4 Queen (since 1890) Wilhelmina (b. 1880) of the Netherlands abdicates because of ill health after reigning 50 years minus 2 days in favor of her daughter Princess Juliana, who on Sept. 6 is crowned as Queen Juliana (1909-2004), while Wilhelmina is demoted to old fart princess; on Aug. 7 Esperanto-speaking Willem Drees (1886-1988) of the Dutch Labour Party (PvdA) becomes PM of the Netherlands (until Dec. 22, 1958), going on to build a welfare state and become known as "Father Drees". On Sept. 13 Maine Repub. Margaret Chase Smith (1897-1995) (who took her hubby Clyde's House seat in 1940 after he died) is elected to the U.S. Senate (until 1973), becoming the first woman elected to both houses of Congress (House in 1940-8, Senate in 1949-72), proving a staunch opponent of Sen. Joseph McCarthy. On Sept. 27 (Mon.) (8:00 p.m.) the anthology series The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre debuts on NBC-TV for 82 episodes (until June 26, 1950). In Sept. Hyderabad, India is captured by Union of India forces. In Sept. El Al Israel Airlines Ltd. (Arab. "skywards") is founded by the new state of Israel, with its first flight from Geneva to Tel Aviv. On Oct. 1 Jerusalem mufti Amin al-Husayni declares the All-Palestine Govt. before the Palestine Nat. Council in Gaza; too bad, Gaza is run by Egypt, which lets the new state die on the vine. On Oct. 3 the anthology drama The Philco Television Playhouse, produced and dir. by Fredco, er, Fred "Pappy" Coe (1914-79) debuts on NBC-TV for 251 episodes (until Oct. 2, 1955), featuring adaptations of Broadway musicals and plays, starting with "Dinner at Eight" by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber; season 2 features adaptations of Book of the Month Club novels; season 3 features original stories and adaptations, launching the careers of writers incl. Paddy Chayefsky, Horton Foote, and Gore Vidal; on May 24, 1953 it debuts Chayefsky's drama "Marty", starring Rod Steiger; in 1951 Goodyear becomes co-sponsor; in 1955 Alcoa becomes the sponsor; on Oct. 2, 1955 the last episode is Robert Alan Arthur's "A Man Is Ten Feet Tall", starring Don Murray and Sidney Poitier, which is filmed in 1957 by MGM as "Edge of the City", starring Poitier and John Cassavetes. On Oct. 3 the variety show Welcome Aboard, sponsored by Admiral debuts (until Feb. 20, 1949); the first two episodes feature Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. On Oct. 4 the Cleveland Indians defeat the Boston Red Sox 8-3 in a single game playoff to win the AL pennant; on Oct. 6-11 the Cleveland Indians (AL) defeat the Boston Braves (NL) 4-2 to win the Forty-Fifth (45th) (1948) World Series; a 50+ year WS drought begins for the Indians. On Oct. 4 the comic strip Bumbazine (later Albert the Alligator, then Albert and Pogo, finally Pogo) by Walter Crawford "Walt" Kelly Jr. (1913-73) debuts (ends July 20, 1975); Prof. Howland Owl resides with possum Pogo in the Okefenokee Swamp in Ware County, Ga.; "We have met the enemy and he is us." On Oct. 15 former PM (1946-7) Shigeru Yoshida (1878-1967) becomes PM #48-51 of Japan (until Dec. 10, 1954). On Oct. 20 the Dumont Network in New York City debuts its first live sitcom, The Growing Paynes, starring Elain Stritch, about a working mom and dad. On Oct. 29 in Peru a military junta under Gen. Jose Manuel Apolinario (Arturo?) Odria Amoretti (1897-1974) overthrows Jose Luis Bustamente's govt. and outlaws the pro-Indian APRA and Communist Party; Odria becomes pres. of Peru (until 1956). On Nov. 1 Maximos V resigns due to poor health, and Athenagoras I (1886-1972) becomes ecumenical patriarch #268 of Constantinople (until 1972). On Nov. 2 (Tues.) the 1948 U.S. pres. election is held; 51.1% of the electorate votes for pres., and gives Truman 24.2M popular votes to Dewey's 22.0M (49.6% to 45.1%); Truman carries 28 states to 16 for Dewey (303 to 189 electoral votes); the Dems. also win both houses of Congress; Thurmond receives 1.2M popular votes, 4 Southern states and 39 electoral votes; Wallace receives 1.2M popular votes but no electoral votes; the combined third parties receive only 5.75% of the vote; the polls showed Dewey kicking Truman's ass, causing newspapers to be pre-printed with the headline "Dewey Defeats Truman", causing the clever to reply "Thomas E. Who?" as the arrogance of the prognostications causes Truman voters on the West Coast to flock to the polls and throw the election the other way; Gen. Eisenhower votes for Dewey, and later complements Truman for his "stark courage and fighting heart"; on Nov. 3 Pres. Truman gives the first televised pres. address from the White House (no tapes saved); on Nov. 2 despite lagging in the primary by 33.7% to 39.7%, Stonewall, Tex.-born Texas Rep. (since Apr. 10, 1937) Dem. Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-73) is elected to the U.S. Senate by 66.2% over Repub. Jack Porter after winning the primary over Tex. gov. #35 (since Aug. 4, 1941) Coke R. Stevenson by a suspicious 87 votes out of 988,295 cast, incl. 200 votes cast in alphabetical order in Jim Wells County, and using atty. Abe Fortas to get U.S. Supreme Court justice Hugo Black to overturn a federal district court ruling backed by Stevenson to remove his name from the gen. election ballot, causing him to become known as "Landslide Lyndon"; Repub. Grand Rapids, Mich. atty. Gerald Ford (b. 1913) is elected for his first of 13 terms in the U.S. House, and marries Mrs. Elizabeth Ann "Betty" Bloomer (1918-2011), going on to have 3 sons, Michael Gerald Ford (1950-), John "Jack" Gardner Ford (1952-), and Steven Meigs Ford (1956-), and 1 daughter, Susan Elizabeth Ford (1957-). On Nov. 3 the U.N. Gen. Assembly elects the 15 members of the U.N. Internat. Law Commission; it holds its fist session next Apr. 12-June 9 in Lake Success, N.Y. On Nov. 7 the 1-hour anthology drama series Studio One, based on the 1947-8 CBS Radio show debuts on CBS-TV for 467 episodes (until Sept. 29, 1958), created by Winnipeg, Canada-born Fletcher Markle (1921-91), receiving Emmy nominations every year from 1950-8; on Sept. 20, 1954 Reginald Rose's "Twelve Angry Men" debuts, spawning a 1957 film version starring Henry Fonda; on Sept. 9, 1957 "The Night America Trembled", a recreation of Orson Welles' "The War of the Worlds" debuts. On Nov. 7 Tilden-Neb.-born sci-fi writer Lafayette Ronald "L. Ron" Hubbard (1911-86) utters the soundbyte at a meeting of the Eastern Science Fiction Assoc.: "You don't get rich writing science fiction. If you want to get rich, you start a religion." On Nov. 10 (Wed.) (8:30 p.m.) the half-hour talk show The Wendy Barrie Show (Through Wendy's Window) (Who's Who with Wendy Barrie) (Inside Photoplay) (PhotoplayTime) debuts on ABC-TV (until Sept. 27, 1950 and DuMont Network on Jan. 17-July 13, 1949 then NBC in Feb. 1950, which cuts it to 15 min.), starring Hong Kong-born English actress Wendy Barrie (Marguerite Wendy Jenkins) (1912-78). Showa me the noose? On Nov. 12 former Japanese PM Hideki Tojo (b. 1884) and six other WWII Japanese leaders, Gen. Itagaki Seishiro (b. 1885) (Kwantung Army chief), Gen. Heitaro (Hyotaro) Kimura (b. 1888) (cmdr. of Japanese forces in Burma), Gen. Kenji Doihara (b. 1883) (planner of the Mukden Incident), Gen. Iwane Matsui (b. 1878) (cmdr. of the Japanese Expeditionary Force), Gen. Akira Muto (b. 1892) (adviser to Tojo), and PM (1936-7) Koki Hirota (b. 1878) are sentenced to death by a war crimes tribunal for engineering the murder of 8M civilians in China, Korea, Philippines, Indochina and various Pacific nations, plus tens of thousands of Allied POWs, as well as medical experiments with Chinese civilians and POWs; on Dec. 23 they are executed by hanging in Tokyo (an obvious attempt by U.S. authorities to give the good white folks back home a White Christmas?); they, along with 1,068 people convicted of WWII war crimes (incl. 14 class A war criminals) are listed on the scrolls of the Yasukuni Shinto Shrine in Tokyo for those who died fighting for the emperor, causing regular protests going for decades. On Nov. 15 Liberal Francophone Louis Stephen St. Laurent (1882-1973), longtime backer of PM William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes PM #12 of Canada (until June 21, 1957), going on to lead Canada in joining NATO in 1949 to fight Communism despite opposition from the Labor-Progressive Party and French canadians, turning Canada from an isolationist ex-colony to an active middle power. On Nov. 21 (Sun.) (4:30 p.m.) the ecumenical religious anthology Lamp Unto My Feet, sponsored by the Nat. Council of Churches, New York Board of Rabbis, and U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops debuts on CBS-TV (until 1979); on Apr. 28, 1979 it is combined with "Look Up and Live" to create the new show For Our Times (until 1988). On Nov. 24 the Dem. Action Pary stages a military coup in Venezuela, with Col. Carlos Delgado Chalbaud (Carlos Román Delgado Chalbaud Gómez) (1909-50) as pres. (until Nov. 13, 1950). On Nov. 25 (Thanksgiving) the first wide-audience TV broadcast in the Puget Sound, Wash. area. is shown on almost 1K TV sets. In Nov.a no-man's land between East and West Jerusalem comes into being, after which dashing Moshe Dayan (1915-81), cmdr. of the Israeli forces in Jerusalem meets with his Jordanian counterpart Abdullah el Tell (1918-) in a deserted house in Jerusalem's Musrara neighborhood, and mark out their respective positions, Israel's in red and Jordan's in green; this rough map, which is not meant as an official one becomes the final line in the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which divides the city and leaves Mt. Scopus as an Israeli exclave inside East Jerusalem; barbed wire and concrete barriers run down the center of the city, passing close by Jaffa Gate on the W side of the old walled city, with a crossing point established at Mandelbaum Gate slightly to the N of the old walled city. On Dec. 3 the overloaded Chinese refugee ship Kiangya is wrecked in a mine explosion in Whangpoo River in China, killing 2,750. On Dec. 4 after Menachem Begin's Herut Party begins terrorist activities to oust Britain from Palestine, Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt, Sidney Hook and other Am. Jews pub. a Letter to the New York Times condemning it and calling it "a political party closely akin in its organization, methods, political philosophy and social appeal to the Nazi and Fascist parties"; when Begin signs the Camp David Accords in 1978, he is accused of being a traitor to his own cause. On Dec. 6 Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts debuts on CBS-TV for ? episodes (until Jan. 1, 1958), starring "the Old Redhead" Arthur Morton Godfrey (1903-83), who hawks Lipton Tea and Chesterfield brand cigarettes, with the slogan "Buy 'em by the carton", later quitting smoking and terminating his relationship with the co. five years before being diagnosed with lung cancer, becoming an anti-smoking activist. On Dec. 6 24-part series Crime on the Waterfront, by journalist Malcolm Johnson (1904-76) debuts in the New York Sun, becoming the first to reveal "an underworld syndicate, with national and international connections, which controls organized crime" throughout the U.S., esp. the docks of New York; the 1954 film On the Waterfront is based on it; Johnson wins a Pulitzer Prize, and in 1966 his son Haynes Johnson (1931-) wins one for coverage of the civil rights struggle in Selma, Ala., becoming the first father-son journalism Pulitzers; "docks overlord" John D. "Cockeye" Dunn (-1949) is later executed at Sing-Sing for murder of a hiring stevedore, along with blind gunman Andrew (Andy) "Squint" Sheridan (-1949) ("I never killed anybody innocent"). On Dec. 9 after over a decade of lobbying by Polish-born Jewish scholar Raphael Lemkin (1900-59) (who coined the word "genocide" in 1943) the U.N. Gen. Assembly adopts Resolution 260: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; it goes into effect on Jan. 12, 1951; the U.S. doesn't ratify it until 1988; meanwhile the Fagan Report (Report of the Native Laws Commission of 1946) issued by the govt. of South Africa admits the impracticability of complete racial segregation and recommends abolishing restrictions on black migration into urban areas, but the Afrikaner Nat. Party vehemently rejects it, and the govt. of Jan Smuts is narrowly defeated in the gen. election, putting Afrikaner nationalist Daniel Francois Malan (1874-1959) in power as PM on June 4 (until Nov. 30, 1954), who goes on to pass comprehensive white supremacist Apartheid Laws (ends 1994). On Dec. 9 the state of Ga. celebrates the centenary of the birth of "Uncle Remus" author Joel Chandler Harris (1848-1908), and the U.S. govt. issues a postage stamp in his honor. On Dec. 10 the U.N. Gen. Assembly votes 48-0-8 for U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 217 adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, partially formulated by Eleanor Roosevelt, but it is not given the legal force of a treaty until 1966; it declares that everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living incl. satisfactory housing; the first Internat. Human Rights Day; too bad, Communist nations abstain, as does the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and in 1981 the Repub. of Iran calls it a secular interpretation of Judeo-Christian tradition incompatible with Sharia, after which in 2000 the 57-nation Org. of the Islamic Conference (OIC) votes to endorse the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, which states that people have "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Sharia", after which in July 2001 the European Court of Human Rights rules that "the institution of Sharia law and a theocratic regime were incompatible with the requirements of a democratic society". On Dec. 11 by 35-23 the non-binding U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 194 is passed, calling for the return of Palestinian refugees to their homes; all six Arab countries at the U.N. (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen) vote against it; Israel isn't a U.N. member yet. On Dec. 11 (7:00 p.m.) Chesterfield Supper Club debuts on NBC Radio on weeknights (until 1950), starring Pierino Ronald "Perry" Como (1912-2001); in 1945 "The Voice of America" Jo Elizabeth "Josie" "G.I. Jo" Stafford (1917-2008) hosts on Tuesdays and Thursdays; theme songs incl. "Smoke Dreams" and "A Cigarette, Sweet Music and You"; on Apr. 5, 1946 it is broadcast from a TWA plane at 20K ft. alt., becoming the first network radio broadcast from an airplane; in 1948-50 it is broadcast on NBC-TV. On Dec. 17, 1948 the 6-mo.-old radio sitcom The Morey Amsterdam Show debuts on CBS-TV for 71 episodes (until Oct. 12, 1950 after switching to DuMont Network on Apr. 21, 1949), starring Moritz "Morey" Amsterdam (1908-96) as the MC of the Golden Goose Cafe in New York City; Arthur William Matthew "Art" Carney (1918-2003) plays Charlie the Doorman; aspiring novelist Jacqueline Susann (1918-74) plays Lola the Cigarette Girl. On Dec. 19 the 320 Dutch commandos capture Jakarta (Jogjakarta) (Jokyakarta), capital of Indonesia, and imprison Gen. Sukarno and members of his govt. Eire go bragh? On Dec. 21 the Roman Catholic Repub. of Ireland (formerly the Irish Free State and Eire), consisting of the provinces of Leinster, Munster, Connacht, and part of Ulster (five-sixths of the Ireland, excluding pesky Protestant Northern Ireland) declares its independence; it comes into force on Easter Mon., Apr. 18, 1949; as Eire, it remained neutral throughout WWII, and sent official condolences to the Germans on the death of Hitler; its official symbol is the harp, not the shamrock? - should be Eerie? Join us for lots of laughs at Atheist HQ in Hungary? On Dec. 26 after religious orders are banned, Hungarian Roman Catholic Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty (1892-1975) and other dignitaries are arrested on treason and conspiracy charges by the Communists as part of their atheistic wave of persecution of the Mean Old Church; he had already been arrested on Nov. 26, 1944 and released in Apr. 1945, but this time it's meant to be permanent; next Feb. 8 after releasing a "Yellow Book" listing his coerced confessions, Mindszenty is sentenced to life in prison for treason by the Commies, causing him to seek asylum in the U.S. embassy in vain; on Feb. 12 Pope Pius XII excommunicates all persons involved in his trial and conviction; he is not released from priz until Oct. 30, 1956. The kingdoms of the Malay Peninsula, incl. Johore, Melaka (Malacca), and the island of Penang unite to form the Federation of Malaya, under British protection; Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak become separate crown colonies; the Malayan Communist Party begins a guerrilla uprising called the Malayan Emergency (ends 1960), led by Chin Peng (1924-), who had been given an OBE by the British govt. during WWII. The World Council of Churches (WCC) is formed. Operation Gladio (Lat. "gladius" = sword) , with the Latin motto "Silendo Libertatem Servo" (Silently I Serve Freedom), a NATO "stay behind" force to counter possible invasion by Warsaw Pact Forces is founded by the Clandestine Committee of the Western Union, and eventually overseen by the Supreme HQ Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) (ends 1982); in 1964 it begins false flag ops to frame Commies for terrorist acts? British PM Clement Attlee appoints the Lynskey Tribunal, chaired by Sir George Justin Lynskey (1888-1957) to investigate charges of corruption against British officials and ministers; it causes resignations but no prosecutions. The new constitution of Italy bars former King Umberto III and all his male descendants from Italy. A 5-week civil war erupts in Costa Rica, and it ends up with the country disarming, becoming the "Switzerland of Central Am." Nat. Assistance Act is passed in Britain, abolishing the Poor Laws dating back to Elizabeth I, although parts of them remain on the books until 1967. The Hague Congress for European Unity is chaired by Winston Churchill - didn't the RAF accidentally bomb The Hague? The Labour govt. British Groundnut Scheme to finance groundnut farming in East Africa via the Overseas Food Corp. is launched; too bad, it is ended in 1953 after it costs too much to destump virgin bush. Russian-born Israeli Isser Harel (Halperin) (1912-2003) et al. found the Mossad (HaMossad leModi'in ule Tafkidim Meyuchadim) (Inst. for Intelligence and Special Operations) intel agency, which ends up doing extensive spying in the U.S. The Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in Pakistan is founded, becoming its largest intel agency. The USAF sets up Project Sign to investigate UFOs, initially favoring the opinion that they're extraterrestrial in origin, then flopping at the last minute before the report is pub. next Jan.; next Feb. the project is replaced by Project Grudge (until 1951), then Project Blue Book in 1952 (until Jan. 1970). The railroads in Britain are nationalized. Soft coal miners in the U.S. stage a 1 mo. strike. A nationwide rail strike in the U.S. is prevented by a court injunction. GM and UAW negotiate a contract containing the first escalator (indexed to cost of living) clause. John E. Rudder of Paducah, Ky. becomes the first black U.S. Marine Corps officer to be commissioned. N.H. finally switches to the dollar from the shilling, which had been the official unit of currency under their 1784 constitution. 13th-14th cent. Bedlam Hospital (Bethlehem Royal Hospital) ceases operation, becoming part of the British NHS Foundation Trust. The Free U. of Berlin is founded in West Berlin, West Germany from parts of the Commie-controlled Humboldt U. by German historian Friedrich Meinecke (1862-1954) et al. - I go to FU? The RAND (Research and Development) Corp. is formed by Douglas Aircraft Co. as a military think tank, later expanding to global policy, going on to produce 30+ Nobel Prize winners. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science in Germany (founded 1911) is saved from being dismantled by a lobbying effort led by British chemist Bertie K. Blount, and is renamed for the late Max Planck, with chemist Otto Hahn as pres. #1. Brandeis U. is founded on Oct. 20 in Waltham, Mass. (9 mi. W of Boston), becoming the first Jewish nondenominational college in the U.S.; German-born English prof. Ludwig Lewisohn (1882-1955), who grew up Methodist until he graduated from Columbia U. and was told that a U.S. univ. will never hire a Jew to teach English becomes one of the founding faculty members. The State U. of New York (SUNY) is founded by N.Y. Rep. gov. #47 (1943-54) Thomas Edmund Dewey (1902-71), growing to become the largest U.S. univ. University College is founded on Nov. 17 in Ibadan, Nigeria, becoming affiliated with London U., drawing students from all over Africa. The U.S. Mint begins producing the Franklin Half-Dollar Coin, with the Liberty Bell on the reverse (until 1963); also the silver Franklin half-dollar (until 1963) (first person other than a U.S. pres. on a U.S. coin). Douglas Edwards (1917-90) becomes the first U.S. network news TV anchor for CBS' first nightly news broadcast, later titled "CBS Evening News" (until 1962). Am. leading iconoclast writer H.L. Mencken (1880-1956) suffers a massive stroke that leaves him almost unable to read or write; "It is like an electric current. In all he writes there is a crackle of blue sparks like those one sees in a dynamo house." (Joseph Conrad) Winston Churchill is made Honorary Academician Extraordinary - that'll help him kick the black dog? Midwestern Hayride debuts on WLW-TV in Cincinnati, Ohio, becoming the first country music TV show. Russian-born novelist Vladimir Nabokov begins teaching Russian lit. at Cornell U. 36-y.-o. cloistered nun Mother Teresa (1910-97) begins her work in the slums of Calcutta, founding the Missionaries of Charity in 1950, growing to 4.5K sisters in 133 countries by 2010, with the usual vows plus "Wholehearted and free service to the poorest of the poor". Okla.-born Miss Kansas Vera Miles (Vera June Ralston) (1929-) places 3rd in the 1948 Miss America Contest, moving to Hollywood in 1950 to become an actress; meanwhile Tex.-born Debbie (Mary Frances) Reynolds (1932-) wins the title of Miss Burbank, Calif., doing ditto. African-Am. writer James Baldwin gets fed up and moves to Paris - never heard of his name? Am. bandleader and accordionist Frank Yankovic (1915-98) of Cleveland, Ohio is crowned Polka King, and maintains the title for 50 years until his death. Julia Child's husband gets a job in Paris, and she begins studying French cooking at the Cordon Bleu with Chef Bugnard, eventually launching a cooking school with Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle, and working on a French cookbook for Americans, pub. in 1961. The radio show The Original Amateur Hour, hosted since 1946 by Colo.-born Ted Mack (1904-76) joins the Dumont TV network between Geritol commercials (ends 1970, then revived for a short time by Willard Scott in 1992); Mack spins the Wheel of Fortune, saying you know what. Ariz. psychiatrist Nicholas Peter Dallis (1911-91) creates the comic strip Rex Morgan, M.D., about a model white straight family physician, who evolves with the times (until ?). Japanese Taiwan-born Japanese noodle maker Momofuku Ando (1910-2007) founds Nissin Food Products Co. on Sept. 7 in Osaka, Japan; in 1958 they introduce the first instant ramen noodle product Chikin Ramen; in 1970 they establish the U.S. subsidiary Nissin Foods. E.J. Korvette (Korvettes) (Eight Jewish Korean War Vets?) is founded in New York City by WWI vet Eugene Ferkauf and his friend Joe Zwillenberg, becoming the first suburban discount store in the U.S., followed by Brant's, Grant's, King's, Topp's, etc., as more and more families get automobiles, triggering inner-city blight as Main Street merchants go under; Korvettes goes bankrupt in 1980. The tabloid newspaper Chicago Sun-Times is founded via the merger of the Chicago Sun (founded Dec. 4, 1941 by Marshall Field III) and the Chicago Daily Times (founded 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal) (known for starting the rumor about Mrs. O'Leary's cow), becoming the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in Chicago; in 1943 the advice column "Ask Ann Landers" by Ruth Crowley debuts, being taken over in 1955 by Eppie Lederer, sister of "Dear Abby" columnist Abigail van Buren; in 1959 the Field family acquires the afternoon Chicago Daily News, which folds in 1978, causing Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko to move over. Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing is founded in Germany as a book club, going on to acquire Holt, Rinehart and Winston in 1985, Scientific Am. mag. in 1986, Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1994, and Macmillan Group in 1999. Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie builds the Lion Zoo in Addis Ababa to house black-maned Abyssinian lions, the nat. symbol. The first Emmy Awards for U.S. TV are awarded to Pantomime Quiz Time (most popular program), The Necklace (best made-for-TV film), and Shirley Dinsdale and her puppet Judy Splinters (outstanding TV personality); the wings represent the "muse of art", and the atom represents the "electron of science". The Hudson Review is founded by Joseph Bennett and Frederick Morgan, and soon begins pub. notable writers incl. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955), T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), and Saul Bellow (1915-2005). The Annie E. Casey Foundation in Seattle, Wash. is founded by UPS founder (1919) James E. Casey (1888-1983) in honor of his mother to help disadvantaged children and their families in the U.S.; it moves to Baltimore, Md. in 1994. Folkways Records is founded in New York City by Warsaw, Poland-born Moses "Moe" Asch (1905-86) and Marian Distler, going on to record and release 2,168 albums documenting folk and roots music from around the world, helping launch the careers of Lead Belly, Pete Seeger, Cisco Houston, Woody Guthrie et al.; Woody Guthrie's Wilmington, Del.-born Merchant Marine friend Gilbert Vandine "Cisco" Houston (1918-61) later releases the album The Folkways Years, 1944-1961, which incl. Born 100,000 Years Ago. The COBRA (CoBrA) (Copenhagen, Brussels, Amsterdam) avant-garde art movement is formed (until 1951) on Nov. 8 in the Cafe Notre-Dame in Paris by Christian Dotremont (who coins the name), Karel Appel, Asger Jorn, Joseph Noiret et al., who sign the The Case Was Heard Manifesto, pledging complete freedom of color and form and antipathy towards surrealism, also sympathy with Marxism and the modernism of Joan Miro; Dutch artist-poet Lucebert (1924-1994) becomes their official poet. The prestigious Bancroft Prize is established by Columbia U. for the best two books about diplomacy or history of the Americas by a bequest from Galesburg, Ill.-born historian Frederic Bancroft (1860-1945), coming with a $4K stipend, which is increased to $10K in 2004; the first prizes go to Allan Nevins for Ordeal of the Union (1947), and Bernard DeVoto for Across the Wide Missouri (1947). The annual Bollingen Prize for Poetry is established by the Bollingen Foundation, founded in 1945 by philanthropist Paul Mellon (1907-99) and his wife Mary Conover Mellon, named after Bollingen Tower, country home of Carl Jung in Bollingen, Switzerland; the first prize is awarded to Ezra Pound for "The Pisan Cantos" by a jury of Library of Congress fellows, pissing-off Congress, which ends their participation, causing the Beinecke Rare Book and Ms. Library of Yale U. to take over; winners incl. Wallace Stevens (1950), John Crowe Ranson (1951), Marianne Moore (1952), Archibald MacLeish and William Carlos Williams (1953), W.H. Auden (1954), Leonie Adams and Louise Bogan (1955), Conrad Aiken (1956), E.E. Cummings (1958), Theodore Roethke (1959), Delmore Schwarz and David Jones (1960), Yvor Winters (1961), John Hall Wheelock and Richard Eberhart (1962), and Robert Frost (1963); in 1963 it becomes a $5K biennial award; in 1961 a parallel prize for best poetry trans. is established, awarded to Robert Fitzgerald for his trans. of Homer's "The Odyssey"; in 1968 the Bollingen Foundation is dissolved, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation takes over, establishing an endowment of $100K in 1973. The George Polk Awards for journalism are established in memory of CBS correspondent George Polk (1913-48), who was found murdered on May 16 while covering the Greek Civil War of 1946-9 after alleging govt. corruption. Sir Malcolm Sargent (1895-1967) becomes chief conductor of the BBC Proms summer music festival in Royal Albert Hall in South Kensington, London (until 1967). The Aldeburgh Music Festival in Suffolk, England is founded by composer Benjamin Britten and his gay bud tenor Sir Peter Pears. The name Xerox is trademarked for "electro-photography". The New York City Ballet is founded by George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein, with Leon Barzin as music dir. #1. U.S. TV engineer Harry R. Lubcke proposes the name "Emmy" for the statuettes awarded for special achievement in TV, based on Immy, engineering slang for the image-orthicon camera. The 200-in. reflecting telescope at the Mount Palomar Observatory in Calif. is dedicated on June 3. Ferdinand Porsche begins building the 2-door rear-engine rear-wheel-drive Porsche 356, its first production automobile in Gmund, Austria, moving to Zuffenhausen, Germany in 1950 - wiggle while you jiggle in a wiggling spree? Italian tractor manufacturer Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916-93) modifies his Fiat Topolino with a Testa d'Oro bronze cylinder head and enters it in the Mille Miglia, then crashes it into an inn near Fano, and after being insulted by Enzo Ferrari as unfit to design sports cars he decides to prove him wrong and spends the next 20 years working to pass him up while refusing to get involved in racing his cars anymore. Glidden begins marketing Spred Satin brand paint, which introduces styrene-butadiene latexes. The price of uranium skyrockets to $1.6K per ton. Modelo Brewery in Cotorro (10 mi. from Havana), Cuba is built by architect Enrique Luis Varela for the Bacardi Rum Co. to manufacture Hatuey Beer, selling 3.5M l in its first 19 mo., 10M cases in 1959, and 12M cases in 1960 (50% of the Cuban beer market), making a fan of Ernest Hemingway, who features it in his 1951 book "The Old Man and the Sea"; too bad, on Oct. 14, 1960 Castro's govt. confiscates its assets. Toys "R" Us (originally Children's Supermarket) is founded in Washington, D.C. by Charles P. Lazarus (1923-) to sell baby furniture, changing the name to the present one and adding toys in 1957, with a new HQ in Rockville, Md., and a new mascot, Geoffrey the Giraffe (Dr. G. Raffe until 1969); in 1966 it is acquired by Interstate Department Stores (owner of White Front and Topps), creating a monopoly until bigger sharks incl. Walmart, Target, and Amazon eat into their share; it goes on to expand to 850+ stores in the U.S. and 750+ outside the U.S., moving the HQ to Wayne, N.J. The last specimen of the pink-headed duck is donated to the Smithsonian Inst.; next year the last bird in the wild is spotted (until ?). Langdon, Bordeaux-born French chef Raymond Oliver (1909-90) in the fall opens the new Le Grand Vefour (Véfour) on the Rue de Beaujolais in the Palais-Royal district of Paris, attracting celeb clientele incl. Winston Churchill, Albert Camus, Georges Simenon, Andre Malraux, Jean Cocteau, colette, Henry Ford, David Rockefeller, the Aga Khan, Prince Rainer and Princess Grace, snubbing the noveau cuisine in favor of the cuisine of his native Gascony. Hollywood costume designer Edith Head (1897-1981) of Paramount Pictures, known for always wearing an Anna May Wong haircut and dark sunglasses to see how clothing will appear in B&W is nominated for an Academy Award for the first of 19 straight times (until 1966), followed by 16 more after she moves to Universal Pictures in 1967. Dick's Sporting Goods is founded in Binghamton, N.Y. by Richard "Dick" Stack, moving the HQ to Corapolis, Penn. and expanding to 600+ stores by 2015. Wham-O Manufacturing Co., is founded by USC grads Richard Knerr (1925-2008) and Arthur "Spud" Melin (1925-2002) in San Gabriel, Calif. with less than $1K in capital to make slingshots, going on to acquire the rights to the Frisbee in 1957, the Hula Hoop in 1958, Slip 'N' Slide in 1961, and Super Ball in 1965 before being acquired by Kransco Group Cos. in 1982, which is acquired in 1994 by Mattel, becomes independent again in 1997, and is sold for $80M to Cornerstone Overseas Investment Ltd. in China, followed in 2009 by the Aguilar Group. Sports: On Jan. 1 the first Salad Bowl is played at Montgomery Stadium in Phoenix, Ariz.; Nevada defeats North Tex. State Teachers College 13-6; the last is played in 1952. On Jan. 28 5'11" Providence Steamrollers head coach Matthew "Nat" Hickey (1902-79), former guard-forward for the Original Celtics et al. activates himself as a player for one game, making 0 out of 6 field goals and committing 5 personal fouls, scoring 2 points off of foul shots, becoming the oldest player in NBA history at 45 years 363 days (until ?). On Feb. 21 after holding talks on Dec. 14, 1947 at the Ebony Bar of the Streamline Hotel, NASCAR (Nat. Assoc. for Stock Car Auto Racing) is founded in Daytona Beach, Fla. by William Henry Getty "Big Bill" France Sr. (1909-92); a normal race has 43 starter cars? On Apr. 7-14, the 1948 Stanley Cup Finals see the Tornoto Maple Leafs sweep the Detroit Red Wings 4-9, becoming a 2-peat; after the 1947-8 season the Art Ross Trophy, named after Boston Bruins coach (1924-45) Artthur Howey "Art" Ross (1886-1964) (designer of the official bevelled-edge NHL puck) is established by the NHL for the player with the most points in the season; the first award goes to Elmer Lach of the Montreal Canadiens (61 points). On Apr. 10-21 the 1948 BAA Finals sees the Baltimore Bullets (coach Buddy Jeannette) defeat the Philadelphia Warriors (coach Edward Gottlieb) by 4-2. On Apr. 18 the Prof. Women Bowling Writers (PWBW) is formed at the Baker Hotel in Dallas, Tex.; in 1975 male journalists are admitted; on Jan. 1, 2007 it merges with the Bowling Writers Assoc. of Am. On May 31 the 1948 (32nd) Indianapolis 500 is won by Mauri Rose (first 3-time winner, and 2nd to win in consecutive years), with Bill Holland coming in 2nd for the 2nd year in a row. On Aug. 8 the Cleveland Indians win a doubleheader V against the New York Yankees as injured player-mgr. Lou Boudreau delivers a 2-run pinch-hit single. On Aug. 14 the Denver Bears A-baseball team (later AAA) debuts in Bears Stadium in Denver, Colo., which becomes Mile High Stadium in 1968-2001; in 1985 the team is sold and renamed the Denver Zephyrs, relocating to New Orleans, La. On Oct. 29 African-Am. Joseph "Sandy" Saddler (1926-2001) KOs undefeated (139-0) Italian-Am. Willie Pep (Guglielmo Papaleo) (1922-2006) in round 4 after four knockdowns, becoming their first of four featherweight title fights (until 1951), of which Saddler wins three, all by KOs. After regular announcer Red Barber is hospitalized for a bleeding ulcer, William Earnest "Ernie" Harwell (1918-2010) becomes the first announcer in ML history to be traded for a player (until ?) when the Brooklyn Dodgers trade catcher Cliff Dapper for him; he moves to the New York Giants in 1950-3, then the Detroit Tigers in 1960-91. Joe Louis retires from the ring after fighting 25 title bouts since 1937, holding the world title for a record 12 years; too bad, he has squandered most of his money and lost his wife, causing him to be tempted to make an ill-advised comeback. In 1948 the Rochester Royals, Fort Wayne Pistons, Minneapolis Lakers, and Indianapolis (Kautskys) Jets jump from the NBL to BAA, establishing it as the league for college stars looking to turn pro; the Dayton Rens join the Nat. Basketball League (NBL), becoming their first and only all-black team, setting the stage for integration of the NBA; too bad, after finishing in last place with a 16-43 record they exeunt stage left. The Nat. Wrestling Alliance (NWA) is founded in Waterloo, Iowa to control prof. wrestling, expanding to 40+ territories worldwide, stifling competition. L.A. Rams player Fred Gehrke (1918-2002) paints horns on the Rams' helmets, creating the first football helmet emblem. John Wooden (1910-2010) becomes head coach of the UCLA men's basketball team (until 1975), compiling a 664-162 record along with 10 NCAA titles in his last 12 seasons, 7 in a row from 1967-73, four perfect 30-0 seasons, and a 88-game winning streak. Citation (1945-70) (jockey Eddie Arcaro) becomes the 8th horse to win horse racing's Triple Crown (last 1946); Arcaro's 4th Kentucky Derby win; no horse does it again until 1973. Glamorgan, cricket's newest country club wins the championship in Aug. The U.S. defeats Australia for the Davis Cup of tennis; Richard Alonso "Pancho" Gonzales (1928-95) wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, going on to become the #1 rated pro from 1954-61; Margaret Osborne duPont (1918-) wins the women's singles title, and threepeats in 1949-50. William P. "Willie" Turnesa (1914-2001) wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and "Bantam Ben" Hogan wins the U.S. Men's Open; Babe Didrikson Zaharias wins the U.S. Women's Open. 6'0" Marshall, Tex.-born QB Yelberton Abraham "Y.A." Tittle Jr. (1926-2017) is drafted by the Baltimore Colts (#63), going on to be named AAFC Rookie of the Year and lead the Colts to the AAFC playoffs; in 1951 after several straight 1-win seasons, the Colts fold and Tittle is drafted by the San Francisco 49ers (#64), becoming part of the 49ers' Million Dollar Backfield (Fearson/Fabulous Foursome) and becoming the first prof. football player to be featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, coining the football term "alley-oop"; in 1955 he leads the league in TD passes; in 1961 after being named to four Pro Bowls he is considered washed-up and traded to the New York Giants (#14), leading them to three straight NFL championship games, all losses; in his final season (1964) a photograph showing him bloody and kneeling in the end zone helmetless after being tackled becomes an icon; he retires as the all-time NFL leader in passing yards, passing TDs, attempts, completions, and games played; in 1971 he is inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame and his jersey number 14 retired by the Giants. Ewell Doak Walker Jr. (1927-98), who turned the Cotton Bowl into "the House that Doak Built" wins the Heisman Trophy, going on to play for the Detroit Lions (#37) in 1950-55, becoming its #1 player and helping them to two NFL titles. Brunwick begins putting dots and arrow markers on their lanes to improve bowling accuracy. Architecture: Polish-Am. sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski (1908-82) begins the 563-ft.-high Crazy Horse Memorial in the granite Black Hills of S.D. (57 ft. head with a 44 ft. feather); after his death his widow Ruth and their family carry on. Nobel Prizes: Peace: no award (couldn't award it to Gandhi, or didn't want to award it to Israel?); Lit.: Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) (U.K.); Physics: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897-1974) (U.K.) [cloud chamber]; Chem.: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902-71) (Sweden) [electrophoresis]; Med.: Paul Hermann "Pauly" Mueller (Müller) (1899-1965) (Switzerland) [DDT]. Inventions: On June 9 after Munich, Germany-born aircraft designer Alexander Martin Lippisch (1894-1976) emigrates to the U.S. at the end of WWII, bringing his ideas with him, the Convair 7002 becomes the first jet-powered delta-wing aircraft to fly. On June 18 after German-Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark (1906-77) invents the 10"/12" diam. 33-1/3 rpm LP (long-playing) vinyl record (35/45 min./side), Columbia Records announces it at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, causing RCA next year to introduce the 45 pm record as a competitor, allowing the masses to buy more and more and more music by the album or track, helping to launch the pop/rock era; in 1951 Columbia Records began releasing 45 rpm records, allowing games to be played by record companies with packaging and promotion; in 1952 Columbia introduces extended-play LPs (26 min./side). On June 21 English mathematician Tom Kilburn (1921-2001) and English engineer Sir Frederick Calland "Freddie" Williams (1911-77) of Manchester, England create the first fully automated software-driven computer called the Manchester Baby (Small-Scale Experimental Machine or SSEM) to calculate the highest factor of 2 to the 18th power using a 1 kilobit (32-word) memory of 32-bit words, implemented using the Williams Tube, the first true random-access memory (RAM); it is succeeded by the Manchester Mark 1 and the Ferrand Mark 1. Harold Lyons (1913-98) of the U.S. Nat. Bureau of Standards invents the Ammonia Atomic Clock in Aug. using a 24GHz radio wave to stimulate ammonia atoms, causing the nitrogen atom to vibrate back and forth through a plane created by the three hydrogen atoms, varying by only 1 sec. in 3K years. Paul Kirkpatrick (1894-1992) of Stanford U. and his grad student Albert V. Baez (1912-2007) (father of singer Joan Baez) invent the X-ray Reflection Microscope for examining living cells. The first cable TV is launched in rural areas. George Clemens invents the hand dryer for public restrooms. Am. singer Bing Crosby invests $50K in Ampex Co., which manufactures the Model 200 tape recorder using the new Scotch 111 tape from the 3M Co., and uses it to pre-record his Philco Radio Time shows, pioneering the laugh track. Drexel Inst. of Tech. students Norman Joseph Woodland (1921-), Bernard Silver (1924-62), and Jordin Johanson overhear a supermarket exec asking the dean of students to design a system for automating product checkout, and design the Barcode System using a 2-dim. Morse Code (thin lines = dots, thick lines = dashes) read via movie soundtrack technology, applying for a patent next Oct. 20 and receiving U.S. Patent #2,612,994 on Oct. 7, 1952 ("Classifying Apparatus and Method"), incl. both linear and bullseye printing patterns; RCA buys the patent 1952, installs a bullseye barcode system in a Kroger store in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1967, then watches the patent expire in 1969, after which in 1971 Woodland works for IBM to turn it into the Universal Product Code (UPC) for the Nat. Assoc. of Food Chains. Bell Labs develops the concept of digital phone service. Aaron S. "Bunny" Lapin (1914-99) of St. Louis, Mo. invents Reddi-Wip brand aerosol whipping cream (Fr. "lapin" = rabbit), sweetened whipped cream in an aerosol can with a special fluted valve that is irresistible to keep out of one's mouth; the propellant is nitrous oxide, causing it to become known as "giggle cream" - the real origin of the Playboy Bunny? German-born Israeli inventor Uziel "Uzi" Gal (Gotthard Glas) (1923-2002) develops the Uzi 9 mm semiautomatic submachine gunfor the Jewish underground; 1.5M are produced between 1956-2000. The first port radar system is installed in Liverpool, England - baby Beatles at 3 o'clock? U.S. rocket tests in New Mexico reach 78 mi. alt. and 3K mph. The Land Rover begins to be marketed in Britain. The F-86 Sabre fighter jet is developed by the U.S., and adopted by the Royal Canadian Air Force. The Magic 8-Ball (originally the Syco-Seer) is patented by Albert C. Carter, who sells it to Brunwick Billiards of Chicago, Ill. who repackage it in an oversized black-and-white 8-ball, making it a hit; the 20 answers canned answers incl. 10 affirmative, five non-committal, and five negative. Science: In July French chemist Jacques (Jack Arthur) Masquelier pub. his discovery of Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs), a flavonoid found in grapes, apples, red wine, berries, cocoa beans, cinnamon bark, and tea in peanut skins; OPCs are later linked to reduced risk of coronary heart disease and lower mortality. The heart of a surgeon? In July the first successful mitral valve repair (valvulotomy) operations to correct mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever since 1925 are performed independently by Am. cardiac surgeons Horace Gilbert Smithy Jr. (1914-48), Charles Philamore Bailey (1910-93) et al.; too bad, Smithy dies on Oct. 28 of heart failure in Charleston, S.C. after he can't convince anyone to perform his own surgery on him. German geneticist Charlotte "Lotte" Auerbach (1899-1994) uses mutations in chalcone isomerase activity to affect substrate specificities. Australian psychiatrist John Frederick Joseph Cade (1912-80) discovers the value of lithium carbonate as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder (manic depression), becoming the first effective medicine to treat mental illness. The antiobiotics Aureomycin and Chloromycetin are discovered by U.S. scientist Benjamin Minge Duggar (1872-1956) et al. of Lederle Labs. Springfield, Mass.-born psychologist Bertram R. Forer (1914-2000) discovers the Forer Effect, the tendency of people to accept descriptions of their personality that are claimed to be tailored for them but are actually vague and apply to a wide range of people, explaining the popularity of astrologers, mediums, fortune tellers, etc. Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965) of the Mayo Clinic discovers the cortisone treatment for rheumatoid arthritis after Am. chemist Edward Calvin Kendall (1886-1972) discovers cortisone. Am. physicist Julian Seymour Schwinger (1918-94) of Harvard U. calculates the self-energy of an electron as an infinite series, permitting renormalization to be calculated; Japanese physicist Sin-Itiro (Shinichiro) Tomonaga (1906-79) independently derives the same result; after attending a conference in the Poconos Mts. in Penn. in Mar. and failing to convince the other physicists of the soundness of his methods, next year Am. physicist Richard Phillips Feynman (1918-88) of Cornell U. introduces Feynman Diagrams in an article in Physical Review; all three share the 1965 Nobel Physics Prize; meanwhile English-born Am. physicist Freeman John Dyson (1923-2020) demonstrates the equivalence of Feynman Diagrams and the Operator Method of Schwinger and Tomonaga, proving that Feynman Diagrams are not just a computational tool but a physical theory that completely solves the renormalization problem, helping them gain acceptance and making a fan of J. Robert Oppenheimer, who gets him a lifetime appointment at the Princeton U. Inst. for Advanced Study "for proving me wrong". Am. mathematician Claude Elwood Shannon (1916-2001) pub. the paper "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", founding modern cryptography. English mathematician Alan Mathison Turing (1912-54) pub. the paper "On Computable Numbers", discussing his invention of the Turing Machine, the theoretical precursor of the digital computer, and demonstrating the unsolvability of the halting problem. Dramamine is found to relieve air and sea sickness. To counter Russian-Am. physicist George Gamow (1904-68), who proposed the Big Bang Theory of the creation of the Universe, Am. astronomers Fred Hoyle (1915-2001), Thomas Gold (1920-2004), and Sir Hermann Bondi (1919-2005) counter with the Steady-State Theory of the Universe, which uses common sense to view the Universe as without beginning or end; too bad, they have to claim that matter is constantly being created at the rate of a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter per billion years to explain the constant expansion - jeepers creepers, where did you get those peepers? Am. Bible-believing archeologist William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) confirms the authenticity of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Am. birdwatcher John V. Dennis takes a photo of the elusive ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) (believed extinct since 1944) in Cuba, becoming the last sighting until 1966, when he claims to see one in the Big Thicket area of SE Tex., but is widely ridiculed. Roger Vendrely and Colette Vendrely report a "remarkable constancy in the nuclear DNA content of all the cells in all the individuals within a given animal species", which they regard as proof that genes are composed of DNA rather than protein, which in 1950 causes Hewson Sift to coin the term C-value (genome size); it is soon found that C-values vary enormously among spieces (up to 3.3K in animals and 1K in land plants) and bears no relationship to the presumed number of genes based on the organism's complexity, causing the term "C-value paradox" to be coined by C.A. Thomas Jr. in 1971, which is later resolved by the discovery of non-coding "junk" DNA, with the human genome having less than 2% protein-coding regions; in 2002 Canadian biologist T. Ryan Gregory of the U. of Guelph coins the term "C-value enigma" for the variation in the amount of non-coding DNA within the genomes of different eukaryotes. Nonfiction: Now that the birds are finished munching on the corpses, the deep thinkers get back to the main issues? Anon., The Katakamuna Documents; presented to eccentric scientist Narasaki in the mountains of C Japan, written in a strange geometrical script. Sir Harold Acton (1904-94), Memoirs of an Esthete. Willard Gordon Allport (1897-1967), Psychology of Rumor. Fred R. Archer (1889-1963), Fred Archer on Portraiture. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), Earth and Reveries of Will. Joe Staten Bain (1912-91), Pricing, Distribution and Employment: Economics of an Enterprise System. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Historical Sociology: Its Origin and Development, Theories of Social Evolution from Cave Life to Atomic Bombing; An Introduction to the History of Sociology. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Howard Beckett, and Frances Bennett Becker (eds.), Contemporary Social Theory. Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Letters to a Woman Painter. Arna Bontemps (1902-73), Story of the Negro. Martin Buber (1878-1965), Moses. Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), Lord Action. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87) and Margaret Bourke-White (1904-71), This Very Earth. Robert Cantwell (1908-78), Nathaniel Hawthorne: The American Years. Dale Carnegie, How to Stop Worrying and Start Living. Yuen Ren Chao (1892-1982), Mandarin Primer; becomes a std. work. Stuart Chase (1888-1985), The Proper Study of Mankind. Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965), The Second World War (6 vols.); earns him the 1953 Nobel Lit. Prize; used as the basis of the 1973 BBC-TV series The World at War, narrated by Sir Laurence Olivier. Jim Corbett (1875-1955), The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag; set in 1925 India. David Herbert Donald (1920-2009), Lincoln's Herndon (first book); based on his dissertation about Lincoln's friend and law partner William Henry Herndon (1818-91), whose, er, whom he left behind when he went to the White House, and who had a long fight to pub. his bio. of Lincoln Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life (3 vols.) (1889) (w/Jesse W. Weik), which received low royalties because of its exposure of Lincoln's dirty laundry; "When is someone going to do the life of Bill Herndon. Isn't it about time? Now the question is out." - Carl Sandburg Carl Van Doren (1885-1950), The Great Rehearsal. Krafft Arnold Ehricke (1917-84), Expedition Ares; describes a manned mission to Mars. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969), Crusade in Europe. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Techniques of Yoga. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), Notes Toward the Definition of Culture. Richard Ellmann (1918-87), Yeats: The Man and the Masks. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Beyond Painting. (essays); about his own crack-up? Leslie Fiedler (1917-2003), Come Back to the Raft Ag'in, Huck, Honey!; suggests a gay relationship between Huckleberry Finn and escaped black slave Jim; pub. in Partisan Review, it makes him a lit. critic star. John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964), The Roosevelt Myth; lets the air out of the FDR balloon. Douglas Southall Freeman (1886-1953), George Washington: A Biography (7 vols.) (1948-57), incl. "Young Washington" (vols. 1-2) (1948), "Planter and Patriot" (1951), "Leader of the Revolution" (1951), "Victory with the Help of France" (1952), "Patriot and President" (1954), and "First in Peace" (1957) (w/John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth) (posth.). John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), The Second World War, 1939-1945: A Strategic and Tactical History; "a psychological study of the folly of man"; one of the first histories of WWII. Sigfrid Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command. Frank B. Gilbreth Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, Cheaper By the Dozen; their dozen kids. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), The White Goddess; the nature of poetic myth-making; proposes the Euro deity "White Goddess of Birth, Love and Death" inspired by the phases of the Moon. Daniel Halevy (1872-1962), Essay on the Acceleration of History (Essai sur l'acceleration de l'histoire) - tell me about it? Elie Halevy (1870-1937), The Era of Tyrannies (posth.). Eugen Herrigel (1884-1955), Zen in the Art of Archery; brings Zen to postwar Europe. Richard Hofstadter (1916-70), The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It; from Thomas Jefferson to FDR; giant hit for a history book, rejecting the class conflict views of Charles Austin Beard and founding the Consensus School of Am. Hitory, which sees a basic consensus on values, with the soundbyte: "The fierceness of the political struggles has often been misleading: for the range of vision embraced by the primary contestants in the major parties has always been bounded by the horizons of property and enterprise. However much at odds on specific issues, the major political traditions have shared a belief in the rights of property, the philosophy of economic individualism, the value of competition; they have accepted the economic virtues of capitalist culture as necessary qualities of man." Harry L. Hopkins, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins. Cordell Hull (1871-1955), The Memoirs of Cordell Hull. W.R. Inge, Mysticism in Religion. Lajos Janossy (1912-78), Cosmic Rays and Nuclear Physics. Sir Arthur Keith (1866-1955), A New Theory of Evolution; "Another mark of race possessed by the Jews must be mentioned. Their conduct is regulated by a 'dual code'; their conduct towards their fellows is based on one code (amity), and that towards all who are outside their circle on another (enmity). The use of the dual code, as we have seen, is a mark of an evolving race. My deliberate opinion is that racial characters are more strongly developed in the Jews than in any other race." Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), Along a Little Way (autobio.). Alfred Charles Kinsey (1894-1956), The Kinsey Report (Sexual Behavior in the Human Male); claims to prove that a large percentage of U.S. males have homosexual relations sometime in their lives, that male virility peaks at 16-17, and that men who begin sexual activity early keep their power longer; the Kinsey Scale starts at zero for pure heterosexual; the Western Sexual Rev. has a bible? Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), Henry David Thoreau. Helge S. Kvanvig, Primeval History: Babylonian, Biblical, and Enochic: An Intertextual Reading; the Babylonian Epic of Atrahasis, the Enochic Watcher Story, and Genesis compared. C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), God in the Dock; "Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. They may be more likely to go to Heaven yet at the same time likelier to make a Hell of earth. This very kindness stings with intolerable insult. To be 'cured' against one's will and cured of states which we may not regard as disease is to be put on a level of those who have not yet reached the age of reason or those who never will; to be classed with infants, imbeciles, and domestic animals." Louis P. Lochner (ed.), The Goebbels Diaries (London). Eugene Lyons (1898-1985), Our Unknown President: A Portrait of Herbert Hoover; an attempted defense against New Dealer attacks. Dwight Macdonald (1906-82), Henry Wallace: The Man and the Myth. Sir Fitzroy MacLean (1911-96), Eastern Approaches (Dec. 31); his personal experiences with Tito and his partisans in WWII; used as a model for James Bond 007 by Ian Fleming. Dumas Malone (1892-1986), Jefferson and His Time (6 vols.) (1948-81). Wingy Manone (1900-82), Trumpet on the Wing (autobio.). Adolphe Menjou (1890-1963), It Took Nine Tailors (autobio.). Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61), Sense and Nonsense. Thomas Merton (1915-68), The Seven Storey Mountain (autobio.); bestseller (3M copies) by a Trappist monk (since Dec. 10, 1941) at Gethsemani Abbey in Bardstown (near Louisville), Ky., causing scores of WWII vets and students to flock to Roman Catholic monasteries across the U.S. Merle Miller (1919-86), That Winter (first novel). Eugenio Montale (1896-1981), La Fiera Letteraria (The Literary Fire). L.B. Namier (1888-1960), Diplomatic Prelude 1938-1939. Joseph Needham (1900-95), Science Outpost: Papers of the Sino-British Science Co-Operation Office in China, 1942-1946 Roy Franklin Nichols (1896-1973), The Disruption of American Democracy (Pulitzer Prize); claims that the U.S. Civil War was caused by the machinations of "vote-hungry" politicians who split the country into warring groups without foreseeing the total breakdown of the Union. Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. (1887-1969), Our Plundered Planet; bestseller; spurs the environmental movement, and a Malthusian revival along with William Vogt's "Road to Survival". Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), Palestine: Land of Israel. Frederic Logan Paxson (1877-1948), Postwar Years, Normalcy, 1918-1923. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), The Jacobite Movement: The First Phase, 1688-1716. Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), Full Employment and Free Trade; claims that a free market economy needs a central bank to moderate booms and busts via strict/loose monetary policy. V.S. Pritchett (1900-97), Why Do I Write? Benjamin A. Quarles (1904-96), Frederick Douglass. Sayyid Qutb (1906-66), Social Justice in Islam; disses the infidel sex-crazed culture of the U.S. Henry Handel Richardson (1870-1946), Myself When Young (autobio.) (posth.). Maurice Rostand (1891-1968), Confession d'un Demi-Siecle (autobio.). Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits; "Language is a means of externalizing and publicizing our own experiences. A dog cannot relate his autobiography; however eloquently he may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were honest but poor." Walter Bowman Russell (1871-1963), The Message of the Divine Iliad (1948-9). Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915-2009), Economics: An Introductory Analysis; bestseller (4M copies in 19 eds.); bestselling econ textbook of all time. Mark Schorer (1908-77), Technique as Discovery. Pete Seeger (1919-2014), How to Play the Five-String Banjo; "Nesting a resonant chord between two precise notes, a melody note and a chiming note on the fifth string"; takes the banjo out of Appalachia to become the #1 folk instrument. M.V. Seton-Williams, Britain and the Arab States: A Survey of Anglo-Arab Relations, 1920-1948. Claude Shannon (1916-2001), A Mathematical Theory of Communication; becomes the Magna Charta of the Information Age. Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955), Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (Pulitzer Prize). Francis Butler Simkins (1897-1966), The South Old and New: 1820-1947; rev. in 1957 as "A History of the South"; 4th ed. 1972. Charles Sackett Sydnor (1898-1954), The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1818-1848 (Mayflower Cup); "The best study of the anti-bellum South in print" (Am. Literature); "[a] pervading quality of thoughtful and dispassionate judgment" (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.); explores the contention of Ulrich Bonnell Phillips that Southern slavery was benign for slaves and unprofitable for masters, backing his conclusions with detailed research; claims that Southern sectionalism was "essentially dictated by self-interest", while the "wall of constitutional arguments" by John C. Calhoun et al. merely furnished "the righteous garb of legality and high principle", and all attempts at social reforms were met with "intellectual provincialism". Paul Tillich (1886-1965), The Protestant Era (essays); The Shaking of the Foundations. Freda Utley (1898-1978), Last Chance in China; claims that Western policies incl. cutting off armaments to the nationalists are helping the Commies; Lost Illusion (rev. of "The Dream We Lost"). Sir John W. Wheeler-Bennett (1902-75), Munich: Prologue to Tragedy. Leonard Dupee White (1891-1958), The Federalists, 1789-1801; pt. 1 of 4 of "A Study in Administrative History" (1948, 1951, 1954, 1958). William Vogt (1902-68), Road to Survival; bestseller on ecology, warning of overpop. due to planetary boundaries (carrying capacity) (ecological limits), founding the modern environmental movement devoted to apocalyptic environmentalism; becomes the arch-enemy of Green Rev. founder Norman Borlaug. Bernard de Voto, Across the Wide Missouri (Pulitzer Prize). Alec Waugh (1898-1981), The Sunlit Caribbean. Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine; defines Cybernetics (Gr. "steer", "navigate") as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine", anticipating the Computer Rev.; his Anselmo, Neb.-born student Jay Wright Forrester (1918-) founds System Dynamics; his Vienna, Austria-born student Heinz von Foerster (1911-2002) comes up with the Doomsday Equation, predicting that world. pop. will become infinite on Nov. 13, 2026 (Fri.); the Soviet Union bans the book until the death of Joseph Stalin on Mar. 5, 1953, then does a 180 and begins embracing computers. Walter Francis White (1893-1955), A Man Called White (autobio.). Francis Williams, Socialist Britain. George Woodcock (1912-95), The Incomparable Aphra; Restoration dramatist Aphra Behn (1640-89). Holbrook Working (1895-1985), Theory of the Inverse Carrying Charge in Futures Markets; claims that randomness is characteristic of a perfectly functioning financial market. Francis Parker Yockey (1917-60), Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics; pub. under the alias Ulick Varange, and based on Oswald Spengler's 1920 "Decline of the West"; advocates a last ditch stand to preserve white Euro culture by allying with the Soviet Union against the West because the latter is controlled by the real Commies, the Zionists, who are devoted to race-mixing, globalism, and universal democracy - just watch the development of Hollyweird? Art: Georges Braque (1882-1963), Helios V (lithograph). Robert Colquhoun (1914-62), Woman with a Young Goat. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Feast of the God. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Dewdrop (mezzotint); Drawing Hands (lithograph). Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956), The Lake. Philippe Halsman (1906-79), Dali Atomicus (photograph); Salvador Dali suspended in midair. Fernand Leger (1881-1955), Homage to David; The Acrobat and His Partner. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Family Group (Stevenage New Town, England). John Marin (1870-1953), Looking Towards Sheep Island, Maine. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Wound Interrogation; The Prophet. Barnett Newman (1905-71), Onement I. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Composition No. 1; Composition No. 3; Composition No. 5 (4'x8'); becomes his most famous drip painting, causing him to become known as "Jack the Dripper"; uses synthetic gloss enamel paints; in Dec. 2016 billionaire David Geffen sells it for $140M, becoming the world's most expensive painting until Paul Cezanne's "Card Players" goes for $250M in 2011; the birth of action painting? Composition No. 8; Summertime (Composition No. 9A); Composition No. 10 - is the world ready for drip paintings, yes? Diego Rivera (1886-1957), A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park (mural); unveiled in June in the dining room of the Hotel del Prado in Mexico City; too bad, when the priest who is supposed to bless it, Archbishop L.M. Martinez spies the words "God does not exist" in the mural, he refuses to bless it, and later a mob of youths crashes in and scrapes the words off with a knife; finally an anon. priest does the blessing, and the slogan is not reinstated for nine years. Ben Shan (1898-1969), Miners' Wives. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009), Christina's World; crippled 55-y.-o. Christina Olson (1893-1968) dragging herself across a field in Maine "like a crab on a New England Shore"; his masterpiece? Music: Blind Boys of Alabama, I Can See Everybody's Mother But Mine (debut); 4-man gospel group formed at the Ala. Inst. for the Negro Blind in Talladega. Gene Autry (1907-98), Buttons and Bows (#6 country); Ghost Riders in the Sky. Boris Blacher (1903-75), Violin Concerto. Marc Blitzstein (1905-64), The Guests (ballet). Henri Busser (1872-1973), La Carrosse du Saint-Sacrement (opera); Roxelane (opera). Buddy Clark (1911-49), Ballerina; Matinee; Now Is the Hour. Buddy Clark (1911-49) and Doris Day (1922-), Confess; Love Somebody; My Darling, My Darling. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Nature Boy (#1 in the U.S.); composed by 1944s hippie songwriter eden ahbez (George Alexander Aberle) (1908-95), who lives under one of the Ls in the HOLLYWOOD sign and thinks mankind isn't worthy of capital letters. Bing Crosby (1903-77), Now Is the Hour. Billy Eckstine (1914-93), Blue Moon. Red Foley (1910-68) and the Cumberland Valley Boys, Tennessee Saturday Night (#1 country). Jean Francaix (1912-97), Wind Quintet; Cor Anglais Quartet; Les Demoiselles de la Nuit (ballet). Howard Hanson (1896-1981), Piano Concerto No. 1. Hans Werner Henze (1926-), First Violin Concerto; 12-tone. John Lee Hooker (1917-2001), Boogie Chillen' (Sept.); Hobo Blues (Sept.); Crawling King Snake (Sept.). Pee Wee Hunt (1907-79), Twelfth Street Rag. Norman Dello Joio (1913-2008), Variations, Chaconne, and Finale. Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Concertino for Trumpet, Piano and Orchestra. Spike Jones and His City Slickers, All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth (Dec. 6); lead vocal by George Rock; written in 1944 by Donald Yetter Gardner (1913-2004) of Smithtown, N.Y. Stan Jones (1914-63) and the Death Valley Rangers, (Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend (June 5) (Mercury Records); ends up being covered by 50+ performers. Pee Wee King (1914-2000) and Redd Stewart (1923-2003), The Tennessee Waltz; inspired by Bill Monroe's "The Kentucky Waltz". Vera Lynn (1917-), You Can't Be True, Dear; Again. Bohuslav Martinu (1890-1959), 7th String Quartet. Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Cinq Rechants for 12 Singers. Amos Milburn (1927-80), Chicken Shack Boogie; Bewildered. Agnes de Mille (1905-93), Fall River Legend (ballet). Bill Monroe (1911-96) and His Blue Grass Boys, Molly and Tenbrooks. Vaughn Monroe (1911-73), Red Roses for a Blue Lady #4 in the U.S.). Johnny Otis (1921-2012), Double Crossing Blues. Charlie "Bird" Parker (1920-55), Out of Nowhere. Sons of the Pioneers, Cool Water (by Bob Nolan) (#9 in the U.S.) (#2 in the U.K.). Walter Piston (1894-1976), Symphony No. 3 (Pultizer Prize) - funny, that title sounds familiar? Cole Porter (1891-1964), Samuel Spewack (1899-1971), and Bella Spewack (1899-1990), Kiss Me, Kate (musical) (Dec. 30) (New Century Theatre, New York) (1,077 perf.); Porter's biggest hit; stars Alfred Drake, Patricia Morison, Lisa Kirk, and Harold Lang; based on Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew", and inspired by the backstage bickering of Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne during a Shakespeare play; choreography by German immigrant Hanya Holm (1893-1992), who goes on to choreograph "My Fair Lady" in 1956 and "Camelot" in 1960; filmed in 1953 starring Howard Keel, Kathryn Grayson, and Ann Miller; features the songs So In Love, Brush Up Your Shakespeare, Kiss Me, Kate, Another Op'nin' Another Show, We Open in Venice, Tom, Dick or Harry, I've Come to Wive It Wealthily in Padua, Too Darn Hot, Always True to You in My Fashion. Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951), Survivor from Warsaw. Dinah Shore (1916-94), Buttons and Bows; written in 1947 by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans; #1 U.S. hit of 1948. Richard Strauss (1864-1949), Vier Letzte Lieder. Sir Michael Tippett (1905-98), Suite in D; written for Prince Charles' birthday. Ernest Tubb (1914-84), Blue Christmas; written by Jewish songwriters Billy Bayes and Jay W. Johnson. Muddy Waters (1913-83), I Can't Be Satisfied; his first hit after adopting the electric guitar, pioneering Chicago Blues, which is incubated in the open-air market on Maxwell Street. Margaret Whiting (1924-), A Tree in the Meadow. Hank Williams Sr. (1923-53), Honky Tonkin' (Feb.) (#14 country). Tex Williams (1917-85), Don't Telephone - Don't Telegraph (Tell a Woman) (#2 country); Suspicion (#4 country); Life Gits Tee-Jus, Don't It? (#5 country). Bob Wills (1905-75) and his Texas Playboys, Bubbles in My Beer (#4 country); Texarkana Baby (#15 country). Movies: Charles Barton's B&W horror comedy Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (original title "The Brain of Frankenstein") (June 15) (Universal Internat. Pictures) stars Bud Abbott and Lou Costello as Chick Young and Wilbur Grey, who meet Frankenstein's monster (Glenn Strange), the Wolf Man/Lawrence "Larry" Talbot (Lon Chaney Jr.), and Count Dracula/Dr. Lejos (Bela Lugosi) (his 2nd appearance as Dracula) at McDougal's House of Horrors in La Mirada, Fla.; Vincent Price voices the Invisible Man; the swan song of Universal's Big Three horror monsters, and first appearance since "House of Dracula" (1945); does $3.2M box office on a $792K budget. Vincent Sherman's Adventures of Don Juan (Dec. 1) stars Errol Flynn spoofing his earlier adventure flicks; also stars Alan Hale; Flynn's wife of five years Nora appears in a coach scene at the end, after which they divorce over his morphine addiction. Vittorio de Sica's The Bicycle Thief (Thieves) (Ladri di Biciclette) (Nov. 24), based on a novel by Luigi Bartolini about a man searching the streets of Rome for his stolen guess what is a jewel of Italian neorealism. Marc Allegret's Blanche Fury (Feb. 19), produced by Anthony Havelock-Allan, based on a novel by Joseph Shearing set in Victorian England stars Valerie Hobson as Blanche Furty, a genteel woman forced into menial domestic service, who becomes the governess for Lavinia, granddaughter of rich Uncle Simon, and falls for Philip Thorn (Stewart Granger), illegitimate son of dead estate owner Adam Fury, who was KIA and who protects the family via the ghost of his pet Barbary ape, plotting with him to murder her cousin hubby Laurence and Uncle Simon and blame it on gypsies, which backfires when she freaks out of fear for Lavinia and goes to the police, getting him convicted and executed, after which she dies during the birth of son Philip Fury, fulfilling the family curse. Joseph Losey's The Boy With Green Hair (Nov. 16), an early attempt at exploring colorism; Dean Stockwell's film debut as orphan Peter Fry, whose hair turns you know what. Sam Wood's Command Decision (Dec. 23), based on the play by William Wister Haines stars Clark Gable, Walter Pidgeon, Van Johnson, Brian Donlevy, and John Hodiak in a WWII flick about U.S. army gens. struggling to bomb German jet fighter factories. Charles Walters' Easter Parade (July 8) is a hit musical starring Fred Astaire as Don Hewes, Ann Miller as Nadine Hale, and Judy Garland as Hannah Brown; features the Irving Berlin song Easter Parade. Joseph L. Mankiewicz's Escape (Mar.) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1926 play by John Galsworthy stars Rex Harrison as ex-RAF squadron leader Matt Denant, who get into an altercation in Hyde Park with a detective, who strikes his head on a park bench and dies, putting him in priz and feeling screwed until he escapes with his babe Dora Winton (Peggy Cummins). Ian Dalrymple's and Peter Proud's B&W Esther Waters (Sept. 22) (Wessex Film Productions) Gen. Film Distributors) debuts, based on the 1894 George Moore novel, starring Kathleen Ryan as domestic servant Esther Waters in Victorian England, Cyril Cusack as Fred, and West Hampstead, London-born closet gay Dirk Bogarde (Sir Derek Jules Gaspard Ulric Niven van den Bogaerde) (1921-99) in his first credited film appearance as sweet-talking footman William Latch, who seduces Esther and abandons her; Bogarde goes on to become a British box-office idol but never makes it in Hollywood. The Road Runner (Geococcyx californianus) debuts in the Warner Bros. cartoon Fast and Furry-ous, starring the "Beep beep" voice of Mel Blanc. Carol Reed's B&W The Fallen Idol (Sept. 30) (London Film Productions) (British Lion Films), based on Graham Greene's story "The Basement Room" and filmed in Grosvenor Crescent, Belgrave Square, London, starring Bobby Henrey as Philippe, a boy manipulating the police to convict his father's butler Baines (Ralph Richardson) of murdering his wife by trying to protect him by regurgitating his phoney tales of his adventures in Africa; does £215.8K box office. John Ford's Fort Apache (Mar. 9) (RKO Radio Pictres), the first of Ford's "Cavalry Trilogy" ("She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" in 1949, "Rio Grande" in 1950) based on stories by James Warner Bellah (1899-1976) stars John Guess Who Wayne as Capt. Kirby York, and Henry Fonda as fanatical Lt. Col. Owen Thursday, who tries to crush the Apaches under Cochise and ends up in a Custer-like massacre instead, only to have the Army cover it up and portray the dope as a hero; Ward Bond and John Agar play Sgt. Maj. Michael O'Rourke and his son Lt. Michael Shannon O'Rourke; Victor McLaglen plays Sgt. Festus Mulcahy; Miguel Inclan plays Cochise; has a small role for Agar's wife (1945-50), over-the-hill child actress Shirley Temple as Philadelphia Thursday; does $3M box office on a $2.1M budget. Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (May 4) (Two Cities), based on the Shakespeare play (first sound version in English) stars Olivier as Hamlet, Felix Aylmer as Polonius, Norman Wooland as Horatio, and Basil Sydney as King Claudius; too bad, half of the dialogue is cut, pissing-off purists (I'm like a sponge for this stuff?); first British film to win a best picture Oscar, also Oscar for best actor; makes a star of Lower Holloway, London-born actress Jean Merilyn Simmons (1929-) (as Ophelia), who moves to Hollywood in 1950 after marrying Stewart Granger, after which she gets bigger roles than him, causing them to divorce in 1960, after which neither get big roles?; does $3.2M box office on a £500K budget. Alfred L. Werker's He Walked By Night (B&W) (Nov. 24) is a film noir starring Richard Basehart as cop-killer thief Roy Martin, who eludes the LAPD until detective Marty Brennan (Scott Brady) smokes him out; also stars Jack Webb, who becomes friend with police technical adviser Det. Sgt. Marty Wynn, going on to create "Dragnet". George Stevens' I Remember Mama (Mar. 17), based on the John Van Druten play and Kathryn Forbes novel about a Norwegian immigrant family in 1910 stars Irene Dunne as "Mama" Martha Hanson, Oskar Homolka as Uncle Chris Halverson, Philip Dorn as Lars Hanson, and Barbara Bel Geddes as Katrin Hanson. Victor Fleming's Joan of Arc (Nov. 11) (RKO) (Fleming's last film), based on the Maxwell Anderson play "Joan of Lorraine" stars Ingrid Bergman as Joan of Arc, and Puerto Rican actor Jose Ferrer (Jose Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintron) (1912-92) in his film debut as the dauphin; Fleming hooks up with Bergman during filming, and when they break up he has a heart attack on Jan. 6, 1949; does $5.8M box office on a $4.7M budget. Jean Negulesco's Johnny Belinda (Sept. 14), based on a play by Elmer Blaney Harris about Lydia Dingwell (1852-1931) of Fortune Bridge, Prince Edward Island (where he has his summer home) stars Jane Wyman as deaf mute Belinda "the dummy" McDonald, who is befriended by Dr. Robert Richardson (Lew Ayres), and is then raped by bully fisherman Locky McCormick, who makes her pregnant, causing rumors that the doctor did it, after which he marries her, but can't rescue his rep; Locky tries to get the child, causing a fight, where he throws her daddy Black McDonald (Charles Bickford) over a cliff, after which the townfolk declare Belinda unfit to care for the child, helping Locky go for the kid again, but this time she shoots and kills him, and is tried for murder, but is rescued by the testimony of Locky's wife Aggie (Agnes Moorehead), who says he confessed to raping her. Jack Conway's Julia Misbehaves, based on the novel "The Nutmeg Tree" by Margery Sharp about English dancehall girl Julia Packett (Greer Garson), who goes to her daughter Susan's (Elizabeth Taylor) wedding even though she hasn't seen her since infancy; Taylor's first adult role. John Huston's Key Largo (July 31), written by Richard Brooks based on the Maxwell Anderson play stars Humphrey Bogart as Frank McCloud, who visits the run-down Fla. hotel owned by widow Nora Temple (Lauren Bacall) and his wheelchair-bound father James Temple (Lionel Barrymore), which is taken over by Johnny Rocco (Edward G. Robinson) and his mob during a hurricane; the last screen appearance of Bogey and Bacall together. Robert Flaherty's B&W Louisiana Story (Sept. 28), about the coming of the oil industry to the Bayou country is Flaherty's last and best? Charles Vidor's The Loves of Carmen (Aug. 23), based on the 1845 novel by Prosper Merimee and produced by Rita Hayworth's Beckworth Corp. stars her as the Gypsy Carmen, and Glenn Ford as her doomed lover, becoming Columbia's biggest moneymaker for the year. Orson Welles' Macbeth (Oct. 1), based on the Shakespeare play features cheap sets, cheap Scottish accents, and a 3-week shooting schedule; stars Welles as Macbeth, Jeannette Nolan (film debut) as Lady Macbeth, Dan O'Herlihy as Macduff, Roddy McDowall as Malcolm, and Edgar Barrier as Banquo; after Welles can't get Republic Pictures to cough up enough money, he shoots it only 23 days, and it is panned by audiences for the er, cheap sets and cheap Scottish accents, causing Welles to take a 10-year break from Hollyweird; in 1950 a new version is released sans accents, finally earning a small profit on its $800K budget. Jules Dassin's The Naked City (Mar. 4) (B&W) stars Barry Fitzgerald and Don Taylor as police dicks trying to solve the murder of a NYC playgirl, and finally catching playboy Howard Duff, who has a big scene on the Brooklyn Bridge; "There are eight million stories in the naked city; this has been one of them" (producer Hellinger); spawns an ABC-TV series in 1958. David Lean's Oliver Twist (June 30) (Gen. Film Distributors) stars cute kid actor John Howard Davies (1939-2011) as Oliver Twist, Robert Newton as Bill Sykes, and Alec Guinness as the Jew Fagin, who gets slammed for anti-Semitism for his realistic big nose et al., getting pulled in Germany after protests, and not shown in the U.S. until July 30, 1951 after it is cut by PC police, where it flops; it is not shown uncut in the U.S. until 1970, and is not shown in Israel and Egypt until ?; the main theme by Sir Arnold Bax is based on his "In Memoriam" (1917), a lament for Easter Rising martyr Patrick Pearse; Davies goes on to become a British sitcom dir.-producer. Norman Z. McLeod's Paleface (Dec. 24) stars 5'7" 38D-24-36 Ernestine Jane Geraldine Russell (1921-2011) as Calamity Jane, and Bob Hope as quack dentist Painless Potter, who sings the 1947 Jay Livingston-Ray Evans song Buttons and Bows, which becomes his biggest-selling hit, even though Dinah Shore upstages him in the charts. Jean Cocteau's Les Parents Terribles (The Storm Within) (Dec. 1) (Les Filmes Ariane) stars Jean Marais as 22-y.-o. Michel, whose mother Yvonne-Sophie (Yvonne de Bray) gets jealous that he is in love with anybody but her, while his father Georges (Marcel Andre) finds out that it's his mistress Madeleine (Josette Day), causing both to go to Aune Leonie (Leo) (Gabrielle Dorziat) for help; sells 2.25M admissions. Sir Michael Balcon's Passport to Pimlico is a comedy about part of London being proclaimed French territory; followed by "Whisky Galore" (1948), "Kind Hearts and Coronets" (1949), "The Lavender Hill Mob" (1952), and "The Ladykillers" (1955). Vincente Minnelli's The Pirate (June 11) is a musical starring Gene Kelly and Judy Garland; features the Cole Porter song Be a Clown. William Dieterle's Portrait of Jennie (Dec. 25) (MGM), based on the 1940 Robert Nathan novel stars Jennifer Jones as Jennie Appleton, Joseph Cotten as Eben Adams, Ethel Barrymore as Miss Spinney, and Lillian Gish as Mother Mary of Mercy. G.W. Pabst's Der Prozess (The Trial) (Mar. 5), based on a true story about a 19th cent. Jewish pogrom in Hungary wins best dir. at the 1948 Venice Film Festival, even though it seems like a copout for Pabst's WWII prof. association with the Nazis? Howard Hawks' B&W Red River (Sept. 30) (United Artists) stars John Wayne as a reprehensible, obsessive father on a cattle drive, and Edward Montgomery Clift (1921-66) in his film debut as his son; Hawks' main rival John Ford sees the film and realizes for the first time that his boy Wayne can actually act, and beefs-up his roles?; does $9M box office on a $2.7M budget. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's The Red Shoes (Sept. 6) (Gen. Film Distributors), based on a Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale stars Scottish ballerina Moira Shearer (1926-2006) as a ballerina who joins a new ballet called you know what, torn between love and success as she rises to lead dancer in lavish Technicolor, becoming the most popular British flick for 40 years, and The Reason for a lot of prof. dancers. Michael Curtiz' Romance on the High Seas (June 25), a romantic comedy co-starring Jack Carson is the major film debut of Cincinnati, Ohio-born "Sentimental Journey" singer Doris Day (Doris Mary Ann Keppelhoff) (1922-) as Georgia Garrett, who sings the hit song It's Magic. Alfred Hitchcock's Rope (Aug. 28) (Transatlantic Pictures) (MGM) Warner Bros.), written by Hume Cronyn and Arthur Laurents based on the 1929 Patrick Hamilton play based on the Leopold and Loeb case stars Jimmy Stewart (after first choice Cary Grant is unavailable) as Rupert Cadell, who figures out the secret in the trunk owned by New York intellectuals Brandon Shaw (John Dall) and Phillip Morgan (Farley Granger); Dick Hogan plays murder victim David Kentley. Charles Frend's Scott of the Antarctic (Nov. 29) stars John Millas as failed Antarctic explorer Capt. Robert Falcon Scott; music by Ralph Vaughan Williams, conducted by Ernest Irving. Fred Zinneman's The Search (Mar. 23) (MGM) stars Montgomery Clift as U.S. Army engineer Ralph "Steve" Stevenson, Aline MacMahon as UNRRA worker Mrs. Murray, Ivan Jandl as Auschwitz survivor boy Karel Malik (Jim), and Jarmila Novotna as Karel's mother Mrs. Hanna Malik, who search for each other across post-WWI Europe; does ? box office on a $250K budget; Jandl is awarded a special Juvenile Oscar, which is accepted on his behalf by Zinneman after the Czech. govt. won't permit him to travel to the U.S. to receive it; Anatole Litvak's The Snake Pit (Nov. 4), based on the 1946 novel by Mary Jane Ward stars Olivia de Havilland as Virginia Stuart Cunningham, who finds herself in an insane asylum, where Dr. Mark Kirk (Leo Glenn) tries to help her; children under 16 not admitted. Spencer Gordon Bennet's Superman (Jan. 5) is the first live action appearance of the Man of Steel in a 15-part theatrical serial, starring Kirk Alyn as the man, Alan Dinehart III as the boy, and Ralph Hodges as the teenager; Noel Neill plays Lois Lane, Tommy Bond plays Jimmy Olsen, Carol Forman plays the Spider Lady; the trailer features the soundbyte "Hmmm... that's about two thousand miles away. I can be there in 30 seconds." John Ford's 3 Godfathers (Dec. 1) (MGM), produced by Merian C. Cooper and filmed in Death Valley, Calif. is a color remake of the 1936 film based on the 1913 Peter B. Kyne novel about modern Biblical Three Wise Men Wild West bank robbers Robert Marmaduke Hightower (John Wayne), William Kearney the Abilene Kid (Harry Carey Jr.) (his film debut), and Pedro (Pedro Armendariz), who try to take orphaned infant Robert William Pedro across the desert on foot while being chased by the posse of Sheriff Perley "Buck" Sweet (Ward Bond); does $2.8M box office on a $1.2M budget. John Huston's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (Jan. 6), based on the 1927 B. Traven novel and shot in Durango and Tampico, Mexico for a wallet-busting $2.5M stars Humphrey Bogart (after Edward G. Robinson is turned down) and Tim Holt as losers Fred C. Dobbs and Bob Curtin in 1920s Mexico, who hook up with old timer gold prospector Howard (John Huston's father Walter Huston) to find the you know what, and cross paths with banditos, whose leader Gold Hat (Alfonso Bedoya) utters the soundbyte "We don't need no stinkin' badges" (actually, "I don't have to show you any stinkin' badges"); Robert Blake plays the boy lottery ticket seller who gets a glass of water in his face; John Huston plays White Suit, from whom Bogart keeps begging pesos; Barton McClain plays a cheating work boss; "Mrs. Mildred Pierce" Bruce Bennett plays hustling gold digger Cody; Tim Holt's father Jack Holt has a bit part in a saloon; the film typecasts Tim Holt in Western roles; "Oomph Girl" Ann Sheridan has a street walk-by part; real gold dust is too heavy to blow away in the wind? Walt Disney's True Life Adventures series debuts with Seal Island (Dec. 21). Plays: Marcel Achard (1899-1974), We're Going to Valparaiso (Nous Irons a Valparaiso). Robert Anderson (1917-), The Eden Rose. Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Ardele ou la Marguerite (Ardele) (The Cry of the Peacock). Ugo Betti (1892-1953), Troubled Waters; or The Brother Who Protects and Loves. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), Ambassador Extraordinary; The Thistle and the Rose. Edna Ferber (1885-1968) and George S. Kaufman (1889-1961), Bravo. Lion Feuchtwanger (1884-1958), The Devil in Boston. Rose Franken (1896-1988), The Hallams (New York) (12 perf.). William Wister Haines, Command Decision (Fulton Theater, New York) (Oct. 1); stars Paul Kelly, and James Whitmore in his stage debut. Thomas Heggen (1918-49) and Joshua Logan (1908-88), Mister Roberts (Alvin Theatre, New York) (Feb. 18) (1,157 perf.), based on Heggen's 1946 novel, starring Henry Fonda as Lt. Doug Roberts aboard the USS Reluctant in the South Pacific in WWII; filmed in 1955; too bad, on May 19, 1949 after getting writer's block and going on alcohol and sleeping pills, Heggen drowns in his bathtub in New York City. Jean Kerr (1922-2003), Jenny Kissed Me. Francis Ponge (1899-1988), Proemes. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), The Browning Version. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Dirty Hands (Les Mains Sales). Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Miss Mabel. Tennessee Williams (1911-83), A Streetcar Named Desire (Pulitzer Prize); Summer and Smoke. Poetry: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Nouveau Creve-Coeur. Earle Birney (1904-95), The Straight of Anian. Paul Celan (1920-70), The Sand from the Urns. Aime Cesaire (1913-2008), Soleil cou Coupe. Rene Char (1907-88), Fureur et Mystere. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), Poems 1943-1947. Edwin Denby (1903-83), In Public, In Private. Lawrence Durrell (1912-90), On Seeming to Presume. Gunter Eich (1907-72), Abgelegene Gehofte; incl. Inventur; matter-of-fact POW poems to absorb the shock of the Nazi period? William Everson (1912-94), The Residual Years. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), Stranger at Coney Island. William Gibson (1914-2008), Winter Crook (debut); "As inviting as valley/ or wanton hills, whose thighs/ are my earth" (his wife). Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), The Double Axe and Other Poems. Irving Layton (1912-2006), Now is the Place. Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Holes in the Sky. William Meredith Jr. (1919-2007), Ships and Other Figures. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), CCCLXXIV Poems. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Harlequinade; Playbill; The Browning Version. Theodore Roethke, The Lost Son; autobio. verse. Peter Viereck (1916-2006), Terror and Decorum: Poems 1940-1948 (Pulitzer Prize). Derek Walcott (1930-), 25 Poems (debut). William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), Clouds, Aigeltinger, Russia. Novels: Jay Presson Allen (1922-2006), Spring Riot (first novel). Sholem Asch (1880-1957), Tales of My People (short stories). Nigel Balchin (1908-70), The Borgia Testament. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Life Story. Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), Aino. Kay Boyle (1902-92), 1939. Bryher (1894-1983), Beowulf. Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950), Llana of Gathol. James M. Cain (1892-1977), Sinful Woman; The Moth. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), Melissa. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Skeleton in the Clock. Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961), Bourlinguer. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Taken at the Flood (There is a Tide...) (Mar.); Hercule Poirot #25; The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories; The Rose and the Yew Tree (Nov.); pub. under alias Mary Westmacott (#4); title taken from "Four Quartets" by T.S. Eliot: "The moment of the rose and the moment of the yew-tree/ Are of equal duration." Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008), Against the Fall of Night (first novel); the contrasting civilizations of Diaspar and Lys; rewritten in 1956 as "The City and the Stars". James Gould Cozzens (1903-78), Guard of Honor (Pulitzer Prize). A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), Shannon's Way. Lloyd C. Douglas (1877-1951), The Big Fisherman; bestseller. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Les Grandes Families. Howard Fast (1914-2003), My Glorious Brothers. William Faulkner (1897-1962), Intruder in the Dust (Sept.). Konstantin Fedin (1892-1977), An Unusual Summer. Pat Frank (1908-64), An Affair of State; about Jeff Baker, who works his way up in the State Dept. and ends up in Hungary, giving him a chance to do something about his hatred of cold war. Pamela Frankau (1908-67), Shaken in the Wind. Graham Greene (1904-91), The Heart of the Matter; Maj. Henry "Ticki" Scobie, a white police officer in Sierra Leone converts to Roman Catholicism to please his wife Louise then starts committing mortal sins; "If one knew, he wondered, the facts, would one have to feel pity even for the planets? If one reached what they called the heart of the matter?" Giovanni Guareschi (1908-68), The Little World of Don Camillo. John Gunther (1901-70), Death Be Not Proud (autobio.); about his bright son Johnny, who corresponds with Albert Einstein and dies of a brain tumor at age 17 after heroic efforts. Marion Hargrove (1919-2003), Something's Got to Give. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960), Seraph on the Suwanee (last novel). Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Ape and Essence; apocalyptic novel about atomic war. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), Royal Flush: The Story of Minette; Elizabeth, Captive Princess. Shirley Jackson (1916-65), The Road Through the Wall (first novel); The Lottery; pub. in the June 26 issue of New Yorker, becoming a big hit. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), A Summer to Decide. Yasunari Kawabata (1899-1972), Snow Country. Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957), The Greek Passion (Christ Recrucified). Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), Dinner at Antoine's; Antoine Alciatore of New Orleans, La., whose son Jules invented Oysters Rockefeller. John Knittel (1891-1970), Terra Magna. Halldor Kiljan Laxness (1902-98), The Atom Station; a new U.S. bomber base corrupts local politicians, turning them into nasty capitalists; gains him a Stalin Internat. Award in 1949. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Where Am I? Or, A Stranger Here Myself. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), The Mirage. Norman Mailer (1923-2007), The Naked and the Dead; written while enrolled at the Sorbonne; uses "fug" for fuck. Felicien Marceau (1913-), Chasseneuil (first novel). Harry Edmund Martinson (1904-78), The Road. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Eagle in the Sky. Robin Maugham (1916-81), The Secret (first novel); wealthy Londonder Tony hires servant Hugo Barrett, who slowly gets them to reverse roles. filmed in 1963. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), Catalina. Angela du Maurier (1904-2002), Birkinshaw and Other Stories. William Keepers Maxwell Jr. (1908-2000), Time Will Darken It. Horace McCoy (1897-1955), Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye. Thomas Merton, Seven Storey Mountain. Yukio Mishima (1925-70), Thieves (first novel); Confessions of a Mask; a latent homo hides behind a you know what in order to fit into society. Elsa Morante (1912-85), House of Liars (Menzogna e Sortilegio). Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Long After Summer. Martha Ostenso (1900-63), Milk Route. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), The Black Dark Murders (Out of the Dark). Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), The Tower of Terzel (first novel). Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), I Fratelli Cuccoli. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), The Fair Young Phoenix; By Firelight (By This Strange Fire). Alan Stewart Paton (1903-88), Cry, the Beloved Country; or, why apartheid is a crying shame?; "I have one great fear in my heart, that one day when they are turned to loving, they will find we are turned to hating." Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), A Ghost Town on the Yellowstone. Joseph Stanley Pennell, The History of Norah Beckham. Dawn Powell (1896-1965), The Locusts Have No King. Ellery Queen (ed.), 20th Century Detective Stories (anthology). Mary Renault (1905-83), The North Face. Harold Robbins (1912-97), Never Love a Stranger (first novel); publisher Pat Knopf buys it because "It was the first time he ever read a book in which on one page you'd have tears and on the next page you'd have a hardon" (Ian Parker); he goes on to pub. a novel a year to an adoring fan base that he openly mocks for their inanity, since all he does is regurgitate the same novel over and over to pay for his party yacht lifestyle? J.D. Salinger (1919-2010), A Perfect Day for Bananafish; pub. in The New Yorker of Jan. 31; the Glass family. William Sansom (1912-76), South (short stories); Something Terrible, Something Lovely (short stories). Nathalie Sarraute (1900-99), Portrait of a Man Unknown (Portrait d'un Inconnu). Thomas Savage (1915-), Lona Hanson. Allan Seager (1906-68), The Inheritance. Irwin Shaw (1913-84), The Young Lions; WWII novel. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Another Year. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), No Highway; an aircraft design fails. B.F. Skinner (1904-90), Walden Two; an ideal egalitarian society is constructed according to behaviorist principles by Mr. T.E. Frazier and his 6-man governing body. E.E. "Doc" Smith (1890-1965), Triplanetary (Fantasy Press); #1 of the 6-vol. Lensman series, based on short stories in "Astounding Science Fiction" from the 1930s-1940s, about the good Arisians vs. the bad Eddorians (Civilization vs. Boskone). Elizabeth Spencer (1921-), Fire in the Morning (first novel). Howard Spring (1889-1965), There is No Armour. George R. Stewart (1895-1980), Fire; about a forest fire in the Sierra Nevada Mts. of Calif. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Cats and Rosemary; Faithful Company. Peter Hillsman Taylor (1917-94), A Long Fourth (first novel). Samuel Woolley Taylor (1907-97), The Man With My Face; filmed in 1951. Josephine Tey (1896-1952), The Franchise Affair; Inspector Alan Grant #3; a mother and daughter are accused of kidnapping a young local woman; filmed in 1950 starring Michael Denison and Dulcie Gray. Geoffrey Trease (1909-98), Tales Out of School; claims that children's lit. should be a subject for serious study and debate. Gore Vidal (1925-2012), The City and the Pillar; first Am. novel to give a dispassionate presentation of homosexuality; dedicated to his gay bud "J.T.", Jimmie Trimble (-1945), who was KIA at Iwo Jima; pisses-off the New York Times, which refuses to review his next five books. Georg von der Vring (1889-1968), Magda Gott; autobio. novel. Mika Waltari (1908-79), The Adventurer. Sylvia Townsend Warner (1893-1978), The Corner That Held Them. Frank Waters (1902-95) and Houston Branch, Diamond Head. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), These Would I Choose; Unclouded Summer. Evelyn Waugh (1903-66), The Loved One: An Anglo-American Tragedy; the funeral biz in Los Angeles, Calif. (Forest Lawn). Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Shadow of Tyburn Tree; The Haunting of Toby Jugg. Patrick White (1912-90), The Aunt's Story; lonely middle-aged Theodora Goodman loses her mother and travels to France and the U.S., going through a mental breakdown. Thornton Wilder (1897-1975), The Ides of March; the assassination of Caesar in 44 B.C.E. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), The Golden Hawk. Births: English historian (Jewish) Tony R. Judt (d. 2010) on Jan. 2 in London; Belgian Lithuanian-descent father, Russian immigrant mother; educated at Cambridge U., and Ecole Normale Superieure. Am. "Top Gun", "Footloose" singer-songwriter Kenneth Clark "Kenny" Loggins (Loggins and Messina) on Jan. 7 in Everett, Wash.; raised in Alhambra, Calif. Scottish "Small Faces", "Hideous Kinky" dir.-writer-painter Gillies MacKinnon on Jan. 8 in Glasgow. Am. rock musician-songwriter Donald Jay Fagen (Steely Dan) on Jan. 10 in Passaic, N.J.; 1st cousin of Alan Rosenberg (1951-); collaborator of Walter Becker (1950-). Am. "Get Christie Love!" actress-singer (black) (Jehovah's Witness convert) Teresa (Terresa) Graves (d. 2002) on Jan. 10 in Houston, Tex. Am. Olympic runner Madeline Manning on Jan. 11 in Cleveland, Ohio. English "Sebastian Flyte in Brideshead Revisited" actor Anthony Andrews on Jan. 12 in London. Am. Olympic track star Allan Dean Feuerbach on Jan. 12 in Preston, Iowa. Am. "Apollo Creed in Rocky", "Dillin in Predator" actor (black) Carl Weathers on Jan. 14 in New Orleans, La.; played eight games with the Oakland Raiders in 1970-1 as a linebacker. Am. Southern rock singer Ronald Wayne "Ronnie" Van Zant (d. 1977) (Lynyrd Skynyrd) on Jan. 15 in Jacksonville, Fla.; brother of Donnie Van Zant (1952-) and Johnny Van Zant (1959-). Am. "Escape from L.A.", "They Live", "The Thing", "Starman" dir.-writer-producer John Carpenter on Jan. 16 in Carthage, N.Y. Am. food critic Ruth Reichl on Jan. 16 in New York City; educated at the U. of Mich. Soviet cosmonaut Anatoly Yakovlevich Solyvyev (Solovyov) on Jan. 16 in Riga, Latvia; record 16 spacewalks and record 82 hours spacewalk time. Am. 6'2-1/2" actor Michael Connor "Mike" "M.C. Gainey on Jan. 18 in Jackson, Miss.; educated at the U. of Southern Miss. Israeli politician-writer (Jewish) Natan Sharansky (Anatoly Borisovich Shcharansky) on Jan. 20 in Donetsk (Stalino), Ukraine; chess prodigy; educated at the Moscow Inst. of Physics and Technology; emigrates to Israel in 1986. Am. "David in Sesame Street" actor (black) Northern James Calloway (d. 1990) on Jan. 22. Am. Wilmington Ten civil rights activist (black) Rev. Benjamin Franklin Chavis Jr. on Jan. 22 in Oxford, N.C.; educated at St. Augustine College, U. of N.C., Duke U., Howard U., and Union Theological Seminary. Am. poet Timothy Steele on Jan. 22 in Burlington, Vt.; educated at Stanford U., and Brandeis U. Am. R&B singer (black) Anita Marie Pointer (Pointer Sisters) on Jan. 23 in Oakland, Calif.; sister of Ruth Pointer (1946-), Bonnie Pointer (1950-), and June Pointer (1953-2006). UAE pres. and emir (2004-) Sheikh (Sunni Muslim) Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan on Jan. 25 in Al Ain, Abu Dhabi; father of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan (1961-). Canadian rock drummer Laurence Gordon "Corky" Laing (Mountain) on Jan. 26 in Montreal, Quebec. Soviet defector ballet star (dir. of the Am. Ballet Theater) Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov on Jan. 27 in Riga, Latvia. Liberian pres. #22 (1997-2003) (black) Charles McCarthur Ghankay Taylor on Jan. 28 in Arthington, Montserrado County; educated at Bentley College. Canadian "Beastmaster", "Marc Donovan in V" actor Marc Singer on Jan. 29 in Vancouver, B.C.; brother of Lori Singer (1957-). Japanese lithium-ion battery chemist Akira Yoshino on Jan. 30 in Suita; educated at Kyoto U.; 2019 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "Last Dance", "The Main Event/Fight", "It's Raining Men" singer-songwriter-actor (gay) Paul Jabara (d. 1992) on Jan. 31; of Arab ancestry. Am. "Super Freak", "You and I" singer-songwriter-producer (black) Rick James (James Ambrose Johnson Jr.) (d. 2004) on Feb. 1 in Buffalo, N.Y.; nephew of Melvin Franklin (1942-95). Egyptian lt. gen. (CIC in 2005-12) Sami Hafez Anan (Enan) on Feb. 2 in Dakahlia. English auto racer Roger Williamson (d. 1973) on Feb. 2 in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. Am. "School's Out" rocker Alice Cooper (Vincent Damon Furnier) on Feb. 4 in Detroit, Mich. U.S. Sen. (R-Minn.) (1995-2001) Rodney Dwight "Rod" Grams (d. 2013) on Feb. 4 in Princeton, Minn.; educated at Carroll College. Am. "Mary Magdalene in The Last Temptation of Christ", "Lee in Hannah and Her Sisters", "Kathy Monroe in The Monroes" actress (not Jewish) Barbara Hershey (Barbara Lynn Herzstein) (AKA Barbara Seagull) on Feb. 5 in Hollywood, Calif.; Jewish Hungarian-Russian descent father, Presbyterian Irish-descent mother; wife (1969-75) of David Carradine (1936-2009), and (1999-2009) Naveen Andrews British-Am. "This Is Spinal Tap", "Count Rugen in The Princess Bride" actor-writer-dir. Christopher Guest (Haden-Guest), 5th Baron Haden-Guest on Feb. 5 in New York City; son of British U.N. diplomat Peter Haden-Guest and CBS exec Jean Pauline Hindes; parents are Jews-turned-atheists; educated at NYU; husband (1984-) of Jamie Lee Curtis (1958-). English "The Full Monty" actor Thomas Geoffrey "Tom" Wilkinson (d. 2023) on Feb. 5 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire; educated at the U. of Kent. English pianist-organist John Gosling (Kast Off Kinks) on Feb. 6 in Paignton, Devon. Am. rock musician Jimmy Greenspoon (Three Dog Night) on Feb. 7 in Los Angeles, Calif. Canadian composer-conductor David Richard Campbell on Feb. 7 in Toronto, Ont.; emigrates to the U.S. at age 10; father of Beck (1970-). Japanese "Iron Chef" chef Yutaka Ishinabe on Feb. 7 in Yokohama. Am. "Meet Me in Montana" country singer Danny Wayland "Dan" Seals (d. 2009) (England Dan and John Ford Coley) on Feb. 8 in McCamey, Tex.; brother of Jim Seals (1941-) and Eddie Seals. Am. surgeon-activist Susan Love on Feb. 9 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. "Will Powers" dir.-photographer Lynn Goldsmith on Feb. 11 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. "The Singularity Is Near" futurist inventor (Jewish) (agnostic) Raymond "Ray" Kurzweil on Feb. 12 in Queens, N.Y.; Austrian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at MIT. Am. magician Raymond Joseph Teller (Penn and Teller) on Feb. 14 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. CBS Sports, "The Insider", "Access Hollywood" TV personality Pat O'Brien on Feb. 14 in Sioux Falls, S.D. Canadian "The Power of Now", "A New Earth" writer Eckhart (Ulrich Leonard) Tolle on Feb. 16 in Lunen, Germany; educated at the U. of London, and Cambridge U.; emigrates to Canada in 1995. Dutch politician (gay) Wilhelmus Simon Petrus "Pim" Fortuyn (Fortijn) (d. 2002) on Feb. 19 in Driehuis; educated at the U. of Amsterdam, and U. of Groningen. Am. astronaut Byron Kurt Lichtenberg on Feb. 19 in Strousburg, Penn.; educated at Brown U., and MIT. Am. 6'6" wrestler-actor Big John Studd (John Minton) (d. 1995) on Feb. 19 in Butler, Penn. Am. "The Pope and Mussolini" historian-anthropologist David I. Kertzer on Feb. 20 in New York City; educated at Brown U., and Brandeis U. Cypriot economist Sir Christopher Antoniou Pissarides on Feb. 20 in Nicosia; educated at the U. of Essex, and the London School of Economics; 2010 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Willie Joe Garr in Dallas" actor John Ashton on Feb. 22 in Springfield, Mass.; not to be confused with musician John Ashton (1957-). Am. "Homemade Love" country singer Thomas Charles "Thom" Bresh on Feb. 23 in Hollywood, Calif.; son of Merle Travis (1917-83). English "Destiny" playwright David Edgar on Feb. 26 in Birmingham. Kiwi "Holy Blood, Holy Grail" writer Michael Baigent Michael Barry Meehan) (d. 2013) on Feb. 27 in Christchurch; educated at Canterbury U.; collaborator of Richard Leigh (1943-2007). Am. physicist and U.S. energy secy. #12 (2009-) Steven Chu on Feb. 28 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at UCB; 1997 Nobel Physics Prize. British heavy metal musician Geoffrey James "Geoff" Nicholls (d. 2017) (Black Sabbath) on Feb. 28 in Birmingham. Am. "The Jerk" actress Bernadette Peters (Lazzara) on Feb. 28 in Queens, N.Y.; Italian-Am. parents. Am. "The Fisher King" actress Mercedes J. Ruehl on Feb. 28 in Jackson Heights, Queens, N.Y.; German, Irish, and Cuban ancestry. Russian-Am. theoretical physicist Andrei Dmitriyevich Linde on Mar. 2 in Moscow. English "Bird of Paradise" rock musician Terence Charles "Snowy" White (Thin Lizzy, Pink Floyd) on Mar. 3 in Barnstaple, Devon. Am. "The Black Dahlia", "L.A. Confidential" crime novelist Lee Earle "James" Ellroy on Mar. 4 in Los Angeles, Calif. Canadian "Ceremony of Innocence" novelist Joanna Ruth Nichols on Mar. 4 in Toronto, Ont. English rock bassist Christopher Russell Edward "Chris" Squire (d. 2015) (Yes) on Mar. 4 in Kingsbury, London. Belgian "The Orion Mystery", "The Mars Mystery" writer Robert Bauval on Mar. 5 in Alexandria, Egypt; collaborator of Graham Hancock (1950-). British "Baby Come Back" reggae musician (black) Edmont Montague "Eddy" Grant on Mar. 5 in Plaisance, Guyana; emigrates to England in 195?; owner of the first black-owned recording studio in Europe (1972). Am. "The Law of Attraction" New Age writer Esther Hicks (nee Weaver) on Mar. 5 in Coalville, Utah; wife of Jerry Hicks. English singer-actress Elaine Paige (nee Elaine Mary Bickerstaff) on Mar. 5 in Barnet, North London. Am. "Ceremony" novelist Leslie Marmon Silko on Mar. 5 in Albuquerque, N.M. Am. "Godspell", "Pippin", "Wicked" composer-lyricist (Jewish) Stephen Lawrence Schwartz on Mar. 6 in New York City; educated at Juilliard School, and Carnegie Mellon U. German economist Hans-Werner Sinn on Mar. 7 in Brake, Westphalia; educated at the U. of Munster, and U. of Mannheim. Am. 4'10" "I Will Follow Him" singer "Little" Peggy March (Margaret Annemarie Battavio) on Mar. 8 in Lansdale, Penn. Am. 6'4" basketball player (black) (Cleveland Cavaliers #22/#34, 1971-80) Austin George "Mr. Cavalier" Carr on Mar. 10 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Notre Dame U. French "The Mackintosh Man" actress Dominique Sanda (Dominique Marie-Francoise Renee Varaigne) on Mar. 11 in Paris. Am. "Fire and Rain", "You've Got a Friend" singer-songwriter James Vernon Taylor on Mar. 12 in Boston, Mass.; raised in Carrboro, N.C. Am. "Jodie Dallas in Soap", "When Harry Met Sally", "City Slickers" ("You look mahvelous!") actor-comedian-writer-dir.-producer (Jewish) William Edward "Billy" Crystal on Mar. 14 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Canadian-Am. "Neuromancer" sci-fi novelist ("Father of Cyberpunk") William Ford Gibson on Mar. 17 in Conway, S.C.; moves to Canada in 1967 to avoid the Vietnam War draft; educated at the U. of B.C. Canadian 6'0" hockey hall-of-fame defenseman (Boston Bruins, Chicago Blackhawks) Robert Gordon "Bobby" Orr on Mar. 20 in Parry Sound, Ont. English atmospheric chemist Sir Robert Tony Watson on Mar. 21; educated at Queen Mary College, Univ. of London; knighted in 2012. Am. TV journalist (Jewish) Wolf Isaac Blitzer on Mar. 22 in Augsburg, Germany; Jewish immigrant parents from Auschwitz, Poland; grows up in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at the SUNY Buffalo, and Johns Hopkins U. English "The Music of the Night", "Don't Cry for Me, Argentina", "I Don't Know How to Love Him" composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber on Mar. 22 in Kensington, London; son of William Lloyd Webber (1914-82); brother of Julian Lloyd Webber (1951-); educated at Westminster School, and Magdalen College, Oxford U.; collaborator of Tim Rice (1944-); knighted in 1992; created baron in 1997; husband (1984-90) of Sarah Brightman (1960-). Am. computer programmer (WordPerfect co-founder) Bruce Wayne Bastian on Mar. 23 in Twin Falls, Idaho; collaborator of Alan Ashton (1942-); educated at Brigham Young U. Am. "Salem's Lot", "Camille Braverman in Parenthood" actress Bonnie Bedelia on Mar. 25 in New York City; aunt of Macaulay Culkin (1980-). English rock musician Richard Tandy (ELO) on Mar. 26 in Birmingham. Am. rock singer ("the Demon of Screamin'") Steve Tyler (Stephen Victor Tallarico) (Aerosmith) on Mar. 26 in New York City; Italian-German father, Cherokee-Ukrainian mother; father of Liv Tyler (1977-). Am. "Peg in Edward Scissorhands" actress Dianne Wiest on Mar. 28 in Kansas City, Mo.; only person to win two best actress Oscars from same dir. (Woody Allen) ("Bullets Over Broadway" in 1983, "Hannah and Her Sisters" in 1994). English economist-banker Mervyn Allister King, Baron Kingof Lothbury on Mar. 30 in Chesham Bois; educated at King's College, Cambridge U., St. John's College, Cambridge U., and Harvard U. Am. Southern rock musician James "Jim Dandy" Mangrum (Black Oak Arkansas) on Mar. 30 in Benton Harbor, Mich.; grows up in Black Oak, Ark. Am. supermodel (black) (first African-Am. supermodel) Naomi Ruth Sims (d. 2009) on Mar. 30 in Oxford, Miss. Am. "Fortunate Son" ambassador Dwight David Eisenhower II on Mar. 31 in West Point, N.Y.; son of pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) and Mamie Eisenhower (1896-1979); educated at Amherst College, and George Washington U. U.S. Dem. vice-pres. #45 (1993-2001) Albert Arnold "Al" Gore Jr. on Mar. 31 in Washington, D.C. ; son of Albert Gore St. (1907-98); educated at Harvard U., and Vanderbilt U. Am. "Carla Tortelli in Cheers" actress (Jewish) Rhea Jo Perlman on Mar. 31 in Coney Island, Brooklyn, N.Y.; wife (1982-) of Danny DeVito (1944-); educated at Hunter College. Mexican pres. #33 (1988-94) Carlos Salinas de Gortari on Apr. 3 in Mexico City. Am. classical pianist Garrick Ohisson on Apr. 3 in Bronxville, N.Y.; first Am. to win first prize at the Internat. Chopin Piano Competition (1970). Turkish Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Ocalan on Apr. 4 in Omerli, Sanliurfa. Am. rock bassist Raymond Berry Oakley III (d. 1972) (Allman Brothers Band) on Apr. 4 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Song of Kali" novelist Dan Simmons on Apr. 4 in Peoria, Ill. English rock drummer David "Pick" Withers (Dire Straits) on Apr. 4 in Leicester. Am. musician-songwriter Kent Henry (Plischke) (Steppenwolf, Blues Image) on Apr. 5 in Hollywood, Calif. French film dir.-writer-producer Philippe Garrel on Apr. 6 in Paris; lover (1969-79) of Nico (1938-79); father of Louis Garrel (1983-). Am. Olympic long jumper Arnie Paul Robinson on Apr. 7 in San Diego, Calif. Am. musician David Allen "Dave" "Chico" Ryan (d. 1998) (Sha Na Na) on Apr. 9 in Arlington, Mass. Am. photographer Berinthia "Berry" Berenson (d. 2001) on Apr. 14; wife of Anthony Perkins (1973-); Lithuanian Jewish father, Italian-Swiss-French-Egyptian mother; sister of Marisa Berenson (1946-). Am. "The Golden Fire" novelist (Jewish) Jonathan Fast on Apr. 13 in New York City; son of Howard Fast (1914-2003); educated at Princeton U., Columbia U., and Yeshiva U.; husband of Erica Jong (1942-); father of Molly Jong-Fast (1978-). Canadian "Kopernikus" composer Claude Vivier (d. 1993) on Apr. 14 in Montreal. Am. "Mr. Holland's Opus", "Don Juan DeMarco", "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" film composer (Jewish) Michael Arnold Kamen (d. 2003) on Apr. 15 in New York City. Am. economist Paul Robert Milgrom on Apr. 20 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich., and Stanford U.; 2020 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "I Go Crazy", "65 Love Affair" singer-songwriter Paul Lavon Davis on Apr. 21 in Meridian, Miss. Am. "Middle Passage", "Dreamer" novelist (black) (Buddhist) Charles R. Johnson on Apr. 23 in Evanston, Ill.; educated at SUNY. English "Discworld" novelist Sir Terence David John "Terry" Pratchett on Apr. 28 in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire; knighted in 2009. Am. rock singer (lesbian) Catherine Elizabeth "Kate" Pierson (B-52's) on Apr. 27 in Weehawken, N.J. Am. "big glasses Julie Kotter in Welcome Back, Kotter", "Diane Szalinski in Honey, I Shrunk the Kids", "Margie Cutler in M*A*S*H" actress-singer (Jewish) Marcia Strassman on Apr. 28 in New York City. Am. diplomat John Edwin Mroz (d. 2014) on May 1 in Lowell, Mass.; educated at the U. of Notre Dame, and Northeastern U. Am. "Broken Lady" singer Larry Wayne Gatlin (Gatlin Brothers) on May 2 in Seminole, Tex. Tongan king (2006-12) George Tupou V (d. 2012) on May 4 in Tongatapu; eldest son of Taufa'ahau Tupou IV (1918-2006) and Queen Halaevalu Mata'aho 'Ahome'e (1926-). Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Tanya Falan Welk on May 4 in Glendale, Calif. wife (1968-) of Lawrence Welk Jr. Am. "Bad Girls", "Heaven Knows", "Lady, Lady, Lady" singer-songwriter Joe Esposito on May 5; father of Mike Esposito (1981-). Am. "Torn Between Two Lovers" singer Mary MacGregor on May 6 in St. Paul, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. 5'9" basketball hall-of-fame player (San Diego/Houston Rockets #23, 1970-83) (black) Calvin Jerome Murphy on May 9 in Norwalk, Conn.; educated at Niagara U.; expert baton twirler. Am."Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter", "Holly in They Live" actress Megan "Meg" Foster on May 10 in Reading, Penn. Am. "Prof. Maggie Walsh in Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Lily Braden in Slap Shot" actress (Buddhist) Lindsay Ann Crouse on May 12 in New York City; named after Broadway writing partnership of Howard Lindsay and father Russel Crouse; educated at Radcliffe College; wife (1977-90) of David Mamet (1947-). English "Higher Love" rock musician Stephen Lawrence "Steve" Winwood (Spencer Davis Group, Traffic, Blind Faith, Go) on May 12 in Handsworth, Birmingham. English sea ice physicist Peter Wadhams on May 14 in ?. English composer ("Father of Ambient Music") Brian Peter George St. John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno (Roxy Music) on May 15 in Woolbridge, Suffolk. U.S. HHS secy. #21 (2009-) and Dem. Kan. gov. (2009-9) Kathleen Sebelius (nee Gilligan) on May 15 in Cincinnati, Ohio; educated at Trinity Washington U., and the U. of Kan. Am. firewalking leader Bruce "Tolly" Burkan on May 17 in New York City. French astronaut Jean-Pierre Haignere (Haigneré) on May 19 in Paris. Jamaican-Am. 5'10-1/2" "Zula in Conan the Destroyer", "May Day in A View to a Kill" singer-model-actress (black) Grace Jones (nee Mendoza) on May 19 in Spanish Town; known for her Flat Top hairstyle. Am. rock journalist (Crawdaddy! founder) Paul S. Williams (d. 2013) on May 19 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Swarthmore College. English "The Man Who Knew Too Little", "Sommersby" dir. Jon Amiel on May 20 in London; educated at Cambridge U. Am. "Cindy Walsh in Beverly Hills, 90210" actress Carol Potter on May 21 in New York City; educated at Radcliffe College. Canadian Shoemaker-Levy astronomer (Jewish) David H. Levy on May 22 in Montreal, Quebec; educated at Arcadia U., Queen's U., and Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. German "Rock You Like a Hurricane", "Wind of Change" rocker Klaus Meine (Scorpions) on May 25 in Hannover. Am. "Rhiannon", "Landslide", "Dreams", "Stand Back", "Nightbird" singer Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks (Fleetwood Mac) on May 26 in Phoenix, Ariz. Soviet cosmonaut Alexander (Aleksandr) Aleksandrovich Volkov on May 27 in Horlivka, Ukraine. Italian "Steven Matrix in Matrix", "Franco Macalousso in Tribulation" actor Nick Mancuso on May 29 in Mammola, Calabria. Belarusian "Voices from Chernobyl" journalist-writer Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich on May 31 in Stanislav; 2015 Nobel Lit. Prize. English rock drummer John Henry "Bonzo" Bonham (d. 1980) (Led Zeppelin) on May 31 in Redditch, Worcestershire. Am. "Jim Jones", "Red Dawn", "Southern Comfort" actor Powers Allen Boothe on June 1 in Snyder, Tex. Am. auto racer Thomas E. "Tom" "the Gas Man" Sneva on June 1 in Spokane, Wash. Am. "The Beaver in Leave It To Beaver" actor Jerry Mathers on June 2 in Sioux City, Iowa. Am. leftist evangelist James E. "Jim" Wallis Jr. on June 4 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Mich. State U. Am. historian Michael Kazin on June 6 in New York City; son of Alfred Kazin (1915-98); grows up in Englewood, N.J.; educated at Harvard U., Portland State U., and Stanford U. U.S. Navy secy. #67 (1988-9) William Lockhart Ball III on June 10 in Belton, S.C.; educated at the Ga. Inst. of Techn. Am. football coach (Green Bay Packers, 1992-8) (Seattle Seahawks, 1999-2008) Michael George "Mike" Holmgren on June 15 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at USC. Canadian journalist Elaine Ruth Dewart on June 18 in Saskatoon, Sask.; educated at Nutana Collegiate, York U., and U. of Toronto. English "Five Leaves Left" tragic almost big rock star folk musician Nicholas Rodney "Nick" Drake (d. 1974) on June 19 in Rangoon, Burma. Am. "Clair Huxtable in The Cosby Show" actress (black) Phylicia Rashad on June 19 in Houston, Tex.; La. Creole father, African-Am. mother; sister of Debbie Allen (1950-). Scottish bassist Alan Longmuir (Bay City Rollers) on June 20 in Edinburgh; brother of Derek Longmuir (1951-). Am. "The Manchurian Candidate" producer Christina "Tina" Sinatra on June 20 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter son of Frank Sinatra (915-98) and Nancy Barbato Sinatra; sister of Nancy Sinatra (1940-) and Frank Sinatra Jr. (1944-); wife (1974-) of Wes Farrell (1939-96). English "Atonement" novelist Ian Russell McEwan on June 21 in Aldershot; son of David and Rose McEwan; in 1942 his mother bears brother David Sharp after an affair with David McEwan while her hubby Ernest Wort is fighting overseas, and when the latter dies in 1944 she marries Big David, but has already given 1-mo.-old Little David to strangers on a railroad platform after placing a newspaper ad promising "complete surrender"; in 2001 the brothers are reunited, finding they had both been living near each other in Oxfordshire, and that David had become a bricklayer while Ian had become famous writing novels about severed families and tragic twists of fate? Am. "Hello It's Me" singer-songwriter-musician-producer Todd Harry Rundgren on June 22 in Upper Darby, Penn. U.S. Supreme Court justice #107 (1991-) (black) (Roman Catholic) Clarence Thomas on June 23 in Pin Point (near Savannah), Ga.; educated at Yale U. English rock musician Patrick Philippe Moraz (Yes, Moody Blues) on June 24 in Villars-Ste-Croix, Morges, Switzerland. Am. "Mike Horvath on One Day at a Time" actor-dir. Michael Lembeck on June 25 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; son of Harvey Lembeck (1923-82). Am. "Annie Wilkes in Misery", "Evelyn Couch in Fried Green Tomatoes" actress Kathleen Doyle "Kathy" Bates on June 28 in Memphis, Tenn. English New York School poet-writer John Ash on June 29 in Manchester; educated at the U. of Birmingham; emigrates to New York City in 1985, and Istanbul in 1996; known for his interest in Byzantine architecture. Am. "Burl Gopher Smith in The Love Boat" actor and Repub. politician Frederick Lawrence "Fred" Grandy on June 29 in Sioux City, Iowa. English rock drummer Ian Anderson Paice (Deep Purple) on June 29 in Nottingham. Am. palaeoclimatologist Lonnie Thompson on July 1 in Gassaway, W. Va.; educated at Marshall U., Ohio State U. Canadian "pulp fiction writer W.W. Beauchamp in Unforgiven" actor (Jewish) Saul Rubinek on July 2 in Fohrenwald, Wolfratshausen, Germany; Polish Jewish parents. Am. double-pres. daughter Julie Nixon Eisenhower on July 5 in Washington, D.C.; 2nd daughter of Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon; sister of Tricia Cox Nixon (1946-); wife (1968-) of Dwight David Eisenhower II (1948-). Canadian 6'0" hockey defenseman Douglas Bradford "Brad" Park on July 6 in Toronto, Ont. Israeli billionaire (Jewish) Yitzhak Tshuva on July 7 in Tripoli, Libya. Canadian "Baby Beluga" children's musician Raffi Cavoukian on July 8 in Cairo, Egypt; Armenian parents; named after Armenian poet Raffi (1835-88);; brother of Onnig Cavoukian, and Ann Cavoukian; emigrates to Canada in 1958. Canadian 5'9" hockey goalie (leftie) (New York Islanders) and sportscaster Glenn Allan "Chico" Resch on July 10 in Moose Jaw, Sask. Am. "Wilhelm screm" sound effect designer Benjamin "Ben" Burtt Jr. on July 12 in Jamesville, N.Y.; educated at Allegheny College, and USC. Am. "Magnet and Steel" rock singer Walter Egan on July 12 in Jamaica, N.Y. Lebanese "Gate of the Sun" novelist-playwright-critic Elias Khoury on July 12 in Beirut. Am. diet guru (gay?) (Richard Slimmins?) Milton Teagle "Richard" Simmons on July 12 in New Orleans, La.; weighs 268 lbs. in h.s., then gets fitness fever and loses 123 lbs. Am. "I Love the Nightlife" singer Alicia Bridges on July 15 in Lawndale, N.C. Am. Southern rock drummer Thomas Delmer "Artimus" Pyle (Lynyrd Skynrd) on July 15 in Louisville, Ky. Panamanian "Pedro Navaja" salsa musician-composer-actor Ruben (Rubén) Blades (Rubén Blades Bellido de Luna) on July 16 in Panama City; Cuban mother. Israeli violinist (Jewish) Pinchas Zukerman on July 16 in Tel Aviv. Am. rock musician Keith Richard Gochaux (d. 1980) (Grateful Dead, Heart of Gold Band) on July 19 in Seattle, Wash.; husband (1970-) of Donna Jean Godchaux (1947-). English singer-songwriter (Muslim) Yusuf Islam (Cat Stevens) on July 21 in London; converts to Islam in 1977 and quits his music career after selling 60M albums. Canadian "Doonesbury" cartoonist Garretson Beekman "Garry" Trudeau on July 21 in New York City; educated at Yale U. Am. "The Outsiders", "Rumble Fish" novelist Susan Elloise Hinton on July 22 in Tulsa, Okla.; educated at Will Rogers H.S. in Tulsa, and the U. of Tulsa. Colombian FARC rebel leader Guillermo Leon Saenz Vargas (Guillermo León Sáenz Vargas) (d. 2011) (AKA Alfonso Cano) on July 22 in Bogota. Am. 5'4" Olympic gold medal figure skater Peggy Gale Fleming on July 27 in San Jose, Calif. Am. "Lucille Bates in Hill Street Blues" actress-dir. Betty Thomas Nienhauser on July 27 in St. Louis, Mo. Swedish physician and prof. of internat. health Hans Rosling (d. 2017) on July 27 in Uppsala; educated at Uppsala U., and St. John's Medical College. Am. rock bassist Gerald Vincent "Jerry" Casale (Gerald Vincent Pizzute) (Devo) on July 28; educated at Kent State U. Am. "Georgette Franklin Baxter in The Mary Tyler Moore Show" actress Georgia Bright Engel on July 28 in Washington, D.C. Am. "Gloria Bunker in All in the Family" actress Sally Ann Struthers on July 28 in Portland, Ore.; maternal grandparents are Norwegian immigrants. French "The Professional", "The Da Vinci Code" actor Jean Reno (Juan Moreno) on July 30 in Casablanca. Dutch 7'0" "Lurch in The Addams Family", "Mr. Homn in Star Trek: TNG", "Giant in Twin Peaks" actor Carel Struycken on July 30 in The Hague; brother of Peter Struycken (1939-). Australian "The Real Thing", "Rachel" singer-songwriter Russell Norman Morris on July 31. Am. football WR (Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders, 1972-85) Cliff Branch on Aug. 1 in Houston, Tex.; educated at the U. of Colo. English "Mythago Wood" novelist Robert Paul Holdstock (d. 2009) on Aug. 2 in Hythe, Kent; educated at the Univ. College of North Wales. Am. conservative radio talk show host (Jewish) Dennis Mark Prager on Aug. 2 in New York City; educated at Boston College, Columbia U., and U. of Leeds. Am. rock bassist David Hungate (Toto) on Aug. 5. Am. gay rights activist (gay) Stephen Robert "Steve" Endean (d. 1993) on Aug. 6 in Davenport, Iowa; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. immunologist James Patrick Allison on Aug. 7 in Alice, Tex.; educated at UTA; 2018 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (Seattle Supersonics #32, 1971-84) Fred "Downtown Freddie" Brown on Aug. 7 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; educated at the U. of Iowa. French surgeon Jacques Marescaux on Aug. 8 in Clermont. Soviet cosmonaut (2nd woman in space ater Valentina Tereshkova) Svetlana Yevgenyevna Savitskaya on Aug. 8 in Moscow. Am. "Any Other Fool", "Through the Test of Time" R&B singer (black) Patti Austin on Aug. 10 in Harlem, N.Y. Trinidadian Olympic athlete (black) Christopher "Chris" Brathwaite (d. 1984) on Aug. 12 in Maraval. Am. "The Secret Life of Bees" novelist Sue Monk Kidd on Aug. 12 in Sylvester, Ga.; educated at TCU. Am. opera soprano (black) Kathleen Battle on Aug. 13 in Portsmouth, Ohio. Am. singer-musician Charles Thomas "Tom" Johnston (Doobie Brothers) on Aug. 15 in Visalia, Calif. Am. economist Edward Paul "Ed" Lazear on Aug. 17 in New York City; educated at UCLA, and Harvard U. Australian "Walter Bishop in Fringe", "Denethor in The Lord of the Rings" actor John Noble on Aug. 20 in Port Pirie, South Australia; father of Samantha Noble (1981-). English rock singer-songwriter Robert Anthony Plant (Led Zeppelin) on Aug. 20 in West Bromwich (near Birmingham), West Midlands. Am. musician-songwriter ("the Lost Beach Boy") David Lee Marks (Beach Boys) on Aug. 22. Am. baseball 1B player (Jewish) (New York Yankees, 1969, 1971-6) Ronald "Ron" Mark "Boomer" Blomberg on Aug. 23 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. 5'6" college football player (Notre Dame #45) (dyslexic) Daniel Eugene "Rudy" Ruettiger on Aug. 23 in Joliet, Ill.; educated at Holly Cross College, and Notre Dame U. Finnish pres. #12 (2012-) Sauli Vainamo Niinisto on Aug. 24 in Salo. Am. rock drummer-producer Daniel Peter "Danny" Seraphine (Chicago) on Aug. 28 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Back in Black" comedian Lewis Niles Black on Aug. 30 in Washington, D.C. German rocker Rudolf Schenker (Scorpions) on Aug. 31 in Hannover. Am. "George Wilbur in My Cousin Vinny", "Carl Franklin in Big Lake" actor James Robert Rebhorn on Sept. 1 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. 6'1" basketball hall-of-fame player (black) (Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City Kings #10, 1970-6) Nathaniel "Nate" "Tiny" Archibald on Sept. 2 in New York City; educated at Ariz. Western; Am. 6'3" football hall-of-fame QB (Pittsburgh Steelers #12, 1970-83) Terry Paxton Bradshaw on Sept. 2 in Shreveport, La.; educated at Louisiana Tech.; first QB to win four Super Bowls (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979). Am. teacher-astronaut Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe (d. 1986) on Sept. 2 in Boston, Mass.; Irish descent father, Lebanese Marionite descent mother; great niece of Philip Khuri Hitti (1886-1978); educated at Framingham State College, and Bowie State U. Am. economist (black) Glenn Cartman Loury on Sept. 3 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Northwestern U., and MIT; first tenured black prof. of economics at Harvard U. (1982). Zambian Repub. pres. #3 (2002-8) (black) Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (d. 2008) on Sept. 3 in Mufulira; educated at the U. of Zambia. Am. "Pluto in The Hills Have Eyes", "Ellis in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" actor Michael John Berryman on Sept. 4 in Los Angeles, Calif.; suffers from hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, giving him a creepy bald pointed head and pointy ears. Am. R&B musician (black) Claydes Charles Smith (d. 2006) (Kool and the Gang) on Sept. 6 in Jersey City, N.J. Am. journalist (Muslim Sufi) Stephen Suleyman Schwartz on Sept. 9 in Columbus, Ohio; Jewish father, Presbyterian mother; converts to Sufi Islam in 1999. Canadian writer-TV host Margaret Joan Sinclair Trudeau Kemper on Sept. 10 in Vancouver, B.C.; wife (1971-84) of Canadian PM Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1919-2000). Am. 6'11" hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (center) (black) (Detroit Pistons #10, 1970-80) (Milwaukee Bucks, 1980-4) Robert Jerry "Bob" Lanier Jr. on Sept. 10 in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at St. Bonaventure U. Hungarian computer programmer Charles Simonyi on Sept. 10 in Budapest; developer of Microsoft Word. Am. "Jem in To Kill a Mockingbird" actor Phillip Alford on Sept. 11 in Gadsden, Ala. Am. "Nell Harper Gimme a Break! actress-singer (black) Nell Carter (nee Nell Ruth Hardy) (d. 2003) on Sept. 13 in Birmingham, Ala. Am. "Carol Baldwin in Magnum, P.I." actor Kathleen Lloyd on Sept. 13 in Santa Clara, Calif. Am. "Cadillac Desert" environmentalist Marc Reisner (d. 2000) on Sept. 14 in Minneapolis, Minn. Am. tennis player Rosemary "Rosie" Casals on Sept. 16 in San Francisco, Calif.; Salvadoran parents; wins 12 major doubles titles in 1967-82. English rock drummer Kenneth Thomas "Kenney" Jones (Small Faces, Faces, The Who) on Sept. 16 in Stepney, East London. Am. "Jack Tripper in Three's Company" actor Jonathan Southworth "John" Ritter (d. 2003) on Sept. 17 in Burbank, Calif.; son of Tex Ritter (1905-74) and Dorothy Fay (1915-2003); educated at USC. Am. "White Punks on Dope", "She's a Beauty" singer-actor John Waldo "Fee" Waybill (Tubes) on Sept. 17 in Omaha, Neb.; one of the three most important people in the world in "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure". English "The Gruffalo", "Room on the Broom" children's writer Julia Catherine Donaldson on Sept. 16 in London; educated at the U. of Bristol. English "The French Lieutenant's Woman" actor Jeremy John Irons on Sept. 19 in Cowes, Isle of Wight; switches to acting from veterinarian. Am. "A Game of Thrones" novelist ("the American Tolkien") George Raymond Richard Martin on Sept. 20 in Bayonne, N.J.; educated at Northwestern U. Am. rock bassist Charles Salvatore "Chuck" Panozzo (Styx) on Sept. 20 in Chicago, Ill.; fraternal twin brother of rock drummer John Panozzo (1948-). English Olympic equestrian Capt. Mark Anthony Peter Phillips on Sept. 22 in Tetbury, Gloucestershire; 1st husband (1973-92) of Princess Anne. Am. comedian Philip Edward "Phil" Hartman (d. 1998) on Sept. 24 in Brantford, Ont., Canada; emigrates to the U.S. at age 10; educated at Cal. State U. Am. "Det. Greg Medavoy in NYPD Blue" actor Gordon Clapp on Sept. 24 in North Conway, N.H.; distant relative of Ethan Allen; educated at Williams College. Am. actress Mary Beth Hurt (Supinger) on Sept. 26. Australian singer Dame Olivia Newton-John (d. 2022) on Sept. 26 in Cambridge, England; Welsh-born father is the head of King's College, Cambridge U.; German-born mother is the daughter of physicist Max Born; immigrates to Australia at age 6; created dame in 2020; becomes Australizn citizen in 1981. Czech cosmonaut Vladimir Remek on Sep. 26 in Ceske Budejovice; Slovak father, Czech mother. Am. singer-songwriter-producer Bruce Charles Sudano (Alive N Kickin', Brooklyn Dreams) on Sept. 26; husband (1980-) of Donna Summer (1948-2012). Canadian "Lone Gunman Melvin Frohike in The X-Files" actor Tom Braidwood on Sept. 27 in B.C. Am. TV journalist (black) Bryant Charles Gumbel on Sept. 28 in New Orleans, La.; brother of Greg Gumbel (1946-); educated at Bates College. Am. "Creative Visualization" New Age writer Shakti Gawain on Sept. 30. Am. fashion designer (Jewish) Donna Karan on Oct. 2 in Forest Hills, Queens, N.Y. Am. "Golden Turkey Awards" film critic (Jewish) Michael Medved (Russ. "bear") on Oct. 3 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Yale U. English climatologist Sir John Francis Brake "F.B." Mitchell on Oct. 7; educated at Queen's Univ. Belfast; knighted in 2001. Austrian-Irish artist Gottfried Helnwein on Oct. 8 in Vienna. Am. punk rock musician Johnny Ramone (John William Cummings) (d. 2004) (The Ramones) on Oct. 8 in Long Island, N.Y. Am. "Doctor My Eyes" singer Clyde Jackson Browne on Oct. 9 in Heidelberg, Germany. Am. economist (Jewish) Oliver Simon D'Arcy Hart on Oct. 9 in London, England; educated at King's College, London, U. of Warwick, and Princeton U.; 2016 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. rock musician (black) Cyril Neville (Neville Brothers) on Oct. 10 in New Orleans, La. U.S. Navy Secy. #75 (2009), U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1994-6), and Miss. gov. #60 (1988-92) Raymond Edwin "Ray" Mabus Jr. on Oct. 11 in Starkville, Miss.; educated at the U. of Miss., Johns Hopkins U., and Harvard U. Am. Tides Foundation founder Drummond Pike on Oct. 11 in San Rafael, Calif.; educated at UCSC and Rutgers U. Ghanaian cardinal (2003-) (black) Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson on Oct. 11 in Wassa Nsuta; Roman Catholic father, Methodist mother, Muslim paternal uncle. Russian chief muti (Muslim) Talgat Tadzhuddin (Taltat Safich Tadzetdinov) on Oct. 12 in Kazan. British-Irish "The Lady in Red", "Don't Pay the Ferryman" musician-songwriter Chris de Burgh (Christopher John Davison) on Oct. 15 in Venado Tuerto, Argentina; British diplomat father, Irish Protestant mother; father of 2002 Miss World Rosanna Diane Davison (1984-). Am. record producer Jim Ed Norman on Oct. 16 in Ft. Edwards, Fla. Am. 6'7" Vogue mag. ed. (1998-2013) Andre (André) Leon Talley (d. 2022) on Oct. 16 in Washington, D.C.; educated at N.C. Central U., and Brown U. Canadian-Am. "Lois Lane in Superman" actress Margaret Ruth "Margot" Kidder (d. 2018) on Oct. 17 in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories; becomes a U.S. citizen in 2005. Am. "Norm Peterson in Cheers" actor George Robert Wendt on Oct. 17 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/ When the Rainbow is Enuf" feminist playwright-poet (black) Ntozake Shange (Paulette L. Williams) (Zulu "She who comes with her own things" "she who walks with lions") on Oct. 18 in Trenton, N.J.; educated at Barnard College, and USC. Am. rock singer-guitarist Patrick "Pat" Simmons (Doobie Brothers) on Oct. 19 in Aberdeen, Wash. English rock organist Peter "Pete" Solley (Procol Harum, Whitesnake) on Oct. 19 in London. Am. "Mac in Magnum, P.I." actor Jeffery Neill "Jeff" McKay (d. 2008) on Oct. 20 in Dallas, Tex.; cousin of Robert Redford. Am. "Benjamin Sisko in Star Trek: DS9", "Hawk in Spencer for Hire" actor (black) Avery Franklin Brooks on Oct. 22 in Evansville, Ind.; educated at Rutgers U. Am. pres. assassin Lynette Alice "Squeaky" Fromme on Oct. 22 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. "CNN Boys of Baghdad" journalist John Holliman (d. 1998) on Oct. 23. U.S. Rep. (D-Md.) (1987-96) and NAACP pres. (1996-2004) (black) (Freemason) Kweisi Mfume (Frizzell Gray) on Oct. 24 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Morgan State U. English pop singers Barry Ryan (Sapherson) and Paul Ryan (Sapherson) (d. 1992) on Oct. 24 in Leeds, Yorkshire; sons of Marion Ryan (1931-99). Am. "Capt. Jim Gutterman in Baa Baa Black Sheep" actor James Allen Whitmore III (Jr.) on Oct. 24 in Manhattan, N.Y.; son of James Whitmore (1921-2009). Am. 6'9" hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (white) (Boston Celtics #18, 1970-80) (Boston Celtics, 1978-9) (Charlotte Hornets, 1996-9) Davie William "Dave" Cowens on Oct. 25 in Newport, Ky.; educated at Fla. State U. Am. 6'9" basketball player-coach (white) (Kentucky Colonels #25, 1970-5) (Denver Nuggets #44/#25, 1975-85) (Denver Nuggets, 1992-4, 1999-2001) Daniel Paul "Dan" Issel on Oct. 25 in Batavia, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ky. English rock musician Glenn Raymond Tipton (Judas Priest) on Oct. 25 in Blackheath, West Midlands. Canadian "Billy Twofeathers in Shining Time Station" actor-singer Thomas Dale "Tom" Jackson on Oct. 27 in One Arrow Reserve (near Batoche), Sask.; English father, Cree mother; grows up in Winnipeg, Man. Am. "Sabrina Duncan in Charlie's Angels" actress Lucy Kate Jackson on Oct. 29 in Birmingham, Ala. Am. "Dr. Marlena Evans in Days Of Our Lives" actress Deidre Ann Hall on Oct. 31 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Scottish "To Sir, With Love", "Shout" singer-actress ("the British Brenda Lee") Lulu (Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie) on Nov. 3 in Lennoxtown, East Dunbartonshire; grows up in Glasgow. Malian pres. (2002-) (black) gen. Amadou Toumani Toure (Touré) on Nov. 4 in Mopti. Am. Libertarian politician Robert Laurence "Bob" Barr Jr. on Nov. 5 in Iowa City, Iowa; educated at George Washington U. and Georgetown U. Am. New Philosophy philosopher-journalist (Jewish) Bernard-Henri Levy (Lévy) on Nov. 5 in Beni Saf, Algeria; grows up in Paris; educated at the Ecole Normale Superieure. Am. physicist William Daniel Phillips on Nov. 5 in Wilkes-Barre, Penn.; educated at MIT; 1997 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "The Clinton Wars", "The Permanent Campaign" journalist (Jewish) (aide to Pres. Bill Clinton, Aug. 1997-Jan. 2001) Sidney Blumenthal on Nov. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Brandeis U. Am. "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Smuggler's Blues" "You Belong to the City" singer-songwriter-actor Glenn Lewis Frey (d. 2016) (Eagles) on Nov. 6 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Magic Carpet Ride" rock bassist-songwriter Rushton Moreve (John Russell Morgan) (d. 1981) (Steppenwolf) on Nov. 6 in Los Angeles, Calif. Danish "The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones", "Jerusalem" film dir. Billie August on Nov. 9 in Brede. Am. "coroner Albert Robbins in CSI" actor Robert David Hall on Nov. 9 in East Orange, N.J. Iranian pres. #7 (2013-) (Muslim Shiite) Hassan Rouhani (Hasan Rowhani) (Feridon) (Fereydoun) on Nov. 12 in Sorkheh; changes his name to Rouhani (Pers. "spiritual", "cleric"). Am. 6'5" football defensive end (Washington Redskins, 1970-7) William Glenn "Bill" Brundige on Nov. 13 in Holyoke, Colo. British "funny ears" king (2022-) and prince of Wales (1958-) Charles Philip Arthur George of Edinburgh on Nov. 14 [Scorpio] in Buckingham Palace,London; eldest son of Elizabeth II (1926-) and Philip Mountbatten, duke of Edinburgh (1921-); husband (1981-96) of Lady Diana Spencer (1961-97) and (2005-) Camilla Parker Bowles (1947-); educated at the U. of Cambridge. Am. "Lt. Thomas Joseph TJ Wiley in Baa Baa Black Sheep" actor-dir.-producer Robert Winthrop Ginty (d. 2009) on Nov. 14 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. political commentator Robert "Bob" Beckel on Nov. 15 in in New York City; grows up in Lyme, Conn.; educated at Wagner College; brother of Graham Beckel (1949-). Am. Dem. politician-physician Howard Brush Dean III on Nov. 17 in East Hampton, N.Y.; educated at Yale U. and Yeshiva U. Am. football defensive back (black) ("the Assassin") (Oakland Raiders #32, 1971-9) John David "Jack" Tatum (d. 2010) on Nov. 18 in Cherryville, N.C.; grows up in Passaic, N.J.; educated at Ohio State U. Am. "Princeton interviewer in Risky Business" actor (Jewish) Richard D. Masur on Nov. 20 in New York City; educated at Yale U. Am. Dem. Calif. politician Leland Yin Yee on Nov. 20 in Taishan, Guangdong, China; emigrates to the U.S. ar age 3; educated at UCB, San Francisco State U., and U. of Hawaii. Am. rock musician John Douglas "Rabbit" Bundrick (Rocky Horror Picture Show) on Nov. 21 in Houston, Tash. Am. rock musician Leroy "Lonnie" Jordan (War) on Nov. 21 in San Diego, Calif. Am. Men's Wearhouse founder (Jewish) George Zimmer on Nov. 21 in New York City; educated at Washington U. in St. Louis. Am. 6'8" Houston Rockets basketball player-coach (San Diego/Houston Rockets #45, 1970-81) Rudolph "Rudy T." Tomjanovich Jr. on Nov. 24 in Hamtramck, Mich.; of Croatian descent; educated at the U. of Mich. Australian-Am. molecular biologist Elizabeth Helen Blackburn on Nov. 26 in Hobart, Tasmania; educated at the U. of Melbourne and Darwin College, Cambridge U., and Yale U.; 2009 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. diplomat (Jewish) Dennis B. Ross on Nov. 26 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Am. "Uncle Phil Banks in Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" actor (black) James L. Avery Sr. on Nov. 27 in Atlantic City, N.J. Australian musician Beeb Birtles (Gerard Bertelkamp) (Little River Band) on Nov. 28 in Amsterdam, Netherlands; named after Dick Tracy char. BB Eyes. U.S. ambassador to the U.N. #25 (2005-6) John Robert Bolton on Nov. 28 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Yale U. Am. "Catastrophe" writer Dick Morris on Nov. 28. Am. psychologist James Lloyd "Jay" McClelland on Dec. 1 in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at Columbia U., and the U. of Penn. Am. "Water Music", "World's End" novelist Tom Coraghessan (Thomas John) Boyle on Dec. 2 in Peekskill, N.Y. French "Entre Nous" actress-dir. Diane Kurys on Dec. 3 in Lyon, Rhone. English singer-actor (dyslexic) ("Godfather of Heavy Metal") ("The Prince of Darkness") John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne (Black Sabbath) on Dec. 3 in Aston, Birmingham; husband of Sharon Osbourne (1952-); father of Aimee Osbourne (1983-), Kelly Osbourne (1984), Jack Osbourne (1985-). Am. rock singer-songwriter John "Southside Johnny" Lyon (Asbury Jukes) on Dec. 4 in Neptune, N.J. Japanese Liberal Dem. PM (2020-) Yoshihide Suga on Dec. 6 in Yuzawa, Akita; educated at Hosei U. Am. "Diane Freeling in Poltergeist" actress JoBeth Williams on Dec. 6 in Houston, Tex.; educated at Brown U. Am. "The Wind Beneath My Wings" country singer Gary Gwyn Morris on Dec. 7 in Fort Worth, Tex. Am. "Beauty and the Beast", "Dead Poets Society" producer Charles Anthony "Tony" Thomas on Dec. 7 in Hollywood, Calif.; son of Danny Thomas (1912-91); brother of Marlo Thomas (1937-). Israeli historian (Jewish) Benny Morris on Dec. 8 in Kibbutz Ein HaHoresh; British Jewish immigrant parents. Dutch "Mrs. Dalloway", "Antonia's Line" writer-dir. (feminist) Marleen Gorris on Dec. 9 in Roermond; educated at the U. of Amsterdam, and U. of Birmingham; first woman to win a best foreign film dir. Oscar. Palestinian terrorist (founder of the Palestinian Liberation Front) (Sunni Muslim) Muhammad Zaidan (d. 2004) (AKA Abu Abbas, Muhammad Abbas) on Dec. 10 in a Syrian refugee camp. Pakistani chief justice #18 (2005-) Ifitkhar Muhammad Chaudhry on Dec. 12 in Quetta, Balochistan. Macedonian economist-diplomat and U.N. Gen. Assembly pres. (2007-8) Srgjan Asan Kerim on Dec. 12 in Skopje; half Macedonian, half Turkish; educated at the U. of Belgrade. Portuguese pres. #20 (2016-) (Roman Catholic) Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa on Dec. 12 in Lisbon; educated at the U. of Lisbon. English "Gerald in The Full Monty", "James Reid in The Green Hornet", "Joe Kennedy Sr. in The Kennedys" actor Tom Wilkinson on Dec. 12 in Leeds, West Yorkshire; educated at the U. of Kent. Am. "Cat Scratch Fever" musician-actor-gun lover ("The Nuge") ("Motor City Madman") Theodore Anthony "Uncle Ted" Nugent on Dec. 13 in Redford (near Detroit), Mich.; grows up in Jackson, Mich. Am. rock guitarist Jeff "Skunk" Baxter (Steely Dan, Doobie Brothers) on Dec. 13 in Washington, D.C. English rock musician David "Davy" O'List (The Attack, The Nice, Jet) on Dec. 13 in Chiswick, West London. Am. "Eliott's mother in E.T." actress Dee Wallace (Wallace-Stone) (Deanna Bowers) on Dec. 14 in Kansas City, Kan. French "The White Man's Tears", "The Tyranny of Guilt" New Philosopher Pascal Bruckner on Dec. 15 in Paris. Am. "Go All the Way" pop musician James Alexander "Jim" Bonfanti (Choir, Raspberries) on Dec. 17 in Windber, Penn. English musician-producer Alan Parsons (Alan Parsons Project) on Dec. 20 in London. Australian musician ("Australia's First Internat. Pop Star") Stephen Carlton "Stevie" Wright (Easybeats) on Dec. 20 in Leeds, England. Am. "Jules Winnfield in Pulp Fiction", "Mace Windu in Star Wars" actor-activist (black) Samuel Leroy Jackson on Dec. 21 in Washington, D.C.; grows up in Chattanooga, Tenn.; husband of Latanya Richardson (1949-); usher at the funeral of MLK Jr. French fashion designer Thierry Mugler on Dec. 21 in Strasbourg. Am. baseball 1B player (Los Angeles Dodgers, 1969-82) (San Diego Padres) Steve Garvey on Dec. 22 in Tampa, Fla.; record 193 consecutive errorless games by an infielder. Am. rock musician-songwriter Richard Alan "Rick" Nielsen (Cheap Trick) on Dec. 22 in Rockford, Ill.; known for his 5-neck guitar. Am. "Ella Farmer in The District", "The Chief in Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?" actress (black) Cherylynne Theresa "Lynne" Thigpen (d. 2003) on Dec. 22 in Joliet, Ill. Moldovan pres. (2012-) Nicolae Timofti on Dec. 22 in Ciutulesti. Am. "Yan Can Cook" chef Martin Yan on Dec. 22 in Canton, China; educated at UCD. Am. astronomer John Peter Huchra (d. 2010) on Dec. 23 in Jersey City, N.J.; educated at MIT, and Caltech. Am. distance runner Richard C. "Rick" Wohlhuter on Dec. 23 in Geneva, Ill. Am. paleoanthropologist (Neanderthal expert) Erik Trinkaus on Dec. 24; educated at the U. of Penn. Am. "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" country singer ("the Sweetheart of Steel") Barbara Ann Mandrell on Dec. 25 in Houston, Tex.; sister of Louise Mandrell (1954-) and Irlene Mandrell (1956-). Pakistani Muslim PM #14, #16, #20 (1990-3, 1997-9) Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif on Dec. 25 in Lahore; educated at Punjab U.; plays cricket. French "Cyrano de Bergerac", "Green Card" actor Gerard Xavier Marcel Depardieu on Dec. 27 in Chateauroux, Indre. French economist (chief economist of the IMF, 2008-) Olivier Jean Blanchard on Dec. 27 in Amines; educated at Paris Dauphine U., and MIT. Am. poet and U.S. poet laureate #51 (2015-17) Juan Felipe Herrera on Dec. 27 in Fowler, Calif.; educated at UCLA, Stanford U., and U. of Iowa. Am. 6'9" 250 lb. IQ-145 serial murderer ("the Co-ed Killer/Butcher") Edmund Emil "Ed" Kemper III on Dec. 28 in Burbank, Calif. Swedish critic-historian Horace Oscar Axel Engdahl on Dec. 30 in Karlskrona; educated at Stockholm U. Am. cell biologist (Jewish) Randy Wayne Schekman on Dec. 30 in St. Paul, Minn.; educated at UCLA, and Stanford U.; 2013 Nobel Med. Prize. Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev on Dec. 31 in Bryansk. Am. "Last Dance", "Bad Girls" singer (black) ("Queen of Disco") ("First Lady of Love") Donna Summer (LaDonna Adrian Gaines) (d. 2012) on Dec. 31 in Boston, Mass.; wife (1980-) of Bruce Sudano (1948-). Am. "Modern Art of Chinese Cooking" chef Barbara Tropp (d. 2001) on ? in N.J.; educated at Princeton U. English "The Endorphin Effect" New Age writer William Bloom on ? in London; educated at the London School of Economics. Israeli physician (Jewish) Rivka Carmi on ? in ?; educated at Hebrew U. of Jerusalem, and Harvard U. Am. feminist writer Deirdre English on ? in ?. Kiwi climate scientist Christopher Rhodes "Chris" de Freitas (d. 2017) in Trinidad and Tobago; educated at the U. of Toronto, and U. of Queensland. U.S. assoc. atty. gen. (1997-2001) Webster Lee "Webb" Hubbell on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Ark. Indian-Am. "Building a Noble World" writer Shiv R. Jhawar on ? in Napasar, Rajasthan; educated at the U. of Calcutta, and U. of Ill. Am. "Middle Passage", "Dreamer" novelist-writer (black) Charles R. Johnson on ? in Evanston, Ill.; educated at SUNY. Palestinian-Lebanese-Am. "Resurrecting Empire" historian Rashid Ismail Khalidi on ? in New York City; Jerusalem-born Saudi father Ismail Ragib Khalidi (1916-68), Lebanese-Am. Christian mother; educated at Yale U. (Wolf's Head Society) and Oxford U.; father of Ismail Khalidi. English A1 Waste Paper Co. artist Michael Leigh. Am. economist Charles Frederick Manski on ? in ?; educated at MIT. Am. psychologist Robert Plomin on ? in Chicago, Ill.; educated at DePaul U., and UTA. Am. "Larry Mondello in Leave It to Beaver" actor Robert "Rusty" Stevens on ? in Boston, Mass. Iranian ayatollah (Shiite Muslim) Mohammad Ali Tashkiri on ? in Iraq. Deaths: Am. writer Maud Howe Elliott (b. 1854) on Mar. 19 in Newport, R.I. Am. Unity Church co-founder Charles Sherlock Fillmore (b. 1854) on Aug. 5. Am. physician-poet Solomon Solis-Cohen (b. 1857). Am. celeb Mary Dimmick Harrison (b. 1858) on Jan. 5 in New York City; 2nd wife of pres. Benjamin Harrison, whom she outlives by 47 years. Am. jam maker Jerome Monroe Smucker (b. 1858) on Mar. 20 in Orrville, Ohio. Am. film pioneer Edward Hill Amet (b. 1860) on Aug. 16 in Redondo Beach, Calif. U.S. Gen. John Joseph Pershing (b. 1860) on July 15 in Washington, D.C. Canadian historian-clergyman George MacKinnon Wrong (b. 1860) on June 29. Bulgarian tsar (1908-18) Ferdinand I (b. 1861) on Sept. 10 in Coburg, Germany. U.S. First Lady (1901-9) and Second Lady (1901) Edith Roosevelt (b. 1861) on Sept. 30 in Oyster Bay, N.Y. U.S. Supreme Court chief justice #11 (1930-41) Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (b. 1862) on Aug. 27 in Osterville, Mass.; dies in the Tiffany Cottage of the Wianno Club. Am. Bush family patriarch Samuel Prescott Bush (b. 1863) on Feb. 8 in Columbus, Ohio. English cricketer-actor Sir Charles Aubrey Smith (b. 1863) on Dec. 20 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (pneumonia). French inventor Louis Jean Lumiere (b. 1864) on June 6 in Bandol. Am. automobile pioneer Charles Warren Nash (b. 1864) on June 6 in Beverly Hills, Calif. Am. Sears, Roebuck & Co. co-founder Alvah Curtis Roebuck (b. 1864) on June 18 in Chicago, Ill. Am. movie pioneer William Selig (b. 1864) on July 15 in Los Angeles, Calif. English "The Four Feathers" novelist A.E.W. Mason (b. 1865) on Nov. 22 in London. French chef Prosper Montagne (b. 1865) on Apr. 22. English "The White Cliffs of Dover" actress Dame May Whitty (b. 1865) on May 29 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (cancer): "I have everything Betty Grable Has - I've just had it longer." Am. social reformer Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge (b. 1866) on July 30 in Chicago, Ill. (perforated ulcer). Am. medical supply magnate Fairleigh Stanton Dickinson Sr. (b. 1866) on June 23 in Rutherford, N.J. Italian operatic composer Umberto Giordano (b. 1867). German "Simplizissimus" cartoonist T.T. Heine (b. 1867). German critic Alfred Kerr (b. 1867). Am. folklorist John Lomax (b. 1867) on Jan. 26 (stroke). Turkish gen. Fakhri Pasha (b. 1868) on Nov. 22 in Istanbul. Am. Okla. gov. #3 (1915-19) Robert Lee Williams (b. 1968) on Apr. 10 in Durant, Okla. Indian spiritual leader Mahatma Mohandas K. Gandhi (b. 1869) on Jan. 30 in New Delhi (assassinated); last words "Oh God" (He Ram)?; since Aug. 1947 he was sleeping naked with his grand-nieces Manu and Abha, which is covered up by his followers?; in 1950 some of his ashes are brought to the Self-Realization Fellowship in Los Angeles, Calif. (founded 1920); "You must be the change you want to see in the world"; "Love is the strongest force the world possesses, and yet it is the humblest imaginable"; "Do not let anyone treat you unjustly... With all your might stand fast in the truth, and with every means that is nonviolent, struggle for your rights"; "Forgiveness is choosing to love. It is the first skill of self-giving love." Norwegian oceanographer Johan Hjort (b. 1869) on Oct. 7 in Oslo. English historian A.F. Pollard (b. 1869) on Aug. 3 in Milford-on-Sea, Hampshire. Austrian "The Merry Widow" composer Franz Lehar (b. 1870) on Oct. 24 in Bad Ischl (near Salzburg). German gen. Friedrich Kress (b. 1870) on Oct. 16 in Munich. English stainless steel inventor Harry Brearley (b. 1871) on Aug. 12. Am. aircraft pioneer Orville Wright (b. 1871) on Jan. 30 in Dayton, Ohio; his older brother Orville (1867-1912) didn't live to see either world war. German diplomat-industrialist Richard von Kuhlmann (b. 1873) on Feb. 16. Am. drama critic Burns Mantle (b. 1873) on Feb. 9. German anthropologist Franz Weidenreich (b. 1873) on July 11 in New York City. Am. historian-educator Charles Austin Beard (b. 1874) on Sept. 1 in New Haven, Conn.; "Today Beard's reputation stands like an imposing ruin in the landscape of American historiography. What was once the grandest house in the province is now a ravaged survival." (Richard Hofstadter) Russian Christian Socialist Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdyaev (b. 1874) on Mar. 24. English poet-dramatist Gordon Bottomley (b. 1874). English social anthropologist Robert Briffault (b. 1874) on Dec. 11 in Hastings, Sussex. Austrian-born Am. psychoanalyst A.A. Brill (b. 1874). Am. economist Wesley Clair Mitchell (b. 1874) on Oct. 29. Am. philanthropist Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (b. 1874) on Apr. 5 in New York City. Am. movie dir. D.W. Griffith (b. 1875) on July 23; produced 484 films; "We do not want now and we never shall want the human voice with our films"; "He was the first to photograph thought" (Cecil B. De Mille); "Griffith's footprints were never asked for, yet no one has ever filled his shoes" (Hedda Hopper, referring to the Chinese Theatre in Hollywood). U.S. Sen. (D-La.) (1933-48) John Holmes Overton (b. 1875) on May 14 in Bethesda, Md. Am. baseball pitcher Mordecai "Three Fingers" Brown (b. 1876) on Feb. 14 in Terre Haute, Ind. Am. "Brooks Evans" playwright-novelist Susan Glaspell (b. 1876) on July 27 in Provincetown, Mass. Pakistani gov.-gen. #1 (1947-8) Mohammad Ali Jinnah (b. 1876) on Sept. 11 in Karachi (TB); he is given the official title of "Quaid-e-Azam" (Great Leader), and the Mazar-e-Quaid Monument to him is erected in Karachi. German-Italian operatic composer Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (b. 1876). Am. Cottrell Precipitator chemist Frederick Gardner Cottrell (b. 1877). Am. Jewish rabbi-educator Judah Leon Magnes (b. 1877) on Oct. 27 in New York City; pres. of Hebrew U. in Jerusalem (1935-48). Am. historian Frederic Logan Paxson (b. 1877) on Oct. 24 in Berkeley, Calif. Japanese PM #32 (1936-7) Koki Hirota (b. 1878) on Dec. 23 in Sugamo Prison (executed). German Gen. Otto von Stuelpnagel (b. 1878) on Feb. 6 in Cherche Midi Prison, France (suicide). Am. film actor-writer-dir. King Baggot (b. 1879) on July 11 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. auto exec William "Big Bill" Knudsen (b. 1879) on Apr. 27. Canadian "Mr. Wu" actor Matheson Lang (b. 1879) on Apr. 11 in Bridgetown, Barbados; dies after escaping the advancing Germans in France in 1940. Swedish explorer Count Eric von Rosen (b. 1879) on Apr. 25 in Stockholm. Turkish Prince Sabahaddin (b. 1879) on June 20 in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Austrian screenwriter Lajos Biro (b. 1880) on Sept. 9 in London (heart attack). German Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch (b. 1881) on Oct. 18; dies shortly before he is scheduled to go on trial on war crimes charges. German writer-biographer Emil Ludwig (b. 1881) on Sept. 17. English psychical researcher Harry Price (b. 1881) on Mar. 29. Am. dramatist-novelist Susan Glaspell (b. 1882) on July 27. Chinese "Christian General" Feng Yuxiang (b. 1882) on Sept. 1 in the Black Sea (shipboard fire). German gen. Johannes Blaskowitz (b. 1883) on Feb. 5 in Nuremberg (suicide). Am. country music pioneer Vernon Dalhart (b. 1883) on Sept. 14 in Bridgeport, Conn. Czech pres. (1935-48) Eduard Benes (b. 1884) on Sept. 3 in Sezimovo Usti. Japanese PM Gen. Hideki Tojo (b. 1884) on Dec. 23 (executed). English auto racer Sir Malcolm Campbell (b. 1885) on Dec. 31 in Reigate, Surrey. Japanese Gen. Itagaki Seishiro (b. 1885) on Dec. 23 in Tokyo. English-born Am. retail magnate Alfred Johnson Smith (b. 1885) in Detroit, Mich. Am. bowling champ (1906-21) Jimmy Smith (b. 1885). Czech author-journalist Egon Wrwin Kisch (b. 1885) on Mar. 31 in Prague. Scottish aviation pioneer Arthur Whitten Brown (b. 1886) on Oct. 4 in Swansea, Wales (Veronal OD). Irish-born Am. Roman Catholic Boys Town founder Father Edward Joseph Flanagan (b. 1886) on May 15 in Germany. Am. naturalist Aldo Leopold (b. 1886) on Apr. 21 in Wisc.; dies while fighting a brush fire. Czech foreign minister Jan Masaryk (b. 1886) on Mar. 10; killed in a fall from his office window - suicide or pushed? Am. New Thought leader Frank Bruce Robinson (b. 1886) on Oct. 19 in Moscow, Idaho. Am. anthropologist Ruth Benedict (b. 1887) on Sept. 17: "The passionate belief in the superior worthiness of our children... is stored up in us as a great battery charged by the accumulated instincts of uncounted generations." German Merz collage artist Kurt Schwitters (b. 1887) on Jan. 8 in Kendal, England (heart attack); dies in exile after the Nazis declare his art degenerate in 1937, and he flees to Norway, followed by England in 1940. French novelist Georges Bernanos (b. 1888) on July 5. Am. lit. scholar Raymond M. Weaver (b. 1888) on Apr. 4 in New York City. Jamaican-born Am. poet-novelist Claude McKay (b. 1889) on May 22 (heart attack); flops from Communism to Roman Catholicism before death. Am. actor Edgar Kennedy (b. 1890) on Nov. 9 in Woodland Hills, Calif. (throat cancer). German physician (of Adolf Hitler) Theodor Morell (b. 1890) in May in Tegernsee. Austrian art historian Fritz Saxl (b. 1890) on Mar. 22 in Dulwich, London, England. Austrian tenor Richard Tauber (b. 1891) on Jan. 8 (lung cancer). German Gen. Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma (b. 1891) on Apr. 30 in Dachau, Bavaria (heart attack). Philippine pres. #5 (1946-8) Manuel Roxas (b. 1892) on Apr. 15 in Quezon City. Am. theatrical producer Earl Carroll (b. 1893) on June 17 in Aristes, Penn.; killed along with his babe Beryl Wallace in the crash of United Airlines Flight 624. U.S. labor secy. (1945-8) Lewis B. Schwellenbach (b. 1894) on June 10. Am. poet Genevieve Taggard (b. 1894) on Nov. 8. Am. actor Warren William (b. 1894) on Sept. 24 in Hollywood, Calif. (multiple myeloma). Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte (b. 1895) on Sept. 17 in Jerusalem (assassinated by the Zionist Lehi group). Indian scientist Yellapragada Subba Row (b. 1895) on Aug. 8. Am. #1 hall-of-fame baseball legend George Herman "Babe" Ruth (b. 1895) on Aug. 16 in New York City (nasopharyngeal carcinoma). French dramatist Antonin Artaud (b. 1896) on Mar. 4 in Paris. Am. "John Henry" writer Roark Bradford (b. 1896) on Nov. 13 in New Orleans, La. Korean feminist poet-writer Na Hye-sok (b. 1896) on Dec. 10 in Seoul. Soviet leader Andrei Zhdanov (b. 1896) on Aug. 31 in Moscow. Am. blues singer Lucille Bogan (b. 1897) on Aug. 10 in Los Angeles, Calif. (coronary sclerosis). Russian movie dir. Sergei Eisenstein (b. 1898) on Feb. 11. Canadian boxer Jack Delaney (b. 1900) on Nov. 27 in Bridgeport, Conn. (cancer). Am. novelist Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald (b. 1900) on Mar. 10 in Asheville, N.C.; dies in fire in Highland Hospital: "Nobody has ever measured, even poets, how much a heart can hold." Polish resistance leader Capt. Witold Pilecki (b. 1901) on May 25 in Warsaw (executed for spying by the Soviets). Am. actor James Baskett (b. 1904) on July 9 in Los Angeles, Calif. German SS Col. Viktor Hermann Brack (b. 1904) on June 2 in Landsberg Prison (hanged). German physician (of Adolf Hitler) Karl Brandt (b. 1904) on June 2 in Landsberg Prison (hanged for human experimentation). German Nazi official Josef Buhler (b. 1904) on Aug. 22 in Cracow (hanged). Armenian-born Am. abstract painter Arshile Gorky (b. 1904) on July 21 in Sherman, Conn. Turkish novelist Sabahattin Ali (b. 1907) on Apr. 2 in Kirklareli; killed at the Bulgarian border by smuggler Ali Ertekin, working for the Turkish govt.? Austrian butcher psychiatrist Dr. Irmfried Eberl (b. 1910) on Feb. 16 in Ulm (suicide). German SS leader Capt. Dieter Wisliceny (b. 1911) on May 4 in Bratislava (executed); in July 1946 he testified at the Nuremberg Trials about Jerusalem Grand Mufti Amin al-Hussein that: "The mufti was one of the initiators of the systematic extermination of European Jewry and had been a collaborator and adviser of Eichmann and Himmler in the execution of the plan... He was one of Eichmann's best friends and had constantly incited him to accelerate the extermination measures. I heard him say, accompanied by Eichmann, he had visited incognito the gas chambers of Auschwitz." Cuban jazz musician Chano Pozo (b. 1915) on Dec. 3 in New York City (murdered). USAF test pilot Capt. Glen Edwards (b. 1918) on June 5 over Muroc AFB, Calif. (airplane accident); namesame of Edwards AFB. Am. actress Carole Landis (b. 1919) on July 5 in Pacific Palisades, Calif. (Secanol OD).



1949 - You're the one, you're the one, you're the one for me? Go Republican? A New Cold War World Order sprouts like a mushroom cloud, with names like the People's Republic of China, the Federal Republic of West Germany, the German Democratic Republic of East Germany, the Czechoslovak Republic, the Republic of India, the Republic of Ireland, the United States of Indonesia, and the Republic of South Africa? The State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan keep the Middle East anchored in the past?

Peng Zhen of China (1902-97) Mao Tse-tung of China (1893-1976) Zhou Enlai of China (1898-1976) Harry S. Truman of the U.S. (1884-1972) Alben William Barkley of the U.S. (1877-1956) Dean Acheson of the U.S. (1893-1971) Chaim Weizmann of Israel (1874-1952) Cardinal Francis Joseph Spellman (1889-1967) Theodor Heuss of West Germany (1884-1963) Konrad Adenauer of West Germany (1876-1967) Wilhelm Pieck of East Germany (1876-1960) Otto Grotewohl of East Germany (1894-1964) Mamerto Urriolagoitia of Bolivia (1895-1974) Federico Chaves of Paraguay (1882-1978) Joseph Roberts 'Joey' Smallwood of Newfoundland (1900-91) Laszlo Rajk of Hungary (1909-49) José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín of Puerto Rico (1898-1980) Muna Lee of Puerto Rico (1895-1965) James Vincent Forrestal of the U.S. (1892-1949) Louis Arthur Johnson of the U.S. (1891-1966) Thomas Campbell 'Tom C.' Clark of the U.S. (1899-1977) Sherman Minton of the U.S. (1890-1965) J. Robert Oppenheimer of the U.S. (1904-67) U.S. Gen. Lucius Dubignon Clay (1897-1978) Paul Howard Douglas of the U.S. (1892-1976) Eugenie Anderson of the U.S. (1909-97) Robert Allan Shivers (1907-85) Dr. Peter Lindstrom (1907-2000) Ingrid Bergman (1915-82) and Pia Lindstrom (1938-) Roberto Rossellini (1906-77) and Ingrid Bergman (1915-82) Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) and Nancy Reagan (1921-) Axis Sally (Mildred Gillars) (1900-88) Paul Howard Douglas of the U.S. (1892-1976) Cardinal Joseph Beran (1888-1969) Victor Raul Haya de la Torre (1895-1979) Oscar Littleton Chapman of the U.S. (1896-1978) Ramon Magsaysay of the Philippines (1907-57) Prince Rainier III (1923-2005) and Princess Grace Kelly (1929-82) of Monaco Ilse Koch (1906-67) John George Haigh (1909-49) USS Noronic, Sept. 17, 1949 Carmine DeSapio (1908-2004) Ezzard Charles (1921-75) Sam Snead (1912-2002) Bill Holland (1907-84) Casey Stengel (1890-1975) Don Newcombe (1926-2019) Roy Campanella (1921-93) Minnie Miñoso (1925-2015) Ralph Kiner (1922-2014) Eddie Waitkus (1919-72) Ed Macauley (1928-) Vern Mikkelsen (1928-2013) Dick McGuire (1926-2010) Gussie Moran (1923-2013) Joseph Murphy (1898-1981) Ted Tinling (1910-90) Doris Hart (1925-) Marion Ladewig (1914-2010) Robert Henry 'Bob' Abplanalp (1922-2003) Alexander C. Cushing (1913-2006) Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) William Goyen (1915-83) John Hawkes (1925-98) Rex Humbard (1919-2007) Tom Lea (1907-2001) Shepherd Mead (1914-94) Arthur Miller (1915-2005) Henry Miller (1891-1980) Nancy Mitford (1904-73) Jack Schaefer (1907-91) Sidney Weintraub (1914-83) Cary Grant (1904-86) and Betsy Drake (1923-) Rita Hayworth (1918-87) and Aly Aga Khan (1911-60) William Francis Giauque (1895-1982) Jesse Leonard Greenstein (1909-2002) Marion King Hubbert (1903-89) Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) Gilbert Ryle (1900-76) John Boyd Orr (1880-1971) George Gurdjieff (1866-1949) P.D. Ouspensky (1878-1947) Alan W. Watts (1915-73) Haridas Chaudhuri (1913-75) Carroll Quigley (1910-77) Frederic Spiegelberg William Faulkner (1897-1962) Oliver Waterman Larkin (1896-1970) Hideki Yukawa (1907-81) William Francis Giauque (1895-1982) Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906-72) Eugene Paul Wigner (1902-95) Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen (1907-73) Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) Egas Moniz (1874-1955) Rosemary Kennedy (1918-2005) Alexander Robertus Todd (1907-97) Samuel Andrew Stouffer (1900-60) Jay Wright Forrester (1918-) Kenneth Harry Olsen (1926-2011) Magnetic Core Memory, 1949 Stanley Gerald Thompson (1912-76) David Ogilvy (1911-99) Linus C. Pauling (1901-94) Harley J. Earl (1893-1969) Ray Allen Billington (1903-81) Paul Blanshard (1892-1980) Paul Bowles (1910-99) Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000) Herbert Butterfield (1900-79) Joseph Campbell (1904-87) Leonard Feeney (1897-1978) Félix Fénéon (186-1944) John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964) Ernest Holmes (1887-1960) Charles Munch (1891-1968) Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86) Charles Fulton Oursler (1892-1952) R.A. Schwaller de Lubicz (1887-1961) Edward Streeter (1891-1976) Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891-1973) Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000) Alejo Carpentier (1904-80) C.W. Ceram (1915-72) Gordon Jenkins (1910-84) Jerry Lester (1910-95) Isaac Deutscher (1907-67) Aldo Leopold (1887-1948) Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968) Heinrich Böll (1917-85) Fernand Braudel (1902-85) Peter Racine Fricker (1920-90) Charles Henry Goren (1901-91) Donald Olding Hebb (1904-85) Konrad Lorenz (1903-89) Ross Macdonald (1915-83) Sir Alfred James Munnings (1878-1959) Dodie Smith (1896-1990) James Hervey Johnson (1901-88) The Lucky Lady II, 1949 Dimitri Mitropoulos (1896-1960) Nicholas Monsarrat (1910-79) Harry Allen Overstreet (1875-1970) Ezra Pound (1885-1972) Samuel Youd (1922-2012) Stella Adler (1901-92) Tony Curtis (1925-2010) Edwin Denby (1903-83) John Derek (1926-98) Little Jimmy Dickens (1920-2015) 'Ray Forrest (1916-99) George Putnam (1914-2008) 'Martin Kane, Private Eye', 1949-54 'William Gargan (1905-79) 'Paul Whiteman (1890-1967) Paul Whiteman Band 'Death of a Salesman', 1949 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes', 1949 Christopher Fry (1907-2005 'The Ladys Not for Burning', 1949 'South Pacific', 1949 'Your Show Time', 1949 Jane Powell (1929-) Sonny Tufts (1911-70) Robert Young (1907-98) Patricia Neal (1926-2010) 'Adams Rib', 1949 'Kind Hearts and Coronets', 1949 'Little Women', 1949 'My Friend Irma', 1949 'Neptunes Daughter', 1949 Sayyid Qutb (1906-66) 'Once a Jolly Swagman', 1949 'Once Upon a Dream', 1949 Ralph Philip Thomas (1915-2001) 'The Passionate Friends', 1949 'Passport to Pimlico', 1949 'The Queen of Spades', 1949 'The Rocking Horse Winner', 1949 'Samson and Delilah', 1949 'She Wore a Yellow Ribbon', 1949 'The Third Man', 1949 'Tulsa', 1949 'Whisky Galore!', 1949 James Whitmore (1921-2009) The Lone Ranger and Tonto, 1949-57 'Stop the Music', 1949 'The Plainclothesman', 1949-54 Jacques Tati (1907-82) Teresa Brewer (1931-2007) Carol Channing (1921-) Arthur Fiedler (1894-1979) Golden Years Calendar, 1949 Trapp Family Singers Les Paul (1915-2009) and Mary Ford (1924-77) Charles 'Honi' Coles (1911-92) Vic Damone (1928-2018) Fats Domino (1928-2017) Jacques Lipchitz (1891-1973) Jacques Lipchitz Example John Lautner (1911-94) Googies Coffee Shop, 1949 Bob's Big Boy, 1949 Philip Johnson's Glass House, 1949 Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and Sister Jacques-Marie (1921-2005) 'Portrait of W. Somerset Maugham' by Graham Sutherland (1903-88), 1949 Henry Dreyfuss (1904-72) Model 500 Telephone, 1949 Remington Rand 409, 1949 Prestige Records Bob Weinstock (1928-2006) Rudy Van Gelder (1924-) Soviet War Memorial, Treptower Park, Berlin, 1949 Cape Canaveral DH 106 Comet Martin XB-51 Martin MGM-1 Matador English Electric Canberra Bill Harmsen (1912-2006 Jolly Rancher, 1949 Eddie Dee (1924-) Mr. Potato Head, 1949 Smarties, 1949 Rio Grande Zephyr

1949 Doomsday Clock: 7 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Ox. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965) (1st time 1940). The 1950s Tex. Drought begins (ends 1957), with rainfall decreasing 30%-50% amid rising temps, aggravated by dust storms, causing the number of farms and ranches to decrease by 100K and the rural pop. to flee to the cities; in 1957 the Tex. Water Development Board is established, managing water conservation plans incl. damming rivers to create lakes and drilling for groundwater. On Jan. 1 Northwestern defeats Calif. by 20-14 to win the 1949 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 a ceasefire is declared in Kashmir, creating the first Line of Control (LOC); the maharaja leaves Kashmir at India's urging, never to return. On Jan. 1 hurray for Czech. as it gets its first Communist 5-year plan started, and Slovakia and the other provinces are officially abolished. The Chinese Civil War ends with Mao painting the town Red? On Jan. 1 Peking (renamed Beijing next year) is taken by the People's Liberation Army without a fight, thanks to the work of Chinese Communist gen. Peng Zhen (1902-97); the Kuomintang collapses, ending the Chinese Civil War (begun Jan. 1946), and by Dec. Gen. Chiang Kai-shek flees with his 600K-man army to Taiwan, vowing to return one day; on Aug. 28 the U.S. State Dept. produces a White Paper on China, claiming that the U.S. had gone as far as an ally could go and that it's all Chiang Kai-shek's fault, becoming the last non-muddled report the U.S. State Dept. produces?; on Sept. 21 prosperous Chinese peasant's son Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) (1893-1976) proclaims the creation of the People's Repub. of China (PRC), with Zhou Enlai (1898-1976) as PM, finally adopting the Gregorian Calendar; on Oct. 1 Mao raises its very very red flag in a ceremony attended by umpteen zillions in Tiananmen Square (Chin. "Gate of Heavenly Peace") in C Beijing, who believe this to be the 2nd greatest event in human history after the 1917 Bolshevik Rev. as they throw off the humiliating yoke of imperialism and capitalism to become slaves of the state?; on Oct. 2 the Soviet Union formally recognizes the PRC; on Dec. 2 Chiang Kai-shek proclaims Taipei, Taiwan as the temporary capital of "real" China; as the years go by, Mao centralizes absolute power to himself, becoming a de facto emperor - the more China changes, the more it stays the same? On Jan. 2 poet-playwright-atty. Jose Luis Alberto Munoz (Muñoz) Marin (1898-1980) of the Popular Dem. Party becomes the first democratically-elected gov. of Puerto Rico (until Jan. 2, 1965), going on stay with the U.S. instead of trying to become independent, and later gaining the title "Father of Modern Puerto Rico"; his ex-wife (1919-46) is Southern feminist writer Muna Lee (1895-1965), who joined the U.S. State Dept. in 1941 as an inter-Am. cultural affairs specialist, translating Latin Am. lit. into English. On Jan. 2 -5 (Sun.-Wed.) the Notorious Blizzard (Great White Death) of 1949 kills 12 in Wyo. and 28 in W S. D., Colo., and Neb. with its high winds and hard sandlike snow, becoming known as the Storm of the Cent. for the Great Plains; on Mar. 1 the official U.S. govt. death toll for the region is 76. On Jan. 3 Indian Am. Popular Rev. Alliance (APRA) leader Victor Raul Haya de la Torre (1895-1979), in hiding since the rightist coup last Oct. is granted asylum by the Colombian embassy in Lima, but the Peruvian govt. rejects his application for safe conduct out of the country. On Jan. 5 Pres. Truman gives his Truman's Fourth State of the Union Message, naming his admin. the Fair Deal, proposing repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, a 75-cent an hour minimum wage, a more progressive tax system, and other New Deal-like legislation; in Mar. Truman announces his detailed 21-point Fair Deal Program to Congress, which they enact very little of, although they do help him keep his 75-cent promise. On Jan. 7 Israeli planes shoot down four British RAF planes over the Israeli-Egypt border. On Jan. 12 the hour-long live variety show Arthur Godfrey and His Friends debuts on CBS-TV (until Apr. 28, 1959). On Jan. 17 the Western Allies establish a military security board to supervise German disarmament and demilitarization. On Jan. 20 U.S. pres. #33 Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) is inaugurated for a 2nd term (until Jan. 20, 1953) in the 48th U.S. Pres. Inauguration; 71-y.-o. Ky.-born Alben William Barkley (1877-1956) ("the Veep" - thought up by his 10-y.-o. grandson) becomes the 35th (oldest so far until ?) U.S. vice-pres.; new Hollywood It Girl Jane Powell (1929-) sings at the inauguration ball; on Jan. 21 Conn.-born Dean Acheson (1893-1971) (undersecy. of state from 1945-7) becomes U.S. secy. of state #51 (until Jan. 20, 1953), making the dept. of state more influential than the defense dept., which is reorganizing under over-the-hill son of an over-the-shoulder quarterback Gen. George C. Marshall, with Truman attempting to save $1B a year on it, uttering the soundbyte "a dollar's worth of defense for every dollar spent"; too bad, dumbo Truman believes that atomic weapons are okay to use on large cities in a war, causing him to order the scrapping or selling of most of the conventional military capability that mades the U.S. #1, incl. almost all of the Army inventory, while cutting funds to support Navy ships and landing craft, causing them to be mothballed or deteriorate; on Mar. 28 Truman's yes-man Louis Arthur Johnson (1891-1966) becomes U.S. defense secy. #2 (until Sept. 19, 1950), voicing Truman's arrogant belief in the atomic bomb by announcing big defense cuts on Apr. 23, with the soundbytes: "This nation can no longer tolerate the autonomous conduct of any single service... A waste of the resources of America in spendthrift defense is an invitation to disaster for America", and "The Navy is on its way out. There's no reason for having a Navy and a Marine Corps, and General Bradley tells me amphibious operations are a thing of the past. We'll never have any more amphibious operations. That does away with the Marine Corps. And the Air Force can do anything the Navy can do, so that does away with the Navy"; meanwhile Truman utters the soundbyte: "The Marine Corps is the Navy's police force and as long as I am president that is what it will remain. They have a propaganda machine that is almost equal to Stalin's", and openly attempts to eliminate the it, barring its commandant from attending Joint Chiefs of Staffs meetings. On Jan. 21 the anthology drama series Your Show Time debuts on NBC-TV for 26 episodes (until July 15), sponsored by Lucky Strike brand cigarettes, becoming the first U.S. dramatic TV series to be shot on film, and the first series to win an Emmy for best film made for TV with "The Necklace"; in 1955 it is syndicated as "Film Drama", and in 1956 as "Story Theater". On Jan. 25 Moscow announces the formation of a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), to incl. reps. from all major East European Communist nations except you-go-your-own-way Yugoslavia in an Eastern Block EEC. On Jan. 31 the U.S. grants de jure recognition to the state of Israel; on Feb. 17 Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952) becomes pres. #1 of of Israel (until 1952); armistice agreements are signed with Israel by Egypt (Feb. 24), Lebanon (Mar. 23), Jordan (Apr. 3), and Syria (July 20); Iraq withdraws troops but refuses to sign. On Jan. 31 after the Burmese govt. begins suppressing minorities, the 30%-40% Christian Karen (Kariang) (Kayin) people of E Burma and Thailand begin a war for independence (ends ?), during which the Burmese engage in horrible genocidal tactics - that even John Rambo can't do anything about? On Feb. 18 Stamford, Lincolnshire-born Acid Bath Murderer John George Haigh (1909-49) kills his last victim, wealthy widow Olive Durand-Deacon, then steals her valuables and dissolves her body in sulfuric acid, but having no drain to pour the sludge down he makes the mistake of pouring it on a rubbish pile, allowing police to catch and arrest him, after which he confesses to nine murders, and is convicted of six, and hanged in Wandsworth Prison in London on Aug. 10, 1949. Need insurance, tighten up? By Feb. the 38th parallel border between North and South Korea (an inch away from Inchon) becomes a second war zone and militarily deadlocks; in Mar. the North Korean govt. signs a 10-year "economic and cultural" agreement with the Soviet Union; on June 30 a withdrawal of all U.S. forces from South Korea except for a 500-man military Advisory group is completed, and in July the South Korean nat. assembly enacts a military conscription bill authorizing a 200K-man standing army; in Oct. the U.S. Congress grants South Korea $60M in assistance; in Oct. the U.N. Korean Commission reports that the possibility of uniting Korea has grown "more and more remote", and that Korea is on the verge of a "most barbarous civil war"; after the Sept. proclamation of the PRC, Kim Il-sung begins to play Stalin against new Commie Kid on the Block Mao, but Stalin slips his leash while Mao steps up to the plate, believing that the wear-weary Yankees will never send troops; meanwhile Dean Acheson plays into Kim's hands by stating that South Korea is excluded from the U.S. defense perimeter, encouraging a North Korean invasion? In Feb. another overthrow attempt by Villarroel followers is quashed by Bolivian pres. Enrique Hertzog, followed by a more serious attempt in Aug.-Sept.; on May 1 Bolivian tin miners strike, and in Sept. the Nat. Rev. Movement (MNR).; the army puts them all down, leaving the country on the verge of bankruptcy while the centrist govt. is attacked from left and right; in May pres. Enrique Hertzog claims ill health and hands his duties to vice-pres. Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague (1895-1974), who is sworn-in as pres. of Bolivia on Oct. 19 (until 1951). In late Feb. Louis Armstrong (1901-71), who left New Orleans in 1922 returns for the biggest Mardi Gras ever, achieving his lifelong ambition of being made King Zulu (in black face, throwing coconuts), and receiving nat. publicity, although he is disturbed by the appearance of segregation and has to stay in a Jim Crow hotel, causing him to vow never to return, saying "Honestly, they treat me better all over the world than they do in my hometown." On Mar. 2 U.S. defense secy. (since 1944) James Vincent Forrestal (b. 1892), a strong anti-Communist and critic of Stalin resigns, moves to Fla., and ends up in Bethesda Naval Hospital; on May 22 after coining the immortal soundbyte "The Russians are coming, the Russians are coming", he falls from a 16th story window, an apparent suicide, on the day of his scheduled release? - a Secret Service "sanction"? On Mar. 2 the Lucky Lady II Boeing B-50 Superfortress lands at Ft. Worth, Tex. after completing the first nonstop flight around the world in 94 hours 1 min. with in-flight refueling. On Mar. 4 the U.N. Security Council votes 9-1-1 (Egypt against, U.K. abstaining) for Resolution 69 authorizing the admission of Israel; on May 11 U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 273 is passed by 37-12-9, admitting the state of Israel to the U.N. as member #59, with the soundbyte that it "decides that Israel is a peace loving State which accepts the obligations contained in the Charter and is able and willing to carry out those obligations", raising the Israeli flag on the U.N. bldg. On Mar. 10 Axis Sally (Mildred E. Gillars) (1900-88) is convicted in Washington, D.C. of treason after pleading innocent last Sept. 24; she serves 12 years, is paroled and becomes a music teacher in Ohio. On Mar. 19 the Soviet-controlled People's Council of East Germany approves a draft constitution for a Dem. Repub. of Germany (GDR), and calls for the election of a People's Congress. On Mar. 20 the Calif. Zephyr, AKA the Silver Lady or CZ begins operation from Chicago, Ill. to Oakland, Calif. via Iowa, Neb., Colo., Utah, and Nev., designed to take the scenic route incl. the Upper Colo. River Valley and the Sierra Nevada, with special Vista Dome cars with wide-angle windows on the top row; in winter the mountain trip becomes a winter wonderland; in 1970 it ceases operation, and the Denver & Rio Grande Western takes over with its Rio Grande Zephyr between Denver, Colo. and Ogden, Utah, which is taken over in 1983 by Amtrak, which combines it with the route of the City of San Francisco; in 2016 it carries 410K passengers, with $51.4M total revenue; meanwhile in 1953 the Denver Zephyr begins operating, adding Colo. Springs to its route in Oct. 1956 until Jan. 1, 1967, when it is replaced by a bus connection; in May 1971 Amtrak takes over, running it daily between Denver and Chicago until it is merged with the San Francisco Zephyr on Oct. 26, 1973. On Mar. 21 after rival networks turn it down, ABC-TV debuts Roller Derby (until 1969). On Mar. 24 the 21st Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1948 to Rank-Two-Cities-UI's Hamlet, along with best actor to Laurence Olivier; best actress goes to Jane Wyman for Johnny Belinda, best dir. goes to John Huston and best supporting actor to his father Walter Huston for Treasure of the Sierra Madre, and best supporting actress to Claire Trevor for Key Largo. On Mar. 26 Italy and France enter into a customs union agreement. On Mar. 26 Britain and the U.S. announce minor changes in Germany's W boundary in favor of Benelux countries. On Mar. 31 Newfoundland becomes Canada's 10th province, with Joseph Roberts "Joey" Smallwood (1900-91) as its first PM (until 1972) - Leif Erikson rolls over in his grave? In Mar. a CIA-backed military coup takes place in Syria to speed approval of the Trans-Arabian Oil Pipeline. In Mar. New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel plays host to a conference of 800 prominent lit. and artistic figures getting involved in Cold War politics. On Apr. 3 the Western powers agree on an Occupation Statute for West Germany, giving them self-govt., but with several powers reserved, and easing industrial restrictions to permit greater economic freedom. On Apr. 4 the North Atlantic (Washington) Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by 12 nations from W Europe and North Am., incl. Belgium, Canada, Denmark (so much for its tradition of neutrality?), France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, U.K., U.S.), creating the North Atlantic Treaty Org. (NATO), with the goal to "safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization of member states' peoples founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty, and the rule of law", with the Soviet Union becoming enemy #1 until 1991, when Islamism (Islamic fundamentalism) becomes enemy #1; NATO HQ is sited on Blvd. Leopold III in Brussels; U.S. funding of NATO forces frees Western European states to concentrate on economic development. On Apr. 14 the Nuremberg war crimes tribunals (begun 1945) end - sped up and castrated because of the Berlin Airlift and the need for German cooperation to prevent Soviet takeover of Europe? On Apr. 17 26 countries officially leave the British Commonwealth; a 21-gun salute on O'Connell Bridge in Dublin announces the new Repub. of Ireland. On Apr. 18 the British Ireland Act of 1949 comes into effect, recognizing the withdrawal of the Repub. of Ireland from the British Commonwealth and conferring British citizenship on all persons born there or were domiciled outside it before Dec. 6, 1922, or were ordinarily resident outside it from 1935-48 and who had not registered as an Irish citizen. In Apr. U.S. defense secy. Louis Arthur Johnson announces the cancellation of the 65K ton aircraft carrier USS United States, causing the Revolt of the Admirals to begin as the Navy tries to save its role in the nuclear game by dissing the new 6-engine Convair B-36 Peacemaker strategic bomber of the new U.S. Air Force, losing the carrier but later seeing the bomber prove vulnerable to Soviet MiG-15 jet interceptors; in June the Revolt of the Admirals causes the House Committee on Armed Services to begin investigating charges of malfeasance in office against U.S. defense secy. Louis Arthur Johnson and Air Force secy. William Stuart Symington, but they clear Johnson, saying "There has been a Navy reluctance in the interservice marriage, an over-ardent Army, a somewhat exuberant Air Force... The committee finds no unification Puritans in the Pentagon"; too bad, Johnson is allowed to go on with unification unimpeded, setting up the U.S. for defeat in the Korean War? In Apr. the Annecy Round of GATT sees 34 countries meet in Annecy, France and agree to 5K tariff reductions; followed by the Torquay Round in 1951. On May 1 Bombay, India absorbs the princely state of Baroda State, then goes on to absorb the princely states of the Gujarat States Agency incl. Rajpipia, Chota, Udaipur, and Baria. On May 5 the first diplomatic move towards the unification of postwar Europe is made as 10 govts. sign a statute creating the Council of Europe; it holds its first meeting on Aug. 2 in Strasbourg; on Aug. 8 Greece, Iceland, and Turkey are admitted; meanwhile the pesky Soviet Union turns E European countries into "peoples democracies", which the West calls "satellites". On May 5 (9:00 p.m.) (Thur.) Stop the Music (based on the ABC Radio show that debut in 1948) debuts on ABC-TV (until June 14, 1956), hosted by Atlanta, Ga.