TLW's 1950s Historyscope 1950-1959 C.E.

© Copyright by T.L. Winslow. All Rights Reserved.

Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower of the U.S. (1890-1969) Harry S. Truman of the U.S. (1884-1972) U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy (1908-57) Willy Brandt of West Germany (1913-92) Harold Macmillan of Britain (1894-1986) Elizabeth II of Britain (1926-2022) Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt (1918-70) Fulgencio Batista of Cuba (1901-73) Fidel Castro of Cuba (1926-2016) Eva Peron of Argentina (1919-52) Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union (1894-1971) Pope John XXIII (1881-1963) Mohammed Mossadeh (Mossadeq) of Iran (1882-1967) Edward Teller of the U.S. (1908-2003) Adlai Ewing Stevenson of the U.S. (1900-65) Earl Warren of the U.S. (1891-1974) Rosa Parks Being Booked, Dec. 1, 1955 UNIVAC, 1951 Sputnik I, 1957 USS Nautilus, 1954-80 James D. Watson (1928-) and Francis H.C. Crick (1916-2004) Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-95) Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (-1953) Sir Edmund Hillary (1919-2008) and Tensing Norkay (1914-86) Colonel Harland Sanders (1890-1980) Christine Jorgenson (1918-89) after Arnold Palmer (1929-2016) Rocky Marciano (1923-69) Van Cliburn (1934-) William S. Burroughs (1914-97) Alan Freed (1921-65) Elvis Presley (1935-77) Pat Boone (1934-) Harry Belafonte (1927-) Dick Clark (1929-) James Dean (1931-55) Alfred C. Kinsey (1894-1956) Playboy issue #1, Dec. 1953 Brigitte Bardot (1934-) 'I Love Lucy', 1951-7 Arthur Godfrey (1903-83) Adventures of Superman, 1952-8 'Leave it to Beaver', 1957- 'Godzilla', 1954 Bertie the Brain, 1950 Josef Kates (1921-2018)

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

The 1950s (1950-1959 C.E.)



The Oh Lord, Won't You Buy Me a Color TV Decade? The last decade when people born in the 19th century still run most things, complete with 20th Century Salem Witch Trials? A separate kind of decade? After having kicked Nazi butt and saved the world for democracy, ninety-plus percent white America turns down its big chance to conquer and rule the world, and turns from G.I. Joes and Rosie the Riveters to the "Silent Generation" (William Manchester), suburban easy-credit rugrat breeders living in appliance-filled homes and watching network TV, driving giant, overpowered, gas-guzzling cars with tailfins to their white or blue collar jobs, while revelling in the new role of world policeman with an atomic billy club and the Dulles of policies? Their own example sparks American blacks to get uppity and demand equal seating and Parks-King rights? Meanwhile Number Two We Try Harder the Soviet Union and its Communist subversive moles everywhere fight a Cold War with Number One on Earth and in space, setting fires far and wide which only manage to tick the Mighty Number One off? Hollyweird exploits the anxiety of A-bomb testing in their backyards to sell tickets? Number Three China shows the U.S. that it needs that atomic club while it tries to develop the Walmart solution? A good decade for mountain climbers, the number 49, and diamonds? UFO sightings begin?

For the rest of the cent. the hordes of spoiled self-centered hedonistic loose-moraled white American Baby Boomer children first try successfully to break from their parents' control, then try in vain to make everybody like them, or to like them, even though they're so beautiful, ending up becoming like their parents even while slowly dismantling their prejudices and injustices and borders in an attempt to appease and accommodate and Americanize the world to make everybody like them, or at least leave them alone while they continue to overconsume? The regular appearance of determined retro enemies puzzles them to the end?


Country Leader From To
United States of America Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) Apr. 12, 1945 Jan. 20, 1953 Harry S. Truman of the U.S. (1884-1972)
United Kingdom Clement Attlee (1883-1967) July 27, 1945 Oct. 26, 1951 Clement Attlee of Britain (1883-1967)
United Kingdom George VI (1895-1952) Dec. 11, 1936 Feb. 6, 1952 George VI of England (1895-1952)
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) Apr. 3, 1922 Mar. 5, 1953 Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union (1878-1953)
People's Republic of China Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) (1893-1976) 1943 Sept. 9, 1976 Mao Tse-tung of China (1893-1976)
India Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) Aug. 15, 1947 May 27, 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru of India (1889-1964)
Canada Louis Stephen St. Laurent (1882-1973) Nov. 15, 1948 June 20, 1957 Louis Stephen St. Laurent of Canada (1882-1973)
France Vincent Auriol (1884-1966) Jan. 16, 1947 Jan. 16, 1954 Vincent Auriol of France (1884-1966)
West Germany Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Sept. 15, 1949 Oct. 16, 1963 Konrad Adenauer of West Germany (1876-1967)
East Germany Wilhelm Pieck (1876-1960) Oct. 11, 1949 Sept. 7, 1960 Wilhelm Pieck of East Germany (1876-1960)
Spain Francisco Franco (1892-1975) Apr. 1, 1939 Nov. 20, 1975 Francisco Franco of Spain (1892-1975)
Mexico Miguel Alemán Valdés (1900-83) Dec. 1, 1946 Nov. 30, 1952 Miguel Alemán Valdés of Mexico (1900-83)
Iran Mohammed Shah Pahlavi II (1919-80) Sept. 16, 1944 Feb. 11, 1979 Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi II of Iran (1919-80)
Egypt Farouk I (1920-65) Apr. 28, 1936 July 26, 1952 Farouk I of Egypt (1920-65)
Israel David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) May 14, 1948 June 26, 1963 David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973)
Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) Nov. 2, 1944 May 4, 1980 Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (1892-1980)
Papacy Pope Pius XII (1876-1958) Mar. 2, 1939 Oct. 9, 1958 Pope Pius XII (1876-1958)
U.N. Trygve Halvdan Lie of Norway (1896-1968) Feb. 1, 1946 Mar. 31, 1953 Trygve Lie of Norway (1896-1968)



1950 - Money for car repairs, money for doctor bills, and money for what? The first part of the decade sees the Korean War, the fall of U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, the rise and fall of Am. Irish-favorite Communist-baiter Joseph "Tail-Gunner Joe" Raymond McCarthy (junior U.S. Sen. from Wisc.), and the enduring dominance of U.S. Pres. 5-star Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower?

Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower of the U.S. (1890-1969) U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) U.S. Sen. Joseph Raymond 'Joe' McCarthy (1908-57) Scott Wike Lucas of the U.S. (1892-1968) Herblock Anti-McCarthyism Cartoon, Mar. 29, 1950 Herblock (1909-2001) Dean Acheson of the U.S. (1893-1971) Estes Kefauver of the U.S. (1903-63) Charles Edward Wilson of the U.S. (1886-1972) Paul Martin Simon of the U.S. (1928-2003) U.S. Prov. Kenneth R. Shadrick (1931-50) Rajendra Prasad of India (1884-1963) Haj Ali Razmara of Iran (1901-51) Sheik Abdullah III al-Salim al-Sabah of Kuwait (1895-1965) Col. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman of Guatemala (1913-71) Gustaf (Gustavus) VI of Sweden (1882-1973) Celal Bayar of Turkey (1883-1986) Adnan Menderes of Turkey (1899-1961) Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan (1895-1951) Andres Martinez Trueba of Uruguay (1874-1959) Rama IX of Thailand (1927-2016) Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (1931-) Australian Field Marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey (1884-1951) U.S. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith (1896-1961) Ralph Johnson Bunche of the U.S. (1904-71) Helen Gahagan Douglas of the U.S. (1900-80) John J. Muccio of the U.S. U.S. Gen. Omar Nelson Bradley (1893-1981) Oscar Littleton Chapman of the U.S. (1896-1978) Dean Rusk of the U.S. (1909-94) Vincent Richard Impellitteri of the U.S. (1900-87) Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (1935-) Archbishop Makarios III (1913-77) Joseph Wright Alsop V (1910-89) German Lt. Col. Otto Skorzeny (1908-75) U.S. Capt. Emil Joseph Kapaun (1916-51) Oscar Collazo (1914-94) Robert Schuman (1886-1963) Roberto Rossellini (1906-77) and Ingrid Bergman (1915-82) Edwin 'Big Ed' Johnson of the U.S. (1884-1970) Andrei Sakharov (1921-89) Igor Tamm (1895-1971) Yolande Margaret Betbeze Box (1928-2016) Jean Monnet of France (1888-1979) Paul Henri Spaak of Belgium (1899-1972) Karen Horney (1885-1952) U.S. Gen. Matthew Bunker Ridgway (1895-1993) Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) Cecil Frank Powell (1903-69) Marietta Blau (1897-1970) Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876-1954) Kurt Alder (1902-58) Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965) Edward Calvin Kendall (1886-1972) Tadeusz Reichstein (1897-1996) Norman Barrett (1903-79) Sir Derek Barton (1918-98) Aage N. Bohr (1922-) Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002) Enrico Fermi (1901-54) Richard Hamming (1915-98) Odd Hassel (1897-1981) Elizabeth Lee Hazen (1885-1975) and Rachel Fuller Brown (1898-1980) Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) Michael Kasha (1920-) Barbara McClintock (1902-92) Ben Roy Mottelson (1926-) Arthur Nobile (1920-2004) Jan Hendrik Oort (1900-92) Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Leo James Rainwater (1917-86) Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-99) Oliver Smithies (1925-) Sir Martin John Evans (1941-) Mario Ramberg Capecchi (1937-) Fred Lawrence Whipple (1906-2004) Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-) Ashley Montagu (1905-99) Edward Franklin Frazier (1894-1962) Sir Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) Isaac Asimov (1920-92) Sir Antonin Besse (1877-1951) Ray Bradbury (1920-2012) Paul Brickhill (1916-91) Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008) William Cooper (1910-2002) C.S. (Clive Staples) Lewis (1898-1963) L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86) John Wood Campbell Jr. (1910-71) Dorothy Chandler (1901-97) and Norman Chandler (1899-1973) Ethel Kennedy (1928-) and Robert Francis Kennedy (1925-68) Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen (1895-1979) Sir Rudolf Bing (1902-97) Luigi Nono (1924-90) Gilbert Trigano (1920-2001) Johnnie Parsons (1918-84) Giuseppe Farina (1906-66) Bob Cousy (1928-) Bill Sharman (1926-2013) George Yardley (1928-2004) Paul Arizin (1928-2006) Chuck Cooper (1926-84) Earl Lloyd (1928-2015) Nathaniel Clifton (1922-90) Harold Hunter (1926-2013) Hank DeZonie (1922-2009) Dolph Schayes (1928-) Bob Harrison (1927-) Jean Béliveau (1931-2014) Holcombe Rucker (1926-65) Rucker Park Althea Gibson (1927-2003) Maurice Herzog (1919-2012) and Louis Lachenal (1921-55) Annapurna I Art Larsen (1925-) Kenneth 'Sugar Land Express' Hall (1935-) J. Elmer Reed (1903-83) Klaus Fuchs (1911-88) Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906-2005) Abram Bergson (1914-2003) Harry Gold (1910-74) David Greenglass (1922-) Gregory Corso (1930-2001) John Charles Daly (1914-91) Henry Dinwoodey Moyle (1889-1963) John Stewart Service of the U.S. (1909-99) Philip Caryl Jessup of the U.S. (1897-1986) Harlow Shapley (1885-1972) Margaret Louise Coit (1919-2003) Dorothy Kenyon (1888-19720 Wilma Montesi (1933-53) Mario del Monaco (1915-82) Phil Rizzuto (1917-2007) Joseph 'Specs' O'Keefe Herbert Arthur Philbrick (1915-93) Eugene Polley (1916-) Raul Prebisch (1901-86) Sir Hans Singer (1910-2006) Derek Walcott (1930-) Rose Marie Reid (1906-78) Rose Marie Reid Swimsuits William Edwards Deming (1900-93) James Jerome Gibson (1904-79) Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979) Cecil Blanche Woodham-Smith (1897-1977) Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965) Bernard Berenson (1865-1959) Emilio Carballido (1925-2008) Edward Hallett Carr (1892-1982) Hal Clement (1922-2003) Günter Eich (1907-72) Florence Sally Horner (1937-52) Rollo May (1909-94) Wolfgang Schmieder (1901-90) Fanny Cradock (1909-94) Helen Frankenthaler (1928-) Sir Ernst Gombrich (1909-2001) Hans Hofmann (1880-1966) Elizabeth Jane Howard (1923-) Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81) ANcel Keys (1904-2004) Morris Louis (1912-62) George Lachmann Mosse (1918-99) Kenneth Noland (1924-2010) Jules Olitski (1922-2007) Mark Rothko (1903-70) Clyfford Still (1904-80) Karl-Birger Blomdahl (1916-68) Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-94) Jerome Irving Rodale (1898-1971) Jack Vance (1916-2013) Larry Zox (1937-2006 Max Lerner (1902-92) Frederick Buechner (1926-) Roscoe Carlyle Buley (1893-1968) Alice Childress (1920-94) Henry Steele Commager (1902-98) Charles Olson (1910-70) Robert Creeley (1926-2005) Horace Leonard Gold (1914-96) Will Lang Jr. (1914-68) Joseph Francis Rinn (1868-1952) Hazel Scott (1920-81) Duff Cooper (1890-1954) Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921-90) John Hersey (1914-93) Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002) Patricia Highsmith (1921-95) Eugene Ionesco (1909-94) Maj. Donald Edward Keyhoe (1897-1988) Par Lagerkvist (1891-1974) Doris Lessing (1919-2013) W. Stanley Moss (1921-65) Hortense Powdermaker (1896-1970) Henry Morton Robinson (1898-1961) Macha Louis Rosenthal (1917-66) E.E. 'Doc' Smith (1890-1965) Wallace Stegner (1909-93) Theodore Sturgeon (1918-85) Rosemary Sutcliff (1920-92) Lionel Trilling (1905-75) James Warburg (1896-1969) Tennessee Williams (1911-83) Shirley Temple (1928-2014) and Charles Alden Black (1919-2006) Mort Walker (1923-) 'Beatle Bailey', 1950- Charles M. Schulz (1922-2000) 'Peanuts', 1950- Smokey Bear (1950-75) H. David Dahlquist (1916-2005) Robert Adler (1913-2007) Simone Signoret (1921-85) Leonard Chess (1917-69) and Phil Chess (1921-) Chess Records Checker Records Cadet Records Elektra Records 'Frosty the Snow Man', by Gene Autry (1907-98) and The Cass County Boys, 1950 'Gene Autry (1907-98) Walter E. 'Jack' Rollins (1906-73) Teresa Brewer (1931-2007) Jack Benny (1894-1974) Nat King Cole (1919-65) Perry Como (1912-2001) Tennessee Ernie Ford (1919-91) Woody Guthrie (1912-67) 'Sing Out', 1950- Eartha Kitt (1927-2008) Oscar Peterson (1925-2007) Hank Snow (1914-99) Eric Nord (1919-89) Enrico Banducci (1922-2007) Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82) Karl Ancerl (1908-73) Pilar Lorengar (1929-96) Andre Jolivet (1905-74) Tab Hunter (1931-) Ed McCurdy (1919-2000) Patti Page (1927-) Frankie Vaughan (1928-99) Muddy Waters (1913-83) The Weavers Ida Lupino (1914-95) Howard Duff (1913-90) Bettie Page (1923-2008) Irving Klaw (1910-66) and Bettie Page (1923-2008) 'The Cisco Kid', 1950-6 'The Colgate Comedy Hour', 1950-55 'Treasury Men in Action', 1950-5 Bud Collyer (1908-69) Art Baker (1898-1966) Bob Barker (1923-) Garry Moore (1915-93) and Durward Kirby (1912-2000) 'What's My Line', 1950-75 Jackie Gleason (1916-87) as Joe the Bartender Frank Fontaine (1920-78) as Crazy Guggenheim George Burns (1896-1996) and Gracie Allen (1895-1964) 'Pulitzer Prize Playhouse', 1950-2 Elmer Davis (1890-1958) 'The Stu Erwin Show', starring Stu Erwin (1903-67) and June Collyer (1906-68) 'Your Show of Shows', 1950-4 'Annie Get Your Gun', 1950 Howard Keel (1919-2004) William Inge (1913-73) Michael Kidd (1915-2007) Sam Levene (1905-80) 'Guys and Dolls', 1950 'Come Back, Little Sheba', 1950 'The Asphalt Jungle', 1950 'The Astonished Heart', 1950 'The Blue Lamp', 1950 'Broken Arrow', 1950 'Chance of a Lifetime', 1950 'Cinderella', 1950 'The Clouded Yellow', 1950 'Cyrano de Bergerac', 1950 'Destination Moon', 1950 'Father of the Bride', 1950 'Flying Disc Man from Mars', 1950 'The Gunfighter', 1950 'Harvey', 1950 'Madeleine', 1950 'Morning Departure', 1950 'Rashomon', 1950 'Rio Grande', 1950 'Rocketship X-M', 1950 'State Secret', 1950 'Seven Days to Noon', 1950 'Stage Fright', 1950 'Sunset Boulevard', 1950 'Treasure Island', 1950 'Winchester 73', 1950 'The Wooden Horse', 1950 'Young Man with a Horn', 1950 'Julius Caesar', 1950 Robert Wagner (1930-) Tollund Man 'Die Sunderin' starring Hildegard Knef (1925-2002), 1950 Milton Avery (1885-1965) 'Maternity' by Milton Avery (1885-1965), 1950 'Cardinal' by Franz Kline, 1950 'Woman 1' by Willem de Kooning (1904-97), 1950 Richard Lippold (1915-2002) 'World Tree' by Richard Lippold, 1950 'Lavender Mist' by Jackson Pollock (1912-56), 1950 National Emblem of India, 1950 'Takes from the Crypt', 1950-5 Eureka 1950a RetroVac, 1950 Hoover Model 29, 1929 Hobie Alter (1933-) Hobie Surfboard John Cameron Swayze (1906-95) Timex Watches, 1950- Stampede Corral Maracanã Muncipal Stadium, Rio, 1950 Big Hunk Bar Geritol, 1950 Dunkin' Donuts, 1950 Sir Basil Urwin Spence (1907-76) Coventry Cathedral, 1950-62 Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, 1950 Termini Railroad Station, 1950 Mario Pani Darqui (1911-93) Enrique del Moral (1905-87) University City, Mexico, 1950 McMinnville UFO, May 11, 1950 Mariana UFOs