-born Bert Parks (Bertram Jacobson (1914-92) and Jersey City, N.J.-born Dennis James (Demie James Sposa) (1917-97), in which viewers call in to identify songs. On May 8 the West German parliamentary council approves the new Grundgesetz (Constitution) of the Federal Repub. of Germany (FRG) (45M pop., vs. 18M for East Germany), based on the Weimar Constitution, providing freedom of assoc., private property, equal rights for men and women, and banning forced labor; it comes into force on May 23, with capital at Bonn; only Bavaria fails to ratify it. On May 8 the Soviet War Memorial in Treptower Park, Berlin is dedicated to commemorate 5K of the 80K Soviet soldiers who fell in the Battle of Berlin in Apr.-May 1945. On May 9 Rainier III Grimaldi (1923-2005) becomes prince of Monaco (until Apr. 6, 2005), going on to marry fairy tale blonde white Am. actress Grace Kelly (1929-82) in 1956 and take her advice to slide the percentage of nat. revenue from gambling from 95% down to 3%. On May 11 Israel is admitted as the 59th member of the U.N., and on Dec. 13 it declares Jerusalem as its capital, moving from Tel Aviv, pissing-off Jordan, which formally annexes East Jerusalem, subjecting it to Jordanian law; only Britain and maybe Pakistan formally recognize the annexation; Israel and Jordan begin electing parallel lines of mayors of West and East Jerusalem (until ?); New York archbishop (1939-) cardinal (1946-) Francis Joseph Spellman (1889-1967) is instrumental in getting Latin Am. countries to vote for Israel's admission by 37-12. On May 11 Pres. Truman signs Public Law 60, establishing the Joint Long Range Proving Ground at Cape Canaveral, Fla. (Span. "sugar cane field") E of Merritt Island across the Banana River; in 1963-73 it is renamed Cape Kennedy. On May 12 the Berlin Blockade is officially lifted by the Soviets; Operation Vittles ends on Sept. 30 after 277,264 flights. On May 13 (8:30 a.m.) the 1949 Holland Tunnel Fire is caused by a truck carrying 80 55-gal. drums of carbon disulfide, which explode, injuring 66 and causing extensive tunnel damage. On May 14-Sept. 11 the Philadelphia Museum of Art holds the Third Sculpture Internat., exhibiting the work of 250 sculptors, incl. Jacques Lipchitz (1891-1973), and Alexander Calder (1898-1976), who creates Internat. Mobile. On May 15 a gen. election in Hungary gives the Communist-controlled Nat. Independence Front a complete V. On May 27 Pakistani prince Ali Salman "Aly" Aga Khan (1911-60) marries Am. movie star Rita Hayworth (1918-87) (3rd marriage), who is pregnant with their only child, princess Yasmin Aga Khan (1949-); after her filly Double Rose finishes 2nd in the 1949 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and he begins going after human fillies, they divorce in Apr. 1953, allowing her to resume her movie career; Maria Vargas in "The Barefoot Contessa" (1954) is based on her and Aly; at their wedding bash "500 guests from the United States and Europe feasted on 50 pounds of caviar, 600 bottles of Champagne and other gourmet delights around a swimming pool scented with 200 gallons of Eau de Cologne". On May 27 photographer Tom Kelly takes nude pics of Marilyn Monroe in front of a red velvet backdrop for the Golden Years Calendar; she is paid $50, which she uses to get back an impounded car, becoming the first Hollywood star to pose nude for photos; the calendar becomes a big hit; meanwhile she rises to fame, and after an attempted coverup, the studio publicly acknowledges it's her on Mar. 13, 1952, and she explains "I was broke and needed the money... Besides, I'm not ashamed of it. I've done nothing wrong"; Hugh Hefner then uses it as the centerfold for his first Playboy issue in Dec. 1953. On May 29 the first British Film Academy Awards are presented at the Odeon Cinema in Leicester Square, London by the new London-based British Academy of Film and Television Arts (founded 1947); the first BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film (originally Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film) is awarded to Carol Reed's "Odd Man Out" (a bronze trophy designed by Henry Moore), followed by Carol Reed's "The Fallen Idol" (1948), Carol Reed's "The Third Man" (1949), Basil Dearden's "The Blue Lamp" (1950), Charles Crichton's "The Lavender Hill Mob" (1951), David Lean's "The Sound Barrier" (1952), Henry Cornelius' "Genevieve" (1953), David Lean's "Hobson's Choice" (1954), Laurence Olivier's "Richard III" (1955), Lewis Gilbert's "Reach for the Sky" (1956), David Lean's "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957), Jack Clayton's "Room at the Top" (1958), Basil Dearden's "Sapphire" (1959), Karel Reisz's "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning" (1960), Tony Richardson's "A Taste of Honey" (1961), David Lean's "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), Tony Richardson's "Tom Jones" (1963), Stanley Kubrick's "Dr. Strangelove" (1965), Sidney J. Furie's "The IPCRESS File" (1965), Martin Ritt's "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" (1966), and Fred Zinnemann's "A Man for All Seasons"; in 1968-91 it is suspended, followed by Neil Jordan's "The Crying Game" (1992), Richard Attenborough's "Shadowlands" (1993), Danny Boyle's "Shallow Grave" (1994), Nicholas Hytner's "The Madness of King George" (1995), Mike Leigh's "Secrets & Lies" (1996), Gary Oldman's "Nil by Mouth" (1997), Shekhar Kapur's "Elizabeth" (1998), Damien O'Donnell's "East is East" (1999), Stephen Daldry's "Billy Elliot" (2000), Robert Altman's "Gosford Park" (2001), Asif Kapadia's "The Warrior" (2002), Kevin Macdonald's "Touching the Void" (2003), Pawel Pawlikowski's "My Summer of Love" (2004), Nick Park's and Steve Box's "Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit" (2005), Fernando Meirelles' "The Constant Gardener" (2005), Kevin Macdonald's "The Last King of Scotland" (2006), Shane Meadows' "This Is England" (2007), James Marsh's "Man on Wire" (2008), Andrea Arnold's "Fish Tank" (2009), Tom Hooper's "The King's Speech" (2010), Tomas Alfredson's "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" (2011), Sam Mendes' "Skyfall" (2012), Alfonso Cuaron's "Gravity" (2013), James Marsh's "The Theory of Everything" (2014), and John Crowley's "Brooklyn" (2015). On June 3 Dragnet debuts on NBC Radio (until Feb. 26, 1957), starring Jack Webb as Sgt. Joe Friday; a TV version debuts on Dec. 16, 1951. On June 6 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules in Williams v. N.Y. that the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment allows a a person convicted in a fair trial to be sentenced by a judge to any sentence authorized by statue, recognizing a shift in the way legislatures set punishments away from fixed terms. In early June the Czech. govt. founds a Catholic Action Committee to take action to do away with the Catholic Church, targeting Czech archbishop (cardinal in 1965) Joseph Beran (1888-1969) and his hierarchy, causing the Vatican on June 20 to excommunicate all supporters of Communism in the country, which the govt. shrugs off as it assumes full control of church affairs on Oct. 14 and requires all clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the state, which most lower clergy comply with. On June 15 ML Philadelphia Phillies baseball player Edward Stephen "Eddie" Waitkus (1919-72) is shot by 6' brunette deranged fan Ruth Ann Steinhagen (1930-) at the Edgewater Beach Hotel (Room 1297) in Chicago, Ill., who is upset that he was traded from the Cubs last year; she is declared insane and committed to a mental institution until Apr. 17, 1952.; inspires the 1984 film "The Natural". On June 16 Communist foreign minister Laszlo Rajk (1909-49) of Hungary is arrested and executed for criticizing Stalin's attempts to run the country, after which Matyas Rakosi begins a Stalinist purge in Hungary, expelling 200K members from the Hungarian Workers' Party, imprisoning 100K, and executing 2K. On June 24 Cavalcade of Stars debuts on the DuMont Network (until Sept. 26, 1952), hosted by Jerry Lester (1910-95); next year Jackie Gleason takes it over, and it is renamed "The Jackie Gleason Show" in 1952; "The Honeymooners" (1955-6) starts out as skits on this show. On June 24 Hopalong Cassidy, based on the Clarence E. Mulford novels and the 66 "Hoppie" films (1935-44) debuts on NBC-TV, becoming the first network TV Western series, starting a merchandise boom; in 1950 Hopalong Cassidy is featured on the first lunch box to bear an image, selling 600K in the first year. On June 26 the low-budget sci-fi series Captain Video and His Video Rangers debuts on the Dumont TV Network, becoming its most popular prime time series (lasts until Apr. 1, 1955). On June 27 elections in Canada give the Liberal Party 193 of 262 seats in the House of Commons. On June 29 South Africa enacts a ban on racially mixed marriages to keep the white part-hide culture going. On June 30 PM Themostokles Sophoulis of Greece dies, and is succeeded by Alexander Diomedes, who kicks up the war against the Commies, causing the remnants of the defeated Dem. Army to flee to Albania in Aug., and the remaining rebels to be defeated on Oct. 16 with U.S. aid, helped by the closing of the Yugoslav frontier by Tito after quarreling with the Cominform; the Greek Communist Civil War (begun 1946) ends. On June 30 the last U.S. troops leave South Korea except for a 500-man military advisory group. In June-July the Soviet satellites break off all economic relations with upstart Yugoslavia, causing Tito to conclude economic agreements with the West, incl. the U.S. Well feather my legs, Cochin has a banner year? On July 1 Cochin in SW India merges with Travancore (Thiruvithaamkoor), ending its monarchy (begun 1102); the other Cochin, Cochin China, the French colony in S Indochina becomes a part of South Vietnam. On July 4 the daytime talk and quiz show Headline Clues debuts on DuMont Network, which launches a nighttime quiz show version on July 20, hosted by George Putnam (1914-2008), adding "Broadway to Hollywood" to the title; the daytime show ends on May 4, 1951, and the nighttime show ends on July 15, 1954. On July 6 a freak heat burst in Figueira da Foz and Coimbraon the C coast of Portugal results in a temp rise of 100.4F to 158 F (38 C to 70 C) in two min. (unconfirmed). On July 11, 1949 Tex. gov. (since Jan. 21, 1947) Beauford Jester dies of a heart attack aboard a train, and Lufkin, Tex.-born Tex. lt. gov. #33 (since Jan. 21, 1947) Robert Allan Shivers (1907-85) becomes conservative Dem. Tex. gov. #37 (until Jan. 15, 1957) (first lt. gov. to succeed through predecessor's death) (longest continuously-serving until Rick Perry in June 2008), going on to lead the conservative Shivercrats faction of the Dem. Party and win reelection in 1950, 1952 (nominee of both parties), and 1954, splitting with Pres. Truman over the Tidelands dispute and delivering Tex. to Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, painting liberals as Commies and calling for the death penalty for membership in the Communist Party, opposing the Brown v. Board of Education and decision. and surviving a corruption fraud in 1954 involving the Tex. Veterans Land Board and African-Am. war veterans; Lyndon Baines Johnson and John Connally start out as Shivercrats, becoming a Yarborough liberal after becoming U.S. pres. on Nov. 22, 1963. On July 13 the Vatican excommunicates all Roman Catholics who follow or teach Communist doctrine, and denies sacraments to all who "consciously and freely" support Communist activities. On July 19 by a treaty signed in Paris the French grant landlocked Laos semi-autonomy as one of the three states of the Associated States of Indochina within the French Union. In July the Dutch govt. bows to U.N. pressure and releases Gen. Sukarno and his govt. On Aug. 7 Hungary proclaims a new 1949 Hungarian Constitution based on the Soviet model; on Aug. 23 a new pres. council replaces the office of pres., with Arpad Szakasits as chmn. (until 1950). On Aug. 7 Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo (1905-62), leader of the radical Indonesian Islamist group Darul Islam (House of Islam) declares an independent Islamist state in West Java. On Aug. 8 the Holy Office of the Vatican sends an official declaration of the Catholic dogma "extra Ecclesiasm nulla salus" ("Outside the Church there is no salvation"), which pisses-off Am. Jesuit priest Leonard Feeney (1897-1978), who is excommunicated on Feb. 13, 1953 and starts his own movement called Feeneyism, founding the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, finally being reconciled with the Church in 1972 without being required to recant; his pub. "The Point" is filled with yummy anti-Semitic Catholic tidbits, incl. "During two thousand years, the Jews have remained the msot tenacious, dangerous foes of Christ and His Church"; "Since American newspapers are a typical product of that unholy ferment which has been agitating the Western world since the time of the French Revolution, it is quite easy to isolate one cause of their being the way they are; namely, the influence of the Jews... The Jewish race constitutes a united anti-Christian bloc within Christian society, and is working for the overthrow of that society by every means at its disposal"; "Those two powers, the chief two in the world today, are Communism and Zionism. That both movements are avowedly anti-Christian, and that both are in origin and direction Jewish, is a matter of record"; "As surely and securely as the Jews have been behind Freemasonry, or Secularism, or Communism, they are behind the 'anti-hate' drive. The Jews are advocating tolerance only for its destructive value - destructive, that is, of the Catholic Church. On their part, they still keep alive their racial rancors and antipathies" - it's nice to have the Absolute Truth? On Aug. 10 the U.S. Nat. Military Establishment is renamed the U.S. Dept. of Defense. On Aug. 12 the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (GCIV) is adopted by the U.N. Gen. Assembly, becoming the first to protect civilians in a war zone, forbidding "individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country", which doesn't stop mass persecution of Jews in Arab lands, resulting in mass flight to you guessed it, the Jewish state of Israel; by 2018 196 countries are a party; meanwhile the Second Geneva Convention is adopted, replacing the 1907 Hague Convention, extending the First Geneva Convention to protect the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked members of the armed forces at sea; all four conventions and pub. in 4 vols. in 1952-8. On Aug. 14 elections for the Bundestag (lower house) in West Germany give the Christian Dem. Party a small lead over the Socialist Party, with the Free Dems. holding the blaance; the Christian Dems. become the ruling party for the next 20 years. On Aug. 14 the U.S. court at Nuremberg sentences 19 German defendants, bringing the show to an end. On Aug. 19 the new planned city of Bhubaneswar (Sansk. "Tribhubaneswara" = Lord of the Three Worlds) on the E coast replaces Cuttack as the capital of Odisha, India, becoming known as "the twin cities of Odisha" (modern-day pop. 1.7M). On Aug. 19 after Pres. Truman appoints him despite charges of cronyism and his refusal to testify at his confirmation hearing, where he is confirmed with only eight dissenting votes, U.S. atty.-gen. #59 (since June 27, 1945) Thomas Campbell "Tom C." Clark (1899-1977) of Tex. becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #86 (until June 12, 1967) to fill the vacancy created by Frank Murphy, going on to vote with chief justice Fred Vinson 85% of the time; later after he votes to strike down his seizure of steel mills after advising him as atty.-gen. that he had the legal authority to do so, Truman utters the soundbyte: "Tom Clark was my biggest mistake... It isn't so much that he's a bad man. It's just that he's such a dumb son of a bitch"; on Sept. 15 Pres. Truman nominates U.S. Sen. (D-Ind.) (1935-41) Sherman Minton (1890-1965) of Ind. to fill the vacancy created by Wiley B. Rutledge, and on Oct. 3 after a long debate over his partisanship and support of court packing while a U.S. sen. he is approved by the Senate by 48-6, and on Oct. 12 he becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #87 (until Oct. 15, 1956), becoming the court's most educated justice, first from Ind. (until ?), and last former or sitting member of Congress to be appointed. On Aug. 20 the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency Act permits the CIA to operate in secrecy. On Aug. 25 Father Knows Best debuts on NBC Radio for 203 episodes (until Mar. 25, 1954), starring veteran film actor Robert Young (1907-98) as paternalistic Gen. Insurance agent Jim Anderson, and June Whitley (followed by Jean Vander Pyl) as his wife Margaret; in 1954 it becomes a CBS-TV show. On Aug. 29 the Soviet Union tests its first A-bomb. In Aug. the Fourth Geneva Convention (Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War) is adopted, and eventually signed by 196 nations; Article 49 forbids "individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country." On Sept. 1 the detective radio series (since Aug. 7, 1949) Martin Kane, Private Eye debuts on NBC-TV for 175 episodes (until June 17, 1954 after switching to NBC-TV in 1951-2) as a live series, becoming the first P.I. TV series, sponsored by United States Tobacco Co., which integrates its commercials into the action, starring pipe-smoking trench coat and fedora-wearing Lloyd Benedict Nolan (1902-85) (1951-2), William Lee Tracy (1898-1968) (1952-3), and Mark Stevens (1916-94) (1953-4); Walter Kinsella (1900-75) plays tobacco shop owner Happy McMann; Walter Noel Greaza (1897-1973) plays Capt. Leonard; on Sept. 14, 1957 "The New Adventures of Martin Kane" debuts in syndication for 39 episodes, starring original radio star William Gargan (1905-79), who contracts throat cancer in 1958 and is forced to have his larynx removed, becoming a spokesman for the Am. Cancer Society through his artificial voice box. On Sept. 2 a fire on the Chongqing (Chungking) waterfront kills 1.7K. On Sept. 8 Yugoslavia is granted a $20M loan by the U.S. to help avoid Russian domination. On Sept. 10 Supreme Court justice Federico Chaves (Chavez) Careaga (1882-1978) of the Colorado Party becomes pres. of Paraguay (until May 5, 1954). On Sept. 13 Free Dem. Theodor Heuss (1884-1963) is elected pres. of West Germany (until Sept. 12, 1959), and Christian Dem. Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (1876-1967) is elected chancellor (until Oct. 11, 1963). On Sept. 15 (Thur.) the Westerm drama series The Lone Ranger debuts on ABC-TV for 221 episodes (until June 6, 1957), starring former circus acrobat, model, and stuntman Jack Carlton "Clayton" Moore (1914-99) as the masked white hero, and Canadian Mohawk Indian Jay Silverheels (1912-80) as his Indian sidekick Toto, with the cavalry charge finale of Gioacchino Rossini's "William Tell Overture" as the theme music, and the voice of Frederick William "Fred" Foy (1921-2010) announcing: "A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty 'Hi-ho Silver away!'... Return with us now, to those thrilling days of yesteryear"; in the 1952 season the producers replace Moore with similarly-built John Hart (1917-2009), until audience demand gets him back after one season. On Sept. 17 after a locked linen closet catches fire, and the fire hoses fail to work, the Canadian Great Lakes cruise ship SS Noronic (built 1913) burns at the Toronto Harbor dock, killing 118-139, all passengers. On Sept. 18 Britain announces the devaluation of the pound sterling in an effort to stabilize the currency of this worn-out white man's empire - make way for the new Virgin era of Sir Richard Branson? On Sept. 19 the U.N. Geneva Convention on Road Traffic coordinates internat. traffic rules as maintained by the U.N., and results in oval black-on-white stickers designating countries of origin for display on vehicles - the beginning of international ID cards? On Sept. 20 Sophia Loren enters the Queen of the Sea beauty pageant in Naples on her 15th birthday, and is picked for the court even though not making queen, but it causes her mother to take her to Rome to begin a film career. Looking for luv in all the wrong places? The H-bomb is born among fears of the Soviets getting it first, and now not only is white not right, but a genocide device is up for grabs to murderers of all colors? On Sept. 23 Pres. Truman announces that the U.S. has evidence that the Soviets exploded an atomic device in Aug., which prompts the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to begin discussing the development of Edward Teller's hydrogen (fusion) bomb (H-bomb) (the Super), 1000x as powerful; in Oct. it votes 3-2 against it, after its Gen. Advisory Committee, headed by 6' 150 lb. Julius Robert Oppenheimer (1904-67) opposes it unanimously, but then the press gets into it and public opinion becomes a factor; the Joint Chiefs of Staff are for it, while JCS chmn. (1949-53) Gen. Omar N. Bradley is against it, regarding it as militarily useless, and Oppenheimer points out that with all their spies, the U.S. would be doing Russia's research for it and insuring they had it too; in Nov. Pres. Truman appoints a committee consisting of secy. of state Dean Acheson, defense secy. Louis Johnson, and AEC chm. David E. Lilienthal to review the matter, and on Jan. 31 they unanimously recommend it after Lilienthal flip-flops; Truman meets with them for 7 min., asks "Can the Russians do it?", and when they respond affirmatively, he concludes "In that case we have no choice, we'll go ahead." On Sept. 27 the Soviet Union gets the last word with Tito by denouncing its treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia, and its satellites soon follow suit. In Sept. the French govt. devalues the franc again down to 450 francs to the U.S. dollar. On Oct. 1 George Mason U. is founded in Fairfax, Va.; in Jan. 1956 the Va. legislature makes it a branch of the U. of Va., going independent in 1972, developing a strong program in economics. On Oct. 5-9 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) 4-1 to win the Forty-Sixth (46th) (1949) World Series; on Oct. 9 (Game 5) the lights are turned on in Ebbets Field, becoming the first WS game finished under artificial lights; under new mgr. (1949-60) "the Old Perfessor" Charles Dillon "Casey" Stengel (1890-1975) the Yankees win the next four series for a fivepeat (last in 1953); after winning rookie of the year, Donald "Don" "Newk" Newcombe (1926-2019) of the Brooklyn Dodgers becomes the first African-Am. pitcher to start a WS game. On Oct. 6 Pres. Truman signs the U.S. Mutual Defense Assistance Act, giving $1.3B in military aid to NATO countries. On Oct. 7 the German Dem. Repub. of East Germany is declared, and on Oct. 11 (without an election) Wilhelm Pieck (1876-1960) becomes pres. #1 (until 1960), and Social Dem. Otto Grotewohl (1894-1964) becomes PM #1 (until 1964) as a figurehead for a Communist-dominated cabinet; the Soviet military govt. is replaced by the Soviet Control Commission (until 1953); the agrarian economy is no match for industrializing West Germany, but holds its own among the Soviet satellites? On Oct. 9 gen. elections in Austria see former Nazis rally behind the new Union of Independents and win seats from the People's Party and the Socialists, while the Communists remain in the mud; the ruling coalition stays in place. On Oct. 12 (Wed) (9:00 p.m.) the crime drama series The Plainclothesman debuts on the DuMont Network (until Sept. 12, 1954), starring Kenneth E. "Ken" Lynch (1910-90) as "The Lieutenant"", whose face is never shown on camera. On Oct. 16 the Greek commies announce the "temporary cessation of hostilities" in the Greek civil war. On Oct. 22 the Danzig-Warsaw express derails near Nowy Dwor, Poland, killing 200. On Nov. 1 a U.S. fighter plane rams a commercial airliner over Washington D.C., killing 55; on Dec. 12 a Capital Airliner crashes into the Potomac River in the fog, killing four of 23 on board - no Herb Morrison, no problemo? On Nov. 6 (Sun.) the variety series Paul Whiteman's Goodyear Revue debuts on ABC-TV (until Mar. 30, 1952), hosted by bandleader ("the King of Jazz") Paul Samuel Whiteman (1890-1967), featuring entertainers Victor Borge, Jane Froman, Mel Torme, Charles Laughton, Mindy Carson, and Peggy Lee. On Nov. 8 acting pres. Elpidio Qurino wins the Philippine pres. election, becoming pres. of the Philippines (until 1953); you-don't-say people's choice populist Ramon Magsaysay (1907-57) becomes defense secy.; the Philippines Central Bank is established. On Nov. 15 Train 513, carrying mineworkers from the Witwatersrand to Mozambique crashes on the Elands River Bridge, killing ?. On Nov. 21 the U.N. Gen. Assembly approves a settlement for former Italian colonies in Africa, with Italian Somaliland to be administered by Italy as a U.N. Trust Territory and granted independence within 10 years; Libya is to have full independence as of Jan. 1, 1962. On Nov. 21 after years of struggling, supported by Peggy Guggenheim until Look mag. does an article on him, alcoholic painter Jackson Pollock (1912-56) does a 1-man show at the Betty Parsons Gallery in New York City, becoming an overnight success, and the first internat.-famous modern artist in the U.S.; his painter wife (since 1945) Lee Krasner (1908-84) sacrifices her career for him until he dies in a drunken driving accident, then makes her own career. On Nov. 22-Dec. 2 the British Parliament passes the British North America Bill, granting the Canadian Parliament the right to amend its constitution. On Nov. 26 India adopts a 1949 Indian Constitution as a repub. within the British Commonwealth. In Nov. West German industrial production rebounds to 93% of its 1936 level, while 8M+ Germans arrive from East Germany, creating high unemployment. In Nov. the Soviet War Memorial in Schönholzer Heide for 13.2K of the 80K Soviet troops KIA in the Battle of Berlin in Apr.-May 1945 is dedicated. On Dec. 8 the U.N. Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is established after its 1-year mandate ran out, and today it's still in charge of giving aid to 400K Palestinian "refugees" in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, reaching 5M by 2010, becoming a giant bureaucracy with 20K+ employees that seemingly seeks to perpetuate the problem to stay in biz, allowing the children to be systematically indoctrinated with Jew hate and trained for jihad; too bad, a U.S. State Dept. report in 2018 claims tht the true number of Palestinian refugees is 20K. On Dec. 15 the Federal Repub. of Germany becomes a full participant in the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) - drive your BMW up to the relief window? On Dec. 19 Liberal Party founder and former PM (1939-41) Robert Gordon Menzies becomes PM of Australia again (#21), and settles in for a good long 17 years (until Jan. 26, 1966), dominating politics, and bringing a flood of Liberal MPs into parliament, who become known as the 49ers (forty-niners). On Dec. 22 Eugenie (Helen Eugenie Moore) Anderson (1909-97) is appointed by Pres. Truman as U.S. ambassador to Denmark (until 1953), becoming the first U.S. woman chief of mission. On Dec. 25 the Charlemagne Prize for Western European understanding is established at Aachen (formerly Aix-la-Chapelle), France; winners incl. Winston Churchill and Paul-Henri Spaak. On Dec. 25 actor Cary Grant (b. 1904) marries Am. actress Betsy Drake (1923), who introduces him to the fun of still-legal LSD; they divorce in 1962, and she later becomes a psychotherapist. On Dec. 27 after four years of guerrilla warfare, the United States of Indonesia (formerly the Netherlands East Indies) achieves independence from the Netherlands as Queen Juliana signs the charter transfering sovereignty, ending three cents. of Dutch rule; Gen. Sukarno (surprise?) is the first pres. On Dec. 28 Hungary decrees nationalization of all major industries and enacts a 5-year plan. On Dec. 29 Am. electric guitar king Les Paul (1915-2009) and country singer Mary Ford (1924-77) get married (until 1963), launching The Les Paul Show on radio (ends 1950), followed by the TV show The Les Paul and Mary Ford at Home Show in 1952-60, sponsored by Listerine. In Dec. the U.N. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) is set up to take care of Palestinian refugees (until ?). Emperor Bao Dai is restored to the Vietnamese throne under French control. The Soviet Union's good neighbor Norway joins NATO. The U.S. Congress amends the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act to raise the minimum wage of workers employed in interstate commerce to 75 cents an hour; they go on to raise it to $1 effective Mar. 1, 1956 and $1.25 in May, 1961 (effective over a 2-year period). In Britain the 1949 Marriage Act supersedes the 1836 Marriage Act, no longer excluding royalty from civil marriages. The Romanian Commie govt. expropriates all remaining large farms. The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs decentralizes, creating area offices, reaching twelve in number. The U.S. Agricultural Adjustment Act establishes dairy support prices at $3.14/cwt. After he is put up to delivering an ultimatum to Guatemalan pres. Juan Jose Arevalo by the United Fruit Co., Col. Francisco Javier Arana (b. 1905) dies resisting arrest by soldiers loyal to Arevalo. Yasser Arafat of Fatah forms the Palestinian Students League in Cairo. U.S. undersecy. of interior (since 1946) Oscar Littleton Chapman (1896-1978) is appointed U.S. interior secy. (until 1953). Selden Chapin (1899-1963) is appointed U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands (until 1953). Paul Howard Douglas (1892-1976) becomes U.S. Dem. senator from Ill. (until 1967), going on to fight pork barrel spending and champion civil rights, causing Martin Luther King Jr. to call him "the greatest of all the senators". Hindu riots occur in India over the slaughter of a cow in a Muslim household. The Jehovah's Witnesses present a petition with 625,510 signatures to the Canadian parliament requesting a written U.S.-style Bill of Rights to end their 30-year persecution; they take it under advisement - don't call us, we'll call you? The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), taking the view that station licensees are public trustees proclaims the Fairness Doctrine, requiring political opponents to be given equal time (until 1987). The Ministry of Internat. Trade and Industry (MITI) is formed in Japan to curb postwar inflation and restore the Japanese economy. The United Mine Workers (UMW) strike, get mine operators to agree to pay royalties on each ton of coal mined into a miners' welfare fund, and never stage an industry-wide strike again. Am. internat. law authority and U.S. delegate to the U.N. John Foster Dulles (b. 1888) is appointed U.S. Sen. from New York to complete the unexpired term of Sen. Robert F. Wagner, who resigned from ill health. The Awami League in Dhaka, East Bengal, India (later Bangladesh) is founded to counter Bengali domination of the Pakistan Muslim League. Red-haired, green-eyed Ilse Koch (Kohler) (1906-67), wife of Karl Koch (commandant of Buchenwald Camp), convicted of war crimes in 1947 is set free in 1951 for "lack of evidence" by U.S. Zone Gen. Lucius Dubignon Clay (1897-1978), then immediately rearrested by the German authorities after a public outcry, and convicted again, receiving a life term in priz after her passion for objects made of tattooed human skin is allegedly documented (really goatskin?); she hangs herself in her cell in 1967. Carmine Gerard DeSapio (1908-2004) becomes the youngest-ever boss of Tammany Hall, and the last, going on to distance it from organized crime; after being convicted in 1969 of conspiracy and bribery and spending two years in federal prison in 1971-3, he retires. The Haigh Trial sees J.G. Haigh executed for murdering six women in 1944-9 then dissolving their bodies in acid. The College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium for postgraduate European studies by EU founding fathers Winston Churchill, Paul-Henri Spaak, Alcide De Gasperi, Salvador de Madariaga et al. "to train an elite of young executives in Europe"; in 1993 it opens a 2nd campus in Natolin, Poland; it starts out admitting 100 or less students each year, who must speak English and French, becoming the Harvard Business School of Europe, "an elite finishing school for aspiring Eurocrats". The annual Feneon (Fénéon) Prize (Prix Fénéon) is established by Fanny Feneon, widow of French art critic Felix Feneon (Félix Fénéon) (1861-1944) (coiner of the term "Neo-Impressionism") for a French language writer and artist; the first award (1950) goes to Mireille Miailhe. After being ordained by Ernest Holmes in 1946, Irish-born Joseph Murphy (1898-1981) becomes minister of the Los Angeles Divine Science Church in Calif., building it into one of the largest New Thought congregations in the U.S. English-born Zen expert Alan Wilson Watts (1915-73) is invited to San Francisco, Calif. along with Bengali-born Sri Aurobindo disciple Haridas Chaudhuri (1913-75) by Stanford U. religion prof. Frederic Spiegelberg (1897-1994), and in 1951 they found the Am. Academy of Asian Studies (AAAS). Ernest Shurtleff Holmes (1887-1960) founds the Centers for Spiritual Living (CSL) in Los Angeles, Calif. The acting career of screen star Ingrid Bergman (1915-82), who has been married to Dr. Aron Peter Lindstrom (1907-2000) since 1937, with daughter Pia Friedal Lindstrom (1938-) begins going south when she lets her contract with retiring David O. Selznick lapse in 1948 and begins working in Italy with Italian playboy dir. Roberto Rossellini (1906-77), then begins an affair with him during the making of the film Stromboli this year, leaving her family to live with him in Italy, then having his illegitimate son Roberto Ingmar Rossellini (1950-) on Feb. 4, 1950, followed by twin daughters Isabella Rossellini (1952-) and Ingrid Rossellini (1952-); on Mar. 14, 1950 U.S. Sen. (D-Colo.) (1937-55) Edwin Carl "Big Ed" Johnson (1884-1970) (former Colo. gov. from 1933-7) delivers a 1-hour speech from the U.S. Senate floor, calling her a "free-love cultist", a "powerful influence of evil", "an assault upon the institution of marriage", and "Hollywood's apostle of degradation", which fuels a public reaction against this phony virginal Joan of Arc; she gets a quicky Mexican divorce from Lindstrom, followed by a marriage to Rosselini by proxy in Juarez, and doesn't return to the Puritan-run U.S. until 1957. Recently divorced (from Jane Wyman) (June 26, 1940 to June 28, 1948) B-actor and Screen Actors Guild pres. (1947-52, 1959-60) Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911-2004) is approached by rich B-actress Nancy Davis (Anne Frances Robbins) (1921-) to clear her name of being on a list of Communists (mistaken identity), and since he's also on the rebound, they fall in love and yadda yadda yadda, on Mar. 4, 1952 they marry, which causes her to retire from films; "I don't know if it was exactly love at first sight, but it was pretty close" (Nancy). The Grand Army of the Repub. (founded 1866) disbands. The first telethon in the U.S. is held to combat cancer. The 110-acre Gatorland tourist park in Orlando, Fla. opens, featuring alligator wrestlers. The 24-room Spanish-Moroccan mansion of William K. Vanderbilt Jr. in Centerport, N.Y. is bequeathed as a public museum. GM design vice-pres. (1927-59) Harley J. Earl (1893-1969) designs the first tailfins for Cadillacs. Chrysler introduces the first key-operated ignition and safety-cushioned dash. The Buick Riviera becomes the first production hardtop in the U.S. Maalox antacid preparation (aluminum hydroxide and magnesium) goes on the market starting in Philadelphia, Penn. Motor Trend mag. begins pub., and names its first Car of the Year, the Cadillac. The children's Sat. morning variety series Children's Theater debuts on WNBT (later WNBC) in New York City (until June 1961), created by radio announcer Raymond "Ray" Forrest (Feuerstein) (1916-99), pioneering how to encourage children to become good citizens. Soused English painter Sir Alfred James Munnings (1878-1959), pres. of the Royal Academy of Art since 1944 (known for his fine accurate horse paintings) delivers a parting speech attacking modernism on BBC radio, claiming that Picasso, Matisse and Cezanne have corrupted art, and reciting an anecdote about Sir Winston Churchill asking him if he met Picasso walking down the street would he join him in kicking his "something", and replying "Yes sir, I would". Little Rock, Ark.-born Pentecostal faith-healing traveling tent evangelist ("a tent as big as the Ringling Brothers") Alpha Rex Emmanuel Humbard (1919-2007) broadcasts his first TV show, becoming the first Christian evangelist with his own weekly nationwide U.S. TV program in 1952-83, reaching 600+ stations, going on to build his $4M Cathedral of Tomorrow in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio in 1958, with a 220-ft. dome, granite walls, teardrop chandeliers, colored lights, seating for 5.4K people and special design to accomodate TV broadcasting, along with the largest indoor cross on Earth and a stage with bistro-style lighting and crushed-velvet curtain, becoming the first modern Christian megachurch; did I mention a nursing home with 200 beds?; in the 1960s goes internat., reaching 160M viewers on 2K stations while traveling the U.S. in a converted Navy bomber seating 15, drawing 646K people to televised rallies in 1970-4, moving into a swanky Akron, Ohio neighborhood reserved for rubber tycoons; too bad, he overexpands, getting into financial trouble by the early 1970s, esp. after accepting a $1.2M loan in 1963 from Jimmy Hoffa and the Teamsters Union, growing to $5.5M, ending up selling getting into trouble with the SEC for selling unregistered securities, but parrying with the first mass tailored begging letter scheme, promising miracles in return for checks, copying a late 1960s scheme by Oral Roberts to answer letters with ditto and receiving $1.2M/mo. in 1977, growing to $40M/year after increasing letters to 2x/week, causing a reaction that leads to his resignation in 1983. His singing career sliding, Frank Sinatra (1915-98) begins a highly publicized relationship with hot movie star Ava Gardner (1922-90); they marry in 1951, and separate in 1953 after she dumps him? A U.S. U-2 spy plane return from a recon flight over the Soviet Union takes photos over Turkey allegedly revealing Noah's Ark (three large curved wooden beams resembling the hull of a large ship) in the Armenian mts. 12 mi. from the Russian border and 20 mi. from the Iranian border, causing Bible thumpers to mount dangerous Noah's Ark Expeditions to see and touch it, but nobody ever makes it all the way until ?; U.S. astronaut James Benson Irwin (1930-91) falls while attempting a climb in 1982. Am. imprisoned pro-Fascist poet Ezra Pound (1885-1972) is awarded the first-ever Bollingen Prize for his "Pisan Cantos", written in military detention in Pisa, Italy before going insane, which he continues to work on until 1970, becoming "The Cantos", the #1 work of modernist poetry. Little Rock, Ark.-born Pentecostal evangelist Alpha Rex Emmanuel Humbard (1919-2007) broadcasts his first TV show, becoming the first Christian evangelist with his own weekly nationwide U.S. TV program in 1952-83, reaching 600+ stations, going on to build his $4M Cathedral of Tomorrow in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio in 1958, with seting for 5.4K people and special design to accomodate TV broadcasting; too bad, he overexpands, getting into financial trouble by the early 1970s? Alexander C. Cushing (1913-2006) founds the Squaw Valley USA ski resort near Lake Tahoe, Nev. with one chairlift, a rope tow and 50-room lodge, and helps launch skiing for the masses in the U.S. by bringing the 1960 Winter Olympic Games there, eventually erecting 34 lifts and an Alpine village. A bizarre Mermaid Beauty Contest is held in the U.S., where contestants model in bathing suits underwater. Jewish-Am. actress Stella Adler (1901-92) founds the Stella Adler Conservatory in New York City to teach the Method Acting Technique, becoming the teacher of Marlon Brando. Serge Koussevitsky retires after 25 years, and Alsatian-born Charles Munch (Münch) (1891-1968) becomes conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (until 1962), leading it on its first transcontinental U.S. tour in 1953, its first overseas tours (Europe in 1952 and 1956, East Asia and Australia in 1960), and its first Soviet Union tour in 1956. Dimitri Mitropoulos (1896-1960), conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra since 1937 becomes co-conductor with Leopold Stokowski of the New York Philharmonic, becoming sole conductor in 1951, then adds the job of conductor of the Metropolitan Opera of New York City in 1954 (until 1960). Prestige Records is founded in New York City by Bob Weinstock (1928-2006) to release jazz albums, signing Stan Getz, Annie Ross, Sonny Stitt, and Charlie Parker (who uses the alias Charlie Chan), working with Jersey City, N.J.-born recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder (1924-), who starts out with Alfred Lion of Blue Note Records in 1952 and becomes #1 in his field for jazz; in 1954 Prestige releases the hit Moody's Mood for Love by King Pleasure; in 1971 it is acquired by Fantasy Records, which is later acquired by Concord Records. Am. artist Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986) moves to Abiquiu (Abiquiú) in N New Mexico 53 mi. N of Santa Fe, remaining until her 1986 death at age 98. U.S. movies released from this year on earn residuals for writers and actors when shown on TV. Tall hunky blonde-blue actor Sonny Tufts (1911-70), who had become a large fish in a small pond in Hollywood during WWII after a football injury kept him from military duty begins a downhill slide from alcoholism, being found drunk on a Hollywood sidewalk this year, then getting sued next year by two women for allegedly biting them in the thigh, ending up a Hollywood standing joke for the rest of his life, incl. being snubbed for the role of Jim Bowie in "The Alamo" (1960) despite spending a year staying sober for it. Warner Bros. cartoon char. Wile E. (Ethelbert) Coyote (Desertus-operativus Idioticus) debuts, originally teamed with Ralph the Sheepdog before pursuing the Roadrunner (actually the Chapparal Cock, max speed 15 mph) and making Acme Co. famous. The Boy Scouts begin offering 8.5-ft. 290 lb. copper replicas of the Statue of Liberty for $350 to celebrate their 40th anniv. (motto: "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty"); the brainchild of J.P. Whitaker of Kansas City, Mo.; by 1951 "Little Lady Liberty" statues are dedicated in 39 states and several U.S. possessions and territories. After working for George Gallup's Audience Research Inst. in N.J. since 1938, and the British Intelligence Service, buying a farm in Amish country in Lancaster, Penn. until he grew tired of it, Surrey, England-born David Mackenzie Ogilvy (1911-99) founds an advertising agency in New York City with $6K, going on to become "the Father of Advertising", coining the phrases "The customer is not a moron, she's your wife", "The man in the Hathaway shirt", "The man from Schweppes is here", "At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Rolls-Royce comes from the electric clock", "Pablo Casals is coming home - to Puerto Rico", and "Only Dove is one-quarter moisturizing cream"; in 1962 Time mag. calls him "the most sought-after wizard in today's advertising industry". The Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) Advertising Agency is founded in Manhattan, N.Y. by James Edwin "Ned" Doyle (1902-89), Maxwell "Mac" Dane (1906-2004), and William "Bill" Bernbach (1911-82), changing to DDB World Communications Group Inc. in 1986, growing to $12.7B annual revenue by 2008; ad campaigns incl. Juan Valdez, Gen. Mills, Frigidaire, Household Finance Corp., the Put a Tiger in Your Tank campaign for Esso (later ExxonMobil), the 1959 Think Small Volkswagen ads, the "We Try Harder Because We're Number 2" ads for Avis Rent-A-Car Co., the 1964 Daisy Ad that torpedoes the U.S. pres. run of Repub. Barry Goldwater, and the 1972 Little Mikey ads for Quaker Oats. Mr. Potato Head is invented by George Lerner (1922-95), and first marketed in 1952 by Hasbro, becoming the first toy advertised on TV; in 1964 a plastic potato is incl. so that nasty rotting potatoes can be avoided; on Sept. 12, 1998 The Mr. Potato Head Show debuts for 13 episodes (until Feb. 16, 1999). Jolly Rancher Co. is founded in Golden, Colo. by St. Paul, Minn.-born Bill Harmsen (1912-2006) to sell hard candy, ice cream, and chocolate at seveal stores in the Denver Metro area; original candy flavors incl. grape, apple, watermelon, and Fire Stix; in 1966 it is acquired by Beatrice Foods, followed in 1983 by Leaf Brands, which in 1996 is acquired by Hershey Co.; in 2002 the Wheat Ridge, Colo. plant is moved out of the state. Smarty Candy Co. (originally Ce De Candy Inc. until 2011) is founded in Bloomfield, N.J. by Edward "Eddie" Dee (1924-) to manufacture Smarties wrapped candy pellets; in 1959 they move to Elizabeth, N.J., and in 1967 to Union, N.J. Sports: In Feb. Am. golfer "Bantam Ben" Hogan fractures his ribs, collarbone, and ankle in a car accident, but comes back to win the 1950 U.S. Open; Va. native Samuel Jackson "Sam" Snead (1912-2002) wins the PGA Championship at Hermitage Country Club in Richmond, Va. on May 31 for a Virginia Moment; he also wins his first Master's golf tournament with a score of 282, winning again in 1952 (286) and 1954 (289). On Mar. 1 Joe Louis announces his retirement, and on June 22 in Chicago, Ill. Ezzard Charles (1921-75) of Cincinnati, Ohio defeats "Jersey" Joe Walcott in 15 rounds to become world heavyweight boxing champ #16 (until 1951). On Mar. 21 the 1949 BAA Draft (last before being renamed the NBA in Aug.) sees 11 teams select 75 players in eight rounds; 6'8 St. Louis, Mo.-born center Charles Edward "Easy Ed" Macauley (1928-2011) of St. Louis U. is selected #1 overall by the St. Louis Bombers (#22); 6'7" Parlier, Calif.-born Askov, Minn.-raised Arild Verner Agerskov "Vern" Mikkelsen (1928-2013) of Hamline U. is selected #2 overall by the Minneapolis Lakers (#19), becoming one of its first power forwards, retiring in 1969 after setting the NBA record for disqualifications (127 in 631 games); 6'0" Bronx, N.Y.-born guard Richard Joseph "Dick" McGuire (1926-2010) of St. John's U. is selected #7 overall by the New York Knicks (#15), leading the league in assists in his rookie season with a record 386; in 1957 he is traded to the Detroit Pistons, becoming a player-coach in 1959, and head coach in 1960-3, followed by head coach of the Knicks in 1965-8. A good big man becomes better than a good little man in basketball? On Apr. 4-13 the 1949 BAA Finals sees the Minneapolis Lakers (coach John Kundla) defeat the Washington Capitols (coach Red Auerbach) by 4-2; Game 5 on Apr. 11 sees the Minneapolis Lakers lose 74-66 to the Washington Capitols despite 6'10" 245 lb. bespectacled Lakers center ("Mr. Basketball") George Lawrence Mikan Jr. (1924-2005) scoring 22 points (NBA's first dominant big man); the Lakers go on to win Game 6 77-56 along with their first title behind Mikan's 29 points. On Apr. 8-16 the 1949 Stanley Cup Finals see the Toronto Maple Leafs sweep the Detroit Red Wings 4-0, becoming a 3-peat. On Apr. 19 "the Cuban Comet" left fielder Orestes "Minnie" Minoso (Miñoso) (Saturnino Orestes Armas Miñoso Arrieta) (1925-2015) debuts with the Cleveland Indians (until 1959), becoming the first black Cuban to play for an ML team, moving to the Chicago White Sox in 1951, becoming known as "Mr. White Sox", stealing 167 bases (vs. 179 for Willie Mays). On May 30 the 1949 (33rd) Indianapolis 500 is won by Bill Holland (1907-84) (who came in 2nd in 1947, 1948, and again in 1950) after he reverses the con of the 1947 race when Mauri Rose ignores owner Lou Moore's "EZ" signs and pushes his car until it breaks, causing Moore to fire him. On July 12 Lawrence Eugene "Larry" Doby (1923-2003), Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (1919-72), Roy "Campy" Campanella (1921-93), and Donald "Don" "Newk" Newcombe (1926-2019) become the first African-Ams. to play in an Am. All-Star baseball game; "I would not be here if it were not for Jackie and if it were not for Don Newcombe" (Barack Obama, Apr. 19, 2010) On Aug. 3 six teams from the NBL join the 11-team BAA, forming the 17-team Nat. Basketball Assoc. (NBA), the first prof. basketball league to play all its games in large arenas in major cities, with Maurice Podoloff (1890-1985) as commissioner #1 (until 1963), followed by Walter Kennedy in 1963-75, Larry O'Brien in 1975-84, David Stern in 1984-2014, and Adam Silver in 2014-; teams incl. the Syracuse Nationals (1946-), Chief Anderson Meat (Duffey) Packers (1946-51), Tri-Cities Blackhawks (1946-), Sheboygan Red Skins (1938-49), Denver Nuggets (1948-50) (first major prof. sports franchise in Colo. and first NBA franchise W of the Mississippi River), Waterloo Hawks (1948-51) (first and only major sports franchise based in Iowa), and former NBL-BAA teams incl. the Rochester Royals, Fort Wayne Pistons, Minneapolis Lakers, and Indianapolis (Kautskys) Jets. On Sept. 10-18 the first biennial FIVB Volleyball Men's World Champinship in Prague, Czech. is won by the Soviet Union, who by the 1991 championship win 9x; the next one is held in 1952; On Dec. 3-11 the BPAA All-Star Event adds a women's tournament, with 48 women bowlers; the winner is Grand Rapids, Mich.-born Marion Ladewig (1914-2010), who goes on to win 7x more; in 1950 she is named female bowler of the year by the Bowling Writers Assoc. of Am. for the first of 9x by 1963; in 1964 she becomes the first superior performance inductee into the WIBC Hall of Fame; she retires in 1964 after winning a record eight U.S. Women's Open titles; in 1984 she becomes the first woman bowler inducted into the Women's Sports Foundation Hall of Fame; "[She] is recognized as the world's queen of her game, not only among top women and men bowlers, but to those who have chron After hitting 51 homers in 1947, Ralph McPherran Kiner (1922-2014) of the Pittsburgh Pirates hits 54 homers, becoming the first NL player with two 50+-seasons, the highest total in the ML from 1939-60, and in the NL from 1931-97; in 1952 he has his 7th straight season leading the league in homers, with 37, becoming known for the soundbyte: "Home run hitters drive Cadillacs and singles hitters drive Fords." Capot (1946-) (jockey T. Atkinson) wins the Belmont and Preakness Stakes. Am. tennis player Doris Hart (1925-), who was handicapped from childhood osteomyelitis wins the Australian singles title, and goes on to win the French singles title in 1950 and 1952, Wimbledon in 1951, and the U.S. singles title in 1954 and 1955; Pancho Gonzales wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Mrs. Margaret Osborne duPont wins the women's singles title. Am. tennis player Getrude "Gorgeous" "Gussy" "Gussie" Augusta Moran (1923-2013), the #7 seed shocks the crowd at Wimbledon when her lacy panties peek through at regular intervals; her dress designer Cuthbert Collingwood "Ted" Tinling (1910-90) of the U.K. is banned from Wimbledon for 33 years, but goes on to design dresses worn by the Wimbledon women's champs for most of the years 1959-79. Charles R. Coe wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Cary Middlecoff wins the U.S. Open title. Wushu (Kungfu) (Chin. "wu" + "shu" = martial + art) is developed in China to standardize traditional Chinese martial arts. Architecture: The Googie (Space Age) (Coffee Shop) (Doo-Wop) (Populuxe) style of commercial architecture begins in West Hollywood, Calif. with the Googie (Ship's) Coffee Shop at the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Crescent Heights (demolished in 1989), designed by John Edward Lautner (1911-94), inspired by the Atomic Age, the Space Age, the Jet Age, and car culture, characterized by crazy kinetic confections of oblique lines with jagged steel roofs sporting neon signs in wild hipster font ("Tomorrowland Meets the Flintstones"); a Googie icon is the little 1950s McDonald's Man in white chef's hat and black bow tie; the White Spot coffee shops, Bob's Big Boy (founded 1936), and Denny's restaurants (founded 1953), designed by Calif. architects Louis Logue Armet (1914-81) and Eldon Davis are the height of the style, which starts to be discontinued during the Vietnam War protest era and is killed by the environmental movement. Architect Philip Johnson designs the cubical Glass (Johnson) House in the woods of New Canaan, Conn., and lives in it until his death in 2005, donating it to the public in his will. Frank Lloyd Wright designs the Cedar Rock (Lowell Walter) House in Quasqueton, Iowa, and the First Unitarian Church in Madison, Wisc. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Lord John Boyd Orr (1880-1971) (Scotland) [world nutrition]; Lit.: William Cuthberg "Will" Faulkner (1897-1962) (U.S.); Physics: Hideki Yukawa (1907-81) (Japan) [prediction of pion] (first Japanese to win a Nobel Prize); Chem.: William Francis Giauque (1895-1982) (U.S.) [chem. thermodynamics near absolute zero]; Med.: Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) (Switzerland) [mapping of the diencephalon], Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (1874-1955) (Portugal) [prefrontal lobotomies]. Inventions: On May 13 the English Electric Canberra jet-powered medium bomber makes its first flight, entering service on May 25, 1951 nd setting a world alt. record of 70,310 ft. (21,430m) in 1957, getting adopted by India, Australia, and Peru; 900 are built by 2006. On July 27 the De Havilland DH 106 Comet makes its first flight, featuring four De Havilland Ghost turbojet engines buried into the wings to give it a sleek design complete with large windows, making it a big success; BoAC introduces it on May 2, 1952; too bad, within a few years metal fatigue causes two midair accidents where it tears itself apart, setting their marketing program back and allowing competitors to pass them. On Oct. 28 the $6.3M Martin XB-51 tri-jet bomber makes its test flight; too bad, it loses out to the English Electric Canberra (B-57). The 700-mi. range 35K-ft. alt. 650 mph 39'6"-long 4'6"-diam. Martin MGM-1 Matador makes its first flight, becoming the first operational U.S. surface-to-surface cruise missile, based on the German V-1 with radio control to give it a 1 mi. CEP, and a turbojet engine in place of the pulsejet, entering service in 1954 in Bitburg AFB, Germany armed with W5 nuclear warheads until it is retired in 1957. Remington Rand Corp. of Rowayton, Conn. (founded 1927) designs the Remington Rand 409, the world's first business computer, introducing it as the Univac 60 in 1952 and the Univac 120 in 1953, becoming the first computer used by the IRS and the first installed in Japan. Am. mechanical engineer Robert Henry 'Bob' Abplanalp (1922-2003) invents the 7-part leakproof plastic aerosol valve, founding the Precision Valve Corp. to produce it; he later becomes one of Richard Nixon's closest friends, while his freon gas-releasing products chip away at the Earth's ozone layer. Am. industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss (1904-72) invents the Model 500 Desk Telephone, which becomes the U.S. std. until 1994. Am. engineer Jay Wright Forrester (1918-) invents Magnetic Ferrite Core Memory for computers, patenting it on May 11, 1951; they are installed in the IBM Type 704 and 705 computers in 1954 after Kenneth Harry "Ken" Olsen (1926-2011) builds the Memory Test Computer, the first computer equipped with them, used for the U.S. SAGE program; in 1957 Olsen and Harlan Anderson (1929-) found Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC), which trademarks the word Digital and becomes the #2 computer co. after IBM before going defunct in 1998 - now it's just a packaging problem? Alfred Gross of New York City patents the medical pager or beeper; the FCC approves it in 1958. RCA develops the 45-rpm record, color-coded for music type (black=pop, green=country-western, cerise (cherry red)=R&B, midnight blue=operettas and semi-classics, sky-blue=internat., golden-yellow=children's); The Fotosetter photographic type-composing machine is introduced, producing metal type; in 1953 it is superseded by the Higonnet-Moyroud, which produces film negatives. Science: In Dec. the radioactive chemical element Berkelium (Bk) (#97) is discovered by Stanley Gerald Thompson (1912-76) et al. at the U. of Calif. Radiation Lab by bombarding americium with high-energy alpha particles in a cyclotron; it is later prepared by neutron bombardment of plutonium. German-born Am. physicist Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906-72), Budapest, Hungary-born Am. physicist Eugene Paul "E.P." Wigner (1902-95), and German physicist Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen (1907-73) of the new (1946) Argonne Nat. Lab. in Lemont, Ill. develop the Shell Model of the Nucleus, which explains the "magic numbers" of nucleons that make a nucleus stable via spin orbit coupling, winning them the 1963 Nobel Physics Prize; "Think of a room full of waltzers. Suppose they go round the room in circles, each circle enclosed within another. Then imagine that in each circle, you can fit twice as many dancers by having one pair go clockwise and another pair go counterclockwise" (Goeppert-Mayer). The Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology in Colo. establishes the Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model for graduate programs in psychology, requiring a psychologist to be a competent scientist and researcher who applies his/her knowledge to treating clients. The Uline Ice Co. presents Doctor Egomaniac AKA Doctor Eager Money? After U.S. doctors Walter Freeman and James W. Watts (1904-94) adopt a technique pioneered in 1935 by Dr. Egas Moniz (1874-1955) of Portugal, who claimed a 30% success rate and became the country's first (only) Nobel Prize in Medicine winner for his barbaric "apple corer" (later ice pick) technique for prefrontal lobotomies, the first-ever U.S. lobotomy is performed on Rosemary (Rose Marie) Kennedy (1918-2005), daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Kennedy, which leaves her childlike and in need of institutionalization; by 1951 18K+ lobotomies are performed in the U.S. alone; they are not discontinued in favor of drug treatment until the 1960s. Am. astronomer Jesse Leonard Greenstein (1909-2002) demonstrates that the magnetic field in the Milky Way Galaxy is aligned with its spiral arms, as seen from polarized starlight scattered off interstellar dust grains aligned in a magnetic field. Nereid, the 2nd known moon of Neptune (after Triton) is discovered (first 1846). Technocracy advocate Marion King Hubbert (1903-89) predicts that the fossil fuel era will be of very short duration, and develops the Hubbert Curve of oil extraction vs. time; in 1956 he accurately predicts that U.S. oil production will peak around 1970, and in 1974 predicts that world oil production will peak in 1995 at 12G barrels/year. Stored nuclear energy in irradiated graphite in nuclear piles is discovered by N.J. Pattenden. Am. chemist Linus Carl Pauling (1901-94) demonstrates that sickle cell anemia is caused by a specific genetic mutation and is inherited, becoming the first disease attributed to a specific genetic modification, viz., a single base substitution in the DNA sequence of the gene encoding the beta chain of hemoglobin. Scottish biochemist Alexander Robertus Todd (1907-97) synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Selman A. Waksman isolates Neomycin; too bad, antibiotics begin to be used to promote animal nutrition. French mathematician Andre (André) Weil (1906-98) pub. the Weil Conjectures about the generating (local zeta) functions derived from counting the number of points on algebraic varieties over finite fields, which aren't answered until 1974. Nonfiction: Theodor W. Adorno (1903-69), Philosophy of Modern Music (Philosophie der Neuen Musik); disses Igor Stravinsky as hung up on le temps espace (time-space) rather than le temps duree (time-duration), with the soundbytes: "One trick characterizes all of Stravinsky's formal endeavors: the effort of his music to portray time as in a circus tableau and to present time complexes as though they were spatial. This trick, however, soon exhausts itself"; his "rhythmic procedures closely resemble the schema of catatonic conditions. In certain schizophrenics, the process by which the motor apparatus becomes independent leads to infinite repetition of gestures or words, following the decay of the ego." Saul David Alinsky (1909-72), John L. Lewis: An Unauthorized Biography. Frederick Lewis Allen (1890-1954), The Great Pierpont Morgan. Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), The Destiny of the Nations. Clare Barnes, White Collar Zoo. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), Le Rationalisme Applique. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), The Struggle Against the Historical Blackout; claims that the Holocaust is a Zionist hoax to gain sympathy, power, and wealth, and that there is a conspiracy of silence; no surprise, he is virtually blacked-out in the U.S. despite decades of respectable pubs. Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86), The Second Sex; by Jean-Paul Sartre's babe; claims that men put a false aura of mystery around women then put them on the bottom rung of the hierarchy, and that females are not born but become a woman (existence precedes essence), getting past the male myth of them being "the Other"; appears in English trans. next year, coining the term "women's liberation" - wanna simone de beauvoir, jean paul? Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891-1973), John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (Pulitzer Prize); how he grasped "the essentials of American policy and the position of the United States in the world". J.D. Bernal, The Freedom of Necessity. Ray Allen Billington (1903-81), Western Expansion: A History of the American Frontier; 5th ed. 2001 w/Martin Ridge; becomes a std. work. Paul Blanshard (1892-1980), American Freedom and Catholic Power; rev in 1958; bestselling (300K) anti-Catholic polemic by Am. nativist humanist is marred by support of eugenics and forced sterilization; in 1952 James O'Neill pub. the Catholic reply Catholicism and American Freedom, to which Blanshard replies with My Catholic Critics. Marc Bloch (1886-1944), The Historian's Craft (Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien) (posth.) (English trans. pub. in 1954); states his view that "the mania for judgments" is a "satanic enemy of true history". Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-45), Ethik (Ethics); his handwritten mss. from 1940-3, collected by Eberhard Bethge. Max Born (1882-1970), Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance. Medard Boss (1903-90), The Meaning and Content of Sexual Perversions. Margaret Bourke-White (1904-71), Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India (photos). Fernand Braudel (1902-85), The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Epoch of Philip II (3 vols.); makes him a French historian star, but not enough to get him a library card at the Bibliotheque Nationale? Ivor Brown, Shakespeare; "The Wonder is simply this: that no writer of any land or age has ever had popularity and renown on such a colossal and astounding scale." Carl Darling Buck (1866-1955), Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. James MacGregor Burns (1918-2014), Congress on Trial: The Legislative Process and the Administrative State (first book); exposes federal legislators as deadlocked by local concerns. Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), The Origins of Modern Science, 1300-1800; becomes a std. work; Christianity and History; asks if history provides answers to the meaning of life; "So the purpose of life is not in the far future, nor, as we so often imagine, around the next corner, but the whole of it is here and now, as fully as ever it will be on this planet"; "If there is a meaning in history, therefore, it lies not in the systems and organizations that are built over long periods, but in something more essentially human, something in each personality considered for mundane purposes as an end in himself", and "I have nothing to say at the finish except that if one wants a permanent rock in life and goes deep enough for it, it is difficult for historical events to shake it. There are times when we can never meet the future with sufficient elasticity of mind, especially if we are locked in the contemporary systems of thought. We can do worse than remember a principle which both gives us a firm Rock and leaves us the maximum elasticity for our minds: the principle: Hold to Christ, and for the rest be totally uncommitted." George III, Lord North and the People, 1779-80. Herb Caen (1916-97), Baghdad-by-the-Bay; yummy San Francisco, Calif. Joseph Campbell (1904-87), The Hero With a Thousand Faces; original title "How to Read a Myth"; points out similarities between Western and Eastern religions, and introduces the "monomyth" (hero's journey); "Truth is one, the sages speak of it by many names." John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. C.W. Ceram (1915-72), Gods, Graves and Scholars: The Study of Archaeology; bestseller (5M copies). Maurice Chevalier (1889-1972), Man in the Straw Hat: My Story (autobio.). James Bryant Conant (1893-1978), Education in a Divided World. Julian Kiwekk Coolidge (1873-), The Mathematics of Great Amateurs. Richard Crossman (ed.), The God That Failed; "Six famous men tell how they changed their minds about Communism" incl. Louis Fischer (1896-1970), Andre Gide (1869-1951), Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Ignazio Silone (1900-78), Stephen Sender (1909-95), Richard Wright (1908-60); Whittaker Chambers was approached but declined. Merle Eugene Curti (1897-1996), Vernon Rosco Carstenson, Edmund David Cronon, and John William Jenkins, The University of Wisconson: A History, 1848-1945 (3 vols.) (1949-94). Herbert Cutner (1881-1969), Teach Yourself Commercial Art. Edwin Denby (1903-83), Looking at the Dance. Isaac Deutscher (1907-67), Stalin: A Political Biography; a Polish Jewish Trotskyite praises Stalin for building a Socialist Soviet Union, even if it is a perversion? John Dewey and Arthur Bentley, Knowing and the Known. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Patterns in Comparative Religion; The Myth of the Eternal Return: Archetypes and Repetition; big hit with scholars of religion, claiming that ancient religion was about forever returning to the Great Time or Sacred Time by imitating the acts of a god or hero. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), Notes Towards the Definition of Culture. Louis Fischer (1896-1970), The God That Failed; the failure of Stalin's Commie Paradise. John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964), The Road Ahead: America's Creeping Revolution; big hit about creeping Socialism in U.S. politics, how "this country is travelling to its destruction", starting with the income tax, fiat currency, welfare, and ending with "the offer of free health care" - dedicated to Hillary Clinton not? Henri Honore Giraud (1879-1949), A Single Goal, Victory: Algiers 1942-1944. Charles H. Goren (1901-91), Point-Count Bidding in Contract Bridge; causes bridge players to dump Ely Culbertson's honor-trick valuation. Benjamin Graham, The Intelligent Investor; bestseller about the stock market; a favorite of Warren Buffett. John Gunther (1901-70), Inside Europe Today. Donald Olding Hebb (1904-85), The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory; causes a rev. in neuropsychology and makes McGill U. a center of research; "The problem of understanding behavior is the problem of understanding the total action of the nervous system, and vice versa"; proposes Hebb's Law: "Neurons that fire together wire together." Gilbert Highet (190678), The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature. Irving Howe (1920-93), The UAW and Walter Reuther. Julian Huxley (1887-1975), Heredity, East and West. Christopher Isherwood (1904-86), The Condor and the Cows; his travels in South Am. C.L.R. James (1901-89), American Civilisation. Ernest Jones (1879-1958), Hamlet and Oedipus; expansion of the 1910 article "The Oedipus-Complex as An Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive" that influenced Sir Laurence Olivier in his 1948 film; Sigmund Freud's English protege claims that Hamlet suffered from an Oedipus Complex. James Hervey Johnson (1901-83), Superior Men; freethinking people who reject religion as mental garbage are guess what?; chapters incl. "The Evidence for the Existence of God is Worse Than Flimsy", "Science Disproves Biblical Stories", "Religious Customs Are Stupid", "Prayers Are Worthless", "Christ Healed Fewer Persons (if any) than the Average Doctor", and "Churches Should Pay Taxes"; self-pub. by a high school dropout who got rich on San Diego real estate, and in 1964 becomes ed. of The Truth Seeker mag. (founded 1873). Walter Johnson (1915-85) (ed.), Roosevelt and the Russians. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Promise and Fulfillment: Palestine 1917-1949. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), The Twelve Seasons. Oliver Waterman Larkin (1896-1970), Art and Life in America (Pulitzer Prize). Harold Laski (1893-1950), Trade Unions in the New Society. Aldo Leopold (1887-1948), A Sand County Almanac (posth.); bestseller (2M copies), pumping up the U.S. conservationist movement; "Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land"; "A conservationist is one who is humbly aware that with each stroke he is writing his signature on the face of his land"; "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." Meyer Levin (1905-81), In Search (autobio.). Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009), The Elementary Structures of Kinship; claims that kinship relationships are fundamental in a culture. Konrad Lorenz (1903-89), King Solomon's Ring. Felicien Marceau (1913-), Casanova ou l'Anti-Don Juan. Roy Lewis and Angus Maude, The English Middle Classes. Bill Mauldin (1921-2003), A Sort of a Saga (autobio.). D'Arcy McNickle (1904-77), They Came Here First: The Epic of the American Indian. Margaret Mead (1901-78), Male and Female; based on her study of seven Pacific islands. Arthur Miller (1915-2005), Tragedy and the Common Man; "The common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were... If the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable that the mass of mankind should cherish tragedy above all other forms, let alone be capable of understanding it." Henry Miller (1891-1980), Sexus; Plexus; Nexus; a 3-vol. autobio. called "The Rosy Crucifixion"; full of sex scenes, causing a scandal after it is pub. in France, causing publisher Maurice Girodias to end up in jail and go bankrupt. Merle Miller (1919-86), The Sure Thing. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Human Action: A Treatise on Economics; his magnum opus; defends laissez-faire capitalism based on the concept of Praxeology, a rational study of of human action and decision-making based on the Action Axiom, claiming that a free-market economy serves as the foundation of civilization; "The captain is the consumer... The consumers determine precisely what should be produced, in what quality, and in what quantities... They are merciless egoistic bosses, full of whims and fancies, changeable and unpredictable. For them nothing counts other than their own satisfaction. In their capacity as buyers and consumers they are hard-hearted and callous, without consideration for other people... Capitalists... can only preserve and increase their wealth by filling best the orders of the consumers... In the conduct of their business affairs they must be unfeeling and stony-hearted because the consumers, their bosses, are themselves unfeeling and stony-hearted." Malcolm Muggeridge (1903-90), Affairs of the Heart. Audie Murphy (1926-71), To Hell and Back (autobio.); basis of a 1955 movie. Sean O'Casey (1890-1964), Inishfallen, Fare Thee Well (autobio.); vol. 4 of "Mirror in My House". De Lacy O'Leary (1872-1957), How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs; "Islam generally had its own wise men, men learned in jurisprudence, tradition, and Qur'an. These were universally respected with ungrudging esteem, such as was never rendered to the scientists who were only tolerated because they were under state protection. It very much tempers our estimate of Arabic learning to remember that scientific and philosophical scholarship was confined to one privileged coterie." P.D. Ouspensky (1878-1947), In Search of the Miraculous: Fragments of an Unknown Teaching (posth.); George Gurdjieff's student explains his system. Harry Allen Overstreet (1875-1970), The Mature Mind; internat. bestseller (500K copies). Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), Why Jesus Died. Eric Partridge (1894-1979), A Dictionary of the Underworld. Norman Vincent Peale (1898-1993), A Guide to Confident Living. Lionel Sharples Penrose (1898-1972), The Biology of Mental Defect. Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), Advice to a Young Man (posth.). Carroll Quigley (1910-77), The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden; pub. in 1981; claims that Cecil Rhodes and Alfred Milner founded the secret Society of the Elect and Assoc. of Helpers in 1891 to rule the world in the name of the white race. Philip Rahv (1908-73), Image and Idea (essays). Kenneth Roberts (1885-1957), I Wanted to Write (autobio.). Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962), This I Remember (autobio.). Muriel Rukeyser (1913-80), The Life of Poetry; "American poetry has been part of a culture in conflict... We are a people tending toward democracy at the level of hope; on another level, the economy of the nation, the empire of business within the republic, both incl. in their basic premise the concept of perpetual warfare. It is the history of the idea of war that is beneath our other histories... But around and under and above it is another reality... This history is the history of possibility." Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Authority and the Individual; the eternal struggle. Gilbert Ryle (1900-76), The Concept of Mind; takes on Descartes' mind-body distinction and coins the phrase "the ghost in the machine" to encapsulate its stupidity. Paul Arthur Schilpp (1897-1993) (ed.), The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer. Rene Adolphe Schwaller de Lubicz (1887-1961), The Temple in Man; based on a 15-year study of the Temple of Luxor in Egypt, applying sacred geometry and numerology to analyzing it. Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965), Genius in the Jungle (autobio.). George Gaylord Simpson (1902-84), The Meaning of Evolution. Lillian Smith (1897-1966), Killers of the Dream (essays); "tortured Southern liberal" explains how segregation corrupts the soul. Samuel Andrew Stouffer (1900-60), The American Soldier; based on a survey of 500K WWII vets. Virgil Thomson (1896-1989), Louisiana Story: The Plow That Broke the Plains (Pulitzer Prize). Paul Tillich (1886-1965), The Shaking of the Foundations. Maria Augusta von Trapp (1905-87), The Story of the Trapp Family Singers (autobio.); her marriage to "Captain" Georg Ritter von Trapp (1880-1947) in 1927, who lost his fortune in 1935, followed by the family's escape from the Nazis after the Anschluss in 1938; basis for the 1959 musical "The Sound of Music". Freda Utley (1898-1978), The High Cost of Vengeance; exposes the maltreatment of German POWs after WWII, incl. torture and slave labor, killing 3M; "There is no crime that the Nazis committed that we or our allies did not also commit ourselves"; dissed bigtime by the U.S. media. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), The Sugar Islands: A Caribbean Travelogue. Nesta Helen Webster (1876-1960), Spacious Days: An Autobiograpy. Sidney Weintraub (1914-83), Price Theory (first book). R.W.G. Wyckoff, Electronic Microscopy. Michael Young (1915-2002), Small Man, Big World: A Discussion of Socialist Democracy. Art: Josef Albers (1888-1976), Homage to the Square. Georges Braque (1882-1963), Studio V (1949-50). Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Red Sun. Kenneth Clark (1903-83), Landscape into Art. Jacob Epstein (1880-1959), Lazarus. Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), Portrait of T.S. Eliot. Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Vence (Matisse) Chapel (Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence) (Vence, France) (1949-51); built for Sister Jacques-Marie (1921-2005), who placed an ad in 1942 asking for a "young and pretty night nurse" to tend him while recovering from cancer. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), La Revecue; Woman Looked At. Robert Motherwell (1915-91), Elegy for the Spanish Republic (series) (1949-). Barnett Newman (1905-70), Concord. Charles Sheeler (1883-1965), Ballardsvale Revisited. Graham Sutherland (1903-80), Portrait of W. Somerset Maugham; a big hit, causing the rich and famous to line up. Music: Rex Allen (1920-99), Afraid (debut) (#14 country). George Antheil (1900-59), Symphony No. 6. Gene Autry (1907-98) and Johnny Marks (1909-85), Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer; Autry records it after Vaughn Monroe turns it down. Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Viola Concerto. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), The Age of Anxiety (symphony). Boris Blacher (1903-75), Hamlet (ballet). Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), The Olympians (opera) (London). Marc Blitzstein (1905-64), Regina (musical). Teresa Brewer (1931-2007), Music! Music! Music!; sells 1M copies, becoming her signature song. Benjamin Britten (1913-76), Let's Make an Opera (Aldeburgh). Perry Como (1912-2001), A Dreamer's Holiday (with the Fontane Sisters); A - You're Adorable; Some Enchanted Evening. Bing Crosby (1903-77), (Ghost) Riders in the Sky (#14 in the U.S.). Vic Damone (1928-2018), You're Breaking My Heart (#1 in the U.S.) (1M copies0. Little Jimmy Dickens (1920-2015), Take an Old Cold 'Tater (And Wait) (#7 country) (Columbia Records); Country Boy (#7 country); My Heart's Bouquet (1949) (#10 country); A-Sleeping at the Foot of the Bed (1949) (#6 country); Fats Domino (1928-2017), Detroit City Blues; flip side is The Fat Man; first rock and roll record to sell 1M copies. Billy Eckstine (1914-93), Caravan (by Juan Tizol). Arthur Fiedler (1894-1979) and the Boston Pops Orchestra, Sleigh Ride; becomes a Christmas standard; composed in Feb. 1948 by Leroy Anderson (1908-75), with lyrics added by Mitchell Parish (1900-93) in 1950; covered by Leroy Anderson (1950), the Andrews Sisters (1950), Johnny Mathis (1958), The Ronettes (1963), TLC (1993), and the Spice Girls (1996). Carlisle Floyd (1926-), Slow Dusk (opera) (debut). Peter Racine Fricker (1920-90), Symphony No. 1, Op. 9. Erline "Rock and Roll" Harris, Rock and Roll Blues. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Concerto for Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Harp, and Orchestra. Burl Ives (1909-95), Lavender Blue (Dilly Dilly); (Ghost Riders) in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend (#21 in the U.S.); written by Stan Jones. Gordon Jenkins (1910-84), My Foolish Heart. Spike Jones (1911-65) and The City Slickers, Ghost Riders in the Sky. Peggy Lee (1920-2002), (Ghost) Riders in the Sky. Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Canteyodjaya; Pentecost Mass (1949-50); Four Studies in Rhythm (1949-50). Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Quartet No. 5; Quartet No. 14. Vaughn Monroe (1911-73), Ghost Riders in the Sky; written on June 5, 1948 by Stanley Davis "Stan" Jones (1914-63), who worked for the Nat. Park Service in Death Valley, Calif., where he met film dir. John Ford and became good friends, writing many Western songs for him. Douglas Moore (1893-1969), Giants in the Earth (opera) (1949-50) (Pulitzer Prize). George Morgan (1924-75), Room Full of Roses (#4 in the U.S.); written by Tim Spencer of the Sons of the Pioneers, whose version reaches #10. Carl Orff (1895-1982), Antigonae (opera) (Salzburg). Les Paul (1915-2009) and Mary Ford (1924-77), The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise. Edith Piaf (1915-63), Hymne a l'Amour. Simon Sadoff and Henry Purcell (1659-95), The Moor's Pavane (ballet) (Conn. College); based on Shakespeare's "Othello"; choreography by Jose Limon. Dinah Shore (1916-94), Dear Hearts and Gentle People. Dinah Shore (1916-94) and Buddy Clark (1911-49), Baby, It's Cold Outside. Memphis Slim (1915-88), Nobody Loves Me (Every Day I Have the Blues). Randall Thompson (1899-1984), The Last Words of David. Mel Torme (1925-99), Careless Hands (1949) (#1 in the U.S.); Again (1949); Blue Moon (1949) (his signature song); pioneers cool jazz and stokes the West Coast jazz movement; too bad, when rock and roll becomes popular in the mid-1950s, he calls it "3-chord manure" while his popularity tanks. William Turner Walton (1902-83), Sonata for Violin and Pianoforte. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Lost in the Stars (New York); lyrics by Maxwell Anderson. Margaret Whiting (1924-), Baby, It's Cold Outside (with Johnny Mercer); Slipping Around (with Jimmy Wakely). Slim Whitman (1924-), I'm Casting My Lasso Towards the Sky. Hank Williams Sr. (1923-53), Lovesick Blues (Feb. 25) (#1); sings it at his Grand Ole Opry debut on June 11, receiving a record six encores, becoming his signature song. Movies: George Cukor's Adam's Rib (Nov. 18) stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn as married lawyers on opposite sides of a courtroom in the attempted murder trial of blonde bombshell Judy Holliday; their best flick together?; does $3.95M box office on a $1.7M budget. Robert Rossen's All the King's Men (Nov. 8), based on the 1946 Robert Penn Warren novel stars big burly Broderick Crawford (1911-86) (first customer to try the new Moscow Mule drink at the Cock 'N' Bull bar in Hollywood) as ruthless politico Huey Long, er, Willy Stark, and is the first major role for Mercedes McCambridge (1916-2004), who plays his cunning aide Sadie Burke; John Derek plays Crawford's son Tom Stark; curmudgeonly Will Wright plays corrupt city official Dolph Pillsbury. Charles Walters' The Barkleys of Broadway (May 4) reunites Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers after 10 years as Josh and Dinah Barkley, a musical comedy team who break up after French playwright Jacques Pierre Barredout (Jacques Francois) talks her into taking up dramatic acting while friend composer Ezra Miller (Oscar Levant) tries to get them back together. William Wellman's Battleground (Nov. 9), the first major film about WWII released after the war, about the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Div. at the Siege of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II stars Van Johnson, John Hodiak, Ricardo Montalban, George Murphy, and James Allen Whitmore Jr. (1921-2009) (in his film debut after Spencer Tracy turns it down), who get real and show fear. Jacques Tati's B&W The Big Day (Jour de Fete) (May 4) is the debut of French filmmaker-actor Jacques Tati (1907-82); it is shot simultaneously in color and intended to become the first French feature color film, but the prints don't come out until a color restoration job by his daughter Sophie Tatischeff in 1995. Giuseppe de Santis' Bitter Rice (Riso Amaro) makes a star of Silvana Mangano as a po' girl in post-WWII Italy's Po Valley. Robert Z. Leonard's The Bribe (Feb. 3), a film noir set in the sunny Caribbean stars Robert Taylor as U.S. govt. agent Rigby, who goes to Central Am. to trace stolen airplane engines, and falls for Elizabeth Hintten (Ava Gardner), wife of chief suspect Tugwell "Tug" Hintten (John Hodiak); Vincent Price plays bad guy Carwood, and Charles Laughton plays bad guy J.J. Bealer, who offers Rigby da bribe and steals the film, causing it to be known as "Laughton on the Beach". Tay Garnett's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (Apr. 22), based on the 1889 Mark Twain novel stars 1912 singing mechanic Hank Martin (Bing Crosby), who finds himself time-transported to the time of King Arthur (Cedric Hardwicke), Merlin (Murvyn Vye), Morgan Le Fay (Virginia Field), Sir Sagramore (William Bendix), and Sir Logris (Joseph Vitale); Rhonda Fleming plays Alisane La Carteloise. Robert Siodmak's Criss Cross (B&W) (Jan. 12) based on a a novel by Don Tracy is a film noir starring Burt Lancaster as armored car truck driver Steve Thompson, who vies for babe Ann (Yvonne DeCarlo) with mobster Slim Dundee (Dan Duryea) by having his own truck heisted; the screen debut of Tony Curtis (Bernard Schwartz) (1925-2010)., who dances with DeCarlo in the Round-Up Bar to "Jungle Fantasy", performed by Esy Morales and His Rhumba Band; producer Mark Hellinger dies suddenly during production. David MacDonald's Christopher Columbus (June 14) stars Fredric March as Columbus, Florence Eldridge as Queen Isabella, and Francis Lister as King Ferdinand. Junli Zheng's Crows and Sparrows, about a greedy landlord trying to boot a family out of their home and move to Taiwan while the Red Army advances, then losing out when the Commies arrive turns into a tug-of-war between the Nationalist Kuomintang govt. and the Commies, who restore cuts and promote it when they come to power. Mervyn LeRoy's East Side, West Side (Dec. 22) stars Barbara Stanwyck as Jessie Bourne, wronged wife of hubby Brandon Bourne (James Mason), and Ava Gardner as seductive Jezebel model Isabel Lorrison. King Vidor's The Fountainhead (July 2), written by Ayn Rand based on her 1943 novel stars Gary Cooper as lone wolf architect Howard Roarke, struggling against collectivism with his babe Dominique Francon, played by Ky.