1950 Doomsday Clock: 3 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Tiger (Feb. 17). Time Mag. Man of the Year: The American Fighting Man. World pop.: 2.52B; Africa: 221M; Asia: 1.398B, Europe: 547M; Latin Am.: 167M; North Am.: 171.6M; Oceania: 12.8M; the Seventeenth (17th) (1950) U.S. Census reports the total pop. as 150,697,361 (14.5% increase) in a land area of 2,974,726 sq. mi. (50.7 per sq. mi) (3rd time that total U.S. land area is less than in a previous census); white pop. is 89.5%, an all-time max., and now it's downhill all the way?; pop. of ever-growing Washington, D.C.: 800K (1.5M in metro area) (blacks become a majority of the city's pop. in this decade, with almost all of those moving to the suburbs being white until the late 1960s); the U.S. contains 6% of the world's pop., but has 50% of its wealth, incl. 60% of the cars, 58% of the telephones, 48% of the radio sets, and 34% of the railroads; 1,768 U.S. newspapers pub. 59M copies daily. Over 1.5M Germans are still missing from WWII. This year $1 U.S. buys what $8.15 will buy in 2005. Malaria mortality drops from 2M a year in the first half of the cent. to 1M a year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The U.N. reports that 480M of 800M children on Earth are undernourished. Only 11% of Americans are employed in agriculture this year. There are 6M TV sets in the U.S., and 15M next year; the big three networks are CBS-TV ("the eye web"), ABC-TV ("the alphabet web"), and NBC-TV ("the peacock web"). Hawaii supplies 72% of the world's pineapples, which slides to 33% by the 1970s as Thailand and the Philippines begin competing; too bad, Hawaiian pineapple growers use heptachlor to kill ants, which ends up in local dairy products consumed by children, and is not banned by the EPA until 1974. It takes until the year 1960 for the human technical knowledge in this year to double, according to French economist Georges Anderla (1921-2005). On Jan. 1 the Internat. Police Assoc. is formed, becoming the world's largest police org. On Jan. 2 6-1-2 Ohio State defeats 10-0 Calif. by 17-14 to win the 1950 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 2 reacting to the Viet Minh rebellion in Vietnam, the French grant Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos full independence within the French Union; the U.S. and U.K. recognize the Vietnamese govt. of Emperor Bao Dai; this doesn't stop Cambodian king (since 1941) Norodom Sihanouk from demanding that the French leave the country, causing him to flee to exile to Thailand in 1952 and work for complete independence; meanwhile Pres. Truman sends Ugly American military advisors to Vietnam to help the French. On Jan. 6 Britain recognizes the People's Repub. of China (Red China), causing the Repub. of China (Taiwan) to sever diplomatic relations; Israel follows suit on Jan. 9, and Finland on Jan. 13; in the U.S. the Repubs. blame the Dems. for "losing China", causing the latter to lose the 1952 U.S. pres. election. The Master of Innuendo and Snappy Comeback is born? On Jan. 7 junior Wisc. Sen. Charlie, er, Joseph R. McCarthy has dinner with "Total Power" author Father Edmund Aloysius Walsh (vice-pres. of Georgetown U.) and other prominent Roman Catholics, and is advised that the best issue for him is to "hammer away" at Communists in the U.S. govt.; too bad he drops an idea to promote a $100 per mo. nat. pension plan instead? On Jan. 11 Huk guerrillas rough up the town of Hermosa, Bataan in the Philippines. On Jan. 12 U.S. secy. of state Dean Acheson delivers his Perimeter Speech, outlining the boundary of U.S. security guarantees vis a vis Asia. On Jan. 12 (7 p.m.) the British sub HMS Truculent (P315) (launched 1942) collides with Swedish oil tanker Divini in the Thames Estuary, and sinks, killing 64. On Jan. 17 the $2.775M ($1.2M in cash) Great Brinks Robbery in Boston, Mass. by 11 men in Halloween masks wearing Brink's uniforms and copied keys is nearly the perfect crime until one of the robbers, Joseph "Specs" O'Keefe confesses on Jan. 12, 1956, implicating Joseph "Big Joe" McGinnis, Anthony Pino, Stanley "Gus" Gusciora et al., allowing them to be nabbed days before the 6-year statute of limitations runs out; eight gang members receive life sentences, and all are paroled in 1971 except McGinnis, who dies in prison; O'Keefe receives four years and is released in 1960; only $58K is recovered. On Jan. 21 accused Commie spy Alger Hiss is convicted of perjury. On Jan. 23 the Israeli Knesset proclaims Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, becoming the only nation whose embassy isn't located in its capital; IBM sets up a facility in Tel Aviv. On Jan. 24 German-born British physicist Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs (1911-88) gives himself up to the War Office in London and confesses to being a Soviet spy for seven years, passing data on U.S. and British nukes; he is charged on Feb. 2, and after a 90-min. trial is convicted on Mar. 1, receiving only a 14-year sentence because the Soviet Union is still classified as a "friendly nation", and becoming a big man in the East German as a "friendly nation"; on Mar. 7 the Soviets deny that he was a Soviet spy, after which German-born U.S. physicist Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906-2005) comments that Fuchs was the only physicist he knew who truly fu, er, changed history; after ratting him out, his U.S. confederate, Russian-Jewish-Swiss-Am. chemist Harry Gold (1910-72) is also convicted, and sentenced next year to 30 years, then paroled in May 1965, his testimony resulting in the arrest of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, along with David Greenglass (1922-); Fuchs is released on June 23, 1959, and moves to East Germany, becoming a big man in the East German Communist govt., giving info. to Chinese scientists which they use to develop their A-bomb. On Jan. 25 Alger Hiss is found guilty of perjury for denying his Commie affiliations and his role in the transfer of State Dept. secrets to the Soviets prior to the war, and spends nearly five years in prison; in 2007 Kai Bird (1951-) suggests that he was framed by U.S. diplomat Henry Wilder Foote (1875-1974) after his sexual advances were rejected - alger = perjure, and hiss = snake? On Jan. 26 India becomes a repub., with Congress Party leader Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963) as pres. #1 (until May 13, 1962); the Constitution of India becomes the longest and most exhaustive of any nation, defining India as a sovereign Socialist secular dem. repub., with a bicameral parliament operating under the Westminster-style system; the Nat. Emblem of India is based on the Sarnath Lion Capital of Emperor Ashoka, erected in 250 B.C.E., with the motto "Truth Alone Triumphs". On Jan. 28 Somaliland is put under Italian mandate by the U.N., and on Apr. 1 it assumes trusteeship, causing the Soviet Union to veto Italy's U.N. membership. On Jan. 29 Sheik Ahmad dies, and his son Abdullah III al-Salim al-Sabah (1895-1965) succeeds him as ruler of Kuwait (until 1965). On Jan. 29 Lord Balfour crticizes the continuation of wartime rationing in Britain. On Jan. 31 after the Soviet Union A-bomb explosion in 1949 is verified, Pres. Truman instructs the AEC to proceed with work on the H-bomb. On Jan. 31 the last Kuomintang troops in mainland China surrender; on Feb. 1 Gen. Chiang Kai-shek is reelected as pres. of the Repub. of China, and moves his govt. to Taipei, Taiwan on Mar. 1. In Jan. Italy announces a 10-year economic plan to reduce unemployment, creating the Cassa del Mezzogiorno (Bank of the South) to finance development. In Jan. Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914-53) visits the U.S., beginning his popular reading tours. In Jan. the Commonwealth Conference on Foreign Affairs is held in Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and next July 1 launches the £8B Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia, with participating nations incl. Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, and Ceylon; by 1977 it's up to 26 nations; next Nov. 28 the plan is presented to the British Parliament. In Jan. the Repub.-controlled Saturday Evening Post pub. Why We Lost China, by Am. journalist (closet gay) Joseph Wright Alsop V (1910-89), which cements the conspiratorial mind-set of the Repub. Party by blaming the State Dept. for losing "our" China to Commies?; too bad that McCarthy comes along, goes off the deep end and finally pisses-off Alsop by going after his friend Dean Acheson? On Feb. 2 What's My Line debuts on CBS-TV (until Sept. 3, 1967, then revived as a syndicated show from 1968-75), produced by Mark Goodson (1915-92) and William S. "Bill" Todman (1916-79), and hosted by South African-born ABC-TV newsman John Charles Daly (1914-91), with mystery guests whose occupation (line) must be guessed by a panel consisting of gold necklace-wearing Arlene Francis (1907-2001) (1950-75), Dorothy Kilgallen (1913-65) (1950-65), Louis Untermeyer (1885-1977) (1950-1), Random House ed. Bennett Cerf (1898-1971) (1951-71) et al.; the first mystery guest is Yankees shortstop Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto (1917-2007) - I make money with bags and balls in New York? On Feb. 2 the acting career of screen star Ingrid Bergman (1915-82), who has been married to Dr. Aron Peter Lindstrom (1907-2000) since 1937, with daughter Friedel Pia Lindstrom (1938-), goes south after she lets her contract with retiring David O. Selznick lapse in 1948 and began working in Italy with Italian playboy dir. Roberto Rossellini (1906-77), then began an affair with him during the making of the film Stromboli in 1949, leaving her family to live with him in Italy, then having his illegitimate son Roberto Ingmar Rossellini (1950-), followed by twin daughters Isabella Rossellini (1952-) and Ingrid Rossellini (1952-); on Mar. 14 U.S. Sen. (D-Colo.) (1937-55) Edwin Carl "Big Ed" Johnson (1884-1970) (former Colo. gov. in 1933-7) delivers a 1-hour speech from the U.S. Senate floor, calling her a "free-love cultist", a "powerful influence of evil", "an assault upon the institution of marriage", and "Hollywood's apostle of degradation", which fuels a public reaction against this phony virginal Joan of Arc; she gets a quicky Mexican divorce from Lindstrom, followed by a marriage to Rosselini by proxy in Juarez, and doesn't return to the Puritan-run U.S. until 1957. On Feb. 8 the first payment is made via a Diners Club credit card in New York City by Frank McNamara at Major's Cabin Grill, becoming the first-ever use of a charge card ("the First Supper"). Figaro, Figaro, or, The definition of Cheesehead? On Feb. 9 rookie Rep. Wisc. U.S. Sen. Joseph Raymond "Joe" McCarthy (1908-57) bursts into nat. prominence with a Wheeling, W. Va. Lincoln Day Speech (titled "Enemies from Within") to the Ohio County Women's Repub. Club during which he holds up a piece of paper, saying: "While I cannot take the time to name all the men in the State Department who have been named as members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring, I have here in my hand a list of two hundred and five (205) that were known to the Secretary of State as being members... and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy"; on Feb. 9 he calls U.S. secy. of state Dean Acheson (1893-1971) a "pompous diplomat in striped pants", and calls on Pres. Truman to furnish a list of State Dept. employees considered bad security risks, and to revoke his pres. order of 3-13-48; on Feb. 20 he changes the magic number of names to 81, and when Sen. (D-Ill.) Scott Wike Lucas (1892-1968) demands that he makes them public, he refuses, saying: "If I were to give all the names involved, it might leave a wrong impression. If we should label one man a Communist when he is not... I think it would be too bad"; in Feb. the Tydings Committee (Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees) is formed to look into McCarthy's charges, chaired by Sen. (D-Md.) (1927-51) Millard Evelyn Tydings (1890-1961), and this time McCarthy names names, incl. China expert Owen Lattimore (1900-89), astronomer Harlow Shapley (1885-1972), jurist Philip Caryl Jessup (1897-1986), jurist Dorothy Kenyon (1888-1972), State Dept. diplomat (to China) John Stewart Service (1909-99), political scientist Frederick Lewis Schuman (1904-), State Dept. official Haldore Hanson (1912-92), Spanish composer Gustavo Duran Martinez (1906-69) (friend of Ernest Hemingway in Cuba), and U.S. Navy civilian employee (who helped scientists escape from Communist Hungary) Stephen Brunauer (1903-86); on Mar. 29 a cartoon in the Washington Post by Herblock (Herbert Lawrence Block) (1909-2001) coins the term "McCarthyism"; on May 4 Truman relents, releasing the files on the 81 cases McCarthy still claims he has, which McCarthy then claims have been stripped and skeletonized; after he lucks out and the stupid State Dept. fails to prevent the Korean War (or the Chinese from entering it), on Sept. 23 McCarthy claims that the Korean and Indochinese conflicts were planned in the 1945 Yalta Conference by Roosevelt and Stalin; the real reason Stalin approved them was his development of nukes, which neutralized the U.S.?; the Tydings Committee ends up in a partisan split, and the Dem. majority claims that McCarthy is full of it, to which the Repubs. respond that the Dems. are guilty of a whitewash; after three votes, all along partisan lines, the Senate also deadlocks; meanwhile, careers are ruined; John S. Service is fired but reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1957; Jessup is appointed by Pres. Truman as U.S. delegate to the U.K. next year, but the Senate refuses to approve him, after which Truman appoints him during their recess, after which JFK appoints him to the Internat. Court of Justice in 1961 (until 1970), causing him to become a legal folk hero, and the Philip C. Jessup Cup to be named in his honor; after McCarthy smears his colleague Gen. George C. Marshall as a Comsymp (Commie sympathizer), Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower gets permanently pissed-off at him, later fighting the influence of the John Birch Society on the Repub. Party. On Feb. 11 two Viet Minh battalions attack a French base in French Indochina. On Feb. 11 Finland recognizes Indonesia. On Feb. 11 a bus plunges 40 ft. into a pond in Matsuo, Kyushu, Japan, kiling 22 and injuring 18. On Feb. 12 Communist riots erupt in Paris. On Feb. 12 Albert Einstein warns that nuclear war between the U.S. and Soviet Union could lead to mutual destruction; on Feb. 13 the U.S. Army begins deploying anti-aircraft guns to protect nuclear stations and military targets. On Feb. 12 the European Broadcasting Union is founded, growing to 56 countries. On Feb. 13 a USAF Convair B-36 bomber carrying an Mark-4 atomic bomb goes down off the W coast of Canada, becoming the first "broken arrow". On Feb. 14 Red China and the Soviet Union sign a 30-year Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutal Assistance. On Feb. 14 Sir Winston Churchill gives an election speech in Edinburgh, Scotland proposing "a parley at the summit" with Soviet leaders, coining the term "summit" for a top-level meeting; on Feb. 23 gen. elections in Britain give a V to Clement Attlee's Labour Party, but Churchill's Tories gain seats in the Commons. On Feb. 17 two Long Island Rail Road commuter trains crash head-on in Rockville Centre, N.Y., killing 30; on Nov. 22 another Long Island Rail Road commuter train crashes into another, this time from the rear in Richmond Hill, N.Y., killing 79. On Feb. 17 German-born Jewish-Am. banker (Council on Foreign Relations member) James Paul Warburg (1896-1969), son of CFR founder Paul Warburg testifies before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, uttering the soundbyte "We shall have world government whether or not you like it, by conquest or consent"; on Nov. 25, 1959 the CFR pub. Study No. 7, a plan to bring about a NWO via manipulation of U.S. foreign policy and internat. economic interdependence. On Feb. 19 Konrad Adenauer of West Germany fails to negotiate a reunion with East Germany. On Feb. 20 the U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Bulgaria due to alleged persecution of diplomatic personnel. On Feb. 25 Your Show of Shows debuts on Sat. nights on NBC-TV for 139 episodes (until June 5, 1954), starring Isaac Sidney "Sid" Caesar (1922-2014) and Imogene Fernandez de Coca (1908-2001). In Feb. martial law in de-Commie-fied Greece, in effect since 1947 is lifted. On Mar. 3 Commie Poland declares that it plans on exiling all Germans; on Mar. 20 it decides to confiscate the property of the Roman Catholic Church. On Mar. 5 gen. elections in Greece gives a majority to the combined center and moderate left, with the populists getting the most of any group but less than a majority of the total, causing instability and five different cabinets during the year. On Mar. 8 the Soviet Union admits to having the atomic bomb. On Mar. 8 the first VW Microbus (Kombi) (Transporter) (Bus) (Camper) rolls off the assembly line in Wolfsburg, Germany, becoming its 2nd car model, later designated as Type 2. On Mar. 12 a plane en route from Ireland to Wales crashes near Llandow, Wales, killing 80 rugby fans. On Mar. 12-13 a referendum in Belgium shows 57.7% in favor of the return of king (since 1934) Leopold III, causing the Belgian govt. to collapse on Mar. 18; on Apr. 15 after returning, only to see nationwide demonstrations oppose him, he announces that he is ready to abdicate in favor of his eldest son Prince Baudouin, and on Aug. 1 he transfers his royal powers to him. On Mar. 14 the ship Cygenet hits a mine off the Dutch coast. On Mar. 12 Egypt demands that Britain remove its troops from the Suez Canal. On Mar. 14 the FBI announces its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List after a reporter requests the names of the "toughest guys" wanted by the agency; murderer Thomas Holden is the first to make the list (he is captured next year); bank robber William Francis "Willie" Sutton Jr. 9190-80) is #11; 55 years later only seven women have appeared on the list, and the all-male cast features a $25M reward for Osama bin Laden. On Mar. 22 52-y.-o. mechanic Frank La Salle is arrested in San Jose, Calif. for the 21-mo.-long rape-abduction of 11-y.-o. Florence Sally Horner (1937-52), claiming to be her father and ending up with a 30-35-year prison sentence after being convicted of the U.S. Mann Act. On Mar. 23 the Goodson-Todman Productions game show Beat the Clock debuts on CBS-TV, switching to ABC-TV from 1958-61, hosted by Bud Collyer (1908-69); Neil Simon writes for it, and James Dean tests stunts for it. On Mar. 23 the 22nd Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1949 to Rossen-Columbia's All the King's Men, along with best actor to Broderick Crawford and best supporting actress to Mercedes McCambridge; best actress goes to Olivia de Havilland for The Heiress, best supporting actor to Dean Jagger for Twelve O'Clock High, and best dir. to Joseph L. Mankewicz for A Letter to Three Wives. On Mar. 25 gen. elections in Yugoslavia give an overwhelming V to Tito and his People's Front candidates, allowing Tito to push his Titoism brand of anti-Soviet Communism at will, going on to develop rapprochement with the West, oppose Chinese intervention in Korea, resume diplomatic relations with Greece, and thaw relations with Italy - he's teetering on the edge? In Mar. Am. journalist William John "Will" Lang Jr. (1914-68) reports the discovery of the corpses of German pres. Paul von Hindenburg and his wife alongside Frederick Wilhelm I and Frederick II the Great of Prussia in a salt mine in Germany. In the spring a bear cub nicknamed Smokey Bear (1950-75) is discovered in the burnt-out Lincoln Nat. forest in New Mexico's El Capitan Mts. clinging to the top of a small tree, and the U.S. Forest Service adopts him as their fire-prevention program symbol, with the motto, "Only you can prevent forest fires", using the voice of Jackson Weaver (1920-92) (until 1976); the 1952 song Smokey the Bear by Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins adds "the" for rhyming purposes, causing endless confusion; the real bear is put in the Nat. Zoo in Washington, D.C. until retirement in 1975 at age 70 (in human years); his mate at the zoo is Goldie, but no cubs are born as he is a real gay bear; he is given his own personal zip code, 20252. On Apr. 10 after stopping two rightist coup plots and announcing in Feb. the discovery of a Red plot in La Paz, the Bolivian govt. outlaws the Communist Party and "all its activities and subsidiary organizations"; meanwhile tin prices decrease, threatening the economy. On Apr. 14 the U.S. Nat. Security Council issues the secret Nat. Security Report 68 (NSC-68), setting U.S. policy for the next two decades, envisioning a total victory over Soviet Communism and the emergence of a "new world order" based on capitalist-liberal Am. values; Pres. Truman signs it on Sept. 30; it is not declassified until 1975. On Apr. 24 Jordan officially annexes Judea and Samaria (which they begin to call the West Bank [of the Jordan River], causing other members of the Arab League to protest; on Apr. 27 Britain recognizes Israel - gloating that they kept them Jews from fulfilling the Bible? On Apr. 27 South Africa passes the Group Areas Act, officially segregating the races (whites, Indians, Coloureds, Bantu), and leading to Pass Laws requiring non-whites to carry pass books to enter the white areas; it is given royal assent on June 4, goes into effect on Mar. 30, 1951, and is repealed on Nov. 1, 1957. On Apr. 28 Mass.-born, Swiss-educated Bhumibol Adulyadej (Phumiphon Abdulet) marries Queen Sirikit, and on May 5 is crowned Rama IX (1927-2016) of Thailand (until Oct. 13, 2016); their son Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn is born on July 28, 1952. In Apr. the body of 20-y.-o. Italian model Wilma Montesi (b. 1933) (died Apr. 9) is found near the beach at Ostia, leading to sensational allegations of drug use and sex orgies in Roman society; the case is never solved. On May 1 the U.N. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) (founded Dec. 8, 1949) begins administering the 950K Palestinians in refugee camps, which grow by 1987 to 2.2M, one-third still living in U.N. camps. On May 3 after the body of a Kansas City, Mo. gambling kingpin is found in a Dem. clubhouse slumped beneath a portrait of Pres. Truman, the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce (Kefauver Committee), headed by coonskin cap-wearing populist Cary Estes Kefauver (1903-63) (D-Tenn.) is launched via a resolution, and begins hearings on May 11, conducting open hearings in large cities to document ties between organized crime and local political officials, making a celeb of "king of the bookmakers" Frank Erickson (1896-1968), and Bettie (Betty) Mae Page (1923-2008), a well-endowed (36-23-36) raven-hared Southern white babe who likes to do stripstease and pose in black underwear and high boots in bondage photos, after they shut down S&M pornographer ("the Pin-Up King") Irving Klaw (1910-66); on Dec. 31, 1958 she suddenly converts to Jesus and gives up her exhibitionism; after he becomes the youngest newspaper ed.-publisher in the U.S. in 1948 with the Troy Tribune Troy, Ill., using it to campaign against govt. corruption and vice, gaining attention from Ill. Gov. Adlai Stevenson and resulting in nat. exposure, Eugene, Ore.-born Paul Martin Simon (1928-2003) is invited to speak before the commission, going on to be elected to the Ill. State Senate. in 1962 - I finally have enough money to get the dog fixed? On May 6 the town of Cazin in Yugoslavia (Bosnia) revolts against Communist agrarian reforms. On May 8 the 4th cent. B.C.E. Tollund Man is unearthed in Denmark on the Jutland Peninsula; the head and face are so well-preserved that he is initially taken for a recent murder victim. On May 9 the Schuman Declaration, prepared by Jean Monnet (1888-1979) et al., delivered from the Salon d'Horloge by devout Roman Catholic Luxembourg-born Robert Schuman (1886-1963), and backed by the French govt. invites the Germans and all other Euro countries to manage their coal and steel industries jointly and democratically in Europe's first supranational community, becoming the start of the EU; on Aug. 8 Winston Churchill supports the idea of a pan-European army allied with the U.S. and Canada. On May 9 the West German govt. refuses to recognize Gypsies as deserving of WWII reparations because "It should be borne in mind that Gypsies have been persecuted by the Nazis not for any racial reason but because of an asocial and criminal record." On May 10 Pres. Truman signs Public Law 507, creating the Nat. Science Foundation (NSF). On May 11 the McMinnville UFO Photos taken on the farm of Paul and Evelyn Trent outside Sheridan, Ore. 9 mi. SW of McMinnville, Ore. become the first photos of a UFO since the term was coined, becoming the most famous ever after being reprinted in Life mag.; a pie pan suspended by a string from power lines? On May 14 Turkey has its first free election, and the Dem. Party gains seats from the Repub. People's Party (408 of 487); on May 22 Dem. Party founder (1946) Mahmut Celal Bayar (1883-1986) becomes pres. #3 of the Repub. of Turkey (until May 27, 1960), and co-founder Adnan Menderes (1899-1961) becomes PM (until May 27, 1960); former pres. (since 1938) Ismet Inonu leads the opposition in parliament; on June 6 the Adhan (Muslim call to prayer) in Arabic is legalized. On May 14 the Huntsville Times pub. the headline "Dr. von Braun Says Rocket Flights Possible to the Moon". On May 15 the U.S. Congress passes a bill granting to states clear title to offshore petroleum and other mineral deposits, but Pres. Truman vetoes it on May 29, saying "it would turn over to certain states, as a free gift, very valuable lands and mineral resources" belonging "to all the people of the country" - and I believe the label you want to put on me says "pirate"? On May 20 (3rd Sat. in May) the first U.S. Armed Forces Day is observed. On May 24 the U.S. Dept. of Commerce founds the U.S. Maritime Admin. to replace the U.S. Maritime Commission in the operation of the U.S. Maritime Service and U.S. Merchant Marine; on Aug. 6, 1981 it is taken over by the U.S. Dept. of Transportatin. On May 29 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police schooler RCMPV St. Roch arrives in Halifax, N.S., Canada after becoming the first ship to circumnavigate North Am. In May the First World Buddhist Congress is held in Kandy, Ceylon (Sri Lanka). In May Pakistani PM (1947-51) Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951) visits the U.S., and utters the immortal soundbyte: "As I let myself ponder over this, I suddenly see the United States of America as an island, a fabulously prosperous island. And all around this island I see the unhealthy sea of misery, povery, and squalor in which millions of human beings are trying to keep their heads above water. At such moments I fear for this great nation as one fears for a dear friend." On May ? a bus and tram collide in Glasgow, Scotland, killing seven and injuring 43. In May Sing Out!, a quarterly journal for folk musicians begins pub., becoming an industry leader. In May-June all remaining former Socialists, incl. pres. Arpad Szakasits are dismissed from the Hungarian govt., which is now completely Soviet-dominated. On June 1-23 Mauna Loa in Hawaii erupts, destroying the village of Ho'okena-mauka but causing no fatalities; next eruption in 1984. On June 3 26,545 ft. (8,091m) Annapurna ("goodess of the harvest", "full of food") I in the Himalayas of NC Nepal (10th highest mountain on Earth) is first climbed by a French team led by Maurice Herzog (1919-2012) and Louis Lachenal (1921-55), breaking the 8Km barrier. On June 5 Pres. Truman signs his 3rd foreign aid bill, giving $3B to the European Recovery Program and the Point Four Program. On June 5 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 8-0 in Henderson v. U.S. to abolish segregation in railroad dining cars, along with any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage based on race; Justice William O. Douglas doesn't vote. On June 5 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules unanimously in Sweatt v. Painter to reverse the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation for law schools. On June 6 East Germany and Poland recognize the Oder-Neisse Line as the final German-Polish frontier, pissing-off West Germany? On June 8 WWII CIC of ground forces in the South Pacific Sir Thomas Albert Blamey (1884-1951) becomes the first Australian field marshal. On June 10 after stepping up guerrilla activity in South Korea, which suffers from inflation, a cabinet crisis, gen. unrest and brutal police actions, the North Korean govt. proposes to the U.N. Korean Commission that elections for an all-Korean legislature be held in Aug. On June 11 The Hazel Scott Show debuts on the DuMont TV Network, starring Trinidad-born jazz singer Hazel Scott (1920-81), who becomes the first African-Am. woman with her own TV show; too bad, she mouths off, dissing McCarthyism and racial segregation, and the show is canceled after the Sept. 29 episode. On June 16 the Displaced Persons Act of 1948 is extended to allow an additional 200K refugees to enter the U.S. On June 17 Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (1925-68) weds baby factory Ethel Skakel (1928-) of Greenwich, Conn; they have 11 children, Kathleen Hartington Kennedy Townsend (1951-) (lt. gov. of Md. 1995-), Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (1952-), Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. (1954-), David Anthony Kennedy (1955-84) (dies of an OD in a Palm Beach hotel), Mary Courtney Kennedy Hill (1956-), Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (1958-97) (dies playing football on skis in Aspen, Colo.), Kerry Kennedy Cuomo (1959-) (marries Andrew Cuomo, son of N.Y. Gov. Mario Cuomo), Christopher George Kennedy (1963-) (pres. of Merchandise Mart in Chicago), Matthew Maxwell Taylor Kennedy (1965-), Douglas Harriman Kennedy (1967-), and Rory Elizabeth Katherine Kennedy (1968-) (filmmaker). M*A*S*H time? On June 25 North Korean forces (with permission from Stalin) cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea, starting the Korean War (ends 1953); China assists the North, while U.N. troops, led by U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) aid the South; on June 25 the U.N. Security Council is called by the U.S., and the Soviet delegate doesn't attend, making it possible for them to pass Resolution 82 by 9-0-1 (Yugoslavia abstaining), calling for the withdrawal of the North Korean troops and a ceasefire; on June 27 the U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 83 by 7-1-0 (Yugoslavia against, Egypt abstaining), calling on U.N. members to assist South Korea and invokes military sanctions, causing Pres. Truman to order the U.S. Air Force and Navy into the Korean conflict, and orders the U.S. Seventh Fleet into the Straits of Formosa to block an invasion of China by Formosa (freeing the Chinese to build up forces to cross the Yalu River into North Korea later?); on June 28 Seoul is captured by the North Koreans; on June 30 the first U.S. ground forces are committed; on July 7 the Security Council authorizes a unified U.N. command in Korea under U.S. leadership, and the hastily-formed U.S. Eighth Army backed by 20 other U.N. members takes the North Koreans on; MiG Alley in the Yalu River Valley in NW Korea becomes the scene of a 10-1 kill ratio for U.S. planes; in the opening months of the war, the South Korean military and police execute 4.9K pro-Communist civilians who signed up for reeducation classes, and don't admit it until Nov. 2009 - do you know why we're here, to jack my price up? On June 24 Pres. Truman dedicates Friendship Internat. Airport, serving Baltimore and Washington, D.C.; in 1973 it is renamed Baltimore/Washington Internat. Airport; on Oct. 1, 2005 it is renamed Baltimore/Washington Internat. Thurgood Marshall Airport. On June 26 South Africa passes the Suppression of Communism Act, effective July 17; repealed on July 2, 1982. On June 26 The Garry Moore Show debuts on CBS-TV (until Jan. 8, 1967), starring Garry Moore (1915-93) and Homer Durward Kirby (1912-2000), going on to help launch the careers of Carol Burnett, Jonathan Winters, Don Adams et al. On June 30 Pope Pius XII excommunicates all plotters against legitimate ecclesiastical authorities. In June just before the Korean War begins, Dean Rusk (1909-94) compares the rebellion there to the Am. revolt against the British. On July 2 Peruvian dictator (since 1948) Gen. Manuel A. Odria surprises no one by winning election for pres. unopposed (until 1956) - little by little I've come to understand the Peruvian people? On July 5 the Battle of Osan in Osan, South Korea becomes the first battle of the Korean War, with 5K North Korean infantry and 36 tanks defeating 540 U.S. infantry; Pvt. Kenneth R. "Kenny" Shadrick (b. 1931) becomes the first U.S. fatality in the Korean War; actually the first with a known identity since there were some earlier fatalities in the battle. On July 5 the Israeli Knesset passes the Law of Return, granting every Jew "the right to come to this country as an oleh" (immigrant). becomes the first U.S. fatality in the Korean War; actually the first with a known identity since there were some earlier fatalities in the battle. On July 6 the Battle of Pyongtaek in W South Korea (2nd battle of the Korean War) is another North Korean V, with 12K North Korean troops defeating 2K U.S. troops. On July 7 the Population Registration Act (assented to on June 22) goes into effect in South Africa, bureaucratizing apartheid; repealed on June 28, 1991. On July 15 Jackie Gleason (1916-87) takes over the Cavalcade of Stars (begun Sept. 19, 1949) on the DuMont TV Network, and on Sept. 20, 1952 it switches to CBS-TV under the title The Jackie Gleason Show for a total of 187 episodes (until June 22, 1957), featuring the June Taylor Dancers, led by his sister-in-law; Gleason performs many recurring skits incl. millionaire Reginald Van Gleason III, loudmouth Charlie Bratten, milquetoast Fenwick Babbitt, Rudy the Repairman, the pantomine char. Poor Soul, and Joe the Bartender, who serves zany Crazy Guggenheim, played by Frank Fontaine (1920-78). On July 18 UNESCO releases The Race Question, written by English-born Jewish-Am. anthropologist Montague Francis Ashley-Montagu (Israel Ehrenberg) (1905-99), black Am. sociologist Edward Franklin Frazier (1894-1962) et al., questioning the validity of race as a biological concept and suggesting the substitution of "ethnic group"; revised eds. pub. in 1951, 1967, and 1978; English #1 geneticist-statistician-eugenicist (founder of modern statistical science) Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962) is a notable dissenter, insisting that there are statistical racial differences, with the soundbyte: "Scientific knowledge provides a firm basis for believing that the groups of mankind differ in their innate capacity for intellectual and emotional development." On July 25 a high-level meeting in South Korea decides that U.S. soldiers will shoot refugees approaching their lines, fearing that they are infiltrated by North Koreans, and on July 26-28 the 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment kills about 400 Korean refugees, mostly women and children carrying baggage and farm animals at er, No Gun Ri 100 mi. SE of Seoul; similar episodes later kill hundreds more, and the govt. tries to cover it up until the Associated Press pub. a story in 1999, prompting a 16-mo. Pentagon inquiry, which clears the Army, until in 2006 a letter from U.S. ambassador to South Korea (1949-52) John J. Muccio to Dean Rusk dated July 26 informs him that this is what the soldiers are ordered to do. On July 30-Aug. 6 the Jehovah's Witnesses stage a huge internat. assembly at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, N.Y., with 80K+ members from 65 countries, showing how peaceful and loving people can be with the Watch Tower org. as their shepherd and Armageddon due any day, and how clean the stadium is after they all leave?; as many as 123K attend in one day, twice the seating capacity?; coincidentally they use the occasion to release their New World Trans. of the New Testament, where their heretical Arian doctrine is prominently showcased. On Aug. 5 a USAF B-29 Superfortress carrying a Mark 4 nuclear bomb crashes shortly after takeoff from Fairfield-Suisun AFB into a residential area in Calif., killing 12 of 20 aboard and seven on the ground incl. five firefighters, and injuring 49 after high explosives in the bomb detonate 20 mi. after the crash, spreading burning fuel and wreckage over a 2 sq. mi. area. On Aug. 6 monarchist demonstrationsin Brussels lead to a riot. On Aug. 12 Pope Pius XII declares this year a Holy Year (#25) (last one in 1933), and issues the encyclical Humani Generis, affirming the Thomist philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas as the basis of Catholic doctrine, and condemning all departures from it, incl. all neo-modernism, and delinking the creation of body and soul, allowing Darwinian Evolution to be considered as a serious hypothesis that doesn't contradict essential Church teachings; on Nov. 1 he climaxes, er, witnesses the "Miracle of the Sun" at the Vatican, and pronounces the dogma of the corporeal Assumption of the Virgin Mary. On Aug. 12-25 the Battle of the Bowling Alley in a narrow valley near Taegu, South Korea sees U.N. forces defeat North Korean forces, with 2.3K U.N. vs. 5,690 North Korean forces KIA. On Aug. 15 (7:39 p.m. local time) an 8.6 earthquake in the Mishmi Hills of Assam, India E of the Himalayas in the North-East Frontier Agency affects 30K sq. mi., and kills 4.8K in India and Tibet, leaving 5M homeless; the largest recorded earthquake caused by continental collision rather than subduction (until ?); the only big one in this decade? On Aug. 15 (Aug. 5?) the Mariana UFO Incident sees Nick Mariana, gen. mgr. of the Great Falls Electrics minor-league baseball team take color photos of two UFOs in Great Falls, Mont.; the USAF investigates and claims they are reflections from two F-94 jets. On Aug. 22 the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary in Tagbilaran City, Philippines is founded. On Aug. 23 black Communist singer-actor Paul Robeson meets with U.S. officials to get his revoked passport reinstated, but doesn't succeed until 1958. By early Aug. North Korea has occupied all but the 50-mi. Pusan perimeter in the SE east of the Naktong River; stiff U.S. resistance takes the oomph out of the North Koreans by the end of Aug. On Aug. 31 in the evening three North Korean divs. cross the Naktong River in a bid to take Pusan; the only thing in their way are the 200 men of Company C (Charlie Co.) and other elements of the 2nd U.S. Infantry Div.; by the morning of Sept. 1 only seven men appear to have lived through the night, but later as many as 67 survivors are counted; Company C cmdr. Capt. Cyril Sylvester Bartholdi (b. 1919) is captured, tortured, and killed; the North Korean attack penetrates 10 mi. before fizzling, having failed to drive the Americans off the peninsula, becoming the last major North Korean offensive. In Aug. Geritol brand alcohol-based iron and Vitamin B supplement tonic is introduced by Pharmaceuticals Inc. for "iron-poor tired blood", with the slogan "twice the iron in a pound of calf's liver" (who wouldn't want an alcoholic drink instead of a plate of liver?), sponsoring TV programs for elderly viewers incl. "The Lawrence Welk Show", along with yikes "Star Trek: TOS" (kiss of death?); in 1957 it acquires J.B. Williams Co., which is acquired in 1970 by Nabisco; in 1959 the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) begins investigating it, ordering it in 1965 to disclose that it only helps the minority of people who suffer from iron deficiency anemia, and in 1973 fining the co. $812K (largest FTC fine to date); in 1973 they air a TV commerical with the tag line "My wife, I think I'll keep her", pissing-off women's libbers. On Sept. 4 the comic strip Beetle Bailey by Addison Mort Walker (1923-) debuts on King Features Syndicate. On Sept. 5 the 30-min. Western series The Cisco Kid, based on the 1907 O. Henry short story about two fugitives from justice who turn into Robin Hoods debuts in syndication for 156 episodes (until Mar. 22, 1956), becoming the first TV series to be filmed in color, starring Duncan Renaldo (Renault Renaldo Duncan) (1904-80) as the Cisco Kid, who roams the Wild West on his black-and-white horse Diablo, and Leopold Antonio "Leo" Carrillo (1880-1961) as his sidekick Pancho, who rides the horse Loco. On Sept. 7 a coal mine collapses in New Cumnock, Scotland, killing 13 of 129 miners. On Sept. 7 Truth or Consequences debuts on CBS-TV (until Dec. 31, 1987), becoming the first TV show to be regularly filmed before a live studio audience; on Dec. 31, 1956 Bob Barker (1923-) becomes the host of the TV version (until 1975). On Sept. 8 the U.S. Defense Production Act is passed, controlling military contracting (until ?). On Sept. 9 Calif. celebrates its centennial. On Sept. 9 the 1951 (24th) Miss America Pageant crowns the winner for 1951, not 1950, so that there never is a 1950 Miss America?; winner Miss Ala. Yolande Margaret Betbeze Fox (1928-2016) refuses to pose in a swimsuit, which the pageant backs, changing the focus to scholarship over beauty, causing Catalina Swimwear to drop sponsorship in favor of its own brainless pageants Miss USA and Miss Universe starting next year; in 2006 Miss America moves its pageant to Jan. so that the year confusion can end. On Sept. 10 (Sun.) (8-9 p.m.) the New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles-based variety show The Colgate Comedy Hour debuts on NBC-TV (until Dec. 25, 1955) to compete with "Toast of the Town", sponsored by Colgate-Palmolive, hosted by Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, featuring Hans Conried, Rosemary DeCamp, and Dick Foran, going on to feature Abbott and Costello, Eddie Cantor et al.; in June 1955 it becomes the "Colgate Variety Hour", featuring Frank Sinatra, Ethel Merman et al.; on Nov. 22, 1953 the show is hosted by Donald O'Connor, becoming the first TV broadcast using the NTSC system, which is used in the U.S. until June 2009. On Sept. 11 the crime drama series Treasury Men in Action (Federal Men) debuts on ABC-TV for 189 episodes (until July 1, 1955), starring Walter Noel Greaza (1897-1973) as the Chief. On Sept. 12 Communist riots erupt in Berlin, causing West Germany to decide to purge Communist officials on Sept. 19. On Sept. 13 after the war seems lost, the U.S. Eighth Army launches a counteroffensive from the Pusan perimeter to the N, followed on Sept. 15 by a risky surprise amphibious landing of army and 1st Marine divs. at the Battle of Inchon (Jinsen) (Chemulpo) at the mouth of the Han River on the Yellow Sea on the W coast of the Korean peninsula (20 mi. WSW of Seoul), which succeeds brilliantly, and ravages North Korean supply lines. On Sept. 18 Makarios III (1913-77) is elected Orthodox archbishop of Cyprus (until 1977); a referendum shows that 95.7% of Cypriots want a union (enosis) with Greece; too bad, the British maintain two sovereign base areas on Cyprus, and don't want to give them up, and push Turkey to declare in 1954 that if they leave Cyprus, it should be given to them. On Sept. 20-26 a U.S. Navy ship releases microbes into the air off the coast of San Francisco, Calif. in a secret biological weapons test. On Sept. 22 Omar Nelson Bradley (1893-1981) is promoted to the rank of 5-star gen., joining Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, George C. Marshall, and Henry H. "Hap" Arnold. On Sept. 22 the U.S. McCarran Internal Security Act is passed over Pres. Truman's veto, establishing the Subversive Activities Control Board and requiring subversive (Communist) orgs. to register with the U.S. atty.-gen., prohibiting their members from becoming U.S. citizen and from crossing the U.S. border; the Pres. is given the authority to apprehend and detain "each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of espionage or sabotage", allowing the detention of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency"; the picketing of a federal courthouse is made a felony if intended to obstruct the court system or influence trial participants incl. jurors; on Nov. 15, 1965 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 8-8 in Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board to overturn the requirement for Communists to register with the govt. on Fifth Amendment grounds; on Dec. 11, 1967 in U.S. v. Robel it overturns the prohibition of Commies working for the federal govt. or defense plants on First Amendment freedom of association grounds. On Sept. 22 the World Dance Council is founded. On Sept. 26 U.S. forces recapture Seoul; the North Koreans flee N to avoid entrapment and recross the 38th parallel. On Sept 26 the U.N. Security Council votes 10-0-1 (Repub. of China) for Resolution 86, authorizing the admission of Indonesia. On Oct. 2 Getulio Vargas is reelected pres. of Brazil (until 1954), and ex-pres. Enrico Dutra is given the rank of marshal of the army in 1952. On Oct. 2 the Peanuts comic strip, by Charles M. Schulz (1922-2000) debuts in seven U.S. newspapers, featuring Charlie Brown, who finally hits a home run on Mar. 30, 1993; original chars. incl. Shermy and Patty, followed by Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (Mar. 1952), Linus (Sept. 1951), Pig Pen (July 1954), Sally (Aug. 1959), Peppermint Patty (Aug. 1966), Woodstock (introduced Apr. 1967, named June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), and Marcie (July 1971). On Oct. 4-7 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the "Whiz Kids" Philadelphia Phillies (NL) 4-0 to win the Forty-Seventh (47th) (1950) World Series; during the regular season outfielder Joe DiMaggio plays his one and only game at first base in a 13-year career. On Oct. 5 riots in the Moluccas are quashed by the Indonesian govt. On Oct. 6 the 1-hour anthology drama show Pulitzer Prize Playhouse debuts on ABC-TV for 53 episodes (until June 4, 1952), hosted by journalist Elmer Davis (1890-1958) and sponsored by Schlitz Brewing Co., presenting adaptations of Pulitzer Prize-winning fiction works, with the Columbia U. Pulitzer School of Journalism getting $100K from Schlitz, pissing-off the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU); the first episode is "You Can't Take It with You", going on to win the 1952 Emmy for best drama series. On Oct. 6 40K Chinese troops invade Tibet, starting the Battle of Chamdo, defeating the 8K-man Tibetan force and taking Chamdo on Oct. 19 after killing, wounding, or capturing 3,341, pissing-off the U.S. Britain, India and other countries; in Nov. the Tibetan nat. assembly holds an emergency session, requesting 16-y.-o. Tibetan Dalai Lama #14 (since Feb. 22, 1940) "His Holiness" Tenzin Gyatso (Lhamo Thondup) (1935-) to become head of state, which he does on Nov. 17 after the People's Repub. of Chna incorporates Tibet, appealing to the U.N. for aid, after which he flees Lhasa for Dromo near the Indian border; too bad, India objects to a U.N. Gen Assembly discussion, calling it a local problem for them and China. On Oct. 7 Army Gen. (U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1946-9) Walter Bedell "Beetle" Smith (1895-1961) becomes dir. #4 of the CIA (until Feb. 9, 1953); last military dir. until 1965. On Oct. 11 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issues the first license to broadcast TV in color to CBS-TV; RCA goes to court and blocks it from taking effect. On Oct. 12 The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show debuts on CBS-TV for 291 episodes (until 1958), replacing their 1932-50 radio show (until 1958), starring New York City-born Jewish comedian George Burns (Nathan Birnbaum) (1896-1996) and San Francisco, Calif.-born Roman Catholic comedian Grace Ethel Cecile Rosalie "Gracie" Allen (1895-1964); the shows are filmed, allowing them to be replayed in syndication; "Say good night, Gracie." On Oct. 15 Gen. MacArthur and Pres. Truman meet on Wake Island, and the MacArthur assures Truman that fighting will be over by Christmas because there is no danger of Chinese or Soviet intervention; MacArthur sends the Eighth Army up the W coast and the Tenth Corps up the E coast to create a pincers movement attempting to prevent the North Koreans from escaping into Manchuria; too bad, on Oct. 15 token Chinese forces cross the Yalu River from Manchuria (Communist China) into North Korea. On Oct. 15 elections in East Germany bring a surprise V for the official list of Communist candidates, with only 99.7% of the vote? On Oct. 19 U.N. forces enter the North Korean capital of Pyongyang - pyong a gyang? On Oct. 20 Australia passes the Communist Party Dissolution Act; the Australian supreme court strikes it down on Mar. 9, 1951. On Oct. 21 The Stu Erwin Show (The Trouble with Father) debuts on ABC-TV for 128 episodes (until Apr. 13, 1955), starring real life husband-wife Stuart "Stu" Erwin (1903-67) and June Collyer (1906-68) (sister of Bud Collyer) as a high school principal and his family. On Oct. 25-Nov. 4 the Battle of Unsan sees the Chinese 39th Corps attack the unprepared U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment, killing 1,149 U.S. and 530 South Korean troops vs. 600+ Commie troops; on Apr. 11, 2013 Pres. Obama posth. awards the Medal of Honor to Chaplain Capt. Emil Joseph Kapaun (1916-51) for helping POWs at the prison camp near Pyoktong before dying of dysentery. On Oct. 28 after airing on NBC Radio since 1932, The Jack Benny Program, starring miserly violin-playing forever-39-years-old ("Well!") Jack Benny (Benjamin Kubelsky) (1894-1974) debuts on CBS-TV, moving in 1964 to NBC-TV (until Apr. 16, 1965), becoming a favorite of JFK et al. On Oct. 29 Swedish king (since 1907) Gustaf V (b. 1858) dies, and his eldest son Gustaf (Gustavus) VI (1882-1973) becomes king of Sweden (until 1973), with the motto "Duty before all", becoming the last Swedish king with royal power. On Oct. 30 the nationalist Jayuya Uprising (Revolt) in Puerto Rico against the U.S. is quashed; on Nov. 1 while staying in the Blair-Lee House in Washington, D.C. during White House repairs, Pres. Truman is the target of an assassination attempt by Puerto Rican nationalists Oscar Collazo (1914-94) and Griselio Torresola (b. 1925) (followers of Harvard-educated nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos), who is killed in a 38.5-sec. gunfight at the gates of the White House by Secret Service agents after they almost succeed in doing the job? In Oct. the bimonthly horror comic book anthology series Tales from the Crypt by EC (DC) Comics debuts (until Mar. 1955), becoming a victim of the Comics Code. On Nov. 3 U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 377 (Uniting for Peace Resolution) (AKA the Acheson Plan) is passed, allowing the gen. assembly to hold an emergency special session and issue non-binding recommendations when the Security Council can't reach unanimity and fails to act in order to maintain internat. peace and security. On Nov. 4 the U.N. Gen. Assembly votes 37-10-12 to reverse its 1946 diplomatic isolation of Spain. On Nov. 5 U.S. Rep. (R-Calif.) (since Jan. 3, 1947) Richard M. Nixon (b. 1913) defeats good-looking (in her underwear?) bleeding heart liberal Dem. Rep. Helen Gahagan Douglas (1900-80) (former Hollywood actress) for the U.S. Senate in Calif. with 59% of the vote (500K votes, largest plurality in the nation) in a dirty fear campaign that frames her as a Commie dupe for opposing the House Un-Am. Activities Committee (HUAC), distributing pink leaflets calling her "pink right down to her underwear", to which she responds by coining his perfect nickname "Tricky Dick(y)"; Nixon is sworn-in on Dec. 1 (until Jan. 1, 1953); Nixon doesn't just defeat opponents, he destroys them personally?; JFK donates $1K to help Nixon defeat her. On Nov. 5 Billy Graham begins broadcasting The Hour of Decision radio program. On Nov. 7 a bus plunges 240 ft. into the Mononobe Riber in Mirabu, Shikoku, Japan, killing 33 and injuring 24. On Nov. 8 the first-ever jet airplane dogfight sees USAF Lt. Russell J. Brown shoot down two North Korean MiG-15s near the Yalu River in his F-80. On Nov. 10 a USAF B-50 Superfortress bomber has an in-flight emergency and jettisons and detonates a Mark 4 atomic bomb over Quebec, Canada; luckily the device lacks the plutonium core. United Fruit cracks the white in Guatwoman? On Nov. 10-20 after Guatemala's 2nd universal suffrage election, leftist Arevalo supporter Col. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (Guzmán) (1913-71) is elected pres. of Guatemala by 60%, taking office next Mar. 15 in the country's first peaceful transfer of power (until June 27, 1954), and begins land reforms to increase the proportion of the pop. controlling arable land (at this point 2% control 72%); too bad, he begins appropriating the plantations of the United Fruit Co., causing the CIA to begin its usual anti-Commie plotting in this yes we have bananas today republic, setting up Operation PBFORTUNE to out him if he's deemed a Communist. On Nov. 11 the Mattachine Society in Los Angeles, Calif. is founded, becoming the first U.S. gay liberation org. On Nov. 13 Venezeualan pres. (since Nov. 24, 1948) Col. Carlos Delgado Chalbaud (Carlos Román Delgado Chalbaud Gómez) (b. 1909) is kidnapped and murdered in Caracas, Venezuela. On Nov. 13 a Curtiss Reid Flying Services plane crashes en route from Rome to Paris, killing all 52 aboard. On Nov. 14 after William O'Dwyer resigns and he becomes acting mayor, then loses the Dem. primary and switches to the populist Experience Party ticket to win, with the slogan "unbought and unbossed", Sicilian-born city council pres. Vincent (Vincenzo) Richard Impellitteri (1900-87) becomes New York City mayor #101 (until Dec. 31, 1953). On Nov. 18 the U.N. accepts the formation of the Libyan Nat. Council. On Nov. 20 writer T.S. Eliot gives a speech against newfangled TV in Britain. On Nov. 20 Time mag. contains an article about painter Jackson Pollock (1912-56) that calls his work "chaos", causing him to telegram them with the message "No chaos, damn it." On Nov. 21 the first U.N. forces reach the Yalu River. On Nov. 22 a Long Island Railroad commuter train crashes into another in Richmond Hill, N.Y., killing 79. On Nov. 22 anti-British riots erupt in Egypt. On Nov. 22 after marrying Army Air Force sgt. John Agar in 1945, making two films with him then divorcing him for mental cruelty in 1949, child movie star Shirley Temple (1928-) retires from show biz, and on Dec. 16 she marries Calif. businessman Charles Alden Black (1919-2006); they have son Charles Alden Black Jr. and daughter Lori Black (AKA Lorax) (1954-). On Nov. 24 Nelson A. Rockefeller (dir. of the Rockefeller Center in New York City since 1931) becomes chmn. of the 13-member Advisory Board on Internat. Development, created as part of Pres. Truman's Point Four Program for aid to underdeveloped nations. On Nov. 24 Gen. MacArthur launches a major offensive to close the trap on the Northern Koreans; after new U.S. defense secy. (1950-1) Gen. George C. Marshall countermands MacArthur's order to bomb the Yalu River bridges, 200K Red Chinese Army troops under Gen. Lin Piao cross the river in full force on Nov. 25-26, surprising and driving the U.N. forces back in disarray across the 38th parallel on Nov. 29, while the Tenth Corps is evacuated by sea from the port of Hungnam on Dec. 10-24; on Nov. 30 MacArthur urges Truman to authorize a nuclear attack on the slant-eyed devils. On Nov. 25 the 1950 Appalachian Storm dumps 30-50 in. of snow, killing 323, being labelled the "storm of the century". On Nov. 26 Andres Martinez Trueba (1874-1959) is elected pres. of Uruguay (until 1952), succeeding Luiz B. Berres. On Nov. 28 Greece and Yugoslavia restore diplomatic relations. In Nov. the U.N. Gen. Assembly upholds charges by the U.S. and Britain against the Soviets for systematic human rights violations in Romania. On Dec. 1 the U.N. Gen. Assembly creates the U.N. Korean Reconstruction Agency (UNKRA) to speed the rehabilitation of South Korea; by June 30, 1957 it spends $143M to construct 6K homes, 110 irrigation and flood control projects, and a gazillion schools, hospitals, and factories. On Dec. 3 Mt. Etna in Sicily erupts. On Dec. 4 the U. of Tenn. defies court rulings and rejects five African-Am. applicants. On Dec. 11 the Maria Hertogh Riots in Singapore kill 18 and injure 173. On Dec. 12 Paula Ackerman becomes the first woman rabbi in the U.S. On Dec. 16 Pres. Buck-Stops-Here Truman proclaims a Nat. State of Emergency in order to fight "Communist imperialism", and the same day the U.S. Office of Defense Mobilization is established. On Dec. 18 the North Atlantic Council announces plans for the establishment of an integrated armed force with Germany participating; on Dec. 19 the council names U.S. Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) as the first Supreme Allied Commander of Europe (SACEUR) (until May 1952), recalling him to active duty from the presidency of Columbia U. On Dec. 18 the Supreme Court of Canada rules in Boucher v. the King that the pesky Jehovah's Witnesses are not seditious just because they disagree with the majority, winning the right to knock on doors in Canada. On Dec. 19 the first Canadian troops arrive in Korea. On Dec. 21 Stalin's birthday is celebrated in Albania by erecting a statue to him as their deity and savior. On Dec. 24-25 the ancient Scottish Stone of Scone (pr. skoon) is stolen from Westminster Abbey by Scottish nationalists; it appears on the altar of Arbroath Abbey in Scotland on Apr. 11, 1951. On Dec. 28 the Peak District becomes the first nat. park in Britain. On Dec. 29 Ralph Johnson Bunche (1904-71) becomes the first African-Am. to win the Nobel Peace Prize for working out an armistice agreement between the Arab nations and Israel in 1949 - panties in a bunch jokes here? On Dec. 31 Austrian pres. (since 1945) Karl Renner (b. 1870) dies. In Dec. Lt. Gen. Matthew Bunker Ridgway (1895-1993) assumes command of the U.S. Eighth Army in Korea. In Dec. Gen. Electric pres. (since 1939) Charles Edward "Electric Charlie" Wilson (1886-1972) becomes dir. of the new Office of Defense Mobilization, which takes control of the U.S. economy, rationing raw materials to the civilian economy, a position so powerful that the press begins calling him "co-president", and goes on to back big business against labor, finally resigning in Mar. 1952 after a bitter dispute with his own Wage Stabilization Board after it recommends wage increases for union steel workers without his knowledge, and he intervenes to back the steel cos.' demand for price increases to offset them, only to see Truman back the board; in 1958 the ODM merges with other agencies to become the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (until 1961). In Dec. You Asked For It (originally "The Art Baker Show") debuts on the DuMont Network, then next Dec. moves to ABC-TV (until Sept. 1959), hosted by Art Baker (Arthur Shank) (1898-1966) ("Your Genii with the light white hair"), and sponsored by Skippy Peanut Butter and Studebaker Automobiles, featuring attempts to satisfy viewer write-in requests, such as to see the Our Gang troupe reunited, or to watch a cowboy bullwhip artist; in Apr. 1951 Ivory Joe Hunter makes his network TV debut on the show; in Jan. 1958 Baker is succeeded by "Smiling" Jack Smith (1913-2006) ("the Man with the Smile in His Voice") (until 1960). In Dec. "This Land Is Your Land" folk singer Woodrow Wilson "Woody" Guthrie (1912-67) signs a 2-year lease to live in one of Fred Trump's Brooklyn apt. bldgs. called Beach Haven, bitterly lamenting the segregation in lyrics that are never published (until 2016), incl.: "I suppose Old Man Trump knows/ Just how much Racial Hate he stirred up/ In the bloodspot of human hearts/ When he draws that color line here at this/ Eighteen hundred family project." Maj. Gen. Sepahbod Haj Ali Razmara (Pers. "battle organizer") (1901-51) becomes PM of Persia (Iran) (until Mar. 7, 1951). Islamic Malays in Singapore attack Europeans and Eurasians, esp. ethnic Chinese, killing 18 and injuring 173, beginning decades of tension. The Trans-Arabian Oil Pipeline is completed, and oil begins to flow into Sidon; Aramco agrees to split its profits 50-50 with Saudi Arabia. The rise of Communism in Japan results in a govt. crackdown and the creation of the 75K-man Nat. Police Reserve, which is seen by some as the beginnings of a new Japanese army; in Sept. more than 10K prominent wartime leaders are rehabilitated overnight and released in an effort to bolster the country against the Commies; meanwhile the Korean War boosts the Japanese economy with exports to the U.S. military. Suriname is granted full home rule other than foreign affairs and defense by the Netherlands. Karl Lott Rankin (1898-1991) is appointed U.S. ambassador to tricky Taiwan (until 1957). A new 1950 Indian Constitution outlaws "untouchability" (panchamas) ("children of God" - Gandhi) - few change their prejudices? The U.S. Guam Organic Act makes the island of Guam an unincorporated territory of the U.S. Conservative Sir Edward Richard George Heath (1916-) is elected to the British House of Commons, holding his seat until 2001. Va.-born Oscar Littleton Chapman (1896-1978), known for advising Truman to recognize the state of Israel in May 1948, and for being zinged in 1939 by HUAC for contributing $20 to the Am. League for Peace and Dem. is promoted to U.S. interior secy. (until 1953), going on to deny a U.S. govt. loan next year to Lea M. Harvey after finding out that his aluminum co. sold defective shells to the U.S. Navy during WWII. A fiscal crisis in the Philippines causes the Central Bank to borrow heavily to pay govt. payrolls; meanwhile defense secy. Ramon Magsaysay arrests the leaders of the Philippine Communist Party, then works with the army to insure that the upcoming 1951 pres. election will be clean, earning brownie points - or making it appear that way, so he can fix the 1953 election for himself? After a new agreement with the Iraq Petroleum Co. which substantially increases Iraqi royalties, the Development Board of Iraq is established to plan the utilization of oil revenues, with agricultural improvements coming first; next year the Iraqi royalties are raised to over 50%; in 1950-73 Middle Eastern oil rises from 17% to 40% of total world production (down to 35% in 1980). NYU statistics prof. (since 1946) William Edwards Deming (1900-93) is hired by the Japanese to teach them methods of industrial quality control, greatly increasing profits and helping them catch up to the U.S. The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) is founded in the U.S. on June 26 with CIA funds to promote Am. abstract art, jazz, etc. in the Cold War against the Soviet Union. The Nat. Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA is founded on Nov. 29 by 25 Protestant and four Eastern Orthodox church groups, reaching 100K local congregations and 40M adherents by 2019. After hosting a 200th birthday celebration for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe last year, attended by Jose Ortega y Gasset, Artur Rubinstein, Albert Schweitzer, and Thornton Wilder, Great Books-loving Container Corp. of Am. chmn. Walter Paepcke (1896-1960) of Chicago, Ill. (founder of the Aspen Skiing Co.) founds the Aspen Inst. of Humanistic Studies in Aspen, Colo., which goes on to found the Aspen Music Festival and the annual Internat. Design Conference, and expands to Wye River, Md. in 1979. Jewish-Am. writer Howard Fast (member of the Communist Party U.S.A. since 1944) is sent to jail for 3 mo. for contempt of Congress for refusing to name contributors to a home for orphans of U.S. veterans of the Spanish Civil War, using the time to write his bestselling novel "Spartacus"; one of them was Eleanor Roosevelt - the whole House Un-American Activities Committee thang is really a reactionary war against the hordes of Communist-friendly Jews in the U.S. by the white Christian establishment, who use Communism as a coverstory because they can't appear to be neo-Nazis, and when the sham backfires and the Jews win they have a blank check to begin a program of mass social engineering on TV and in the movies of Jewywood and Jew York, while enjoying an endless supply of white post-Christian sellout actors and actresses, naw, just sour grapes? In this decade Germany begins accepting large numbers of temporary Gastarbeiters (foreign workers), esp. from Turkey; too bad, more and more decide to stay, giving Germany 16M immigrants out of 82M pop. by 2010. In this decade Italy becomes Europe's leading producer and consumer of refrigerators. In this decade telephone booth stuffing becomes a fad in the U.S. In this decade the brain weapons arms race begins when U.S. intel discovers that the Soviet Union is bombarding the U.S. embassy in Moscow with microwaves, leading to the 1960s Project Pandora that bombards rhesus monkeys with microwaves to assess their effects; too bad, no evidence of mental effects are found; in 2017 the Havana Syndrome scandal comes and goes the same way. In this decade Existentialism becomes popular among the loss-sensitized French intelligentsia, teaching that although there is no absolute moral law in this godless world, man should create his own moral values and then be held responsible for his actions just the same - then thou thinkest we are invincible? In this decade the postmodernist Confessional School of Poetry emerges in the U.S., focusing on the "I", esp. extreme moments of personal experience incl. trauma, mental illness, sexuality, and suicide, with leaders incl. John Berryman, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and W.D. Snodgrass; in 1959 Macha Louis Rosenthal (1917-66) pub. the Robert Lowell review Poetry as Confession, coining the term, with the soundbyte that Confessional poetry goes "beyond customary bounds of reticence or personal embarrassment"; the New York School is founded in reaction, producing stream-of-consciousness poetry with vivid imagery, inspired by Surrealism; leaders incl. Frank O'Hara, along with John Ashbery, Ted Berrigan, Joseph Ceravolo, Kenward Elmslie, Barbara Guest, Kenneth Koch, Frank Lima, Bernadette Mayer, Alice Notley, Ron Padgett, Tom Savage, James Schuyler, and Lewis Walsh. In this decade the Nashville Sound along with the Nashville A-Team of session musicians are created by record producer Owen Bradley (1925-98) in a Quonset hut at 804-16th Ave. in Nashville, Tenn., incl. Homer Louis "Boots" Randolph III (1927-2007) (sax), Murrey Mizell "Buddy" Harman Jr. (1928-2008) (drums), Floyd Cramer (1933-97) (keyboards), Hargus Melvin "Pig" Robbins (1938-) (keyboards), Thomas Grady Martin (1929-2001) (guitar) (inventor of the electric guitar fuzz effect), Walter Louis "Hank" Garland (1930-2004) (guitar), John Paul "Johnny" Gimble (1926-) (violin), Buddy Spicher (1938-) (violin), Bob Loyce Moore (1932-) (bass), Earl Eugene Scruggs (1924-2012) (banjo), Charles Wilburn "Buck" Trent (1938-) (banjo), Sonny Osborne (1937-) (banjo), Roddis Franklin "Pete" Drake (1932-88) (steel guitar), Gerald Lester "Jerry" Byrd (1920-2005) (steel guitar), Kenneth C. "Jethro" Burns (1920-89) (mandolin), Charles Ray "Charlie" McCoy (1941-) (harmonica), Jimmy Riddle (1918-82) (harmonica) to back country music singers incl. Eddy Arnold, Patsy Cline, Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jim Reeves et al., branching out to jazz; the Jordanaires, Anita Kerr Singers, and Harden Trio sing backup; they go defunct in the early 1970s; in 1956 the success of the Nashville Sound causes RCA Records to build RCA Studio B in Nashville at the request of Chet Atkins and Steve Sholes. In this decade Aqua Net hairspray is invented, becoming popular with singers incl. Ronnie Spector of The Ronettes to give the big hair look, then enjoying a resurgence in the 1980s with Glam Rockers. In this decade the Big Hunk honey-sweetened nougat bar with roasted peanut bits is introduced by Golden Nugget Candy Co.; in 1970 it is acquired by the Annabelle Candy Co., founded in 1950 in San Francisco, Calif. by Russian immigrant Sam Altshuler and named after his daughter, moving to Hayward, Calif. in 1965. The Law of Return is passed in Israel, permitting Jews to immigrate as long as they have "not willingly changed" their religion; on Dec. 25, 1989 the Israeli Supreme Court decides that Jews who recognize Jesus as the Messiah cannot immigrate, because they "do not belong to the Jewish nation and have no right to force themselves upon it" (Justice Menachem Elon), overturning a 1970 ruling of Justice Silberg: "Being a Jew always a Jew in Halacha" - for them it's a law of no return? Scottish nationalists steal the Stone of Destiny from Westminster Abbey, after which it is recovered from Abroath Abbey - Edward I Longshanks rolls over in his grave? The 3x-weekly 15-min. The Perry Como Show debuts on CBS-TV (until 1967), sponsored by Chesterfield cigarettes; its season premiere on Sept. 15, 1956 is in color, broadcast from their new color studios at Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City; Como becomes the highest paid performer in TV; he also does Xmas TV specials from 1948-94, plus other specials from 1963-87. The Frank McCune Show debuts on NBC-TV (until 1951), featuring the first TV comedy laughtrack. Prevention Mag. begins pub. in Emmaus, Penn., founded by Jewish organic farming founder Jerome Irving Rodale (Cohen) (1898-1971), pushing organic (pesticide-free) food, and eschewing red meat, dairy products, caffeine, nicotine, and white sugar, making claims that his regimen would reduce heart disease, causing the FTC to come after him, resulting in a decades-long court fight almost all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court before he vindicates his right to pub. his views without having to prove his claims to a govt. agency; too bad, as he is crowing about his big V on the Dick Cavett Show, he croaks and dies of a heart attack, but his mag. goes on to grow to 12M readers. Early in this decade the San Francisco Renaissance in poetry and the arts in Calif. is launched by modernist poet Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82) et al. Auschwitz survivor Karel Ancerl (1908-73) becomes conductor of the Czech Philharmonic on Oct. 20 (until 1968). Spanish soprano Pilar Lorengar (1929-96) makes her debut in Oran, Algeria as Maruxa, then begins working for the Berlin Opera in 1958, staying on for 30 years. Italian tenor Mario del Monaco (1915-82), "the Brass Bull of Milan" debuts in Verdi's "Otello" in Buenos Aires, which becomes so popular that he performs it 427x, and is buried in his Otello costume. Gregory Corso (1930-2001) meets Allen Ginsberg in a New York City bar and becomes a beatnik. Ed McMahon (1923) becomes a clown on TV's "Big Top" (until 1951). The 67.89-carat brownish-yellow pear-shaped Victoria-Transvaal Diamond (originally 240-carat) is mined in Africa, and used in the Lex Barker-Dorothy Hart movie Tarzan's Savage Fury as the eye of a jungle idol. The Nat. Book Award is established; on Mar. 15 the first winner is Nelson Algren for "The Man with the Golden Arm". This year Japan produces a grand total of 15K automobiles. In this decade Pop Art is developed in Britain for commercial advertising. Am. poet Charles Olson (1910-70) pub. the essay Projective Verse, calling for "open field" composition to replace traditional closed poetic forms, with the new form to be based on the line, where each line is a unit of breath and utterance, and the content to consist of "one perception immediately and directly [leading] to a further perception", becoming the manifesto of the Black Mountain (Projectivist) Poets of N.C., led by Harvard dropout Robert Creeley (1926-2005) at Black Mountain College in Asheville, N.C. (founded 1933) ("Form is never more than an extension of content") create the idea of a "counterculture"; when the college closes in 1957, he heads for San Francisco and keeps on. U.S. home builders begin building neighborhoods with numerous cul-de-sacs for the safety of children; by the year 2000 the problems of too-close neighbors trapped in a coal sack cause the concept to begin to be questioned; Highlands Ranch development S of Denver, Colo. (1981), with 600 cul-de-sacs is a case in point (see 2001); meanwhile water-hungry lawns containing fescue, bluegrass, and rye become fashionable, even though they originated in rainy Britain where artificial watering is seldom needed. Antihistamines become popular for treating colds and allergies. Chrysler offers power windows - if you can find a better car, buy it? Nash introduces production seat belts in its Statesman and Ambassador models, and reintroduces the Rambler (AKA the Kenosha Cadillac) brand until it is bought out in 1954 by Am. Motors Corp. (AMC). The Muscular Dystrophy Assoc. of Am. (MDA) is founded; in 1955-6 it builds the Muscle Research Center in New York City. Minn. Valley Canning Co. changes its name to Green Giant, with their trademark "The Jolly Green Giant"; it TV commercials, appearing in 1958 use a green rubber puppet and aren't popular until stop-motion and the "Ho Ho Ho" bit are added in 1961 - show us your niblets? This is the decade of the Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, when American men wear you know whats and fedoras and drive big cars with tail fins, while ladies wear roll-on hose while their daughters wear bobby sox, and all adults smoke, and kids are innocent and cute until they reach 16, when they get mixed up? The Catholic Patriotic Assoc. is set up by the Red Chinese to help push the Roman Catholic Church underground. In this decade Am. philanthropist Dorothy Buffum "Buff" Chandler (1901-97), wife of Los Angeles Times pub. Norman Chandler (1899-1973) leads a campaign to save the financially troubled Hollywood Bowl (off the Hollywood Freeway) and to build the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in 1962-4 as a permanent home for the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Tallulah Bankhead coins the immortal phrase "Use it or lose it". Henry Fonda marries his 3rd wife, theatrical producer Susan Blanchard (nee Jacobson) (1928-) 8 mo. after the suicide of his 2nd wife Frances (1949); they divorce in 1956. High-ranking Nazi official Adolf Eichmann flees to Argentina under the alias Riccardo Klement (b. May 23, 1913 in Bolzano, Italy), with occupation listed as "tecnico" on his passport, which is found in a court file in Buenos Aires in 2007. St. Antony's College in Oxford U. is founded by a donation by French coffee merchant Sir Antonin Besse (1877-1951) of Aden, becoming known for research in internat. relations, economic, politics, and area studies. 17-y.-o. Elizabeth Taylor ends her affair with her first big love Howard Hughes to marry hotel heir Conrad Nicholson "Nicky" Hilton (1926-69) (until 1952). The Hungry I (hungry i) nightclub at 599 Jackson St. opens on the ground floor of the Internat. Hotel in North Beach San Francisco, Calif., founded by 6'7" Krefeld, Germany-born hipster Eric "Big Daddy" Nord (Harry Helmuth Pastor) (1919-89), soon being purchased by impresario Harry Charles "Enrico" Banducci (1922-2007), moving to 546 Broadway, becoming famous for its brick wall stage, becoming the launching pad for acts incl. Bill Cosby, Ronnie Schell, The Kingston Trio, Glenn Yarborough, Prof. Irwin Corey, Godfrey Cambridge, Mort Sahl, We Five, the Mamas and the Papas, Laura Nyro, and Barbra Streisand. Henri Matisse begins work on the Venice Chapel. The USS Oriskany ("Mighty O"), named after a 1777 Am. Rev. War battle is commissioned (until 2006). Roman Catholic archbishop Fulton John Sheen (1895-1979) of Rochester, N.Y. begins hosting the TV show Life Is Worth Living on the DuMont TV Network, switching to ABC-TV in 1951, reaching audiences of up to 30M with messages about theology and anti-Communism, then going into syndication in 1961-8, becoming TV's first major religious broadcaster; in Feb. 1953 he denounces the regime of Joseph Stalin, comparing him with Julius Caesar, and concluding "Stalin must one day meet his judgment"; he eventually converts Heywood Broun, Clare Booth Luce, and Henry Ford II to Roman Catholicism. Chess Records is founded in Chicago, Ill. by Polish-born Jewish brothers Leonard Chess (Lejzor Czyz) (1917-69) and Phil Chess (Fiszel Czyz) (1921-), going on to sign R&B artists Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley, Etta James, Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats, The Flamingos, The Moonglows, Aretha Franklin, Chuck Berry et al.; in 1952 they found Checker Records for radio play; in Dec. 1955 they found Argo Records, which changes its name in 1965 to Cadet Records. Elektra Records is founded by nobodies Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt for a joint investment of $600, going on to concentrate on folk music and protest singers, not selling very much until they decide to go into psychedelic rock in 1966, signing the Doors, Love, the Stooges, and MC5 - how elektrifying? Belgian entrepreneur Gerard Blitz (1912-90) and French former WWII Communist resistance fighter Gilbert Trigano (1920-2001) founds Club Med, starting with a tent village on a beach in Majorca, where guests have no class distinctions, pay for extras with bead necklaces, and are encouraged to make friends and have sex. The first 45 rpm jukeboxes (replacing 78 rpm models) are introduced by Seeburg Corp. (known as the Trashcan) and Ristaucrat Inc. of Appleton, Wisc.; next year Victor and Columbia agree to split the record market, with Victor selling LPs and Columbia selling 45 rpm records. Leytonstone, London, England-born husky-voiced TV chef Fanny Cradock (Phyllis Nan Sortain Pechey) (1909-94) and her hubby Johnnie Cradock (-1987), AKA Maj. and Mrs. Cradock, AKA Phyllis Cradock and Frances Dale begin writing a column in The Daily Telegraph under the alias "Bon Viveur" (until 1955), introducing the English public to French and Italian cuisine incl. pizza, and launching their career of turning theaters into restaurants, where they cook dishes for the audience while affecting a French accent; in 1955 she begins hosting a cooking show on BBC-TV, based on the recipes of her hero Auguste Escoffier, cutting corners for budget purposes, with soundbytes incl. "This won't break you", "This is perfectly economical", and "This won't stretch your purse", loving to wear chiffon ballgowns onscreen along with thick makeup while wielding her piping bag and using vegetable dyes, using only gas stoves in order to represent the British Gas Council; her Christmas Cookery shows get reaired year after year; too bad, in 1976 after fleeing to exile in Ireland to avoid income taxes, she stinks up a guest appearance on The Big Time, misadvising cooking show winner Mrs. Gwen Troake on how to make dessert, causing the press to expose her and Johnnie as living together unmarried, after which the BBC cancels her contract. Early in this decade the Golden Age of Radio ends, and the Age of TV begins, with many radio acts making a smooth transition, e.g., George Burns and Gracie Allen, and Red Skelton. Galaxy Science Fiction is founded in the U.S. by World Editions of Italy, with Montreal-born Horace Leonard Gold (1914-96) as ed., becoming #1 and pub. classic stories incl. "The Fireman" by Ray Bradbury, "The Puppet Masters" by Robert A. Heinlein, and "The Demolished Man" by Alfred Bester. In this decade the Marriage Equality Movement ramps up, changing marriage obligations from gender-based roles to flexible divs. of labor, companionship, and mutual sexual attraction. In this decade anon. English Shaggy Dog Stories become popular, e.g., a big game hunter asks two elephants why they're standing with feet together facing in opposite directions; answer: playing bookends. Wolfgang Schmieder (1901-90) pub. the Bach Works Catalog (Bache Werke Verzeichnis) (BMV), becoming the std. numbering system for the works of J.S. Bach. Austrian-born Jewish impresario Sir Rudolf Bing (1902-97) becomes gen. mgr. of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (until 1972), going on to arrange for Marian Anderson to become the first African-Am. to sign there, and supervise the move to the Lincoln Center in 1966. In this decade the Color Field abstract art movement emerges, generating canvases full of kiddie-type block colors ("rid of superfluous rhetoric"); leaders incl. Gene Davis (1920-85), Helen Frankenthaler (1928-), Hans Hofmann (1880-1966), Morris Louis (Bernstein) (1912-62), Kenneth Noland (1924-2010), Jules Olitski (1922-2007), Mark Rothko (1903-70), Clyfford Still (1904-80), and Lawrence "Larry" Zox (1937-2006). James Byron Dean (1931-55), "the first American teenager" makes his film acting debut in a Pepsi Cola TV movie commercial with Nick Adams; his first movie role is in Hal Walker's Sailor Beware (1952), in which he has three lines. Deanna Durbin quits Hollywood. Hot singer Tab Hunter (Arthur Andrew Kelm) (1931-) is arrested at a gay party, which is covered up by his agent Henry Wilson (1911-78) until 1955, when Confidential mag. threatens to expose his other client Rock Hudson, and he throws them Hunter instead. Dunkin' Donuts is founded in Quincy, Mass. by William Rosenberg, who started in 1948 with Open Kettle AKA Kettle Donuts, specializing in quick coffee and donuts for sugar junkies; in 1963 it expands to 100 locations, followed by to 11.3K in 36 countries by 2015; in Feb. 1990 it acquires rival Mister Donut. Hot Tamales cinnamon candy begins to be manufactured by Just Born Co. of Bethlehem, Penn. (founded 1932). In this decade the Japanese begin marketing Cat's Eye Marbles, flooding the U.S. marble market. Timex brand wristwatches, designed by Norwegian immigrant Joakim Lemkuhl (1895-1984) for Waterbury Clock Co. (which changes its name to U.S. Time Co. then Timex Corp.) begin to be marketed in the U.S., selling 2M by 1951 with an 18% share of the low-end of the U.S. wristwatch market, with ads featuring "torture tests"; in 1956 TV journalist John Cameron Swayze (1906-95) becomes doing TV ads, with the slogan "It takes a licking and keeps on ticking", selling 1B by the end of the cent. The 6-cylinder 2-door $1,300 Henry J pioneer low-priced compact automobile, named after Henry J. Kaiser is introduced on Sept. 28 by the Kaiser-Frazer Corp. (until 1954) after receiving a U.S. govt. loan, economizing by eliminating the rear trunk lid, fixing the rear windows, and eliminating glove compartment, armrests, flow-through ventilation, and passenger-side sun visor, using Jeep engines; too bad, gas rationining is ended, dropping the price to 27 cents/gal., and Chevy offers the Chevrolet 150 which has rear windows and a trunk lid, while Rambler offers more features; in 1952 they are sold as the Sears Allstate. Dunkin' Donuts is founded in Quincy, Mass. by William Rosenberg, who started in 1948 with Open Kettle AKA Kettle Donuts, specializing in quick coffee and donuts for sugar junkies; in 1963 it expands to 100 locations, growing to 11.3K in 36 countries by 2015; in Feb. 1990 it acquires rival Mister Donut. Sports: The Golden Age of 10-Pin Bowling begins, where bowlers in the U.S. rival prof. sports stars in popularity and income; it ends by 1980, after which bowling alleys experience declining attendance before shutting down. In Mar. City College of New York (CCNY) (coach Nat Holman) becomes the first college basketball team (until ?) to win the NCAA and NIT titles the same year, defeating Bradley U. in both. On Apr. 8-23 the 1950 NBA Finals sees the Minneapolis Lakers (coach John Kundla) defeat the Syracuse Nationals (coach Al Cervi), led by 6'7" Adolph "Dolph" Schayes (1928-) by 4-2 (2nd title, and 1st back-to-back repeat); in Game 1 Robert William "Bob" "Tiger" Harrison (1927-) scores the first buzzer-beater in the finals. On Apr. 11-23 the 1950 Stanley Cup Finals see the Detroit Red Wings defeat the New York Rangers (first Finals appearance since 1940) 4-3, becoming the 3rd NHL dynasty in 1950-5. The NBA finds out that once you go black you can never go back? On Apr. 25 the first-ever 1950 NBA Draft selects 121 players for 12 teams in 12 rounds; 6'1" point guard ("the Houdini of the Hardwood") ("Mr. Basketball") Robert Joseph "Bob" "Cooz" Cousy (1928-) is selected 3rd overall in round 1 by the Tri-Cities Blackhawks, but fails to report, causing him to be picked up by the Chicago Stags, who fold, after which the Boston Celtics pick him up (#14) despite owner Walter A. Brown not liking him, uttering the soundbyte "I could have fallen to the floor" when he hears the news; he goes on to lead the NBA in assists eight straight times; after playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers farm team, 6'1" Abilene, Tex.-born guard William Walton "Bill" Sharman (1926-2013) of USC is drafted in round 2 (16th overall) by the Washington Capitols (#10), then drafted by the Fort Wayne Pistons 1951 after they disband, who trade him to the Boston Celtics (#21), where he partners with Bob Cousy, becoming the greatest backcourt duo in NBA history; in 1961 he leaves to become coach of the ABL Cleveland Pipers, working up to head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers in 1971-6; 6'5" forward-guard George Harry "Bird" Yardley III (1928-2004) is drafted in round 1 (7th overall) by the Fort Wayne Pistons (#12), going on to become the first NBA player to score 2000 points in the 1957-8 season; Philly-born 6'4" forward-guard (Villanova U.) "Pitchin' Paul Joseph Arizin (1928-2006) is the territorial pick for the Philadelphia Warriors (#11), retiring in 1962 with the 3rd highest career point total in NBA history (16,266); after becoming the first African-Am. player to integrate Southern college basketball games at West Va. State College, Charles Henry "Chuck" Cooper (1926-84) is drafted as the first pick in round 2 (12th overall) by the Boston Celtics (#11), becoming the first black player drafted by the NBA, making his debut on Nov. 1: in 1954 he is traded to the Milwaukee Hawks (until 1956); in round 9 Alexandria, Va.-born Earl "the Big Cat" Lloyd (1928-2015) is drafted (100th overall), becoming the the first African-Am. to play in an NBA game on Oct. 31 for the Washington Capitols against the Rochester Royals; after the team folds on Jan. 9, 1951, he plays for the Syracuse Nationals in 1952-8, defeating the Fort Wayne Pistons 4-3 for the 1955 NBA title, then the Detroit Pistons in 1958-60, going on to coach the Detroit Pistons in 1971-2; on May 24 6'7" Little Rock, Ark.-born Nathaniel "Sweetwater" Clifton (1922-90) becomes the 3rd African-Am. player drafted by the NBA, and on May 24 the 2nd to sign with the NBA, making his debut on Nov. 4 (Nov. 3?) for the New York Knicks (#8), becoming the first NBA black star, playing until 1956 when he becomes the oldest NBA player to be named All-Star, then the Detroit Pistons in 1957-8; on Apr. 26 after being drafted in round 10 by the Washington Capitols (#35), Harold Hunter (1926-2013) becomes the first African-Am. to sign with the NBA; too bad, he is cut in training camp, going on to coach at Tenn. State U. in 1959-68, racking up a 172-67 record incl. four 20+-in-a-row; on Dec. 3 Henry Lincoln "Hank" DeZonie (1922-2009) signs with the Tri-Cities Blackhawks, becoming the 4th African-Am. player in the NBA, quitting after five games. On May 12 the Am. Bowling Congress (ABC) meets in Columbus, Ohio, and opens membership to black males after pressure from Cleveland, Ohio-born Nat. Negro Bowling Assoc. (NNBA) pioneer J. Elmer Reed (1903-83), who becomes a member of the ABC board of dirs.; in 1951 the Women's Internat. Bowling Congress (WIBC) opens membership to black females; in Mar. 1978 Reed becomes the first African-Am. bowler to be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame. On May 13 the first FIFA Formula One World Championship race begins in Silverstone, England. On May 30 the 1950 (34th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Johnnie Woodrow Parsons (1918-84) (born on the 4th of July) after it is stopped at 138 laps due to rain; no European drivers enter this year or next, although in 1950-60 Indy 500 races are part of the Formula One Grand Prix championships; Parsons' first name is misspelled Johnny (his son's name) on the trophy; a false rumor circulates that Parsons had a crack in his engine block and wouldn't have completed 200 laps; the first Formula One World Drivers Title goes to Emilio Giuseppe "Nino" Farina (1906-66) of Team Alfa Romeo (known for his straight-arm driving style), who clinches it in race 7 of 7 by 3 points. On July 16 the 4th FIFA World Cup of Soccer (first since 1938) in the new Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, attended by a record 199,854 mainly Brazilian fans sees "the plucky country" Uruguay defeat Brazil 2-1, shocking Brazilian fans forever? On Aug. 12 the New York Giants of the NFL defeat the Ottawa Roughriders of the CFL 20-6 in Ottawa, becoming the first Internat. Game by an NFL Team. On Sept. 4 the Southern 500 at Darlington Raceway in S.C. is held, becoming the first 500-mi. NASCAR race. On Sept. 16 the Cleveland Browns (winner of all four AFC championships) defeat the Philadelphia Eagles (defending NFL champs) 35-10 in their first All-NFL Game in Philly. On Sept. 27 Joe Louis comes out of retirement and loses in New York City to heavyweight boxing champ Ezzard Charles in 15 rounds despite outweighing him by 34 lbs. (218 to 184). Clarendon County, S.C.-born Althea Gibson (1927-2003) becomes the first African-Am. to compete in the Forest Hill, N.Y. On Oct. 28 Torcida Split is founded in Croatia for fans of the Hajduk soccer team. tennis championships, and the first to compete at Wimbledon next year; superstitious lefty Arthur David "Art" "Tappy" Larsen (1925-), known for tapping everything in sight delights audiences by winning the U.S. Open singles title at Forest Hills; Tappy played against Jonathan Quayle Higgins in 1944 :). On Nov. 22 the Fort Wayne Pistons defeat the Minneapolis Lakers by 19-18, becoming the lowest-scoring game in NBA history (until ?). Babe Didrikson wins the U.S. Women's Open in golf again (1948, 1954); along with 12 others, incl. Louise Suggs and Patty Berg she founds the Ladies Prof. Golf Assoc. (LPGA). Aspen, Colo. puts itself on the world skiing map by hosting the FIS (Internat. Skiing Federation) world championships. After becoming the first African-Am. player to integrate Southern college basketball games at West Va. State College, Charles Henry "Chuck" Cooper (1926-84) is drafted as the first pick in round 2 by the Boston Celtics, becoming one of the first black players in the NBA: in 1954 he is trated to the Milwaukee Hawks (until 1956). 6'3 center Joseph Jean Arthur "Le Gros Bill" Beliveau (Béliveau) (1931-2014) is drafted by the Montreal Canadiens, going on to become the 2nd NHL player to score 1K points and the 4th to score 500 goals, winning 10 Stanley Cups before retiring in 1971. 6'1 190 lb. QB Charles Kenneth Hall (1935-) becomes a star with the Sugar Land H.S. Gators football team in Sugar Land, Tex., setting 17 nat. football records in 1950-3, many of which stand for 50+ years, becoming known as the Sugar Land Express; in 1999 the Kenneth Hall Trophy is established for the most outstanding U.S. h.s. football player. NYC parks and recreation playground dir. (1948-65) Holcombe Rucker (1926-65) launches an annual street basketball tournament in Rucker Park (P.S. 156 Playground) at 155th St. and Frederick Douglass Blvd. in Harlem, N.Y. across the street from the former Polo Grounds, which attracts future NBA superstar talent and introduces slam dunks, crossover dribbles and other advanced techniques before the NBA adopts them; players incl. Earl Monroe, Wilt Chamberlain, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Nate Archibald, Julius Erving, Ron Artest, and Connie Hawkins; in 2002 TNT debuts the film On Hallowed Ground: Streetball Champions of Rucker Park. The Nat. Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, N.Y. is founded for Am. Thoroughbred racehorses, jockeys, and trainers. Architecture: In this decade English architect Francis Reginald Stevens "F.R.S." Yorke (1906-62) and his firm Yorke Rosenberg Mardall design Gatwick Airport 30 mi. S of London. On May 25 the 2.8mi (9,117 ft.) twin-tube Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel for vehicular traffic under the East River in New York City opens, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn after passing underneath Governors Island, becoming the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North Am. (until ?). On May 27 the Linnanmaki (Linnanmäki) ("Castle Hill") Amusement Park in Helsinki, Finland opens. On Oct. 7 the Agate Pass Bridge On Oct. 15 the 2nd Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Wash. opens. On Dec. 15 the $1.25M Stampede Corral in Calgary, Alberta, Canada (cap. 6,475) opens to replace the Victoria Arena as the home of the Calgary Stampeders and the Calgary Stampede, becoming the largest Canadian arena W of Toronto; on Dec. 26 the first game sees the Stampeders defeat the Edmonton Flyers 5-0. Upscale Cherry Creek Shopping Center 3 mi. E of downtown Denver, Colo. is begun, becoming the #1 shopping center of Colo. Maracana (Maracanã) Municipal Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is built in time for the 1950 World Cup of Soccer, becoming the world's largest soccer stadium (until ?), with a cap. of 205K incl. 155K seated. Italian architect Eugenio Montuori (1907-82) designs the modernist Termini Railroad Station in Rome. Mexican architects Mario Pani Darqui (1911-93) and Enrique del Moral Dominguez (1905-87) design University City (Ciudad Universitaria) in Mexico City, Mexico. Quorum of the Twelve Apostles member (since Apr. 10, 1947) Henry Dinwoodey Moyle (1889-1963) convinces the LDS Church to purchase the 54K-acre Deseret Cattle and Citrus Ranch 50 mi. SE of Orlando, Fla. and 19 mi. W of Cape Canaveral, Fla., growing to 312K acres and becoming the largest cow-calf ranch in the U.S.; he then talks the church into an ambitious building program with the idea that larger meetinghouses will attract more converts, giving the church a deficit of $32M by 1962, causing LDS pres. David O. McKay to fire him after he talked him into discontinuing publishing annual financial statements to hide church spending. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Ralph Johnson Bunche (1904-71) (U.S.) [mediation in Palestine]; Lit.: Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872-1970) (U.K.); Physics: Cecil Frank Powell (1903-69) (U.K.) [discovery of pion] via the photographic method, whose inventor Marietta Blau (1897-1970) is snubbed; Chem.: Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876-1954) and Kurt Alder (1902-58) (Germany) [diene synthesis]; Medicine: Philip Showalter Hench (1896-1965) and Edward Calvin Kendall (1886-1972) (U.S.), and Tadeusz Reichstein (1897-1996) (Switzerland) [adrenal cortex hormones]. Inventions: In this decade Fusarium wilt (Panama disease) infects the U.S. banana pop., collapsing the global banana trade until the Cavendish variety replaces it. In this decade Britain develops the Blue Peacock nuke, with a plan to ship them to the British Army of the Rhine to use as landmines along the East German border; the plan is canceled in 1957. In May the tranquilizer Miltown (Meprobamate), AKA Don't-Give-a-Damn Pills is synthesized by Wallace Labs; in 1955 it hits the market bigtime in Madison Ave. and Hollywood, going on to become the #1 selling drug in the U.S.; Milton Berle quips "I'm thinking of changing my name to Miltown Berle." On July 1 Cheez Whiz is introduced nationwide by Kraft Foods as an easy way to make Welsh rabbit (rarebit), but 1,304 more uses are eventually found for this slightly gross processed cheese sauce with Worcester sauce in it, and it initially goes over bigger in Puerto Rico, where it is mixed with mayonnaise to make "La Mexda"; meanwhile Kraft founder James L. Kraft (b. 1875) gives up the cheese on Feb. 16. On Aug. 25 the 13-ft.-tall tic-tac-toe-playing digital computer game Bertie the Brain is released, designed by Vienna, Austria-born Canadian engineer Josef Kates (Josef Katz) (1921-2018) for the 1950 Canadian Nat. Exhibition, with a display consisting of light bulbs; it uses his invention, the Additron Tube, which does the work of ten regular vaccum tubes to make a 1-bit digital full adder, but is kept from commercialization by the advent of the transistor. The "farmer's dream" comes true as the first calves are born as a result of Artificial Insemination using frozen semen. Eureka Co. introduces the Eureka 1950A RetroVac, the first convertible upright vacuum. Hoover Co. introduces the Hoover Model 29, with bright modern color schemes incl. red. In the 1950s Craftool Co. founder Martin Miller invents the 5-gal. drum vacuum with water filtration for commercial shop environments, becoming the first vacuum cleaner to target a predominantly male market. After actor Fred Barton Jr. asks 20th Cent. Fox vice-pres. Irving Berlin Kahn (nephew of Irving Berlin) for it, the TelePrompTer is invented by Hubert "Hub" Schlafly (1919-2011) of 20th Cent. Fox in New York City, making its debut on the TV soap opera "The First Hundred Years". The yummy not-too-spicy seafood dish Chili Crab is invented in Singapore by Cher Yam Tian and Lim Choon Ngee, becoming the nat. dish. On Dec. 11 the tranquilizer Chlorpromazine (CPZ) (AKA Thorazine) is synthesized by by French chemist Paul Charpentier at Rhone-Poulenc Labs in Paris, becoming the first with specific antipsychotic action, leading to less use of electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery, and a movement toward deinstitutionalization. Helene Curtis begins marketing Spray Net, coining the term "hair spray". H. David Dahlquist (1919-2005) invents the Bundt Pan, which doesn't sell well until the 1966 Texas Bake-Off is won by the Tunnel of Fudge cake. B.F. Goodrich introduces the puncture-sealing tubeless tire. The Karpen Voltaic Pile, a "uniform temperature thermoelectric pile" (patented in 1922) is built by Vasile Karpen in Romania as a perpetual motion machine, and keeps working continuously until ?. Early in this decade the Skateboard is invented - by some kid? In this decade Marc Gregoire of Paris first uses Teflon for fishing tackle to minimize tangling. U.S. engineers develop the Vidicon TV camera tube. The Haloid Co. (U.S.) markets the first Xerographic Copying Machine (Xerox), but it is not perfected until 1959. The Lazy Bones, the first (non-wireless) TV Remote Control is invented by Robert Adler (1913-2007) and Eugene Polley (1916-) of Zenith Radio Corp.; the photoelectric Flashmatic is introduced in 1955, followed by the ultrasonic Zenith Space Command (first commercially successful wireless) in 1956, with the slogan "Nothing between you and the TV but space"; the couch potato gen. is launched; Adler and Polley are awarded an Emmy for Space Command in 1997. Hobart "Hobie" Alter (1933-) designs the first foam-fiberglass surfboard, which becomes a top seller. Cardston, Alberta, Canada-born swimsuit designer Rose Marie Reid (nee Yancey) (1906-78) of Los Angeles, Calif. files for a patent on a 1-piece bathing suit using elastic fabric sans buttons, which is both fashionable and functional, using photopermeable fabric to allow full body tanning; it catches on, capturing 10% of the women's swimwear market, and she is named Designer of the Year by Sports Illustrated, and Woman of the Year by Time in 1955; meanwhile she uses her free time to proselyte Jews for the Mormon faith. In this decade silver icicles made of lead begin to be used on Christmas trees. In this decade Taiwanese chef Peng Chang-kuei invents the tasty dish known as Gen. Tso's Chicken, named after Qing Dynasty gen. Zuo Songtang (1812-85), 2nd most famous military man (after Mao Tse-tung) from his home region of Hunan. Science: In this decade male birth control drug WIN 18,446 is tested on prisoners near Salem, Ore., and found effective; too bad, when tried on non-prisoners it doesn't mix with alcohol, so the tests are abandoned; the first effective male birth control drug is marketed in ? Californicating with the basic elements again? On Mar. 17 U. of Calif. (Berkeley) scientist Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-99) announces the creation of the radioactive element Californium (#98) (Cf) by intense neutron bombardment of plutonium (curium?); the chemical element Berkelium (#97) (Bk) is prepared by bombarding americium with high-energy alpha particles in a cyclotron; it is later prepared by neutron bombardment of plutonium. Australian-born British surgeon Norman Rupert "Pasty" Barrett (1903-79) first describes Barrett's Esophagus, a first step toward esophageal cancer. On Mar. 23 the World Meteorological Assoc. (WMO) is founded. Chemistry evolves from mere mathematical formulas to the odd hassle of 3-D diagrams? English chemist Sir Derek Harold Richard Barton (1918-98) shows that organic molecules can be assigned a preferred conformation based on the work of Norwegian chemical physicist Odd Hassel (1897-1981), founding Conformational Analysis, winning them the 1969 Nobel Chem. Prize. Austrian-born Am. biochemist Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002) of Columbia U. pub. Chargaff's Rule 1, that the number of adenine and thymine bases, and the number of cytosine and guanine bases are equal to each other, surmising that "they could very well serve as one of the agents, or possibly the agent, concerned with the transmission of inherited properties"; he also proves Chargaff's Rule #2 that the composition of DNA varies between species. Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901-54) formulates the Fermi Paradox, that despite the seeming vastness of the Universe there's still no evidence of intelligent life anywhere but lucky lucky Earth. Am. mathematician Richard Wesley Hamming (1915-98) pub. a paper introducing the concept of Hamming Distance, allowing error-correcting codes to be created. Elizabeth Lee Hazen (1885-1975) and Rachel Fuller Brown (1898-1980) of the N.Y. State Dept. of Health isolate the powerful antifungal agent Nystatin from Streptomyces noursei, becoming the first non-toxic treatment for fungal infections in humans. British astronomer Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) (a Big Bang critic) coins the term Big Bang in sarcasm in a radio broadcast, but it's so good that it sticks. Am. chemist Michael Kasha (1920-) proposes Kasha's Rule, that when light is shined on a molecule, it will only emit light from its lowest energy excited state; many exceptions are later found. Am. maize geneticist Barbara McClintock (1902-92) pub. her discovery of Transposons, AKA Jumping Genes, winning her the 1983 Nobel Med. Prize after her work is ignored until the gender-transposing jumping 1970s. Arthur Nobile (1920-2004) Arthur Nobile (1920-2004) of the U.S. uses bacteria to turn cortisone and hydrocortisone into the superior anti-inflammatory drugs Prednisone and Prednisolone, creating a new industry. Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort (1900-92) proposes the Oort Cloud orbiting the Sun beyond Pluto's orbit at 50K AU (1 l.y.) as the source of long-period comets. Am. physicist Leo James Rainwater (1917-86) of Columbia U. pub. a paper explaining non-spherical properties of the atomic nucleus beyond the 1949 Nuclear Shell Model; Danish physicist Aage Niels Bohr (1922-2009) (son of Niels Bohr) comes up with the idea independently, and works with Ben Roy Mottelson (1926-) to verify the new model with experimental data, winning them all the 1975 Nobel Physics Prize. Soviet physicists Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921-89) and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895-1971) propose the Tokamak nuclear fusion reactor, using torus-shaped magnetic fields to confine hot ionized plama; next year Sakharov invents Magnetocumulative (MC) Generators for compressing magnetic fields with explosives. Motorcycle-loving English geneticist Oliver Smithies (1925-) discovers Gel Electrophoresis, a technique for separating protein molecules using an electric current applied to a starch gel matrix; actually, sucrose was used for it way back in the 1930s, but this process works better. Harvard U. astronomer Fred Lawrence Whipple (1906-2004) proposes the Dirty Snowball (Icy Conglomerate) (Icy Dirtball) Model of comet composition. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011) of the U.S. pioneers Radioimmunoassay, but refuses to patent it. Plutonium is separated from pitchblende concentrates. In this decade the Food-Exchange System is developed for diabetics. Nonfiction: Herbert Sebastian Agar (1897-1980), The Price of Union: The Influence of the American Temper on the Course of History; a passage about John Quincy Adams inspires John F. Kennedy to write "Profiles in Courage" (1956). Richard Aldington (1892-1962), D.H. Lawrence. Newton Arvin, Herman Melville. Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), The Great Illusion: An Informal History of Prohibition. W.H. Auden (1907-73), The Enchafed Flood; or, The Romantic Iconography of the Sea. Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), Glamour: A World Problem (posth.). Roland Herbert Bainton (1894-1984), Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther; bestseller (1M copies), becoming Luther's #1 biography, just in time for Martin Luther King Jr. to get everybody confused? Nigel Balchin (1908-70), The Anatomy of Villainy. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968) and Oreen M. Ruedi, The American Way of Life: An Introduction to the Study of Contemporary Society. Nikolai Berdyaev (1874-1948), Dreams and Reality (posth.). Bernard Berenson (1865-1959), Aesthetics and History. Abram Bergson (1914-2003), Soviet National Income and Product in 1937; calculates the nat. output and economic growth of the Soviet Union sans market valuation based on factor price. Capt. S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident (London). Ray Allen Billington (1903-81), American History After 1865; later eds. w/Martin Ridge. Kenneth E. Boulding (1910-93), A Reconstruction of Economics; emphasizes stocks, assets, and shares of wages and profits in nat. income rather than flows, income, and prices of labor and capital, being panned as out of step with the Keynesian mainstream; coins the term "psychic capital", the accumulation of desirable mental states. R.A. Brady, Crisis in Britain: Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government. Crane Brinton (1898-1968), Ideas and Men: The Story of Western Thought; rev. ed. June 1, 1963. Juanita Brooks (1898-1989), The Mountain Meadows Massacre; proves that the Mormon militia did it, and that militiaman John D. Lee was a scapegoat; charges Brigham Young with running a coverup after provoking it with incendiary rhetoric, making him "an accessory after the fact". Roscoe Carlyle Buley (1893-1968), The Old Northwest, Pioneer Period 1815-1840 (2 vols.) (Pulitzer Prize). Kenneth Burke (1897-1993), A Rhetoric of Motives. Albert Camus (1913-60), Actuelles I; French Resistance newpaper articles. Edward Hallett Carr (1892-1982), A History of Soviet Russia (14 vols.); praises Stalin, pissing-off historians incl. Richard Pipes, who compares his dismissal of the 1921 Soviet famine to Holocaust denial. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), The Voyage to Lourdes (posth.); Nobel Med. Prize winner witnesses a miraculous cure, turning him backto faith in God. Alfred Cobban (1901-68), The Debate on the French Revolution, 1789-1800 (London). Margaret Louise Coit (1919-2003), John C. Calhoun: American Portrait (Pulitzer Prize). Henry Steele Commager (1902-98), The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s. Counterattack, Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television; issued by a right-wing journal pub. by "Am. Business Consultants", it lists 151 intellectuals, entertainers and journalists incl. Leonard Bernstein, Lee J. Cobb, Aaron Copland, Jose Ferrer, John Garfield, Ruth Gordon, Ben Grauer, Dashiell Hammett, E.Y. Harburg, Lillian Hellman, Judy Holliday, Lena Horne, Langston Hughes, Burl Ives, Sam Jaffe, Gypsy Rose Lee, Burgess Meredith, Zero Mostel, Dorothy Parker, Edward G. Robinson, Pete Seeger, William L. Shirer, Louis Untermeyer, and Orson Welles, creating a de facto industry blacklist, using the for-profit corp. AWARE Inc. as a clearance service to check for Communist sympathies. Marion Crawford (1909-88), The Little Princesses: The Story of the Queen's Childhood by Her Nanny; "Crawfie", nanny of Elizabeth I and Princess Margaret tells too much, getting banned from court for life. Ely Culbertson (1891-1955), Albert Hodges Morehead Jr. (1909-66), and Geoffrey Mott-Smith (1902-60), Hoyle: The New Encyclopedia of Games, with Official Rules. Richard N. Current (1912-2012), Pine Logs and Politics: A Life of Philetus Sawyer, 1816-1900. Merle Eugene Curti (1897-1996) and Lewis Paul Todd, Rise of the American Nation (2 vols.); becomes a popular textbook, going through several eds. even after their deaths. Herbert Cutner (1881-1969), Jesus: God, Man or Myth? An Examination of the Evidence (Jan. 1); claims that Jesus wasn't a man turned into a god, but a god turned into a man, and that his earliest mentioner St. Paul never thought of Jesus as a man, but as a spiritual being found in a spiritual sense within oneself, explaining why the early Church had a hard time accepting him, becoming a Freethinker/atheist Bible; "I make no apology for the fact that this work is controversial. It was unavoidably so, as many of the defenders of the 'man' Jesus, as well as those who insist that he was a 'God,' have bitterly assailed, not only on critical but on personal grounds, those of us who have insisted that the story of Jesus is just a myth. I hope, however, that readers will see something beyond the controversial part - will find a real criticism of the so-called evidences brought forward to prove that Jesus Christ lived on earth"; "It is surely very strange that though Paul talks incessantly of Christ Jesus, he never mentions 'Jesus of Nazareth.' He never mentions the wonderful teaching of Jesus, nor his still more wonderful miracles. Now, if the Gospel stories are true, and if Paul was converted so soon after the death of Jesus, and if he were also continually wrangling with the Apostles, how is it that in the Epistles we do not get more of Jesus of Nazareth, and a little less of Christ Jesus?"; The whole fabric of Vicarious Suffering with its Savior and its Cross is nothing but a huge imposture, that in fact it has literally no meaning. A suffering God is just a pagan and Gnostic IDEA." - TLW's favorite work on the Jesus question? Edward Dahlberg (1900-77), Fleas of Sodom (essays). Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970), Religion and the Rise of Western Culture. Carl Van Doren (1885-1950), Jane Mecom, or The Favorite Sister of Benjamin Franklin; Benjamin Franklin's youngest sister Jane Franklin Mecom (1712-94); The Letters of Benjamin Franklin and Jane Mecom. Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005), The New Society. John Foster Dulles (1888-1959), War or Peace - all war and no peace makes John a Dulle boy? Will Durant (1885-1981), The Story of Civilization: Part IV, The Age of Faith; 325 C.E. to 1300 C.E., from Constantine the Great to Dante, focusing on Christendom, Judaism, and Islam; "So today we leave men free to question the religious, but not the political, faith of their fathers; and political heresy is punished by social ostracism as theological heresy was punished by excommunication in the Age of Faith; now that the policeman labors to take the place of God, it becomes more dangerous to question the state than to doubt the Church. No system smiles upon the challenging of its axioms." Albert Einstein (1879-1955), General Field Theory; "Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter"; "Physical objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially extended (as fields). In this way the concept 'empty space' loses its meaning... The field thus becomes an irreducible element of physical description, irreducible in the same sense as the concept of matter (particles) in the theory of Newton... The physical reality of space is represented by a field whose components are continuous functions of four independent variables - the co-ordinates of space and time. Since the theory of general relativity implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion. The particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high." Erik Erikson (1902-94), Childhood and Society; expands Freud's five stages of development to the Eight Ages of Man, and proposes the identity crisis; his er, widow later adds #9, old age. Carroll Lane Fenton (1900-) and Mildred Adams Fenton, Worlds in the Sky. Louis Fischer (1896-1970), The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. Father Edward Joseph Flanagan (1886-1948), Understanding Your Boy (posth.). Robert James Forbes (1900-73), Man, the Maker: A History of Technology and Engineering. Erich Fromm (1900-80), Psychoanalysis and Religion. James Jerome Gibson (1904-79), The Perception of the Visual World; rejects behaviorism in favor of the idea that animals "sample" information from the "ambient" outside world, proposing the concept of Optical Flow (Affordance). Samuel Glasstone, The Effects of Atomic Weapons; first unclassified explanation, terrifying all. Ernst Gombrich (1909-2001), The Story of Art; bestseller (7M copies); tr. into 30+ languages, reaching 16 eds.; revitalizes the study of art history in the English-speaking world despite attacks by the PC police for being Eurocentric and ignoring women artists. Pierre-Paul Grasse (1895-985), Traite de Zoologie, Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie (Traité de Zoologie, Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie) (52 vols.) (1950-79). John Gunther (1901-70), Roosevelt in Retrospect: A Profile in History. George Gurdjieff (1866-1949), Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson: An Objectively Impartial Criticism of the Life of Man (autobio.) (posth.); #1 in the All and Everything Trilogy. Maurice Hankey (1877-1963), Politics, Trials and Errors; argues that the Allies had no right to convict German and Japanese officials of war crimes. Gayelord Hauser, Look Younger, Live Longer. Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002), Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft; rejected by 20 publishers before Rand McNally takes a chance on it; "A long, solemn and tedious Pacific voyage, best suited... to a journal like the National Geographic" (William Styron for McGraw-Hill). Gilbert Highet (1906-78), The Art of Teaching. Karen Horney (1885-1952), Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization; claims that neuroses are the antithesis of healthy growth, and are conditioned by culture rather than instinctual drives like Freud claims. Laurence Housman (1865-1959), The Family Honour. No doubt about it, the Americans have the kookiest cults, or, The first thing you know old Ron's a millionaire? L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (May 9); from Greek "dia" + "nous" = through + mind; the founding holy book of the Church of Scientology (founded in Camden, N.J. in Dec. 1953), it talks about "engrams", which are memories stored during periods of unconsciousness (post-natal or pre-natal), not accessible afterward by the consciousness, but which can bite back by giving primal commands that "aberrate" (depart from rational thought or behavior) and are "the very stuff of which insanity is made"; by the Dianetic (Greek for through-soul) process of "auditing" one individual can "clear" another of his engrams, raising his IQ and making him rational and responsible; after free plugs by Astounding Science Fiction ed. (since 1937) John Wood Campbell Jr. (1910-71), it stays on the New York Times bestseller list for 26 weeks without paid ads, sparking "the fastest growing movement in the U.S." (Los Angeles Daily News); it is pub. in Manhattan, N.Y. from a bldg. that in 1955 becomes the Church of Scientology of New York, which in 1980 moves near Times Square; "The creation of Dianetics is a milestone for Man comparable to his discovery of fire and superior to his inventions of the wheel and the arch" (first line); "Dianetics is not in any way covered by legislation anywhere, for no law can prevent one man sitting down and telling another man his troubles, and if anyone wants a monopoly on dianetics, be assured that he wants it for reasons which have to do not with dianetics but with profit"; "A large proportion of allegedly feeble-minded children are actually attempted abortion cases... However many billions America spends yearly on institutions for the insane and jails for the criminals are spent primarily because of attempted abortions done by some sex-blocked mother to whom children are a curse, not a blessing of God... All these things are scientific facts, tested and rechecked and tested again"; "There is no national problem in the world today, which cannot be resolved by reason alone"; "The sexual pervert (and by this term Dianetics, to be brief, includes any and all forms of deviation in Dynamic II [i.e. sexuality] such as homosexuality, lesbianism, sexual sadism, etc., and all down the catalog of Ellis and Krafft-Ebing) is actually quite ill physically... he is very far from culpable for his condition, but he is also far from normal and extremely dangerous to society"; Hubbard forms the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation in Elizabeth, N.J., founds six Dianetics centers nationwide, and in Aug. speaks to 6K at the Shrine Auditorium in L.A., going on the radio in Dec. on 126 stations, presenting Sonya Bianca as "the world's first Clear", who turns out to be a dud who couldn't even remember the color of his tie; in 1951 he advises silence in the delivery room (since engrams can be accidentally created) and the laying of the newborn on the mother's abdomen before cutting the chord; Scientology cult members are eventually taught the pseudo-psychological concepts of Thought insertion, incl. implants, "intentional installation of fixed ideas, contra-survival to the thetan", he also incl. Space opera, incl. the civilization of Helatrobus, "a little pipsqueak government" that existed "between about 319 trillion years ago to about 256 trillion years ago", which left the Heaven implant 43 trillion years ago; he also teaches about the civilization of Xenu, the dictator of the Galactic Confederacy 75M years ago, who brought billions of his people to Teegeeack (Earth) in spaceships resembling Douglas DC-8 airliners, stacked them around volcanoes, then killed them using H-bombs, their essences (thetans) sticking to the bodies of the living and haunting modern people as body thetans (BT), which are trapped in MEST (matter, energy, space, and time) until the Scientologist rids the thetan of engrams and attains a state of Clear, then goes on to advance through the Bridge to Total Freedom to an Operating Thetan (OT) who can experience the self outside the body via exteriorization, and control both the self and the environment; "We have calculated that on average, each person on planet earth has 2,209 of these Body Thetans (BT's for short), Hubbard's term for the alien spirits, attached to you causing you to be constrained by Xenu's false reality. The average cost for Scientology to OT 8 is a mere USD 360,000, meaning that each BT only costs USD 163 to clear. Now that is a bargain if there ever was one" - just wait till they quote their prices? Leopold Infeld (1898-1968), Albert Einstein: His Work and Its Influence on Our World. C.L.R. James (1901-89), State Capitalism and World Revolution. Merrill Jensen (1905-80), The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-1789. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), The Cost of a Best Seller (autobio.). Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe (1897-1988), The Flying Saucers Are Real; bestseller (500K copies), based on his popular article of the same title in the Jan. issue of True (pub. Dec. 26, 1949); argues that aliens have been observing the Earth for 200+ years, stepping it up after the 1945 atomic bomb explosions, and that the USAF is trying to cover it up. Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904-2004), The Biology of Human Starvation (2 vols.); first study of its kind (until ?); goes on to theorize that dietary saturated fat causes cardiovascular disease, and popularizes the Mediterranean Diet with his wife Margaret - he lived to 100 so I'll have what he's having? R.A. Knox, Enthusiasm. Ronald Arbuthnott Knox (1888-1957), The Knox Trans. of the Vulgate Old Testament; freer rendering of verses than the Douay version. Jack Lait and Mortimer Lee, Washington Confidential. Karl Lashley (1890-1958), In Search of the Engram; concludes that there is no localized part of the brain for an engram, but that it is distributed throughout the cerebral cortex, stating the principles of mass action and equipotentiality. Max Lerner (1902-92), The Unfinished Country; "The turning point in the process of growing up is when you discover the core of strength within you that survives all hurt"; "When you choose the lesser of two evils, always remember that it is still an evil." Bernard Lewis (1916-2018), The Arabs in History; this year he becomes the first Westerner granted access to the Imperial Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), Rude Assignment: A Narrative of My Career Up-to-Date (autobio.); goes completely blind by next year. Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart (1887-1970), The Marines Were There: The Story of the Royal Marines in the Second World War (London). Konrad Lorenz (1903-89), Man Meets dog. Connie Mack (1862-1956), My 66 Years in the Big Leagues. Rollo May (1909-94), The Meaning of Anxiety; "The apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a self"; "Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom" (Soren Kierkegaard). Margaret Mead (1901-78), Social Anthropology. Robert A. Millikan (1868-1953), Autobiography. W. Stanley Moss (1921-65), Ill Met by Moonlight: The Abduction of General Kreipe (autobio.); bestseller about the British SEO operation to kidnap German Gen. Heinrich Kreipe in Crete in Feb.-May 1944; filmed in 1957. George Lachmann Mosse (1918-99), The Reformation. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), Maria Edgeworth. George Orwell (1903-50), Shooting An Elephant (posth.). Charles Olson (1910-70), Projective Verse (pub. in "Poetry" mag.); his new open form controlled by sound and breathing. Charles Fulton Oursler (1893-1952), Why I Know There is a God. Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), Jerusalem Calling! Vance Packard (1914-96), Animal IQ. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), The Jacobite Movement: The Last Phase, 1716-1807; Chapters of Life (autobio.). Herbert Arthur Philbrick (1915-93), I Led Three Lives; an FBI informer who infiltrated the Communist Party of the U.S.A. tells all. Jean Piaget (1896-1980), The Construction of Reality in the Child; The Principles of Genetic Epistemology. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Barbel Inhelder (1913-97), The Psychology of the Child. Max Planck (1858-1947), A Scientific Autobiography (posth.). Hortense Powdermaker (1896-1970), Hollywood, the Dream Factory; first anthropological study of the U.S. film industry. Raul Prebisch (1901-86), The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems; proposes the Singer-Prebisch Thesis, dividing the U.S. and other industrialized nations from the "periphery" of primary producers, who are doomed to see the prices of their primary products such as agricultural goods fall more than manufactured secondary prices; in Feb. 1949 German-born British economist Sir Hans Wolfgang Singer (1910-2006) pub. Postwar Relations between Underdeveloped and Industrialized Countries, showing a long-term deterioration in the terms of trade for underdeveloped countries, which Prebisch bases his book on, causing them to share credit. Quentin Reynolds, Courtroom. Joseph Rinn (1868-1952), Sixty Years of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Among the Spiritualists; how they debunked psychics and mediums. A.L. Rowse, The England of Elizabeth. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Unpopular Essays; Ideas That Have Harmed Mankind; What Desires Are Politically Important? Gilbert Ryle (1900-76), The Concept of Mind. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), La Mort dans l'Ame (The Death of Love). Joseph Schacht (1902-69), Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Carl Schmitt (1888-1985), The Nomos of the Earth. Alexander P. de Seversky (1894-1974), Air Power: Key to Survival. Otto Skorzeny (1908-75), Memoirs (Apr.); Hitler's favorite commando, who escaped after WWII and was spotted in Paris, causing him to flee to Madrid, where he worked with the ODESSA network; the pub. of his memoirs by Le Figaro causes 1.5K Communists to riot outside their HQ. Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), Arnold Bennett. Paul Tabori (1908-74), Harry Price: The Biography of a Ghost Hunter; by a believer in psychical researcher Harry Price (1881-1948). Lionel Trilling (1905-78), The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society. Alan Turing (1912-54), Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Oct.) proposes the Turing Test as a way to determine if machines can think by playing the Imitation Game. Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979), Worlds in Collision: The Book About the Day the Sun Stood Still (Apr. 3); NYT bestseller; Albert Einstein becomes a fan; how a comet-like object was ejected from Jupiter in the 15th cent. B.C.E., changing the Earth's orbit and axis and causing catastrophes that are described in the Bible, then settled down as the new planet Venus, after which in the 8th-7th cents. B.C.E., Mars acted up, causing more catastrophes, after which everything settled down and here we are let me tell you all about it?; an imaginative erudite pseudo-scientific Bible-thumping alternative to standard science that pisses-off the scientific establishment (Harlow Shapley, Carl Sagan et al.) so much that they begin a boycott of Macmillan's textbooks, causing them to drop it in 2 mo. despite being a bestseller, after which Doubleday says ka-ching ka-ching thanks. Ernest Watkins (1902-82), The Cautious Revolution: Britain Today and Tomorrow; the post-WWII recovery policies of the British Labour govt. Alan W. Watts (1915-73), Easter: Its Story and Meaning; The Supreme Identity. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), The Lipton Story: A Centennial Biography. Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society; examines the implications. Cecil Blanche Woodham-Smith (1897-1977), Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910; rehabilitates her and makes a star out of the author. Art: Gene Autry (1907-98) and The Cass County Boys, Frosty the Snowman (Snow Man) (#7 in the U.S.) (#4 country) (Columbia Records); composed by Steve Edward Nelson (1907-81) and Walter E. "Jack" Rollins (1906-73); covered by Nat King Cole (1950) (#9 in the U.S.), Guy Lombardo (1950) (#28 in the U.S.), Jimmy Durante (1953) (#7 in the U.S.), Perry Como (1957) (#74 in the U.S.), Jan and Dean (1963) (#11 in the U.S.), Johnny Mathis (2003) (#29 in the U.S.), Kimberley Locke (2007) (#1 in the U.S.), Whitney Wolanin (2012) (#13 in the U.S.). Milton Avery (1885-1965), Man and Dog; Maternity. Francis Bacon (1909-92), Studies on Velazquez' "Pope Innocent X". Georges Braque (1882-1963), Apples. Roland Detre (1903-2001), Seascape. Nadine Drummond, Burn Out. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Butterflies (wood engraving). Sam Francis (1923-), Big Red; done in Paris. Helen Frankenthaler (1928-), Open Wall. Alberto Giacometti (1901-66), Seven Figures and a Head (sculpture). Franz Kline (1910-62), Four Square; Cardinal; Chief. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Portrait of Theodor Heuss. Willem de Kooning (1904-97), Woman I-VI (series of 6) (1950-3) - try to raise the bar? Lee Krasner (1908-84), City Vertical (collage). Richard Lippold (1915-2002), World Tree (sculpture); commissioned by Walter Gropius; ends up on the campus of Harvard U. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), C'Ontra Vosotvos Asesinon de Palomas. Justin McCarthy (1891-1977), Show Girl. Barnett Newman (1905-70), The Wild. Mervyn Peake (1911-68), Gormenghast; #2 in the Gormenghast series. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), The Shadow. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist); Autumn Rhythm (No. 30, 1950). No. 29, 1950; One (No. 31, 1950); No. 32, 1950. Fairfield Porter (1907-), Laurence at the Piano. Robert Rauschenberg (1925-), Automobile Tire Print; a long strip of paper over which composer John Cage rolled his Model-A Ford outside his Fulton St. studio - Jurassic Park VIII: A grand adventure in an auto? Larry Rivers (1923-2002), Washington Crossing the Delaware; redo of 1851 Emanuel Leutze painting. Mark Rothko (1903-70), No. 10. Ben Shan (1898-1969), Age of Anxiety. Rufino Tamayo (1899-1991), Sleeping Musicians. Music: Olivier Alain (1918-94), Chant Funebre sur les Morts en Montagne. Eileen Barton, If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Mark "Moose" Charlap (1928-74), Jule Styne (1905-94), and Carolyn Leigh (1926-83), Peter Pan (musical) (Winter Garden Theatre, New York) (Oct. 20) (152 perf.); based on the 1904 J.M. Barrie play; stars Mary Martin as Peter Pan, and Cyril Ritchard as Capt. Hook. Karl-Birger Blomdahl (1916-68), 3rd Symphony ("Facettes"). Pierre Boulez (1925-), Polyphonie X (1950-1). Teresa Brewer (1931-2007), Choon' Gum; Molasses, Molasses. Renato Cellini (conductor), Rigoletto (RCA); first complete operatic LP record; features Leonard Warren, Erna Berger and Jan Peerce. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Mona Lisa (#1 in the U.S.). Perry Como (1912-2001), Hoop-De-Doo. Aaron Copland (1900-90), Clarinet Concerto; Benny Goodman and the NBC Symphony Orchestra. Bing Crosby (1903-77) and the Lee Gordon Singers, A Marshmallow World; written by Peter DeRose and Carl Sigman. Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965), Ongaku. Luigi Dallapiccola (1904-75), Job (oratorio). Vic Damone (1928-2018), My Heart Cries for You (#4 in the U.S.). Fats Domino (1928-2017), Every Night About This Time. Billy Eckstine (1914-93), My Foolish Heart; I Apologize. Red Foley (1910-68) and the Cumberland Valley Boys, Just a Closer Walk with Thee (#1 country); Steal Away (#1 country); Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy (#1 country and U.S.); becomes his trademark song. Tennessee Ernie Ford (1919-91), The Shotgun Boogie; goes #1 on the country charts for three weeks, making him a star. Merv Griffin (1925-2007), I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts. Phil Harris, The Thing; novelty hit. Helen Humes (1913-81), Million Dollar Secret; Rock Me to Sleep. Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Concerto for Flute and Strings. Sammy Kaye (1910-87), Harbor Lights (album); incl. It Isn't Fair (#2 in the U.S.), Harbor Lights (#1 in the U.S.), which becomes his signature song. Aram Khachaturian (1903-78), Spartacus (ballet) (1950-4). Eartha Kitt (1927-2008), C'est Si Bon; becomes her signature song. Ed McCurdy (1919-2000), Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream; becomes an anti-war classic, covered by Pete Seeger (195?), Simon and Garfunkel (1964), Johnny Cash (2002), and Garth Brooks (2005); sung by children on the East German side of the Berlin Wall in Nov. 1989 in front of NBC-TV journalist Tom Brokaw while the wall is being dismantled. Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), The Consul (opera) (New York) (Pulitzer Prize); political refugees in the Cold War. Guy Mitchell, Mitch Miller and His Orchestra, My Heart Cries for You (#2 in the U.S.) (1M copies); composed by Percy Faith and Carl Sigman based on an 18th cent. French melody. Luigi Nono (1924-90), Variazione Canoniche Sulla Serie dell' Op. 41 di Arnold Schonberg (first work) (Darmstadt). Patti Page (1927-), All My Love; The Tennessee Waltz (written by Redd Stewart and Wee King). Les Paul (1915-2009) and Mary Ford (1924-77), The Tennessee Waltz. Oscar Peterson (1925-2007), Oscar Peterson at Carnegie Hall (album); his 1929 Carnegie Hall performance, given after being discovered by jazz impresario Norman Granz of Clef Records. Cole Porter (1891-1964), Out of this World (musical). William Howard Schuman (1910-92), George Washington Bridge. Carl Smith (1927-2010), Let's Live a Little (#2 country). Hank Snow (1914-99), I'm Movin' On; his first hit, staying at #1 for 21 weeks, setting a record (until ?). Howard Swanson (1907-78), Short Symphony (New York). The Treniers, Ragg Mopp. Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), The Old Piano Roll Blues (debut); Stay With the Happy People. Sarah Vaughan (1924-90), Don't Blame Me. Muddy Waters (1913-83), Rollin' Stone; a hit with the Rolling Stones, who name their group after it. The Weavers, Tzena, Tzena, Tzena, Tzena; Good Night, Irene (by Leadbelly) (#1 in the U.S.); from Greenwich, N.Y., incl. Peter "Pete" Seeger (1919-), Ruth Alice "Ronnie" Gilbert (1926-2015), Lee Hays (1914-81), and Fred Hellerman (1927-) (who later produces Arlo Guthrie's album "Alice Restaurant"); too bad, after being accused of being Communists, they disband in 1951. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Huckleberry Finn (unfinished); lyrics by Maxwell Anderson. Margaret Whiting (1924-) and Bob Hope (1903-2003), Blind Date. Lee Wiley (1908-75), Night in Manhattan (album). Bob Wills (1905-75) and his Texas Playboys, Faded Love (#8). Movies: 1950 - The dust of the first A-bomb tests is just settling, and already Hollyweird is portraying a U.S. Space Race based on nuclear propulsion? Joseph L. Mankiewicz's All About Eve (Oct. 13), based on Mary Orr's story "The Wisdom of Eve" (based on the life of Tallulah Bankhead) stars Anne Baxter as Eve Harrington, a Hollywood climber who uses aging Margo Channing (Bette Davis) as a ladder, stealing her beau (Gary Merrill), her friends (Celeste Holm, Hugh Marlowe), and her career; new kid on the block (model mag. covergirl) Marilyn Monroe (dress size 16, about 12 in modern sizes) has a small part, paying her dues; "Fasten your seat belts, it's going to be a bumpy night." George Sidney's Annie Get Your Gun (May 17) (MGM), based on the 1946 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical stars Betty Hutton as Annie Oakley, and Howard Clifford Keel (1919-2004) as Frank Butler in his film debut; Louis Calhern (who replaced Frank Morgan after he died of a heart attack during filming) plays Buffalo Bill Cody, J. Carrol Naish plays Sitting Bull, Edward Arnold plays Pawnee Bill, and Keenan Wynn plays Charlie Davenport; Judy Garland was the first Annie, but had to pull out because of her health; incl. the songs There's No Business Like Show Business, Doin' What Comes Natur'lly, Anything You Can Do, You Can't Get a Man With a Gun. R.G. Springsteen's The Arizona Cowboy (Apr. 1) (Republic Pictures) is the film debut of Willcox, Ariz.-born singing cowboy Rex Elvie Allen (1920-99), who wears a white Stetson, rides faithful horse Koko, and has a comic sidekick (Buddy Ebsen or Slim Pickens); first in a series of 19 films. John Huston's B&W The Asphalt Jungle (May 23) (MGM), based on the 1949 W.R. Burnett novel about a $1M jewel heist in the Am. Midwest (Cincinnati?) stars Sam Jaffe as mastermind Erwin "Doc" Riedenschndier, Marc Lawrence as bookie Cobby, Louis Calhern as criminal lawyer Alonzo Emmerich, Anthony Caruso as safecracker Louie Ciavelli, James Whitmore as getaway river Gus Minissi, Sterling Hayden as gangster Dix Handley, and Jean Hagen as Hayden's babe Doll Conovan; Marilyn Monroe has a small uncredited part as Angela Phinlay; does $1.077M box office in the U.S.-Canada and $1.060M foreign on a $1.232M budget, making a profit of only $40K. Antony Darnborough's B&W The Astonished Heart (Mar.) (Gainsborough Pictures) (Gen. Film Distributors), based on Noel Coward's 1935 play stars Coward as pshrink Christian Faber, who is infatuated with his mistress Leonora Vail (Margaret Leighton), and likes to quote Deut. 28:28: "The Lord shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and admonishment of heart"; Celia Johnson plays his wife Barbara Faber; "A daring experiment in love"; a flop. Basil Dearden's B&W The Blue Lamp (Ealing Studios) (Jan. 20) (Gen. Film Distributors), named after the you know whats that hang outside British police stations, produced by Michael Balcom and written by T.E.B. Clarke, a British social realist police drama set in Paddington, London in July 1949, starring Jack Warner as veteran police constable (PC) George Dixon, Jimmy Hanley as new recruit Andy Mitchell, and Dirk Bogarde as teen thug Tom Riley; Bernard Lee plays Sgt. Roberts, and Peggy Evans plays Diana Lewis; basis of the 1955-76 BBC-TV series "Dixon of Dock Green", starring Warner. George Cukor's Born Yesterday (Dec. 26) based on the 1946 Garson Kanin play stars Broderick Crawford as crooked tycoon Harry Brack, who goes to Washington, D.C. with his mistress Emma "Billie" Dawn (Judy Holliday) and crooked atty. Jim Devery (Howard St. John) to buy some politicians, until Billie falls for journalist Paul Verrall (William Holden) and escapes from him. Delmer Daves' Broken Arrow (July 20) (20th Cent. Fox), filmed near Flagstaff, Ariz. is the first major Hollywood Western since WWII to side with the Indians, based on the 1947 novel "Blood Brother" by Elliott Arnold stars James Stewart as mailman Tom Jeffords, who walks into the camp of Cochise (Jeff Chandler) and negotiates safe passage to Tucson; Debra Paget plays Indian babe Sonseeahray (Morningstar); Basil Ruysdael plays "Christian Gen." Oliver Otis Howard; Jay "Tonto" Silverheels plays Geronimo; Will Geer plays rancher Ben Slade; real Apaches from the local rez are used as extras. Bernard Miles' B&W Chance of a Lifetime (British Lion) (Pilgrim Pictures), produced by Miles and co-written by Walter Greenwood stars Basil Radford as British agricultural implements factory owner Dickinson, who falls on hard times after WWII, c ausing the employees to strike, after which Dickinson lets them try running the factory themselves. Clyde Geronimi's, Hamilton Luske's, and Wilfred Jackson's animated Cinderella (Feb. 15) (Walt Disney Pictures) (RKO Radio Pictures) (12th Disney animated film), based on the fairy tale by Charles Perrault features the voices of Ilene Woods, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton, Rhoda Williams, James Macdonald, Luis van Rooten et al.; Cinderella's two stepsisters are Anastasia and Drizella; Al Hoffman composes the songs "Cinderella", "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes", "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo"; does $263.6M box office on a $2.9M budget. George Sherman's Comanche Territory (May 1) (Universal Pictures), filmed in Oak Creek Canyon, Ariz. stars singing Maureen O'Hara as Katie Howard, and Macdonald Carey as Jim Bowie, who tries to stop Katie's crooked brother Stacey (Charles Drake) from starting a war with the Comanche over silver land; also stars Will Geer. Ralph Thomas' B&W The Clouded Yellow (Nov. 21) (Carillon Films) (Rank Film Distributors) (Columbia Pictures) stars Trevor Howard as ex-British secret service agent David Somers, who gets a job cataloguing butterflies, and ends up helping hot babe Sophie Malraux (Jean Simmons) beat a murder rap; Simmons' marriage to Stewart Granger helps with publicity. Curzio Malaparte's Cristo Proibito (Forbidden Christ) is about a war vet who returns to his village to avenge the death of his brother who was shot by the Nazis; released in the U.S. as "Strange Deception". Michael Gordon's B&W Cyrano de Bergerac (Nov. 16) (United Artists), produced by Stanley Kramer, the first screen version of the 1897 Edmond Rostand play stars Jose Ferrer, who wins his first and only Oscar; the score is by Dimitri Tiomkin; does $1.9M box office on a $1.1M budget. Irving Pichel's B&W Destination Moon (Aug.), produced by George Pal and partly written by Robert A. Heinlein portrays U.S. private capitalist industry (Lockheed) going to the Moon with nuclear propulsion, and features a Woody Woodpecker cartoon to teach the basics of space flight, later copied in "Jurassic Park"; too bad, its expensive Technicolor SFX cause it to be released after the B&W "Rocketship X-M", which has an anti-nuclear message; both films launch the Golden Age of Sci-Fi Films. Rudolph Mate's D.O.A. (B&W) is a film noir starring Edmund O'Brien as a happy-go-lucky single Calif. man who has been given a "luminous toxin" and only has one week to live and figure out who murdered him, after which he marches into the DA's office, tells, and guess what; also stars Beverly Garland, Pamela Britton, and Luther Adler. Robert Z. Leonard's Duchess of Idaho (July 14), set in Sun Valley, Idaho stars Esther Williams and Van Johnson as Christine Riverton Duncan and Dick Layne in their 4th film together. Vincente Minnelli's Father of the Bride (June 16), based on the 1949 Edward Streeter novel stars Spencer Tracy and Elizabeth Taylor; the sequel is Father's Little Dividend (1951). Fred C. Brannon's Flying Disc Man from Mars (Oct. 25) (B&W) is a 12-part 167-min. serial from Republic Pictures starring Walter Reed as pilot Kent Fowler, Lois Collier as Helen Hall, James Craven as former Nazi scientist Dr. Bryant, and Gregory Gaye as Martian invader Mota. Arthur Lubin's Francis (Feb.) stars Donald O'Connor as 2nd Lt. Peter Stirling, whose army mule Francis can talk; spawns yearly sequels until 1955, sidetracking O'Connor's career. William Alexander's A French Peep Show (Jan.) stars Dick Barrow as the MC, Gloria Howard as Atomic Bomb, Jo Jo Adams, Mabel Hunter, Gertrude "Baby" Banks, and Luella Owens. Henry King's Western The Gunfighter (June 23) (20th Cent. Fox), written by Nunnally Johnson based on a story by William Bowers and Andre de Toth stars Gregory Peck as over-the-hill gunslinger Jimmy Ringo, who keeps trying to quit while every young Tom, Dick, and Harry or Skip Homeier (as Hunt Bromley) wants a piece of him, finally getting gunned down in the back and telling the sheriff the other guy drew first, while telling the new king of the hill that he's the new It, and he'll be waiting for him in Hell?; Helen Westcott plays Ringo's wife Peggy Walsh. Joseph H. Lewis' Gun Crazy (B&W) (Jan. 20), based on a 1940 short story by MacKinlay Kantor stars curvy Peggie Cummins as sexy modern-day Annie Oakley Annie Laurie Starr, and John Dall as her sureshot hubby Barton "Bart" Tare, who go on a holdup spree, getting away with it until she reveals her bad side and kills two hostages, bringing the FBI down on them, after which they try to hide out in his boyhood camping spot, get turned in by his childhood friends, and die together with guns blazing; ripped-off by "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967)? William Wellman's The Happy Years is the film debut of too-handsome Robert John Wagner Jr. (1930-); too bad, it loses $1.096M, getting him off to a limping start. Henry Koster's Harvey (Oct. 13), based on the 1944 Mary Cole Chase play stars James Stewart as Elwood P. Dowd, who tags along with an invisible 6'3-1/2" "pooka" (rabbit) friend named Harvey; Josephine Hull plays his sister Veta Louise Simmons; Cecil Kellaway plays nuthouse dir. Dr. Chumley ("Have you ever been to Akron?"); 6'3.5" Stewart, who looks up at him in the flick later says Harvey's really 6'8"; does $2.6M box office; "My mother told me, she said, Elwood, to make it in this world you either have to be oh so clever or oh so pleasant. Well, for years I was clever. I recommend pleasant." Arthur Pierson's B&W Home Town Story stars Jeffrey Lynn as defeated Sen. Blake Washburn, who returns to his you know what and becomes a newspaper ed. with an anti-big business agenda until his daughter gets in an accident, and guess who helps; features Marjorie Reynolds, Marilyn Monroe, and Alan Hale Jr. David Bradley's Julius Caesar (Mar.), based on the Shakespeare play, the first film version with sound, using Northwestern U. students as extras stars up-and-coming Charlton Heston as Mark Antony (only paid cast member), Bradley as Brutus, and Harold Tasker as Caesar. David Lean's B&W Madeleine (Feb. 14), based on a true story about Madeleine Smith of Glasgow, Scotland, who endures the "trial of the century" in 1857 for the arsenic murder of her secret lover Emile L'Angelier, starring Lean's wife Ann Todd as Madeleine, and Ivan Desny as L'Angelier; Leslie Banks plays her father, and Norman Wooland her respectable suitor William Minnoch. Roy Ward Baker's B&W Morning Departure (GDF) (British Empire Films) (Universal-Internat.) (Feb. 21), based on the play by Kenneth Wollard is a British naval war drama film set aboard post-WWII British sub HMS Trojan, which is hit by a derelict magnetic mine, starring John Millas as Lt. Cmdr. Peter Armstrong, Helen Cherry as his wife Helen, Nigel Patrick as 1st Lt. Manson, Richard Attenborough as Stoke Snipe, and Lana Morris as his wife Rosie; Michael Caine plays Teaboy (uncredited). John Sturges' Mystery Street (B&W) (July 28) is a film noir starring Ricardo Montalban as small town dick Lt. Peter Morales, who investigates the case of a pregnant ho found in skeletal form on a Mass. beach with the help of Harvard prof. McAdoo (Bruce Bennett), saving innocent Henry Shanway (Marshall Thompson) from the chair, while his wife Grace (Sally Forrest) plays the weeping widow. Jules Dassin's Night and the City (June 9) (20th Cent., Fox), based on the 1938 Gerald Kersh is a film noir starring snakey Richard Widmark as Am. hustler Harry Fabian in London, who tries to arrange a wrestling match between Gregorius the Great (Stanislaus Zbyszko) and the Strangler (Mike Mazurk), and ends up dead after it goes bust; also stars Gene Tierney as Fabian's babe Mary Bristol, Herbert Lom as Kristos, Hugh Marlowe as Adam Dunne, and Googie Withers and Francis L. Sullivan as Helen and Phil Noseross of the naughty Silver Fox Club; Dassin is rushed to England to direct it after producer Daryl Zanuck tells him he is about to be blacklisted, and he spends the rest of his career making movies in France and Greece. Walt Disney's animated short Quack a Doodle Doo (Mar. 3) (Paramount Pictures) is the film debut of gargantuan duckling Baby Huey, voiced by Sid Raymond. Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (The Outrage) (Aug. 25), based on the short story "In a Grove" by Ryunosuke Akutagawa about four witnesses to the rape of a woman (Machiko Kyo) and murder of her samurai husband (Masayuki Mori), incl. the rapist and the dead man through a medium (Fumiko Honma), who tell four different stories; gains the slant-eyed Japs, er, Japanese an internat. following despite WWII? John Ford's B&W Rio Grande (Nov. 15) (Republic Pictures), last in Ford's Cavalry Trilogy stars John Wayne as Lt. Col. Kirby Yorke, an ex-Civil War cavalry cmdr. on the Mexican border of Tex. campaigning against Apaches while dealing with unhappy wife Kathleen (Maureen O'Hara) and a new recruit, his son Trooper Jeferson Yorke (Claude Jarman Jr.); Ben Johnson plays Trooper Travis Tyree, who is running from the law; features folk songs sung by the Sons of the Pioneers incl. "Festus Haggen in Gunsmoke" Ken Curtis; studio pres. Herbert Yates forces Ford to make this film before "The Quiet Man", only to see the latter go #1; does $2.25M box office; "John Ford's greatest romantic triumph". William Keighley's Rocky Mountain (Nov. 11), filmed in Gallup, N.M., about Confederates sent to meet with Southern sympathizers from Calif. and capture the Rocky Mt. region, only to be exterminated by Shoshones in E. Colo. is Errol Flynn's last Western, in which he meets 3rd wife Patrice "Pat" Wymore (1927-), whom he marries next year despite being engaged to Romanian princess Irene Ginka. Max Ophuls' La Ronde (Sept. 27), based on the 1897 Arthur Schnitzler play "Reigen" about rotating love affairs introduces new French sex bombshell Simone Signoret (1921-85), and gets banned in New York, making it more popular. Herbert Sydney Wilcox's Odette (June 6) stars his wife Anna Neagle as WWII French Resistance heroine Odette Sansom (1912-95). Allan Dwan's Sands of Iwo Jima (Mar. 1) gets John Wayne his first Oscar nomination as Sgt. John M. Stryker, and features real footage, incl. an appearance by real flag-raising Marine Ira Hayes. Kurt Neumann's Rocketship X-M (Expedition Moon) (B&W) (July) stars Lloyd Bridges, and features theremin music by Ferde Grofe; shot after "Destination Moon", it hits theaters first because of less SFX, becoming the first U.S. sci-fi space adventure feature film. Sidney Gilliat's B&W State Secret (The Great Manhunt) (Sept. 11) (British Lion Films) (Columbia Pictures), filmed in the Italian Dolomites stars Douglas Fairbanks Jr. as Am. surgeon John Marlowe, who goes to small Euro country Vosnia to operate on the dictator, who dies but is replaced by a lookalike, causing him to be hunted by the secret police headed by Col. Galcon (Jack Hawkins), gaining the help of Lisa Robinson (Glynis Johns); Herbert Lom plays Balkan con man Karl Theodor; does £187K box office in the U.K. John Boulting's and Ray Boulting's B&W Seven Days to Noon (Oct. 10) (Charter Film Productions) (British Lion Films), written by Paul Dehn and James Bernard based on the book "Un Nazi en Manhattan" by Fernando Josseau stars Barry Jones as prof. John Malcolm Francis Willington, who steals a nuke from the Wallingford Research Center and tries to blackmail the British govt. into eliminating its nuclear stockpile, causing Scotland Yard Det. Folland (Andre Morrell) to try to track him down while he hides out with Mrs. Goldie Phillips (Olive Sloane); the debut of Chobham, Surrey-born film composer John Mervyn Addison (1920-98), who goes on to score 50+ films incl. "Pool of London" (1951), "The Man Between" (1953), "Terror on a Train" (1953), "The Red Beret" (1953), "Private's Progress" (1956), "Reach for the Sky" (1956), "The Entertainer" (1960), "A Taste of Honey" (1961), "Tom Jones" (1963), "Girl with Green Eyes" (1964), "The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders" (1965), "Torn Curtain" (1966), "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968), "Sleuth" (1972), "A Bridge Too Far" (1977), "Strange Invaders" (1983), and "Code Name: Emerald" (1985). Willi Forst's The Sinner (Die Sunderin) stars Hildegard Knef (1925-2002) as Marina, who performs the first nude scene in a German film, pissing-off the Roman Catholic Church and causing a scandal. Alfred Hitchcock's Stage Fright (Feb. 23) (Transatlantic Pictures) (Warner Bros.), filmed in London stars Jane Wyman as aspiring actress Eve Gil, who tries to hide her actor friend Jonathan Cooper (Richard Todd), secret lover of actress Charlotte Inwood (Marlene Dietrich), who is suspected of killing her husband and hiding her bloodstained dress, posing as reporter Doris Tinsdale to spy on her, while hooking up with Inspector Wilfred "Ordinary" Smith (Michael Wilding). Charles Walters' Summer Stock (If You Feel Like Singing) (Aug. 31) is an MGM musical starring Gene Kelly as summer stock troupe leader Joe Ross, and Judy Garland as Jane Falbury, a farm owner who lets them rehearse because of her actress sister Abigail (Gloria DeHaven), then just stumbles into the leading lady role because she sings as good as Judy Garland?; her last MGM movie and last pairing with Kelly; her problem with sleeping pills causes her to look fat, and a 2-week diet causes her to appear noticeably thinner when singing the final number Get Happy. Billy Wilder's Sunset Boulevard (Aug. 4), based on the story "A Can of Beans" by Charles Brackett stars aging silent film queen Gloria Swanson as aging silent film queen Norma Desmond, who hires young hack screeenwriter Joseph C. "Joe" Gillis (William Holden) to move into her mansion and engineer her comeback to those people "out there in the dark", uttering the soundbytes "All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my closeup", and "I'm big. It's the pictures that got small"; has-been dir. Erich von Stroheim plays has-been dir. Maximillian "Max" von Mayerling, who states that Erich von Stroheim used to be one of the three great dirs. of the silent film era along with D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille; music by Franz Waxman; does $5M box office on a $1.75M budget. Byron Haskin's Treasure Island (June 22) (Walt Disney Productions) (RKO Radio Pictures), based on the 1883 Robert Louis Stevenson novel and filmed by Disney in England using profits made previously in England which the govt. wouldn't let them take to the U.S. (their first live action film) stars child star Bobby Discroll as Jim Hawkins, Robert Newton as Long John Silver (who originates the pseudo-Cornish pirate accent and "arrrgh, matey" that everybody copies), Basil Sydney as Capt. Smollett, and Walter Fitzgerald as Squire Trelawney. Henri-Georges Clouzot's B&@ Wages of Fear is about French nitroglycerin drivers braving impassible roads in Central Am. Anthony Mann's B&W Winchester '73 (June 7) (Universal Pictures) stars James Stewart as Lin McAdam, who with his friend Rankie "High-Spade" Wilson (Millard Mitchell) chase outlaw Dutch Henry Brown (Stephen McNally) to Dodge City, Kan., where McAdam beats Brown in a shooting competition, winning a "One of One Thousand Winchester 1873 rifle, which Brown steals, resulting in a long chase, after which McAdam kills Brown in Tascosa, Tex. and it is revealed that they're really brothers; also features Shelley Winters and Dan Duryea; Tony Curtis plays a cavalry trooper; Rock Hudson plays an Injun. Jack Lee's B&W The Wooden Horse (Oct. 16) (British Lion Film Corp.) is about the WWII escape attempt from German POW camp Stalag Luft III, using a you know what to cover the tunnel entrance; stars Leo Genn as Peter Howard, David Tomlinson as Philip Rowe, Anthony Steel as John Clinton, David Greene as Bennett, and Peter Burton as Nigel. Michael Gordon's Woman in Hiding (Feb. 22) stars Ida Lupino (1914-95) and Howard Duff (1913-90) in their first onscreen pairing, after which the get married next year and become one of the most popular Hollywood couples of the 1950s; too bad, they separate in 1966 and divorce in 1984. Michael Curtiz's Young Man with a Horn (Feb. 9) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1938 novel by Dorothy Baker about jazz trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke, starring Kurt Douglas as horn player Rick Martin, who spirals down toward alcoholism, Doris Day as his babe Jo Jordan, and Lauren Bacall as his other babe (closet lez?) Amy North. Poetry: W.H. Auden (1907-73), Collected Shorter Poems, 1930-1944. Edmund Charles Blunden (1896-1974), After the Bombing and Other Short Poems. Aime Cesaire (1913-2008), Corps Perdu. Rene Char (1907-88), Les Matinaux. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Green Leaf: The Collected Poems of Robert Nathan. Pablo Neruda (1904-73), Canto General; "Come up with me, American love./ Kiss these secret stones with me./ The torrential silver of the Urubamba/ makes the pollen fly to its golden cup." Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Seventy Cantos. Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Complete Poems (Pulitzer Prize). Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888-1970), The Promised Land (La Terra Promessa). Richard Wilbur (1921-2017), Ceremony, and Other Poems; incl. Ceremony; "A striped blouse in a clearing by Bazille/ Is, you may say, a patroness of boughs/ Too queenly kind toward nature to be kin./ But ceremony never did conceal,/ Save to the silly eyes, which all allows,/ How much we are the woods we wander in." William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), The Collected Later Poems. Plays: Jean Anouilh (1910-87), La Repetition ou l'Amour Puni (The Rehearsal). Irving Berlin (1888-1989), Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, Call Me Madam (musical) (Imperial Theatre, New York) (Oct. 12) (644 perf.); stars Ethel Merman as Sally Adams, "the hostess with the mostest on the ball", U.S. ambassador to Lichtenburg, who charms Cosmo Constantine while her press atache Kenneth Gibson falls for Princess Maria; inspired by the 1949 appointment of Dem. fundraiser Perle Mesta as U.S. ambassador to Luxembourg; incl. The Hostess with the Mostest, You're Just in Love. Boris Blacher (1903-75), Lysistrata (ballet). Emilio Carballido (1925-2008), Rosalba y los Llaveros (Rosalb and the Keyrings) (debut) (Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City); first modern Mexican comedy. Alice Childress (1920-94), Florence (New York); first African-Am. woman to have a play produced professionally; old black Miss Whitney has a premonition that her daughter Florence will become a success after meeting a racist white actress in a railway station; Just a Simple Life; based on Langston Hughes' "Simple Speaks His Mind" (1940). William Cooper (1910-2002), Prince Genji. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), Romulus the Great (Romulus der Grosse). Gunter Eich (1907-72), Geh Nicht Nach El Kuwehd!; Traume; "Be inconvenient, be sand, not oil in the gears of the world." T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Cocktail Party (Jan. 21) (New York); original title "One-Eye Riley"; Edward and Lavinia Chamberlayne are separated after five years of marriage, and try to keep up social appearances at a you know what, until the Unidentified Guest, who turns out to be their mutual psychiatrist, teaches them that their life together is better than apart, pissing-off Edward's mistress; based on Euripides' "Alcestis". Horton Foote (1916-), Celebration (Am. Nat. Theater, New York). Christopher Fry (1907-2005), Venus Observed (verse play) (St. James's Theatre, London); #2 (autumn) in his four seasonal plays; produced by Sir Laurence Olivier. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), For They Know Not What They Do. James Leo Herlihy (1927-93), Streetlight Sonata (first play). William Inge (1913-73), Come Back, Little Sheba (first play) (Booth Theatre, New York) (Feb. 15) (190 perf.); overweight middle-aged Lola (Shirley Booth) and her recovering alcoholic hubby Doc Delaney (Sidney Blackmer) are disrupted by lustful boarder and college art student Marie Buckholder (Joan Lorring); Lola loses her dog named guess what; filmed in 1952 starring Burt Lancaster as Doc, and Terry Moore as Marie. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), The Bald Soprano (The Bald Prima Donna) (Le Cantatrice Chauve) (Theatre des Noctambules, Paris) (May 11); the Smiths invite the Martins to their London home for a visit, after which they are joined by maid Mary and her fire chief lover, and engage in absurd conversation, incl. something about a bald soprano who always wears her hair in the same style, the play ending with the two couples shouting in unison "It's not that way. It's over there!"; becomes a big hit in France, being permanently shown since 1957 (until ?) at the Theatre de la Huchette; original title "English Without Effort", based on his attempts to learn English via the Assimil Method; Les Salutations. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), Corinth House (first play). John Knittel (1891-1970), Therese Etienne. Frank Loesser (1910-69), Abe Burrows (1910-85), and Jo Swerling (1897-1964), Guys and Dolls (musical) (46th Street Theatre, New York) (Nov. 24) (1,200 perf.); based on two short stories by Damon Runyon (1880-1946), "The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown" and "Blood Pressure"; no Pulitzer Prize for Drama is awarded this year depite it being selected as the winner because Burrows' troubles with HUAC cause the Columbia U. trustees to veto it; features choreography by Michael Kidd (1915-2007); stars stars Robert Alda, Isabel Bigley, Vivian Blaine, and Samuel "Sam" Levene (1905-80), who can't sing, causing the key solo number "Sue Me" to be rewritten in a single octave; too bad, he loses the role to Frank Sinatra in the 1955 film version, although Sinatra can't add the Jewish touches, and would have been better as Sky Masterson, the role taken by Marlon Brando?; songs incl. Sue Me, A Bushel and a Peck, Adelaide's Lament, Sit Down You're Rocking the Boat, If I Were a Bell, Marry the Man Today, Take Back Your Mink, Luck Be a Lady, The Crapshooters' Dance, and A Fugue for Tinhorns, sung by three scruffy horse-betters at a street stall. Carson McCullers (1917-67), The Member of the Wedding (Empire Theatre, New York) (501 perf.); based on the 1946 novel; dir. by Harold Clurman; stars Ethel Waters, Julie Harris, and child prodigy Brandon De Wilde. Robert Nathan (1894-), The Sleeping Beauty. Clifford Odets (1906-63), The Country Girl; a drunken actor and his loyal wife; staged in 1952 as "Winter Journey". John Patrick (1905-95), The Curious Savage; Mrs. Savage inherits $10M, and her grown-up stepchildren get her committed to get their hands on it. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Who Is Sylvia (The Man Who Loved Redheads). Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Dieu le Savait, ou la Vie n'est pas Serieuse. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Home at Seven. Cornelia Otis Skinner (1901-79), Nuts in May. Samuel A. Taylor (1912-2000), The Happy Time; based on the stories of Robert Fontaine. Michael Todd (1907-58), Peep Show (June 28) (revue) (New York); incl. Blue Night, a beguine composed by Thai king Rama IX. Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), In the Burning Darkness (En la Ardiente Oscuridad). Derek Walcott (1930-), Henri Christophe: A Chronicle in Seven Scenes (debut). Sandy Wilson (1924-2014), Caprice (musical). Novels: The year that sci-fi emerges from magazines to book form? Isaac Asimov (1920-92), Pebble in the Sky (first novel); #1 in the Galactic Empire series (1950-2); I, Robot; actually, a screenplay that perennially fails to get filmed (until 2004); about situations where the Three Laws of Robotics get conflicted. Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974), Strong Wind. Louis Auchincloss (1917-), The Injustice Collectors (short stories). Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Le Maitre de Milan. Ludwig Bemelmans (1899-1962), Sunshine; grumpy old landlord Mr. Sunshine. Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), Les Agriates. Heinrich Boll (1917-85), Wanderer, Kommst du Nach Sparta (Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans). Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Fortune's Finger; Under the Skin: Love Drew No Color Line When a White Woman Entered a Negro's World. Ray Bradbury (1920-2012), The Martian Chronicles (The Silver Locusts); about the dying Martian civilization. Paul Brickhill (1916-91), The Great Escape; the Mar. 1943 escape from Stalag Luft III; filmed in 1964. Frederick Buechner (1926-), A Long Day's Dying (first novel); title from John Milton's "Paradise Lost": "[Expulsion from Paradise] will prove no sudden but a slow pac'd evil,/ A Long Day's Dying to augment our pain." W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Stretch Dawson (Yellow Sky); filmed in 1948, and as "The Jackals" in 1967. James M. Cain (1892-1977), Jealous Woman. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Bride of Newgate; Night at the Mocking Widow. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Three Blind Mice and Other Stories; A Murder is Announced (June); Miss Marple. Walter Van Tilburg Clark (1907-71), The Watchful Gods and Other Stores; incl. "The Wind and the Snow of Winter". Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008), Prelude to Space (first sci-fi novel). Hal Clement (1922-2003), Needle (From Outer Space); about an alien life form that lives in the human body; followed by "Through the Eye of a Needle" (1979). Duff Cooper (1890-1954), Operation Heartbreak (first and only novel); the Apr. 1943 MI6 operation to fool the Nazis into thinking that the Allies were going to invade Sardinia instead of Sicily. William Cooper (1910-2002), Scenes from Provincial Life; Joe Lunn. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), The Spanish Gardener. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), La Chute des Corps. James T. Farrell (1904-79), An American Dream Girl; The Name is Fogarty: Private Papers on Public Matters. Howard Fast (1914-2003), The Proud and the Free. C.S. Forester (1899-1966), Mr. Midshipman Hornblower. Paul Goodman (1911-72), The Dead of Spring. Catherine Gordon (1895-1981) and Allen Tate (1899-1979), The House of Fiction: An Anthology of the Short Story. Winston Graham (1908-2003), Night Without Stars; Jeremy Poldark; Poldark Saga #3. Giovanni Guareschi (1908-68), The Little World of Don Camillo. James Norman Hall (1887-1951), The Far Lands. Robert A. Heinlein (1907-88), The Man Who Sold the Moon. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), Across the River and Into the Trees; first novel since "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940); title from the quote "Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees" by Confed. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson; about aging U.S. Col. Richard Cantwell on a duck hunt in Trieste, Italy, flashing back to WWI and young hot Venetian woman Renata, based on Hemingway's babe Adriana Ivancich. John Hersey (1914-93), The Wall; the Warsaw Ghetto. Patricia Highsmith (1921-95), Strangers on a Train (first novel); the 1951 Alfred Hitchcock film makes her a star and lets her give up her career writing for comic books, developing novels that make a criminal into somebody to cheer for. Eric Hodgins (1899-1971), Blandings Way; sequel to "Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House" (1946). Elizabeth Jane Howard (1923-), The Beautiful Visit (first novel). Langston Hughes (1902-67), Simple Speaks His Mind; Jess B. Semple. Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), Anywoman. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1927-), To Whom She Will (first novel). Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957), Captain Michalis (Freedom and Death). Margaret Kennedy (1896-1967), The Feast. Jack Kerouac (1922-69), The Town and the City (first novel). Joseph Kessel (1898-1979), Le Tour du Malheur (The Lion). Francis Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), Joy Street; 1936-46 Boston, Mass. Par Lagerkvist (1891-1974), Barabbas (Dec. 31). Carlo Levi (1902-75), L'Orologio (The Watch). C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; set in 1940; first of seven books about Narnia, where it's "always winter and never Christmas": "Prince Caspian" (1951), "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" (1952), "The Silver Chair" (1953), "The Horse and His Boy" (1954), "The Magician's Nephew" (1955), "The Last Battle" (1956); Christlike lion-messiah Aslan, the White Witch, the four Pevensie siblings Susan, Lucy, Peter, Edmund (the betrayer), and a crypto-Christian battle between good and evil; sells 95M copies in the next 55 years; "The whole Narnian story is about Christ", writes Lewis in a 1961 letter to a child; Lewis recommends that they be read in the following order: 1955, 1950, 1954, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956. Norman Lindsay (1879-1969), Dust or Polish? Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), A Few Flowers for Shiner. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), It Makes the World Go Round (last novel). Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), The World My Wilderness. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), The Beginning and the End. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Valley Forge: 24 December 1777. Angela du Maurier (1904-2002), Reveille. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), Parasites. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), Cast a Cold Eye (short stories). William McFee (1881-1966), The Law of the Sea. Katherine Milhous (1894-1977), The Egg Tree (Caldecott Medal). Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), The Young May Moon. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and Tod Ford, The Far Lands (posth.). Patrick O'Brian (1914-2000), The Last Pool and Other Stories. Clifford Odets (1906-63), The Country Girl. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), The Affair of the Frigid Blonde (The Deadly Blonde). Edith Pargeter (1913-95), The Coast of Bohemia. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), U.S.A. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Springtime in Paris. Conrad Michael Richter (1890-1968), The Town (Pulitzer Prize). Henry Morton Robinson (1898-1961), The Cardinal; bestseller about Stephen Fermoyle, based on Francis Cardinal Spellman. William Sansom (1912-76), The Passionate North (short stories). Budd Schulberg (1914-2009), The Disenchanted. Allan Seager (1906-68), The Old Man of the Mountain (short stories). Dr. Seuss (1904-91), If I Ran the Zoo; coins the word "nerd". Irwin Shaw (1913-84), Mixed Company (short stories). Nevil Shute (1899-1960), A Town Like Alice (The Legacy); Jean Paget turns dingy Willstown into you know what. Clifford D. Simak (1904-88), Cosmic Engineers; metal men fight the Hellhounds to keep two universes from colliding. C.P. Snow (1905-80), The Masters. E.E. "Doc" Smith (1890-1965), First Lensman; Galactic Patrol, Gray Lensman; Second Stage Lensmen; Children of the Lens; about Master Pilot John K. Kinnison fighting millennia-old beings of pure intellect and psionic powers in an inter-galactic war using beams of lambent energy, cones of destruction, hyper-spatial tubes et al.; sci-fi's first space epic? Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), A Man Divided. Wallace Stegner (1909-83), The Preacher and the Slave (Joe Hill: A Biographical Novel); The Women on the Wall (short stories). Irving Stone (1903-89), Immortal Wife; about Jessie Benton Fremont (1824-1902), wife of "the Great Pathfinder" John Charles Fremont (1813-90). Theodore Sturgeon (1918-85), The Dreaming Jewels (The Synthetic Man); 8-y.-o. Horton "Horty" Bluett runs away to the circus disguised as a girl, and takes on evil carnival owner Pierre Monetre, who is trying to unlock the power of alien jewels; in 1951 he pub. Sturgeon's Law: "90% of science fiction is crud, but then, 90% of everything is crud." Rosemary Sutcliff (1920-92), The Chronicles of Robin Hood (first novel). Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), A Flower for Catherine. Peter Hillsman Taylor (1917-94), A Woman of Means. Josephine Tey (1896-1952), To Love and Be Wise; Inspector Alan Grant #4. Jack Vance (1916-2013), The Dying Earth (first fantasy novel); first in the Dying Earth series. Gore Vidal (1925-2012), A Search for the King: A 12th Century Legend; troubador Blondel searches for his lover, er, master Richard I Lionheart, encountering dragons, giants, and werewolves; Dark Green, Bright Red; predicts the 1954 Guatemala coup. Georg von der Vring (1889-1968), Und Wenn Du Willst, Vergiss!; a love affair between a German man and British woman. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), World Enough and Time. Evelyn Waugh (1903-66), Helena. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Second Seal. Tennessee Williams (1911-83), The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone. Kathleen Winsor (1919-2003), Star Money. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), Floodtide; "A big, savage novel about a man's fall into lust." Births: Canadian 5'11" hockey player (Philadelphia Flyers) Richard George "Rick" MacLeish on Jan. 3 in Cannington, Ont. Am. "Pamela Barnes Ewing in Dallas" actress Victoria Principal on Jan. 3 in Fukuoka, Japan; born while her father is in the USAF; of English, Italian, and Filipino descent. British atty.-gen. (2001-7) Peter Henry Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith on Jan. 5 in Liverpool; educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge U., and Univ. College London; created baron in 1999. Am. rock guitarist-songwriter (pemphigus sufferer) Chris Stein (Blondie) on Jan. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. FBI dir. #5 (1993-2001) Louis Joseph Freeh on Jan. 6 in Jersey City, N.J.; educated at Rutgers U., and NYU. U.S. FBI acting dir. (2001) Thomas J. Picard on Jan. 6 in New York City; educated at St. Francis College, and St. John's U. Am. "Col. Wilma Deering in Buck Rogers in the 25th Century", "Kate Summers in Silver Spoons" actress Erin Gray on Jan. 7 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Am. baseball pitcher (lefty) (Cincinnati Reds, 1972-3) (Baltimore Orioles, 1974-7, 1982) Ross Albert "Scuz" "Crazy Eyes" Grimsley II on Jan. 7 in Topeka, Kan.; son of Ross Albert Grimsley (1922-94); known for his hair and mustache, and turquoise contact lenses. English DNA fingerprinting geneticist Sir Alec John Jeffreys on Jan. 9 in Oxford; knighted in 1994; educated at Merton College, Oxford U. U.S. Rep. (R-Mo.) (1997-2011) and House Majority Leader (2005-6) Roy Dean Blunt on Jan. 10 in Niangua, Mo.; educated at Southwest Baptist U., and Mo. State U. U.S. Rep. (D-Tex.) (1995-) (black) Sheila Jackson Lee on Jan. 12 in Queens, N.Y.; educated at Yale U., and U. of Va. Am. "Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer" dir. John McNaughton on Jan. 13 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Lydia Grant in Fame" actress-dancer-choreographer-dir.-producer (black) Deborah Kaye "Debbie" Allen on Jan. 16 in Houston, Tex.; La. Creole father, African-Am. mother; sister of Phylicia Rashad (1948-); educated at Howard U. Italian 6'9" basketball player Dino Meneghin on Jan. 18 in Alano di Piave, Veneto. Canadian auto racer Joseph Gilles Henri Villenueve (d. 1982) on Jan. 18 in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec; father of Jacques Villenueve (1971-). Brazilian-Am. "Ted Hoffman in Murder One" actor (Jewish) Daniel Benzali on Jan. 20 in Rio de Janeiro. Am. Dem. Wash. gov. #21 (1997-2005), U.S. commerce secy. #3 (2009-11), and U.S. ambassador to China #10 (2011-4) Gary Faye Locke on Jan. 21 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at Yale U., and Boston U. British R&B-pop singer-songwriter (black) Billy Ocean (Leslie Sebastian Charles) on Jan. 21 in Fyzabad, Trinidad; emigrates to London in 1958. Am. rock musician Danny Federici (Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band) on Jan. 23 in N.J. Am. "Angus MacGyver in MacGyver" actor Richard Dean Anderson on Jan. 23 in Minneapolis, Minn. Austrian Freedom Party of Austria politician (Roman Catholic) Joerg (Jörg) Haider (d. 2008) on Jan. 26 in Bad Goisern; educated at the U. of Vienna. Bahraini king (1999-) (Sunni Muslim) Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah on Jan. 28 in Riffa. Am. "Brass Buckles", "Hee Haw" model-actress-singer (Jewish) Barbi Benton (Barbara Lynn Klein) on Jan. 28 in New York City; grows up in Sacramento, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Israeli journalist (Jewish) Barry M. Rubin (d. 2014) on Jan. 28 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Georgetown U. Am. naturalist-outdoorsman Tom Brown Jr. on Jan. 29 in Toms River, N.J.; trained in wilderness survival by Lipan Apache elder Stalking Wolf AKA Grandfather. German "Mieze in Berlin Alexanderplatz", "Marianne and Julianne" actress Barbara Sukowa on Feb. 2 in Bremen. Am. "Campus Man" actress Morgan Fairchild (Patsy Ann McClenny) on Feb. 3 in Dallas, Tex. Am. rock drummer Phillip W. "Phil" Ehart (Kansas) on Feb. 4 in Coffeyville, Kan. Am. "Inseparable", "Pink Cadillac" singer (black) Natalie Maria Cole (d. 2015) on Feb. 6 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Nat King Cole (1919-65). Mexican politician Luis Donaldo Colosio-Murrieta (d. 1994) on Feb. 10 in Magdalena de Kino, Sonora; educated at the U. of Penn. Am. Olympic gold medal swimmer Mark Andrew Spitz on Feb. 10 in Modesto, Calif. English "When the Heart Rules the Mind" musician Stephen Richard "Steve" Hackett (Genesis, GTR) on Feb. 12 in Pimlico, London. Canadian "Starship Troopers", "Total Recall" actor Frederick Reginald "Michael" Ironside on Feb. 12 in Toronto, Ont. English rock guitarist-songwriter Stephen Richard "Steve" Hackett on Feb. 12 in Pimlico. English singer-flautist Peter Brian Gabriel (Genesis) on Feb. 13 in Cobham, Surrey. Am. climatologist Patrick J. "Pat" Michaels (d. 2022) on Feb. 15 in Berwyn, Ill.; educated at the U. of Chicago, and U. of Wisc. Am. "The Minimalist" NYT food critic Mark Bittman on Feb. 17 in ?. Am. "Ferris Bueller's Day Off", "Sixteen Candles", "The Breakfast Club", "Uncle Buck", "Weird Science" dir.-producer-writer John Hughes Jr. (d. 2009) on Feb. 18 in Lansing, Mich. Am. "Jacy in The Last Picture Show", "Betsy in Taxi Driver", "Madelyn Maddie Hayes in Moonlighting" actress Cybill Lynne Shepherd on Feb. 18 in Memphis, Tenn.; Miss Congeniality in the Miss America pageant; at age 20 is encouraged to lie about her age, but later comes clean? Am. rock bassist Walter Carl Becker (Steely Dan) on Feb. 20 in Queens, N.Y.; collaborator of Donald Fagen (1948-). Ethiopian pres. #4 (2018-) (first woman) Sahle-Work Zewde on Feb. 21 in Addis Ababa; educated at the U. of Montpellier. Jordanian PM (2011-12) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh on Feb. 22 in Amman; educated at Queens' College, Cambridge U. Am. 6'6" basketball hall-of-fame player (Philadelphia Nets #6, 1976-87) Julius Winfield "Dr. J." Erving II on Feb. 22 in Nassau County, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Mass. French "Madeleine in Entre Nous" actress Miou-Miou (Sylvette Herry) on Feb. 22 in Paris. English "Educating Rita", "Molly Weasley in Harry Potter" actress-writer Julia Mary "Julie" Walters on Feb. 22 in Edgbaston, Birmingham. Am. "The Mind-Body Problem" novelist (Jewish) Rebecca Goldstein (nee Newberger) on Feb. 23 in White Plains, N.Y.; educated at Princeton U.; wife of Sheldon Goldstein and Steven Pinker (1954-); mother of Yael Goldstein Love and Danielle Blau. Am. "Bad to the Bone" blues rock musician George Thorogood on Feb. 24 in Wilmington, Del. Irish "The Crying Game", "Night in Tunisia", "The Butcher Boy" dir.-writer-novelist (Roman Catholic-turned-atheist) Neil Patrick Jordan on Feb. 25 in Sligo; educated at Univ. College Dublin. Am. rock musician Jonathan Cain (Jonathan Leonard Friga) (Journey, Bad English, The Babys) on Feb. 26 in Chicago, Ill.; husband (2015-) of Paula White (1966-). Am. "Close to You", "We've Only Just Begun" singer-drummer (anorexic) Karen Carpenter (d. 1983) (Carpenters) on Mar. 2 in New Haven, Conn.; sister of Richard Carpenter (1946-). Am. football linebacker (Dallas Cowboys, 1975-9) (black) Thomas "Hollywood" Henderson on Mar. 3 in Austin, Tex. Am. "Dr. Jack Badofsky in SNL", "Carl Sweetchuck in Police Academy" actor-writer Timothy James "Tim" Kazurinsky on Mar. 3 in Johnstown, Penn. Canadian auto racer Francis Archibald Affleck (d. 1985) on Mar. 4 in Saint-Lambert, Quebec. U.S. energy secy. #14 (2017-) and Repub gov. #47 of Tex. (2000-15) James Richard "Rick" Perry on Mar. 4 in Haskell, Tex.; of English descent; grows up in Paint Creek, Tex.; educated at Texas A&M U. English human resources expert Sir Ken Robinson on Mar. 4 in Liverpool; educated at the U. of London. Am. violinist Eugene Fodor on Mar. 5 in Denver, Colo. Am. "Immaculate Reception" 6'2" football hall-of-fame fullblack (black) (Pittsburg Steelers, 1972-83) Franco Harris on Mar. 7 in Ft. Dix, N.J.; African-Am. father, Italian-born mother; educated at Penn State U. Guinea PM (2008-10) Kabine (Kabiné) Komara on Mar. 8; born into a Maninka family; educated at the U. of Colo., and Am. U. in Cairo. Iranian army CIC (2005-) Gen. Ataollah Salehi on Mar. 9 in Tehran. Am. "Spin and Win" auto racer Daniel John "Danny" Sullivan III on Mar. 5 in Louisville, Ky. Am. "Don't Say You Don't Remember" singer-actress Beverly Bremers (rhynes with dreamers) on Mar. 10 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Don't Worry, Be Happy" singer (black) Robert "Bobby" McFerrin Jr. on Mar. 11 in Manhattan, N.Y.; son of Robert McFerrin Sr. (1921-2006). Am. "Timmy Martin in Lassie" actor Jonathan Bion "Jon" Provost on Mar. 12 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Fargo" actor-dir. William Hall Macy Jr. on Mar. 13 in Miami, Fla. Am. conservative commentator (Jewish) Irving Charles Krauthammer (d. 2018) on Mar. 13 in New York City; educated at McGill U., Balliol College, Oxford U., and Harvard U., where he becomes a quadraplegic in his first year of medical school after a diving board accident. Am. "Disco Duck", "Meatballs" singer-DJ Rigdon Osmond "Rick" Dees III on Mar. 14 in Jacksonville, Fla. Am. Muslim imam (black) Siraj Wahhaj (Jeffrey Kearse) on Mar. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Am. "Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "Piter De Vries in Dune", "Voice of Chucky" actor Bradford Claude "Brad" Dourif on Mar. 18 in Huntington, W. Va.; father of Fiona Dourif (1981-). Am. drummer John Hartman (Doobie Brothers) on Mar. 18 in Falls Church, Va. Am. "The Celestine Prophecy" writer-producer James Redfield on Mar. 19 near Birmingham, Ala.; educated at Auburn U. Am. "Prof. Eddie Jessup in Altered States", "Ned Racine in Body Heat", "Luis Alberto Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman", "James Leeds in Children of a Lesser God", "Arkady Renko in Gorky Park", "Tom Grunick in Broadcast News" actor William McChord Hurt (d. 2022)on Mar. 20 in Washington, D.C.; foster son of Henry Luce III; educated at Tufts U., and Juilliard School. English rock drummer Carl Frederick Kendall Palmer (Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Asia, Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Atomic Rooster, Asia) on Mar. 20 in Handsworth, Birmingham. English "Dreamer", "The Logical Song" rock singer-musician Charles Roger Pomfret Hodgson (Supertramp) on Mar. 21 in Portsmouth, Hampshire. Am. corrections officer (first female to die in the line of duty) Donna Payant (nee Collins) (d. 1981) on Mar. 22. Anglo-Egyptian "In the Eye of the Son" novelist-writer (Muslim) Ahdaf Soueif on Mar. 23 in Cairo. Am. "The King Is Gone" country singer Ronald Dean "Ronnie" McDowell on Mar. 25 in Portland, Tenn. Am. "Close the Door" R&B singer (black) Theodore DeReese "Teddy" Pendergrass (d. 2010) (Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes) on Mar. 26 in Philadelphia, Penn. Canadian "Ned Nederlander in The Three Amigos", "Ed Grimley" actor-comedian Martin Short on Mar. 26 in Hamilton, Ont. English folk singer Steve Tilson on Mar. 26 in Liverpool; grows up in Leicestershire; father of Martha Tilson (1975-) and Joe Tilston. English rocker Anthony George "Tony" Banks (Genesis) on Mar. 27 in East Hoathly, East Sussex. Am. opera singer (black) Maria Louise Ewing (d. 2022) on Mar. 27 in Detroit, Mich.; wife (1982-90) of Sir Peter Hall; mother of Rebecca Hall (1982-). Scottish "Rubeus Hagrid in Harry Potter", "Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky in GoldenEye" actor Robbie Coltrane (Anthony Robert McMillan) on Mar. 30 in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire. Am. 6'11" basketball player (black) (Portland Trail Blazers #35, 1972-6) LaRue Martin on Mar. 30 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Loyola U. U.S. Supreme Court justice #110 (2006-) Samuel Anthony Alito Jr. on Apr. 1 in Trenton, N.J.; Italian-Am. parents; grows up in Hamilton Township, N.J.; educated at Princeton U., and Harvard U. Am. "Chicago Hope" actress-dir. Christine Lahti (Finnish "bay or cove") on Apr. 4 in Birmingham, Mich. Swedish singer Agneta Ase "Agnetha" Faltskog (ABBA) on Apr. 5 in Jonkoping. Am. baseball player (black) (lefty) (Cincinnati Reds, 1973-81) (Seattle Mariners, 1990-1) George Kenneth "Ken" Griffey Sr. on Apr. 10 in Donora, Penn.; father of Ken Griffey Jr. (1969-). English rock drummer Peter "Pete" Van Hooke (Mike + the Mechanics, Van Morrison, Ezio) on Apr. 6 in Stanmore, Middlesex. Malawian pres. #4 (2012-) (first female) (black) Joyce Hilda Banda (nee Mtila) on Apr. 12 in Malemia. Am. "The Partridge Family" singer-actor David Bruce Cassidy on Apr. 12 in New York City; son of actor Jack Cassidy (1927-76); brother of Shaun Cassidy (1958-). Am. serial murderer Joseph Paul Franklin (James Clayton Vaughn Jr.) (d. 2013) on Apr. 13 in Mobile, Ala. Am. "Quest for Fire", "Beauty and the Beast", "Hellboy" actor (Jewish) Ronald Francis "Ron" Perlman on Apr. 13 in Washington Heights, N.Y.; educated at CUNY, and U. of Minn. Am. "Grim Reaper in Bill & Ted'ws Bogus Journey", "Col. Stuart in Die Hard 2", "Heywood in The Shawshank Redemption" actor William Thomas Sadler on Apr. 13 in Buffalo, N.Y.; of Scottish-English-German descent; educated at Cornell U. Am. physician-geneticist Francis Sellers Collins on Apr. 14 in Staunton, Va.; educated at the U. of Va., Yale U., and U. of N.C. Am. "The Fisher King", "Sleepless in Seattle" producer-writer Lynda Rosen Obst on Apr. 14 in New York City; educated at Pomona College, and Columbia U. Am. actress "Jackie in The Amityville Horror", Missy Mahoney in Miss Firecracker" Amy Wright on Apr. 15 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Chicago, and Beloit College; wife (1989-) of Rip Torn (1931-). Am. "Dirty Dancing", "Material Girl", "Xanadu", "High School Musical" actor-dir.-producer-choreographer Kenneth John "Kenny" Ortega on Apr. 18 in Palo Alto, Calif. Swedish psychiatrist Lars Christopher Gillberg on Apr. 19. Am. civil rights scholar (black) (Jewish) Lani Guinier on Apr. 19 in New York City; Jamaican father, Jewish mother; educated at Radcliffe College, and Yale U.; first African-Am. tenured prof. at Harvard Law School (1998). English "I Love Your Way" rock musician Peter Kenneth Frampton (Humble Pie) on Apr. 20 in Beckenham, Kent. Russian politician Lt. Gen. Alexander Ivanovich Lebed (d. 2002) on Apr. 20 in Novocherkassk. Am. Black Panther member (black) Robert James "Lil' Bobby" Hutton (d. 1968) on Apr. 21 in Jefferson County, Ark. Am. "Falling" musician Jesse Willard "Pete" Carr (LeBlanc and Carr) on Apr. 22 in Daytona Beach, Fla. Canadian hockey right wing (Boston Bruins, Philadelphia Flyers) ("the Riverton Rifle") Reginald Joseph "Reggie" Leach on Apr. 23 in Riverton, Man.; of First Nations ethnicity. Am. "The Tonight Show" (1992-) comedian James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno on Apr. 28 in New Rochelle, N.Y.; Italian-Am. father, Scottish-Am. mother; educated at Emerson College. Israeli physician-politician (Jewish) Aryeh Eldad on May 1 in Tel Aviv; son of Israel Eldad (1910-96). Am. "Cold As Ice" rock musician Lou Gramm (Louis Andrew Grammatico) (Foreigner) on May 2 in Rochester, N.Y. Nicaraguan activist-actress Bianca Jagger (nee Perez-Mora Macias) on May 2 in Managua, Nicaragua; wife (1971-80) of Mick Jagger. Am. soul singer (black) Vaetta "Vet" Stone (Sly and the Family Stone) on May 2 in Vallejo, Calif.; sister of Sly Stone (1943-), Rose Stone (1945-), and Freddie Stone (1946-). Welsh "Those Were the Days" singer Mary Hopkin (AKA Mary Visconti) on May 3 in Pontardawe. Iranian petroleum minister (2011-) (Shiite Muslim) Rostam Ghasemi on May 5 in Rasht, Gilan Province. Iranian pop singer-actress Googoosh (Faegheh Atashin) on May 5 in Tehran. Am. private investigator Kinsey Millhone on May 5 in Santa Teresa, Calif. :) Am. "The Bone Collector" crime novelist Jeffrey Deaver on May 6 in Glen Elyn, Ill. ; educated at the U. of Mo., and Fordham U. Am. rock drummer Charles L'Empereur "Prairie" Prince (The Tubes, Journey) on May 7 in Charlotte, N.C. Am. "Meet the Press" NBC-TV journalist (1991-2008) Timothy John "Tim" Russert Jr. (d. 2008) on May 7 in Buffalo, N.Y.; Irish-Am. Catholic parents. Am. "The Man Who Loved Women" actress-producer Marcia Lynne "Marcheline" Bertrand (d. 2007) on May 9 in Blue Island, Ill.; wife (1971-80) of Jon Voight (1938); mother of James Haven (1973-) and Angelina Jolie (1975-). Am. "Swarm", "Sea Change" poet Jorie Graham on May 9 in New York City; educated at the Sorbonne and NYU. Am. rock bassist Thomas "Tom" Peterson (Petersson) (Cheap Trick) on May 9 in Rockford, Ill.; inventor of the 12-string bass guitar concept. U.S. homeland security secy. #5 (2017-) USMC gen. John Francis Kelly on May 11 in Boston, Mass.; educated at the U. of Mass. Boston. Irish "The Usual Suspects", "Stigmata", "End of Days" actor-playwright (atheist) Gabriel Byrne on May 12 in Dublin; studies to be a Roman Catholic priest then quits; sets foot in the U.S. for the first time at age 37; husband (1988-99) of Ellen Barkin (1954-); "They've turned American movies into McMovies, so that when the moviegoer gets his movie, it's like a hamburger." Am. "Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention" historian (black) William Manning Marable (d. 2011) on May 13 in Dayton, Ohio; educated at the U. of Md. Am. "Higher Ground", "Living for the City", "Superstition", "Isn't She Lovely?", "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" singer (black) (blind) "Little" Stevie Wonder (Stevland Hardaway/Judkins Morris) on May 13 in Saginaw, Mich.; father of Aisha Morris (1975-), Mumtaz Morris (1983-), Kailand Morris, Mandia Kadjay Carl Stevland Morris, and Nia Morris (2014-). U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (2013-) Karen Lorraine Jacqueline "Jackie" Speier on May 14 in San Francisco, Calif.; German immigrant father, Armenian descent mother; named after Jackie Kennedy; educated at UCD. Swedish toxicologist and Mayanist Carl Johan Calleman on May 15 in Stockholm; educated at the U. of Stockholm. English rock musician-songwriter Daniel David "Danny" Kirwan (Fleetwood Mac) on May 15 in Brixton, London. Am. "King Island Christmas", "The Thought Exchange" theater-film composer-songwriter David Alan Friedman on May 16. Am. "Little Shop of Horrors", "The Little Mermaid" playwright-lyricist (gay) Howard Elliott Ashman (d. 1991) on May 17 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Boston U., Goddard College, and Indiana U. Yugoslavian pres. (1989-90), Slovenian PM (1992-2002), and Slovenian pres. (2002-7) Janez Drnovsek (d. 2008) on May 17 in Kisovec. Am. Olympic hurdler Rodney "Hot Rod" Milburn Jr. (d. 1997) on May 18 in Opelousas, La. Am. rock musician Mark Allen Mothersbaugh (Devo) on May 18 in Akron, Ohio; brother of Bob Mothersbaugh (1952-); educated at Kent State U. Am. pollster Patrick Hayward "Pat" Caddell (d. 2019) on May 19 in Rock Hill, S.C.; educated at Harvard U. Chinese democracy activist Wei Jingsheng on May 20 in Beijing. U.S. Repub. atty. gen. #75 (1991-3) and #85 (2019-) (Roman Catholic) William Pelham Barr on May 23 in NEw York City; Jewish to Roman Catholic convert father; educated at Columbia U., and George Washington U.; known for playing the bagpipes.' Am. "Deadly Drifter" actress O-Lan Jones on May 23 in Los Angeles, Calif.; wife (1984-9) of Sam Shepard (1943-). Am. "Body of Lies" novelist-journalist (The Washington Post) David R. Ignatius on May 26 in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at Harvard U., and King's College, Cambridge U. Am. "Centipede" singer (black) Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson on May 29 in Gary, Ind.; sister of Michael Jackson (1958-2009) and Janet Jackson (1966-). Am. "Logan in Logan's Run", "Tom Gillette in Judging Amy" actor Gregory Harrison on May 31 in Avalon, Catalina Island, Calif. Am. "I've Never Been to Me" R&B singer (white) Charlene (Charlene Marilynn D'Angelo) on June 1 in Hollywood, Calif. Soviet cosmonaut Gennadi Mikhailovich Manakov on June 1 in Yefimovka, Orenburg Oblast. Am. rock musician Wayne Nelson (Little River Band) on June 1 in Kansas City, Mo. English musician-songwriter Graham Cyrill Russell (Air Supply) on June 1 in Nottingham; collaborator of Russell Hitchcock (1949-). Canadian actress-singer Joanna Gleason on June 2 in Winnipeg, Man. Am. "Stumblin' In" actress-musician-songwriter Susan Kay "Suzi" Quatro on June 3 in Detroit, Mich.; known for being more successful in Europe than the U.S. and for parodying herself on the TV series "Happy Days". Am. "Let's Hear it for the Boy", "It's Gonna Take a Miracle" singer-songwriter (black) Deniece "Niecy" Williams on June 3 in Gary, Ind. Am. "Officer Matt Cordell in Maniac Cop" actor Robert Z'Dar (Robert J. Zdarsky) (d. 2015) on June 3 in Chicago, Ill. Am. libertarian commentator and judge (Roman Catholic) Andrew P. Napolitano on June 6 in Newark, N.J.; educated at Princeton U. and Notre Dame U. German physicist Hans-Joachim "John" Schellnhuber on June 7 in Ortenburg, Bavaria; educated at the U. of Regensburg, and U. of Oldenburg. English rock bassist-songwriter-producer Trevor Bolder (Uriah Heep, Spiders from Mars, David Bowie) on June 9 in Kingston upon Hull. Am. writer-journalist (Jewish) Richard Ben Cramer on June 12 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Johns Hopkins U. and Columbia U. English archbishop of Canterbury #104 (2002-12) Rowan Douglas Williams on June 14 in Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge U., and Wadham College, Oxford U. Am. "Crazy on You" singer Ann Dustin Wilson (Heart) on June 19 in San Diego, Calif.; sister of Nancy Wilson (1954-). Iraqi PM #1 (2006-) (Muslim) Nouri Kamil Mohammed Hassan al-Maliki on June 20 in Abu Gharaq. Australian "Love Is in the Air" singer-songwriter John Paul "Squeak" Young (The All Stars) on June 21 in Glasgow, Scotland; emigrates to Australia in 1962. Am. 6'7" football defensive lineman (Washington Redskins) (1975-88) David Roy Butz on June 23 in Lafayette, Ala.; nephew of Earl Butz (1909-2008). Am. "Carrie", "Officer Ann Lewis in Robocop" (Jewish) Nancy Anne Allen on June 24 in New York City; Irish-Am. father, Jewish-Am. mother; wife (1979-84) of Brian De Palma (1940-) and (1992-3) Craig Shoemaker (1962-). Israeli maj. gen. (Jewish) Moshe "Bogie" Ya'alon (Smilansky) on June 24 in Kiryat Haim; Ukrainian Jewish immigrant father. Am. Christian apologist Gary Robert Habermas on June 28 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at William Tyndale College, U. of Detroit, and Mich. State U. Am. "Heart of Rock and Roll" singer Huey Lewis (Hugh Anthony Cregg III) (Huey Lewis and The News) on July 5 in New York City; Irish-Am. father, Polish immigrant mother; maternal grandfather invented red wax protective sealant for cheese; raised in Marin County, Calif.; gets a perfect score on his Math SAT; educated at Cornell U. Am. guitarist Michael Monarch (Steppenwolf) on July 5 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. musician Erik Cartwright (Foghat) on July 10 in New York City. Am. Hardee's, Carl's Jr. CEO Andrew Franklin "Andy" Puzder on July 11 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Cleveland State U., and Washington U. Am. astronaut George Driver "Pinky" Nelson on July 13 in Charles City, Iowa; educated at Harvey Mudd College, and U. of Wash. Am. "Picasso: Creator and Destroyer" columnist-writer Arianna Huffington (Stassinopoulos) on July 15 in Athens, Greece; moves to England at age 16; educated at Girton College, Cambridge U.; moves to the U.S. in 1980; wife (1986-97) of bi millionaire Michael Hufington (1947-). Am. "Jack Dalton in MacGyver", "Al the Bartender in Quantum Leap", "Sheriff Farley in My Cousin Vinny" actor Bruce Travis McGill on July 15 in San Antonio, Tex. Kiwi "The Phantom of the Opera" actor Robert John "Rob" Guest (d. 2008) on July 17 in Birmingham, England; emigrates to New Zealand in 1963. English "Screw it let's do it" Virgin brand entrepreneur Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson on July 18 in Blackheath, London; knighted in 1999. Am. singer (gay) Glenn M. Hughes (d. 2001) (biker in The Village people) on July 18 in New York City. English "Geoffrey Fairbrother in Hi-de-Hi" actor Simon John Cadell (d. 1996) on July 19 in London. Indian "Sarfarosh" actor-dir. (Muslim) Padma Bhushan Naseeruddin Shah on July 20 in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. Canadian rock musician Blair Thornton (Bachman Turner Overdrive) on July 23 in Vancouver, B.C. English "Dirty Mary, Crazy Lary" actress Susan Melody George on July 26 in London; not to be confused with Am. writer Susan George (1948-). English "Q" journalist David Hepworth on July 27 in Dewsbury, Yorkshire. Am. "Delia Reid in Ryan's Hope" Ilene Kristen (Schatz) on July 30 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Scottish "Fingerprints of the Gods", "The Mars Mystery journalist Graham Bruce Hancock on Aug. 2 in Edinburgh; grows up in India; educated at Durham U.; collaborator of Robert Bauval (1948-). East German Olympic marathoner Waldemar Cierpinski on Aug. 3 in Neugattersleben, Saxony-Anhalt. Am. "Diamonds & Dirt" country singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell on Aug. 7 in Crosby, Tex.; grows up in Houston, Tex. Am. conservative Repub. politician (black) Alan Lee Keyes on Aug. 7 in Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U. and Harvard U. Am. 6'0" Olympic runner David James "Dave" Wottle on Aug. 7 in Canton, Ohio; likes to wear a golf cap. Am. "Can't Stop My Heart from Loving You" country singer James Paul "Jamie" O'Hara (The O'Kanes) on Aug. 8 in Toledo, Ohio.; collaborator of Kieran Kane (1949-). Canadian Trivial Pursuit co-creator Chris Haney (d. 2010) on Aug. 9 in Welland, Ont.; collaborator of Scott Abbott (). Am. "Baby, Come to Me" R&B singer (black) Patti Austin on Aug. 10 in Harlem, N.Y. Am. auto racer Glenn Jarrett on Aug. 11; eldest son of Ned Jarrett (1932-); brother of Dale Jarrett (1956-). Am. Apple Computer co-founder (Freemason) Stephan Larry "Woz" Wozniak on Aug. 11 in San Jose, Calif. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Indiana Pacers #30, 1971-5, 1980-2) (Philadelphia 76ers #30, 1975-8) (Denver Nuggets #30, 1978-80) George F. McGinnis on Aug. 12 in Indianapolis, Ind.; educated at the U. of Ind. Am. "Far Side" cartoonist Gary Larson on Aug. 14 in Tacoma, Wash. Am. "Rosa Lee in Tender Mercies", "First Lady in The Jackal", "Loretta Bell in No Country for Old Men" actress Tess Harper (Tessie Jean Washam August) on Aug. 15 in Mammoth Springs, Ark. English equestrian-pharologist princess royal Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise Mountbatten-Windsor on Aug. 15 in Clarence House, London; 2nd child and only daughter of Elizabeth II (1926-2022) and Philip Mountbatten (1921-); first member of the British royal family to compete in the Olympic Games; wife (1973-92) of Mark Phillips (1948-) and (1992-) Timothy Laurence (1955-). Am. "Piss Christ" photographer Andres Serrano on Aug. 15 in New York City; half-Honduran half-Afro-Cuban. Canadian Conservative politician Stockwell Burt Day Jr. on Aug. 16 in Barrie, Ont.; educated at the U. of Victoria, and Vanguard College. French guitarist (Jewish) Marcel Dadi (d. 1996) on Aug. 20 in Sousse, Tunisia. Am. attempted assassin Arthur Herman Bremer on Aug. 21 in Milwaukee, Wisc. French "I Love America" singer Patrick Juvet on Aug. 21 in Montreux. Kyrgyzstani pres. (2010-) (Communist) (atheist) Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva on Aug. 23 in Osh. Am. paleoanthropologist Tim D. White on Aug. 24 in Los Angeles County, Calif.; grows up in Lake Arrowhead, San Bernardino County, Calif.; educated at UCR, and U. of Mich. Am. rock singer-actor (Jewish) Gene Simmons (Chaim Witz) (The Demon in Kiss) on Aug. 25 in Haifa, Israel;Jewish Hungarian Holocaust survivor mother; emigrates to the U.S. at age 8. Scottish rock bassist Philip Neil Murray (Whitesnake, Black Sabbath) on Aug. 27 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Am. baseball player Ronald Ames Guidry on Aug. 28 in Lafayette, La. English rock musician Michael Joseph "Micky" Moody (Whitesnake) on Aug. 30 in Middlesbrough, Cleveland, Ohio. Am. talk show host Philip Calvin "Dr. Phil" McGraw on Sept. 1 in Vinita, Okla.; Ph.D from U. of North Texas, with dissertation "Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychological Intervention". Am. TMZ.com founder (Jewsh) (gay) Harvey Robert Levin on Sept. 2 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCSB, and U. of Chicago. Am. "Cathy" cartoonist Cathy Lee Guisewite on Sept. 5 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. politician-atty. (Roman Catholic-turned-Jew) Cameron Forbes Kerry on Sept. 6; brother of John Kerry (1943-); educated at Harvard U., and Boston College. Am. "Brenda Morgenstern in Rhoda", "Marge Simpson in The Simpsons" actress (Jewish) Julie Deborah Kavner on Sept. 7 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "America: A Tribute to Heroes" conservative writer (Roman Catholic) Margaret Ellen "Peggy" Noonan on Sept. 7 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Irish descent; educated at Fairleigh Dickinson U.; wife (1985-90) of Richard W. Rahn (1942-). U.S. secy. of defense #26 (2017-18) Marine Corps gen. James Norman "Mad Dog" "Warrior Monk" Mattis on Sept. 8 in Pullman, Wash.; educated at Central Wash. U. Am. political scientist Seyla Benhabib on Sept. 9 in Istanbul, Turkey; emigrates to the U.S. in 1970; educated at Brandeis U., and Yale U. Scottish pop singer Gordon Fraser "Nobby" Clark (Bay City Rollers) on Sept. 10 in Edinburgh. Am. rock musician Anthony Joseph "Joe" Perry (Aerosmith) on Sept. 10 in Lawrence, Mass. Syrian politician-writer Abdulrazak (Abdul Razaq) Eid on Sept. 10 in Ariha. Am. "Chanice Kobolowski in Uncle Buck", "Annie Kinsella in Field of Dreams" actress Amy Marie Madigan on Sept. 11 in Chicago, Ill. English Egyptologist and singer (Mandalaband) David Michael Rohl on Sept. 12 in Manchester; educated at the U. of London. Am. "My Best Friend's Girl", "The Replacements" dir. Howard Deutch on Sept. 14 in New York City. English physicist Frederick Duncan Michael Haldane on Sept. 14 in London; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge U.; 2016 Nobel Physics Prize. Canadian 5'10" hockey player Orest Michael "Oscar" "Ernie" Kindrachuk on Sept. 14 in Nanton, Alberta. English rock guitarist (Jewish) Paul Francis Kossoff (d. 1976) (Free) on Sept. 14 in Hampstead, London; son of David Kossoff (1919-2005). Am. atty. Michael Byron "Mike" Nifong on Sept. 14 in Wilmington, N.C.; educated at the U. of N.C. Am. children's writer-artist (black) John Steptoe (d. 1989) on Sept. 14 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, N.Y. Pakistani Ahmadiyya Muslim caliph #5 (2003-) Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad on Sept. 15 in Rabwah. Am. "Finding Your Roots", "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man" historian-filmmaker (black) Henry Louis "Skip" Gates Jr. on Sept. 16 in Keyser, W. Va.; educated at Yale U. and Clare College, Cambridge U. Am. gatronome (in Britain) (Jewish) Loyd Daniel Gilman Grossman on Sept. 16 in Marblehead, Mass.; educated at Boston U., and London School of Economics. Indian PM #14 (2014-) (first born after Indian independence) Narendra Damodardas Modi on Sept. 17 in Vadnagar; educated at Gujarat U., and Delhi U. Am. singer-songwriter John Waldo "Fee" Waybill (The Tubes) on Sept. 17 in Omaha, Neb. Am. "ABC-TV's Good Morning America" TV personality (breakfast blonde) Joan Lunden (Joan Elise Blunden) on Sept. 19 in Fair Oaks, Calif.; educated at Calif. State U. Sacramento. Am. "Saturday Night Live", "Dr. Peter Venkman in Ghostbusters", "John Winger in Stripes", "Tripper Harrison in Meatballs", "Hunter S. Thompson in Where the Buffalo Roam", "Frank Cross in Scrooged", "Carl Spackler in Caddyshack" actor-comedian-writer (Roman Catholic) William James "Bill" Murray on Sept. 21 in Evanston, Ill.; 5th of 9 children; brother of Brian Doyle-Murray (1945-), John Murray (1958-), and Joel Murray (1963-); sister Nancy is an Adrian Dominican nun; grows up in Wilmette (near Chicago), Ill.; kicked out of Regis U. in Denver; arrested on Sept. 21, 1970 at O'Hare Aiport in Chicago for marijuana possession; nicknamed "the Murricane" by Dan Aykroyd for his mood swings. Am. liberal radio-TV journalist Alan Samuel Colmes (d. 2017) on Sept. 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in Lynbrook, N.Y.; educated at Hofstra U. Am. sci-fi "Freedom Beach' novelist Joseph Vincent "John" Kessel on Sept. 24 in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Rochester, and U. of Kansas. Am. "Lone Star", "Matewan" film dir.-actor-writer (Catholic atheist?) John Sayles on Sept. 28 in Schenectady, N.Y. Colombian drug trafficker Jorge Luis Ochoa Vasquez on Sept. 30 in Medellin. Am. "Ishmael in Kingpin", "Russell Casse in Independence Day" actor-comedian Randall Rudy "Randy" Quaid on Oct. 1 in Houston, Tex.; brother of Dennis Quaid (1954-). English rock bassist Michael John Cleote "Mike" Crawford Rutherford (Genesis, Mike + the Mechanics) on Oct. 2 in Guildford, Surrey. Am. rock musician John "J.C." Curulewski (d. 1988) (Styx) on Oct. 3 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Princess Ardala in Buck Rogers in the 25th century" actress (Jewish) Pamela Gail Hensley on Oct. 3 in Glendale, Calif.; wife (1978-81) of Wes Farrell (1939-) and (1982-) E. Duke Vincent (1932-). Am. "Moonstruck", "Joe Versus the Volcano", "Doubt: A Parable" playwright-screenwriter-dir. John Patrick Shanley on Oct. 3 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Am. "Ira Woodbine in Cybill" actor and SAG pres. #24 (2005-) (Jewish) Alan Rosenberg on Oct. 4 in Passaic, N.J.; German Jewish parents. Am. "Bobby Wheeler in Taxi", "Zack Allan in Babylon 5" actor Jeff Conaway on Oct. 5 in New York City. Am. "The Postman" novelist Glen David Brin on Oct. 6 in Glendale, Calif.; educated at Caltech and UCSD. Am. singer-musician (black) Thomas McClary (Commodores) on Oct. 6 in Tuskegee, Ala. Am. R&B-funk bassist-singer-songwriter (black) Robert Earl "Kool" Bell (Kool and the Gang) on Oct. 8 in Youngstown, Ohio; grows up in Jersey City, N.J.; brother of Ronald Nathan Bell (195-). Am. romance novelist Nora Roberts (Eleanor Marie Robertson) (AKA J.D. Robb, Jill March, Sarah Hardesty) on Oct. 10 in Silver Spring, Md. Am. R&B musician (black) Andrew Woolfolk (Earth, Wind and Fire) on Oct. 11. Am. "Susan Williams in Stop Susan Williams", "Muriel Cigars ads", "Serta Perfect Sleeper mattress ads" 5'11" actress-singer Susan Anton on Oct. 12 in Oak Glen, Calif.; 1969 Miss Calif. Japanese "Iron Chef" actor Takeshi Kaga (Shigekatsu Katsuta) on Oct. 12 in Kanazawa, Ishikawa. Am. "Moosewood Cookbook" chef-writer Mollie Katzen on Oct. 13 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U.; sister of Daniel Katzen. Am. "Doubt", "Moonstruck", "Joe Versus the Volcano" playwright John Patrick Shanley on Oct. 13 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Am. 5'4" speedskater and track cyclist Sheila Grace Young-Ochowicz on Oct. 14 in Birmingham, Mich.; grows up in Detroit, Mich.; first U.S. athlete to win three medals at a single Winter Olympics (1976). Austrian economist Dennis J. Snower on Oct. 14 in Vienna. Am. economist George (Jorge) Jesus Borjas on Oct. 15 in Havana, Cuba; emigrates to the U.S. in 1962; educated atSt. Peter's College, and Columbia U. Am. "Then She Found Me", "The Pursuit of Alice Thrift" novelist (Jewish) Elinor Lipman on Oct. 16 in Lowell, Mass. Am. "She's Come Undone", "This Much Is True" novelist Walter John "Wally" Lamb on Oct. 17 in Norwich, Conn.; educated at the U. of Conn., and Vermont College. Am. "Virgil Tibbs in The Heat of the Night", "Coalhouse Walker Jr. in Ragtime" actor (black) Howard Ellsworth Rollins Jr. (d. 1996) on Oct. 17 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Towson U. Am. "The Heidi Chronicles" playwright (Jewish) Wendy Wasserstein (d. 2006) on Oct. 18 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at CCNY, and Yale U. English historian Robert C.T. Parker on Oct. 19. Am. "Running Down a Dream" hall-of-fame singer-songwriter-guitarist Thomas Earl "Tom" Petty (d. 2017) (The Heartbreakers, The Traveling Wilburys) on Oct. 20 in Gainesville, Fla.; meets Elvis Presley at age 11. Am. astronaut (black) Ronald Ervin McNair (d. 1986) on Oct. 21 in Lake City, S.C.; educated at MIT. Am. Dem. Colo. gov. #40 (1999-2007) William Forrester "Bill" Owens on Oct. 22 in Fort Worth, Tex.; educated at Stephen F. Austin State U., and UTA. English "Stumblin' In" musician Christopher Ward "Chris" Norman (Smokie) on Oct. 25 in Redcar, North Yorkshire. Am. counterterrorism expert Richard Alan Clarke on Oct. 27 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Boston Latin School and the U. of Penn. Am. "Exterior Signs of Wealth" novelist and "Judge Janice Goldberg in Law & Order actress (Jewish) Frances Ann "Fran" Lebowitz on Oct. 27 in Morristown, N.J. Kiwi archeologist Michael John "Mike" Morwood (d. 2013) on Oct. 27 in Auckland; educated at the U. of Auckland, and Australian Nat. U. English writer (atheist-turned-religious) Andrew Norman Wilson on Oct. 27; educated at Rugby School, and New College, Oxford U. Australian climate scientist Michael Robin "Mike" Raupach (d. 2015) on Oct. 30. Canadian "Dewey Oxberger in Stripes", "Uncle Buck", "Del Griffith in Planes, Trains and Automobiles", "Dean Andrews Jr. in JFK" actor-comedian John Franklin Candy (d. 1994) on Oct. 31 in Newmarket, Ont. Iraqi-British architect ("Queen of the Curve") Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid (d. 2016) on Oct. 31 in Baghdad; educated at the Am. U. of Beirut; created dame in 2012. Am. TV journalist Jane Pauley on Oct. 31 in Indianapolis, Ind. Am. physicist Robert Betts Laughlin on Nov. 1 in Visalia, Calif.; educated at UCB and MIT; 1998 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. physicist Robert Betts Laughlin on Nov. 1 in Visalia, Calif.; educated at UCB, and MIT; 1998 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "All Things Are Possible" musician Dan Peek (d. 2011) (America) on Nov. 1 in Panama City, Fla. Am. biophysicist (Jewish) James Edward Rothman on Nov. 3 in Haverhill, Mass.; educated at Yale U., and Harvard U.; 2013 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Cold Mountain" novelist Charles Frazier on Nov. 4 in Asheville, N.C. Am. "Christine Sullivan in Night Court" ctress Marjorie Armstrong "Markie" Post on Nov. 4 in Palo Alto, Calif. Norwegian Labour politician Thorbjorn Jagland (nee Johansen) on Nov. 5 in Drammen; educateed at the U. of Oslo. Am. "Entertainment Tonight" host (1982-) Mary Hart (Mary Johanna Harum) on Nov. 8 in Sioux Falls, S.D.; lives in Scandinavia as a child; wife (1972-9) of Terry Hart, and (1989-) film producer Burt Sugarman. Am. "Nicholas Pierce in Dallas" actor Jack Scalia on Nov. 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Eye of the Tiger" musician-songwriter Jim Peterik on Nov. 11 in Berwyn, Ill. Am. "The Teddy Bear Song" country-gospel singer Barbara Fairchild on Nov. 12 in Knobel, Ark. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Mary Lou Metzger on Nov. 13 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Chinese "Curse of the Golden Golden Flower", "Ju Dou", "Raise the Red Lantern" dir.-producer-writer-actor Zhang Yimou on Nov. 14 in Xi'an, Shaanxi. Am. Lotus Development Corp. founder (Jewish) Mitchell David "Mitch" Kapor on Nov. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Yale U. Am. track star Mac Maurice Wilkens on Nov. 15 in Eugene, Ore. Am. "Charley Dietz in Empty Nest" actor David Russell Leisure on Nov. 16 in San Diego, Calif. Am. football defensive end (Dallas Cowboys, 1973-83) (black) Harvey Banks "the Beautiful" "Too Mean" Martin (d. 2001) on Nov. 16 in Dallas, Tex. English "Squeezing Out Sparks" singer Graham Parker (Graham Parker and The Rumour) on Nov. 18 in East London. Canadian genocide scholar William A. Schabas on Nov. 19; educated at the U. of Toronto, and U. of Montreal. Am. economist Halbert L. White Jr. (d. 2012) on Nov. 19; educated at MIT. Am. economist David Richard Henderson on Nov. 21 in Boissevain, Man., Canada; emigrates to the U.S. in 1972; educated at the U. of Winnipeg, and UCLA. Am. "Pajamas" singer-songwriter Livingston Taylor on Nov. 21 in Boston, Mass. Am. baseball player (LF) Gregory Michael "Grek" "the Bull" Luzinski on Nov. 22 in Chicago, Ill. Am. rock bassist Martina Michele "Tina" Weymouth (Talking Heads, The Heads, Tom Tom Club) on Nov. 22 in Coronado, Calif. U.S. Sen. (D-N.Y.) (1999-) (Jewish) Charles Ellis "Chuck" Schumer on Nov. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Ukrainian Jewish descent; educated at Harvard U.; 2nd cousin once removed of Amy Schumer (1981-). Am. Southern rock drummer Bob Burns (Lynyrd Skynyrd) on Nov. 24 in Jacksonville, Fla. Am. "Richard Chip Douglas in My Three Sons" actor Stanley Bernard Livingston on Nov. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif.; brother of Barry Livingston (1953-). Canadian 5'10" hockey left wing (Philadelphia Flyers, 1970-82) Robert James "Bob" "Hound" "Houndog" Kelly on Nov. 25 in Oakville, Ont. Am. "Pollock", "The Right Stuff", "Glengarry Glen Ross" actor Edward Allen "Ed" Harris on Nov. 28 in Englewood, N.J. - Ed Hairless? Am. physicist Russell Alan Hulse on Nov. 28 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and the U. of Mass.; 1993 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. 6'4" basketball player-coach (white) (Boston Celtics #44, 1972-5) (Phoenix Suns #44, 1975-80) (Phoenix Suns, 1992-5) (Seattle SuperSonics, 1998-2000) (Sacramento Kings, 2009-12) Paul Douglas Westphal on Nov. 30 in Torrance, Calif.; educated at USC. Am. "Rachel Phelps in Major League" actress Margaret "Peggy" Whitton on Nov. 30. Guatemalan pres. #36 (2012-15) Otto Fernando Perez (Pérez) Molina on Dec. 1 in Guatemala City; educated at the School of the Americas. Am. "Jimbo", "Adventures in Paradise", "Facetasm" new wave comic book artist Gary Panter on Dec. 1 in Durant, Okla. Am. "Little Ricky in I Love Lucy", "Johnny Paul Jason in The Andy Griffith Show" actor-drummer (Roman Catholic) Keith Thibodeaux (AKA Richard Keith) on Dec. 1 in Lafayette, La. Australian Middle East scholar (Muslim) Amin Saikal on Dec. 2 in Kabul, Afghanistan. Cuban Olympic runner Alberto Juantorena Danger on Dec. 3 in Santiago de Cuba. Am. "42nd Street" theater dir.-producer-writer Mark Bramble on Dec. 7. Am. Hare Krishna guru Radhanath Swami (Richard Slavin) on Dec. 7 in Chicago, Ill.; born to a Jewish family. British "Love and Affection", "Drop the Pilot" singer-songwriter (black) Joan Anita Barbara Armatrading on Dec. 9 in Basseteere, Saint Kitts; emigrates to the U.K. at age 8. Greek shipping heiress Christina Onassis (d. 1988) on Dec. 11 in New York City; daughter of Aristotle Onassis (1906-75) and Athina Livanos (1929-74); educated at Queen's College, London. Am. "Cindy Smith in The Smith Family" actress-singer Darleen Carr (Drake) (Farnon) on Dec. 12 in Chicago, Ill. Am. economist (Jewish) Eric Stark Maskin on Dec. 12 in New York City; educated at Harvard U.; 2007 Nobel Econ. Prize. Australian "K-19: The Widowmaker" playwright Louis Nowra (Mark Doyle) on Dec. 12 in Melbourne. Canadian 5'10" hockey hall-of-fame goalie William John "Battlin' Billy" "Hatchet Man" Smith on Dec. 12 in Perth, Ont. Am. "Nina Van Horn in Just Shoot Me!", "Ronee Lawrence in Frasier" actress-model (vegetarian) Wendie Malick on Dec. 13 in Buffalo, N.Y. Australian "My Brilliant Career" dir. Gillian May Armstrong on Dec. 18 in Melbourne. Am. movie reviewer Leonard Maltin on Dec. 18 in New York City. Am. movie producer (Jewish) (co-founder of DreamWorks SKG) Jeffrey Katzenberg on Dec. 21 in New York City; Walt Disney CEO. Canadian geneticist Lap-Chee Tsui on Dec. 21 in Shanghai; educated at the Chinese U. of Hong Kong, and U. of Pittsburgh. Am. Repub. political strategist Karl Christian Rove on Dec. 25 in Denver, Colo.; grows up in Salt Lake City, Utah; educated at the U. of Utah; during the 1960 pres. election his bike with a Nixon bumper sticker gets pushed over by a girl who backs JFK? Am. "Like Flies on Sherbert", "Can't Seem to Make You Mine", "Thirteen" singer-songwriter-producer William Alexander "Alex" Chilton (d. 2010) (The Box Tops, Big Star) on Dec. 28 in Memphis, Tenn. English mathematician Clifford Christopher Cocks on dec. 28 in Prestbury, Cheshire; educated at King's College, Cambridge U., and Oxford U. Am. "Chancellor Ava Paige in The Maze Runner" actress Patricia Davies Clarkson on Dec. 29 in New Orleans, La. Am. "Crime Story", "Miller's Crossing" actor Jon Polito on Dec. 29 in Philadelphia, Penn. Danish computer science (inventor of C++) Bjarne Stroustrup on Dec. 30 in Aarhus; educated at Cambridge U. Rwandan pres. #5 (1994-2000) (black) )(Hutu) Pasteur Bizimungu on ? in Gisenyi. Am. "The Chaneysville Incident" novelist (black) David Henry Bradley Jr. on ? in Bedford, Penn. Palestinian Nat. Authority pres. (2009-) (Sunni Muslim) Aziz al-Duwaik on ? English "Horse-Whisperer" novelist Nicholas Evans on ? in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire; educated at Oxford U. Am. economist Wayne E. Ferson on ? in ?; educated at SMU, and Stanford U. Irish "The Dark Fields" novelist Alan Glynn on ? in Dublin. Am. Christian theologian Gary Robert Habermas on ? in ?; educated at Mich. State U. Afghan jihadist leader Mawlawi Jalaluddin Haqqani; father of Sirajuddin Haqqani (1973-). Am. multimedia conceptual arist Jenny Holzer on ? in Gallipolis, Ohio. French Eiffel computer language designer Bertrand Meyer on ? in ?; educated at Stanford U., and U. of Nancy. Israeli real estate-shipping magnate (Jewish) Eyal Ofer on ? in Haifa; son of Sammy Ofer (1922-2011); brother of Idan Ofer (1955-); educated at Atlantic College. Turkish army CIC (2011-15) Gen. Necdet Ozel (Özel) in Ankara. Am. "The Sparrow" novelist (Jewish convert) Mary Doria Russell on ? in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. economist Nancy Laura Stokey on ? in ?; wife of Robert E. Lucas Jr. (1937-); educated at the U. of Penn., and Harvard U.; student of Kenneth Arrow. Am. chef Jonathan Waxman on ? in ?. Deaths: Am. writer Agnes Repplier (b. 1850) on Nov. 15 in Philly: "Just as we are often moved to merriment for no other reason than that the occasion calls for seriousness, so we are correspondingly serious when invited too freely to be amused." Am. writer Minna Antrim (b. 1856): "Experience is a good teacher, but she sends in terrific bills." Anglo-Irish lit. giant George Bernard Shaw (b. 1856) on Nov. 2 in Hertfordshire, England; 1925 Nobel Lit. Prize; first person to win an Oscar (1938) ("Pygmalion") and a Nobel Prize (1925) (until ?): leaves money to promote a new phonetic alphabet: "I knew if I stayed around long enough, something like this would happen"; "A life spent making mistakes is not only more honorable, but more useful than a life spent doing nothing"; "We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it"; "All great truths begin as blasphemies"; "You see things; and you say, 'Why?' But I dream things that never were; and I say, 'Why not?'"; "An Englishman thinks he is moral when he is only uncomfortable"; "My way of joking is to tell the truth. It's the funniest joke in the world"; "Once there was a time when all people believed in God and the Church ruled. This time is called the Dark Ages"; "The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place"; "You use a glass mirror to see your face; you use works of art to see your soul"; "Well, it will be a new experience anyway" (last words). Canadian-born Am. businesswoman Martha Matilda Harper (b. 1857) on Aug. 3 in Rochester, N.Y. Swedish king (1907-50) Gustaf V (b. 1858) on July 29 in Drottningholm Palace, Stockholm. German-born Am. conductor-composer Walter Damrosch (b. 1862) on Dec. 22 in New York City. French trench mouth physician J.H. Vincent (b. 1862). Am. theatrical producer William Aloysius Brady (b. 1863) on Jan. 6 in New York City. Am. transportation expert Emory Richard Johnson (b. 1864) on Mar. 8 in Philly. English "What is Money?" diplomat-economist Alfred Mitchell-Innes (b. 1864) on Feb. 13. Am. automotive king Ransom Eli Olds (b. 1864) on Aug. 26 in Lansing, Mich. Irish novelist George A. Birmingham (b. 1865) on Feb. 2 in Kensington, London. Am. Salvation Army general Evangeline Cory Booth (b. 1865) on July 17 in Hartsdale, N.Y. (arteriosclerosis). Brazilian immunologist Vital Brazil (b. 1865) on May 5 in Rio de Janeiro. Am. politician James Rudolph Garfield (b. 1865). Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka (b. 1865) on Dec. 11; a crater on the Moon is later named after him. Am. interior decorator Elsie de Wolfe (b. 1865) on July 12; "She was probably the first woman to dye her hair blue, to perform handstands to impress her friends, and to cover 18th century footstools in leopard-skin chintzes." (American Decades) English-born Am. Shakespearean actress Julia Marlowe (b. 1866) on Nov. 12. Swiss-born Am. psychiatrist Adolf Meyer (b. 1866) on Mar. 17. Swiss-born Am. Waldorf-Astoria Hotel maitre d'hotel Oscar Tschirky (b. 1866) on Nov. 6. Dutch linguist Holger Pedersen (b. 1867) on Oct. 25. German novelist Hedwig Courts-Mahler (b. 1867); leaves 192 romances. Dutch-born Am. pianist-composer Martinus Sieveking (b. 1867) on Nov. 26 in Pasadena, Calif. Am. statesman Henry L. Stimson (b. 1867) on Oct. 20. Am. "Spoon River Anthology" poet Edgar Lee Masters (b. 1869) on Mar. 5 in Melrose Park, Penn.; epitaph: "Good friends, let's to the fields.../ After a little walk and by your pardon,/ I think I'll sleep, thereis no sweeter thing./ Nor fate more blessed than to sleep./ I am a dream out of a blessed sleep - / Let's walk, and hear the lark." U.S. secy. of state (1920-1) Bainbridge Colby (b. 1869) on Apr. 11. Am. Denver, Colo. mayor #33 (1923-31) and #35 (1935-47) Benjamin Franklin Stapleton (b. 1869) on May 23 in Denver, Colo. Am. baseball player Bill Dahlen (b. 1870) on Dec. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; not voted into the hall of fame until ?. German Krupp firm head and Nazi war criminal Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach (b. 1870) on Jan. 16. Scottish comic singer-songwriter (music hall star) Sir Harry Lauder (b. 1870) on Feb. 26 in Strathaven, Lanarkshire. Irish archeologist Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister (b. 1870) on Apr. 26 in Cambridge, England. Irish-born British businessman-politician Sir John Power, 1st baronet (b. 1870) on June 5 in France. Austrian pres. #4 (1945-50) Karl Renner (b. 1870) on Dec. 31 in Vienna. South African PM (1919-24, 1939-48) Jan Christiaan Smuts (b. 1870) on Sept. 11 in Doornkloof, Irene (near Pretoria): "Leadership, besides being a great creative force, can be diabolical" - his name single-handedly links apartheid, smut, and 9/11? English actress Florence Arliss (b. 1871) on Mar. 11 in London. French pres. (1932-40) Albert Lebrun (b. 1871) on Mar. 6 in Paris (pneumonia). German novelist Heinrich Mann (b. 1871) on Mar. 12 in Santa Monica, Calif.; dies before he can move to Germany to become pres. of the Prussian Academy of Arts. Irish-born British gen. Sir Frederick Barton Maurice (b. 1871) on May 19 in Cambridge. Indian Vedanta Society founder Sri Aurobindo (b. 1872) on Dec 5: "Man is a transitional being. He is not final. The step from man to superman is the next approaching achievement in the earth's evolution. It is inevitable because it is at once the intention of the inner spirt and the logic of Nature's process." French Socialist statesman Leon Blum (b. 1872): "Life does not give itself to one who tries to keep all its advantages at once... morality may perhaps consist solely in the courage of making a choice." U.S. Rep. (R-Okla.) (1921-7) John William Herreld (b. 1872) on Dec. 26 in Oklahoma City, Okla. French sociologist Marcel Mauss (b. 1872) on Feb. 10. Danish children's writer Karin Michaelis (b. 1872) on Jan. 11. French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras (b. 1873) on Jan. 27 in Paris. Am. silent film actor Maurice Costello (b. 1873) on Oct. 29 in Hollywood, Calif. Finnish-born Am. architect Eliel Saarinen (b. 1873) on July 1. Dutch novelist-poet Johannes Vilhelm Jansen (b. 1873) on Nov. 25; 1944 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. Phillips Petroleum founder Frank Phillips (b. 1873) on Aug. 23 in Atlantic City, N.J. Am. botanist Oakes Ames (b. 1874) on Apr. 28. Canadian PM (1921-6, 1926-30, 1935-48) W.L. Mackenzie King (b. 1874) on July 22. Am. "Tarzan" writer Edgar Rice Burroughs (b. 1875) on Mar. 19 in Tarzana, Calif.; his ashes are buried on Ventura Blvd. in Tarzana outside his office. Irish physicist Arthur William Conway (b. 1875). Am. historian Carter G. Woodson (b. 1875) on Apr. 3 in Washington, D.C. Italian novelist Rafael Sabatini (b. 1876) on Feb. 13 in Switzerland. Am. air conditioning inventor Willis Carrier (b. 1876) on Oct. 7 in New York City. Italian opera baritone Giuseppe de Luca (b. 1876) in New York City. English "Sorrell and Son" novelist Warwick Deeping (b. 1877) on Apr. 20. Am. geographer Isaiah Bowman (b. 1878) on Jan. 6 in Baltimore, Md. Indonesian freedom fighter Ernest Douwes Dekker (b. 1879) on Aug. 28 in Bandung, West Java. Italian gen. Giuseppe Garibaldi II (b. 1879) on May 19 in Rome. German scholar Lazarus Goldschmidt (b. 1871) in London, England. Am. showman Sid Grauman (b. 1879) on Mar. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif. Polish-born Am. linguist Alfred Korzybski (b. 1879) on Mar. 1 in Lakeville, Conn.: "The map is not the territory"; "There are two ways to slice easily through life: to believe everything or to doubt everything." Indian guru Ramana Maharshi (b. 1879) on Apr. 14 in Arunachala. English "David Copperfield" film dir. Thomas Bentley (b. 1880) in Warwickshire. Am. real estate developer Jesse Clyde Nichols (b. 1880) on Feb. 16. Am. architect Julian Abele (b. 1881) on Apr. 23 in Philadelphia, Penn. (heart attack); designed the Widener Memorial Library at Harvard U., the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Duke U. campus. Polish Marxist economist Henryk Grossman (b. 1881) on Nov. 24 in Leipzig, East Germany. French aromatherapy pioneer Rene-Maurice Gattefosse (b. 1881) on ? in Casablanca, Morocco. Jamaican-born French hockey official Louis Magnus (b. 1881) on Nov. 1. Romanian Gen. Petre Dumitrescu (b. 1882) on Jan. 15 in Bucharest. Am. silent film actress Lottie Briscoe (b. 1883) on Mar. 21 in New York City. Am. actress-playwright Jane Cowl (b. 1883) on June 22 in Santa Monica, Calif. (cancer). Canadian-born Am. "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre" actor Walter Huston (b. 1883) on Apr. 7 in Hollywood, Calif. (aortic aneurysm). U.S. Rep. (D-Ala.) (1919-35) John McDuffie (b. 1883) on Nov. 1 in Mobile, Ala. Czech-born Am. economist Joseph Schumpeter (b. 1883) on Jan. 8 in Taconic, Conn. Am. historian Lothrop Stoddard (b. 1883) on May 1 in Washington, D.C. (cancer); his associations with the Nazis causes him to die a pariah. British Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell (b. 1883) on May 24 in London. German Expressionist-not painter Max Beckmann (b. 1884) on Dec. 28 in New York City (heart attack). Am. silent film actor-dir. William Garwood (b. 1884) on Dec. 28 in Los Angeles, Calif. (cirrhosis). Swiss "The Way of All Flesh" actor Emil Jannings (b. 1884) on Jan. 3 in Strobl, Austria; winner of the first Best Actor Oscar. Am. Egyptologist Herbert Eustis Winlock (b. 1884) on Jan. 26 in Venice, Fla. Am. New Thought writer Robert Collier (b. 1885). Am. writer-ed. Carl Van Doren (b. 1885) on July 18 in Torrington, Conn. Am. physician George R. Minot (b. 1885) on Feb. 25. Am. Truman White House press secy. Charles G. Ross (b. 1885) on Dec. 5. U.S. Air Force gen. "Hap" Arnold (b. 1886) on Jan. 15 in Sonoma, Calif. Am. poet William Rose Benet (b. 1886) on May 4. Am. physicist Arthur Jeffrey Dempster (b. 1886) on Mar. 11 in Stuart, Fla. Am. poet John Gould Fletcher (b. 1886) on May 20 in Little Rock, Ark. (suicide). Am. historian Douglas Southall Freeman (b. 1886) on June 13 in Richmond, Va. (heart attack). Russian-born Am. "jazz singer" Al Jolson (b. 1886) on Oct. 23 in San Francisco, Calif.; leaves a card game in a penthouse suite at the Westin St. Francis Hotel (same hotel where Fatty Arbuckle got in trouble with a coke bottle in 1921) after saying "Fellows, I'm not feeling well", then goes back to his room and dies in a couple of minutes; when the San Francisco Examiner hears about it, they rush a photographer to the hotel, who rearranges the cards on the table to give Jolson a hand of aces and eights, and the paper reports that he died with the Deadman's Hand. Azerbaijani-born Am. "Imitation of Life" dir. John M. Stahl (b. 1886) on Jan. 12 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack). English sci-fi writer Olaf Stapledon (b. 1886) on Sept. 6 in Caldy. Am. banker Maurice Wertheim (b. 1886) on Mar. 27 in Cos Cob, Conn. (heart attack). Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander (b. 1887) on Nov. 4 in St. Paul, Neb.; career 373-208 record, with 2.56 ERA and 90 shutouts. Am. Colo. gov. #29 (1939-43) Ralph Lawrence Carr (b. 1887) on Sept. 22 in Denver, Colo. Am. publisher George Palmer Putnam (b. 1887) on Jan. 4 in Trona, Calif. (kidney failure). U.S. Navy Cmdr. Earl Winfield Spencer Jr. (b. 1888) on May 29 in Coronado, Calif. Greek gen. Konstantinos Bakopoulos (b. 1889). Dutch physicist Dirk Coster (b. 1889) on Feb. 12 in Groningen. German-born Australian Sufi Muslim leader Friedrich von Frankenberg (b. 1889) in Camden. Soviet Field Marshal Grigory Kulik (b. 1890) on Aug. 29 (executed). Russian dancer-choreographer Vaslav Fomich Nijinsky (b. 1890) on Apr. 8 in London. Am. poet-playwright Blanche Oelrichs (Michael Strange) (b. 1890) on Nov. 5 in Boston, Mass. (leukemia). Am. aircraft designer Walter Beech (b. 1891) on Nov. 29. Am. newspaper pub. Generoso Pope (b. 1891) on Apr. 28 in New York City (heart disease). Am. actor Alan Hale Sr. (b. 1892) on Jan. 22 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. silent film actress Helen Holmes (b. 1892) on July 8 in Burbank, Calif. (heart failure). Irish-born Am. dir. Rex Ingram (b. 1892) on July 21 in North Hollywood, Calif. Am. poet Edna St. Vincent Millay (b. 1892) on Oct. 19 in Austerlitz, N.Y.: "Life must go on; I forget just why." Am. ambassador Laurence A. Steinhardt (b. 1892) on Mar. 28 near Ramsayville, Ont., Canada (killed in plane crash en route to Washington, D.C.). English traveller Bertram Thomas (b. 1892) on Dec. 27 in Pill. Tunisian-born French film oridycer Jacques Haik (b. 1893) on Aug. 31 in Paris. English Socialist leader Harold Laski (b. 1893) on Mar. 24 in London. Am. Boysenberry botanist Rudolph Boysen (b. 1895) on Nov. 25. Am. civil rights atty. ("the Man Who Killed Jim Crow") Charles Hamilton Houston (b. 1895) on Apr. 22 in Washington, D.C. Italian-Am. dir. Monty Banks (b. 1897) on Jan. 7 in Arona (heart attack). Am. baritone "Whispering" Jack Smith (b. 1898) on May 13 in New York City (heart attack). German composer Kurt Weill (b. 1900) on Apr. 3 in New York City. British "Animal Farm", "1984" novelist George Orwell (b. 1903) on Jan. 21 in London: "Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past"; "In a time of deceit telling the truth is a revolutionary act"; "Truth is treason in an empire of lies"; "We have now sunk to a depth at which restatement of the obvious is the first duty of intelligent men." Am. physician (Scotch Tape inventor) Charles Richard Drew (b. 1904) on Apr. 1 in N.C. (bleeds to death after an auto accident). Am. radio astronomy pioneer Karl Jansky (b. 1905) on Feb. 14 in Red Bank, N.J. - the static bored him to death? Kiwi RAF Cmdr. Henry Neville Gynes Ramsbottom-Isherwood (b. 1905) on Apr. 25 near Tonbridge, Kent, England (airplane crash). Venezuelan pres. (1948-50) Col. Carlos Delgado Chalbaud (b. 1909) on Nov. 13 in Caracas (assassinated). Am. jazz musician Ray Perry (b. 1915). Dutch poet Hans Lodeizen (b. 1924) on July 26 in Lausanne (leukemia). U.S. Army Pvt. Kenneth R. Shadrick (b. 1931) on July 5 in Osan, South Korea; first known U.S. casualty of the Korean War.