-born actress Patsy Louise "Patricia" Neal (1926-2010), who has an abortion in 1950 after her affair with Gary Cooper is found out by his wife Veronica, after which she feels guilty and becomes a pro-life activist; too bad, Rayn's overblown dialogue stinks it up? Robert Siodmak's The Great Sinner stars Gregory Peck as Fedja, a Russian man who is ruined by gambling; Ethel Barrymore plays Grandmother Ostrovsky, and Ava Gardner plays Pauline Ostrovsky. William Wyler's The Heiress (Oct. 6), written by Augustus Goetz and Ruth Goetz based on the 1880 Henry James novel "Washington Square" stars Olivia de Haviland as a wealthy plain Jane, Ralph Richardson as her tyrannical father, and Montgomery Clint as the handsome scoundrel who wants to marry her for her money. Samuel Fuller's I Shot Jesse James (Feb. 26) (Fuller's dir. debut) stars John Ireland as Bob Ford, the man who shot you know who in the back; the best anti-Western ever made? Ted Tetlaff's Johnny Allegro (May 26) stars too-old George Raft as a florist at a fancy hotel who gets involved in a police manhunt after being drawn in by leggy blonde Nina Foch, and infiltrates another crook's operation to clear his name, ending up being hunted on a secluded Fla. island by an archer; Will Geer plays Schultzy the cop. Michael Balcon's Kind Hearts and Coronets (June 21) (Ealing Studios) is a flashback black comedy set in Edwardian England based on the 1907 Roy Horniman novel "Israel Rank: The Autobiography of a Criminal", starring Dennis Price as imprisoned Louis D'Ascoyne Mazzini, 10th Duke of Chalfont, who is on death row and writes his memoirs telling how he decided to kill all eight people of the eccentric D'Ascoyne family ahead of him in succession to the dukedom (all played by Alec Guinness); Valerie Hobson play his babe Edith, and Joan Greenwood his other babe Sibella; "A hilarious study in the gentle art of murder"; the title comes from the 1842 Alfred Lord Tennyson poem "Lady Clara Vere de Vere": "Kind hearts are more than coronets, and simple faith than Norman blood"; "How happy could I be with either,/ Were t'other dear charmer away!"; Fred C. Brannon's King of the Rocket Men (June 8) from Republic Pictures stars Tristram "Tris" Coffin (1909-90) as Jeff King, who is outfitted by Dr. Millard (James Craven) with an "atomic-powered rocket flying suit" and bullet-shaped helmet to fight evil genius Dr. Vulcan; the suit is recycled for Commando Cody. Richard Wallace's A Kiss for Corliss (Nov. 25) is the last film appearance of Shirley Temple as Corliss Archer, who pretends to be hooking up with older man Kenneth Marquis (David Niven) - fitting release date for a turkey of an adult actress? Laslo Benedek's Kissing Bandit (Jan.) stars Frank Sanatra as inept bandit Ricardo, who falls for Teresa (Kathryn Grayson); also features Ricardo Montalban as a dancer. Nicholas Ray's Knock on Any Door (Feb. 22), based on the Willard Motley novel is a courtroom film noir starring Humphrey Bogart as atty. Andrew Morton, and is the film debut of hunk John Derek (Derek Delevan Harris) (1926-98) as young slum dweller Nick Romano, who is accused of killing a cop, and relies on the society-is-to-blame defense, with Bogart telling him "You look great, but kid, that's not enough", and Derek utters the immortal soundbyte "Live fast, die young, and leave a good-looking corpse"; Derek goes on to marry three lookalike actress blonde bimbos, Ursula Andress (1957-66), Linda Evans (1968-74), and Bo Derek (1976-98). Joseph L. Mankiewicz's A Letter to Three Wives (Jan. 20), based on the John Klempner novel stars Jeanne Craine, Linda Darnell, and Ann Sothern as three you know whats who take a Hudson River boat trip and learn that 4th wife and mutual best friend Addie Ross (Celeste Holm, voice only) has run off with one of their husbands (Kirk Douglas, Paul Douglas, Jeffrey Lynn), then try to figure out which; Kirk Douglas plays Sothern's hubby; Darnell is a perfect 10 in this flick, but gains weight and her career tanks. Mervyn LeRoy's Little Women (Mar. 10) (MGM) is a color remake of the 1933 George Cukor film based on the 1868 Louisa May Alcott novel, starring June Allyson as Jo, who sells her long auburn tresses, Margaret O'Brien as Beth, who loses her baby to scarlet fever, Janet Leigh as Meg, and Elizabeth Taylor as Amy, another adult role, albeit a little one; Mary Astor plays Marmee, Lucile Watson plays Aunt March, and Peter Lawford plays Theodore Laurence "Laurie"; final film of C. Aubrey Smith; does $5.9M budget on a $2.8M budget. Vincente Minnelli's Madame Bovary (Aug. 25) stars Jennifer Jones as Emma Bovary, Van Heflin as her hubby Charles, Louis Jourdan as Rodolphe Boulanger, and James Mason as Gustave Flaubert. George Marshall's My Friend Irma (Oct. 14) stars Marie Wilson as dumb blonde Irma Peterson, John Lund as her boyfriend Al, and Diana Lynn as her roommate Jane Stacy; song-and-comedy duo Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin ("the last spectacularly successful classic comedy team" - Lawrence J. Epstein) make their movie debut as juice bar operators. Burgess Meredith's The Man on the Eiffel Tower (Dec. 12), based on the 1931 novel "A Man's Head" by Georges Simenon stars Franchot Tone as poor medical student Johann Radek, who is paid by Bill Kirby (Robert Hutton) to murder his wealthy aunt, after which knife grinder Burgess Meredith is falsely accused, causing the police to call in inspector Jules Maigret (Charles Laughton). David Miller's Love Happy (Oct. 12) (original title "Blondes Up"), the 13th and last Marx Brothers film co-stars Ilona Massey, Vera-Ellen, Marion Hutton, Raymond Burr et al., and features Marilyn Monroe with one line; after running out of money and debuting in San Francisco, it is not released until 1950. Edward Buzzell's Neptune's Daughter (June 9) (MGM) stars Esther Williams, Red Skelton, and Ricardo Montalban, becoming the first pairing of Williams and Montalban, and one of the first films to depict a television being used; does $5.77M box office on a $2.2M budget; features the song Baby, It's Cold Outside (written in 1944 by Frank Loesser), becoming a Christmas standard; too bad, it is seen at a church social in Greeley, Colo. by Egyptian Islamist Sayyid Qutb (1906-66), freaking him out with the lewdness of Am. women, after which he moves back to Egypt and joins the Muslim Brotherhood, working to restore Sharia, spawning al-Qaida; in Dec. 2018 Am. PC police get the song banned from radio stations for its alleged suggestion of date rape, although it really glorifies the empowerment of women even before the arrival of the birth control pill? features the song Baby, It's Cold Outside (written in 1944 by Frank Loesser), which is seen at a church social in Greeley, Colo. by Egyptian Islamist Sayyid Qutb, freaking him out with the lewdness of Am. women, after which he moves back to Egypt and joins the Muslim Brotherhood, working to restore Sharia, spawning al-Qaida; in Dec. 2018 Am. PC police get the song banned from radio stations for its alleged suggestion of date rape. Jack Lee's B&W Once a Jolly Swagman, (Jan. 2), produced by Ian Dalrymple and based on the 1944 Montagu Slater novel about British motorcycle racing stars Dirk Bogarde as Bill Fox of Kentish Town, who becomes a dirt track star then tries to organize a riders union and gets in trouble with the authorities, ending up riding the Wall of Death, until WWII gives him a chance to escape by joining the British army, only to end up in a German POW camp; also stars Bonar Colleano, Bill Owen, Thora Hird, and Sid James. Ralph Thomas' Once Upon a Dream (Sydney Box Productions) (Gen. Film Distributors) is a comedy starring Googie Withers as British officer's wife Carol Gilbert, who has romantic dreams about her husband Maj. Guy Gilbert (Guy Middleton)'s man servant Jackson (Griffith Jones), and comes to believe they are true; the dir. debut of Ralph Philip Thomas (1915-2001) (nephew of producer Victor Saville), who goes on to direct the "Doctor" film series, and collaborate with producer Betty E. Box, wife of "Carry On" producer Peter Rogers. Gene Kelly's and Stanley Donen's On the Town (Dec. 8) (MGM), based on the 1944 musical by Leonard Benstein, Roger Edens, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green stars Kelly as Gabey, Frank Sinatra as Chip, Jules Munshin as Ozzie, Ann Miller as Claire Huddesen, Betty Garrett as Brunhilde "Hildy" Esterhazy, Vera-Ellen as Ivy Smith, and Florence Bates as Madame Dilyovska; does $4.4M box office on a $2.1M budget; features the songs New York, New York, Lonely Town, and I Can Cook, Too. David Lean's B&W The Passionate Friends (Jan. 26) (Gen. Film Distributors), based on the 1913 H.G. Wells novel about a love triangle stars Lean's new wife Ann Todd, who in 1946 signed "the most lucrative contract ever signed by an English cinema actress, with over a million dollars involved in its clauses") as Mary, who goes on holiday to Switzerland to join her banker hubby Howard (Claude Rains), and by mistake hooks up with her way more handsome old love Steven (Trevor Howard), causing divorce suits, only for her to realize that her hubby was her true love all along. Henry Cornelius' Passport to Pimlico (Apr. 26) (Ealing Studios) is set in post-WWII London, where an old bomb detonates in Miramont Gardens in Pimlico, revealing an old document by Edward IV ceding the Pimlico area to Burgundy, France, exempting it from British bureaucracy incl. rationing; stars Stanley Holloway as Arthur Pemberton, Barbara Murray as Shirley Pemberton, Hermione Baddeley as Edie Randall, and Paul Dupuis as Sebastien de Charolais, Duke of Burgundy. Thorold Dickinson's B&W The Queen of Spades (Mar. 16) (Associated British-Pathe) (Republic Pictures), based on the Aleander Pushkin short story stars Anton Walbrook as Capt. Herman Suvorin in 1806 St. Petersburg, who seduces Lizavetta Ivanova (Yvonne Mitchell) to learn the secret for winning at Faro from her mistress Countess Ranevskaya (Edith Evans); does £107K box office in the U.K. Anthony Pelissier's B&W The Rocking Horse Winner (Nov. 30) (Two Cities Films) (Rank Org.), produced by John Mills and written by Anthony Pelissier based on the D.H. Lawrence short story stars 10-y.-o. John Howard Davies as Paul Grahame, who can pick winners of horse races, Valerie Hobson as his mother Hester, and Ronald Squire as Oscar Cresswell; music by William Alwyn. Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah (Dec. 21) (Paramount Pictures) stars Italian-Am. hunk Victor John Mature (1913-99) and brainy heady Austrian-Am. babe Hedy Lamarr (Hedwig Eva Maria Kisler) (1913-2000), who score a hit but end up defining the loser trend of stupid Hollywood movies in the 1950s?; does $25.6M box office on a $3M budget; she wears an 18-ft. train dress consisting of 1.9K peacock feathers personally collected for 10 years by DeMille on his ranch. John Ford's She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (July 26) (RKO Radio Pictures) stars John Wayne as over-the-hill Capt. Nathan Cutting Brittles of C Troop, who shuns retirement to help the undermanned cavalry outpost of Ft. Starke make a stand against the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians after the Battle of the Little Big Horn, first pow-wowing with old chief Pony-That-Walks (Chief John Big Tree) and trading remarks on how only young testosterone-soaked idiots like war and it the responsibility of wise old farts to stop them but they can't; also stars John Agar as Lt. Flint Cohill, Ben Johnson as Sgt. Tyree, Harry Carey Jr. as Lt. Ross Pennell, Victor McLaglen as Sgt. Quincannon, George O'Brien as Maj. Allshard, and Joanne Dru as Cohill's babe Olivia Dandridge; does $2.7M box office. Alfred Hitchcock's Stage Fright stars Jane Wyman as drama student Eve Gill, who becomes the maid of stage star Charlotte Inwood (Marlene Dietrich) to help clear friend Richard Todd of murder charges; also stars Michael Wilding; "Hands that applaud can also kill." David Butler's The Story of Seabiscuit (Nov. 12) stars Barry Fitzgerald as trainer Shawn O'Hara, Shirley Temple as his niece Margaret, Lon McCallister as her beau jockey Ted Knowles, and Donald MacBride as Milford Farms head trainer George Carson. Compton Bennett's That Forsyte Woman (Nov. 3) (MGM), based on the John Galsworthy novels stars Errol Flynn as Soames Forsyte in a serious dramatic role for a change; Greer Garson stars as his wife Irene; does $3.697M on a $2.612M budget. Carol Reed's B&W The Third Man (Sept. 2) (London Films), a film noir written by Graham Greene stars Joseph Cotten as Am. pulp Western writer Holly Martins, Orson Welles as black market drug dealer Harry Lime, and Vienna itself, with a great Risenrad (Ferris wheel) sequence and another great underground sewer sequence; Trevor Howard plays Maj. Calloway; Alida Valli plays Anna Schmidt; does £277.5K box office in the U.K.; zither music by Alan Karas, incl. The Third Man Theme, which becomes an internat. hit in 1950; in 1999 the British Film Inst. votes it the greatest British film of all time; "I never knew the old Vienna before the war with its Strauss music, its glamour and easy charm. Constantinople suited me better. Now the city is divided into four zones, you know, each occupied by a power: the American, the British, the Russian and the French. But the centre of the city, that's international policed by an international patrol. One member of each of the four powers. Wonderful! What a hope they had! All strangers to the place and none of them could speak the same language. Except a sort of smattering of German"; "In these days, old man, nobody thinks in terms of human beings. Goverments don't, so why should we? They talk of the people and the proletariat, and I talk of the mugs. It's the same thing. They have their five year plans and so have I"; "In Italy for thirty years under the Borgias they had warfare, terror, murder, bloodshed. They produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love, five hundred years of democracy and peace, and what did they produce? The cuckoo clock"; "Calloway: Death's at the bottom of everything, Martins. Leave death to the professionals. Martins: Mind if I use that line in my next Western? Joseph Cotten as Am. writer Holly Martins, Orson Welles as black market drug dealer Harry Lime, and Vienna itself, with a great (Ferris wheel) sequence and another great underground sewer sequence; does £277.5K box office in the U.K.; "In these days, old man, nobody thinks in terms of human beings. Goverments don't, so why should we? They talk of the people and the proletariat, and I talk of the mugs. It's the same thing. They have their five year plans and so have I"; "In Italy for thirty years under the Borgias they had warfare, terror, murder, bloodshed. They produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love, five hundred years of democracy and peace, and what did they produce? The cuckoo clock." Stuart Heisler's Tulsa (Apr. 13) (Eagle-Lion Films) is about the 1920s Tulsa, Okla. oil boom, starring Susan Hayward as Cherokee Lansing and Robert Preston as Brad Brady, who fight a giant oil well fire; does $2.34M box office on a $1.16M budget. Henry King's Twelve O'Clock High (Dec. 21) stars Gregory Peck as the U.S. 8th Air Force bomber group cmdr. sent to shape it up and driving everybody to the breaking point; best-ever flying fortress movie? Alexander Mackendrick's Whisky Galore! (Tight Little Island) (June 16) (Ealing Studios) based on the 1947 Compton Mackenzie novel about a shipwreck in the Outer Hebrides that leaves 50K cases of whisky, starring Basil Radford as Capt. Paul Waggett, Joan Greenwood as Peggy Macroon, Wylie Watson (after Alastair Sim turns it down) as Joseph Macroon, James Robertson Justice as Dr. Maclaren, and Gordon Jackson as George Campbell; refilmed in 2016 by Gillies MacKinnon. Raoul Walsh's White Heat (Sept. 2) stars James Cagney in one of his best roles as psycho robber-killer Cody Jarrett, who dotes on his criminal brain mother, and dies on top of a burning oil tank while shouting "Made it, Ma! Top of the world!"; Virginia Mayo plays his moll Verna Jarrett; Edmund O'Brien plays govt. plant Fallon AKA Pardo. Plays: Ugo Betti (1892-1953), The Queen and the Rebels. Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956), The Caucasian Chalk Circle. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), Master of Arts. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Cocktail Party; stars Alec Guinness as an all-knowing pshrink. Joseph Fields (1895-1966), Anita Loos (1889-1981), Leo Robin (1900-84), and Jule Styne (1905-94), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (musical) (Ziegfield Theatre, New York) (740 perf.) (Princes Theatre, West End, London) (Aug. 20, 1962) (223 perf.); based on the 1925 novel by Anita Loos; the Broadway production stars Carol Channing as Lorelei Lee, and Yvonne Adair as Dorothy Shaw; the West end production stars Dora Bryan and Anne Hart; filmed in 1953 starring Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell. Christopher Fry (1907-2005), The Lady's Not for Burning (verse play) (Arts Theatre, West End, London) (Globe Theatre, West End, London) (Royale Theatre, West End, London) (Nov. 8); #1 (spring) of his four seasonal plays that make him a star in the 1940s-1950s; dir. by Jack Hawkins; West End production stars John Gielgud; Broadway production stars Pamela Brown, Richard Burton, and Claire Bloom; recent war veteran Thomas Mendip gets tired of the world and wants to be hanged, and hooks up with accused witch Jennet; causes British PM Margaret Thatcher to utter the 1980 soundbyte; "To those waiting with bated breath for that favorite media catchprase, the U-turn, I have only this to say: You turn if you want to; the lady's not for turning." Molly Keane (1905-96), Treasure Hunt. Jean Kerr (1922-2003) and Walter Kerr (1913-96), Touch-and-Go. Sidney Kingsley (1906-95), Detective Story. Frederick Lonsdale (1881-1954), The Way Things Go (comedy). Reginald Marsh, Four Girls and Man on Boardwalk. Arthur Miller (1915-2005), Death of a Salesman (drama) (Pulitzer Prize) (Morosco Theatre, New York) (Feb. 10) (742 perf.); 63-y.-o. has-been salesman William "Willy" Loman (Lee J. Cobb, Albert Dekker, Gene Lockhart)), his wife Linda (Mildred Dunnock), his sons Biff Loman (Arthur Kennedy) and Harold "Happy" Loman (Cameron Mitchell), his older brother Uncle Ben, his boss Howard Wagner, and wise-cracking neighbor Charley (Howard Smith); dir. by Elia Kazan; in Oct. 1953 sex bombshell Jayne Mansfield performs in a production of the play in Dallas, Tex., getting her discovered by Paramount Pictures; Happy follows in his deceased father's footsteps, and Biff doesn't; "... and there'll be noody home. We're free and clear, Willy. We're free... We're free"; filmed in 1951. Yukio Mishima (1925-70), Confessions of a Mask. Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), Cock-a-Doodle Dandy. Clifford Odets (1906-63), The Big Knife. Dorothy Parker (1893-1967), Coast of Illyria. Helmut Qualtinger (1828-86), Jugend vor den Schranken (first play) (Graz). Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Adventure Story. Lennox Robinson (1886-1958), The Lucky Finger. Richard Rodgers (1902-79), Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960) and Joshua Logan (1908-88), South Pacific (musical) (Majestic Theatre, New York) (Apr. 7) (1,925 perf.) (Pulitzer Prize); based on James A. Michener's "Tales of the South Pacific" (1948); explores racial prejudice; wins 10 Tony Awards; stars Mary Martin as cock-eyed nurse Ensign Nellie Forbush, and Ezio Pinza as her beau planter Emile de Becque; features the songs Bali Ha'i, Some Enchanted Evening, A Wonderful Guy, Happy Talk, There is Nothing Like a Dame, Younger Than Springtime, I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Dark Evening. Edward Streeter (1891-1976), Father of the Bride; bestseller; filmed in 1950 starring Spencer Tracy and Elizabeth Taylor; "No matter what Kay might have done about marriage it would not have been looked upon with any great favor by Mr. Stanley Banks." Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), Story of a Stairway (Historia de Una Escalera) (debut). Poetry: Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Complete Poems. Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000), Annie Allen (Pulitzer Prize); incl. "Notes from the Childhood and the Girlhood", "The Anniad", "Appendix to the Anniad", "The Womanhood"; first African-Am. to receive a Pulitzer Prize (Poetry). Colette (1873-1954), Le Fanal Bleu. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), By Avon River. Richard Eberhart (1904-2005), Brotherhood of Men. Gunter Eich (1907-72), Untergrundbahn. William Everson (1912-94), A Privacy of Speech. Langston Hughes (1902-67), One-Way Ticket. Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Collected Poems, 1925-1948. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), Red Wine and Yellow Hair. Kathleen Raine (1908-2003), The Pythoness. Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82), The Art of Worldly Wisdom; The Signature of All Things. Nelly Sachs (1891-1970), Sternverdunklung. Edith Sitwell (1887-1964), The Canticle of the Rose. Charles Vildrac (1882-1971), D'Apres l'Echo. Derek Walcott (1930-), Epitaph for the Young: XII Cantos. Novels: Nelson Algren (1909-81), The Man With the Golden Arm; junkie musician Frankie Machine; filmed in 1955 starring Frank Sinatra. Marguerite de Angeli, The Door in the Wall Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Les Communistes (6 vols.) (1949-67). Sholem Asch (1880-1957), Mary. Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974), Men of Corn (Hombres de Maiz). Francisco Ayala (1906-2009), The Lamb Head (La Cabeza del Cordero) (short stories); about the Spanish Civil War. Nigel Balchin (1908-70), A Sort of Traitors. H.E. Bates (1905-74), The Jacaranda Tree. Andre Billy (1882-1971), Le Narthex. Earle Birney (1904-95), Turvey; a personnel officer in the Canadian Army. Heinrich Boll (1917-85), The Train Was on Time (Der Zug War Punktlich) (first novel); Trummerliterature (lit. of the rubble) about German soldier Andreas, who takes a train from Paris to the front in Przemysl, Poland, learning about the horrors German soldiers endure, hooking up with Polish ho Olina and planning their escape to the Carpathian Mts. Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), El Aleph (short stories). Paul Bowles (1910-99), The Sheltering Sky (first novel); New Yorkers Port and Kit Moresby find out how exotic the N African desert is. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), Such Pleasure. Kay Boyle (1902-92), His Human Majesty. Leigh Brackett (1915-78), Sea-Kings of Mars (The Sword of Rhiannon); Queen of the Martian Catacombs; introduces Earth orphan Eric John Stark, who was raised on Mercury. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Kinfolk. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), The Asphalt Jungle (1949); filmed in 1950, as "The Badlanders" in 1958, as "Cairo" in 1963, as "Cool Breeze" in 1972. James Branch Cabell (1879-1958), The Devil's Own Dear Son. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), Let Love Come Last; the failure of parental discipline. Alejo Carpentier (1904-80), The Kingdom of This World (El Reino de Este Mundo); Haitian king Henri Christophe; "What is the history of Latin America but a chronicle of magic realism?" John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Below Suspicion; A Graveyard to Let. Joyce Cary (1888-1957), A Fearful Joy. Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961), Casse-pipe. Raymond Chandler (1888-1959), The Little Sister; 5th Philip Marlowe novel. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Crooked House (Mar.); her personal favorite along with "Ordeal by Innocence" (1958). Walter Van Tilburg Clark (1909-71), The Track of the Cat; about the hunting of a marauding mountain lion in snowy Nev.; filmed in 1954 by William A. Wellman starring Robert Mitchum and Teresa Wright. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), Two Worlds and Their Ways. Harold Lenoir Davis (1896-1960), Beulah Land. R.F. Delderfield (1912-72), Seven Men of Gascony. Oliver La Farge (1901-63), The Eagle in the Egg. James T. Farrell (1904-79), The Road Between. Shelby Foote (1916-2005), Tournament (first novel). Pamela Frankau (1908-67), The Willow Cabin. Romain Gary (1914-80), Le Grand Vestiaire (The Company of Men). Louis Golding (1895-1958), Honey for the Ghost. Paul Goodman (1911-72), The Break-Up of Our Camp and Other Stories. William Goyen (1915-83), The House of Breath (first novel). Winston Graham (1908-2003), Cordelia. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), The Islands (Isles) of Unwisdom; Seven Days in New Crete (Watch the North Wind Rise); a society in the future has no war or hunger, and worships cruel goddess Mari until Edward Venn-Thomas teleports in and disrupts things. Graham Greene (1904-91), The Third Man; filmed in 1949. A.B. Guthrie Jr. (1901-91), The Way West (Pulitzer Prize); sequel to "The Big Sky" (1947). L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), The Boat. John Hawkes (1925-98), The Cannibal (first novel). Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), The Proud Servant: A Story of Montrose. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), The Philistines. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887-1956), Happy Tree. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), As Tall as Pride. Margaret Landon (1903-93), Never Dies the Dream. Tom Lea (1907-2001), The Brave Bulls (Toros Bravos) (first novel); bull raisers in Las Astas (really La Punta) ranch in E Jalisco, Mexico, and Luis Bello, "the Swordsman of Guerreras", greatest matador in Mexico, who turns chicken after his mgr. Raul Fuentes and mistress Linda de Calderon are killed in a car crash after sneaking off to hook up. Doris Lessing (1919-2013), The Grass is Singing (first novel). Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), The God-Seeker; Aaron Gadd rescues runaway slaves in pre-Civil War St. Paul. Eric Linklater (1899-1974), A Spell for Old Bones; The Pirates in the Deep Green Sea. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), Rest and Be Thankful. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), By Auction; Her Ladyship. Curzio Malaparte (1898-1957), The Skin; the U.S. armed forces in Italy in 1943-5; placed on the Prohibited Index by the Roman Catholic Church. Walter de la Mare (1873-1956), Collected Tales (short stories). John P. Marquand (1893-1960), Point of No Return. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), To Every Man a Penny. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Cutlass Empire; Dardanelles Derelict. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), Quartet (short stories). Mary McCarthy (1912-89), The Oasis. William McFee (1881-1966), Family Trouble. Shepherd Mead (1914-94), Magnificent MacInnes (first novel). Kenneth Millar (Ross Macdonald) (1915-83), The Moving Target; introduces detective Lew Archer, named after Lew Wallace and Sam Spade's partner Miles Archer; first of 18 novels; filmed in 1966 as "Harper" starring Paul Newman; set in Santa Teresa (really Santa Barbara), Calif. Nancy Mitford (1904-73), Love in a Cold Climate; satire of British aristocracy in the 1920s-1930s; Fanny likes to wear Schiaparelli fashions with the label on the outside. Nicholas Monsarrat (1910-79), H.M.S. Marlborough Will Enter Harbour (short stories). Alberto Moravia (1907-90), The Conjugal Love. Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), The River Line; escaped British POWs in France in WWII. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The River Journey. Howard Nemerov (1920-91), The Melodramatists. John O'Hara (1905-70), A Rage to Live. George Orwell (1903-50), 1984 (Nineteen Eighty-Four) (June 8); original title "The Last Man in Europe"; "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen" (first line); the terror of a post-apocalyptic truly totalitarian hi-tech society; Winston Smith, his babe Julia and the Ministry of Truth; introduces Oceania and its Thought Police and Newspeak, and terms incl. "doublespeak" and "doublethink" into the world vocabulary, along with mass slogans "Ignorance is Strength", "War is Peace", and "Freedom is Slavery"; "Football, beer and above all gambling filled up the horizon of their minds. To keep them in control was not difficult"; "There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always - do not forget this, Winston - always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face - forever. War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking into the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, too intelligent"; "Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thought-crime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Every concept that can ever be needed will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly defined and all its subsidiary meanings rubbed out and forgotten... The process will still be continuing long after you and I are dead. Every year fewer and fewer words, and the range of consciousness always a little smaller. Even now, of course, there's no reason or excuse for committing thought-crime. It's merely a question of self-discipline, reality-control. But in the end there won't be any need even for that.... Has it ever occurred to you, Winston, that by the year 2050, at the very latest, not a single human being will be alive who could understand such a conversation as we are having now?"; "Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street building renamed, every date has been altered. And the process is continuing day by day and minute by minute. History has stopped. Nothing exists except the endless present in which the Party is always right"; "The Party told you to reject the evidence of your eyes and ears. It was their final, most essential command"; "To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone - to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone: From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, from the age of Big Brother, from the age of doublethink - greetings!" Martha Ostenso (1900-63), The Sunset Tree. Charles Fulton Oursler (1893-1952), The Greatest Story Ever Told; bio. of Jesus Christ; NYT bestseller for 7 mo. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), The Grand Design; #3 of the District of Columbia Trilogy. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), My Old Kentucky Home. Harold Robbins (1916-97), The Dream Merchants; about Hollyweird. Robert Ruark (1915-65), I Didn't Know It Was Loaded. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), The Gamester. William Sansom (1912-76), The Body (first novel). Jack Schaefer (1907-91), Shane; filmed in 1955. Dodie Smith (1896-1990), I Capture the Castle (first novel); about teenie Cassandra Mortmain and her eccentric family, who live in genteel poverty in a decaying castle in the 1930s; turned into a play in 1954, and filmed in 2003. C.P. Snow (1905-80), Time of Hope; Strangers and Brothers #3. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), The Land of Little Horses; The Man in Armour (last novel). George R. Stewart (1895-1980), Earth Abides; post-apocalyptic sci-fi novel about Isherwood "Ish" Williams, Emma, and the community they found in Berkeley, Calif. after civilization is destroyed by a plague; wins the first Internat. Fantasy Award in 1951. Irving Stone (1903-89), The Passionate Journey; about Wild West painter John "Wichita Bill" Noble (1874-1934). Rex Todhunter Stout (1886-1975), The Second Confession; anti-Communist. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Doctor's Wife Comes to Stay. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), Captain Shigemoto's Mother. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), A Wreath of Roses. Josephine Tey (1896-1952), Brat Farrar (Come and Kill Me); based on the Tichborne Claimant; filmed in 1963 as "Paranoiac". Jim Thompson (1906-77), Nothing More Than Murder. Morton Thompson (1907-53), The Cry and the Covenant (first novel); Hungarian physician Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis (1818-65) and his fight to make doctors clean up their act with hygiene. Gore Vidal (1925-2012), The Season of Comfort. Mika Waltari (1908-79), A Nail Merchant Nightfall; The Wanderer (The Sultan'a Renegade); Finnish man Mikael Karvajalka converts to Islam and rises high in the court of Suleiman the Magnificent. Eudora Welty (1909-2001), The Golden Apples. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Rising Storm; Robert Brook; The Seven Ages of Justerinis. Jack Williamson (1908-2006), Seetee Shock; #1 in the Seetee series (1949-71), about space miners and their attempts to harvest asteroids composed of contraterrene matter (antimatter). Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), Pride's Castle; Pride Dawson in 1870s New York City. Samuel Youd (1922-2012), The Winter Swan (first novel). Births: Canadian poet-novelist-writer Douglas George Fetherling on Jan. 1 in Wheeling, W. Va.; emigrates to Canada in 1967; goes by the name Doug until 2001, then changes to George to honor his late father. Am. "Sister Mary Ignatius Explains It All For You" playwright (gay) (ex-Roman Catholic) Christopher Ferdinand Durang on Jan. 2 in Montclair, N.J.; educated at Harvard U. Am. journalist James R. "Jim" Lobe on Jan. 4 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at Williams College, and UCB. Am. R&B musician (black) George "Funky" Brown (Kool and the Gang) on Jan. 5 in Jersey City, N.J. Chinese Haier Group CEO Zhang Ruimin on Jan. 5 in Laizhou, Shandong. Am. "Goodbye, Little Rock and Roller" country music singer-songwriter Marshall Chapman on Jan. 7 in Spartanburg, S.C. Am. "Capt. Adam Fuller in 21 Jump Street", "Mr. X in The X-Files", "Trooper Mount in The Blues Brothers" actor (black) Steven Williams on Jan. 7 in Kingsport, Tenn. Am. "Kate Tanner in ALF" actress Luanne Ruth "Anne" Scheede on Jan. 8 in Portland, Ore. Am. "Down goes Frazier!" world heavyweight boxing champ (1973-4, 1994-8) (black) "Big" George Edward Foreman on Jan. 10 in Marshall, Tex. Am. "Into the Woods", "Sunday in the Park with George", "Falsettos" playwright-librettist-dir. James Elliot Lapine on Jan. 10 in Mansfield, Ohio; educated at Franklin and Marshall College; collaborator of Stephen Sondheim (1930-) and William Finn (1952-). Am. 5'8" "Deep Throat" porno star and anti-porno activist (Christian) Linda Lovelace (Linda Susan Boreman) (d. 2002) on Jan. 10 in Bronx, N.Y.; wife (1971-4) of Chuck Traynor and (1974-96) Larry Marchiano. Indonesian serial murderer Ahmad Suradji (d. 2008) (AKA Nasib Kelewang, Datuk) on Jan. 10 in Medan. Welsh rock drummer Terence "Terry" Williams (Dire Straits, B.B. King, Bob Dylan) on Jan. 11 in Swansea. Am. Olympic rower James W. Dietz on Jan. 12 in New York City. Japanese "Trilogy of the Rat" novelist Haruki Murakami on Jan. 12 in Kyoto: "This may be the most important proposition revealed by history: 'At the time, no one knew what was coming.'" Indian astronaut (first Indian in space) Rakesh Sharma on Jan. 13 in Patiala, Punjab. Am. actor-dir.-writer-producer (Jewish) Lawrence Kasdan on Jan. 14 in Miami, Fla. U.S. White House Chief of Staff #20 (1998-2001) (Center for Am. Progress founder) John David Podesta on Jan. 15 in Chicago, Ill.; Italian-Am. father, Greek-Am. mother; educated at Georgetown U. Am. "Saturday Night Live", "Man on the Moon", "Latka Gravas in Taxi" comedian (Jewish) Andrew Geoffrey "Andy" Kaufman (d. 1984) on Jan. 17 in New York City. English rock musician Michael Kevin "Mick" Taylor (John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones) on Jan. 17 in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Am. New York Times executive ed. (2003-) Bill Keller on Jan. 18. English "Addicted to Love", "Simply Irresistible" singer-songwriter Robert Allen Palmer (d. 2003) (Power Station) on Jan. 19 in Batley, Yorkshire. Am. "Kiss You All Over" singer James Preston "J.P." Pennington (Exile) on Jan. 22 in Berea, Ky. Am. "Don't Stop Believing" singer-songwriter Stephen Ray "Steve" Perry (Journey) on Jan. 22 in Hanford, Calif.; Portuguese immigrant parents. Am. "John Bluto Blutarsky in Animal House", "Joliet Jake Blues in The Blues Brothers" actor-comedian John Adam Belushi (d. 1982) on Jan. 24 in Chicago, Ill.; Albanian immigrant father; brother of Jim Belushi (1954-). English cell biologist Sir Paul Maxime Nurse on Jan. 25; raised by his maternal grandmother while his mother pretends to be his nurse, er, sister; educated at the U. of Birmingham, and the U. of East Anglia; 2001 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Edward R. Murrow in Good Night, and Good Luck", "Dr. Lee Rosen in Alphas", "CIA Deputy Dir. Noah Vosen in The Bourne Ultimatum" actor David Russell Strathairn on Jan. 26 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at Williams College; known for appearing in films dir. by John Sayles. Am. physician Peter Agre on Jan. 30 in Northfield, Minn.; educated at Johns Hopkins U.; 2003 Nobel Chem. Prize. South African "Shaka Zulu" actor and soccer player (black) Henry Cele (d. 2007) (pr. tskaylay) on Jan. 30 in Durban. Am. Integral Theory New Age writer Kenneth Earl "Ken" Wilber II on Jan. 31 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; educated at Duke U., and the U. of Neb. Am. "Data in Star Trek: TNG" actor Brent Jay Spiner on Feb. 2 in Houston, Tex. Am. rock bassist Ross Lamont Valory (Journey) on Feb. 2 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. "Swan in The Warriors" actor Michael Beck (John Michael Beck Taylor) on Feb. 4 in Memphis, Tenn. Spanish tennis player Manuel Orantes Corral on Feb. 5 in Granada. Irish "My Left Foot", "In the Name of the Father" film producer-dir.-writer Jim Sheridan on Feb. 6 in Dublin. English rock bassist-songwriter Alan Charles Lancaster (Status Quo) on Feb. 7 in Peckham, London. Am. "Alexandra Lopez de Pulido in Cuba" actress Brooke Adams on Feb. 8 in New York City; sister of Lynne Adams (1946-); wife (1992-) of Tony Shalhoub (1953-); descendant of Pres. John Adams and Pres. John Quincy Adams. Am. folk singer Eddy Merle Watson (d. 1985) on Feb. 8 in ?; son of Doc Watson (1923-2012) and Rosa Lee Carlton, daughter of Gaither Carlton; named after Merle Travis. Am. "Angela Bower in Who's the Boss?", "Claire Meade in Ugly Betty" actress (Jewish) Judith Light (Judith Ellen Licht) on Feb. 9 in Trenton, N.J. Am. football QB-coach (Cincinnati Bengals) Kenneth Allan "Ken" Anderson on Feb. 15 in Batavia, Ill. Kiwi Labour MP (2002-) (first Muslim) (Sunni Muslim) Ashraf Choudhary on Feb. 15 in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Am. Green River Killer serial murderer Gary Leon Ridgway on Feb. 18 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Am. "Cover Up", "Bare Essence" actress-model-writer and Christian minister Jennifer O'Neill on Feb. 20 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am. model-celeb Ivana Marie Trump (nee Zelnickova) on Feb. 20 in Gotwaldov, Moravia, Czech.; wife (1977-92) of Donald Trump (1946-); mother of Donald Trump Jr. (1977-), Ivanka Trump (1981-), and Eric Trump (1984-). Am. rock musician Jeremiah Griffin "Jerry" Harrison (Modern Lovers, Talking Heads) on Feb. 21 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "The Secret of Letting Go" New Age writer Guy Finley on Feb. 22 in Los Angeles, Calif.; student of Vernon Howard (1918-92). Austrian auto racer-aviator ("the Computer") Andreas Nikolaus "Niki" Lauda on Feb. 22 in Vienna; son of a rich paper manufacturer. Canadian astronaut (first) Joseph Jean-Pierre Marc Garneau on Feb. 23 in Quebec City. Am. "Agnes of God" playwright John Pielmeier on Feb. 23 in Altoona, Penn.; educated at Penn. State U. Am. wrestler ("the Nature Boy") Ric Flair (Richard Morgan Fliehr) on Feb. 25 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "Deep Thoughts" humorist Jack Handey on Feb. 25 in San Antonio, Tex.; educated at UTEP. Am. "Inspector Lynley" mystery novelist Susan Elizabeth George on Feb. 26 in Warren, Ohio; not to be confused with English actress Susan George (1950-). Am. "Marsha Owens in Mr. Belvedere" actress Ilene Graff on Feb. 28 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Ithaca College. Saudi ambassador Prince Bandar bin Sultan bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud on Mar. 2 in Taif; son of crown prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz (1926-). Am. "Beverly Crusher in Star Trek: TNG" actress Cheryl Gates McFadden on Mar. 2 in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Am. "The House of Morgan" writer-journalist-historian-biographer (Jewish) Ronald "Ron" Chernow on Mar. 3 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Yale U., and Cambirdge U. Am. "Rosie Carver in Live and Let Die" actress (black) Gloria Hendry on Mar. 3 in Jacksnville (Winter Haven?), Fla.; grows up in Newark, N.J. French billionaire (richest person in France) Bernard Jean Etienne Arnault on Mar. 5 in Roubaix. Japanese singer Mariko Takahashi on Mar. 6 in Hiroshima. Am. "Lauralee Lorie Brooks in The Young and the Restless" actress Jaime Lyn Bauer (Norma Narvhne Bauer) on Mar. 9 in Phoenix, Ariz. Am. "Inside Politics" TV host Mary Alice Williams on Mar. 12 in Minneapolis, Minn. Am. "Francis Frank Ponch Poncherello" in CHiPS" actor Henry Enrique "Erik" Estrada on Mar. 16 in East Harlem, Manhattan, N.Y.; of Puerto Rican descent. Am. "Bobby Ewing in Dallas", "Frank Lambert in Step by Step" actor (Buddhist) Patrick G. Duffy on Mar. 17 in Townsend, Mont.; of Roman Catholic Irish descent. Am. "Sing It!" blues singer-musician Marcia Ball (Freda and the Firedogs) on Mar. 20 in Orange, Tex.; educated at La. State U. Am. "Baby Hold On", "Two Tickets to Paradise" singer Eddie Money (Edward Joseph Mahoney) (d. 2019) on Mar. 21 in New York City. Slovenian "The Sublime Object of Ideology" philosopher (Marxist) (atheist) Slavoj Zizek (Slavoj Žižek) on Mar. 21 in Ljubljana; educated at the U. of Ljubljana. French "The Woman Next Door" actress Fanny Marguerite Judith Ardant on Mar. 22 in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire; grows up in Monaco; hooks up with Francois Truffaut from 1981-4. Am. "Goldy Schulz" mystery novelist Diane Mott Davidson on Mar. 22. Am. "My Best Friend's Girl" singer-producer Ric Ocasek (Richard Theodore Otcasek) (d. 2019) (The Cars) on Mar. 23 in Baltimore, Md.; of Czech descent; husband (1989-) of Paulina Porizkova (1965-). Am. novelist Tabitha Jane King (nee Spruce) on Mar. 24 in Old Town, Maine.; wife (1971-) of Stephen King (1947-).; mother of Joe Hill (1972-) and Owen King (1977-). English "Cruel to Be Kind" rock singer-songwriter-producer Nicholas Drain "Nick" Lowe on Mar. 24 in Walton-on-Thames. Iranian foreign minister (2010-) Ali Akbar Salehi on Mar. 24 in Karbala. Am. "The Race Beat" journalist Hank Klibanoff on Mar. 26 in Florence, Ala.; educated at Washington U. in St. Louis, and Northwestern U.; student of Howard Nemerov (1920-91). Am. "Thelma Harper in Mama's Family", "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia" actress Vicki Ann Lawrence (nee Axelrad) on Mar. 26 in Inglewood, Calif.; wife (1972-4) of Bobby Russell (1940-92) and (1974-) Al Schultz. German "Perfume" novelist-playwright Patrick Suskind on Mar. 26 in Ambach, Bavaria. Am. Olympic sprinter (black) Ronald "Ronnie" Ray Smith (d. 2013) on Mar. 28 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at San Jose State College. Am. geneticist Michael Warren Young on Mar. 28 in Miami, Fla.; educated at UTA; 2017 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. economist Harvey S. Rosen on Mar. 29 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Mich., and Harvard U. Am. singer (in England) Lene Lovich (Lili-Marlene Premilovich) (The Diversions) on Mar. 30 in Detroit, Mich.; Serbian father, English mother; moves to England at age 13. Am. "Car Talk" TV host Ray Magliozzi on Mar. 30 in Cambridge, Mass.; brother of Tom Magliozzi (1937-). Am. political lobbyist Paul J. Manafort on Apr. 1 in New Britain, Conn.; educated at Georgetown U. Am. "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" poet-writer-musician (black) ("Godfather of Rap") ("the Black Bob Dylan") Gilbert "Gill" Scott-Heron (d. 2011) on Apr. 1 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Lincoln U. Am. "Arnold Horshack in Welcome Back, Kotter" actor Ronald Gabriel "Ron" Palillo on Apr. 2 in Cheshire, Conn.; educated at Fairfield U. Am. rock drummer David Robinson (Cars) on Apr. 2 in Woburn, Mass. Am. football player (Green Bay Pakers, St. Louis Cardinals) Garry Don "Donny" Anderson on Apr. 3 in Borger, Tex. English folk rock guitarist Richard John Thompson on Apr. 3 in Notting Hill Gate, London; husband (-1982) of Linda Thompson (1947-); no connection with the Thompson Twins. Am. astronaut (Jewish) Judith Arlene Resnik (d. 1986) on Apr. 5 in Akron, Ohio; first Jewish-Am., first Jewish woman, and 2nd Jew in space (Boris Volynov of the Soviet Union); educated at Carnegie Mellon U. and the U. of Md. French "Born To Be Alive" singer Patrick Hernandez on Apr. 6 in Le Blanc-Mesnil, Seine-Saint-Denis; Spanish father, Austrian-Italian mother. German physicist Horst Ludwig Stormer (Störmer) on Apr. 6 in Frankfurt am Main; 1998 Nobel Physics Prize. Brazilian mathematician Celso Jose da Costa on Apr. 7 in Congonhinhas; educated at IMPA. Am. "Maneater" singer-songwriter John William Oates (Hall & Oates) on Apr. 7 in New York City; English-Moorish descent father, Italian immigrant mother; grows up in North Wales (near Philadelphia), Penn. collaborator of Daryl Hall (1949-). Am. "Presumed Innocent" novelist Scott Turow on Apr. 12 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Amherst College, Stanford U., and Harvard U. Am. writer-journalist-critic (atheist) Christopher Eric Hitchens (d. 2011) on Apr. 13 in Portsmouth, England; brother of Peter Hitchens (1951-); educated at Balliol College, Oxford U.; starts out Marxist then slides to the right, praising Tom Paine and Thomas Jefferson, and supporting the U.S. Iraq War, becoming a foe of Islamic fascism; becomes U.S. citizen in 2007. Am. auto racer Geoffrey Eli "Geoff" Bodine on Apr. 18 in Chemung, N.Y. Finnish economist Bengt Robert Holmstrom (Holmström) on Apr. 18 Helsinki; educated at the U. of Helsinki, and Stanford U.; 2016 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Lex Luthor in Lois & Clark" actor-dir. John Victor Shea III on Apr. 14 in North Conway, N.H.; educated at Yale U. Am. "Wrangler Jane in F-Troop" actress Melody Patterson on Apr. 16 in Inglewood, Calif. Am. auto racer Geoff Bodine on Apr. 18 in Chemung, N.Y.; brother of Brett Bodine (1959-). French-Spanish fashion designer Paloma Picasso on Apr. 19 in Vallauris, France; youngest daughter of Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Francoise Gilot (1921-). Am. lawn chair pilot Lawrence Richard "Lawnchair Larry" Waters (d. 1993) on Apr. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Violet Rutherford in Leave it to Beaver" actress Veronica A. Cartwright on Apr. 20 in Bristol, England; sister of Angela Cartwright (1952-). Am. "Dwan in King Kong", "Frances Farmer in Frances" actress Jessica Phyllis Lange on Apr. 20 in Cloquet, Minn.; German-Dutch descent father, Finnish descent mother. Am. "Eva Peron in Evita", "Fantine in Les Miserables" singer-actress Patti LuPone on Apr. 21 in Northport, N.Y. Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (Denver Rockets #24, 1969-70) (Seattle SuperSonics #24, 1970-5) (New York Knicks #42, 1975-9) (New Orleans Jazz 24, 1979) (Los Angeles Lakers 31, 1979-80) (Washington Bullets #24, 1981-3) Spencer Haywood on Apr. 22 in Silver City, Miss.; educated at the U. of Detroit; husband (1978-87) of Iman (1955-); first to play in the NBA without graduating from college after causing the Spencer Haywood Rule. Am. "Funkytown" singer (black) Cynthia Maria Johnson (Lipps Inc.) on Apr. 22; educated at the U. of Minn.; 1976 Miss Black Minn. Am. "Janet Wood in Three's Company" actress Joyce Anne DeWitt on Apr. 23 in Wheeling, W. Va.; educated at Ball State U., and UCLA; paints houses while attending UCLA, causing a false rumor that she painted Abe Vigoda's garage doors. French Socialist economist-politician and dir. #10 of the IMF (2007-11) (Jewish) Dominique Gaston Andre Strauss-Kahn on Apr. 25 in Neuilly-sur-Seine; Alsatian Jewish father, Sephardic Jewish mother; "Metternich with a BlackBerry" (Simon Johnson). Am. "Kalifornia", "Gone in 60 Seconds" dir. Dominic Sena on Apr. 26 in Niles, Ohio. French "L'Espoir en contrebande" leftist activist-novelist Didier Daeninckx on Apr. 27 in Saint-Denis; of Belgian descent. Am. "Capt. James 'Jim' Brass in CSI" actor Paul Guilfoyle on Apr. 28 in Canton, Mass.; no relation to actor Paul Guilfoyle (1902-61); educated at Yale U. Am. "City Slickers", "When Harry Met Sally" actor Bruno Kirby (Bruno Giovanni Quidaciolu Jr.) (d. 2006) on Apr. 28 in New York City. Am. "Six Days of the Condor" novelist James Grady on Apr. 30 in Mont.; educated at the U. of Mont.; father of Rachel Grady. U.N. secy.-gen. #9 (2017) and Socialist PM #114 (1995-2002) Antonio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on Apr. 30 in Lisbon. English "Waterland", "Last Orders" novelist-poet Graham Colin Swift on May 4 in London; educated at Dulwich College, Queen's College, Cambridge U., and U. of York. Am. "Guard Woodruff in National Treasure" actor (black) Ronald Ellis "Ron" Canada on May 3 in New York City. Am. chef (in Britain) Ken Hom on May 3 in Tucson, Ariz.; grows up in Chicago, Ill.; educated at UCB. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Tanya Falan (Tanya Welk Roberts) (nee Falappino) on May 4 in Glendale, Calif.; wife (1968-79) of Lawrence Welk Jr. Soviet cosmonaut Oleg Yuryevich Atkov on May 5 in Khvorostyanka, Kuybyshev Oblast. English "Rap Attack", "Ocean of Sound" musician-writer David Toop (Flying Lizards) on May 5. Am. astronaut David Cornell Leestma on May 6 in Muskegon, Mich. German "The Neglected Sun" chemist-politician Fritz Vahrenholt on May 8 in Gelsenkirchen-Buer; educated at the U. of Munster. Am. "Piano Man" singer (Jewish) William Martin "Billy" Joel on May 9 in Bronx, N.Y.; German Jewish immigrant father, English Jewish immigrant mother; raised in Levittown, Hicksville, N.Y. - definitely not uptown? Italian fashion designer Miuccia (Maria) Bianchi Prada on May 10 in Milan; granddaughter of Mario Prada (1958-). Am. judge (black) Janice Rogers Brown on May 11 in Greenville, Ala.; educated at Cal State Sacramento, UCLA, and U. of Va. Am. "Freedom's Power: The True Force of Liberalism" liberal sociologist Paul Starr on May 12; educated at Columbia U., and Harvard U. Kiwi-British physicist Michael Joseph Kelly on May 14 in Plymouth, New Zealand; educated at Victoria U. of Wellington. English rock drummer William Scott "Bill" Bruford (Yes) on May 17 in Sevenoaks, Kent. Am. "98.6" singer Keith (Barry James Keefer) on May 17 in Philadelphia, Penn.; changes his name to Bazza Keefer in memory of his mother in 1988. English rock musician Richard Christopher "Rick" Wakeman (Yes) on May 18 in Perivale, London. Am. rock bassist Joseph Michael "Dusty" Hill (ZZ Top) on May 19 in Dallas, Tex. Am. "Magic Tree House" children's writer Mary Pope Osborne on May 20 in Fort Sill, Okla. U.S. Rep. (D-W. Va.) (1977-2015) Nick Joe Rahall II on May 20 in Beckley, W. Va.; of Protestant Lebanese descent via Lebanese immigrant grandparents; educated at Duke U., and George Washington U. Am. "I Know What Boys Like" musician-songwriter Chris Butler (Waitresses) on May 22 in Ohio; educated at Kent State U.; fired upon by the Ohio Nat. Guard on May 4, 1970. English "Jennie Liddell in Chariots of Fire" actress Cheryl Campbell on May 22 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. English "The Crying Game", "Iris" actor James "Jim" Broadbent on May 24 in Lincoln. Am. "Lucy" novelist (black) Jamaica Kincaid (Elaine Cynthia Potter Richardson) on May 25 in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda; emigrates to the U.S. in 1965. Am. "The Day Diana Died" writer-journalist Christopher Peter Andersen on May 26; educated at UCB. British Labour Party leader (Dem. Socialist) Jeremy Bernard Corbyn on May 26 in Chippenham, Wiltshire. Am. "Foxy Brown", "Jackie Brown" actress (black) Pamela Suzette "Pam" Grier on May 26 in Winston-Salem, N.C.; cousin of Rosey Grier (1932-); African-Am., Euro and Asian ancestry; grows up in Denver, Colo. Am. "Monday Night Football" country singer (alcoholic) Hank "Bocephus" Williams Jr. (Randall Hank Williams) on May 26; son of Hank Williams (1923-53) and Audrey Williams (1923-75); half-brother of singer Jett Williams (1953-); nicknamed after the ventriloquist dummy of Rod Brasfield (1910-58); father of Hank Williams III, and Holly Williams; starts out as a Hank Williams impersonator at age 8. Am. "Ricardo Tubbs in Miami Vice" actor-musician (black) Philip Michael Thomas on May 26 in Columbus, Ohio; African-Am., Native Am., German and Irish ancestry. Am. Boston Beer Co. brewer James "Jim" Koch on May 27; educated at Harvard U. Am. puck rock singer (vegetarian) ("Queen of Shock Rock") Wendy Orleans Williams (d. 1998) (Plastmatics) on May 28 in Webster, N.Y. Am. "Digimon", "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" voice actor Robert Axelrod (AKA Axel Roberts) on May 29 in New York City; of Russian descent. English rock musician Francis Dominic Nicholas Michael Rossi (Status Quo) on May 29 in Forest Hill, London. Am. rock bassist Klaus Fluoride (Geoffrey Lyall) (Dead Kennedys) on May 30 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "SSgt. Barnes in Platoon", "Gen. James Longstreet in Gettysburg" actor Tom Berenger (Thomas Michael Moore) on May 31 in South Chicago, Ill.; of Irish Roman Catholic descent; educated at the U. of Mo. Am. Heritage Foundation pres. #6 (2018-) (black) Kay Coles James (nee Madeline Kay Coles) on June 1 in Portsmouth, Va.; educated at Hampton U., and Pepperdine U. Am. historian Alan Brinkley on June 2 in Washington, D.C.; son of David Brinkley (1920-2003); educated at Princeton U., and Harvard U. Welsh "Eye of the Needle", "Pillars of the Earth" novelist Ken Follett on June 5 in Cardiff; moves to London at age 10; educated at Univ. College London; sells 100M novels. Am. "Freddie Kruger in A Nightmare on Elm Street" actor Robert Englund on June 6 in Glendale, Calif. Russian pianist Emanuel Ax on June 8 in Lvov, Ukraine. Am. "Toby Tyler, or Ten Weeks in a Circus", "Old Yeller", "Polyanna" actor-dir.-producer Kevin Anthony "Moochie" Corcoran on June 10 in Santa Monica, Calif.; screen brother of Tommy Kirk (1941-); brother of Donna Corcoran (1942-), Noreen Corcoran (1943-), Kelly Corcoran (1958-2002), Brian Corcoran, Hugh Corcoran, and Bill Corcoran Jr. (-2007). Am. rock drummer Frank Lee Beard (ZZ Top) on June 11 in Frankston, Tex. British (Welsh) auto racer Thomas Maldwyn "Tom" Price (d. 1977) on June 11 in Ruthin, Denbighshire; first Welsh driver to win a Formula One race (until ?). English rock bassist-singer John Kenneth Wetton (Family, King Crimson, Asia) on June 12 in Willington, Derbyshire. Am. Visicalc programmer (Jewish) Robert M. "Bob" Frankston on June 14 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at MIT; collaborator of Dan Bricklin (1951-). Am. baseball player-mgr. (black) (Cincinnati Reds, 2007-) Johnnie B. "Dusty" Baker Jr. on June 15 in Riverside, Calif. Australian singer Russell Hitchcock (Air Supply) on June 15 in Melbourne; collaborator of Graham Russell (1950-). Am. "Jumanji", "The Polar Express" children's writer Chris Van Allsburg on June 18 in East Grand Rapids, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. U.S. Rep. (D-N.Y.) (2009-) Paul David Tonko on June 18 in Amsterdam (near Schenectady), NY.; of Polish descent; educated at Clarkson U. Am. "The Guns of the South" novelist Harry Norman Turtledove on June 19 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCLA. English rock drummer Alan White (Yes) on June 14 in Pelton, Durham. Am. "Ernest P. Worrell" actor James Albert "Jim" Varney Jr. (d. 2000) on June 15 in Lexington, Ky.; claims to descent from Sir Edmund Verney, knight marshal to Charles I. Polish pres. (2005-10) Lech Aleksander Kaczynski (d. 2010) on June 18 in Zoliborz, Warsaw; his twin brother Jaroslaw Kaczynski stars with him in the 1962 Polish film "The Two Who Stole the Moon", and ends up as leader of the Law and Justice Party, becoming PM in 2006-7. Australian "Sirens", "Wide Sargasso Sea" dir.-writer-actor John Duigan on June 19 in Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, England; Australian father; emigrates to Australia in 1961. Am. "All Night Long" R&B singer (black) ("the black Barry Manilow") Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. (Commodores) on June 20 in Tuskegee, Ala.; foster father of Nicole Richie (1981-). Am. Southern rock bassist Larry Junstrom (Lynyrd Skynyrd) on June 22. Am. Qwest CEO (1997-2002) Joseph P. "Joe" Nacchio on June 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at NYU, and MIT. Am. "Sophie's Choice" actress Meryl (Mary Louise) Streep on June 22 in Summit, N.J.; mother of Mamie Gummer (1984-); educated at Vassar College, Dartmouth College, and Yale U. Am. "Jaime Sommers the Bionic Woman" actress Lindsay Jean Wagner on June 22 in Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. Sen. (D-Mass.) (2013-) Elizabeth Ann Warren (nee Herring) on June 22 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; educated at George Washington U., U. of Houston, and Rutgers U. English environmental writer John Elkington on June 23 in Padworth, Berkshire; educated at Univ. College London; coiner of the terms "green growth", "green consumer", and "triple bottom line". English rock bassist John Illsley (Dire Straits) on June 24 in Leicester. Am. actress (Miss America 1971) Phyllis Ann George (d. 2020) on June 25 in Denton, Tex.; educated at North Tex. State U. Am. historian Richard Allen Landes on June 26; coiner of the term "Pallywood". Am. fashion designer Vera Ellen Wang on June 27 in New York City; Chinese immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Paris, and Sarah Lawrence College; starts out as a figure skater; known for wedding gowns. Am. football offensive tackle (St. Louis Cardinals #72, 1971-83) Daniel Lee "Dan" Dierdorf on June 29 in Canton, Ohio; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. actor-dir. Richard Anthony Marion (d. 1999) on July 1; son of Charles R. Marion (1914-80) and Elena Verdugo (1926-). Am. 6'7" basketball player (black) (Detroit Pistons #18, 1971-6) (Boston Celtics #41, 1976-9) Curtis Rowe Jr. on July 2 in Bessemer, Ala.; educated at UCLA. Am. celeb atty. Mary Elizabeth Anania Edwards (d. 2010) on July 3 in Jacksonville, Fla.; wife (1977-) of John Edwards (1953-); educated at the U. of N.C. Am. "Bailey Quarters in WKRP in Cincinnati" actress Karin Jan Smithers on July 3 in Woodland Hills, Calif. Chinese politician Bo Xilai on July 3 in Beiping; son of Bo Yibo (1908-2007); educated at Peking U. Am. "Wendy in The Shining", "Olive Oyl in Popeye" actress Shelley Alexis Duvall on July 7 in Houston, Tex. Austrian-Am. chef Wolfgang Johannes Puck (Topfschnig) on July 8 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria. English "So You Think You Can Dance" dancer-choreographer-dir. Nigel Lythgoe on July 9 in Wallasey, Merseyside, Cheshire. Am. "Our Love's in Jeopardy" singer Greg Kihn (Greg Kihn Band) on July 10 in Baltimore, Md. Am. musician David Bruce "Dave" Smalley (The Raspberries) on July 10 in Oil City, Penn.; grows up in Cleveland, Ohio. Finnish track star Lasse Viren on July 12 in Myrskyla. Am. novelist Daniel Serafin "D.S." Lliteras on July 13 in Bronx, N.Y.; Puerto Rican immigrant parents; educated at Florida State U. Am. Casablanca Records, Sony Music Entertainment record exec Thomas Daniel "Tommy" Mottola on July 24 in Bronx, N.Y.; husband (1971-90) of Lisa Clark, (1993-8) Maria Carey (1969-), and (2000-) Thalia (1971-). South African "Shaka Zulu" dir. William C. Faure (d. 1994) on July 15. Am. "Empire Falls" novelist Richard Russo on July 15 in Johnstown, N.Y. English rock bassist Terry Michael Joseph "Geezer" Butler (Black Sabbath) on July 17 in Birmingham; schoolmates with Ozzy Osbourne. Am. musician Wallace Carter "Wally" Bryson (The Raspberries) on July 18 in Gastonia, N.C. South African pres. 2008-9) (black) Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe on July 19 in Boksburg, Transvaal. Danish physical geographer Ole Humlum on July 21 in Jylland; educated at the U. of Copenhagen. Dubai PM (2006-) and vice-pres. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum on July 22. Am. "The Little Mermaid", "Beauty and the Beast", "Little Shop of Horrors", "Aladdin", "Pocahontas", "Hercules" composer (Jewish) Alan Irwin Menken on July 22 in New York City; grows up in New Rochelle, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Am. "Cosmo Kramer in Seinfeld" actor Michael Anthony Richards on July 24 in Culver City, Calif. Am. labor leader (UMW pres., 1982-95) (AFL-CIO pres., 2009-) Richard Louis Trumka on July 24 in Nemacolin, Penn.; educated at Penn. State U., and Villanova U. Am. astronaut William McMichael Shepherd on July 26 in Oak Ridge, Tenn.; educated at MIT. English rock drummer Roger Taylor (Meddows-Taylor) (Queen) on July 26 in Dersingham, Norfolk. Canadian-Am. "Nero Wolfe", "Jim Sting in WarGames", "Sam Tipton in My Cousin Vinny", "Harvey Weingard in Entourage" actor (Jewish) Maury Alan Chaykin (d. 2010) on July 27 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Am.-Russian father, Canadian mother; nephew of dir. George Bloomfield (1930-). Canadian hockey defenseman (Philadelphia Flyers et al.) Andre "Moose" Dupont on July 27 in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec. Am. "There's Got to Be a Morning After" singer-actress ("the Disaster Theme Queen") Maureen Therese McGovern on July 27 in Youngstown, Ohio. Am. 100 mph baseball pitcher (black) (lefty) (Oakland Athletics, 1969-77) (San Francisco Giants, 1978-81, 1985-6) (Kansas City Royals, 1982-3) Vida Rochelle Blue Jr. (d. 2023) on July 28 in Mansfield, La. English rock drummer Simon Frederick St. George Kirke (Bad Company, Free) on July 28 in Lambeth, South East London. Am. "Beauty and the Beast", "Little Shop of Horrors", "Sister Act" film-theater composer Alan Irwin Menken on July 22 in New York City; educated at NYU. Am. veep's wife Marilyn Tucker Quayle on July 29 in Indianapolis, Ind.; wife (1972-) of U.S. vice-pres. Dan Quayle (1947-); educated at Purdue U., and Ind. U. Am. civil rights activist (black) Mario Marcel Salas on July 30 in San Antonio, Tex.; African-Mexican father, mixed-race mother. Am. "The Accordion Man in Pennies from Heaven" actor-playwright Vernel Bagnaris on July 31 in New Orleans, La. Norwegian country singer Lillian Askeland on Aug. 1 in Bergen. Am. "The Basketball Diaries", "The Downtown Diaries" poet-writer-musician James Dennis "Jim" Carroll (d. 2009) (The Jim Carroll Band) on Aug. 1 in Manhattan, N.Y. ; of Irish descent. Hungarian cosmonaut (first) Bertalan Farkas on Aug. 2 in Gyulahaza. Am. football running back Robert John "the Diesel" "Riggo" Riggins on Aug. 4 in Seneca, Kan. Italian "Codex Seraphinianus" artist-architect Luigi Serafini on Aug. 4 in Rome. Am. "Nashvile" actor Keith Ian Carradine on Aug. 8 in San Mateo, Calif.; son of John Carradine (1906-88); brother of David Carradine (1936-2009). Am. "Go All the Way", "All By Myself", "Hungry Eyes" singer Eric Howard Carmen (The Raspberries) on Aug. 11 in Cleveland, Ohio. Scottish "Eric Liddell in Chariots of Fire" actor (gay) Ian Charleson (d. 1990) on Aug. 11 in Edinburgh; educated at the U. of Edinburgh. Scottish "I Want My MTV" rock singer-musician Mark Freuder Knopfler (Dire Straits) on Aug. 12 in Glasgow; Hungarian Jewish father, English mother; brother of David Knopfler (1952-). Canadian 5'10" hockey hall-of-fame player Robert Earle "Bob" "Bobby" Clarke on Aug. 13 in Flin Flon, Man. French wire walker Philippe Petit on Aug. 13 in Nemours, Seine-et-Marne. Am. astronomer Robert P. Kirshner on Aug. 15; educated at Harvard U., and Caltech. Am. musician-songwriter William "Bill" "Sputnik" Spooner (The Tubes) on Aug. 16 in Ariz. Irish rock musician (black) Philip Parris "Phil" Lynott (d. 1986) (Thin Lizzy) on Aug. 20 in Bromwich, West Midlands; Afro-Guyanese father, white Irish mother. Am. "The Kalam Cosmological Argument" Christian theologian-philosopher William Lane Craig on Aug. 23 in Peoria, Ill.; educated at Wheaton College, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, U. of Birmingham, and U. of Munich. Am. Manson Family murderer Leslie Louise Van Houten on Aug. 23 in Altadena, Calif. Greek "Apres Toi" polyglot singer Vicky Leandros (Vassiliki Papathnasiou) on Aug. 23 in Palaiokastritsa, Corfu. Am. "Diane Chambers in Cheers" actress Shelley Lee Long on Aug. 23 in Ft. Wayne, Ind. Australian "Jessie's Girl" singer Rick Springfield on Aug. 23 in Sydney. Brazilian economist Paulo Roberto Nunes Guedes on Aug. 24 in Rio de Janeiro; educated at the U. of Chicago; student of Milton Friedman. Am. "Nicholas Andre in Dumb and Dumber", "Angel of Death Adam in Touched By An Angel" actor Charles Rocket (Charles Adams Claverie) (d. 2005) on Aug. 24 in Bangor, Maine. English "London Fields" novelist Martin Amis on Aug. 25 in Oxford; son of Kingsley Amis (1922-95). Israeli rock singer-actor (Jewish) Gene Simmons (Kiss) on Aug. 25 in Haifa. Am. Yahooo! CEO (2009-11) Carol Ann Bartz on Aug. 28 in Winona, Minn.; educated at the U. of Wisc. Am. "Zack Mayo in An Officer and a Gentleman", "Edward Lewis in Pretty Woman" actor (Buddhist) (Jewish?) Richard Tiffany Gere on Aug. 31 in Philadelphia, Penn.; friend of the Dalai Lama. Am. physicist Hugh David Politzer on Aug. 31 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, U. of Mich., and Harvard U.; 2004 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. 5'9" golfer Thomas Sturges "Tom" Watson on Sept. 4 in Kansas City, Mo.; educated at Stanford U.; five Open titles. English musician David "Clem" Clempson (Humble Pie) on Sept. 5 in Tamworth, Staffordshire. Am. "I Will Survive" singer (black) Gloria Gaynor (nee Fowles) on Sept. 7 in Newark, N.J. Colombian drug lord ("the Colombian Rambo") Carlos Lehder (Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas) on Sept. 7 in Armenia. Am. conservative historian (Jewish) (founder of Campus Watch) Daniel Pipes on Sept. 9 in Boston, Mass.; son of Richard Edgar Pipes (1923-); educated at Harvard U. Am. 6'0" football QB (Washington Redskins #7, 1974-85) Joseph Robert "Joe" Theismann on Sept. 9 in New Brunswick, N.J.; Austrian father, Hungarian mother; originally pronounced "THEEZ-man" until he becomes runner-up for the Heisman Trophy in 1970, which goes to Jim Plunkett of Stanford U.; educated at Notre Dame U.; "Nobody in football should be called a genius. A genius is a guy like Norman Einstein." Indonesian pres.#6 (2004-14) (Muslim) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (Javanese "Knight who is well-behaved in battle and journey") on Sept. 9 Tremas, Pacitan, East Java. Am. "The O'Reilly Factor", "Inside Edition" TV conservative commentator (Roman Catholic) William James"Bill" O'Reilly Jr. on Sept. 10 in Washington Heights, Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Marist College, Queen Mary College, U. of London, and Harvard U. Am. Christian pastor (black) Anthony Tyrone "Tony" Evans on Sept. 10 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Carver College, and Dallas Theological Seminary. Am. Olympic runner Martin "Marty" Liquori on Sept. 11 in Montclair, N.J. Am. Southern rock musician-songwriter Steven Earl "Steve" Gaines (d. 1977) (Lynyrd Skynyrd) on Sept. 14 in Seneca, Mo; raised in Miami, Okla. Am. Southern rock guitarist Ed King (Strawberry Alarm Clock, Lynyrd Skynyrd) on Sept. 14 in Glendale, Calif. Am. "Dr. Victor Ehrlich in St. Elsewhere" actor (Jewish) Edward James "Ed" Begley Jr. on Sept. 16 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of actor Ed Begley (1901-70). Am. "Agnes in No Country for Old Men" actress Beth Grant on Sept. 18 in Gadsden, Ala. Am. rock musician-songwriter Kerry Allen Livgren (Kansas) on Sept. 18 in Topeka, Kan. English 5'6" model-actress Twiggy Lawson (Lesley Hornby) on Sept. 19 in Neasdon, London. English "The Gold Diggers", "Orlando" dir.-writer (atheist) Charlotte Sally Potter on Sept. 19 in London. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Portland Trail Blazers #21, 1971-6) (Boston Celtics #12, 1976-8) (San Diego Clippers #21, 1978-81) Sidney Wicks on Sept. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Am. "Ray Luca in Crime Story", "Det. Andrew Flynn in The Closer" actor Anthony Denison (Anthony John Sarrero) on Sept. 20 in New York City. Am. 7'2" hall-of-fame basketball center (black) (Chicago Bulls #53, 1976-82, 1987) Artis "the A-Train" Gilmore on Sept. 21 in Chipley, Fla. Am. "Born in the U.S.A.", "Born to Run" singer ("the Boss") Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (E Street Band) on Sept. 23 [Libra] in Long Branch, N.J. Spanish "Broken Embraces", "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" dir.-writer-producer Pedro Almodovar (Almodóvar) Caballero on Sept. 25 in Calzada de Calatrava, Ciudad Real. Am. "Warren Potsie Weber in Happy Days" actor-dir. (Jewish) Anson Williams (Anson William Heimlich) (Heimlick) on Sept. 25 in Los Angeles, Calif.; 2nd cousin of Dr. Henry Heimlich (1920-). Dutch-Am. "Maverecon" economist Willem Hendrik Buiter on Sept. 26 in The Hague; son of Harm Buiter (1922-2011); educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge U., and Yale U. Am. "The Age of Grief" novelist Jane Smiley on Sept. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Vassar College and the U. of Iowa. Am. baseball 3B player (Philadelphia Phillies) Michael Jack "Mike" Schmidt on Sept. 27 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. punk rock singer-songwriter Richard Hell (Richard Lester Meyers) on Oct. 2 in Lexington, Ky. Am. Rolling Stone photographer (Jewish) (lesbian) ("the Portraitist of the Rock Generation") Anna-Lou "Annie" Leibovitz on Oct. 2 in Westbury, Conn.; Romanian Jewish descent father, Estonian Jewish descent mother; partner of Susan Sontag. Am. singer-guitarist Lindsey Adams Buckingham (Fleetwood Mac) on Oct. 3 in San Francisco, Calif. English novelist-writer Peter Ackroyd on Oct. 5 in East Acton, Middlesex; educated at Clare College, Cambridge U., and Yale U. Am. "The Mambo Kings" actor Armand Anthony Assante Jr. on Oct. 4 in New York City; Sicilian father, Irish mother. English "The Great Fire of London" writer-novelist Peter Ackroyd on Oct. 5 in East Acton, London. Am. Super Soaker inventor (black) Lonnie George Johnson on Oct. 6 in Mobile, Ala.; educated at Tuskegee U. Am. rock bassist Dave Hope (Kansas) on Oct. 7. Am. "Can't Stop My Heart from Loving You" country singer Kieran Kane (The O'Kanes) on Oct. 7 in Queens, N.Y.; collaborator of Jamie O'Hara (1950-). Am. 5'11" "Ripley in Alien and Aliens", "Dian Fossey in Gorillas in the Mist" actress Sigourney (Susan Alexander) Weaver on Oct. 8 in New York City; daughter of NBC pres. (1953-55) Sylvester "Pat" Weaver Jr. (1908-2002); educated at Stanford U. and Yale Drama School, where the teachers tell her she has no talent; names herself after the minor char. Mr. Sigourney Howard in "The Great Gatsby"; starts out as understudy for Ingrid Bergman in "The Constant Wife", who even plays with a broken ankle in a wheelchair; marries Jim Simpson in 1984. Am. "K.C. Downing in My Favorite Year" actress-producer-writer Jessica Harper on Oct. 10 in Chicago, Ill. English "Our Culture, What's Left of It" psychiatrist (atheist) Anthony Malcolm Daniels (AKA Theodore Dalrymple) (AKA Edward Theberton, Thursday Msigwa) on Oct. 11 in London; Communist Russian descent father, German-born Jewish mother; "In my study of communist societies, I came to the conclusion that the purpose of communist propaganda was not to persuade or convince, not to inform, but to humiliate; and therefore, the less it corresponded to reality the better." - Theodore Dalrymple. Am. "Private Eyes" singer-musician Daryl Hall (Daryl Franklin Hohl) (Hall & Oates) on Oct. 11 in Pottsdown, Penn.; collaborator of John Oates (1949-). Am. "The Wanderers", "The Color of Money", "Clockers" novelist-screenwriter (Jewish) Richard Price on Oct. 12 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, Cornell U., Columbia U., and Stanford U. Am. soprano (black) Leona Mitchell on Oct. 13 in Enid, Okla. Am. "Antarctic Traveller" feminist poet-writer-critic (Jewish) Katha Pollitt on Oct. 14 in New York City; educated at Radcliffe College and Columbia U. Canadian hockey player (Philadelphia Flyers, 1969-75) David William "the Hammer" "Grouch" Schultz on Oct. 14 in Waldheim, Sask. Am. astronomer Thomas J. "Tom" Bopp on Oct. 15 in Denver, Colo.; grows up in Youngstown, Ohio. Am. poet Kim Stafford on Oct. 15; son of William Stafford (1914-93); educated at the U. of Ore. English "Wolcott", "Katanga in Raiders of the Lost Ark" actor (black) George Harris on Oct. 20 in Grenada, West Indies. Israeli PM Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu on Oct. 21 in Jerusalem; son of Polish Zionist historian Benzion Netanyahu; at age 13 goes to be with his father at Dropsie College in Philadelphia, Penn. Canadian 5'10" hockey player-coach (Los Angeles Kings, New York Islanders, Boston Bruins) Robert Thomas "Butch" Goring on Oct. 22 in Saint Boniface, Manitoba. Algerian singer Idir (Hamid Cheriet) (d. 2020) on Oct. 25 in Beni Yenni. Am. hall-of-fame rock bassist-producer Garry Wayne Tallent (E Street Band) on Oct. 27 in Detroit, Mich. Am. Olympic track and field gold medalist (dyslexic) (transgender) Caitlyn (William Bruce) Jenner on Oct. 28 in Mt. Kisco, N.Y.; educated at Graceland U. Am. "Sabrina Duncan in Charlie's Angels", "Amanda King in the Scarecrow and Mrs. King" actress-dir.-producer Lucy Kate Jackson on Oct. 29 in Birmingham, Ala. Turkish pres. #11 (2007-14) and PM #24 (2002-3) (Sunni Muslim) Abdullah Gul (Gül) on Oct. 29 in Kayseri; educated at Instanbul U., and U. of Exeter. Am. rock drummer Robert Layne "Bob" Siebengerg (AKA Bob C. Benberg) (Supertramp) on Oct. 31 in Glendale, Calif. Am. Economic Confidence Model economist Martin Arthur Armstrong on Nov. 1 in N.J. Canadian music producer David Walter Foster on Nov. 1 in Victoria, B.C.; 16 Grammy awards from 47 nominations.; stepfather to Caitlyn Jenner's sons Brody and Brandon Jenner; husband (2019-) of Katharine McPhee (1984-). Am. "The Vorkosigan Saga" sci-fi/fantasy novelist Lois McMaster Bujold on Nov. 2 in Columbus, Ohio; daughter of Robert Charles McMaster (1913-86). Am. world heavyweight boxing champ (black) Larry Holmes on Nov. 3 in Cuthbert, Ga. British-Am. "Vogue" ed. (1988-) Dame Anna "Nuclear" Wintour on Nov. 3 in Hampstead, London; known for wearing a pageboy bob haircut and dark sunglasses. Am. singer-songwriter Jimmie Spheeris (d. 1984) on Nov. 5 in Phenix City, Ala.; brother of Penelope Spheeris (1945-). Am. "Billy Hayes Midnight Express" actor (bi?) (alcoholic) Robert Creel "Brad" Davis (d. 1991) on Nov. 6 in Tallahassee, Fla. English "Lord Andrew Lindsay in Chariots of Fire" actor (bi) Nigel Allan Havers on Nov. 6 in London. Am. "On Golden Pond" actor-writer-dir. (Richard) Ernest Thompson on Nov. 6 in Bellow Falls, Vt.; educated at Am. U. Am. "Tommy Anderson in Dennis the Menace" actor William Allen "Billy" Booth (d. 2006) on Nov. 7 in ?. Am. "Something to Talk About" blues singer-songwriter Bonnie Lynn Raitt on Nov. 8 in Burbank, Calif.; daughter of John Raitt (1917-2005); educated at Radcliffe College. Am. country/Southern rock bassist Thomas Michael "Tommy" Caldwell (d. 1980) on Nov. 9 in Spartanburg, S.C.; brother of Toy Caldwell (1947-93) and Tim Caldwell (-1993). Am. "Grace Farrell in Annie" actress-dancer Ann Reinking on Nov. 10 in Seattle, Wash. Canadian 6'3" hockey player (Philadelphia Flyers, 1969-77) Donald Patrick "Big Bird" Saleski on Nov. 10 in Moose Jaw, Sask.; known for his wild hair and enforcer skills. Am. rock singer-songwriter-musician James V. "J.Y." Young (Styx) on Nov. 14 in Chicago, Ill.; German descent parents. U.S. rep. (R-Ohio) (1991-) John Andrew Boehner (pr. BAY-ner) on Nov. 17 in Reading, Ohio; educated at Xavier U. German rock drummer-songwriter Herman Rarebell (Scorpions) on Nov. 18 [Scorpio] in Saarbrucken. Am. jockey Barbara Jo Rubin on Nov. 21 in Highland, Ill. Am. historian David Pietrusza on Nov. 22 in Amsterdam, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Albany. Am. historian English comedian (atheist) (vegetarian) Patrick "Pat" Condell (AKA Eddie Zibin) on Nov. 23. Am. "White Rat", "Corregidora" novelist-poet-critic (black) Gayl Jones on Nov. 23 in Lexington, Ky.; educated at Brown U. Am. "Kundalini Awakening" New Age writer-artist Zachary Jay Selig on Nov. 24 in Seguin, Tex.; educated at Transylvania U., and U. of Houston; cousin of Charles Revson; launches the career of Margaux Hemingway. Am. "Pat Healy in WarGames" actress Juanin Clay de Zalduondo (d. 1995) on Nov. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (Los Angeles Lakers #15, 1972-4, 1978-9) James E. "Jim" Price on Nov. 27 in Russellville, Ky.; educated at the U. of Louisville. Russian "Karl in Die Hard", "Daniel in Witness", "Max in The Money Pit" ballet dancer-actor Alexander Borisovich Godunov (d. 1995) on Nov. 28 in Sakhalin Island; husband (1971-82) of Lyudmila Vlasova (1942-); defects to the U.S. on Aug. 23, 1979, and becomes a U.S. citizen in 1987. Canadian "Late Show with David Letterman" orchestra leader-composer (Jewish) (bald) Paul Allen Wood Shaffer on Nov. 28 in Ft. William (Thunder Bay), Ont.; educated at the U. of Toronto; first person to introduce the Blues Brothers on Apr. 22, 1978. Canadian writer-activist (Muslim) Tarek Fatah on Nov. 29 in Karachi, Pakistan. Am. wrestler Jerry O'Neil "the King" Lawler on Nov. 29 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "It's Gary Shandling's Show" comedian-writer-dir.-producer (Jewish) Garry Emmanuel Shandling (d. 2016) on Nov. 29 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in Tucson, Ariz.; educated at the U. of Ariz. Colombian Medellin Cartel drug lord ("the King of Cocaine") Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (d. 1993) on Dec. 1 in Rionegro, Antioquia; educated at U. Autonoma Latinoamerica; richest criminal in history ($30B)? Am. paleontologist Sue Hendrickson on Dec. 2 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in Munster, Ind. Am. "Lindbergh" biographer (Jewish) Andrew Scott Berg on Dec. 4 in Norwalk, Conn.; educated at Princeton U. Am. "Duane Jackson in The Last Picture Show", "Tron", "Starman", "The Big Lebowski" actor Jeffrey Leon "Jeff" Bridges on Dec. 4 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Lloyd Bridges (1913-98); brother of Beau Bridges (1941-). Australian "Not the Nine O'Clock News" psychologist-actress Pamela Helen Stephenson Connolly on Dec. 4 in Takapuna, Auckland, New Zealand; wife (1989-) of Billy Connolly (1942-). Libyan intel chief (Sunni Muslim) Abdullah (Abdallah) Senoussi (Senussi) on Dec. 5 in Gira; brother-in-law of Muammar Gaddafi. Am. "Kudzu" cartoonist Doug Marlette (d. 2007) on Dec. 6 in Greensboro, N.C. Am. "The Emotional Brain" neuroscientist Joseph E. LeDoux on Dec. 7 in Eunice, La. Am. "Chocolate Jesus" blues singer-songwriter-actor Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits on Dec. 7 in Pomona, Calif.; teacher parents; his voice sounds "like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car" (Daniel Durchholz). Am. novelist-critic Mary Catherine Gordon on Dec. 8 in Far Rockaway, N.Y.; Italian-Irish Catholic mother, Jewish-turned-Catholic father; educated at Barnard College, and Syracuse U. Am. 5'1" "The Parent Trap", "Father of the Bride" dir.-producer Nancy Jane Myers on Dec. 8 in Penn. Am. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence psychologist (Jewish) Robert Jeffrey Sternberg on Dec. 8 in Newark, N.J.; educated at Yale U., and Stanford U. Am. "Young Frankenstein", "Tootsie" actress (Jewish) Teri Ann Garr on Dec. 11 in Lakewood, Ohio. English "Pirates of the Caribbean" actor William Francis "Bill" Nighy (pr. like Nigh) on Dec. 12 in Caterham, Surrey. Madagascar pres. #4 (2002-) (Christian) Marc Ravalomanana on Dec. 12 in Imerinkasinina. Am. country singer Randy Yuell Owen (Alabama) on ?Dec. 13 in Fort Payne, Ala. English rock bassist Clifford "Cliff" Williams (AC/DC) on Dec. 14 in Romford, Essex. Am. "James Sonny Crockett in Miami Vice" actor Donnie Wayne "Don" Johnson on Dec. 15 in Hopewell, Mo.; educated at the U. of Kan. Am. rock singer-musician (black) Billy F. Gibbons ("Rev. Willie G.") (ZZ Top) on Dec. 16 in Houston, Tex.; his 1959 Gibson Les Paul guitar is named Miss Pearly Gates; uses a Mexican peso as a guitar pick. English singer-songwriter Paul Bernard Rogers (Free, Bad Company) on Dec. 17 in Middlesbrough. Am. Olympic swimmer Claudia Ann Kolb on Dec. 19 in Hayward, Calif. Burkina Faso pres. (1983-7) (black) Thomas Isidore Noel Sankara (d. 1987) on Dec. 21 in Yako. Am. "Ellis Wyatt in Atlas Shrugged" actor Graham S. Beckel on Dec. 22 in Old Lyme, Conn.; brother of Bob Beckel (1948-). Australian "Bee Gees" rock singer Maurice (pr. MOR-is) Ernest Gibb (d. 2003) on Dec. 22 in Douglas, Isle of Man, England; twin brother of Robin Gibb (1949-2012); brother of Barry Gibb (1946-) and Andy Gibb (1958-88); grows up in Manchester, then moves to Redcliffe, Australia in 1958. Australian rock singer Robin Hugh Gibb (d. 2012) (Bee Gees) on Dec. 22 in Douglas, Isle of Man, England; twin brother of Maurice Gibb; brother of Barry Gibb (1946-) and Andy Gibb (1958-88). Am. "Beat Box Guitar", "Big Blue Sun", "Mr. Music Head" singer-musician Robert Steven "Adrian" Belew (King Crimson) on Dec. 23 in Covington, Ky. - looks like a Road Warrior reject, sounds like Paul McCartney? Am. "Carrie", "Loretta Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter" actress-singer Mary Elizabeth "Sissy" Spacek on Dec. 25 in Quitman, Tex.; paternal grandparents are of Czech descent; first cousin of Rip Torn (1931-). Am. beauty queen (Miss America 1969) Judith Anne Ford on Dec. 26 in Iowa County, Iowa; educated at the U. of Ill., and Western Ill. U. Am. 6'2" "Sam Malone in Cheers", "Dr. John Becker in Becker" actor (Jewish) Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III on Dec. 29 [Capricorn] in San Diego, Calif.; husband (1995-) of Mary Steenburgen (1953-). Haitian anthropologist Michel-Rolph Trouillot (d. 2012) in Port-au-Prince; nephew of Henock Trouillot (1923-88); emigrates to the U.S. in 1969; educated at CUNY. Am. "The Assertive Woman" writer Nancy Kimball Austin in Portland, Ore.; educated at UCLA. Saudi Arabian king #4 (1974-82) Khalid bin Abdul Aziz (d. 1982) on ?; son of Ibn Saud (1880-1953); brother of Saud (1902-69) and Faisal (1905-75). Irish human rights atty. (Roman Catholic) Patrick "Pat" Finucane (d. 1989); educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Am. artist-playwright Roger Allers on ? in Rye, N.Y.; grows up in Scottsdale, Ariz. Am. theater composer-singer Craig Carnelia on ? in ?; grows up in Floral Park, N.Y. Am. historian-activist Anton "Tony" Chaitkin on ? in ?; son of Jacob Chaitkin; brother of Marianna Wertz. English conservative physician-writer (Jewish) (atheist) Theodore Dalrymple (Anthony "A.M." Daniels) (AKA Edward Theberton, Thursday Msigwa); German Jewish immigrant mother. Central African Repub. pres. #7 (2013-14) (black) (Muslim) Michel Am-Nondokro Djotodia on ? in Vakaga, Ubangi-Shari; fluent in Russian. English virologist Michael Houghton on ? in ?; educated at the U. of East Anglia, and King's College London; 2020 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Jesus' Son", "Tree of Smoke" novelist-poet Denis Hale Johnson on ? in Munich, West Germany. Tunisian Islamist leader Hamadi Jebali on ? in ?. Am. feminist atty.-writer (Jewish) Wendy Kaminer on ? in ?; educated at Smith College and Boston U. Am. "Mother of Sorrows" novelist-poet (gay) Richard McCann on ? in ?. English historian Philip D. Morgan on ? in ?; educated at Cambridge U., and Univ. College London. Palestinian activist (Muslim) Sari Nusseibeh on ? in Damascus, Syria; grows up in Jerusalem. U.S. ambassador to Pakista (2007-10) and to Egypt (2011-13) Anne Woods Patterson on ? in Fort Smith, Arkl; educated at Welesley College, and UNC. Canadian moderate Muslim leader Raheel Raza in Pakistan; educated at Karachi U. Italian scholar Olivier Roy on ? in ?. Algerian "Le Serment des Barbares" writer Boualem Sansal on ? in Algiers. U.S. undersecy. of state (2011-5) (Jewish) Wendy Sherman on ? in Upstate N.Y.; educated at Smith College, Boston U., and U. of Md. Am. environmental policy advisor Kathleen Hartnett White on ? in Salina, Kan.; educated at Stanford U., Princeton U., and Tex. Tech. Deaths: Am. black artist Bill Traylor (b. 1854) on Oct. 23. Swiss psychiatrist Axel Munthe (b. 1857) on Feb. 11 in Stockholm. Am. confectioner William Henry Luden (b. 1859) on May 8 in Atlantic City, N.J. (heart attack). Belgian artist James Ensor (b. 1860) on Nov. 19 in Ostend. Irish pres. #1 (1938-45) Douglas Hyde (b. 1860) on July 12 in Dublin. Norwegian gas turbine inventor Jens William Aegidius Elling (b. 1861). Am. philanthropist Solomon Robert Guggenheim (b. 1861) on Nov. 3. Belgian poet-dramatist Count Maurice Maeterlinck (b. 1862) on May 6 in Nice, France (heart attack); 1911 Nobel Lit. Prize. British diplomat Sir Henry McMahon (b. 1862) on Dec. 29 in London. German Socialist leader Hugo Haase (b. 1863) (assassinated). English silicone chemistry pioneer Frederick Stanley Kipping (b. 1863) on May 1 in Criccieth, Wales. Russian novelist Alexander Serafimovich (b. 1863) on Jan. 19 in Moscow. German "Thus Spake Zarathustra" composer Richard Strauss (b. 1864) on Sept. 8. German geophysicist-exporer Erich von Drygalski (b. 1865) on Jan. 10 in Munich. Am. candymaker Frederick Michael Switzer Sr. (b. 1865) on Oct. 24 in St. Louis, Mo. Armenian-born mystic George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff (b. 1866) on Oct. 29 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France; leaves his "All and Everything" trilogy; "Man lives life in sleep, and in sleep he dies"; "Begin in Russia, end in Russia." Am. New Thought writer Charles Francis Haanel (b. 1866) on Nov. 27 in St. Louis, Mo. English historian Sir Bernard Pares (b. 1867). Am. country musician Fiddlin' John Carson (b. 1868) on Dec. 11 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. political cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman (b. 1869) on Dec. 11. German composer-musician-dir. Hans Pfitzner (b. 1869) on May 22 in Salzburg, Austria. English-born Canadian celeb Lady Evelyn Byng (b. 1870) on June 20 in Ottawa, Ont. U.S. Rep. (D-N.Y.) (1921-49) Sol Bloom (b. 1870). Spanish king (of Naples) Don Carlos Maria de Borbon, Infante de Espana (b. 1870) on Nov. 11 in Seville. Am. Bank of America founder Amadeo Peter Giannini (b. 1870) on June 3. British diplomat Sir Ronald William Graham (b. 1870) on Jan. 26 in London. Am. writer Burton Jesse Hendrick (b. 1870). British politician Lord Walter Runciman (b. 1870) on Nov. 14. Welsh poet Thomas Gwynn Jones (b. 1871) on Mar. 7. Syrian poet-journalist Khalil Mutran (b. 1872) on June 1 in Egypt. English artist Sir William Nicholson (b. 1872) on May 16. Am. country singer Mary Sands (b. 1872) on Apr. 2 in Walnut, N.C. (stroke) German-born Am. newspaperman Oswald Garrison Villard (b. 1872) on Oct. 1 in New York City; dies a bitter man after opposing both WWI and WWII, backing the New Deal, then flopping to support conservatives against Truman's Cold War policies. French-Canadian biologist Felix d'Herelle (b. 1873) on Feb. 22. Canadian film dir. Sidney Olcott (b. 1873) on Dec. 16 in Hollywood, Calif. French composer-conductor Henri Rabaud (b. 1873) on Sept. 11: "Modernism is the enemy." Russian-Soviet architect Alexey Shchusev (b. 1873) on May 24 in Moscow; designed Lubyanka Prison. Finnish mathematician Karl Frithiof Sundman (b. 1873) on Sept. 28 in Helsinki. Am. Mormon fundamentalist leader John Yeates Barlow (b. 1874) on Dec. 29 in Salt Lake City, Utah. French chemist Andre-Louis Debierne (b. 1874) on Aug. 31. Danish physiologist August Krogh (b. 1874) on Sept. 13; 1920 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Ming the Merciless in Flash Gordon" actor Charles B. Middleton (b. 1874) on Apr. 22 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack); appeared in almost 200 films. Am. psychologist Edward L. Thorndike (b. 1874) on Aug. 9 in Montrose, N.Y. Am. rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise (b. 1874) on Apr. 19 in New York City. Russian actress Maria Ouspenskaya (b. 1876) on Dec. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif.; dies after falling asleep while smoking cigarettes, resulting in severe burns and a stroke. Spanish PM (1931-6) Niceto Alcala Zamora (b. 1877) on Feb. 18 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Am. novelist Rex Beach (b. 1877) on Dec. 7 in Sebring, Fla. (suicide). Italian poet-dramatist Sem Benelli (b. 1877) on Dec. 18 in Zoagli, Genoa. Am. "First Prof. Movie Dir." J. Searle Dawley (b. 1877) on Mar. 30 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. artist Walt Kuhn (b. 1877) on July 13. French-born Am. Catholic Worker Movement co-founder Peter Maurin (b. 1877) on May 15 near Newburgh, N.Y. Danish-born Swedish figure skater Ulrich Salchow (b. 1877) on Apr. 19 in Stockholm. Am. historian James Truslow Adams (b. 1878) on May 18 in Westport, Conn.; "There are obviously two educations. One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live. Surely these should never be confused in the mind of any man who has the slightest inkling of what culture is. For most of us it is essential that we should make a living... In the complications of modern life and with our increased accumulation of knowledge, it doubtless helps greatly to compress some years of experience into far fewer years by studying for a particular trade or profession in an institution; but that fact should not blind us to another - namely, that in so doing we are learning a trade or a profession, but are not getting a liberal education as human beings"; "Age acquires no value save through thought and discipline"; "The freedom now desired by many is not the freedom to do and dare but the freedom from care and worry." Am. tap dancer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson (b. 1878) on Nov. 25 in New York City; in 1989 the U.S. Congress declares May 25 as Nat. Tap Dance Day in his honor. French theatrical producer Jacques Copeau (b. 1879) on Oct. 20 in Hospices de Beaune. French painter Emile Othon Achille Friesz (b. 1879) on Jan. 10. French gen. Henri Honore Giraud (b. 1879) on Mar. 13 in Dijon. Spanish flamenco guitarist Ramon Montoya (b. 1879) on June 20 in Madrid. English-born Am. occultist Alice Ann Bailey (b. 1880) on Dec. 15 in New York City. Am. explorer John Oliver La Gorce (b. 1880). Am. "John Wilkes in Gone With the Wind" actor Howard C. Hickman (b. 1880) on Dec. 31 in San Anselmo, Calif. (heart attack). Austrian-born Am. mathematician Alfred James Lotka (b. 1880) on Dec. 5 in New York City. Australian psychologist George Elton Mayo (b. 1880) on Sept. 7. U.S. Army Maj. Gen. Walter Campbell Short (b. 1880) on Mar. 9 in Dallas, Tex. (heart failure); army cmdr. during the Pearl Harbor attack ended up working for Ford Motor Co. Russian-born Am. writer Mary Antin (b. 1881) on May 15. Am. baseball player Nig Clarke (b. 1882) on June 15 in River Rouge, Mich. Bulgarian Communist dictator #1 (1946-9) Georgi Dimitrov (b. 1882) on July 2 in Barvikha; dies in a sanatorium (poisoned?). Italian-born Am. swindler Charles Ponzi (b. 1882) on Jan. 18 in Rio de Janeiro (stroke); dies in a charity hospital: "Even if they never got anything for it, it was cheap at that price. Without malice aforethought I had given them the best show that was ever staged in their territory since the landing of the Pilgrims. It was easily worth fifteen million bucks to watch me put the thing over." Norwegian novelist Sigrid Undset (b. 1882) on June 10 in Lillehammer. Am. historian Tyler Dennett (b. 1883) on Dec. 29. in Princeton, N.J. Am. "Gone With the Wind" film dir. Victor Fleming (b. 1883) on Jan. 6 in Cottonwood, Ariz. (heart attack). British Gen. Victor Fortune (b. 1883) on Jan. 2 in Dalswinton, Scotland. Am. "The Katzenjammer Kids" cartoonist Harold Hering Knerr (b. 1882) on July 8 in Manhattan, N.Y. (heart disease). Mexican muralist Jose Clemente Orozco (b. 1883) on Sept. 7. Am. "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" film dir. Sam Wood (b. 1883) on Sept. 22 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack). German chemist Friedrich Bergius (b. 1884) on Mar. 30 in Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1931 Nobel Chem. Prize. English librettist Fred Thompson (b. 1884) on Apr. 10 in London. Am. "The Champ", "Grand Hotel" actor Wallace Beery (b. 1885) on Apr. 1. Am. musician Louis Nelson Delisle (b. 1885) on Aug. 20. Am. writer Oliver Fox (b. 1885) on Apr. 28. Am. "The Wizard of Oz" composer Herbert Stothart (b. 1885) on Feb. 1 in Los Angeles, Calif. (cancer). Am. folk singer-composer Lead Belly (Huddie Ledbetter) (b. 1888) on Dec. 6 in New York City. English actor Will Hay (b. 1888) on Apr. 18 in Chelsea, London. Am. artist Neysa McMein (b. 1888) on May 12 in New York City. Am. "Anthony Adverse" novelist Hervey Allen (b. 1889) on Dec. 28 in Miami, Fla. (heart attack in shower). English artist Edward Wadsworth (b. 1889) on June 21 in Brompton. U.S. Gen. John Porter Lucas (b. 1890) on Dec. 24 in Naval Station Great Lakes, Ill. Am. "Prof. Marvel in the Wizard of Oz" actor Frank Morgan (b. 1890) on Sept. 18 (heart attack); dies while filming "Annie Get Your Gun"; only major actor in "The Wizard of Oz" who doesn't live to see it become a TV hit. U.S. Supreme Court justice (1940-9) Frank Murphy (b. 1890) on July 19. Am. "Believe It or Not!" founder Robert LeRoy Ripley (b. 1890) on May 27; dies at a doctor's office of a heart attack during a physical. Greek archbishop (1941-9) Damaskinos (b. 1891) on May 20 in Athens. Am. boxer Battling Levinsky (b. 1891) on Feb. 12 in Philadelphia, Penn. U.S. secy. of defense #1 (1947-9) James Vincent Forrestal (b. 1892) on May 22 (2 a.m.) in Bethesda Naval Hospital, Md. (falls to his death from a 16th story window) (suicide?). Am. psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan (b. 1892) on Jan. 14 in Paris. Am. actor Slim Summerville (b. 1892) on Jan. 6 in Laguna Beach, Calif. (stroke). Am. "Cimarron" actor Richard Dix (b. 1893) on Sept. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack). Am. "New Yorker" cartoonist Helen Hokinson (b. 1893) on Nov. 1. Am. Tex. gov. #36 (1947-9) Beauford Halbert Jester (b. 1893) on July 11 in Houston, Tex. (heart attack aboard a train). U.S. Supreme Court justice #83 (1943-9) Wiley Blount Rutledge (b. 1894) on Sept. 10 in York, Maine. Soviet field marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin (b. 1894) on Oct. 17 in Moscow. Polish artist Jankel Adler (b. 1895) on Apr. 25 near Aldbourne, England. Austrian-born Nazi SS officer Hanns Albin Rauter (b. 1895) on Mar. 24 in near Scheveningen, Netherlands (executed). Am. "The Philadelphia Story" playwright Philip Barry (b. 1896) on Dec. 3 in New York City. Am. auto racer Lora Lawrence Corum (b. 1899) on Mar. 7. Am. "Gone With the Wind" novelist Margaret Mitchell (b. 1900) on Aug. 16 in Atlanta, Ga.; killed by an off-duty taxi driver with a record of drunk driving on Peachtree St. and 13th St. after she leaves the Peachtree Art Theatre with hubby John Marsh after seeing "A Canterbury Tale". U.S. secy. of state (1944-5) Edward R. Stettinius (b. 1900) on Oct. 31 in Greenwich, Conn. (coronary thrombosis). Czech poet Frantisek Halas (b. 1901). Scottish-born Am. minister Peter Marshall (b. 1902) on Jan. 26 in Washington, D.C.; U.S. Senate chaplain since Jan. 4, 1947. Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Banna (b. 1906) on Feb. 12 in Cairo: “By jihad, I mean that imperative duty until the day of Resurrection which is reflected in the following saying of the Messenger of Allah - praise and benediction of Allah upon Him: 'Whoever dies without carrying out a military expedition, or wishing to do so, dies a pre-Islamic death.' Its lowest degree is the heart's abhorrence of evil, and its highest degree is fighting in the path of Allah. Between these two degrees are other forms of jihad: jihad with the tongue, pen, hand, and speaking a word of truth to the unjust authority. The call can survive only with jihad. The more lofty and far-reaching is the call, the greater is the jihad in its path. The price required to support it is immense, but the reward given to its upholders is more generous: ‘And strive in the Way of Allah as you ought to.' By this you know the meaning of your slogan ‘Jihad is our path'.” German writer Klaus Mann (b. 1906) on May 21 in Cannes, France (OD). Am. actor Owen Davis Jr. (b. 1907) on May 21 in Long Island Sound, N.Y. English serial murderer John George Haigh (b. 1909) on Aug. 10 in Wandsworth Prison, London (hanged). Am. singer Buddy Clark (b. 1911) on Oct. 1 in Los Angeles, Calif.; dies after his rented plane runs out of gas returning from a Stanford v. Michigan game and crashes on Beverly Blvd. German Lt. Col. Fritz Knoechlein (b. 1911) on Jan. 28 in Hamburg (executed). Am. "Mister Roberts" novelist Thomas Heggen (b. 1918) on May 19 in New York City (suicide) (drowns in his bathtub after a sleeping pill OD).



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