1951 - The Tabletop Not Univac Year? The U.S. twizzles itself in Korea, and can't figure out how to untwizzle itself?

UNIVAC, 1951 Ethel Rosenberg (1915-53) and Julius Rosenberg (1918-53) Harry S. Truman of the U.S. (1884-1972) U.S. Gen. James Alward Van Fleet (1892-1992) U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) U.S. Gen. Matthew Bunker Ridgway (1895-1993) Sir Winston Churchill of Britain (1874-1965) Mohammed Mossadegh of Iran (1882-1967) Kermit Roosevelt Jr. of the U.S. (1916-2000) Gen. António de Oliveira Salazar of Portugal (1889-1970) Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes of Portugal (1894-1964) Khwaja Nazimuddin of Pakistan (1894-1964) Hussein I of Jordan (1935-99) Baudouin I of Belgium (1930-93) Reve Pleven of France (1901-93) Gen. Alexander Papagos of Greece (1883-1955) Gen. Nikolaos Plastiras of Greece (1883-1953) Eamon de Valera of Ireland (1882-1975) John Jay McCloy of the U.S. (1895-1989) Alfried Krupp of Germany (1907-67) Oscar Fredrik Torp of Norway (1893-1958) Victor Paz Estenssoro of Bolivia (1907-2001) Hugo Ballivián Rojas of Bolivia (1901-95) Giuseppe Saragat of Italy (1898-1988) Giuseppe Romita of Italy (1887-1958) Robert Abercrombie Lovett of the U.S. (1895-1986) Dan Thornton of the U.S. (1911-76) Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana (1909-72) King Idris I of Libya (1890-1983) Sir Henry Gurney of Britain (1898-1951) Moises da Costa Gomez of Dutch Antilles (1907-66) Francois Nourissier (1927-) Paul Tillich (1886-1965) Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903-95) Soraya Esfandiari Bakhtiari of Iran (1932-2001) Tribhubana Bir Bikram of Nepal (1906-55) USAF Brig. Gen. Charles F. Blair Jr. (1909-78) Joan Vollmer (1923-51) William Seward Burroughs II (1914-97) Harry Tyson Moore (1905-51) Jean Lee (1919-) Jersey Joe Walcott (1914-94) Ike Williams (1923-94) Jose Maria Gatica (1925-63) James Walter 'Jimmy' Carter (1923-94) Sugar Ray Robinson (1921-89) Jake LaMotta (1921-) Ike (1890-1969) and Rocky Marciano (1923-69) Curt Gowdy (1919-2006) Babe Didrikson Zaharias (1911-56) Lee Jouglard (1921-78) Myler Skoog (1926-) Gene Melchiorre (1927-) Mel Hutchins (1928-) Don Sunderlage (1929-61) Lee Wallard (1910-63) Norm Van Brocklin (1926-83) Bobby Thomson (1923-2010) Ralph Branca (1926-) Russ Hodges (1910-75) Bob Sheppard (1910-2010) Willie Mays (1931-) Woody Hayes (1913-87) Haskell Cohen (1914-2004) Ed Macauley (1928-) Johnny Bright (1930-83) Maureen Connolly (1934-69) Eddie Gaedel (1925-61) Kiki Haakonason (1929-2011) Capt. Henrik Kurt Carlsen (1914-89) Lothar Malskat (1913-88) Leon Jouhaux (1879-1954) Par Lagerkvist (1891-74) Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (1897-1967) Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903-95) Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-99) Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907-91) John Boyd Orr (1880-1971) Carl Djerassi (1923-) Corrado Böhm (1923-2017) Maj. Ralph Lowell (1890-1978) Luis Miramontes (1925-2004) George Rosenkranz (1916-) Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903-67) Min Chueh Chang (1909-91) John Rock (1899-1984) Solomon Asch (1907-96) Mircea Eliade (1907-86) Robin Jenkins (1912-2005 Marvin Lee Minsky (1927-) Sir Steven Runciman (1903-2000) An Wang (1920-90) Fritz Perls (1893-1970) Paul Goodman (1911-72) Kenneth Joseph Arrow (1921-) Robertson Davies (1913-95) Donald Rodney Justice (1925-2004) David Oman McKay (1873-1970) Robert Rossen (1908-66) Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) Volney G. Mathison (1897-1965) Hubbard Mark VI E-Meter Hubbard Mark Super VII Quantum E-Meter Hubbard Mark VIII E-Meter Nick the Greek Dandolos (1883-1966) Johnny Moss (1907-95) Maria Callas (1923-77) Ray Charles (1930-2004) Rosemary Clooney (1928-2002) Jay Livingston (1915-2001) and Ray Evans (1915-2007) Bud Powell (1924-66) Max Roach (1924-2007) Curley Russell (1917-86) Paul Alexander Baran (1909-64) Bill Bright (1921-2003) Hortense Calisher (1911-2009) Rachel Carson (1907-64) Bruce Catton (1899-1978) Federico Chabod (1901-60) Morton Deutsch (1920-) Julien Gracq (1910-2007) Oscar Handlin (1915-2011) Georg Katona (1901-81) Robert A. Heinlein (1907-88) James Jones (1921-77) Henrietta Lacks (1920-51) Siegfried Lenz (1926-) Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973) Celia Franca (1921-2007) James Merrill (1926-95) Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) Carl Rogers (1902-87) Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) Robert Pinget (1919-97) J.D. Salinger (1919-2010) 'The Catcher in the Rye' by J.D. Salinger (1919-2010), 1951 William Prescott Webb (1888-1963) John Whiting (1917-63) Herman Wouk (1915-) Howard Fast (1914-2003) Janet Frame (1924-2004) Herbert Gold (1924-) Eric Hoffer (1898-1983) John Harold Johnson (1918-2005) John Hawkes (1925-98) Nicholas Monsarrat (1910-79) Elting Elmore Morison (1909-95) John Morton Blum (1921-2011) Anthony Shaffer (1926-2001) John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928-2015) Peter Shaffer (1926-) Josephine Tey (1896-1952) Tony Bennett (1926-) John Cage (1912-92) Camilo Jose Cela (1916-2002) Edward Dmytryk (1908-99) Richard McKeon (1900-85) Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007) Brian Moore (1921-99) Nicholas Mosley (1923-) Merlo John Pusey (1902-85) Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971) Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-87) Carl Smith (1927-2010) John Wyndham (1903-69) Hank Ketcham (1920-2001) 'Dennis the Menace', 1951- Dragnet, 1951-9 'I Love Lucy', 1951-7 'The Adventures of Wild Bill Hicock', 1951-8 'Amos n Andy', 1951-3 'Hallmark Hall of Fame', 1951- 'Sky King', 1951-9 'Whats the Story', 1951-5 'The King and I', 1951 'A Tree Grows in Brooklyn', 1951 Paul Harvey (1918-2009) Ruth Lyons (1905-88) Stan Freberg (1926-) Sophia Loren (1934-) Lee Strasberg (1901-82) Dinah Shore (1916-94) Lee Marvin (1924-87) Charles Bronson (1921-2003) 'The African Queen', 1951 Samuel P. Spiegel (1901-85) 'Alice in Wonderland', 1951 Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron in 'An American in Paris', 1951 Gene Kelly (1912-96) Leslie Caron (1931-) 'The Day the Earth Stood Still', 1951 'Detective Story', 1951 Lee Grant (1927-) 'Bedtime for Bonzo', 1951 'Carmen Comes Home', 1951 'Distant Drums', 1951 'Here Comes the Groom', 1951 'The Lavender Hill Mob', 1951 'The Magic Box', 1951 'The Man in the White Suit', 1951 'The Man With My Face', 1951 'Royal Wedding', 1951 Anna Maria Alberghetti (1936-) Arnold Manoff (1914-65) 'Scrooge', 1951 'The Strange Door', 1951 'A Streetcar Named Desire', 1951 'Superman and the Mole Men', 1951 'The Teahouse of the August Moon' by Vern Sneider (1916-81), 1951 'The Thing', 1951 'Where No Vultures Fly', 1951 Helmut Qualtinger (1928-86) Johnnie Ray (1927-90) Jackie Brenston (1930-79) Ike Turner (1931-2007) Chester Arthur 'Howlin Wolf' Burnett (1910-76) Sam Phillips (1923-2003) Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) Earl 'Madman' Muntz (1914-87) The Muntz Jet, 1951-3 Dudley Joseph LeBlanc (1894-1971) Hadacol Bette Nesmith Graham (1924-80) Yale Art Gallery, 1951 Peace Bridge (Friedensbrücke), Frankfurt, 1951 Emile Norman (1918-) and Brooks Clement (-1973) 'Flowers and Animals' by Karel Appel, 1951 'The Photojournalist' by Andreas Feininger, 1951 'Girl With a White Dog' by Lucian Freud (1922-), 1951-2 UNIVAC I, 1951 CBS Eye Logo, 1951 U.N. HQ, 1948-52 Circle in the Square Theatre, 1951 Jack in the Box, 1951 Robert Oscar Peterson (1916-94)

1951 Doomsday Clock: 3 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Rabbit (Feb. 6). Time Mag. Man of the Year: Mohammed Mossadegh (1882-1967). Paris celebrates its 2,000th anniv. Percentage of the pop. working in commerce and industry: Britain: 46%, Germany: 41%, U.S.: 30%, Italy: 29%, Japan: 20%, India: 10%. The first Muslim immigrants come to the Netherlands, Moluccan families of former soldiers from Indonesia. On Jan. 1 Michigan defeats Calif. by 14-6 to win the 1951 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 the lucky govt. of Communist Romania launches a Soviet-style 5-year plan designed to shift the economy from an agricultural to industrial basis, incl. construction of a 42-mi. canal linking the Danube River and Black Sea; too bad that peasants resist collectivization, while industrial workers become known for low productivity; in Jan. the govt. institutes a monetary reform which robs, er, reduces the value of currency, and in May it issues a decree requiring peasants to sell their crops to the state. On Jan. 1 North Korean and Red Chinese forces begin a massive assault on U.N. lines, capturing Seoul on Jan. 4; by the end of Jan. U.N. forces halt their retreat and hold a defensive line 75 mi. below the 38th parallel; on Jan. 25 they counterattack, recapturing Seoul on Mar. 14-15 and reaching the 38th parallel by the end of Mar. On Jan. 4 the U.S. Senate opens a Great Debate on U.S. Foreign Policy, with the attack on the admin. led by Ohio Repub. Sen. Robert A. Taft; on Jan. 6 it is revealed that U.S. arms and ammo are being sent to Nationalist China. On Jan. 8 Bermuda conservation officer David Wingate rediscovers 18 cahows (Bermuda petrels), which were thought to have been extinct since 1615; he breeds them up to over a hundred. On Jan. 9 Hall County, Tex.-born Lubbock-raised Repub. Daniel Isaac J. "Dan" Thornton (1911-76) becomes Colo. gov. #33 (until Jan. 11, 1955), becoming known for wearing a Stetson hat and cowboy boots while smoking a pipe, going on to get Colorado Springs selected as the site of the U.S. Air Force Academy; in 1952 he is on the short list for Dwight Eisenhower's veep, aced-out by Richard Nixon; no surprise, he dies of a heart attack on Jan. 18, 1976 2 weeks before his 65th birthday; the N Denver suburb of Thornton, Colo. is named after him - Jan. is a big month for Dan? On Jan. 10 the first jet passenger trade is made. On Jan. 13 Pravda unveils the Doctors' Plot, nine Jewish physicians in the Kremlin who admitted under torture to being U.S. and/or British agents, calling them "criminals in white coats"; the whole incident was staged by Stalin to justify anti-Semitism? On Jan. 15 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 6-3 in Feiner v. New York that a "clear and present danger" of incitement to riot is not protected free speech and can be used as an excuse for a police action to destroy your entire civil rights even though all you did was open your mouth in public, despite the court's attempt to separate the content of the speech from the crowd's possible reaction to it - that's life in Dirty Denver? On Jan. 16 the Viet Minh begin an offensive against Hanoi. On Jan. 16 a gas pipeline from Brownsville, Tex. to New York City opens, becoming the world's largest. On Jan. 17 Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul after refusing a ceasefire, causing a U.N. counteroffensive beginning on Jan. 25. On Jan. 18 a lie detector is first used in the Netherlands. On Jan. 18 Hermann Flake is sentenced to death for his "hate campaign against the GDR". On Jan. 18 (night) Mt. Lamington in New Guinea erupts, causing a "cloud of death" that kills 3K-5K. On Jan. 20-21 a series of 649 avalanches in the Alps kill 240 and bury 45K temporarily in Austria, Italy and Switzerland - the first atomic bomb test in the Alps? On Jan. 27 an Air Force plane drops a 1-kiloton atomic bomb on Frenchman Flats in the Nevada desert NW of Las Vegas, becoming the first of 921 nuclear warhead tests at the 1,375 sq. mi. Nevada Test Site 70 mi. NE of Las Vegas, opening a new era for Nevadans of bad news from the doctor; on Feb. 1 the first telecast of an atomic explosion at the site is aired, followed by the first underground atomic explosion at Frenchman Flat on Nov. 29; the site ends up with 300M curies of radiation and 1.6T gal. of polluted water, and is never cleaned up; meanwhile Hollyweird scrambles to exploit the atomic fallout fear with radioactive mutant flicks; by the end of the cent. it becomes a tourist mecca. On Jan. 29 Japanese PM Yoshida Shigeru holds talks with U.S. ambassador John Foster Dulles for a peace treaty; meanwhile Yoshida's Liberal Party calls for the restoration of Soviet-held Kuril Islands and U.S.-held Ryukyu Islands, incl. Okinawa (home of the "ikigai" or "why do I wake up today?" philosophy, because the word "retirement" is unknown?); the draft treaty is completed and sent on Mar. 29 to the 14 co-belligerent powers, causing the Soviet Union to propose a new treaty in which they have a hand, which the U.S. rejects on May 19; a peace conference is set for Sept. 4 in San Francisco. On Jan. 30 Belgium bans Communists from making speeches on radio. On Jan. 31 former USAF brig. gen. Charles F. Blair Jr. (1909-78) (hubby of actress Maureen O'Hara since in 1968-78) sets a piston engine plane record of 446 mph (718 kmh/h) avg. speed on a nonstop flight from New York City to London in 7 hours 48 min. in his P-51 Mustang "Excalibur III"; on May 29 he flies from Bardufoss, Norway to Fairbanks, Alaska over the North Pole, becoming the first long distance solo flight across any polar region, proving that non-military transpolar flights are feasible, along with military air attacks, causing Pres. Truman to award him the Harmon Trophy. On Feb. 1, 1951 U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 498 (44-7-9) condemns the aggression of Red China in Korea, exhorting it to pull its troops out, and exhorting U.N. member states to support U.N. troops in Korea, becoming the first time the U.N. treats a nation as an aggressor, passed after every resolution in the U.N. Security Council to take action is vetoed by the Soviet Union. On Feb. 1 Gavilan, N.M. reaches a state record low temp of -50F (-46C). The cloyingly sweet international corporate pirates know no political ideology? On Feb. 3 John Jay McCloy (1895-1989), high commissioner of the U.S. Zone in Germany frees Nazi war criminal Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1907-67) well in advance of his 12-year sentence, and drops the confiscation of his $500M munitions fortune; his 8-member board of dirs. also walks from Landsberg Prison, along with four Nazi gens.; Eleanor Roosevelt asks him "Why are we freeing so many Nazis?"; McCloy goes on to become chmn. of Chase Manhattan Bank (1953-60), chmn. of the Ford Foundation (1958-65), and chmn. of the Council on Foreign Relations (1954-70), and receives the Grand Cross Order of Merit from the German govt.; in Mar. 1953 Krupp initially promises to sell his iron, steel, and coal interests, but after he gets out he becomes a nat. hero in Germany and builds his steel empire until he is once again the wealthiest man in Europe. On Feb. 4-8 Gertrude Levandowski undergoes a 96-hour operation (longest in history until ?) to remove a 140 kg ovarian cyst, halving her body weight. On Feb. 6 a Penn. Railroad commuter train plunges through a temporary overpass in Woodbridge, N.J., killing 85 and injuring 500. On Feb. 11 the first parliamentary elections in Gold Coast are a V for Kwame Nkrumah (1909-72), causing him to be freed from prison; on Mar. 21, 1952 he becomes PM #1 of Gold Coast (until July 16, 1960), which changes its name to Ghana in 1957. On Feb. 12 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran marries his 2nd wife, glam babe (Sofia Loren lookalike?) Soraya Esfandiari Bakhtiari (1932-2001); he divorces her in 1958 after she fails to produce an heir. On Feb. 15 PM Veniselos of Greece gives a speech in parliament (vouli) calling on Britain to allow Cyprus to unite with "Mother Greece". On Feb. 16 New York City passes a bill prohibiting racism in city-assisted housing. On Feb. 18 Nepal becomes a constitutional monarchy. On Feb. 19 31-y.-o. redhead Jean Lee (b. 1919) becomes the last woman to be hung in Australia for the torture-murder of a 73-y.-o. bookmaker. On Feb. 21 Jack in the Box fast food restaurants is founded in San Diego, Calif. by Robert Oscar Peterson (1916-94), becoming the first drive-through with an intercom, with a clown on top with a sign saying "Pull forward, Jack will speak to you", expanding to 2.2K restaurants in 21 U.S. states, mainly on the West Coast. On Feb. 26 bread rationing begins in Czech. On Feb. 27 the Twenty-Second (XXII) (22nd) Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, limiting a Dem. U.S. pres. like FDR to two terms of office - the barn door closes after the horse leaves, returns, leaves, returns, leaves, returns, leaves and dies of old age? On Feb. 28 after mob queen Virginia Hall testifies, denying knowledge of the Mafia and claiming that her ample income comes from gifts from beaus for performing oral sex, the Kefauver Committee issues a Preliminary Report documenting at least two major crime syndicates operating in the U.S.; on Mar. 12 it holds its first public hearings in New York City, and for two weeks the disclosures are sensational, getting big ratings; on May 17 slowpoke CBS-TV and ABC-TV cover the hearings after Kefauver resigns on May 1 to run for vice-pres.; Virginia Hill soon marries Sun Valley ski instructor Hans (Norman Johann) Hauser (1911-74) and moves to Europe to flee the IRS (who claims she never pays taxes, and goes after her), and ends up dying suspiciously in Austria in 1966. In Feb. tensions between Pakistan and India ease, and trade resumes. On Mar. 6 Belgium extends conscription to 24 mo. On Mar. 6 Julius Rosenberg (1918-53) and Ethel Rosenberg (1915-53) go on trial for espionage against the U.S.; on Mar. 29 they are convicted, and on Apr. 5 they are sentenced to death; their accomplice Morton Sobell (1917-) gets 30 years, and is released from Alcatraz Prison in 1969; info. is later released that Ethel was innocent? On Mar. 7 Operation Ripper by U.N. troops under U.S. Gen. Matthew Ridgway begins, going after the Chinese in Korea and recapturing Seoul on Mar. 14. On Mar. 7 Iranian PM (since 1950) Haj Ali Razmara (b. 1901) is assassinated in Tehran by 26-y.-o. Kahlil Tahmassebi of the Fadayan-e Islam org., becoming the first Iranian PM to be assassinated. On Mar. 12 the comic strip Dennis the Menace by Henry King "Hank" Ketcham (1920-2001) debuts in 16 U.S. newspapers, followed by another version in England on Mar. 17 by Scottish cartoonist David "Davey" Law (1908-71). On Mar. 13 Israel demands 6.2B DM compensation from Germany. On Mar. 14 West Germany joins UNESCO. On Mar. 14 there is a 7-8 earthquake in Euskirchen, Germany - not that there's anything left standing to damage? On Mar. 21 the U.S. troop level in Korea reaches 2.9M. On Mar. 23 France raises wages 11%. On Mar. 26 the U.S. Air Force Flag is approved, with an eagle and 13 white stars on a blue background. On Mar. 29 the 23rd Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1950 to 20th Century-Fox's All About Eve, along with best dir. to Joseph L. Mankiewicz and best supporting actor to George Sanders; best actor goes to Jose Ferrer for Cyrano de Bergerac, best actress to Judy Holliday for Born Yesterday, and best supporting actress to Josephine Hull for Harvey. On Mar. 30 after India and Pakistan sign the Karachi Agreement establishing a ceasfire line, the U.N. Security Council votes 8-0-3 (India, Yugoslavia, U.S.S.R.) to adopt Resolution 91 establishing the U.N. Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor it. On Mar. 31 U.S. tanks reach the 38 deg. lat. line in Korea. In Mar. the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission unveils plans for a $45M plant in the Rocky Flats area W of Denver, Colo. between Boulder and Golden; in 1953 it begins processing plutonium, and in 1954 begins manufacturing nuclear bombs; on Sept. 11, 1957 a fire in a nuclear glove box contaminates Bldg. 771 with plutonium and release it into the atmosphere; in 1959 barrels of radioactive waste are found to be leaking into an open field, which is covered-up until wind-borne particles are detected in Denver in 1970; in 1972 Congress authorizes the purchase of a 4.6K-acre buffer zone around it; on Apr. 28, 1979 a few weeks after the Three Mile Island nuclear plant accident, 15K protesters call for it to be closed, incl. singers Jackson Browne and Bonnie Raitt, causing police to arrest 286 incl. Daniel Ellsberg; in Aug. 1989 3.5K more protesters demonstrate; on June 6, 1989 the FBI implements Operation Desert Glow, raiding the plant, discovering numerous violations of federal pollution laws, causing Rockwell Internat. to plead guilty in 1992 and pay a record $18.5M fine; in 2001 Congress passes the U.S. Rocky Flats Nat. Wildlife Refuge Act, transferring 4K acres to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; in 2003 the plant is closed; the cleanup is completed in Oct. 2006. On Apr. 1 female suffrage begins in Greece. On Apr. 1 353 Jehovah's Witnesses are rounded up by the Soviet govt. in Estonia and deported to Siberia after being given a chance to renounce their beliefs. On Apr. 1 Paul Harvey (1918-2009) debuts his "News and Comment" show on ABC Radio Network (until 2008), which becomes known for "The Rest of the Story". On Apr. 2 Pakistan approves a new U.N. plan to end its dispute with India over Kashmir, but India rejects parts of the plan. On Apr. 4 after 3 mo. of debate the U.S. Senate by 69-21 a resolution approving the president's plan to send four divs. to Europe, but announces that no more can be sent without approval. On Apr. 4 Prince Bernhard of Netherlands visits Juan and Eva Peron in Buenos Aires. On Apr. 4 in Italy the right-wing Socialists, led by Giuseppe Saragat (1898-1988) merge with the Unitarian Socialists, led by Giuseppe Romita (1887-1958), creating the Italian Socialist Party on May 1. On Apr. 9 a 5.5 earthquake rocks El Reno, Okla., with effects felt in a wide area. On Apr. 9 David Oman McKay (1873-1970) becomes pres. #9 of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (until Jan. 18, 1970), going on to preside over an increase in church membership from 1.1M to 2.8M, opposing atheistic Communism and planning a BYU campus in Hawaii, softening the church's stance on Africans holding the priesthood by no longer requiring dark-skinned applicants from South Am., South Africa et al. to prove that their lineage isn't African; he becomes friends with film dir. Cecil B. DeMille, consulting with him during production of the 1956 film "The Ten Commandments". On Apr. 11 having concluded that victory in Korea is impossible without starting WWIII, and having resisting all pressure to nuke North Korea and/or China and/or every Commie on the planet, deciding instead to hold the 38th parallel and seek a negotiated settlement, only to see Gen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) differ with him publicly and even advocate widening the war to China, U.S. pres. Harry S. Truman relieves MacArthur from command in Korea, saying that he "is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the U.S. government and the United Nations"; Sen. Joseph McCarthy blasts him for it, saying that "Truman is surrounded by the Jessups, the Achesons, the old Hiss crowd. Most of the tragic things are done at 1:30 and 2 o'clock in the morning when they've had time to get the President cheerful"; MacArthur is replaced by Gen. Matthew Bunker Ridgway (1895-1993), and command of the Eighth Army is given to Lt. Gen. James Alward Van Fleet (1892-1992); on Apr. 19 MacArthur gives a Farewell Address to Congress, uttering the immortal soundbytes: "In war there can be no substitute for victory" and "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away"; on Apr. 21 he is given a ticker tape parade in New York City; on Apr. 24 the Senate votes to investigate the admin.'s Far East policy and MacArthur's dismissal, holding hearings on May 3-June 25 which end in approval of a limited war in Korea. On Apr. 15 Michiel P. "Michael" Gorsira (1914-94) becomes the first gov. of Curacao (until 1967). On Apr. 15 Western series The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickock debuts on CBS-TV (ABC-TV in 1957-8) for 113 episodes (until May 16, 1958), starring Guy Madison (Robert Ozell Moseley) (1922-96) as U.S. Marshal James Butler "Wild Bill" Hicock (who rides the horse Buckshot), and 300-lb. Andrew Vabre "Andy" Devine (1905-77) as his comical raspy-voiced deputy Jingles P. Jones. On Apr. 16 British sub HMS Affray (built 1944) sinks in the English Channel, killing 75. On Apr. 18 Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez (1907-66) becomes PM of Dutch Antilles (until Dec. 8, 1954). On Apr. 18 the Schuman Plan (Paris) Treaty, designed to pool Western Europe's coal and steel production is signed in Paris, creating the European Coal and Steel Community, calling it "the real foundation of Europe"; German parliamentary leader Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo (1904-64) becomes pres. of the 6-nation Schuman Plan Committee, charged with drafting a constitution for a proposed European federation. On Apr. 18 creaky Portuguese dictator pres. (since Dec. 29, 1926) Gen. Antonio de Fragoso Carmona (b. 1869) dies, and his slightly less creaky protege (an economist) Gen. Antonio (António) de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970), whom he had put in power in 1932 becomes acting pres. of the unhappy military nuthouse; on Aug. 9 young whippersnapper air force marshal Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (1894-1964) becomes puppet pres. #12 of Portugal (until Aug. 9, 1958), with Salazar remaining as PM #100 (until Sept. 25, 1968). On Apr. 21 the Soviet Union forms a nat. Olympic committee in time to particpate in the 1952 Helsinki Winter Games. On Apr. 22-25 the Battle of the Imjin River (Gloster Hill) (Solma-ri) sees 4K troops of the British 29th Brigade and 1st Battalion hold off 27K troops of the Chinese 63rd Army, with 400 "Glorious Glosters" fighting a last stand on Hill 235 (later rename Gloster Hill) against 10K Chinese troops for three nights, giving U.N. forces a chance to regroup and block the Chinese advance on Seoul. On Apr. 24 a train fire in Yokohama, Japan kills 100+. On Apr. 25 U.S. secy. of state Dean Acheson reveals a U.S. commitment made 10 weeks earlier to give military aid to the govt. of Taiwan for "the legitimate self-defense of Formosa". On Apr. 25 Canadian-born Jewish-Am. film dir. Edward Dmytryk (1908-99), one of the Hollywood Ten of 1947 returns from England to the U.S. and turns rat on 26 Commies incl. John Howard Lawson, Adrian Scott, and Albert Maltz, allowing him to resume his Judas, er, career. On Apr. 28 the Liberal Party govt. of Robert Menzies in Australia is reelected for a 2nd term. On Apr. 29 popular veteran Iranian nationalist Mohammed Mossadegh (Mossadeq) (1882-1967) becomes PM of Iran (until 1953); on May 8 after they refuse to negotiate their ongoing ripoff of the Iranian people, his govt. nationalizes the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (British Petroleum), intending to apply oil revenues to pull the nation out of poverty, causing pissed-off Britain (Sept. 10) and the U.S. to impose sanctions, and the CIA, led by Buenos Aires-born agent Kermit "Kim" Roosevelt Jr. (1916-2000) (grandson of Teddy Roosevelt) to begin making secret plans to overthrow him after British intel agent Christopher Montague Woodhouse convinces Ike of the Communist threat to hide the oil profit motive; Mossadegh's public behavior of frequently fainting and weeping in the Majlis (parliament) doesn't help him?; "Never had so few lost so much so stupidly and so fast" (Dean Acheson on BP). In Apr. Cahiers du Cinema (Cinéma) (Notebooks on Cinema) begins pub. in Paris, France by Andre Bazin (1918-58), Jacques Doniol-Valcroze (1920-89), Joseph-Marie Lo Duca (1905-2004)< et al., going on to reinvent the basic tenets of film theory and criticism, becoming the oldest film mag. to survive to modern times. In Apr.-May the Chinese stage a final offensive in Korea, causing the U.S. Eighth Army to fall back. On May 1 the Grande Theatre in Geneva, Switzerland nearly burns down after a fire starts onstage. On May 600K march for peace and freedom in Germany. On May 2 the German Federal Repub. is made a full member of the Council of Europe, participating in its regular session at Strasburg. On May 3 English king George VI inaugurates the Festival of Britain at a service in St. Paul's Cathedral, and attends the opening of London's Royal Festival Hall on the South Bank of the Thames River in London, becoming the first Grade I listed bldg. since WWII. On May 6 Victor Paz Estenssoro (1907-2001) of the MNR receives nearly 50% of the pres. vote in Bolivia (among six candidates) on a platform of agrarian reform and nationalization of the mines, causing Congress to convene to choose a pres. from the top three candidates; on May 15 pres. Urriolagoitia intervenes, putting the govt. under control of a military junta led by undersecy. for defense gen. Hugo Ballivian (Ballivián) Rojas (1901-95) to seize power (until 1952), and the other side to get really serious?; in Sept. the new govt. agrees "in principle" to a plan for a staff of U.N. experts to improve the tin-horn sagging economy. On May 8 the first Dacron suits for men are introduced. On May 9 Operation Greenhouse stages the first a-bomb test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, followed on May 25 by the first test of a "boosted" A-bomb. On May 9 U.N. forces stage an air raid on Chinese positions on the Yalu River. On May 14 the first volunteer-operated passenger trains begin operation on the narrow-gauge steam Talyllyn Railway. On May 16 El Al Israel Airlines begins the first regularly scheduled transatlantic flights between New York City and London. On May 19 the U.N. begins a counteroffensive in Korea. You're beautiful, you're beautiful, you're beautiful it's true? On May 21 the Ninth Street Show (9th St. Art Exhibition) in New York City marks the advent of the avante-garde abstract expressionist New York School. On May 22 the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacks, and by June regains its positions N of the 38th parallel, and both sides dig in. On May 23 the Chinese force the Tibetan delegation in Beijing to sign the 17 Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet without authorization, forcing the Dalai Lama to surrender his army to Beijing, announcing it on Radio Beijing on May 27, shocking Lhasa and causing the Dalai Lama to rush back to Lhasa on Aug. 17 to negotiate a more favorable treaty; too bad, on Sept. 9 3K Chinese troops march into Lhasa, soon followed by 20K more, occupying all major Tibetan cities and causing him to flee to India. On May 23 after student strikes at the all-black Robert Russa Moton H.S. (founded 1939) in Farmville, Va. near Longwood U., which was deliberately underfunded by the lily white school board, who forced them into "tar-paper shacks", the NAACP files the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County; after the state courts reject the lawsuit, they appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, and it is incorporated into Brown v. Board of Education, causing the h.s. to become known as "the student birthplace of the Am. Civil Rights Movement". On May 24 racial segregation in restaurants in Washington, D.C. is ruled illegal. On May 27 Socialist mayor of Vienna Theodore Koerner is elected as Austria's 2nd postwar pres. (until 1957). On May 31 the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) goes into effect, replacing the 69 Articles of War enacted on June 30, 1775 and the 101 Articles of War enacted on Apr. 10, 1806. On June 1 the Henderson Plant in 16 mi. SE of Las Vegas, Nev. opens, becoming the first self-contained titanium plant, supplementing their magnesium capability. On June 4 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules by 6-2 Dennis v. U.S. to uphold the 1940 U.S. (Alien Registration) Smith Act and the conviction of 11 Communists because First Amendment protection doesn't extend to a plot to overthrow the govt.; too bad, they didn't actually plot, only preach, causing dissenting Justice Hugo Black to utter the soundbyte: "These petitioners were not charged with an attempt to overthrow the Government. They were not charged with overt acts of any kind designed to overthrow the Government. They were not even charged with saying anything or writing anything designed to overthrow the Government. The charge was that they agreed to assemble and to talk and publish certain ideas at a later date: The indictment is that they conspired to organize the Communist Party and to use speech or newspapers and other publications in the future to teach and advocate the forcible overthrow of the Government. No matter how it is worded, this is a virulent form of prior censorship of speech and press, which I believe the First Amendment forbids. I would hold 3 of the Smith Act authorizing this prior restraint unconstitutional on its face and as applied"; softened in Yates v. U.S. (1957). On June 4 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 7-2 in Garner v. Board of Public Works that a municipal loyalty oath covering the previous five years which was enacted more than five years previous is not an ex post facto law or a bill of attainder. On June 11 Mozambique becomes an overseas province of Portugal. On June 13 former PM #1 (Taoiseach) (1937-48) Eamon de Valera (1882-1975) becomes PM of Ireland again (until June 2, 1954, then Mar. 20, 1957 to June 23, 1959). On June 15 West Coast North Am. Forest Fires begin raging in N.M., Ariz., Calif., Ore. Wash., and B.C. Canada, destroying thousands of acres; on Sept. 21 a forest fire burns 33K acres and 32 bldgs. in Forks, Wash.; on Sept. 26-28 ash from a forest fire in Canada causes the Sun to turn blue in Europe. On June 19 Pres. Truman signs a military manpower bill extending the draft until July 1, 1955, lowering the draft age to 18 and authorizing universal military training at an unspecified future date. On June 23 British diplomat-spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean flee to the lovely Soviet Union. On June 23 a hailstorm in Kan. casues $1.5M crop damage and $14M property damage, becoming the most expensive in U.S. history. On June 25 CBS-TV transmits the first commercial color telecast, a 1-hour Arthur Godfrey special from New York City to four other cities. On June 25 the game show What's the Story debuts on DuMont Network (until Sept. 23, 1955), hosted by Walter Rainey, Walter Kiernan, Al Capp, and John McCaffery, with celebs asked to identify famous events from clues, becoming the last series to air on the DuMont Network. On June 28 Hungarian archbishop Josef Groesz is convicted of conspiring against the govt., and on July 21 all Roman Catholic bishops in Hungary take an oath of allegiance to the Commie govt. after two years of holding out. On June 28 Amos 'n' Andy debuts on CBS-TV (until 1953), based on the WMAQ Chicago Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll radio show of 1928, starring Tim Moore (1887-1958) as George "Kingfish" Stevens, Alvin Childress (1907-86) as Amos Jones, and Spencer Williams (1889-1965) as Andrew Hogg "Andy" Brown, becoming the first U.S. TV series with an all-black cast; too bad, black protests over its racial stereotyping gets it canceled. On June 30 the NAACP begins a legal attack on school segregation and discrimination. In June Dean Rusk gives a speech to the China Inst. in which he calls Chiang Kai-shek the legitimate ruler of China, and calls the Soviet Union the "jealous and implacable master" of Commie China, "whose price of friendship is complete submission", and accuses it of using the "cloak of the Korean aggression" to score inroads into Manchuria, "losing its great Northern areas to the European empire which has stretched out its greedy hands for them for at least a century"; the British protest, the U.S. State Dept. denies that he represents U.S. policy, and finally Dean Acheson holds a press conference saying it represents nothing new. In June Jewish-Am. "All the King's Men" dir. Robert Rossen (1908-66), who had been a member of the Am. Communist Party from 1937-47 takes the 5th Amendment before the House Un-Am. Activities Committee (HUAC), then in May 1953 flip-flops and rat finks 57 names, with the soundbyte "I don't think... that any one individual can indulge himself in the luxury of personal morality or pit it against what I feel today very strongly is the security and safety of the nation"; his unofficial Hollywood blacklisting ends. On July 1 the admin. of Am. Samoa is transferred to the U.S. Dept. of the Interior. On July 9 U.S. pres. Truman asks Congress to formally end the war with Germany, which is done on Oct. 19. On July 9-13 the Great Flood of 1951 in Kan. and Mo. kills 24, injures 1.1K, and causes $760M in property damage. On July 10 despite South Korean objections truce discussions begin in Kaesong between U.N. and Chinese Communist forces; on Oct. 8 they agree to move them to the village of Panmunjom in the DMZ; on Oct. 10-22 they meet to resolve procedural issues, then renew talks on Oct. 25. On July 12 Rene Pleven (1901-93) becomes PM of France (until Mar. 10, 1951); on Oct. 24 he proposes the Pleven Plan to create a European Defence Community (EVG) out of France, Italy, the Benelux nations, and the Federal Repub. of Germany, with its own supranat. European Army; Pleven becomes PM again from Aug. 11, 1951 to Jan. 20, 1952. On July 14 the George Washington Carver Nat. Monument in Diamond, Mo. is dedicated, becoming the first to honor an African-Am. On July 15 a bus plunges off the Harada Bridge into the Tenryu River in Urakawa, Shizuoka, Japan, killing 24. On July 16 after the Royal Question sparked by suspected authoritarian sympathies gave the title of prince regent to his brother Charles on Sept. 20, 1944, king (since Feb. 23, 1934) Leopold III of Belgium (b. 1901) abdicates in favor of his eldest son Baudouin I (1930-93), who on July 17 becomes king #5 of Belgium (until July 31, 1993), becoming the last Belgian sovereign of Congo. On July 20 king Abdullah I Ibn Hussein (b. 1882) of Jordan, founder of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian extremist at the Al-Aqsa (Haram al Sharif) Mosque in Jerusalem, and his son Talal I bin Adullah (1909-72) succeeds him, but is deposed next Aug. 11 for ill health (schizophrenia), and his 16-y.-o. son Crown Prince Hussein bin Talal I (1935-99) succeeds him (until Feb. 7, 1999), with a regency council ruling until his 18th birthday (May 2, 1953); Hussein pursued the gunman, who shot him, but the bullet was deflected by a medal on his uniform given to him by his grandfather. On July 26 Italian PM Alcide de Gasperi's 7th cabinet is sworn-in after a July 3 decision to incl. more liberal members. On July 29 the 1951 (1st) Miss World beauty pageant is held in the Lyceum Ballroom in London, England as part of the Festival of Britain; the winner is 21-y.-o. Miss Sweden Kerstin "Kiki" Haakansson (1929-2011), who is the first and last winner to wear a bikini for the crowning ritual, after which winners wear 1-piece bathing suits. On Aug. 6 a typhoon in Manchuria causes floods, killing 4.8K. On Aug. 11 fighting begins between Peru and Ecuador over a cent.-old border dispute regarding access to Amazon tributaries, and they submit it for mediation to the U.S., Chile, Argentina and Brazil, who convene a conference on Aug. 29 after the clashes stop, causing it to close without action. On Aug. 16 the Mystery of Le Pain Maudit (Cursed Bread) in Pont-Saint-Esprit in SE France sees the pop. plagued with sudden frightful hallucinations; in 2010 it is revealed that the CIA put LSD in their food as part of a secret mind control experiment. On Aug. 29 Japan joins the U.S. Fulbright student exchange program. On Sept. 1 the U.S., Australia and New Zealand sign the ANZUS Treaty, a mutual defense pact. On Sept. 2 West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer tours the newly-restored frescoes of Christian saints in the Marienkirch in Lubeck on its 700th anniv., and 2M postage stamps commemorating the event are issued; next year Konigsberg artist Lothar Malskat (1913-88) admits that he painted the frescoes from pictures of Marlene Dietrich (1901-92), Rasputin, Genghis Khan, et al. after the real ones were damaged by a bomb in 1942, and is arrested and given 18 mo. while his work is erased; when released he becomes a celeb and his work sells. On Sept. 3 the daytime soap opera Search for Tomorrow debuts on CBS-TV; on Mar. 26, 1982 it switches to NBC-TV; the final episode airs on Dec. 26, 1986. On Sept. 3 the London Daily Express reveals the existence of a secret network of tunnels under London, embarrassing the govt. On Sept. 6 amphetiamine addict and prominent Beat Gen. figure Joan Vollmer (b. 1923) is killed by her junkie beau (also a prominent Beat Gen. figure) William Seward Burroughs II (1914-97) in a drunken game of William Tell, after which he spends his career glorifying it and blaming the "Ugly Spirit" for it, with the soundbyte: "I am forced to the appalling conclusion that I would have never become a writer but for Joan's death." On Sept. 8 occupied Japan signs the Treaty of San Francisco with the U.S. and 47 other countries (except the Soviet Union and China, who boycott the conference), ending the War of the Pacific and giving up all its overseas territory incl. Taiwan, but levying no reparations and permitting defensive rearmament; the treaty contains the soundbyte: "The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation, and the threat and use of force as a means of settling international disputes"; on Sept. 8 the U.S. and Japan sign a mutual security treaty in which Japan grants the U.S. the right to maintain military bases on its soil indefinitely and to assist U.N. action in E Asia, while prohibiting Japan from allowing any other nations to have bases on its soil; on Sept. 4 the first live transcontinental broadcast begins from the peace treaty conference, while NBC-TV extends to 61 stations to go coast-to-coast. On Sept. 9 gen. elections in Greece give the conservative Greek Rally Party of Field Marshal Alexander Papagos (1883-1955) a plurality, but parliament becomes deadlocked when it can't obtain a majority, and on Sept. 29 King Paul I appoints Gen. Nikolaos (Nicholas) Plastiras (1883-1953) of the Progressive Union of the Center as PM of a coalition cabinet with the Liberals (until 1952). On Sept. 13-Oct. 15 U.N. forces in Korea capture Heartbreak Ridge N of Yanguu. On Sept. 15 troops of seven nations begin the first joint peacetime maneuvers in Western Europe - a seven-nation army? On Sept. 17 a Life article titled The Gray Lady Reaches 100 first calls The New York Times (founded Sept. 18, 1851) the Gray Lady. On Sept. 20 NATO approves the admission of Greece and Turkey, giving 14 it members. On Sept. 20 the first jet crossing of the North Pole is made. On Sept. 24 the soap opera Love of Life debuts on CBS-TV (until Feb. 1, 1980). On Sept. 30 The Red Skelton Show, starring Vincennes, Ind.-born Richard Bernard "Red" Skelton (1913-97) debuts on NBC-TV, switching in 1953-70 to CBS-TV, becoming "The Red Skelton Hour", then back to NBC-TV (until Aug. 1, 1971), featuring his comic arsenal of funny characters and acrobatic slapstick, plus his talent for cracking up guest stars; "Good night for now, and may God bless." In Sept. the Torquay Round of GATT sees 38 countries meet in Torquay, England and make 8.7K tariff concessions, reducing tariffs to 75% of the 1948 levels; with the U.S. rejection of the Havana Charter, the Gen. Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947 becomes recognized as a world governing body; followed by the Geneva II Round (1955-6). On Oct. 1 the 24th Infantry Regiment, the last all-black military U.S. unit is deactivated. On Oct. 1 U.S. ambassador to Denmark (1949-53) Eugenie (Helen Eugenie Moore) Anderson (1909-97) becomes the first U.S. woman ambassador to sign a treaty. On Oct. 4 Shopper's World in Framingham, Mass. opens, becoming one of the first shopping malls in the U.S. On Oct. 4-10 the New York Yankees (AL) (mgr. Casey Stengel) defeat the New York Giants (NL) (mgr. Leo Durocher) 4-2 to win the Forty-Eighth (48th) World Series; the last WS for Joe DiMaggio, who retires, and the first for rookies Willie Mays and Mickey Mantle (DiMaggio's replacement at center field). On Oct. 6 Communist insurgents in Malaya assassinate British cmdr. Sir Henry Lovell Goldsworthy Gurney (b. 1898) . On Oct. 6 WGBH radio station in Boston, Mass. debuts with a live broadcast of the Boston Symphony Orchestra after being founded by the Lowell Inst., headed by Maj. Ralph Lowell (1890-1978). On Oct. 10 the Mutual Security Agency is established by the U.S. to implement the Marshall Plan and extend military aid to non-Communist countries. On Oct. 15 the U.N. censures Israel for its heavy reprisals against Jordan for border raids. On Oct. 15 I Love Lucy (originally a radio show) (B&W) debuts on CBS-TV for 194 episodes (until May 6, 1957), starring red-headed (henna-dyed) Lucille Ball (1911-89) as Lucy Ricardo, Desi Arnaz (1917-86) as her Cuban hubby Ricky Ricardo, Vivian Vance (1909-79) as friend-landlord Ethel Mertz, and William Frawley (1887-1966) as her hubby Fred Mertz, going on to put on classic episodes incl. the Vitameatavegamin Episode, the Candy Factory Episode, and the Grape-Stomping Episode (the stone stomping trough is called a lagar); in season #2 son "Little Ricky" Ricardo Jr. is born, timed to coincide with the birth of Ball's real son Desi Arnaz Jr.; for four of its six seasons it is the #1 show in the U.S., and ends its run as #1. On Oct. 16 Pakistani PM #1 (since 1947) Liaquat Ali Khan (b. 1896) is assassinated by young political fanatic Said Akbar, and on Oct. 17 gov.-gen. #2 Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin (1894-1964) succeeds him as PM #2 of Pakistan (until Apr. 17, 1953), with the 1-party Muslim League remaining in power. On Oct. 20 CBS-TV begins using its Big-Brother-is-watching-you CBS-TV "Eye" Logo, designed by William Golden. On Oct. 21 a storm in S Italy kills 100+. On Oct. 24 the U.N. issues its first postage stamps. On Oct. 25, 1951 British gen. elections result in the Conservative Party regaining control from the Labour Party, and on Oct. 26 Conservative former PM (1940-5) Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (1874-1965) again becomes PM (until Apr. 5, 1955), with Anthony Eden as his foreign minister. On Oct. 27 King Farouk I of Egypt declares himself king of Sudan, but gains no support. On Nov. 1 the U.S. holds its first military exercises for a possible nuclear war in the Nev. desert, with troops witnessing an atomic explosion. On Nov. 1 the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan proclaims the 1951 Jordan Constitution, establishing a limited monarchy with a parliamentarian govt. On Nov. 1 Jet mag. (weekly) is founded by Ebony pub. John Harold Johnson (1918-2005) of Chicago, Ill., who goes on to become the first African-Am. to be listed on Forbes 400 in 1982. On Nov. 5 the cover story of Time mag. coins the term "Silent Generation" for the generation coming of age, born in 1925-42, sandwiched between the G.I. Generation and Baby Boomer Generation and numerically inferior. On Nov. 9 Norwegian PM (since June 25, 1945) Einar Gerhardsen resigns, and Labor Party leader Oscar Fredrik Torp (1893-1958) becomes PM (until Jan. 22 1955). On Nov. 10 Direct Distance Dialing begins in the U.S. at Englewood, N.J., with 90 area codes; on May 15 AT&T (founded 1876) becomes the first U.S. corp. with 1M shareholders; by the end of the decade it has 100M telephones in service (half the world total), and extends long distance to overseas calls. On Nov. 11 Juan Peron is reelected as pres. of Argentina (until Sept. 21, 1955). On Nov. 14 an agreement is signed in Belgrade giving U.S. military aid to Yugoslavia under the Mutual Security Program. On Nov. 18 See It Now, hosted by journalist Edward R. (Egbert Roscoe) Murrow (1908-65) and adapted from his 1950 radio news program "Hear It Now" debuts on CBS-TV (until July 7, 1958), along with This I Believe (until 1955); Pall Mall-smoking Murrow stuffs them into a Kent box to please his sponsor. On Nov. 20 the Po River in N Italy floods - too po' to pay attention? On Nov. 25 two passenger trains collide in Woodstock, Ala., killing 15 passengers and two employees. On Nov. 27 Korean truce delegates in a plenary session approve a provisional ceasefire line to go into effect if armistice terms can be negotiated within 30 days, but on Dec. 27 the talks stall on POW exchanges and the building of airfields in North Korea. On Nov. 27 the first rocket intercept of an airplane is performed at White Sands, N.M. On Nov. 27 the twice-weekly 15-min. The Dinah Shore Show debuts on NBC-TV (until July 18, 1957), sponsored by Chevrolet, sponsored by radio singing star Dinah (Frances Rose) Shore (1916-94), the first Jewish cheerleader at Vanderbilt U. On Dec. 4 Mt. Catarman in the Philippines erupts for the first time since 1875, emitting superheated gases that kill 500. On Dec. 4 the Gillingham Bus Disaster sees a bus plow into a column of marching marine cadets in Gillingham, Kent, England, killing 24 and injuring 18. On Dec. 6 Egypt declares a state of emergency after increasing riots. On Dec. 9 a referendum approves the merger of three states to form Baden-Wurttemberg (Baden-Württemberg) in West Germany. On Dec. 13 a water tank in Tucumcari, N.M. collapses, killing four and destroying 200 bldgs.; several witnesses claim to see a fireball plunge into or near it first. On Dec. 16 the 30-min. police procedural drama Dragnet, "a Mark VII Production", based on the 1949-57 NBC radio show debuts on NBC-TV for 276 episodes (until Aug. 23, 1959, then 1967-70, 1989-91, 1 hour show in 2003-4), displaying a badge with the number 714; John Randolph "Jack" Webb (1920-82) plays morally rigid Sgt. Joe Friday; the cool Dragnet Theme is by Walter Schumann; the opening says "This is the city, Los Angeles, California. Every 60 seconds a crime is committed in Los Angeles. In the Los Angeles Police Dept.'s communications center, the telephone rings every 20 seconds, 24 hours a day. Of the 3 million people who live in Los Angeles, 35 thousand of them are known murderers, rapists and thieves. They outnumber the police force seven to one. Every time a policeman answers a call, he takes a calculated risk. There will always be somebody out there who doesn't like him. There are over five thousand men in this city who know that being a policeman is an endless, thankless, glamorous job that's got to be done. I know it too, and I'm damn glad I'm one of them"; the wrapup says "The story you have just seen is true. Only the names have been changed to protect the innocent"; 15 shots are fired in the first 60 episodes. On Dec. 20 Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-)1 in Arco, Idaho opens, becoming the first nuclear power plant, producing 800 lousy watts. On Dec. 23 Belgium finally electrifies. On Dec. 24 the U.S. grants Libya independence from Italy under king #1 (nnly) Idris I (1890-1983) (until Sept. 1, 1969), grandson of Senussi movement founder (1837) Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi (1787-1859); he presides over a prosperous economy based on oil; too bad, he pisses-off Pan-Arabists by being too friendly with the U.S. (and its Wheelus AFB near Tripoli) and U.K., even during the 1956 Suez Crisis, ending up its last king. On Dec. 24 Hallmark Hall of Fame debuts on NBC-TV, based on the CBS Radio show "The Hallmark Playhouse" (1948), becoming the first TV series produced by a major corp. to promote its products (later the last); the first episode is the opera Amahl and the Night Visitors by Gian Carlo Menotti, starring Chet Allen and Rosemary Kuhlmann; in 1954- it is shown in color; in 1979 it switches to CBS-TV, followed by PBS-TV (1981), ABC-TV (1989-2014), and the Hallmark Channel (2014-), becoming the longest-running prime-time series in TV history. On Dec. 26 the freighter Flying Enterprise, with 10 passengers and 40 crew, captained by Henrik Kurt Carlsen (1914-89) of the U.S. hits a Force 12 storm with 60 ft. waves and ends up listing to 65 deg., causing all to be evacuated except the Capt., who remains alone waiting for a salvage tug while grabbing internat. headlines, becoming known as "Stay-Put Carlsen" and "Captain Courageous", and receiving a ticker tape parade in New York City next Jan. 17. On Dec. 24 black teacher Harry Tyson Moore (b. 1905), who founded the first branch of the NAACP in Brevard County, Fla. is killed by a bomb, becoming the first NAACP activist to be martyred. On Dec. 30 The Roy Rogers Show debuts on NBC-TV for 100 episodes (until June 9, 1957), starring Cincinnati, Ohio-born Roy Rogers (Leonard Franklin Slye) (1911-98) and his Uvalde, Tex.-born 2nd wife (since 1947) Dale Evans (Lucille Wood Smith) (Frances Octavia Smith) (1912-2001; the theme song Happy Trails is written by Dale Evans. In Dec. Am.-born Greek soprano Maria Callas (1923-77) makes her official debut at La Scala in "I Vespri Siciliani"; in 1954 she makes her U.S. debut in Chicago in Bellini's "Norma", followed in Nov. 1956 by the same role in the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Robert Abercrombie Lovett (1895-1986), son of Union Pacific Railroad pres. Robert Scott Lovett (1860-1932) is appointed U.S. defense secy. (until Jan. 20, 1953), becoming known as "the architect of the Cold War", going on to reverse the U.S. disarmament policy begun at the end of WWII, uttering the soundbyte "Heretofore this country has only had two throttle settings, one, wide open for war, and the other, tight shut for peace. What we are really trying to do is to find a cruising speed" - lovett or leave it? Ernst Reuter (d. 1953) is reelected mayor of West Berlin. Ben-Gurion's govt. in Israel is dissolved, and a new coalition formed. Nigeria implements a new constitution providing for elected regional representation. Sierra Leone receives its first 1951 Sierra Leone Constitution. Red China forces its millions of Roman Catholics to cut ties with the Vatican; the pope can be recognized as a spiritual leader, but worship is allowed only in govt.-controlled churches, causing millions to meet illegally in underground churches. Campus Crusade for Christ (Cru) is founded at UCLA by Bill Bright and Vonette Zachary Bright, reaching 25K missionaries in 191 countries by 2011;in the 1960s it tries to counter the counterculture movement, holding concerts and sermons by Billy Graham et al., organizing counter-demonstrations against the New Left and Students for a Dem. Society (SDS), launching the Christian World Liberation Front (CWLF); in 1972 it holds Explo '72 at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Tex., attended by 80K (95% white) and becoming known as the Christian Woodstock; it is followed by Explo '74 in Seoul, South Korea, which attracts 300K; in 1991 it moves its HQ to Orlando, Fla. Gandhi disciple Vinobha Bhave begins a campaign in Hyderabad to beg for land to give to the landless, obtaining a total of 5M acres. The paranoid U.S. govt. begins the CONELRAD (Control of Electromagnetic Radiation) system of shifting AM station broadcast frequencies to prevent possible use of their radio beams by enemy aircraft for navigation (ends 1963). The 43-mi. Liberian Railroad links the Bomi Hills to the capital city Monrovia, a big step towards opening up the interior. A definitive agreement for the joint defense of Greenland within the framework of NATO is signed with Denmark. Royal Prince Souphanouvong of Laos, half-brother of Prince Souvanna Phouma organizes the Pathet Lao ("Land of Laos") Communist independence movement in North Vietnam. King Tribhubana Bir Bikram (1906-55) of Nepal proclaims a constitutional monarchy with a cabinet after taking all power from the Rana family, which has ruled under the office of PM since 1846. U.N. secy.-gen. Trygve Lie's term in office expires this year, but he is asked to stay in office until Apr. 1953. The entire Jewish community (130K+) flees Iraq for Israel, leaving behind assets estimated at over $150M; Cuba supplies planes and pilots to bring nearly 150K Jews to Israel from Iraq, Iran, Yemen, and India by 1953, although it is kept secret until 2010; meanwhile the Arab League establishes the Bureau for Boycotting Israel in Damascus, Syria, and Iraq joins it, banning dealings with Israeli cos. and those with Israeli shareholders; Israel's desire to get the sanctions lifted later causes them to pressure the U.S. into the 2003 Iraq War? Warrenton Training Center in Warenton, Va. is established by the CIA for signals intel et al., housing an underground relocation bunker for the U.S. govt. (until ?). After Cajun Dem. La. state senator (since 1948) Dudley Joseph "Coozan Dud" LeBlanc (1894-1971) unloads it to Yankee investors for $8.2M, LeBlanc Corp., maker of pricey Hadacol (a B-vitamin tonic containing 12% alcohol served in dry counties in shot glasses, named after his former Happy Day Co.) goes bankrupt after spending too much on advertising and after the FTC labels its ads "false, misleading and deceptive"; on the Feb. 28, 1951 episode of "You Bet Your Life", Groucho Marx (who appeared along with Chico Marx, Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland in his Southern traveling medicine show) asks him what Hadacol is good for, and he replies "It was good for five and a half million for me last year". Closet gay artist Emile Norman (1918-) holds his first major show at the Feingarten Gallery in New York City, later becoming one of the top artists and celebs in gay-friendly San Francisco, Calif., living in Big Sur (since 1946) with his gay partner Brooks Clement (-1973). Aden adopts a decimal currency system. The CIA warns Pres. Truman of possible sleeper cells that might smuggle nukes into the U.S. and set them off, saying they have "no scruples about employing any weapon or tactic". Ronald Reagan emcees the first Animal Humane Assoc. Patsy (Picture Animal Top Star of the Year) ceremony, which is won by Francis the Talking Mule, who joins Lassie and Higgins (Benji) in the Animal Hall of Fame. The term "fast food" first appears in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. Ida Goldstein and her son Jerome begin selling Scott's Liquid Gold a furniture polish (mixed from a formula bought from a door-to-door salesman) from their home in Congress Park in Denver, Colo. (known for its public swimming pool, which young TLW liked to hang around in during the summers). The term "blastoff" is coined. Topps Chewing Gum Co., maker of Bazooka Gum markets their first baseball cards. Hard-boiled detective Mike Hammer creator Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) does a Caligula and converts to the Jehovah's Witnesses - and knocks on doors without carrying a piece? Mike Wallace and wife Buff Cobb host Two Sleepy People, a weekday celebrity chit-chat TV show broadcast in color as an experiment. Grove Press is founded in New York City, becoming known for introducing risque authors incl. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), Jack Kerouac (1922-69), and Antonin Artaud (1896-1948), and pub. the lit. mag. Evergreen Review; it pub. D.H. Lawrence's "Lady Chatterley's Lover" and goes to court all the way to a big V; in 1959 Richard Seaver (1926-2009) joins it, rising to ed.-in-chief, going on to pub. Henry Miller (1891-1980), William S. Burroughs (1914-97), Hubert Selby Jr. (1928-2004) et al.; in 1965 they pub. the French B&D novel "The Story of O" - your honor, we'd like to withdraw our plea of not guilty and enter a plea of screw you? TV replaces radio as the main popular entertainment in the U.S.; the first Nielsen TV Audience Ratings come out (1950-1 season), rating Milton Berle's "Texaco Star Theatre" (vaudeville comedy) as #1, "Fireside Theatre" (TV's first major filmed dramatic anthology) as #2, "Philco TV Playhouse" as #3, "Your Show of Shows" (Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca) as #4, "The Colgate Comedy Hour" (Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis) as #5, "Gillette Calvacade of Sports" as #6, "The Lone Ranger" as #7, "Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts" as #8, "Hopalong Cassidy" (William Boyd) as #9, and "Mama" (Peggy Wood and Dick Van Patten) as #10. The U.S. produces 200 tons of penicillin and 175 tons of streptomycin this year. The Shakespeare Inst. is founded at Mason Croft in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, home of British novelist Marie Corelli, moving in the 1970s to the U. of Birmingham, becoming the first center for postgraduate study of William Shakespeare and the lit. of the English Renaissance; in the 1980s it moves back to Mason Croft, and in 1996 it opens the Shakespare Inst. Library. The Freedom Trail is completed; it ends in Boston Common in Mass. Lebanese U. in Lebanon is founded on Dec. 3. Russian-born Am. capitalist imperialist pig-hating Neo-Marxist economist Paul Alexander Baran (1909-64) becomes the only tenured Marxist economist in the U.S. at Stanford U. (until 1964). After being contacted by Ascended Master El Morya in 1944 and anointed as a Messenger for the Great White Brotherhood, Geraldine Innocente (-1961) founds the Bridge to Freedom New Age church; next year she claims to receive the following message from Sanat Kumara: "I had nothing to work with but Light and Love, and many centuries passed before even two lifestreams applied for membership - One, later became Buddha (now, Lord of the World, the Planetary Logos Gautama Buddha) and the Other, became the Cosmic Christ (Lord Maitreya, now the Planetary Buddha). The Brotherhood has grown through these ages and centuries until almost all the offices are held now by those belonging to the evolution of Earth and those who have volunteered to remain among her evolution"; after she passes on June 21, 1961, Elizabeth Clare Wulf (Prophet) claims to be contacted by Master Morya and selected as the next Messenger. The Nat. Ballet of Canada in Toronto, Ont. is founded by British-born dancer Celia Franca (1921-2007), and debuts in Eaton Auditorium on Nov. 12 - coolest profile of the decade? Columbia Pictures announces that Mary Pickford, who retired in 1933 will make a comeback in the Stanley Kramer anti-censorship film "The Library", but she pulls out 1 mo. before filming begins, and Bette Davis replaces her under the new title "Storm Center" (released 1956). The 50-50 Club, a radio show founded in the 1930s, then aired on WLWT in Cincinnato, Ohio, hosted by lily-white Ruth Lyons (1905-88) debuts on NBC-TV as a daily 1-hour broadcast featuring 50 women invited to lunch and always wearing white gloves, becoming the first TV talk show and generating $2M a year in ad revenue, boosting the Kroger Co. et al.; in 1952 she dances with black opera singer Arthur Lee Simpkins "to put him at ease", shocking her mainly white women viewers, which she handles by criticizing them as chickens. Austrian actor-playwright Helmut Qualtinger (1928-86) stages a prank in Vienna, getting the newspapers to announce the arrival of famous Inuit poet Kobuk, then dressing up in fur and stepping off the train and announcing "It's hot here." Ukrainian-born Jewish-Am. actor Israel "Lee" Strasberg (1901-82) becomes dir. of the Actor's Studio, spawning a gen. of top Hollywood actors incl. Elia Kazan, James Dean, Montgomery Clift, Marlon Brando, Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, Paul Newman, Robert De Niro, and Al Pacino. Am. writer Philip Wylie (1902-71) pub. "Anyone Can Raise Orchids" in the Saturday Evening Post, causing mass growing of orchids by gardeners. The cartoon The Common Man by Rasipuram Krishnaswamy Laxman (1924-) debuts in the Times of India. Firestone Corp. is awarded a $7M contract for 200 MGM-5 Corporal surface-to-surface guided missiles, with a 139km range, which are later modified to carry a nuclear warhead, carried by six U.S. battalions in Europe despite being unreliable and inaccurate; in 1959 the Corgi Corporal die-cast toy is released to coincide with a British test-firing; it is replaced in 1964 by the MGM-29 Sergeant missile. The Chrysler Imperial becomes the first mass-produced automobile with power steering, called Hydraglide. Chinese-born computer researcher An Wang (1920-90) founds Wang Labs. in Tewskbury, Mass., later selling his 1955 core memory patent to IBM for $500K. Sports: On Jan. 6 Indianapolis defeats Rochester by 75-73 in six OT periods, becoming the longest NBA game (until ?). On Jan. 6 5'9" light heavyweight champion (1945) Isiah "Ike" Williams (1923-94) defeats popular Argentine boxer Jose Maria Gatica (1925-63) ("El Mono"), then is defeated in May by James Walter "Jimmy" Carter (1923-94), who becomes lightweight boxing champ (until 1952). On Feb. 14 after KOing George Costner last year in 2 min. 49 sec. for trying to steal his nickname, welterweight champ (since 1946) "the Prince of Harlem" Sugar Ray Robinson (Walker Smith Jr.) (1921-89) defeats "the Raging Bull" "the Bronx Bull" Giacobbe "Jake" LaMotta (1921-) in the "St. Valentine's Day Massacre" (their 6th and final bout) with a 13th round TKO to win the world middleweight title, then becomes a hero in Paris since they hate LaMotta for defeating Marcel Cerdan in 1949, then loses and regains the title in London to Randy Turpin, then next year defeats Rocky Graziano before being defeated by Joey Maxim in 103F heat, retiring with a 131-3-1-1 record (until 1955). On Mar. 2 the first NBA All-Star Game, brainchild of league public relations dir. (1950-69) Haskell Cohen (1914-2000) is held in Boston, Mass.; East (coach Joe Lapchick) defeats West (coach John Kundla) by 111-94 before 10,094 fans; players receive a $25 savings bond; 6'8" Boston Celtics center Charles Edward "Easy Ed" Macauley (1928-2011) (#22) scores 20 points and grabs six rebounds while holding Minneapolis Lakers star George Mikan to 4-for-17 shooting and 12 points; in 1953 the NBA decides to begin awarding a NBA All-Star Game MVP Award, retroactively awarding it to Ed Macauley for 1951 and Paul Arizin for 1952; in 1960 Macauley becomes the youngest male player admitted to the basketball hall of fame (until ?). In Mar. the U. of Ky. defeats Kansas State U. by 68-58 to win the NCAA title; too bad, on Feb. 18, 1951 the CCNY Point Shaving Scandal starts with the arrest of City College of New York players incl. Ed Warner, Ed Roman, and Al Roth after a sting operation uncovers organized crime hanky-panky in the 1950 NCAA Men's Div. 1 Basketball Tournament involving the CCNY Beavers, growing to 33 players in 6+ other schools, incl. the U. of Ky. in fall 1952 (accused over a 4-year period), causing the MVP award of 7'0" Wildcats senior (center) William Edwin "Bill" Spivey (1929-95) (#77) (who denies involvement, only to be charged with perjury, ruining his career and his life) to be vacated, and CCNY to be banned from playing at Madison Square Garden; coach Nat Holman is cleared of wrongdoing; the U. of Ky. Wildcats become the first college sports team to get the "death penalty" of being banned from the NCAA tournament, freezing-out sophomores Frank Vernon Ramsey Jr. (1931-) (#30), Clifford Oldham "Cliff" "Li'l Abner" Hagan (1931-) (#6), and Louis C. "Lou" Tsioropoulos (1930-) (#16), who are all selected by the Boston Celtics in the 1953 NBA Draft but return to the U. of Ky. for one more season after graduating, helping them to a perfect 25-0 record, gaining them a #1 AP ranking and an invitation to the NCAA tournament, which they decline because postgrads aren't allowed to participate; in 1951 college dropout Walter Byers (1922-) is hired as the NCAA dir. (until 1988) to clean up their image, immediately expanding the NCAA men's basketball tournament from 8 to 16 teams, then using his power to negotiate TV contracts that turn NCAA into a billion-dollar empire, leading to a 1984 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that frees schools to negotiate individual contracts; by 2011 the men's basketball tournament brings in $771M from CBS-TV and TBS. On Apr. 7-21 the 1951 NBA Finals sees the Rochester Royals (coach Les Harrison) defeat the New York Knickerbockers (coach Joe Lapchick) by 4-3; first finals for both teams. On Apr. 7-June 3 the first ABC Masters bowling tournament is held in St. Paul, Minn., with 32 bowlers invited incl. the 6-man African-Am. Allen and Sons Supermarket team from Inkster, Mich.; the winner is Lee Jouglard (1921-78); in 2000 it becomes one of the four majors. On Apr. 11-21 the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals see the Toronto Maple Leafs defeat the Montreal Canadiens 4-1, becoming their 9th title and last in a series of six titles starting in 1942; the first in a string of 10 straight appearances by Montreal; all five games go into OT. In Apr. Curtis Edward "Curt" Gowdy (1919-2006) becomes the radio voice of the Boston Red Sox (until 1965). On Apr. 25 the 1951 NBA Draft sees 10 teams select 87 players in 12 rounds; 5'11" guard Myler Upton "Whitey" Skoog (1926-) of the U. of Minn. is the territorial pick of the Minneapolis Lakers (#41); 5'8" point guard Eugene "Gene" "Squeaky" Melchiorre (1927-) of Bradley U. is selected #1 by the Baltimore Bullets, but prevented from playing due to the point-shaving scandal; 6'6" forward-center Melvin R. "Mel" Hutchins (1928-) of Brigham Young U. (brother of 1952 Miss America Colleen Kay Hutchins, and uncle of Kiki Vandewegh) is selected #2 by the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (#14), becoming co-leader of the NBA in total rebounds (880) as a rookie, sharing the sportswriters rookie of the year award with Bill Tosheff, switching to the Fort Wayne Pistons (#9) in 1957-8, and the New York Knicks (#46) in 1957-8; 6'1" guard Donald J. "Don" Sunderlage (1929-61) of the U. of Ill. is selected #9 by the Philadelphia Warriors, who trade him to the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (#11) in 1953, who trade him in 1954 to the Minneapolis Lakers (#18), playing for them only one season. On May 25 outfielder William Howard "Willie" Mays Jr. (1931-), "the Say Hey Kid" makes his ML debut in Philly with the New York Giants as #24 19 days after his 20th birthday after only 3 mo. with the Class AAA Minneapolis Millers; on May 24 he is sitting in a movie theater in Sioux City, Iowa when a message flashes across the screen reading "WILLIE MAYS CALL YOUR HOTEL"; after he retires the Giants open their HQ at 24 Willie Mays Plaza; his jersey, complete with a patch on the right arm is appraised at $60K at the end of the cent. On May 30 the 1951 (35th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Lee Wallard (1910-63) in his 99 Belanger Special despite bad brakes, damaged exhaust pipe, and broken shock absorber mounting, losing 15 lbs. from the fire retardant outfit sans undershirt; only eight cars finish the race; a week later Wallard gets in a fiery crash in Reading, Penn., ending his career. On June 15 Joe Louis (1914-81) scores his last KO vs. Lee Savold in Madison Square Garden in New York City; on Oct. 26 he is KOd at Madison Square Garden by Rocky Marciano (1923-69). On July 14 Citation (1945-70) becomes the first horse to win $1M. On July 18 "Jersey" Joe Walcott (Arnold Raymond Cream) (1914-94) KOs Ezzard Charles in round 7 in Pittsburgh, Penn. to become world heavyweight boxing champ #17 (until 1952) (oldest so far) (37) (until ?). On Aug. 19 coach Bill Veeck of the Cleveland Browns sends in 3'7" midget Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel (1925-61) (wearing uniform number 1/8) to pinch-hit after he jumps out of a cake. On Sept. 28 Los Angeles Rams QB Norman Mack "Norm" "the Dutchman" Van Brocklin (1926-83) passes for an NFL game record 554 yards, which stands until ?; he also leads the Rams to an NFL title against the Cleveland Browns with co-QB Bob Waterfield. Wayne Woodrow "Woody" Hayes (1913-87) becomes head coach of the Ohio State U. Buckeyes football team (until 1978), going on to compile a 205-61-10 record (76.1%) incl. three nat. titles (1954, 1957, 1968) and 13 Big Ten Conference championships. Don't Americans have interesting lives? On Oct. 3 (3:38 p.m. EST) during the first ML playoff for a pennant since the NL in 1946 and AL in 1948, "the Shot Heard 'Round the World", AKA "the Little Miracle at Coogans Bluff" (game score 4-1 Brooklyn) sees a bases-loaded walk-off homer scored on the 2nd pitch by Scottish-born New York Giants outfielder (#23) Robert Brown "Bobby" Thomson (1923-2010) ("the Flying Scot") ("the Staten Island Scot") off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher (#13) Ralph Theodore Joseph Branca (1926-) in the last half of the 9th inning of the 3rd playoff game at the Polo Grounds, sailing into the lower left field stands and winning the game 5-4 along with the NL pennant 2-1 for the hapless Giants from the mighty Dodgers in a great Am. sports moment; on Aug. 11 Brooklyn was 13-1/2 games ahead of the Giants, but they won their next 16 games and finished the season on a 26-22 clip, winning 37 of the last 44 games incl. the last 7 in a row, then won a 14-inning V over last year's champions the Philadelphia Phillies, tying Brooklyn with a 96-58 season record to force the best-of-3 pennant series; sportscaster Russell Patrick "Russ" Hodges (1910-71) shouts "The Giants have won the pennant!" 3x in a row, and that evening Thomson appears on Perry Como's show on NBC-TV, acting soused; even though there was nobody on first, mgr. Charlie Dressen ordered Branca not to walk Thomson because 20-y.-o. black rookie Willie Mays was in the on-deck circle; Carroll Lockman "Whitey" Lockman (1926-2009) (whose 1-out double scored Alvin Dark, making the score 4-2 and knocking pitcher Don Newcombe out of the game, causing Branca to be called in as a relief pitcher) is on 2nd, and Clinton Clarence "Clint" "Floppy" Hartung (1922-2010) is on 3rd, subbing for Donald Frederick "Don" Mueller (1927-), who broke his ankle sliding into 3rd, missing seeing the big homer; the next day a dozen baseballs are claimed to be the home run ball, after which a mysterious Franciscan nun is found to have kept it in a shoebox for 50+ years, after which her biological sister sends it to a landfill; in Feb. 2001 the Wall Street Journal reports that the Giants began a legal sign-stealing scheme in July 1951, which might have helped Thomson know what pitch was coming. Robert Leo "Bob" Sheppard (1910-2010) becomes the announcer for the New York Yankees, announcing over 4.5K games before his 2007 retirement incl. 22 AL pennants and 13 WS titles. On Oct. 20 the Johnny Bright Incident in Stillwater, Okla. sees African-Am. Drake U. football player John D. "Johnny" Bright (1930-83) violently assaulted on the field after a play by white Okla. State U. player Wilbanks Smith, breaking his jaw; Drake loses 27-14; Smith is never disciplined. On Nov. 14 1949 Indy 500 winner Bill Holland (1907-84) is suspended from Indy racing for one year for competing in a 3-lap Lion's Club NASCAR charity race in Opa-locka Fla. On Dec. 11 despite receiving the highest salary in sports, New York Yankees center fielder (#5) (since May 3, 1936) Joseph Paul "Joe" DiMaggio (1914-99) announces his retirement; his last ML appearance was on Sept. 30; his career statistics incl. .325 batting avg., 361 home runs, and 1,537 RBI, plus 13 All-Star selections, 9 WS titles, 3 AL MVPs, and a ML record 56 consecutive games with a hit. Babe Didrikson Zaharias (1911-56), the best known female athlete of the first half of the 20th cent. is named best female athlete of the first half cent. by AP. Sicilian-born Enrico "Hank" Marino of Milwaukee, Wisc. is elected best U.S. bowler of the first half cent. This year is the first that the NFL championship game is televised; they don't make a rerun tape for it. Citation (1945-70) wins the Hollywood Gold Cup horse race, bringing his total winnings to over $1M, then retires. Billy Maxwell wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Ben Hogan wins the U.S. Open. Australia defeats the U.S. to win the Davis Cup of tennis; Frank Sedgman wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Maureen Catherine "Little Mo" Connolly (1934-) wins the women's singles title. The Jack LaLanne Show debuts on KGO-TV in San Francisco, Calif., airing on the ABC-TV network in 1959, and becoming the longest-running TV exercise program (until 1985); stars 5'6" Am. fitness guru Francois Henri "Jack" LaLanne (1914-2011), who wears a weird faggoty body-hugging nylon jumpsuit; in 1954 he swims the 1.7 mi. length of the Golden Gate Bridge underwater with 140 lbs. of equipment strapped on; in 1955 he swims from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf while handcuffed; in 1956 he sets a world record of 1,033 pushups in 23 min.; in 1957 he swims Golden Gate Channel while towing a 2.5K-lb. cabin cruiser; in 1984 at age 70 he tows 70 rowboats handcuffed and shackled from Queen's Way Bridge in Long Beach Harbor to the Queen Mary, a distance of 1 mi. A record basketball crowd of 75K watch the Harlem Globetrotters perform at Berlin Olympic Stadium. Greek prof. gambler Nicholas Andreas "Nick the Greek" Dandolos (1883-1966) (known for escorting Albert Einstein around Las Vegas introducing him as "Little Al from Princeton", who "controls a lot of the action around Jersey") plays a 2-person poker match in Jan.-May against fellow pro Johnny Moss (1907-95), which later inspires the World Series of Poker; after losing $2M-$4M, Nick utters the soundbyte "Mr. Moss, I have to let you go." The Tri-Cities Blackhawks NBA team (founded 1946) becomes the Milwaukee Hawks; in 1955 it becomes the St. Louis Hawks; in 1968 it becomes the Atlanta Hawks. Dean Larsen is named the first Joe Bowler at the ABC Open Championships in his hometown of St. Paul, Minn. Architecture: On Jan. 8 the Secretariat Bldg. of the new windowy U.N. HQ (begun Sept. 14, 1948) officially opens in Manhattan, New York City for 3.3K employees on 17 acres of land on 1st Ave. between 42nd and 48th Sts. on rundown Turtle Bay overlooking the East River, donated by John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his son Nelson Rockefeller, allowing the U.N. to move on May 18 from temporary HQ in Lake Success, Long Island to its permanent home; architects incl. Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, and Harrison & Abramovitz; it is completed next Oct. 9 at a cost of $65M. Anchorage Internat. Airport is built; in 2000 it is renamed for U.S. Sen. (R-Alaska) (1968-2009) Ted Stevens; located equidistant from Tokyo, Frankfurt, and New York City, and lying within 9.5 hours by air of 90% of the industrialized world, it becomes a major hub for FedEx. The foundation stone of the British Nat. Theatre is laid at London's South Bank; Robert Matthew builds the Royal Festival Hall on the South Bank, and Gerald Barry and Hugh Cassin stage the Festival of Britain there. The Circle in the Square Theatre at 235 West 50th St. in Manhattan, N.Y. is founded by Theodore Mann et al. as a cabaret located at 5 Sheridan Square in Greenwich Village, moving in 1960 to 159 Bleecker St. in Greenwich Village, and the present location in 1972, opening on Nov. 15, 1972 with a revival of "Mourning Becomes Electra", becoming one of only two Broadway theaters with a thrust stage (after the Vivian Beaumont Theater in Lincoln Center). Marcel Breuer designs the dormitory at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designs the Lake Shore Drive Apts. skyscraper bldg. in Chicago, Ill. After it was bombed on Nov. 14, 1940 by the Luftwaffe, Scottish architect Sir Basil Urwin Spence (1907-76) begins the new modernist Hollington sandstone Coventry Cathedral in England, with the ruins of the old cathedral kept in a garden of remembrance, and an 80-ft. (24m) fleche (spire); on Mar. 23, 1956 Elizabeth II lays the foundation stone; it is consecrated on May 25, 1962; the interior features a huge tapestry of Jesus Christ by Graham Sutherland, the Mater Dolorosa sculpture by John Bridgeman, and a Baptistry window designed by John Piper; on May 30, 1962 Benjamin Britten debuts his War Requiem, Op. 66 in honor of the occasion. The Peace Bridge (Friedensbrucke) (Friedensbrücke) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany is completed, becoming the last of the city's seven bridges (all destroyed during the war) to be restored. The College Football Hall of Fame is planned for Rutgers U. in New Brunswick, N.J., site of the first intercollegiate football game with Princeton U.; too bad, no bldg. is built until 1978 in Kings Mill, Ohio near Kings Island, which closes in 1992; on Aug. 25, 1995 a new bldg. opens in South Bend, Ind., and closes in 2012; on Aug. 23, 2014 a $68.5M 94,256 sq. ft. football-shaped bldg. opens in Atlanta, Ga. next to the Centennial Olympic Park and Ga. Tech. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Leon Jouhaux (1879-1954) (France) [Internat. Labor Org. (ILO)]; Lit.: Par Fabian Lagerkvist (1891-74) (Sweden); Physics: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (1897-1967) (U.K.) and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903-95) (Ireland) [transmutation of atomic nuclei]; Chem.: Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-99) and Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907-91) (U.S.) [creation of transuranium elements]; Med.: Max Theiler (1899-1972) (South Africa) [yellow fever vaccine]. Inventions: Commercial computers are off to the races? Early this year the first Swimming Pool Type Nuclear Reactor (as seen in the 192 film Dr. No) goes into operation at Oak Ridge Nat. Lab in Tenn. In Feb. Manchester U. in England unveils its Manchester Ferranti Mark I Computer. On Mar. 31 Remington Rand Corp. sells the first UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) I to the U.S. Census Bureau in Sutland, Md., which dedicates it on June 14, cutting the work of humans from 200K to 28K hours; it is not delivered until 1952; machine #5 is used by CBS-TV to predict the 1952 U.S. pres. election, using a 1% sample to predict a landslide for Eisenhower; it is retired in 1963. On June 5 Ford automobile designer Gordon Miller Buehrig (1904-90) patents the removable T-top for cars. On Sept. 20 the swept-wing carrier-based Grumman F9F/F-9 Cougar makes its flight, replacing the Panther; 1,392 are produced by 1974. Poontang is the verge of being unchained worldwide, yi yi yi? On Oct. 15 the progestin Norethindrone (norethisterone), an artifical substitute for progesterone that is key to the creation of an oral contraceptive pill is synthesized by Carl Djerassi (1923-) of the U.S., Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cardenas (1925-2004) of Mexico, and George (Gyorgy) Rosenkranz (1916-) of Hungary at Syntex in Mexico City; Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903-67) and Min Chueh Chang (1908-91) test it on animals, then John Rock (1890-1984) tests it on human women - chang the rock in djer miraculous rosy pincus assi? On Dec. 31 the first atomic battery is announced. Italian mathematician Corrado Boehm (Böhm) (1923-2017) pub. his dissertation at ETH Zurich, describing the first full meta-circular compiler, only 114 lines of code. Chrysler introduces the V6/V8 Hemi engine, using hemispherical combustion chambers, starting with the FirePower engine in 1951-8, followed by a 2nd series in 1964-71, and a 3rd in 2003-; Chrysler also introduces power steering. Am. chiropractor Volney G. Mathison (1897-1965) AKA Dex Volney files for a patent for the E-meter (Electropsychometer) (electronic lie detector), which measures Electrodermal Activity (EDA), receiving U.S. Patent #2,684,670 on July 27, 1954; L. Ron Hubbard adopts them for use in Dianetics and Scientology in 1951, drops them in late 1954, and resumes in May 1955 after a transistorized model comes out, adopting the Hubbard Mark II in 1960, followed by the Hubbard Mark III, Hubbard Mark IV, and Hubbard Mark V, which is patented on Dec. 6, 1966 as the "Hubbard Electropsychometer"; on Jan. 4, 1963 100+ U.S. marshals raid the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington, D.C. and confiscate several hundred E-meters, after which the FDA accuses the church of making false medical claims, causing it to fight back in court, losing in a jury trial on Apr. 3, 1967, then winning in 1969 in the U.S. Court of Appeals, which accepts Scientology as a religion, declaring E-meters useful in "bona fide religious counseling" as long as they carry a disclaimer, as follows: "The Hubbard electrometer is a reigious artifact. By itself, this meter does nothing. It is for religious use by students and Ministers of the church in Confessionals and pastoral counseling only"; later the $4.6K Mark VII Super Quantum E-meter comes out, followed by the Mark VIII Ultra E-meter. Bananas Foster, a desert made from bananas, butter, brown sugar etc. served on vanilla ice cream is created by Paul Blange of Brennan's Restaurant in New Orleans, La., named for Owen Brennan's friend Richard Foster, New Orleans crime commission chmn. The U.S. Army announces that combat troops in Korea have been testing Fiberglas armor which can stop missiles with speeds up to 1.5K fps. Miracle-Gro plant food hits the market. Am. computer scientist Marvin Lee Minsky (1927-) develops SNARC (Stochastic Neural Analog Reinforcement Calculator), the first randomly wired neural network learning machine. Am. super car salesman Earl "Madman" Muntz (1914-87) (who wears a black Napoleon hat and red BVD suspenders, and sold $47M worth of autos by 1947) begins producing the Muntz Jet sports car, shaped like a you know what, becoming the first serious attempt at catching up to Europe, becoming the precursor of cars like the Corvette; he gives up in 1953 after selling less than 400 units at $5.5K each (vs. $3.2K for a Cadillac), but makes up for it by figuring out how to take 13 of the 30 tubes out of the standard TV receiver chassis, which still works for homes in big cities, and selling the cheaper and more reliable Muntz TV, making another fortune. Top 40 Radio is invented by Todd Storz and Bill Stewart when they are hired by KOWH radio in Omaha, Neb. J. Andre-Thomas invents the heart-lung machine. Am. cinematographer Fred Waller (1886-1954) invents the Cinerama widescreen process, which projects three synchronized 35mm images onto a huge curved screen with 146 deg. of arc, plus a 6-track stereo sound system. White-Out typewriter eraser fluid is invented by secy. Bette Nesmith Graham (nee Bette Clair McMurray) (1924-80) (mother of Monkees member Michael Nesmith) for her IBM electric typewriter from white tempera water-based paint, and begins marketing it as "Mistake Out" in 1956; when she dies in 1980 he inherits half of her $50M estate. Science: On Jan. 8 a cahow is discovered in Bermuda after being thought extinct since 1615. On Apr. 4 a Navy inductee rushes into the Naval Hospital in Philly after giving himself an OD of rat poison based on the new anticoagulant drug Warfarin (developed by the Wisc. Alumni Research Foundation from sweet clover mold) to avoid induction, and is saved by administration of Vitamin K, after which doctors begin researching the use of Warfarin to prevent blood clots and restore blood flow in stroke victims. In May New York City-born social psychologist Morton Deutsch (1920-) pub. Interracial Housing: A Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment, producing scientific evidence that segregated housing is harmful, helping end it in the U.S. In Sept. Bluefield, W. Va. -born mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928-2015) pub. the article Non-Cooperative Games in The Annals of Mathematics, becoming the first to define a Nash Equilibrium for non-zero-sum games, winning a share of the 1994 Nobel Econ. Prize. The sedative-hypnotic drug Methaqualone is first synthesized in India by Indra Kishore Kacker and Syed Husain Zaheer for use as an antimalarial drug; by 1965 it becomes the most commonly prescribed sedative in Britain, sold under the names Mandrax, Malsed, Malsedin, and Renoval; in 1975 it becomes the 6th best-selling sedative in the U.S., marketed under the brand name Quaalude ("quiet interlude") by William H. Rorer Inc.; too bad in the 1960s and 1970s it becomes a popular date rape drug, called ludes and sopers (soaps) in the U.S., and mandrakes in the British Commonwealth. Am. archeologist Warsaw-born Am. Gestalt psychologist Solomon Eliot Asch (1907-96) pub. the Asch Paradigm (Conformity Experiments), proving that an individual's opinions are influenced by those of a majority group. Wendell Phillips (1921-75) digs up the Queen of Sheba's Temple to the Moon God Mahram Bilqis in N Yemen, then visits Oman next year on an archeological expedition, and becomes friends with sultan Said bin Taimur, who hands him the oil concession for Dhofar (an area the size of Ohio), after which he accumulates a $120M fortune before dying of a heart attack. Roanoke, Va.-born African-Am. cancer patient Henrietta Lacks (nee Loretta Pleasant) (b. 1920) dies of cervical cancer on Oct. 4 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Md., and her cancer cells are discovered to be virtually immortal, causing them to be used in medical research under the name HeLa, incl. by Jonas Salk to develop his polio vaccine; too bad, she never consents, and her family isn't told until 1975. Nonfiction: Theodor W. Adorno (1903-69), Minima Moralia; aphorisms loved by Marxists everywhere. Kenneth Joseph Arrow (1921-), Social Choice and Individual Values; 2nd ed. 1963; announces Arrow's Impossibility Theorem, that there is no social choice rule that satisfies any given set of plausible requirements, leading to the Voting Paradox, that majority voting may fail to yield a stable outcome. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), L'Activite Rationaliste de la Physique Contemporaine; History of Science (L'Actualite de l'Histoire des Sciences. Marion Rombauer Becker (1903-76), The Joy of Cooking; daughter takes over from mother and adds a sense of humor; the 1975 ed. becomes the "gold standard"; the 1997 ed. dumps the family recipes for chef ones, then reverts in the 2000 ed.; Marion's son Ethan Becker takes over with the 2006 ed. Paul Blanshard (1892-1980), Communism, Democracy, and Catholic Power. John Morton Blum (1921-2011), Joseph Tumulty and the Wilson Era (2 vols.) (first book); about Woodrow Wilson's personal secy. Emory Stephen Bogardus (1882-1973), The Making of Public Opinion. David Bohm (1917-92), Quantum Theory. John Bowlby (1907-90), Maternal Care and Mental Health; pub. by WHO, causing changes in institutional care for infants and children; "The infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment." Omar N. Bradley (1893-1981), A Soldier's Story (autobio.). Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), History and Human Relations; incl. the essay Moral Judgments in History, which asserts that historians shouldn't make you know what; Liberty in the Modern World; The Reconstruction of an Historical Episode: The History of the Enquiry into the Origins of the Seven Years' War. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87), Call It Experience (autobio.). Albert Camus (1913-60), L'Homme Revolte (Révolté) (The Rebel); "The entire history of mankind is, in any case, nothing but a prolonged fight to the death for the conquest of universal prestige and absolute power". Hereward Carrington (1880-1958) and Nandor Fodor, Haunted People. Rachel Carson (1907-64), The Sea Around Us. Bruce Catton (1899-1978), Mr. Lincoln's Army; first of his U.S. Civil War trilogy (ends 1953). Federico Chabod (1901-60), Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896 (Storia della politica estera italiana dal 1870 al 1896); becomes a std. work; English trans. pub. in 1996. James Bryant Conant (1893-1978), Science and Common Sense. Jo Davidson (1883-1952), Between Sittings (autobio.). Adelle Davis (1904-74), Let's Have Healthy Children. Morton Deutsch (1920-), Research Methods in Social Relations with Especial Reference to Prejudice; becomes a std. textbook. Mark Van Doren (1894-1972) (ed.), Introduction to Poetry. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Sir William Empson (1906-84), The Structure of Complex Words. E.M. Forster (1879-1970), Two Cheers For Democracy. Erich Fromm (1900-80), Forgotten Language: An Introduction to the Understanding of Dreams, Fairy Tales, and Myths. Mary Garden (1877-) (with Louis Biancolli), Mary Garden's Story (autobio.); nice pair of lungs? Andre Gide (1869-1951), Et Nunc Manet in Te (autobio.). Maurice Grosser (1903-86), The Painter's Eye. Oscar Handlin (1915-2011), The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American People (Pulitzer Prize); 2nd ed. 2004; "Once I thought to write a history of the immigrants in America. Then I discovered that the immigrants were American history." Roy Harrod (1900-78), The Life of John Maynard Keynes. Jacquetta Hawkes (1910-96), A Land; bestseller proposing a synthetic cosmogony of consciousness, culture, and geology, reducing Earth's history to the "purpose" of demonstrating that we are all "creatures of the land"; "I have used the findings of the two sciences of geology and archaeology for purposes altogether unscientific"; "The image I have sought to evoke is of an entity, the land of Britain, in which past and present, nature, man and art appear all in one piece." William Hillman, Mr. President. Eric Hoffer (1898-1983), The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements; analyzes the psychological causes of fantatacism, making him a working class Am. star. Paul Gray Hoffman (1891-1974), Peace Can Be Won. Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), Je Suis Compositeur (autobio.) Leon Howard, Herman Melville: A Biography. Irving Howe (1920-93), Sherwood Anderson. L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Science of Survival: Simplified, Faster Dianetic Techniques (later subtitled "Prediction of Human Behavior"); a commentary to Alfred Korzybski's "Science and Sanity" and sequel to "Dianetics", endorsing the concept of past lives, and introducing theta and the emotional tone scale (-40 to +40), with the soundbyte: "In any event, any person from 2.0 down on the Tone Scale should not have, in any thinking society, any civil rights of any kind, because by abusing those rights he brings into being arduous and strenuous laws which are oppressive to those who need no such restraints." Merrill Jensen (1905-80), Regionalism in America; papers from a 2-day symposium at the U. of Wisc. in 1949 to celebrate the Wisc. Centennial; foreword by Felix Frankfurter. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), Ivy Compton-Burnett. Georg Katona (1901-81), Psychological Analysis of Economic Behavior; about his late 1940s U. of Mich. Consumer Index, which applies psychology to macroeconomics, and successfully predicted the post-WWII boom in the U.S. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887-1956), Mrs. Galley. Alfred Kazin (1915-98), A Walker in the City (autobio.). Estes Kefauver (1903-63), Crime in America. George Frost Kennan (1904-2005), American Diplomacy, 1900-1950; rev. ed. 1984; lectures delivered at the U. of Chicago; big hit. Russell Amos Kirk (1918-94), Randolph of Roanoke; John Randolph. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), The Age of Longing. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), The Desert Year. Jack Lait and Mortimer Lee, U.S.A. Confidential. Georges Lefebvre (1874-1959), La Revolution Francaise. Jan Lukasiewicz (1878-1956), Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. William Manchester (1922-2004), Disturber of the Peace: The Life of H.L. Mencken. Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973), The Mystery of Being (2 vols.); "Reflection and Mystery", "Faith and Reality"; Man Against Mass Society; Homo Viator. Angela du Maurier (1904-2002), It's Only the Sister: An Autobiography; sister of Daphne du Maurier. Richard McKeon (1900-85), Democracy in a World of Tensions: A Symposium Prepared by UNESCO. Marshall McLuhan (1911-80), The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (first book). James Edward Meade (1907-95), The Theory of Internat. Economic Policy: The Balance of Payments; about the theory of domestic divergences (internal and external balance), promoting policy tools for govts. Arthur Mizener (1907-88), The Far Side of Paradise; first major bio. of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), reviving interest in him. Elting Elmore Morison (1909-95) and John Morton Blum (1921-2011) (eds.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (8 vols.) (1951-4); incl. "The Years of Preparation, 1868-1898" (1951), "The Years of Preparation: 1898-1900" (1951), "The Square Deal: 1901-1903" (1951), "The Square Deal: 1903-1905" (1951), "The Big Stick, 1905-1907" (1952), "The Big Stick, 1907-1909" (1952), "The Days of Armageddon, 1909-1914" (1954), "The Days of Armageddon, 1914-1919" (1954). Sylvan Muldoon (1903-69) and Hereward Carrington (1880-1958), The Phenomena of Astral Projection. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), Conclusive Evidence (autobio.).; rev. in 1966. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), The Novel, 1945-50. David Niven (1910-83), Round the Rugged Rocks. Charles Norman (1904-96), Mr. Oddity: Samuel Johnson (1709-84), LL.D.. Howard W. Odum, American Sociology: The Story of Sociology in the United States through 1950. Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), Man as Utopist Creature. Talcott Parsons (1902-79), The Social System; Toward a General Theory of Action. Louise Peffer, The Closing of the Public Domain. Fritz Perls (1893-1970), Paul Goodman (1911-72), and Ralph Hefferline, Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality; explains Gestalt Therapy, which emphasizes enhanced awareness of the present moment. E. Perroy, The Hundred Years War. Jean Piaget (1896-1980), The Psychology of Intelligence. Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), The Logic of Liberty; claims that scientists need to cooperate in a free market manner. Charles Francis Potter (1885-1962), The Preacher and I (autobio.). Roger Price (1918-90), I'm for Me First; In One Head and Out the Other (first book); Clayton Slope popularizes the phrase "I had one grunch, but the eggplant over there". Merlo John Pusey (1902-85), Charles Evans Hughes (2 vols.) (Pulitzer Prize) (Bancroft Prize). Esme Stuart Lennox Robinson (1886-1958), Ireland's Abbey Theatre; first full-length treatment. Carl Rogers (1902-87), Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory; describes Client-Centered (Person-Centered) Therapy, which uses a comfortable non-judgmental environment filled with congruence (genuineness), empathy, and unconditional positve regard to help clients realize how their attitudes, feelings, and behavior are negatively affected and achieve their true positive potential. Sir Steven Runciman (1903-2000), A History of the Crusades (3 vols.) (1951-4); becomes a minor hit a la the days of Edward Gibbon, and the std. reference, arguing that the Crusaders were barbarian invaders comparable to the Visigoths, and incl. the Byzantine side; too bad, he fudges the history in an attempt to imagine that he's getting into the minds of the participants? Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), New Hopes for a Changing World. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Shakespeare vs. Shaw (posth.). Stanley Smith Stevens (1906-73), Handbook of Experimental Psychology; becomes std. textbook. Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), S.O.S., the Meaning of Our Crisis. Paul Tillich (1886-1965), Systematic Theology (3 vols.) (1951-63); "What Whitehead was to American philosophy, Tillich has been to American theology" (Georgia Harkness). A.S. Tritton, Islam; "The picture of the Muslim soldier advancing with a sword in one hand and the Qur'an in the other is quite false" - he never heard of Tamerlane? Freda Utley (1898-1978), The China Story; bestseller. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, What Has Religion Done for Mankind?; answer: nothing?; "Now, for the first time in human history, all the civilizations that have survived till today are in turmoil at the same time. This is most unusual. It must be very significant. Religion cannot be divorced from responsiblity for the situation, for from the beginning religion has been connected with every civilization that has arisen on the face of the earth. That is why it is sorely feeling the effects of the worsening situation. That is why it is under judgment. Is history now overtaking religion? Are its sins, long indulged in, catching up with it and finding it out while the whole world looks on? Is it now reaping the fruitage of what it has sown for centuries?" Alan W. Watts (1915-73), The Wisdom of Insecurity. Walter Prescott Webb (1888-1963), The Great Frontier; proposes the Boom Hypothesis, that the new lands discovered by Columbus in 1492 ran out by 1900, closing the frontier and giving the U.S. economic and ecological problems, threatening the future of individualism, capitalism, and democracy. Sidney Weintraub (1914-83), Income and Employment Analysis. Robert Welch Jr. (1899-1985), May God Forgive Us; claims that the U.S. govt. secretly backs Communists, launching him into the top rank of U.S. anti-Communist writers. Leonard Dupee White (1891-1958), The Jeffersonians, 1801-1829; pt. 2 of 4 of "A Study in Administrative History" (1948-58). Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971), Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena; how children use familiar inanimate objects to fight stress and anxiety. Thomas Wolfe (1900-38), Western Journal (posth.). C. Vann Woodward (1908-99), Origins of the New South, 1877-1913; disputes the Lost Cause Theory and the New South Creed, painting a sordid story; "The durability of Origins of the New South is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of a middle class. It is not a happy story. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the carpetbaggers. The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions." (Sheldon Hackney); Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (rev. ed. 1991). Art: Karel Appel (1921-2006), Flowers and Animals. Balthus (1908-2001), Nude with Arms Raised. Salvador Dali (1904-89), Christ of St. John on the Cross. Otto Dix (1891-1969), Peasant Girl with Child. Andreas Feininger (1906-99), The Photojournalist (B&W photo). Lucian Freud (1922-), Girl With a White Dog (1951-2); his first wife Kathleen Epstein. Barbara Hepworth (1903-75), Group I (Concourse), Feb. 4, 1951 (marble sculpture). Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Ne Songe Plus a Fuir; Les Roses Sont Belles. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Massacre in Korea. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), No. 7, 1951. Graham Sutherland (1903-88), Lord Beaverbrook. Tony Bennett (1926-), Because of You (by Arthur Hammerstein and Dudley Wilkinson) (Apr. 4) (#1 in the U.S.) (1M copies); his first hit; Cold, Cold Heart (by Hank Williams) #1 in the U.S.); Blue Velvet (by Bernie Wayne and Lee Morris) (#16 in the U.S.). Pierre Boulez (1925-), Etudes (1951-2). Jackie Brenston (1930-79) and his Delta Cats, Rocket 88 (Mar.); produced by Ike Turner (1931-2007), and later billed as the first rock & roll record; the financial success helps studio owner Samuel Cornelius "Sam" Phillips (1923-2003) of 706 Union St. in Memphis, Tenn. launch Sun Records next Mar. 27, uttering the soundbyte "If I could find a white man who sings with the Negro feel, I'll make a million dollars." Benjamin Britten (1913-76), Billy Budd (opera) (Dec. 1) (Covent Garden, London); based on the Herman Melville novel; libretto by E.M. Forster and Eric Crozier; stars Theodor Uppman as Billy Budd (a seagoing Jesus Christ?). John Cage (1912-92), Music of Changes (for piano) (derived from the I Ching); Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (for 12 radios tuned randomly). Chester Arthur "Howlin' Wolf" Burnett (1910-76), How Many More Years (#4 in the U.S.); Moanin' at Midnight (#10 in the U.S.); 6'3" 275 lb. Chicago electric blues musician releases hits in Memphis, Tenn., allowing him to move to Chicago, Ill. Hoagy Carmichael (1899-1981), In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening; written by Johnny Mercer. Ray Charles (1930-2004), Baby, Let Me Hold Your Hand (single) (Swingtime Records); his first top ten R&B hit; gets him a contract with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records next year. Rosemary Clooney (1928-2002), Come-on-a-My House (#1 in the U.S.); novelty hit brings her stardom. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Too Young (#1 in the U.S.); Unforgettable (#1 in the U.S.); becomes his signature song. Perry Como (1912-2001), If. Fats Domino (1928-2017), Rockin' Chair. The Dominoes, Sixty Minute Man (#17 in the U.S.); first black R&B act to crossover to the white pop charts? Tommy Edwards (1922-69), All Over Again. Eddie Fisher (1928-2010), I'll Hold You In My Heart. Stan Freberg (1926-), St. George and the Dragonet (#1 in the U.S.); "Dragnet" parody. John Lee Hooker (1917-2001), I'm in the Mood (Aug. 7). Burl Ives (1909-95), The Twelve Days of Christmas. Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Concerto for Piano. Jay Livingston (1915-2001) (music) and Ray Evans (1915-2007) (lyrics), Silver Bells; written for the film "The Lemon Drop Kid" (based on a Damon Runyon story), starring Bob Hope, and sung by Bing Crosby; one of the first carols celebrating Christmas in the city. Nick Lucas, Looking at the World Through Rose-Colored Glasses; I Love the Sunshine of Your Smile; Walkin' My Baby Back Home; Get Out Those Old Records. Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), Amahl and the Night Visitors (1-act opera) (Dec. 24) (NBC-TV); the first opera written for TV; becomes a perennial Christmas favorite; incl. All That Gold, Shepherd's Chorus. Vaughn Monroe (1911-73), Sound Off. Douglas Stuart Moore, Giants in the Earth (opera) (Pulitzer Prize). Luigi Nono (1924-90), Tre Epitaffi per Federico Garcia Lorca (1951-3). Patti Page (1927-), Mockin' Bird Hill; by Vaughn Horton. Les Paul (1915-2009) and Mary Ford (1924-77), Mockin' Bird Hill; How High the Moon. Walter Piston (1894-1976), Symphony No. 4. Bud Powell (1924-66), Max Roach (1924-2007), and Curley Russell (1917-86), Un Poco Loco (Sp. "A Little Crazy") (Blue Note Records); one of the greatest works of 20th cent. Am. art according to Harold Bloom. Johnnie Ray (1927-90), Whiskey and Gin; Cry; The Little White Cloud That Cried; double-hit single sells 2M copies and makes him a teen idol; his performances incl. beating up his piano, writhing on the floor and crying, causing him to become known as "Mr. Emotion"; too bad, he has to cover up that he's bi by marrying Marilyn Morrison in 1952-4 while hooking up with his mgr. Bill Franklin. Roger Sessions (1896-1985), String Quartet No. 2. Carl Smith (1927-2010), If Teardrops Were Pennies; Let Old Mother Nature Have Her Way (#1); launches his chart-topping Am. country music career, which comes complete with June Carter (b. 1929), whom he marries next year (until 1956). Jo Stafford (1917-2008), Shrimp Boats. April Stevens (1936-), I'm In Love Again (written by Cole Porter). Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), W.H. Auden (1907-73) and Chester Kallman (1921-75), The Rake's Progress (opera) (Venice) (Sept. 11); based on William Hogarth's work (1733-5); Tom Rakewell deserts Anne Trulove in London for Nick Shadow and ends up i8n Bedlam; "For idle hearts and hands and minds the Devil finds a work to do". Sir Michael Tippett (1905-98), The Heart's Assurance; debut by Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears. The Weavers, Wimoweh/ The Lion Sleeps Tonight; cover of the 1939 song "Mbube" by Zulu musician Solomon Linda (1909-62) and the Evening Birds; too bad, they don't pay him proper royalties, causing him to lose millions until his family begins suing in 2004. Slim Whitman (1924-), Lovesong of the Waterfall. Hank Williams (1923-53), Cold, Cold Heart. Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958), The Pilgrim's Progress (opera) (Apr. 26) (Covent Garden, London); based on the 1678 work by John Bunyan, with the character of Christian changed to Pilgrim, featuring 41 individual singing roles. Meredith Willson (1902-84), It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas. Stefan Wolpe (1902-72), Waltz for Merle. Movies: John Huston's The African Queen (Dec. 23), written by James Agee based on the 1935 C.S. Forester novel and originally planned for Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester in the 1930s stars Humphrey Bogart as a steamer captain, and Katharine Hepburn as dead missionary's sister Rose Sayer battling the Ulanga River, the German patrol boat Louisa (Konigen Louise), and each other while falling in lu-u-u-v; does $10.8M box office on a $1M budget; first release by the British-based co. of Austrian-born Samuel P. "Sam" Spiegel (1901-85), (known as the Velvet Octupus for groping women), followed by "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957), "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), "The Night of the Generals" (1967), "The Swimmer" (1968), and "Nicholas and Alexandra" (1971.) Walt Disney's animated Alice in Wonderland (July 26), based on the books by Lewis Carroll features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice, Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter, Jerry Colonna as the March Hare, and Sterling Holloway as the Cheshire Cat; does $2.4M box office, which is so disappointing that it is shown as one of the first episodes of the TV series "Disneyland" in 1954, after which it is re-released in 1974, doing $3.5M box office. Vincente Minnelli's An American in Paris, (Oct. 4), written by Alan Jay Lerner with music by George Gershwin stars Eugene Curran (Gael. "hero") "Gene" Kelly (1912-96) as Am. expatriate painter Jerry Mulligan, Oscar Levant as his concert pianist friend Adam Cook, and Leslie Claire Margaret Caron (1931-) as Kelly's babe Lise Bouvier, whom he leaves his paramour patron Milo Roberts (Nina Foch) for, but who is attached to singer Henri Baurel (Georges Guetary) for saving her family in WWII; features the songs S Wonderful and Our Love is Here to Stay, and climaxes with the $500K 18-min. ballet, setting a record for longest movie dance number (until ?). Clarence Brown's Angels in the Outfield (Oct. 19) stars Paul Douglas as gruffy Pittsburgh Pirates mgr. Aloysius X. "Guffy" McGovern, who is lambasted by reporter Jennifer Paige (Janet Leigh) for a losing streak, after which you know whats begin appearing on the ballfield telling him to mend his ways and they win the NL pennant. Frederick de Cordova's Bedtime for Bonzo (Sept. 28), later becoming Ronald Reagan's bugaboo performance when he begins running for office; followed by Bonzo Goes to College (1952); the chimpanzee Jiggs (1934-), who prefers Milwaukee's Best brand beer becomes a star and lives to the ripe old age of at least 56. Budd Boetticher's Bullfighter and the Lady (Apr. 26) (working title "Torero"), produced by John Wayne's Batjac Productions and based on Boetticher's own experiences (his dir. debut) stars slim handsome bleached blonde Robert Stack as Yankee film producer Johnny "Chuck" Regan, who is taught bullfighting by aging Mexican matador Manolo Estrada (Gilbert Roland) to impress Mexican babe Anita de la Vega (Joy Page), ending in tragedy and a chance to make it right; a stunt man dies during production on location in Mexico; the film is drastically cut down, pissing-off Boetticher and causing him to switch to Westerns. Keisuke Kinoshita's Carmen Comes Home (Karumen Kokyo ni Kaeru) (Mar. 21) is about country girl Lily Carmen (Hideko Takamine), who goes to the big city, becomes a stripper, then returns home and causes a scandal; Japan's first color film; budget: 6.8B yen. John Cromwell's The Company She Keeps (Jan. 27), written by Ketti Frings is forgettable other than for the trivia question answer of what film did Jeff Bridges debut in as an infant, along with his brother Beau Bridges and mother Dorothy Dean Bridges. Robert Wise's B&W The Day the Earth Stood Still (Sept. 18) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1940 story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates morphs the Christ story into an extra-terrestrial, played by too-cool Michael Rennie as Klaatu, who comes to Earth to save it from nukes, winning the pop. over, only to be attacked by the govt. while his robot Gort (Lock Martin) watches over him; Patricia Neal plays Helen Benson; Sam Jaffe plays Prof. Jacob Barnhardt; the soundbyte "Klaatu barada Nikto" gains sci-fi immortality; "In matters of aggression, we have given them absolute power over us. Your choice is simple: join us and live in peace, or pursue your present course and face obliteration. We will be waiting for your answer"; does $1.85M box office on a $995K budget; remade in 2008 starring Keanu Reeves as Klaatu. William Wyler's Detective Story (Nov. 6), based on the 1949 play by Sidney Kingsley is a film noir starring Kirk Douglas as Det. Jim McLeod of New York's 21st Precinct, who pursues abortionist Karl Schneider (George Macready), and discovers that his wife Mary (Eleanor Parker) had one; the film debut of Lee Grant (1927-), who plays a shoplifter, and wins a best supporting actress Oscar; too bad, her playwright hubby (1951-60) Arnold Manoff (1914-65) is targeted by HUAC, and when she refuses to testify against him she ends up blacklisted. Raoul Walsh's Distant Drums (Dec. 29) (Warner Bros.) stars Gary Cooper as Capt. Quincy Wyatt, who leads U.S. soldiers against pesky Seminoles in 19th cent. Fla.; features the short agonizing bloodcurdling Wilhelm Scream, voiced by Sheb Wooley, which is reused in "The Charge at Feather River" (1953) for Pvt. Wilhelm (Ralph Brooke), followed by many other Warner Bros. productions, after which Ben Burtt (1948-) makes it his signature sound effect in the "Star Wars" and "Indiana Jones" films, after which it is picked up by Richard L. Anderson for "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981), "Poltergeist" (1982), "Batman Returns" (1992), "Planet of the Apes" (2001), and many more. The U.S. govt. starts releasing the hilarious Duck and Cover films starring Bert the Turtle, written by Raymond J. Mauer (1916-2006), telling kids that if they see a bright flash they should duck under their desk, curl up in a fetal position and cover their head with their hands - and they will bake like store-bought turkeys? Frank Capra's Here Comes the Groom (Sept. 20) stars Bing Crosby as Paris-based foreign correspondent Pete Garvey, who adopts two orphans, flies to New York City, and has five days to win back his former fiancee Emmadel Jones (Jane Wyman) or lose them; too bad, he left her alone for three years, and now she's engaged to her rich boss Wilbur Stanley (Franchot Tone), so he tries to hook him up with his tall 4th "kissing cousin" twice removed Winifred Stanley (Alexis Smith), who steals him and the movie; film debut of 15-y.-o. sings-like-an-angel Anna Maria Alberghetti (1936-), who gives up films for theater in the 1960s and becomes a big star on the Ed Sullivan Show; Crosby and Wyman debut the Johnny Mercer and Hoagy Carmichael song In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening. Guy Lefranc's Une Histoire d'Amour (Nov. 14) stars Louis Jouvet as Inspector Ernest Plonche, who investigates the mysterious deaths of 18-y.-o. Catherine Mareuil (Dany Robin) and her accountant lover Jean Bompart (Daniel Gelin). Ron Ormond's Kentucky Jubilee (May 18) stars Jerry Colonna as Jerry Harris, and Jean Porter as Sally Shannon. Charles Crichton's The Lavender Hill Mob (June 15) (Ealing Studios), set in Lavender Hill St. in Battersea, South London stars Alec Guinness as mousey bank clerk Henry "Dutch" Holland, who masterminds a gold bullion heist with accomplice Alfred Pendlebury (Stanley Holloway) and smuggle them to Paris disguised as Eiffel Tower paperweights, after which Holland escapes to live it up in Rio; film debut of Audrey Hepburn, Robert Shaw, and Patricia Garwood; "By Jove, Holland, its a good job we're both honest men"; "It is indeed, Pendlebury." Nicole Vedres' Life After Tomorrow (La Vie Commence Demain), a 1949 French film that debuts on Jan. 9 in London depicts artificial insemination, becoming the first film to receive an "X" rating by British film censors. Peter Lorre's The Lost One (Der Verlorene) (Sept. 7), based on a true story about a German scientist's lover being suspected of selling secrets to the Brits during WWII is Lorre's only dir. effort - who could act with that creep looking on behind the lens? David Butler's Lullaby of Broadway (Mar. 26) stars Doris Day as Melinda Howard and Gene Nelson as Tom Farnham; features the song I Love the Way You Say Goodnight by Eddie Pola (1907-95). John Boulting's The Magic Box (British Lion Films), produced by Ronald Name and written by Eric Ambler based on the bio. by Ray Allister is about English cinematography pioneer William Friese-Greene (1855-1921), played by Robert Donat, with cameos by Laurice Olivier anud Peter Ustinov; does £82K box office in the U.K. Donald Swanson's The Magic Garden (The Pennywhistle Blues) is filmed in Johannesburg, South Afica with an amateur cast, becming the first film with an all-black cast to be shown in white cinemas n Johannesburg. Alexander Mackendrick's The Man in the White Suit (Aug. 7) (Ealing Studios) (Gen. Film Distributors) stars Alec Guinness as genius chemist Sidney Stratton, who invents the perfect material, super-strong, dirt-repellant, and white and luminous because it contains radioactive elements, causing the English textile industry to blow a gasket until its short shelf life is discovered; also stars Joan Greenwood as Daphne Birnley, and Cecil Parker as Alan Birnley. Vittorio de Sica's Miracle in Milan (Miracolo a Milano) (Dec. 17), based on a story by Gabriel Garcia stars Frank Ramirez as Margarito Duarte, who digs up his dead daughter (Amalia Duque Garcia) after 12 years and finds her body miraculously preserved, then attempts to get her canonized. George Stevens' A Place in the Sun (Oct. 11), based on Theodore Dreiser's "An American Tragedy" stars Montgomery Clift as George Eastman, Elizabeth Taylor as Angela Vickers, and Shelly Winters as factory girl Alice Tripp, whom Clift seduces and abandons for Taylor, after which she gets pregnant and blackmails him into marrying her, causing him to take her out in a canoe, planning to drown her, only to have it tip over by accident, causing her to die by accident, which he can't later prove in court, since he went to such lengths to set her up; the love scenes between Clift and Taylor become the new standard in cinema, making him an idol of James Dean, who calls him just to hear his voice; an overacting Raymond Burr as DA Frank R. Marlowe; the film saves Winters' fading career, but not for long, as she sinks into B-roles and finally bolts to join the Actor's Studio and go Broadway while gaining enough weight and character to return to Hollywood and carve her niche. Mervyn LeRoy's Quo Vadis (Lat. "Where are you going?") (Nov. 8) (MGM), based on the 1896 novel about Nero by Henryk Siekiewicz stars Robert Taylor, Deborah Kerr, and Peter Ustinov, and is the major film debut of Sophia Loren (Sofia Scicolone) (1934-), who has a role (under the name Sofia Lazzaro) with her mother as extras playing Deborah Kerr's slaves; she then gets work as slave girls and maidens B-films, saying "I'm not ashamed of my bare-bottomed beginnings", after which Italian producer Geoffredo Lombardo gives her a stage name after Swedish actress Marta Toren; does $21M box office on a $7.6M budget. Stanley Donen's Royal Wedding (Mar. 23), about a brother-sister dance team (Fred Astaire, Jane Powell) who go to London for the royal wedding of Princess Elizabeth is memorable for Astaire's incredible Dancing on the Ceiling and Walls Scene (the trick: a set inside a huge rotating drum); Alan Jay Lerner's first screenplay. Brian Desmond Hurst's B&W Scrooge (A Christmas Carol) (Oct. 31) (Renown Pictures), written by Noel Langley based on Charles Dicken's 1843 "A Christmas Carol" stars perfect-fit Alastair Sim as Ebenezer Scrooge, Mervyn Johns as Bob Cratchit, Hermione Baddely as Mrs. Cratchit, Glyn Dearman as Tiny Tim, and Michael Hordern as Jacob Marley's Ghost. George Sidney's Show Boat (July 13), based on the Jerome Kern musical stars Howard Keel as Gaylord Ravenal, Kathryn Grayson as Magnolia Hawks, and Ava Gardner as Julie LaVerne; introduces baritone William Warfield as Joe, whose rendition of "Ol' Man River" makes him an overnight star. Samuel Fuller's The Steel Helmet (Feb. 2); one of the first films on the Korean War; the film debut of grizzly Gene Evans as cigar-chomping Sgt. Zack, who leads a ragtag group of GIs against the North Koreans in an abandoned Buddhist temple; his helmet has a hole in it throughout the flick; dir. Fuller gets attacked for alleged pro-Communist anti-American sentiments, incl. a Commie talking to a black soldier about how it is back home, and GIs executing a POW. Joseph Pevney's Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Door (Dec. 8) (Universal Pictures), based on the Robert Louis Stevenson short story "The Sire de Maletroit's Door" stars Charles Laughton as Alain, Sire de Maletroit, who has been imprisoning his brother Edmond (Paul Cavanagh) for 20 years for stealing his childhood sweetheart, and goes after his grown daughter Blanche (Sally Forrest) and her beau Denis de Beaulieu (Richard Stapley), tricking them into locking themselves in his prison chateau, and maneuvering them to their deaths until Alain's manservant Voltan (Boris Karloff) comes to their rescue. Alfred Hitchcock's Strangers on a Train (July 3), written by Raymond Chandler based on the 1950 Patricia Highsmith novel about the duality of human nature stars Robert Walker as nutso Bruno Anthony, and Farley Granger as tennis star Guy Haines, who meet on a train, where Anthony proposes "criss-cross murders" (his father for Haines' wife), then when Haines declines, goes ahead and strangles the wife at the Crafts 20 Big Shows amusement park's Magic Isle at 9:28 p.m. and tries to blackmail him into keeping the bargain, and when he won't, tries to frame him by placing his lighter "From A to G" at the crime scene, resulting in a dramatic runaway merry-go-round fight scene; Ruth Roman co-stars as Granger's fiancee Anne Morton, daughter of Sen. Morton (Leo G. Carroll), whom he wanted to leave his bespectacled wife Miriam Joyce Haines (Kasey Rogers) for, giving the police his motive; Hitchcock's only child Patricia Hitchcock plays Anne's inquisitive bespectacled sister Barbara Morton. Elia Kazan's A Streetcar Named Desire (Sept. 18) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1947 Tennessee Williams play stars Vivien Leigh as alcoholic fading Southern belle Blanche DuBois from Auriol, Miss., who suddenly moves in with her sister Stella Kowalski (Kim Hunter) on Elysian Fields Ave. in the French Quarter of New Orleans after taking the streetcar route named Desire, where she fights with Stella's abusive hubby Stanley Kowalski (Marlon Brando), who tries to find out her dirty laundry, climaxing when he is left alone with her when Stella goes to the hospital to have a baby, and rapes her, causing her to have a breakdown and gets committed to a mental institution, where she utters the line "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers" (she seduced a 17-y.-o. boy at the school where she taught English and got fired, and her hubby committed suicide); Brando utters the immortal line "Hey, Stella! Don't ever leave me baby!"; Karl Malden plays Blanche's beau Harold "Mitch" Mitchell, who is proud of his 207 lb. 6' 1.5" in. athletic physique and likes her to punch him in the belly, but is also an old buddy of Stanley, who turns him against her; the flick boosts Brando's career, even though he is the odd man out and doesn't win an Oscar like the others; during filming, David Niven sees Brando making out with Laurence Olivier in the swimming pool of Vivien Leigh's mansion?; does $8M box office on a $1.8M budget. Lee Sholem's B&W Superman and the Mole Men (Nov. 23) is a pilot for the upcoming TV series, starring George Reeves, Phyllis Coates, and Jeff Corey. Christian Nyby's and Howard Hawks' sci-fi horror film The Thing (from Another World) (Apr. 27) (RKO Radio Pictures), based on the story "Who Goes There?" by John W. Campbell (AKA Don A. Stuart) stars James Arness (brother of Peter Graves) as an 8-ft. carrot-like alien plant with green blood who terrorizes an Arctic research team; does $1.95M box office; refilmed in 1982 and 2011. Rudolph Mate's When Worlds Collide (Aug.), based on the 1933 novel by Edwin Balmer and Philip Wylie about a star and planet hurtling toward Earth stars Richard Derr as David Randall, and Barbara Rush as Joyce Hendron. Harry Watt's Where No Vultures Fly (Ivory Hunter) (Nov. 5) (Ealing Films) (Gen. Film Distributors) (Universal-Internat.), based on the story of "the recent struggle of Mervyn Cowie to form the National Parks of Kenya", starring Anthony Steel as game warden Bob Payton, who fights ivory poacher Mannering (Harold Warrender) to establish a wildlife sanctuary; Dinah Sheridan plays his wife Mary Payton; followed by "West of Zanzibar" (1954). Henry Hathaway's You're in the Navy Now (May 16), starring Gary Cooper and Jane Greer are the film debuts of Lee Marvin (1924-87) and Charles Bronson (Charles Dennis Buchinsky) (1921-2003). Plays: Robert Anderson, All Summer Long. Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Mademoiselle Colombe. Philip Barry (1896-1949), Second Threshold (posth.); completed by Robert Sherwood. John Van Druten, I Am a Camera; inspired by Christopher Isherwood's "The Berlin Stories"; inspiration for "Cabaret" (1966) by John Kander and Fred Ebb. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), 1241. Christopher Fry (1907-2005), A Sleep of Prisoners. Jan de Hartog, The Four Poster. Lillian Hellman (1905-84), The Autumn Garden. Laurence Housman (1865-1959), Old Testament Plays. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), The Lesson. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81) and C.P. Snow (1905-80), Family Party; Her Best Foot Forward; The Pigeon with the Silver Foot; Spare the Rod; The Supper Dance; To Murder Mrs. Mortimer - their 1950 marriage is really working out? Sidney Kingsley (1906-95), Darkness at Noon. Anita Loos (1889-1981), Gigi (Fulton Theatre, New York) (Nov. 24) (219 perf.); based on the 1944 Colette novel; stars newbie Audrey Hepburn, who was personally picked by Colette; filmed in 1958 starring Leslie Caron, Louis Jourdan, and Maurice Chevalier. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Jezebel's Husband; King Ahab? John Patrick (1905-95), Lo and Behold. Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82), Beyond the Mountains: Four Plays in Verse. Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), The King and I (musical) (St. James Theatre, New York) (Mar. 29) (1,246 perf.); based on the 1944 Margaret Landon book "Anna and the King of Siam", about Welsh widow Anna Leonowens and King Mongkut of Siam in the 1860s; stars Gertude Lawrence (1898-1952) as Anna, who dies of cancer on Sept. 6, 1952, and Yuliy Borisovich "Yul" Brynner (Taidje Khan) (1920-85), who carries on with Marlene Dietrich offstage?; banned in Thailand; incl. the song Getting to Know You. Nelly Sachs (1891-1970), Eli. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Le Diable et le Bon Dieu. Arthur Schwartz (1900-84), Dorothy Fields (1905-74), George Abbott (1887-1995), and Betty Smith (1896-1972), A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical) (Alvin Theatre, New York) (Apr. 19) (267 perf.); based on the 1943 novel by Smith; dir. by Abbott; choreographed by Herbert Ross; stars Shirley Booth as Aunt Cissy, causing the role to be expanded to make use of her comedic talents. Derek Walcott (1930-), Harry Dernier (radio play). John Whiting (1917-63), A Penny for a Song (debut). Tennessee Williams (1911-83), The Rose Tattoo (Feb.) (New York); an Italian-Am. widow in La. loses her hubby and withdraws from the world, taking her daughter with her; dedicated to his lover Frank Merlo. Poetry: W.H. Auden (1907-73), Nones. Rene Char (1907-88), A une Serenite Crispee. Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), In Autumn. Robert Frost (1874-1963), The Road Not Taken. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Poems and Satires. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Montage of a Dream Deferred; "What happens to a dream deferred?/ Does it dry up/ like a raisin in the sun?/ Or fester like a sore/ And then run?" Donald Rodney Justice (1925-2004), The Old Bachelor and Other Poems (debut). Philip Larkin (1922-85), XX Poems. Irving Layton (1912-2006), The Black Huntsmen. Walter de la Mare (1873-1956), The Listeners and Other Poems. James Merrill (1926-95), First Poems (debut). Marianne Moore (1887-1972), Collected Poems (Pulitzer Prize). John Enoch Powell (1912-98), Dancer's End and The Wedding Gift. Adrienne Rich (1929-2012), A Change of World; selected by W.H. Auden for the Yale Younger Poets Award. Nelly Sachs (1891-1970), Sternverdunkelung. Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888-1970), A Shout and Landscapes (Un Grido e Paesaggi). Derek Walcott (1930-), Poems. William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), Collected Earlier Poems. Novels: Nelson Algren (1909-81), Chicago, City on the Make; shows the seamy side of Polish Chicago, pissing-off the powers that be; "For the masses who do the city's labor and also keep the city's heart"; the Chicago Tribune calls it a "highly scented object", then after he dies flops and establishes the Nelson Algren Award for Short Fiction. Eric Ambler (1909-98), Judgment on Deltchev. Sholem Asch (1880-1957), Moses. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), The Stars, Like Dust; the rebels vs. the Tyranni for control of the Galaxy; Foundation; #1 of 7 in The Foundation Series; Hari "the Raven" Seldon, math prof. at Streeling U. in Trantor, father of psychohistory predicts the fall of the Galactic Empire. Nigel Balchin (1908-70), A Way Through the Wood. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), Molloy. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Quorum. Heinrich Boll (1917-85), Die Schwarzen Schafe (The Black Sheep); Nicht Nur Zur Weihnachtszeit (Christmas Not Just Once a Year); Wo Warst Du, Adam? (And Where Were You, Adam?). Arna Bontemps (1902-73) and Jack Conroy (1898-1990), Sam Patch, the High, Wide and Handsome Jumper. Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), La Muerte y la Brujula (short stories). Kay Boyle (1902-92), Smoking Mountain; stories of postwar Germany. Ray Bradbury (1920-2012), The Illustrated Man (short stories); a tattooed dude; filmed in 1969. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Mr. Smith. John Brunner (1934-95), Galactic Storm (first novel); pub. under alias Gill Hunt. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), God's Men. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Balance Wheel; more German immigrants. Hortense Calisher (1911-2009), In the Absence of Angels (short stories) (first book). Camilo Jose Cela (1916-2002), La Colmena (The Hive); has 300+ chars.; banned in Spain by Gen. Franco. Gabriel Chevallier (1895-1969), Clochemerle Babylon; sequel to "Clochemerle" (1934). Agatha Christie (1890-1976), They Came to Baghdad (Mar. 5); The Under Dog and Other Stories. Robertson Davies (1913-95), Tempest-Tost (first novel); first in the Salterton Trilogy. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), Balance Wheel. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Devil in Velvet. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), Darkness and Day. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Rendez-vous aux Enfers. James T. Farrell (1904-79), This Man and This Woman. Howard Fast (1914-2003), Spartacus; written while in jail in 1950 for contempt of Congress; filmed in 1960 starring Kirk Douglas. William Faulkner (1897-1962), Requiem for a Nun. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), The Loneliest Girl in the World. Lion Feuchtwanger (1884-1958), This Is the Hour. Shelby Foote (1916-2005), Love in a Dry Season. Janet Frame (1924-2004), The Lagoon and Other Stories (short stories) (debut); wins the Hubert Church Memorial Award in New Zealand, causing her scheduled lobotomy at the Seacliff Lunatic Asylum to be canceled; she is discharged in 1955 after eight years. Pat Frank (1908-64), Hold Back the Night; about the Korean War; filmed in 1956. Herbert Gold (1924-), Birth of a Hero (first novel). Paul Goodman (1911-72), Parents' Day. Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), The Strange Children. Julien Gracq (1910-2007), The Opposing Shore (Le Rivage des Syrtes); his biggest hit; a "Wagnerian prelude for an unplayed opera" set on the border between Orsenna and Farghestan, which have been at war for 300 years, causing the chars. to wonder whether any change will bring about the death of both civilizations. Graham Greene (1904-91), The End of the Affair. L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), My Fellow Devils. John Hawkes (1925-98), The Beetle Leg; a surrealistic Montana Western. Robert A. Heinlein (1907-88), The Puppet Masters. James Hilton (1900-54), Morning Journey. L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Fear; Typewriter in the Sky. William Bradford Huie (1910-86), The Revolt of Mamie Stover. Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), The Man with One Head. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), The Heart's Memory. Shirley Jackson (1916-65), Hangsaman. Robin Jenkins (1912-2005), So Gaily Sinks the Lark (first novel). James Jones (1921-77), From Here to Eternity; bestseller; title comes from Rudyard Kipling's poem "Gentleman Rankers", which spawned the Yale Whiffenpoof drinking song; first use of the word "fuck" in a major U.S novel?; filmed in 1953. Molly Keane (1905-96), Loving Without Tears; socialite Angel copes with her son and daughter growing up. Margaret Kennedy (1896-1967), Lucy Carmichael. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), The Man Who Knew the Date. Siegfried Lenz (1926-), Es Waren Habichte in der Luft (first novel). Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), World So Wide (posth.); Hayden Chart of Colo. loses his wife in an automobile accident, runs away to Florence, Italy, becomes a historian, meets history prof. Olivia and falls for her, but loses him to another man. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), Neither Five Nor Three. Norman Mailer (1923-2007), Barbary Shore; Cold War leftist politics in a Brooklyn rooming house. Thomas Mann (1875-1955), Der Erwahlte (Erwählte) (The Holy Sinner). Felicien Marceau (1913-), Capri Petite Ile; Chair et Cuir. Catherine Marshall, A Man Called Peter. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Proud New Flags. Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), Le Sagouin. Carson McCullers (1917-67), The Ballad of the Sad Cafe (short stories). Shepherd Mead (1914-94), Tessie, the Hound of Channel One. Nicholas Monsarrat (1910-79), The Cruel Sea; about "small ships" in WWII incl. corvettes and frigates; filmed in 1953 by Charles Frend. Brian Moore (1921-99), Wreath for a Redhead (Sailor's Leave) (first novel); The Executioners. Paul Morand (1888-1976), Le Flagellant de Seville. Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), A Breeze of Morning. Nicholas Mosley (1923-), Spaces of the Dark (first novel). Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Innocent Eve; The Married Look. John Gneisenau Neihardt (1881-1973), When the Tree Flowered (short stories). Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), A Season in England. David Niven (1910-83), Once Over Lightly. Francois Nourissier (1927-), L'Eau Grise (first novel). Frank O'Connor (real name Michael O'Donovan), traveller's Samples (short stories). John O'Hara (1905-70), The Farmers Hotel. Charles Fulton Oursler (1893-1952), The Greatest Book Ever Written; Old Testament stories. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), The Deadly Lover; The Scented Flesh; The Dummy Murder Case. Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), Bestie del '900. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), Lost Children; Fallen into the Pit; first in a series about Inspector George Felse and his son Dominic; pub. under the alias Ellis Peters. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Chosen Country. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Murder on the Left Bank. Joseph Stanley Pennell, The History of Thomas Wagnal. Roger Peyrefitte (1907-2000), Les Ambassades. Robert Pinget (1919-97), Between Fantoine and Agapa (Entre Fantoine et Agapa) (first novel). Anthony Powell (1905-2000), A Question of Upbringing; first in the 12-vol. novel series "A Dance to the Music of Time" (1951-75). John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Porius. V.S. Pritchett (1900-97), Mr. Beluncle. Ellery Queen, Origin of Evil. Vance Randolph (1892-1980), We Always Lie to Strangers (short stories). J.D. Salinger (1919-2010), The Catcher in the Rye (Aug. 12); first social commentary about U.S. pop culture; giant hit for students, selling 65M copies by 2008; two days in the life of preppie Holden Caulfield, who is about to be kicked out of Pencey Prep in New York City and runs away for three days, staying at the derelict Edmont Hotel, dancing with three tourist girls from Seattle, hiring a ho then chickening out, getting beaten up twice, visiting a museum to see the Eskimo statues, reminiscing about his dead brother Allie, visiting "perverty" English teacher Mr. Antolini, and taking his little sister Phoebe to the zoo, commenting on how the world is ruled by "phonies", and he wants to be a catcher in the rye to keep kids from falling off a cliff and having to face life, finally ending up in a psych ward; opening line: "If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like, and how my parents were occupied and all before they had me, and all that David Copperfield kind of crap, but I don't feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth"; "Life is a game, boy. Life is a game that one plays according to the rules"; in 1953 Salinger moves to Cornish, N.H. to live the live of a recluse; his obsession with privacy even extends to the book cover, which ends up plain red. William Sansom (1912-76), The Face of Innocence. Annemarie Selniko, Desiree. Peter Shaffer (1926-) and Anthony Shaffer (1926-2001), The Woman in the Wardrobe; pub. under the alias Peter Anthony. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Farfetched Fables (posth.). Irwin Shaw (1913-84), The Troubled Air; about the rise of McCarthyism; gets him put on the Hollywood Blacklist, causing him to move to Europe for the next 25 years. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), Round the Bend; a new religion centered around an aircraft mechanic. Clifford D. Simak (1904-88), Time and Again (First He Died) (Time Quarry); spaceman Ashter Sutton returns to Earth from 61 Cygni after visiting a planet with living "souls", causing a religious war; City; about a future Earth where only dogs and robots are left. Vern Sneider (1916-98), The Teahouse of the August Moon; democracy comes to an Okinawa village; filmed in 1956. C.P. Snow (1905-80), The Masters; Strangers and Brothers #4. Mickey Spillane (1918-2006), One Lonely Night. Howard Spring (1889-1965), The Houses in Between. William Styron (1925-2006), Lie Down in Darkness (first novel). Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Bookman's London. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), A Game of Hide and Seek. Samuel Woolley Taylor (1907-97), The Grinning Gismo. Josephine Tey (1896-1952), The Daughter of Time; Inspector Alan Grant #5; title from the proverb "Truth is the daughter of time"; Grant is confined to a hospital bed with a broken leg, and uses the time to solve the historical mystery of who killed the princes in the Tower, clearing Richard III; greatest crime mystery novel ever published? Helen Traubel (1899-1972), The Metropolitan Opera Murders; soprano Elsa Vaughan (the author?) solves a mystery. John Van Druten, I Am a Camera. Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883-1970), Mechanism of Photosynthesis. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Where the Clocks Chime Twice. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Man Who Killed the King. Hugh Callingham Wheeler (1912-87), The Crippled Muse. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), The Dark Lantern; first in the Phillip Maddison series "A Chronicle of Ancient Sunlight" (1951-69). Herman Wouk (1915-), The Caine Mutiny: A Novel of World War II (Mar. 19) (Pulitzer Prize); a minesweeper. Philip Wylie (1902-71), The Disappearance; the genders end up in parallel worlds. John Wyndham (1903-69), The Day of the Triffids; a meteor shower causes plant spores to mutate into giant carnivores; filmed in 1962. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), A Woman Called Fancy. Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-87), Memoirs of Hadrian (Mémoires d'Hadrien); her biggest hit; his long letter to adoptive son Marcus Aurelius. Births: Egyptian "Out of Egypt", "Call Me By Your Name" novelist (Jewish) Andre (André) Aciman on Jan. 2 in Alexandria; Turkish-Italian descent Sephardic Jewish parents; educated at Lehman College, and Harvard U. Kazakhstani cosmonaut Talgat Amangeldyuly Musabayev on Jan. 7 in Kargaly. Am. theologian James Amon "Jim" Garrison on Jan. 7 in Huili, China; Baptist missionary parents; grows up in Taiwan; educated at Pepperdine U., the U. of Tel Aviv, Santa Clara U., Harvard U., and Cambridge U. Am. "Don't It make My Brown Eyes Blue" country singer Crystal Gale (Brenda Gayle Webb) on Jan. 9 in Paintsville, Ky.; sister of Loretta Lynn (1932-) and Peggy Sue Webb (1947-); distant cousin of Patty Loveless; named by Loretta Lynn for the Krystal hamburger chain. Palestinian Hamas leader Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook on Jan. 9 in Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip. Am. "Rebecca Howe in Cheers", "Mollie Ubriacco in Look Who's Talking" actress (Scientologist) Kirsten Louise "Kirstie" Alley (nee Deal) on Jan. 12 in Wichita, Kan.; wife (1983-97) of Parker Stevnson (1952-). Am. rock musician Christopher Branford "Chris" Bell (d. 1978) (Big Star) on Jan. 12 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. conservative political commentator Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (d. 2021) on Jan. 12 in Cape Girardeau, Mo.; drops out from Southeast Mo. State U.; brother of David Limbaugh (1952-). English rocker Peter Rodney "Biff" Byford (Saxon) on Jan. 15 in Honley, West Yorkshire. Spanish entertainer ("cuchi-cuchi") Charo (Maria del Rosario Mercedes Pilar Martinez Molina-Baeza) (Sp. "ill-bred person") on Jan. 15 in Murcia; wife (1966-78) of Xavier Cugat (1900-90). U.S. Rep. (D-Md) (1996-2019) (black) Elijah Eugene Cummings (d. 2019) on Jan. 18 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Baltimore City College, Howard u., and U. of Md. English "A Horse With No Name" singer-songwriter Dewey Bunnell (America) on Jan. 19 in Harrogate, Yorkshire. Am. "Only the Lonely" rock singer Martha Davis (Motels) on Jan. 15 in Berkeley, Calif. English rock bassist Ian Frank Hill (Judas Priest) on Jan. 20 in Yew Tree Estate, West Bromwich. U.S. atty.-gen. #82 (2009-15) (first African-Am.) (black) Eric Himpton Holder Jr. on Jan. 21 in Queens, N.Y.; Barbados immigrant parents; educated at Columbia U. Am. "Tribes With Flags" journalist Charles Glass on Jan. 23 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at USC, and Am. U. of Beirut. Am. "Miracle on the Hudson" "Highest Duty", "Making a Difference" hero airline capt. Chesley Burnett "Sully" Sullenberger III on Jan. 23 in Denison, Tex. Am. comedian (Jewish) Yakov Smirnoff (Yakov Naumovich Pokhis) on Jan. 24 in Odessa, Ukraine; emigrates to the U.S. in 1977. Am. runner Steve Roland "Pre" Prefontaine (d. 1975) on Jan. 25 in Coos Bay, Ore.; one leg is longer than the other, which doesn't stop him from holding the U.S. record in every running event from the 2km to the 10km, sparking a running boom in the 1970s; known for his extremely aggressive "front-running" racing style - swings his arms instead of his hips? Australian "Lonesome Loser", "Happy Anniversary" rock musician-songwriter-roducer David John Briggs (Little River Band) on Jan. 26 in Melbourne. Irish rock drummer Brian Michael Downey (Thin Lizzy) on Jan. 27 in Dublin. English "Sussudio", "Another Day in Paradise", "Against All Odds (Take a Look At Me Now)" singer-songwriter-drummer-actor Philip David Charles "Phil" Collins (Genesis) on Jan. 30 in Chiswick, London; has a closeup as a screaming teenie in the Beatles' film "A Hard Day's Night". Am. "Alien 3" actor (black) Charles Stanley Dutton on Jan. 30 in Baltimore, Md.; becomes an actor while in prison for a fatal stabbing. Am. "That's the Way (I Like It"), "Give It Up", "Get Down Tonight" singer-songwriter-producer Harry Wayne "K.C." Casey (KC and the Sunshine Band) on Jan. 31 in Opa-Locka, Fla.; Irish-Am. father, Italian-Am. mother; wrote first song at age 12. English musician-producer Phil Manzanera (Philip Geoffrey Targett-Adams) (Roxy Music) on Jan. 31 in London. Burkina Faso pres. (1987-2014) (black) Blaise Compaore (Compaoré) on Feb. 3 in Ziniare. U.S. Dem. Wash. gov. #23 (2013-) Jay Robert Inslee on Feb. 9 in Seattle, wash.; educated at the U. of Wash., and Williamette U. Am. "Cindy in Crazy Like a Fox" actress Penny Peyser on Feb. 9 in Irvington, N.Y.; daughter of Peter A. Peyser (1921-); educated at Emerson College. Am. R&B musician (black) Dennis "DT" Thomas (Kool & the Gang) on Feb. 9. Am. Galley Furniture magnate James Franklin "Mattress Mack" McIngvale on Feb. 11 in Starkville, Miss.; educated at North Tex. State U. Am. Cajun singer-musician Michael Doucet (BeauSoleil) on Feb. 14 near Lafayette, La. Am. "You Should Hear How She Talks About You" singer-songwriter (Jewish) Melissa Manchester on Feb. 15 in Bronx, N.Y. English "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman", "Solitaire in Live and Let Die" actress (Jewish) Jane Seymour (Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg) on Feb. 15 in Hayes, London; Polish Jewish descent father, Dutch Protestant mother; names herself after Henry VIII's 3rd wife; wife (1993-2013) of James Keach (1947-) - she ain't no hollaback girl? Am. "Tommy Ross in Carrie", "The Greatest American Hero" actor William Theodore Katt on Feb. 16 in Los Angeles, Calif. Iraqi intel chief Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (d. 2007) on Feb. 17 in Tikrit; half-brother of Saddam Hussein. Am. tennis player Richard LaClede Stockton on Feb. 18 in New York City. Am. "Butterflies Are Free" actor Edward Albert (Edward Laurence Heimberger) (d. 2006) on Feb. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Eddie Albert (1906-2005) and Margo (1917-85). British Labour PM (2007-10) (Freemason) James Gordon Brown on Feb. 20 in Giffnock, Renfrewshire, Scotland; youngest person since WWII to attend the U. of Edinburgh. Am. tennis player Edward George "Eddie" Dibbs on Feb. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "The Book of Awakening" poet-philosopher Mark Nepo on Feb. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Jill Taylor in Home Improvement" actress Patricia Castle Richardson on Feb. 23 in Bethesda, Md. English rock bassist Steven "Dobby" Dawson (Saxon) on Feb. 24 in Sheffield, Yorkshire; model for Derek Smalls in "Spinal Tap". Am. "Kitty Forman in That '70s Show" actress Debra Jo Rupp on Feb. 24 in Glendale, Calif. Canadian "The Color of Money", "Desert Hearts" actress-dir. Helen Shaver on Feb. 24 in St. Thomas, Ont. Am. Repub. Nat. Committee chmn. #54 (1989-91) Harvey LeRoy Atwater (d. 1991) on Feb. 27 in Atlanta, Ga.; grows up in Aiken, S.C.; educated at Newberry College, and U. of S.C. Italian Alpine skier Gustavo Thoeni (Thöni) on Feb. 28 in Trafoi, South Tyrol. Egyptian grand mufti (2003-) Ali Goma'a on Mar. 3 in Bani Suwayf. Am. "Real Moments" writer Barbara De Angelis on Mar. 4 in ?; educated at Sierra U., and Columbia Pacific U. Czech rock bassist Milan "Mejila" Hlavsa (d. 2001) (Plastic People of the Universe) on Mar. 6 in Prague. Am. "Betrayers of the Truth" journalist William J. Broad on Mar. 7 in ?; educated at the U. of Wisc. Am. musician-composer William Richard "Bill" Frisell on Mar. 8 in Baltimore, Md.; grows up in Denver, Colo. Am. liberal "Crossfire" TV host Michael Kinsley on Mar. 9 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Harvard U. Philippine Miss Universe 1969 Gloria Maria Aspillera Diaz on Mar. 10 in Manila. Australian "The Secret", "The Power" New Age writer-producer Rhonda Byrne on Mar. 12. Am. Ben & Jerry's co-founder (Jewish) Jerry Greenfield on Mar. 14 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; partner of Ben Cohen (1952-); educated at Oberlin College. Canadian "Prince of Tides" actress Patricia Colleen "Kate" Nelligan on Mar. 16 in London, Ont. Am. #1 B-movie action flick actor Kurt Vogel Russell on Mar. 17 in Springfield, Mass.; husband of Goldie Hawn (1945-); father of Kate Hudson (1979-). Am. Ben & Jerry's co-founder (Jewish) (anosmic) Bennett "Ben" Cohen on Mar. 18 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; partner of Jerry Greenfield (1951-); educated at Colgate U., Skidmore U., the New School, and NYU. Scottish drummer Derek Longmuir (Bay City Rollers) on Mar. 19 in Edinburgh. Am. blues musician (alcoholic drug addict) James Lawrence "Jimmie" Vaughan (Fabulous Thunderbirds) on Mar. 20 in Dallas, Tex.; brother of Stevie Ray Vaughan (1954-90). U.S. U.N. ambassador #26 (2007-9) (Sunni Muslim) Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad on Mar. 22 in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan; educated at the Am. U. of Beirut, and the U. of Chicago. Soviet cosmonaut Musa Khiramanovich Manarov on Mar. 22 in Baku, Azerbijan. Am. fashion designer (Roman Catholic) Thomas Jacob "Tommy" Hilfiger on Mar. 24 in Elmira, N.Y.; Dutch-German descent father, Irish descent mother; descendant of Robert Burns. Scottish rock bassist Douglas Campbell "Dougie" Thomson (Supertramp) on Mar. 24 in Glasgow. Am. architect Randall Carlson on Mar. 26 in ?; grows up near Minneapolis, Minn. Am. physicist Carl Edwin Wieman on Mar. 26 in Corvallis, Ore.; educated at Stanford U.; 2001 Nobel Physics Prize. English "Sex Lives" writer Nigel Cawthorne on Mar. 27. Canadian ballerina Karen Alexandria Kain on Mar. 28 in Hamilton, Ont.; partner of Frank Augustyn (1953-). Vietnamese-Am. photographer Huynh Cong "Nick" Ut on Mar. 29 in Long An. Swedish Nov. 1972 Playboy centerfold model Lena Forsen (Forsén) (nee Soderberg) on Mar. 31. Swedish Nov. 1972 Playboy mag. model Lena Forsen (Forsén) (nee Soderberg) on Mar. 31. Am. economist Mark Lionel Gertler on Mar. 31; educated at the U. of Wisc., and Stanford U. U.S. gen. ("the Mad Arab") (Christian) John Philip Abizaid on Apr. 1 in Coleville, Calif.; Lebanese-Am. father, Palestinian-Am. mother; highest-ranking U.S. gen. of direct Arab descent. English geneticist Dame Kay Elizabeth Davies (nee Partridge) on Apr. 1 in Sourbridge, West Midlands; educated at Somerville College and Wolfson College, Oxford U.; created dame in 2008. Am. "Shannon" singer-songwriter Henry Gross (Sha Na Na) on Apr. 1 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. 5'11" football linebacker (black) (Denver Broncos #57, 1973-86) Thomas Louie "Tom" "Tommy" "TJ" Jackson on Apr. 4 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at the U. of Louisville; part of the Denver Broncos Orange Crush defense. Am. "Restless Heart-Wheels" country musician John Dittrich on Apr. 7 in Union, N.J. Am. rock drummer Bruce Gary (d. 2006) (Knack) on Apr. 7 in Burbank, Calif. Am. "Society's Child" singer-songwriter (Jewish) (lesbian) Janis Ian (Janis Eddy Fink) on Apr. 7 in New York City; wife (2003-) of Patricia Snyder; pub. first song "Hair of Spun Gold" and changes her last name to her brother's middle name at age 13. Am. rock bassist Mel Schacher (Grand Funk Railroad, Question Mark and the Mysterians) on Apr. 8. Am. hall-of-fame bowler (Jewish) ("Father of the the Cranking Style") Mark Roth on Apr. 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Casey Ryback in Under Siege" 6'3" actor-dir.-writer Steven Frederic Seagal on Apr. 10 in Lansing, Mich.; husband (1987-96) of Kelly LeBrock (1960-). Am. "Freedom Beach" sci-fi novelist James Patrick Kelly on Apr. 11 in Mineola, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Notre Dame. Am. singer (black) (gay) Alexander "Alex" Briley (military man in The Village People) on Apr. 12. Algerian scientist (Muslim) Elias A. Zerhouni on Apr. 12 in Nedroma; educated at the U. of Algiers. Israeli economist (Jewish) Ariel Rubenstein on Apr. 13 in Jerusalem; educated at the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. Am. rock drummer (Jewish) Maxwell Sachel "Max" Weinberg (E Street Band, Conan O'Brien) on Apr. 13 in Newark, N.J. English biochemist Sir Gregory Paul Winter on Apr. 14 in Leicester, Leicestershire; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U.; 2018 Nobel Chem. Prize; English cellist Julian Lloyd Webber on Apr. 14; son of William Lloyd Webber (1914-82); 2nd sonof William Lloyd Webber (1914-82); brother of Andrew Lloyd Webber (1948-); educated at Royal College of Music. Am. columnist Heloise on Apr. 15 in Waco, Tex. Am. astronaut John Lynch Phillips on Apr. 15 in Ft. Belvoir, Va.; educated at UCLA. Anglo-Argentine "Juliet in Romeo and Juliet" actress Olivia Hussey (Osuna) on Apr. 17 in Buenos Aires. U.S. Rep. (D-Wisc.) (2005-) (black) Gwendolynne Sophia "Gwen" Moore on Apr. 18 in Racine, Wisc.; educated at Marquette U. Am. "Power of Love" soul singer-songwriter (black) (gay?) Luther Ronzoni Vandross Jr. (d. 2005) (Change) on Apr. 20 in Manhattan, N.Y. Am. "Tony Micelli in Who's the Boss?" actor Tony Danza (Anthony Salvatore Iadanza) on Apr. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Sicilian immigrant mother. Soviet cosmonaut Alexander (Aleksandr) Ivanovich Laveykin on Apr. 21 in Moscow. Am. "A Patriot's History of the United States" historian Larry Earl Schweikart on Apr. 21 in Mesa, Ariz.; educated at Arizona State U., and UCB. English "Silent Running", "All I Need Is A Miracle" singer-songwriter Paul Carrack (Ace, Squeeze, Mike + the Mechanics, Roxy Music) on Apr. 22 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Am. "Being Nixon: A Man Divided" journalist-historian Evan Welling Thomas III on Apr. 25 in Huntington, N.Y.; educated at Phillips Academy, Harvard U., and U. of Va. Am. rock musician Paul Daniel "Ace" Frehley (Kiss) on Apr. 27 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. auto racer ("Mr. Restrictor Plate") ("The Intimidator") ("The Man in Black") ("Ironhead") Ralph Dale Earnhardt Sr. (d. 2001) on Apr. 29 in Kannapolis, N.C.; father of Dale Earnhardt Jr. (1974-). Am. "Prelude to a Kiss" playwright-dir.-actor (gay) Craig Lucas on Apr. 30 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at Boston U. Am. photographer Sally Mann on May 1 in Lexington, Va. English chef Henry Antony Cardew Worrall Thompson on May 1 in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Am. "Sailing", "Arthur's Theme" singer Christopher Cross (Christopher Charles Geppert) on May 3 in San Antonio, Tex. Am. singer (black) Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (Jackson Five) on May 4 in Gary, Ind.; 2nd child. Am. rock musician Nick Mars (Robert Alan Deal) (Motley Crue) on May 4 in Terre Haute, Ind.; grows up in Calif. U.S. special envoy for climate change (2009-16) (Jewish) Todd D. Stern on May 4 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Dartmouth College, and Harvard U. Am. "What Would Jefferson Do?" liberal writer-radio host Thom Hartmann on May 7 in Grand Rapids, Mich.; educated at Mich. State U. Am. "Epstein in Welcome Back, Kotter" actor Robert Hegyes on May 7 in Perth Amboy, N.J.; Hungarian-Am. father, Italian-Am. mother; cousin of Jon Bon Jovi (1962-). Am. rock drummer-producer Charlton Christopher "Chris" Frantz (Talking Heads) on May 8 in Ft. Campbell, Ky. English rock musician Bernard John "Bernie" Marsden (Whitesnake) on May 7 in Buckingham, Buckinghamshire. Am. Creek Muscogee poet-playwright Joy Harjo on May 9 in Tulsa, Okla. Am. "Norma Arnold in The Wonder Years" actress Alley Mills on May 9 in Chicago, Ill. Am. R&B singer (black) Ron Banks (Dramatics) on May 10 in Detroit, Mich. English rock drummer Paul Thompson (Roxy Music) on May 13 in Newcastle upon Tyne. English "Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story" writer-producer Alan Janes on May 16 in West Ham. French fashion designer Christian Marie Marc Lacroix on May 16 in Arles. Am. rock singer-songwriter ("the Godfather of Punk") Jonathan Michael Richman (Modern Lovers) on May 16 in Natick, Mass. French historian-sociologist Emmanuel Todd on May 16 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines; son of Olivier Todd; father of David Todd; educated at Cambridge U. Dutch organic chemist (Roman Catholic) Bernard Lucas "Ben" Feringa on May 18 in Barger-Compascuum; educated at the U. of Groningen; 2016 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "James T. Hart in The Paper Chase" actor James Stephens on May 18 in Mount Kisco, N.Y. Am. "Stuart Smalley in SNL" comedian and U.S. Sen. (D-Minn.) (2009-) (Jewish) Alan Stuart "Al" Franken on May 21 in New York City; grows up in Minneapolis, Minn.; scores a perfect 800 on his math SAT?; educated at Harvard U. Am. Hillside Strangler serial murderer Kenneth Alessio Bianchi on May 22 in Rochester, N.Y. Soviet-Russian world chess champ #12 (1975-85) Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov on May 23 in Ziatoust. Am. "Bilitis" actress-model Patti D'Arbanville on May 25 in New York City. Am. "Ogie Ogilthorpe in Slap Shot", "Apocalypto" actor-producer and hockey player Ned Dowd on May 26 in Boston, Mass. Syrian cosmonaut (1st Syrian and 2nd Arab in space) Muhammad Ahmed Faris on May 26 in Aleppo. Am. astronaut-astrophysicist (first U.S. woman in space, 1983) (first lesbian austronaut) ("Ride, Sally Ride") Sally Kristen Ride (d. 2012) on May 26 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Swarthmore College, and Stanford U.; partner of Tam O'Shaughnessy (1952-). Am. "Ned Ryerson in Groundhog Day" actor Stephen Harold Tobolowsky on May 30 in Dallas, Tex. Am. artist (designer of the Rainbow Flag) (gay) Gilbert Baker on June 2 in Chanute, Kan. Am. 5'4" "Justice with Judge Jeaning" Repub. TV commentator Jeaning Ferris Pirro on June 2 in Elmira, N.Y.; Lebanese immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Buffalo, and Union U. Canadian 6'2" hockey hall-of-fame player-coach Larry Clark "Big Bird" Robinson on June 2 in Marvelville, Winchester, Ont. French astrophysicist-poet Jean-Pierre Luminet on June 3 in ?. English writer-columnist (Jewish) Melanie Phillips on June 4; educated at St. Anne's College, Oxford U.; coins the term "Lemmingland" for England. U.S. Dem. Second Lady #47 (2009-17) Jill Tracy Biden (nee Jacobs) on June 5 in Hammonton, N.J.; 2nd wife (1977-) of Joe Biden (1942-); educated at the U. of Del., West Chester U., and Villanova U. Am. "The Laws of Money, the Lessons of Life" financial advisor (Jewish) (lesbian) Susan Lynn "Suze" Orman on June 5 in South Side Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. English "A Pack of Lies" children's novelist Geraldine McCaughrean (pr. like Macorkran) on June 6. Welsh "Total Eclipse of the Heart" singer Bonnie Tyler (Gaynor Hopkins) on June 8 in Skewen, Wales. English rock drummer Peter "Pete" Gill (Saxon, Glitter Band, Motorhead) on June 9 in Sheffield. Am. football QB (San Diego Chargers #14, 1973-87) Daniel Francis "Dan" Fouts on June 10 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. Olympic shot-putter Maren Seidler on June 11 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. rock drummer Bun E. Carlos (Brad Carlson) (Cheap Trick) on June 12 in Rockford, Ill. Am. rocker Bradley E. "Brad" Delp (d. 2007) (Boston) on June 12 in Danvers, Mass. Am. actor Jonathan Hogan on June 13 in Chicago, Ill. Swedish "MIT math prof. in Good Will Hunting", "Russian Capt. Tupolov in The Hunt for Red October" actor Stellan Skarsgard on June 13 in Goteborg (Gothenburg). Am. "John-Boy in the Waltons" actor Richard Earl Thomas on June 13 in New York City - New York SITEE? Am. "Solid Gold" dancer (black) Darcel Wynne on June 13 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Iranian-Am. scholar (Shiite Muslim) Hamid Dabashi on June 15 in Ahvaz, Iran; educated at the U. of Penn. and Harvard U. Am. "Falling" singer-songwriter Lenny LeBlanc (Le Blanc and Carr) on June 17 in Leominster, Mass. Am. "The Spiral Dance" feminist neopagan writer-activist Starhawk (Miriam Simos) on June 17 in St. Paul, Minn.; Russian Jewish immigrant grandparents; educated at UCLA. Am. "Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken" dir.-producer-actor Steve Milner on June 18 in Westport, Conn. Egyptian al-Qaida leader (physician) Ayman Muhammed Rabaie al-Zawahiri (Dhawahiri) (d. 2022) on June 19 in Giza. Panamanian "No Mas" boxer Roberto Duran on June 16 in Panama City. Am. "Miller Beer" comedian Joseph Charles John "Joe" Piscopo on June 17 in Passaic, N.J. Syrian political cartoonist Ali Farzat on June 22 in Hama. Am. psychic psychiatrist Judith Orloff on June 25 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at USC. Am. "An American Family" singer-writer (gay) Alanson Russell "Lance "Loud (d. 2001) (The Mumps) on June 26 in La Jolla, Calif. Am. "Stephanie Vanderkellen in Newhart" actress Julia Duffy on June 27 in Minneapolis, Minn. Irish pres. #8 (1997-2001) Mary Patricia McAleese (nee Leneghan) on June 27 in Belfast, Northern Ireland; educated at Queen's U. Belfast, and Trinity College, Dublin. Am. jazz musician-composer (black) Stanley Clarke on June 30 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. diplomat (U.S. ambassador to Israel in 1995-7 and 2000-1) (Jewish) Martin Sean Indyk on July 1 in London, England; brother of Ivor Indyk; grows up in Australia; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1993; educated at the U. of Sydney, and Australian Nat. U. Am. rock singer Fred Schneider III (B-52's) on July 1 in Newark, N.J. Am. singer-songwriter Victor Edward Willis (cop and naval officer in the Village People) on July 1 in Dallas, Tex.; only non-gay member of the Village People other than Glenn Hughes. Haitian pres. #41 (1971-86) (black) Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier (d. 2014) on July 3 in Port-au-Prince; son of Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (1907-71). Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher Richard Michael "Goose" Gossage on July 5 in Colorado Springs, Colo. Am. college football player (black) (U. of Neb. #20) Johnny Steven "the Jet" Rodgers on July 5 in Omaha, Neb.; 1972 Heisman Trophy winner. Australian "David Helfgott in Shine", "Barbarossa in Pirates of the Caribbean", "Philip Henslowe in Shakespeare in Love" actor Geoffrey Roy Rush on July 6 in Toowoomba, Queensland; raised in Brisbane. Am. "Maerose Prizzi in Prizzi's Honor", "Etheline Tenenbaum in The Royal Tenenbaums" actress Anjelica Huston on July 8 in Santa Monica, Calif.; daughter of dir. John Huston (1906-87) and 4th wife Enrica Soma (1930-69); raised in Ireland and England. Am. "John Hickam in October Sky", "Col. Frank Fitts in American Beauty" actor Christopher W. "Chris" Cooper on July 9 in Kansas City, Mo. Am. "Phyllis Lapin-Vance in The Office" actress Phyllis Smith on July 10 in Lemay (near St. Louis), Mo. Am. "Kris Munroe in Charlie's Angels", "Josie and the Pussycats" actress Cheryl Ladd (Cheryl Jean Stoppelmoor) on July 12 in Huron, S.D. Am. "Dr. John Sutton in Chicago Hope" actor James Patrick "Jamey" Sheridan on July 12 in Pasadena, Calif. U.S. Rep. (R-Utah) (2013-) (Mormon) Robert William "Rob" Bishop on July 13 in Kaysville; educated at the U. of Utah. Am. "Frenchie in Grease" actress (Jewish) Edith "Didi" Conn (nee Bernstein) on July 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. journalist Esther Dyson on July 14 in Zurich, Switzerland; daughter of Freeman Dyson (1923-); educated at Harvard U. Am. Minn. gov. #38 (1999-2003) and wrestler-actor (Lutheran) Jesse "the Body" Ventura (James George Janos) on July 15 in Minneapolis, Minn.; Slovak descent father, German descent mother. Am. Visicalc programmer (Jewish) Daniel Singer "Dan" Bricklin on July 16 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at MIT and Harvard U. Am. "Molly Bell in The Jazz Singer" actress Lucie Arnaz on July 17 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Lucille Ball (1911-89) and Desi Arnaz (1917-86); wife (1980-) of Laurence Luckinbill (1941-). Am. "A Nation Under Our Feet" historian Steven Hahn on July 18 in New York City; educated at the U. of Rochester, and Yale U. Am. "Mags Bennett in Justified" actress Margo Martindale on July 18 in Jacksonville, Tex. Am. Dem. mayor #44 of Denver, Colo. (2011) Guillermo "Bill" Vidal on July 19 in Camaguey, Cuba; emigrates to the U.S. in 1961; educated at the U. of Colo. Am. "Mork in Mork and Mindy", "Popeye", "Adrian Cronauer in Good Morning Vietnam", "John Keating in Dead Poet's Society", "Peter Banning in Hook", "Mrs. Doubtfire" comedian-actor (alcoholic) Robin McLaurin Williams (d. 2014) on July 21 in Chicago, Ill.; Episcopalian father, Christian Scientist mother; raised Episcopalian; English, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, German, and French ancestry; father of Zelda Williams (1989-); educated at Claremont McKenna College, Juilliard School (student of John Houseman); grows up in Bloomfield Hills, Mich., where he played with 2K toy soldiers; classmate-friend of Christopher Reeve - the Turdus migratorius of comedians? Am. Repub. nat. security advisor (2017-) Kathleen Troia "K.T." McFarland on July 22 in Madison, Wisc.; educated at George Washington U., Oxford U., and MIT. Am. "Wonder Woman" actress (alcoholic) Lynda Jean Cordova (Córdova) Carter on July 24 in Phoenix, Ariz.; English-Scots-Irish descent father, Mexican-Spanish-French descent mother; educated at Ariz. State U.; her stunts are performed by Jeannie Epper (1941-), who claims that Lynda runs like a woman. Am. "My Own Private Idaho", "Good Will Hunting", "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" film dir. (gay) Gus Van Sant Jr. on July 24 in Louisville, Ky. Am. rock bassist (black) Verdine White (Earth, Wind & Fire) on July 25 in Chicago, Ill. Canadian hockey player Richard Lionel "Rick" Martin on July 26 in Verdun, Quebec. Am. astronaut William Surles McArthur Jr. on July 26 in Laurinburg, N.C.; educated at Ga. Inst. of Tech. Am. ballerina Janet Eilber on July 27 in Detroit, Mich. Am. 6'6" basketball player-coach (white) (Philadelphia 76ers #20, 1973-81) (Chicago Bulls, 1986-9) (Detroit Pistons, 1995-8) (Washington Wizards, 2001-3) (Philadelphia 76ers, 2010-13) Paul Douglas "Doug" Collins on July 28 in Christopher, Ill.; educated at Ill. State U. Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava Valls on July 28 in Benimamet, Valencia; educated at the Swiss Federal Inst. of Tech. (ETH). Australian aborigine tennis player Evonne Fay Goolagong Cawley on July 31 in Griffith, N.S.W. U.S. Rep. (R-Utah) (2021-) and 6'2" football safety (New York Jets, 1973-9) (Oakland Raiders, 1980-2) (black) Clarence Burgess Owens on Aug. 2 in Columbus, Ohio; educated at the U. of Miami. Canadian hockey player Marcel Dionne on Aug. 3 in Drummondville, Quebec. Am. "Dennis the Menace" actor Jay Waverly North on Aug. 3 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. "Penny Gordon's mother in Good Times" actress-dir. (black) Laverne "Chip" Fields (Hurd) (Fields-Hurd) on Aug. 5 in New York City; mother of Kim Fields (1969-) and Alexis Fields (1979-). Australian "Emotion" singer Samantha Sang (Cheryl Gray) on Aug. 5 in Melbourne, Victoria. Am. "Dr. Gillian Taylor in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home", "Annie Camden in 7th Heaven", "Karen Barclay in Child's Play" actress (Roman Catholic) Catherine Mary Hicks on Aug. 6 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U. Am. Olympic swimmer Gary Wayne Hall Sr. on Aug. 7 in Fayetteville, N.C.; educated at Indiana U.; father of Gary Hall Jr. (1974-). Egyptian pres. #5 (2012-13) (Sunni Muslim) Gen. Mohamed Morsi (Morsy) (d. 2019) on Aug. 8 in El Adwah, Sharqia Governate; educated at the U. of Cairo, and USC. Indian prince of Arcot (1993) (Muslim) Muhammad Abdul Ali Khan Bahadur on Aug. 9. Colombian pes. #32 (2010-) Juan Manuel Santos Calderon (Calderón) on Aug. 10 in Bogota; educated at the U. of Kan., London School of Economics, Harvard U., and Tufts U.; 2016 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. murderer (black) William R. "Willie" Horton on Aug. 12 in Chesterfield, S.C. Am. 6'1" football QB (Denver Broncos #14, 1974-9) Norris Lee Weese (d. 1995) on Aug. 12 in Baton Rouge, La.; educated at the U. of Miss. Am. "Leader of the Band", "Same Auld Lang Syne" singer-songwriter Daniel Grayling "Dan" Fogelberg (d. 2007) on Aug. 13 in Peoria, Ill. Am. "Marcus Dixon in Alias" rock singer-musician-actor (black) Carl Lumbly on Aug. 14 in Minneapolis, Minn. Nigerian pres. #13 (#2) (2007-10) (black) (Sunni Muslim) Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (d. 2010) on Aug. 16 in Katsina; born into an aristocratic Fulani family; educated at Ahmadu Bello U. Canadian "Fallen", "Jim in Desperately Seeking Susan" actor Robert Joy on Aug. 17 in Montreal, Quebec; educated at Oxford U. English boxer (lefty) Alan Minter on Aug. 17 in Crawley. English rock bassist John Richard Deacon (AKA Deacon John) (Queen) on Aug. 19 in Oadby, Leicestershire. French leftist politician Jean-Luc Antoine Pierre Melenchon (Mélenchon) on Aug. 19 in Tangier. Am. medium Char Margolis on Aug. 21 in Detroit, Mich. Am. TV journalist Harry Smith on Aug. 21 in Lansing, Ill. Am. rock musician Jimmy Wayne "Jimi" Jamison (d. 2014) (Cobra, Survivor) on Aug. 23 in Memphis, Tenn. Chechen pres. #1 (2003-4) (Sunni Muslim) Akhmad (Akhmat) Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov (d. 2004) on Aug. 23 in Karaganda, Kazakhstan; father of Ramzan Kadyrov (1976-). Jordanian queen Noor (Lisa Najeeb Halaby) on Aug. 23 in Washington, D.C.; daughter of Najeeb Halaby (1915-2003); 4th wife (1978-99) of King Hussein (1935-99); of English, Swedish, Scottish and Syrian descent; mother of Hamzah (1980-), Hashim (1981-), Iman (1983-), and Raiyah (1986-). Am. actor-producer Mark Hudson on Aug. 23. Am. singer Jimmy Wayne "Jimi" Jamison (Survivor) on Aug. 23 in Miss.; grows up in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "Ender's Game" sci-fi/fantasy writer (Mormon) Orson Scott Card on Aug. 24 in Richland, Wash.; descendant of Brigham Young. Am. "The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love" novelist Oscar Hijuelos on Aug. 24 in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at CCNY. English rock singer ("the Metal God") Robert John Arthur "Rob" Halford (Judas Priest) on Aug. 25 in Walsall, West Midlands. Am. theoretical physicist (Jewish) Edward Witten on aug. 26 in Baltimore, md.; educated at Brandeis U., U. of Wisc., and Princeton U. Am. "Osmonds" singer (Mormon) Melvin Wayne Osmond on Aug. 28 in Ogden, Utah. Am. "Johnny in Johnny Got His Gun", "Sonny Crawford in The Last Picture Show" actor-producer Timothy James Bottoms on Aug. 30 in Santa Barbara, Calif.; brother of Joseph Bottoms (1954-), Sam Bottoms (1955-2008), and Ben Bottoms (1960-). Am. GFP molecular biologist Douglas C. Prasher on Aug. ? in ?; educated at Ohio State U. Am. "American Prometheus" biographer Kai Bird (Chin. "Kai" = mustard") on Sept. 2 in Eugene, Ore.; U.S. Foreign Service officer father; grows up in Jerusalem, Beirut, Dharan, Cairo, Mumbai, and Tamil Nadu; educated at Carleton College, Northwestern U. Am. "Leroy Jethro Gibbs in NCIS", "Chicago Hope, "St. Elsewhere", "Simon Donovan in West Wing" actor Thomas Mark Harmon on Sept. 2 in Burbank, Calif.; son of Heisman Trophy winner Tom Harmon (1919-90) and actress Elyse Knox (1917-); educated at UCLA, where he is starting QB for the Bruins in 1972-3, with a 17-5 record. Am. rock bassist Tony Fox Sales on Sept. 2 in Cleveland, Ohio; brother of Hunt Sales (1954-). Sri Lankan pres. (2015-) Maithripala (Pallewatte Gamaralalage Maithripala Yapa) Sirisena) on Sept. 3 in Yaoga, Western Province. Am. "History Detectives" anthropologist C. Wesley "Wes" Cowan on Sept. 4 in Louisville, Ky. Am. "Bruce Wayne in Batman", "Beetlejuice", "Gung Ho", "Johnny Dangerously", "Mr. Mom" actor Michael Keaton (Michael John Douglas) on Sept. 5 in Corapolis, Penn.; educated at Kent State U. Brazilian "Feelings" singer-songwriter Morris Albert (Mauricio Alberto Kaisermann) on Sept. 7 in Sao Paulo. Am. actress Georganne LaPiere Bartylak on Sept. 7 in Los Angeles, Calif.; half-sister of Cher (1946-); wife Michael Madsen (1957-). Am. "Brass in Pocket" rock singer-songwriter Christine Ellen "Chrissie" Hynde (The Pretenders) on Sept. 7 in Akron, Ohio. Am. conservative politician and neurosurgeon (black) Benjamin Solomon "Ben" Carson Sr. on Sept. 18 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Yale U., and U. of Mich. Am. tennis player-coach Tim Gullikson on Sept. 8 in La Crosse, Wisc.; twin brother of Tom Gullikson (1951-). Am. "Luke Duke in the Dukes of Hazzard" actor Thomas Steven "Tom" Wopat on Sept. 9 in Lodi, Wisc. Mexican novelist-journalist Eliseo "Lichi" Alberto de Diego Garcia Marruz (d. 2011) on Sept. 10 in Arroyo Naranjo, Cuba; emigrates to Mexico in 1990. Irish PM #10 (1997-) Patrick Bartholomew "Bertie" Ahern on Sept. 12 in Drumcondra, Dublin. Am. "Cypher in The Matrix" actor Joseph Peter "Joe" "Joey Pants" Pantoliano on Sept. 12 in Hoboken, N.J. Am. 5'9-1/2" "Samantha's mother Regina Newly in Samantha Who?", "Lana Gardner in Frasier", "First Lady in 24" actress Jean Elizabeth Smart on Sept. 13 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wash. English physicist Frederick Duane Michael Haldane on Sept. 14 in London; educated at St. Paul's School, and Christ's College, Cambridge U.; 2016 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. football coach (USC, 2001-9) (San Francisco 49ers, 1995-6) (New England Patriots, 1997-9) (Seattle Seahawks, 2010-) Peter Clay "Pete" Carroll on Sept. 15 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at the College of Marin, U. of the Pacific. Am. white supremacist "American Renaissance" writer-ed. Samuel Jared Taylor on Sept. 15 in Kobe, Japan; Christian missionary parents; educated at Yale U., and Paris Inst. of Political Studies. Am. actress Elvira, Mistress of the Dark (Cassandra Peterson) on Sept. 17 in Manhattan, Kan.; grows up in Colo. Springs, Colo.; graduates from Palmer H.S. in 1969. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Los Angeles Lakers #24, 1973-7) (Boston Celtics #26, 1973-7) (San Diego Clippers #42, 1978-9) (Portland Trail Blazers #42, 1979-82) (Golden State Warriors #3, 1987) Kermit Alan "The Punch" Washington on Sept. 17 in Washington, D.C.; educated at American U. Am. neurosurgeon (black) Benjamin Solomon "Ben" Carson Sr. on Sept. 18 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Yale U., and U. of Mich. Am. football WR (black) (New England Patriots #84, 1971-7) Darryl Floyd Stinley (d. 2007) on Sept. 18 in West Side Chicago, Ill.; educated at Purdue U. Canadian "Wrecking Ball" singer-producer Daniel Lanois on Sept. 19 in Hull, Quebec. Am. "Isis in The Shazam!/Isis Hour, The Secrets of Isis" actress Joanna (JoAnna) Kara Cameron on Sept. 20 in Aspen, Colo. Canadian 6'0" hall-of-fame hockey player Guy Damien "The Flower" "Le Demon Blond" Lafleur on Sept. 20 in Thurso, Quebec. English rocker David Coverdale (Whitesnake, Deep Purple) on Sept. 22 in Saltburn-by-the-Sea, North Yorkshire. Am. "Luke Skywalker in Star Wars" actor-producer-writer (Roman Catholic) Mark Richard Hamill on Sept. 25 in Concord, Calif.; grows up in Oakland, Calif.; educated at Los Angeles City College. Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (Buffalo Braves #11, 1972-6) (New York Knicks #11, 1976-9) (Los Angeles Lakers #11, 1981-5) Robert Allen "Bob" McAdoo on Sept. 25 in Greensboro, N.C.; educated at the U. of N.C. Am. football player (Oakland Raiders, 1974-80) David John "Dave" "the Ghost" Casper on Sept. 26 in Bemidji, Minn.; educated at the U. of Notre Dame. Am. Amityville Murderer Ronald Joseph "Butch" DeFeo Jr.K on Sept. 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Bat Out of Hell" rock singer-actor Meat Loaf (Marvin Lee Aday) on Sept. 27 in Dallas, Tex. Chilean pres. #33 (2006-10) and #35 (2014-18) Veronica Michelle Bachelet Jeria on Sept. 29 in La Cisterna, Santiago; educated at the U. of Chile, Leipzig U., and Humboldt U. of Berlin. Australian physician Barry James Marshall on Sept. 30 in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia; 2005 Nobel Medicine Price. English "Roxanne" rock musician-actor-philanthropist Sting (Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner) (The Police) on Oct. 2 in Wallsend, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Am. astronaut (first U.S. woman to spacewalk, 1984) Kathryn Dwyer "Kathy" Sullivan on Oct. 3 in Paterson, N.J.; educated at UC Santa Cruz, and Dalhouse U. Am. 6'6" baseball player Dave Winfield on Oct. 3 in St. Paul, Minn. Am. 6'7" basketball player (black) (Washington Bullets #33, 1974-7) (New Orleans Jazz #21, 1977-9) (Phoenix Suns #21, 1979-82) (New York Knicks #21, 1982-5) Leonard Eugene "Truck" Robinson on Oct. 4 in Jacksonville, Fla.; educated at Tenn. State U. Am. "Eli Levinson in L.A. Law", actor (Jewish) Alan Rosenberg on Oct. 4 in Passaic, N.J.; German Jewish immigrant parents; 1st cousin of Donald Fagen (1948-). Am. "Jackson Pollock" biographer (gay) Gregory White Smith (d. 2014) on Oct. 4 in Ithaca, N.Y.; colloaborator of husband Steven Naifeh (1952-). Am. "Marian Ravenwood in Raiders of the Lost Ark" actress Karen Jane Allen on Oct. 5 in Carrollton, Ill. Irish "Rat Trap", "I Don't Like Mondays" singer-songwriter Robert Frederick Zenon "Bob" Geldof on Oct. 5 in Dun Laoghaire; Belgian descent father. Am. "Keep On Loving You", "Can't Fight This Feeling" rock singer Kevin Cronin (REO Speedwagon) on Oct. 6 in Evanston, Ill. Tanzanian pres. #4 (2005-15) Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete on Oct. 7 in Msoga; educated at the U. of Dar es Salaam. Am. "Jack and Diane", "Our Country" singer John Cougar Mellencamp on Oct. 7 in Seymour, Ind. Am. rock bassist Ricky Phillips (Babys, Bad English, Styx) on Oct. 7. Am. sportscaster Jon Miller on Oct. 11 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. "Bashar" channeler Darryl Anka on Oct. 12 in ?. Egyptian politician-physician (Sunni Muslim) Abdel Moneum Aboul Fotouh Abdel Hady on Oct. 15. Am. 6'0" tennis player Leonard Roscoe Tanner III on Oct. 15 in Chattanooga, Tenn. English actor Daniel Gerroll on Oct. 16 in London; illegitimate son of German construction tycoon Heinrich Mendelssohn (1881-1959). Am. "Mindy McConnell in Mork & Mindy" actress Pamela Gene "Pam" Dawber on Oct. 18 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Waiting to Exhale" novelist (black) Terry McMillan on Oct. 18 in Port Huron, Mich. Australian Christian fundamentalist Kenneth Alfred "Ken" Ham on Oct. 20 in Cairns, Queenland; educated at Queensland Inst. of Tech., and U. of Queensland. Am. "Devil Barnett", "Obama On My Mind" novelist-playwright-producer (black) Theodore "Teddy" Hayes on Oct. 20 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. historian John Ricardo I. "Juan" Cole on Oct. 23 in Albuquerque, N.M.; educated at Northwestern U., and UCLA. Am. "Sweet Charity" actor-dir.-composer Michael Rupert on Oct. 23 in Denver, Colo. Kosovan pres. #2 (2006-10) (Muslim) Fatmir Sejdiu on Oct. 23 in Pakastica. Am. funk musician (black) William "Bootsy" Collins on Oct. 26 in Cincinnati, Ohio (Pacesetters); brother of Catfish Collins (1944-). Am. "Basquiat", "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly", "Painted Plates" neo-expressionist painter-filmmaker Julian Schnabel on Oct. 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Jewish mother; grows up in Brownsville, Tex.; educated at the U. of Houston. English rock musician Kenneth "K.K." Downing Jr. (Judas Priest) on Oct. 27 in Yew Tree Estate, Hill Top, West Bromwich. English "The Abolition of Britain", "The Rage Against God" conservative journalist-writer Peter Jonathan Hitchens on Oct. 28 in Sliema, Malta; brother of Christopher Hitchens (1949-2011); educated at Alcuin College, York U.; moves from Trotskyism to conservativism and theism. Am. art gallery owner Mary Boone on Oct. 29 in Erie, Penn.; Egyptian immigrant parents; educated at Hunter College; discoverer of Julian Schnabel. Am. "Clash of the Titans" actor Harry Robinson Hamlin on Oct. 30 in Pasadena, Calif. Am. R&B musician (black) Ronald Nathan Bell (Khalis Bayyan) (Kool and the Gang) on Nov. 1 in Youngstown, Ohio; grows up in Jersey City, N.J.; brother of Robert "Kool" Bell (1950-). Am. "The Age of Surveillance Capitalism" social psychologist (Jewish?) Shoshana Zuboff on Nov. 18; educated at the U. of Chicago, and Harvard U. Am. Olympic runner Kathy Hammond on Nov. 2 in Sacramento, Calif. English "Lord Andrew Lindsay in Chariots of Fire" actor Nigel Allan Havers on Nov. 6 in Edmonton, London. Am. "The Incredible Hulk" 6'5" actor-bodybuilder (hearing-impaired) Louis Jude "Lou" Ferrigno on Nov. 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Double Dare" TV host (Jewish) Marc Summers (Berkowitz) on Nov. 11 in Indianapolis, Ind. Am. golfer Frank Urban "Fuzzy" Zoeller Jr. on Nov. 11 in New Albany, Ind. Am. rock dummer Frankie Banalie (Quiet Riot, Faster Pussycat, Steppenwolf, W.A.S.P., Billy Idol) on Nov. 14 in Queens, N.Y. Am. rock bassist Alec John Such (Bon Jovi) on Nov. 14 in Yonkers, N.Y. Am. "Ellen Griswold in National Lampoon's Vacation", "Patsy Cline in Coal Miner's Daughter" actress Beverly Heather D'Angelo on Nov. 15 in Columbus, Ohio. Am. "How I Learned to Drive" playwright Paula Vogel on Nov. 16 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Cornell U. and Bryn Mawr College. Am. singer-actor-tennis player Dean Paul "Dino" Martin Jr. (d. 1987) (Dino, Desi and Billy) on Nov. 17 in Santa Monica, Calif.; son of Dean Martin (1917-95) and 2nd wife Jeanne Biegger; husband (1971-8) of Olivia Hussey and (1982-4) Dorothy Hamill. Indian guru Premananda (Prem Kumar) Giri (d. 2011) on Nov. 17 in Matale, Sri Lanka. Am. "The Man Who Hires Carson Wells in No Country for Old Men" actor Stephen Aaron Root on Nov. 17 in Sarasota, Fla. Am. Dem. Okla. gov. # 24 (1991-5) David Lee Walters on Nov. 20 in Canute, Okla.; educated at the U. of Okla., and Harvard U. Israeli Maj. Gen. (Jewish) Amos Yadlin on Nov. 20 in Kibbutz Hatzerim; educated at Ben Gurion U., and Harvard U. English 3'11" "Randall in Time Bandits" actor (Jewish) David Stephen Rappaport (d. 1990) on Nov. 23 in London. Italian politician and porn star Ilona (Anna Elena) "Cicciolina" ("cuddles") Staller on Nov. 26 in Budapest, Hungary. Am. "K-19: The Widowmaker", "The Hurt Locker", "Point Break", "Strange Days", "Near Dark" dir. Kathryn Ann Bigelow on Nov. 27 in San Carlos, Calif.; wife (1989-91) of James Cameron (1954-); educated at Columbia U. Am. teacher-astronaut Barbara Radding Morgan on Nov. 28 in Fresno, Calif.; educated at Stanford U. Am. fretless bass guitar jazz player John Francis Anthony "Jaco" Pastorius III (d. 1987) (Weather Report) on Dec. 1 in Norristown, Penn. Am. auto racer Rick Ravon Mears on Dec. 3 in Wichita, Kan. Am. Southern rock musician Gary Robert Rossington (Lynyrd Skynyrd) on Dec. 4 in Jacksonville, Fla. Canadian hockey club owner (Ottawa Senators) Bruce Firestone on Dec. 4; educated at McGill U., U. of N.S.W., and Australian Nat. U. Am. "Nancy Krieger Westin in thirtysomething", "Barbara Robbins in City Slickers", "Holly Harper in Brothers & Sisters" actress Patricia Wettig on Dec. 4 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Katherine Wentworth in Dallas" actress Morgan Brittany (Suzanne Cupito) on Dec. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif.; Opie Taylor asks her out for his first date in a 1967 episode of "The Andy Griffith Show". Am. "A Short History of Nearly Everything" writer William McGuire "Bill" Bryson on Dec. 8 in Des Moines, Iowa; educated at Drake U. Am. astronaut Steven Alan Hawley on Dec. 12 in Ottawa,Kan.; educated at UC Santa Cruz, and U. of Kan. Am. theoretical physicist (Jewish) Steven Elliot "Steve" Koonin on Dec. 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Caltech, and MIT. Am. "Jolene Hunnicutt in Alice", "Adele Delfino in Desperate Housewives" actress Celia Weston on Dec. 14 in Spartanburg, S.C. Am. pitcher-commentator (lefty) (Baltimore Orioles, 1975-87, 1991-2) Michael Kendall "Mike" Flanagan (d. 2011) on Dec. 16 in Manchester, N.H.; "You know you're having a bad day when the 5th inning rolls around and they drag the warning track." Am. neurobiologist Joseph S. Takahashi on Dec. 16 in Tokyo, Japan; educated at Swarthmore College, UTA, and the U. of Ore. Am. R&B singer (black) Wanda Hutchinson (Emotions) on Dec. 17. Am. 6'9" basketball player (white) (epileptic) (asthmatic) (Denver Nuggets #24, 1974-8) (Philadelphia 76ers #24, 1978-86) Robert Clyde "Bobby" Jones on Dec. 18 in Charlotte, N.C.; educated at the U. of N.C. Am. economist (Jewish) Alvin Elliot Roth on Dec. 18 in New York City; educated at Columbia U., and Stanford U.; 2012 Nobel Econ. Prize. Australian astronaut Andrew Sydney Withiel "Andy" Thomas on Dec. 18 in Adelaide; educated at the U. of Adelaide. English-Canadian "Hot Child in the City" rock musician Nicholas George "Nick" Gilder (Sweeney Todd) on Dec. 21 in London; raised in Vancouver, B.C. Am. actor Michael Heinrich Horse on Dec. 21 in Tucson, Ariz.; of Yaqui descent. Canadian "Moonheart" fantasy writer Charles de Lint (AKA Samuel M. Key) on Dec. 22 in Bussum, Netherlands; emigrates to Canada at age 4 mo. Australian golfer Jan Lynne Stephenson on Dec. 22 in Sydney. English rock guitarist Paul Anthony Quinn (Saxon) on Dec. 26 in Barnsley, West Yorkshire. Am. singer-songwriter Karla Bonoff on Dec. 27 in Santa Monica, Calif. Mexican pres. (1994-2000) Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon (León) on Dec. 27 in Mexico City; educated at Yale U. Am. singer-actress Yvonne Marianne Elliman on Dec. 29 in Honolulu, Hawaii; Irish father, Japanese-Chinese mother. Am. R&B musician (black) Christopher H. "Chris" Jasper (Isley Brothers) on Dec. 30 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "It's Our Thing", "Fight the Power" R&B singer (black) Christopher "Chris" Jasper (Isley Brothers) on Dec. 31 in Cincinnati, Ohio; educated at Juilliard School, and Long Island U. Nicaraguan "Chiquita Bananas", "Never Say Never Again" actress Barbara Carrera on Dec. 31 in Bluefields; Am. father, Nicaraguan mother. Am. rock bassist Thomas William "Tom" Hamilton (Aerosmith) on Dec. 31 in Colorado Springs, Colo. Indian economist S. Rao Aiyagari (d. 1997) on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Minn.; student of Neil Wallace (1939-). Am. Hawaiian "Honolulu City Lights" musician Keolamaikalani Breckenridge "Keola" Beamer on ? in ?. Am. "American Prometheus" writer Kai Bird on ? in Eugene, Ore.; educated at Carleton College. Am. Meaning-Centered Therapy psychiatrist (Jewish) William A. Breitbart on ? in Lower East Side, Manhattan, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Stuyvesant H.S., and Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Israeli-Am. rabbi (Jewish) (pres., Internat. Fellowship of Christians and Jews) Yechiel Eckstein on ? in the U.S.; beccomes Israeli citizen in 2002. Am. "Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus" writer John Gray on ? in Houston, Tex.; gets a Ph.D. from diploma mill Columbia Pacific U. in 1982. Am. "The Wiccan Mysteries" neopagan writer Raven Grimassi on ? in ?. Am. Oneida Nation leader Arthur Raymond "Ray" Halbritter on ?; educated at Harvard U., and Syracuse U. Am. "Steel Magnolias", "The First Wives Club", "The Evening Star" playwright-dir.-actor Robert Harling on ? in La. French architect-Eygyptologist Jean-Pierre Houdin on ? in Paris; grows up in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Iranian politician-cleric-engineer (Shiite Muslim) Mohammad Javad Ardashir Larijani on ? in Najaf; educated at UCLA. South Sudan pres. #1 (2011-) (black) Salva Kiir Mayardit on ? in Bahr el Ghazal. Am. "Beetlejuice", "Mrs. Doubtfire", "Ed Wood" makeup artist Ve Neill (Mary Flores) on ? in Riverside, Calif. Am. "The Coming Storm", "White Plague", "The Eskimo and The Oil Man", "Black Monday" writer-journalist-novelist Bob Reiss (AKA Ethan Black) on ? in New York City. Am. Lt. Gen. Ricardo S. Sanchez on ? in Rio Grande City, Tex; head of U.S. forces in Iraq (2003-); highest-ranking Hispanic in the U.S. Army. Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement founder Fathi Shaqaqi (Shakaki) (d. 1995) in Rafah, Gaza Strip; educated at Beir Zeit U. Am. "Runaways" writer-composer-dir. Elizabeth Swados on ? in Buffalo, N.Y. Libyan economist Ali Abdussalam Tarhouni on ? in ?. English "Innocent Traitor" novelist-historian Alison Weir (Matthews) on ? in Lambeth.; not to be confused with Am. journalist Alison Weir. Deaths: Am. "Coxey's Army" leader Jacob Sechler Coxey Sr. (b. 1854) on May 18 in Massillon, Ohio. Branded, branded with the mark of shame, branded with the label of traitor attached to his family name? French Convicted life sentence traitor marshal Henri-Philippe Petain (b. 1856) on July 23 on Isle d'Yeu off the French coast; dies in prison; a right-wing political group steals his coffin in Feb. 1973, insisting that it be reburied among the honored war dead in the Douaumont military cemetery, but the police recapture it in a van parked in a courtyard garage near Paris and rebury it in its original place of shame. Canadian steamship line heir Sir Montagu Allan (b. 1860) on Sept. 26 in Montreal. Lithuanian-born Am. writer Abraham Cahan (b. 1860) on Aug. 31 in New York City. Am. breakfast cereal king and philanthropist Will Keith Kellogg (b. 1860) on Oct. 6: "I will invest my money in people." Am. advice columnist Dorothy Dix (b. 1861) on Dec. 16 in New Orleans, La. Am. artist Frank Weston Benson (b. 1862) on Nov. 15. Norwegian meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes (b. 1862) on Apr. 9. Am. newspaper mogul and "Lord of San Simeon" William Randolph Hearst (b. 1863) on Aug. 14 in Beverly Hills, Calif. Irish "The Blue Lagoon" novelist Henry De Vere Stacpoole (b. 1863) on Apr. 12 in the Isle of Wight. British field marshal William Birdwood (b. 1865) on May 17 in Hampton Court Palace, London. German gunsmith Wilhelm Brenneke (b. 1865) on Nov. 4 in Leipzig. Am. writer-diplomat Stephen Bonsal (b. 1865) on June 8. U.S. vice-pres. #30 (1925-9) Charles G. Dawes (b. 1865) on Apr. 23. Am. NAACP co-founder Mary White Ovington (b. 1865) on July 15. Am. "Goop", "Purple Cow" humorist author-illustrator Gelett Burgess (b. 1866) on Sept. 17. Am. sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross (b. 1866). Am. stage actor David Warfield (b. 1866) on July 27 in New York City. U.S. diplomat James Watson Gerard (b. 1867) on Sept. 6 in New York City. Finnish pres. (1944-6) Baron Karl Gustav Emil von Mannerheim (b. 1867) on Sept. 28. Am. educator Annie Nathan Meyer (b. 1867) on Sept. 23. Am. Baptist minister Benjamin Marcus Bogard (b. 1868) on May 29 in Little Rock, Ark. English dir. William Barker (b. 1868) on Nov. 6 in Wimbledon, Surrey. German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld (b. 1868) on Apr. 26 in Munich. Portuguese dictator pres. (1926-51) Antonio Carmona (b. 1869) on Apr. 18. French mathematician Elie Cartan (b. 1869) on May 6. French #1 literary man Andre Gide (b. 1869) on Feb. 19; 1947 Nobel Lit. Prize: "There are very few monsters who warrant the fear we have of them." Am. alleged hamburger inventor Hamburger Charlie Nagreen (b. 1870). Am. Mormon pres. #8 (1945-51) George Albert Smith (b. 1870) on Apr. 4 in Salt Lake City, Utah. English impresario Charles Blake Cochran (b. 1872) on Jan. 31 in London (dies in a scalding bath in his home). Am. Ashcan School painter-etcher John French Sloan (b. 1871) on Sept. 7 in Hanover, N.H. Dutch conductor Joseph Willem Mengelberg (b. 1871) on Mar. 21 in Zuort, Sent, Switzerland. Scottish statistician George Udny Yule (b. 1871) on June 26 in Cambridge, England. Am. FBI dir #1 (1908-12) Stanley Wellington Finch (b. 1872). Canadian feminist writer Nellie McClung (b. 1873) on Sept. 1. Am. New York City mayor #98 (1933) John Patrick O'Brien (b. 1873) on Sept. 21 in New York City. German industrialist Fritz Thyssen (b. 1873) on Feb. 8 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Russian-born Am. orchestral conductor Serge Koussevitzky (b. 1874). German-born Am. illustrator Joseph Christian Leyendecker (b. 1874) on July 25. Austrian triskaidekaphobic 12-tone composer Arnold Schoenberg (b. 1874) on Friday, July 13, at 13 min. before midnight in his 76th (7+6=13) year; last words: "Harmony". Am. judge William A. Vinson (b. 1874) on Oct. 26. Spanish gen. Gonzalo Queipo de Llano (b. 1875) on Mar. 9 in Seville. German surgeon Ferdinand Sauerbruch (d. 1875) on July 2 in Berlin. Am. composer John Alden Carpenter (b. 1876) on Apr. 26 in Chicago, Ill. Scottish diplomat Sir Eric Drummond (b. 1876) on Dec. 15. Canadian-born Am. fundamentalist preacher Harry A. Ironside (b. 1876) on Jan. 15 in Cambridge, New Zealand; leaves 100+ books and pamphlets. Soviet foreign minister (1930-9) Maxim Litvinov (b. 1876) on Dec. 31 in Moscow. French businessman Sir Antonin Besse (b. 1877) on July 2 in Gordonstoun, England. Am. "The Robe" novelist Lloyd Cassel Douglas (b. 1877) on Feb. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. State Farm founder George Jacob Mecherle (b. 1877) on Mar. 10 in Bloomington, Ill. Am. actress Florence Kahn (b. 1878) on Jan. 13 in Rapallo, Italy. Am. author-educator John Erskine (b. 1879): "Music is the only language in which you cannot say a mean or sarcastic thing." German novelist Bernhard Kellermann (b. 1879) on Oct. 17 in Potsdam. Am. polar explorer Lincoln Ellsworth (b. 1880) on May 26. English songwriter George Henry Powell (b. 1880) on Dec. 3 in Hove, East Sussex. British Socialist politician Ernest Bevin (b. 1881) on Apr. 14 in London. Canadian-born Am. film pioneer Al Christie (b. 1881) on Apr. 14 in Hollywood, Calif. English feminist socialist activist Ethel Snowden, viscountess Snowden (b. 1881) on Feb. 22 in Wimbledon. Jordanian king Abdullah Ibn Hussein (b. 1882) on July 20 (assassinated). Austrian-born Am. pianist Arthur Schnabel (b. 1882) on Aug. 15 in Axenstein, Switzerland: "The notes I handle no better than many pianists. But the pauses between the notes - ah, that is where the art resides." German-Prussian lost crown prince William (b. 1882) on July 20 in Hechingen. Australian field marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey (b. 1884) on May 27 in Heidelberg, Victoria. Russian Communist Mikhail Borodin (b. 1884) on May 29 in Lefortovo Prison. German-born Am. biochemist Otto Meyerhof (b. 1884) on Oct. 6 in Philadelphia, Penn.; 1922 Nobel Medicine Prize. Am. black novelist-filmmaker Oscar Micheaux (b. 1884) on Mar. 25 in Charlotte, N.C. Am. novelist Sinclair Lewis (b. 1885) on Jan. 10 in Rome, Italy (alcoholism); 1930 Nobel Lit. Prize: "Intellectually, I know that America is no better than any other country; emotionally I know she is better than every other country"; "When Fascism comes to America it will be wrapped in the flag and carrying a cross." Irish-born New Thought leader Emmet Fox (b. 1886) on Aug. 13. French Sufi writer Rene Guenon (b. 1886) on Jan. 7; last words: "Allah". Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin (b. 1886) on May 3. Am. baseball player Eddie Collins (b. 1887) on Mar. 25 in Boston, Mass. Am. "The Mutiny on the Bounty" novelist James Norman Hall (b. 1887) on July 5 in Tahiti. French actor-producer Louis Jouvet (b. 1887) on Aug. 16 (heart attack). Hungarian-born Am. "Lover, Come Back to Me" composer Sigmund Romberg (b. 1887) on Nov. 9 in New York City. Scottish playwright James Bridie (b. 1888) on Jan. 29 in Edinburgh. Am. actor Jack Holt (b. 1888) on Jan. 18 in Sawtelle, Los Angeles, Calif. Am. FDR's press secy. Stephen T. Early (b. 1889) on Aug. 11. Am. "The Cisco Kid" actor Warner Baxter (b. 1889) on May 7 in Beverly Hills, Calif. Am. baseball player "Shoeless Joe" Jackson (b. 1889) on Dec. 5 in Greenville, S.C. (heart attack); first of the eight banned White Sox players to die - say it isn't sole, Joe? Am. Little Blue Books publisher E. Haldeman-Julius (b. 1889) on July 31 in Girard, Kan. (drowned in his swimming pool); his son Henry takes over the firm until it burns down on July 4, 1978. Am. auto racer Cyrus Patschke (b. 1889) on May 6 in Lebanon, Penn. Austrian-born British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (b. 1889) on Apr. 29 in Cambridge, England: "The human body is the best picture of the human soul"; "The limits of my language mean the limits of my world." German conductor Fritz Busch (b. 1890). Spanish poet Pedro Salinas (b. 1891) on Dec. 4 in Boston, Mass. Am. comedienne Fanny Brice (b. 1892) on May 29. Am. "New Yorker" founding editor Harold W. Ross (b. 1892) on Dec. 6. German SS Col. Paul Blobel (b. 1894) on June 7 in Landsberg Prison (hanged). Pakistani Muslim nationalist Choudhry Rahmat Ali(b. 1895) on Feb. 3 in Cambridge, England (influenza). Hungarian "The English Patient" aviator-explorer Laszlo Almasy (b. 1895) on Mar. 22 in Salzburg (amoebic dysentery). Pakistani PM #1 (1947-51) Liaquat Ali Khan (b. 1896) on Oct. 16 in Rawalpindi (assassinated). Am. novelist Louis Adamic (b. 1899) on Sept. 4 in N.J. (suicide). Hungarian-born Am. actor J. Edward Bromberg (b. 1903) on Dec. 6 in London (heart attack); dies after being put on the Hollywood Blacklist and getting a part in the London play "The Biggest Thief in Town" - I'm proud to be part of what? Russian-born Am. novelist-producer Val Lewton (b. 1904) on Mar. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. English composer-conductor Constant Lambert (b. 1905) on Aug. 21. Am. country singer Judy Martin (b. 1917) on Nov. 17 in Nashville, Tenn. (suicide by sleeping pill OD). Am. "Bruno Anthony in Strangers on a Train" actor Robert Hudson Walker (b. 1918) on Aug. 28 in Los Angeles, Calif. (allergic reaction to sodium amytal administered by his pshrink). U.S. 1st Lt. Karl Heinrich Timmermann (b. 1922) on Oct. 1 in Ft. Logan, Colo.



1952 - The QE2 Year, as Britain gets its longest-reigning monarch and its first nukes, while the U.S. makes a smooth move with its B-52 Stratofortress? Thank God, Bolivia is Commie at last?

B-52 Stratofortress, 1952 Operation Hurricane, Oct. 3, 1952 Elizabeth II of Britain (1926-2022) Elizabeth II of Britain (1926-) Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt (1918-70) Fulgencio Batista of Cuba (1901-73) Eva Peron of Argentina (1919-52) Madonna (1958-) Juan Domingo Peron of Argentina (1895-1974) Vincent Massey of Canada (1887-1967) Sherman Adams of the U.S. (1899-1986) Ellis Ormsby Briggs of the U.S. (1899-1976) Edward Teller of the U.S. (1908-2003) Adlai Ewing Stevenson of the U.S. (1900-65) Stuart Hamblen (1908-89) John Jackson Sparkman of the U.S. (1899-1985) Matyas Rákosi of Hungary (1892-1971) Yitzhak Ben-Zvi of Israel (1884-1963) Edgar Faure of France (1908-88) Antoine Pinay of France (1891-1994) Ana Pauker of Romania (1893-1960) Sir Evelyn Baring of Britain (1903-73) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Jotto Kenyatta of Kenya (1889-1978) Louis Leakey (1903-72) Camille Nimr Chamoun of Lebanon (1900-87) Dudley Shelton Senanayake of Sri Lanka (1911-73) Jigme Dorji Wangchuk of Bhutan (1928-73) Emil Zatopek of Czechoslovakia (1922-2000) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej of Romania (1901-65) Josy Barthel of Luxembourg (1927-92) Muhammad Asad of Pakistan (1900-92) William Andrew Cecil Bennett of Canada (1900-79) U.S. Gen. Ralph J. Canine (1895-1969) U.S. Adm. Lynde Dupuy McCormick (1895-1956) Martha Cowles Chase (1927-2003) and Alfred Day Hershey (1908-97) Robert Briggs (1911-83) and Thomas J. King (1921-2000) Charles A. Hufnagel (1916-89) Nathan S. Kline (1916-82) Thomas John Watson Jr. (1914-93) IBM 701, 1952 John T. Mullin (1913-99) Jim Corbett (1875-1955) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1909-93) Elia Kazan (1909-2003) Burl Ives (1909-95) Hans Werner Henze (1926-) Christine Jorgenson (1918-89) before Christine Jorgenson (1918-89) after Alain Bombard (1924-2005) Hannes Lindemann (1922-) John Davison Rockefeller III (1906-78) Elijah Muhammad (1896-1975) Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) Francois Mauriac (1885-1970) Edward Mills Purcell (1912-) Felix Bloch (1905-83) Sir Jack Cecil Drummond (1891-1952) J. Holcombe Laning Jr. (1920-2012) Harry Max Markowitz (1927-) William F. Sharpe (1934-) Archer John Porter Martin (1910-) Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914-94) Selman Abraham Waksman (1888-1973) Richard Travis Whitcomb (1921-2009) Mortimer Jerome Adler (1902-2001) Virginia Apgar (1909-74) Generoso Pope Jr. (1927-88) Fritz Fanon (1925-61) George Dangerfield (1904-86) Donald Arthur Glaser (1926-) Ruby McCollum (1925-92) Sir Harold Nicolson (1886-1968) Howard P. Robertson (1903-61) Willie Sutton (1901-80) Yuri Knorosov (1922-99) Tropicana, Cuba Alan Freed (1921-65) Joe Stassi (1906-2002) E.B. White (1899-1985) Tom Wolfe (1930-2018) Billy Martin (1928-89) Mickey Mantle (1931-95) Duke Snider (1926-2011) Rocky Marciano (1923-69) Eddie Arcaro (1916-97) Bill Spivey (1929-95) Frank Ramsey (1931-) Cliff Hagan (1931-) Lou Tsioropoulos (1930-) Walter Byers (1922-) Bill Mlkvy (1931-) Mark Workman (1930-83) Clyde Lovellette (1929-) Don Meineke (1930-2013) Hjalmar Andersen of Norway (1923-2013) Dick Button of the U.S. (1929-) Dick 'Night Train' Lane (1928-2002) Troy Ruttman (1930-97) Bill Bigelow (1913-2005) Walt Lillehei (1918-99) Floyd John Lewis (1916-93) Alexander Vishnevsky (1906-75) Mortimer Adler (1902-2001) Louis Auchincloss (1917-) Clarence Edwin Ayres (1891-1972) Alan Bullock (1914-2004) Agatha Christie (1890-1976) Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899-1977) Bernard Malamud (1914-86) Ralph Ellison (1914-94) Hubert de Givenchy (1927-) Irving Lester Janis (1918-90) Raymond Fisher Jones (1915-94) Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58) Mary McCarthy (1912-89) Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) Norman Vincent Peale (1898-1993) Paul Mark Scott (1920-78) Charles Callann Tansill (1890-1964) Eric Voegelin (1905-85) Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (1922-2007) William H. Whyte Jr. (1917-99) Angus Wilson (1913-91) J.B. Priestley (1894-1984) and Jacquetta Hawkes (1910-96) Annalee Skarin (1899-1988) Michael Wilding (1912-79) and Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011) James Dean (1931-55) Bill Bast (1931-2015) Kitty Wells (1919-2012) Julie Harris (1925-) Colleen Kay Hutchins (1926-2010) Frederick Knott (1916-2002) Gail Kubik (1914-84) Totò (1898-1967) Slim Whitman (1924-) Bob Horn's Bandstand, 1952 Samuel Behrman (1893-1973) Samuel Beckett (1906-89) Italo Calvino (1923-85) Catherine Cookson (1906-98) Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) Gregorio Fuentes (1897-2002) Martin Gardner (1914-2010) David John Mays (1896-1971) Eustace Mullins (1923-2010) Flannery O'Connor (1925-64) John Steinbeck (1902-68) Wislawa Szymborska (1923-2012) Studs Terkel (1912-2008) William Appleman Williams (1921-90) Harry Everett Smith (1923-91) Jack Smith (1932-89) 'Singin in the Rain', 1952 Gene Kelly (1912-96) Donald O'Connor (1925-2003) Debbie Reynolds (1932-2016) Adolph Green (1914-2002) and Betty Comden (1917-2006) Thomas Bertram Costain (1885-1965) Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) Rex Humbard (1919-2007) Cathedral of Tomorrow, 1958 Jackie Loughery (1930-) Johnny Ace (1929-54) Jimmy Boyd (1939-2009) Alma Cogan (1932-66) Percy Faith (1908-76) Georgia Gibbs (1919-2006) Amalia Hernández Navarro (1917-2000) Joni James (1930-) The Four Lads Al Martino (1927-) Ella Mae Morse (1924-99) Pat Weaver (1908-2002) Pat Weaver (1908-2002) and Sigourney Weaver (1949-) Dave Garroway (1913-82) Rosco Gordon (1928-2002) Marty Robbins (1925-82) Kay Starr (1922-) Gale Storm (1922-) Lloyd Price (1933-) Jean Ritchie (1922-2015) and George Pickow (1922-2010) Big Mama Thornton (1926-84) Jerry Leiber (1933-2011) and Mike Stoller (1933-) Oliver Messiaen (1908-92) Roy S. Harte (1924-2003) Harry Babasin Jr. (1921-88) Confidential Mag., 1952-78 The Abbott and Costello Show', 1952-5 Adventures of Superman, 1952-8 Art Linkletter (1912-2010) 'Death Valley Days', 1952-70 'The Guiding Light', 1952-2009 Irna Phillips (1901-73) Martin Ransohoff (1927-2017) 'Mister Peepers', 1952-5 'My Little Margie', 1952-5 I've Got a Secret', 1952-67 Ozzie Nelson (1906-75) and Harriet Nelson (1909-) and Family Ricky Nelson (1940-85) Christopher Reeve (1952-2004) Bob Hope (1903-2003) Roy Rogers (1911-98) and Dale Evans (1912-2001) Television City, 1952- 'Ramar of the Jungle', 1952-4 'The Mousetrap', 1952 'The Seven Year Itch', 1952 Meena Kumari (1932-72) 'The Bad and the Beautiful', 1952 'Castle in the Air', 1952 'Clash by Night', starring Marilyn Monroe (1926-62) and Keith Andes (1920-2005) Commando Cody in 'Radar Men from the Moon', 1952 'High Noon', 1952 Dimitri Tiomkin (1894-1979) Ned Washington (1901-76) 'Cry, the Beloved Country', 1952 'The Greatest Show on Earth', 1952 'Limelight', 1952 'The Man Who Watched Trains Go By', 1952 'Monkey Business', 1952 'Othello', 1952 'The Planter's Wife', 1952 'The Quiet Man', 1952 Commando Cody in 'Radar Men from the Moon', 1952 'The Sound Barrier', 1952 'Toto in Color', 1952 Saynatsalo Town Hall, 1952 John Randall Bratby (1928-92) Anthony David Bernard Sylvester (1924-2001) Derrick Greaves (1927-) 'Lady in Bed' by Lucian Freud (1922-), 1952 'Mountains and Sea' by Helen Frankenthaler (1928-), 1952 'Blue Poles' by Jackson Pollock (1912-56), 1952 'Convergence' by Jackson Pollock (1912-56), 1952 Kent Cigarettes, 1952 Swanson's TV Dinner, 1952 AMF Automatic Pinspotter, 1952 BMC Logo Lotus Cars Logo X-3 Stiletto Colonel Harland Sanders (1890-1980) Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), 1952 Ore-Ida Tater Tots, 1952 'Galatea of the Spheres' by Salvador Dali (1904-89), 1952 Richard Buckminster 'Bucky' Fuller (1885-1983) Alvar Aalto (1896-1976) L'Unité d'Habitation, 1952 Gordon Bunshaft (1909-90) Natalie de Blois (1921-2013) Lever House, 1952

1952 Doomsday Clock: 3 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Dragon (Jan. 27) - the luckiest if you're Chinese? Time Woman of the Year: Queen Elizabeth II (1926-2022). Starting this year the Japanese economy begins growing at an avg. annual rate of 49.6% (until 1971). On Jan. 1 Illinois defeats Stanford by 40-7 to win the 1952 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 6 Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., chmn. of the Draft Eisenhower committee announces that Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower will allow his name to remain on the ballot in the first primary state, N.H. after Ike backer Gov. Sherman Adams files the petitions. On Jan. 9 Pres. Truman and visiting PM Winston Churchill issue a joint communique from Washington, D.C., promising unity in policies concerning Europe, the Middle East, and the Far East. On Jan. 11 the 1952 Jordanian Constitution proclaims a hereditary monarchy with a parliament, and permits labor unions to be formed, reaching 36 by 1969, reduced to 24 in 1971 and 17 in 1976 by the govt. On Jan. 14 the morning news and entertainment program The Today Show (AKA Today) debuts on NBC-TV (until ?), created by Sylvester Laflin "Pat" Weaver Jr. (1908-2002) (father of Sigourney Weaver), and hosted by David Cunningham "Dave" Garroway (1913-82) (until 1961), becoming #1 until ABC-TV's Good Morning America passes it up in the 1980s, regaining the #1 spot on Dec. 11, 1995 (until ?); too bad, Garroway suffers from depression plus an addiction to "The Doctor" (Vitamin B-12 and Dexedrine), and after his wife Pamela commits suicide in Apr. 1961 he lies down in the studio, refusing to get up until NBC meets his contract demands, causing them to fire him on June 16, after which he eventually commits suicide; Weaver becomes pres. of NBC in 1953-5, vainly striving to keep up its intellectual level by requiring all NBC shows to incl. at least one sophisticated cultural reference or performance per episode, pioneering the magazine style of advertising to keep one advertiser from controlling a show. On Jan. 20 Radical French historian Edgar Faure (1908-88) (whose arm became paralyzed in WWI) becomes PM #139 of France; on Mar. 8 conservative Antoine Pinay (1891-1994) becomes PM #140 of France (until Jan. 8, 1953), going on to stabilize the currency. On Jan. 24 Toronto-born Vincent Massey (1887-1967) is appointed gov.-gen. of Canada (until 1959), succeeding Viscount Alexander of Tunis, becoming the first native-born Canadian to hold the post. On Jan. 26 Egypt is placed under martial law after mobs destroy U.S. and British property in Cairo. On Jan. 30 U.S. Navy Adm. Lynde Dupuy McCormick (1895-1956) is named Supreme Allied Commander of Armed Forces in the Atlantic (SACLANT) (until 1954), opening a new HQ in Norfolk, Va. on Apr. 10, becoming equal in rank to the SACEUR, with the largest naval command given a single person since Christopher Columbus was appointed grand adm. of the Ocean Seas; on Sept. 20 NATO holds Operation Mainbrace, its first major naval exercises, commanded jointly by SACEUR and SACLANT, with 160 Allied ships testing their ability to support a Euro land battle should the Soviet Union invade West Germany, Denmark, and Norway; after it leaves something to be desired, Operation Mariner is held on Sept. 16-Oct. 4, 1953, involving 300 ships, 1K planes, and 500K men from 9 navies, showing the Soviets that NATO shouldn't be messed with. In Jan. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower finally reveals that he is a Republican; his hands-off-govt.-service Jehovah's Witnesses background is carefully covered-up? In Jan. N.H. Repub. Gov. (1949-53) Llewelyn Sherman Adams (1899-1986) gives his Augean Stables Speech, calling the Truman admin. a you know what of influence peddling and luxury, promising that Eisenhower will clean it up, saying "Here is the man to do it. The kind of people with whom he has surrounded himself is answer enough for that"; Ike later makes him his pres. asst. and White House chief of staff (1953-8). On Feb. 1 U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 505 is adopted 25-9-24 by the Sixth Session of the U.N. Gen. Assembly after the Repub. of China (Taiwan) complains, condemning the Soviet Union's violations of the Aug. 14, 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and the U.N. Charter by assisting the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War of Mar. 31, 1946 - May 1, 1950. On Feb. 5 the U.N. Gen. Assembly adjourns in Paris after voting to postpone action on the Korean conflict. A worthy successor to Elizabeth I takes over the U.K.? On Feb. 6 king (since Dec. 11, 1936) George VI (b. 1895) dies of lung cancer while his eldest daughter Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary is watching wildlife in Kenya, and she becomes Queen Elizabeth II (1926-2022) of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (60th monarch) (until Sept. 8, 2022); George VI's widow Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon becomes Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (Mum) (1900-2002), and never forgives Edward VIII for abdicating and making him become king, thus hastening his death?; Edward and Wallis Simpson attend the funeral, and Edward comments "You've never seen such a bunch of worn-out old hags", referring to all the women who now run England and detest him?; on Feb. 5-6 Princess Elizabeth is staying at the Treetops Hotel near Nyeri in Kenya, where big game hunter Edward James "Jim" Corbett (1875-1955) is also staying, and he writes the in the hotel register: "For the first time in the history of the world, a young girl climbed a tree one day a Princess, and after having what she described as her most thrilling experience, she climbed down from the tree the next day a Queen - God bless her" - she did Barack Obama's father too? On Feb. 9 Chaim Weizmann (b. 1874) dies, and on Dec. 16 Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (1884-1963) becomes pres. #2 of Israel (until Apr. 23, 1963). On Feb. 12 (Lincoln's birthday) the city of Albuquerque, N.M. passes a civil rights ordinance prohibiting discrimination in places of public accommodations. On Feb. 14-25 the VI (6th) Winter Olympic Games are held in Oslo, Norway, with 694 athletes representing 30 countries in four sports and 22 events; bobsledders are limited as to bodyweight, changing the sport; bandy (primitive ice hockey) is a demo sport; Hjalmar Johan "Hjallis" "King Glad" Andersen (1923-2013 of Norway wins three of four speed skating events; Germany wins the four-man and two-man bobsleigh events; Richard Totten "Dick" Button (1929-) of the U.S. performs the first triple jump in internat. competition to win his 2nd straight figure skating title; Norway wins the most medals, 16 incl. 7 gold; the games close with the presentation of the Oslo Flag, which is passed to each new Winter Olympics host city (until ?). On Feb. 17 PM Winston Churchill announces that Britain will test an atomic weapon this year; on Mar. 5 Parliament gives Churchill's govt. an overwhelming vote of confidence in his rearmament program. On Feb. 18 Turkey joins NATO, and earns its seat by enthusiastic participation in the Korean War; by 1975 the U.S. gives it $4.3B in military and economic aid; meanwhile the Algerian-based Tijani Sufi order in Turkey is suppressed. On Feb. 22 Gen. Manuel Odria's Peruvian govt. and the U.S. sign a mutual military-assistance pact. On Feb. 25 Japan and Nationalist China break off peace treaty negotiations over Chinese insistence that 1937 be acknowledged as the date when hostilities broke out rather than 1941, and Japan's refusal to recognize their sovereignty over Communist-held territory; on Apr. 28 a peace treaty is signed in which Japan renounces title to Taiwan, the Pescadores, and China. On Feb. 26 Britain announces that it has developed its own atomic bomb; on Oct. 3 Operation Hurricane detonates the first British A-bomb in the Monte Bello (Montebello) Islands (Trimoulle Island) in West Australia; the British nuclear program is run from the Atomic Weapons (Research) Establishment on the WWI Aldermaston Airfield in Berkshire (founded Apr. 1950). In Feb. famed bank robber of 100 banks since the 1920s William "Slick Willie" Sutton (1901-80) is finally captured after a tip by Brooklyn clothing salesman and amateur dick Arnold Schuster (1928-), which pisses-off Gambino crime family boss Albert Anastasia, who puts out a hit on him, and he is murdered outside his home on Mar. 9; Sutton is sentenced to 30-120 years in Attica State Prison in N.Y., and released in Dec. 1969 for failing health. On Mar. 1 Uruguayan pres. Andres Martinez Trueba resigns, and a 9-man federal council replaces the presidency, calling for elections every four years under a 2-party system, after which a new 1951 Uruguyan Constitution is proclaimed on July 18. On Mar. 1 the former radio show (1930-45) Death Valley Days, based on real-life events debuts in syndication for 452 episodes (until 1970), sponsored by the Pacific Coast Borax Co., known for their 20 Mule Team Borax and Boraxo, featuring different actors in each episode; the first "Old Ranger" (host) is Stanley Andrews (1892-1969), who is replaced in 1964-5 by Ronald Reagan, then Robert Taylor (until 1969), and Dale Robertson (until 1970); Merle Haggard narrates previously-made episodes in 1975. On Mar. 4 Screen Actors Guild pres. Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) marries MGM actress Nancy Davis (Anne Frances Robbins) (1921-), who only considered her career as something to take up time until she gets married; they have 1 son Ronald Prescott Reagan Jr. (1958-) and 1 daughter Patricia Ann "Patti" Davis (nee Reagan) (1952-); they first met on Nov. 15, 1949, and their first date was in Jan. in Chasen's Restaurant in Beverly Hills, where he proposed to her; William Holden is best man. On Mar. 10 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules in Harisiades v. Shaughnessy and Mascitti that Congress has an absolute (plenary) power to bar entry or deport persons (e.g. Communists) considered a threat to nat. security, and hence the courts have no power to question their motives. On Mar. 10 after taking over in a bloodless coup against pres. Carlos Prio 3 mo. before scheduled elections, Fulgencio Batista (1901-73) becomes pres. #17 of Cuba (until Jan. 1, 1959), and on Mar. 27 the U.S. recognizes his govt.; too bad, Batista opens Cuba up bigtime to U.S. Mafiosi, incl. Meyer Lansky, Santo Trafficante, and Albert Anastasia, who turn Havana into Sin City, featuring fancy nightclubs incl. the Cabaret Tropicana (founded 1939), and bordellos and burlesque clubs featuring live sex, all managed by mobster Joseph "Hoboken Joe" Stassi (1906-2002); Sen. John F. Kennedy is allegedly given a good time by three Cuban hos while visiting late in the decade. On Mar. 20 the U.S. Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan and approves Pacific security agreements contracted with it, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand. One more boring year at the movies and the kids say "That's it!"? On Mar. 20 the 24th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1951 to MGM's An American in Paris (first color pick since 1939's "Gone With the Wind"); best actor goes to Humphrey Bogart for The African Queen; best actress, supporting actor, and supporting actress go to Vivien Leigh, Karl Malden, and Kim Hunter for A Streetcar Named Desire; best dir. goes to George Stevens for A Place in the Sun. On Mar. 30 maharaja (since 1926) Jigme Wangchuck (b. 1905) dies, and on Oct. 27 his son Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (1928-72) becomes maharaja #3 of Bhutan (until July 21, 1972), ending feudalism and slavery, releasing all serfs, encouraging modernization incl. wheeled vehicles, and reorganizing the judicial system; next year he establishes the Tshogdu (nat. assembly), Bhutan's first unicameral parliament; in 1963 he promulgates a new constitution replacing his title of maharaja with dragon king. In Mar. after refusing to do so in Jan., then seeing his sure-thing 12-nomination film "A Streetcar Named Desire" get snubbed as a warning, Greek-Am. "theme of the damaged male" movie dir. Elia Kazan (1909-2003) (a Communist Party member in 1934-6, who broke with it and claims to detest it) names eight names before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), incl. Clifford Odets and Paula Strasberg, drawing intense fire from his colleagues even though the names had been named before, causing him (at the urging of wife Molly Day Thatcher Kazan) to take out a wordy self-serving newspaper ad in the New York Times two days later defending his actions and calling for others to name names, which only increases bitter feelings and makes him the outcast Hollywood celebrity rat fink; his bosom buddy Arthur Miller doesn't speak to him again for 10 years, while attacking him through his plays, causing him to counterattack through his films; meanwhile Marilyn Monroe, who was Kazan's mistress when she met the unhappily married Miller in 1951 waits in the wings for his inevitable divorce?; later allegations that he got a $500K contract from a major studio as a payoff for finking prove untrue?; meanwhile Santa Claus clone Burl Ives (1909-95) is dragged before whacked-out HUAC, and names fellow folk singer Peter Seeger to save his own career, after which they don't reunite onstage for 41 years - there's nothing wrong with a little confidence in your line of work? On Mar. 22 PM (since Sept. 24, 1947) Don Stephen Senanayake (b. 1883) dies in a riding accident, and on Mar. 26 his son Dudley Shelton Senanayake (1911-73) becomes PM #2 of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (until Oct. 12, 1953). On Mar. 29 Pres. Truman shocks the nation by announcing that he won't seek reelection. In Mar. the New Musical Express (NME) popular music mag. debuts in the U.K., becoming the first to incl. a singles chart on Nov. 14, becoming the bestselling British music mag. during the 1970s. In Mar. Kent brand cigarettes (named for former exec Herbert Kent) are introduced by Lorillard Tobacco Co. to capitalize on the "cancer by the carton" series of articles is pub. by Reader's Digest, touting its "famous micronite filter" as "the greatest health protection in history", causing sales of 13B cigarettes by May 1956, although the filters contain carcinogenic blue asbestos, which is quietly changed to cellulose acetate in mid-1956; in 1970-90 Kent is the top brand in Romania, becoming big on the black market; on June 12, 2015 the brand is acquired by R.J. Reynolds. On Apr. 9 Pres. Truman seizes the nation's steel mills in order to prevent a nat. strike scheduled later that day, causing the steel cos. to sue; on Apr. 29 the U.S. district court of Washington, D.C. rules the seizure unconstitutional, and on June 2 the U.S. Supreme Court upholds its ruling 5-4 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (AKA the Steel Seizure Case), causing Truman to order U.S. commerce secy. Charles Sawyer to return the steel mills to their owners, after which the steelworkers go on strike again for 53 days until July 24 after Truman threatens to use the U.S. Selective Service Act to seize them again; from now on the authority of the U.S. pres. to act "must stem either from an act of Congress or from the Constitution itself." On Apr. 9-11 the bloody Bolivian Rev. in La Paz, Bolivia by students, workers, and the nat. police, supported by tin miners and organized by the MNR overthrows Gen. Hugo Ballivan, and on Apr. 15 Victor Paz Estenssoro returns from exile, then on Apr. 16 is sworn-in as pres. (until 1956), promising in his first speech to nationalize the tin industry, then beginning major reforms incl. universal suffrage, the dismantling of the military and distribution of weapons to a civilian peasant-miner militia, and seizure of 10M hectares of land by peasant groups; on Oct. 31 the tin mines are nationalized into the state-controlled Mining Corp. of Bolivia (Comibol), causing the U.S. govt. to suspend purchases of tin (until 1953) until U.S. investors are compensated for their lost holdings; too bad that the new high altitude worker's paradise begins to disintegrate (helped along by U.S. subversion?), and Estenssoro soon ends worker participation in Comibol and invites foreign participation in the economy - we made it, and we were never sentimental the whole time, and by the way, don't touch me with those toxic fingers? On Apr. 11 Pan Am Flight 526-A en route to New York City crashes shortly after takeoff in San Juan, Puerto Rico, killing 52 of 64 passengers, after which pre-flight safety demonstrations are recommended for over-water flights. In mid-Apr. the British Motor Corp. (BMC) Ltd. in Longbridge (near Birmingham), England is formed from the merger of Morris Motors and the Austin Motor Co., controlling 39% of British car production incl. the Austin, Morris, MG, Austin-Healey, Riley, and Wolseley brands. On Apr. 17 Pres. Truman signs a bill proclaiming an annual Nat. Day of Prayer, after which each pres. gets to pick the date, until it is fixed on the first Thursday in May in 1988. On Apr. 18 the internat. occupation of Japan ends. On Apr. 26 the minesweeper USS Hobson collides with the aircraft carrier USS Wasp and sinks during night maneuvers in the mid-Atlantic; 179 are killed. On Apr. 26 the radio series Gunsmoke debuts, starring William Conrad as Matt Dillon, Parley Baer as Chester Wesley Proudfoot, Georgia Ellis as Kitty Russell, and Howard McNear as Doc Galen Adams. On Apr. 28 the Pacific War formally ends, and the U.S.-Japanese Mutual Security Pact goes into effect. In Apr. in Greece death sentences resulting from the 1946-9 civil war are commuted, and many political prisoners are freed. On May 1 East German Pres. Wilhelm Pieck announces that his country will be forced to rearm if West Germany integrates with Western Europe, and on May 7 announces plans to form an army. On May 2 the De Havilland Comet I, the first scheduled jet-powered airliner flies from London to Johannesburg in record time; too bad, the windows have square corners, focusing stresses that result in a number of crashes until it's figured out and corrected. On May 18 highly-educated Am. black singer-actor-activist Paul Robeson (1898-1976), who has been pro-Soviet Union since the 1930s and under investigation by the FBI since 1941 and was denied a passport in 1950 by the U.S. State Dept. for criticizing the treatment of blacks in the U.S. (claiming it should be kept a "family affair") holds a protest concert at the Internat. Peace Arch on the border between Wash. state and B.C. Canada, performing on the back of a flat bed truck before 20K-40K on the Canadian side; he holds more concerts next year, and finally gets his passport back in 1958; W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963), Howard Fast (1914-2003), Albert E. Kahn, and Richard Morford get similar treatment. On May 23 the U.S. govt. returns the railroads to private owners after 21 mo. of govt. management. On May 26 the Bonn (Transition) Agreement (Bonn-Paris Conventions) between West and East Germany is signed, ending Allied occupation of West Germany and granting sovereignty to the Federal Repub. of Germany while obligating it to pay restitution to the Jews, and restricting communications; talks with Jewish groups began in the Netherlands in Mar.; East Germany never agrees to pay reparations - they fucked with my beer and thought I don't care? On May 26 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules unanimously in Joseph Burstyn Inc. v. Wilson (AKA the Miracle Decision) that motion pictures are protected by the First Amendment, overturning its Feb. 23, 1915 decision in Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, putting a damper on Puritanical censorship. On May 27 after the entry of China into the Korean War makes France reverse its position about German rearmament, the Benelux countries, France, Britain, West Germany, and the U.S. sign a series of treaties creating the European Defense Community (EVG); too bad, France rejects it in Aug. 1954. On May 30 Gen. Eisenhower resigns as military cmdr. of NATO and returns to the U.S. to seek the Repub. nomination for pres.; U.S. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, former cmdr. of U.N. forces in Korea replaces him as Supreme Allied Cmdr. of Europe (SACEUR); Ellis Ormsbee Briggs (1899-1976) is appointed U.S. ambassador to South Korea (until 1955). On June 16 My Little Margie debuts on CBS-TV as the summer replacement for "I Love Lucy", becoming a hit and running for 126 episodes (until Aug. 24, 1955), starring singer-actress Gale Storm (1922-) as 21-y.-o. Margie Albright, and silent film star Charles Farrell (1901-90) as her widowed 50-y.-o. father Vern Albright, who share an apt. at the Carlton Arms Hotel, phone #Carlton 3-8966; when Margie gets in trouble she emits an odd trilling sound; "Oh no, not Boomies again". On June 17 Guatemalan Pres. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman signs a land reform bill, giving holdings of over 223K acres to the landless, and attempting to prove it's not a Communist plot by paying for them with 25-year bonds. On June 18 Eisenhower comes out in favor of state claims to offshore petroleum deposits, and the Repub. platform incl. it as a plank - go sai-i-i-ling? On June 19 I've Got a Secret debuts on CBS-TV (until Apr. 3, 1967), hosted by Garry Moore (1915-93), with regular panelists incl. Bill Cullen, Henry Morgan, Faye Emerson, and Jayne Meadows, who is replaced in 1958 by Bess Myerson; in 1964 Steve Allen replaces Garry Moore. On June 21-22 Bob Hope and Bing Crosby host a combined coast-to-coast NBC-TV and CBS-TV Telethon for the U.S. Olympic Team. On June 27 the U.S. McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act, passed over Pres. Truman's veto eliminates race as a bar to immigration and naturalization in the U.S., and sets a quota for Japan at a whopping 185 immigrants per year, while permitting Mexicans to be admitted under the bracero (day worker) program, which is repealed in 1964; Puerto Rican immigration has no legal restriction; the act establishes deportable and excludable offenses, and establishes family and employment-based preferences. On June 27, 1952 the Miss USA 1952 (1st) beauty pageant is held in the Long Beach Municipal Auditorium in Long Beach, Calif.; the winner is Jacqueling "Jackie" Loughery (1930-) of N.Y. On June 30 the radio soap opera (since Jan. 25, 1937) The Guiding Light, created by Irna Phillips (1901-73) debuts on CBS-TV for 15,762 episodes (until Sept. 18, 2009), about the lower middle class German immigrant Bauer family' in 1975 it becomes "Guiding Light"; it goes on to become the longest-running TV drama in U.S. history, the longest-running soap opera, and the 5th longest-running program in broadcast history. In the summer the border between East and West Germany outside Berlin is closed; West Berlin reports taking in 16K refugees from East Berlin in Aug. On July 1 The Liberace Show (B&W) debuts on NBC-TV as a replacement for "The Dinah Shore Show" (until 1953), making West Allis, Wisc. closet gay pianist Wladziu Valentino Liberace (1919-87) household name as well as the highest-paid entertainer on Earth, earning him $7M in two years, plus 80% residuals; his violinist brother George often appears as a guest, with their mother seated in the front row. On July 1 7-y.-o. Gladys Knight (1944-) wins a trophy on The Original Amateur Hour TV show. On July 3 the sitcom Mister Peepers debuts on NBC-TV for 127 episodes (until June 12, 1955), starring Wallace Mayanard "Wally" Cox (1924-73) as bumbling Jefferson Junioer H.S. sience teacher Robinson J. Peepers, known for getting stuck in a basketball hoop, and Jack Warden (John Warden Lebzeleter Jr.) (1920-2006) as athletic coach Frank Whip. On July 5 the last tram in London runs from Woolwich to New Cross; trams are replaced by trolleybuses. On July 7-11 the 1952 Repub. Nat. Convention in Chicago, Ill. deserts "Mr. Republican" Robert Alphonso Taft (1889-1953) of Ohio (son of Pres. William Howard Taft) for sure-thing 5-star gen. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower, nominating him on the 1st ballot; Truman's secy. of state James F. Byres (gov. of S.C.) ditches the Dem. Party to support him; for vice-pres. they choose Calif. Sen. Richard M. Nixon, the leading anti-Commie subversion rat terrier of the U.S.; on July 8 ex-pres. Herbert Hoover gives a speech, with the soundbyte: "We have seen tax-and-tax spend-and-spend reach a fantastic total greater than in all the previous 170 years of our Republic. Behind this plush curtain of tax and spend, three sinister spooks or ghosts are mixing poison for the American people. They are the shades of Mussolini with his bureaucratic fascism; of Karl Marx and his Socialism; and of Lord Keynes with his perpetual government spending, deficits, and inflation. And we added a new ideology of our own. That is government giveaway programs. If you want to see pure socialism mixed with give-away programs, take a look at socialized medicine"; CBS newsman Walter Cronkite bugs the Credentials Committee room to learn more about the Taft-Eisenhower fight; Pres. Truman, although exempt from the 22nd Amendment's 3rd-term prohibition declines to run for reelection, selecting liberal Ill. Gov. Adlai Stevenson (1900-65) of Ill. over Estes Kefauver of Tenn. for pres. at the 1952 Dem. Nat. Convention in Chicago, Ill. on July 21-26; although he is hesitant to sacrifice himself against sure-thing Eisenhower, on July 21 his eloquent welcoming address is a hit, getting him nominated on the 3rd ballot on July 26; Ala. Sen. John Jackson Sparkman (1899-1985) is nominated for vice-pres.; the first U.S. pres. election in which both major candidates are bald (next 1956); campaign slogan is "We're Madly for Adlai" (reused in 1956); the word "egghead" is coined for Stevenson supporters, whom he likes to call his "Shakespearean vote", although after the election he says they failed the final exam. On July 13 the U.S. announces its decision to provide Yugoslavia with tanks, jet aircraft and heavy artillery - in return for paprika and goulash? On July 18 the Romanian Grand Nat. Assembly ratifies yet another new 1952 Romanian Constitution based on that of the Soviet Union, providing for an autonomous Hungarian region in SE Transylvania. On July 19-29 the Washington, D.C. UFO Invasion (Washington Flap) (Washington Nat. Airport UFO Sightings) sees a wave of UFO reports over two consecutive weekends, gaining headlines across the U.S. and becoming "the climax of the 1952 [UFO] flap... Never before or after did Project Blue Book and the Air Force undergo such a tidal wave of (UFO) reports" (Curtis Peebles); in Jan. 1953 as a result of the publicity and a CIA recommendation, the secret Robertson Panel, headed by Am. mathematician-physicist Howard Percy "Bob" Robertson (1903-61) meets, concluding that UFOs are not a direct threat to nat. security, but the reports could pose an indirect threat by overwhelming military communications, recommending a public education campaign; the panel's report is later contained in the internal CIA Durant Report by F.C. Durant of Jan. 14-18, 1953; the reports are later unclassified. The Mouse That Roared Year in the Olympics? On July 19-Aug. 3 the XV (15th) Summer Olympic Games are held in Helsinki, Finland (most northernly summer Olympics), with 4,955 athletes from 69 nations competing in 149 events in 17 sports; the first participation for the Soviet Union and Israel; Japan is invited, along with Germany, and West Germany attends, but East Germany doesn't; the U.S. wins 43 golds, the Soviet Union 22, Hungary 22; first time that Germany wins zero golds (until ?); Czech runner Emil Zatopek (Zátopek) (1922-2000) wins the 5K meters, the 10K meters, and the marathon in record time, becoming a legend; Joseph "Josy" Barthel (1927-92) of Luxembourg wins the 1500m, becoming the first Luxembourger to win Olympic gold (until ?). July 26 is Nasser-Peron-Stevenson day at the zoo? On July 23 after he invites Anwar el-Sadat to come to Cairo from Sinai on the evening of July 22, and he nearly misses the overthrow because he took his family to a movie, the Free Officers Movement of Egyptian military officers led by Gen. Gamal ("camel") Abdel Nasser Hussein (1918-70) (known for doing his plotting at the Cafe Riche in Cairo) launches the July 23, 1952 Egyptian Rev., and on July 26 King Farouk I is forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son Ahmed Fouad II (1952-) (until June 18, 1953), then go into exile in Italy, taking his priceless porno collection with him, and leaving behind a vast Am. comic book collection, another vast stamp collection, 50 walking sticks, a pocket radiation counter, 75 pairs of binoculars, 1K ties, photos depicting copulating elephants, and a $20 U.S. double eagle that had been stolen from the Philadelphia Mint museum; the radical fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood at first backs Nasser, but when he refuses to impose Sharia or even ban alcohol, they turn on him; Nasser publicly calls the Palestinian issue unimportant, but privately pushes an anti-Zionist agenda to increase his power in the Arab world; the military rules Egypt until ?; next military coup in 2011. On July 24 the U.S. steel worker strike ends after 54 days. On July 25 Puerto Rico becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the U.S. On July 25 the Shuman Plan (signed the previous year) becomes effective; on July 28 the Allied High Commission lifts all restrictions on West German steel production; on Sept. 10 the first sovereign Supranat. Assembly of Europe comes into existence as part of the Western European Coal and Steel Community. In July J. Robert Oppenheimer resigns as chmn. of the AEC Gen. Advisory Commission, devoting his time to the Inst. for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. (where he is dir.) after his Los Alamos "finite containment" group loses the war with the Livermore "infinite containment" group over the burgeoning U.S. nuclear arsenal, and the H-bomb goes on the fast track. On Aug. 1 the London Debt Agreement (Agreement on German External Debts) is signed by Britain and West Germany, resolving WWI reparations, which Hitler had quit paying in 1935; after token repayments are made, future loans will be available to help the West German economy. On Aug. 1 EL Boqueron ((Boquerón) Sp. "Big Mouth") (Barcena) on San Benedicto, 250 mi. S of Lower Calif. is discovered, becoming the newest volcano in the Western hemisphere. On Aug. 1 conservative W.A.C. (William Andrew Cecil) Bennett (1900-79) of the Social Credit League becomes PM #25 of British Columbia (until Sept. 15, 1972), going on to become its longest-serving PM grooming his son "Mini-WAC" to succeed him. On Aug. 3 wealthy black woman Ruby McCollum (1925-92), wife of gambling kingpin "Bolita Sam" McCollum shoots and kills her white lover Dr. C. Leroy Adams (b. 1908) in Live Oak, Fla., and is convicted by an all-white male jury and sentenced to death on Dec. 20 despite her testimony that he forced her to have sex and have his child, after which her conviction was overturned by the Fla. Supreme Court on July 20, 1954 on a technicality, and she is incarcerated in the Fla. state mental hospital in Chattahoochee, staying for life despite the efforts of Zora Neale Hurston and William Bradford Huie. On Aug. 4/5 (night) British nutrition biochemist Sir Jack Cecil Drummond (b. 1891) (known for naming Vitamins A and B and dropping the e from vitamine) is brutally murdered along with his wife Ann and 10-y.-o. daughter Elizabeth in their car near Lurs (75 mi. from Aix) in Provence, France; 18 mo. later 75-y.-o. French peasant farmer Gaston Dominici (1877-) is convicted and sentenced to the guillotine, which is reduced to life, and is let out in 1959 by Pres. Charles de Gaulle after cries of a a frameup and possible spy hanky-panky - take that for Dunkirk? On Aug. 5 diplomatic relations resume between Japan and Nationalist China. On Aug. 13 Canada announces a $150M mutual aid gift to Britain. On Aug. 14 Istvan Dobi resigns as PM, and is succeeded as PM #43 by pro-Stalin Hungarian Communist Party gen. secy. Matyas Rakosi (Mátyás Rákosi) (1892-1971) (until July 4, 1953). On Aug. 17 the Mau Mau Revolt (Uprising) in Kenya, East Africa (ends 1956) begins with a report received by the British colonial office in London about the secret Mau Mau society, formed in 1949 to fight white Euro settlers in the Kenyan highlands along with loyalist Kikuyus, who aren't accustomed to night meetings and forced oaths, esp. the Mau Mau Oath, which is often given at knifepoint to Kikuyu tribesman and calls for their murder if they don't evenly grin and bear it and kill a white farmer when ordered; on Oct. 6 Sir Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale (1903-73) (son of Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, the first British gov. of Egypt (1878-9), known for mistreatment of Egyptians) arrives as the new British gov.-gen. of Kenya (until 1959); next Jan. 18 Baring declares a state of emergency, imposing the death penalty for anyone administering the Mau Mau Oath; next Jan. 24 the white settler Ruck family (father, mother, 6-y.-o. son) is rucked and murdered by Mau Maus, beginning a bloody uprising against the British by the Kikuyu, Embu, and Meru tribes, who use funky white-killer weapons incl. the panga and the ronga, made from the baobab root; "Uma Uma" means "Get out, get out"?; next Mar. 25-26 the Lari Massacre sees the Mau Maus kill up to 150 Kikuyus; next Apr. 8 Jomo Kenyatta (1897-1978) and five other Kikuyu are convicted of masterminding it, but the Kenyan supreme court quashes the convictions next July 15 because of lack of evidence linking them to the Mau Mau, and Kenyatta is sentenced to several years of hard labor and banned from Kenya; this doesn't stop the British, who form a home guard of 20K Kikiyus and imprison 100K+ in detention camps over the next few years, during which 2K Kikuyus loyal to the British are murdered; in 1954 Kenyan-born anthropologist Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903-72) pub. Defeating Mau Mau, which recommends land reform and wage hikes for the Kikuyus, and a multi-racial govt., most of which are eventually adopted; in 1956 the Mau Mau are cleared of their bases under Mt. Kenya, but the state of emergency lasts until 1960; Jomo Kenyatta is finally banished in 1961 after a measly 33 Euros are killed - how do we change the world, one act of random kindness at a time? On Aug. 18 the Declaration of Santiago declares a 200 mi. territorial limit from the coast for Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. In Aug. after his leadership is challenged by the nat. assembly, causing Pres. Syngman Rhee to get constitutional amendments passed increasing his powers and making pres. elections the prerogative of the people rather than the assembly, he is reelected by an overwhelming majoriy. On Sept. 1 Art Linkletter's House Party moves from daytime CBS Radio (since Jan. 15, 1945) to daytime CBS-TV (until Sept. 5, 1969) (NBC-TV from Dec. 29, 1969 to Sept. 25, 1970); each show he interviews four kids; "Kids say the darnedest things." On Sept. 6 the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. opens Canada's first TV station in Montreal, followed by Toronto. On Sept. 10 the Luxembourg Treaty is signed, whereby West Germany agrees to pay Israel 3B marks as reparations for "material" damage suffered by Jews at the hands of the Nazis, along with 450M marks to Jewish orgs.; Germany begins paying reparations to the Jewish people in 1953, the payments reaching 56.3B German marks by the end of 1983. On Sept. 18 after the influx of 100K Palestinian refugees bogs the economy down, Lebanese pres. (since Nov. 22, 1943) Bechara el-Khoury is forced to resign amid corruption allegations and massive protests, and on Sept. 22 after Fuad Chehab becomes acting pres., Christian Marionite U.N. ambassador (since 1947) Camille Nimr Chamoun (1900-87) is elected pres. of Lebanon, assuming office on Sept. 23 (until Sept. 22, 1958). On Sept. 19 the B&W syndicated TV series Adventures of Superman debuts for 104 episodes (until Apr. 28, 1958); George Reeves (1914-59) plays Superman/Clark Kent, Phyllis Coates (1927-) (first season) and Noel Darleen Neill (1920-2016) play his girlfriend Lois Lane; John Hamilton (1887-1958) plays his boss Perry White, and Jack Edward Larson (1928-2015) plays cub reporter Jimmy Olsen; goes color in 1955; "Faster than a speeding bullet, more powerful than a locomotive, able to leap tall buildings with a single bound. Look! Up in the sky! Is it a bird? Is it a plane? It's Superman!"; watch intro. On Sept. 23 (Tues.) after the headline "Secret Rich Men's Trust Fund Keeps Nixon in Style Far Beyond His Salary" in the New York Post a few days after Ike chosen him as his running mate, Richard M. Nixon gives his Checkers Speech to a U.S. TV audience of 60M (largest to date), claiming that's it's unprecedented then detailing all his modest Quaker finances, mentioning his wife's "respectable Republican cloth coat", and admitting that he accepted a gift of a little cocker spaniel named Checkers (-1964) for his 6-y.-o. daughter Tricia, with the soundbyte "I want to say right now that regardless of what they say, we're going to keep him", using the press as his whipping boy; he then trumps his enemies, challenging them to divulge their finances, after which the Repub. Nat. Committee resoundingly approves him running, and Ike invites Nixon to campaign with him in W. Va., greeting him at the airport with the soundbyte "Dick, you're my boy"; the fund was public not secret, and for political purposes only; the disclosures embarrass his wife, but she Tammy Wynettes it and stands by her man. On Sept. 24 Henryville, Ind.-born Southern Chicken Col. Harland David Sanders (1890-1980), who founds Sanders Court & Cafe in North Corbin, Ky. on Mar. 20, 1930 begins franchising his "finger lickin' good" fried chicken with the secret blend of 11 herbs and spices with restaurateur Leon Weston "Pete" Harman (1919-2014) in Salt Lake City, Utah, fighting the dominance of hamburger restaurants, serving the fried chicken in cardboard buckets in 1957; in 1964 Sanders sells out for $2M to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey, who expand globally, becoming the first Western (foreign devil) restaurnt chain to open in Red China, which goes on to become their #1 market; in the early 1970s it is acquired by Heublein, which is taken over by R.J. Reynolds, who sells it to PepsiCo; by 2013 it grows to 18K+ outlets in 118 countries. On Oct. 1 gen. elections in Japan give the conservative Liberal Party of PM Yoshida Shigeru 240 out of 466 seats in the Diet; the Communists win no seats. On Oct. 1-7 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) 4-3 to win the Forty-Ninth (49th) World Series, making four in a row (15 total) for the Yankees, and the 3rd defeat for the "Dem Bums" Dodgers in six years; Yankees 2B player Alfred Manuel "Billy" Martin Jr. (1928-89) makes a game-saving catch in Game 7; in Game 6 (8th inning) Mickey Charles Mantle (1931-95) of the Yankees scores his first of 18 WS homers; Dodgers center fielder Edwin Donald "Duke" "the Silver Fox" "the Duke of Flatbush" Snider (1926-2011) hits four homers, and four more in the 1955 WS. On Oct. 3 the lily-white sitcom The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet debuts on ABC-TV for 425 episodes (until Sept. 3, 1966), starring married former vaudeville players Oswald George "Ozzie" Nelson (1906-75) and Harriet Nelson (Hilliard) (Peggy Lou Snyder) (1909-), featuring the coming of age of America's first teen hearthrob Eric Hilliard "Ricky" Nelson (1940-85), whose portraits bear a striking resemblance to Superman actor Christopher Reeve (1952-2004)?; Donald John "Don" DeFore (1913-93) plays neighbor Thorny Thornberry. On Oct. 3 the sitcom Our Miss Brooks, based on the 1948 CBS Radio series debuts on CBS-TV in 1952 (until July 7, 1957), starring Eve Arden (Eunice Mary Quedens) (1908-90) as Constance "Connie" Brooks, an English teacher at Madison H.S., Gale Gordon (Charles Thomas Aldrich Jr.) (1906-95) as principal Osgood Conklin, handsome Robert Rockwell (1920-2003) as shy biology teacher Philip Boynton, whom Miss Brooks has the hots for, Jannie "Jane" Morgan (1880-1972) as Miss Brooks' absent-minded landlady Mrs. Davis, known for exotic inedible breakfasts and her cat Minerva, Richard Donald "Dick" Crenna (1926-2003) as student Walter Denton, who gives her rides to school; filmed in 1956. On Oct. 5 the first All-Union Communist Party Congress since 1939 convenes in Moscow; the Politburo and Orgburo are replaced by the Presidium (Praesidium) of the new Central Committee (until 1966), and a new 5-year plan is announced - more bureaucratic reports to falsify? On Oct. 7 Bob Horn's Bandstand debuts on WFIL-TV in Philadelphia with host Bob (Donald Loyd) Horn (1916-); after he is fired for drunk driving on July 9, 1956, Dick Clark takes over, and it evolves into "American Bandstand". On Oct. 8 negotiations at Panmunjom are broken off over U.N. refusal to repatriate North Korean and Chinese POWs against their will; negotiations are not resumed until next Apr. On Oct. 8 two express trains crash into a commuter train in Harrow-Wealdstone, England, killing 112. On Oct. 12 The Bob Hope Show debuts on NBC-TV (until Dec. 3, 1955), starring 50-y.-o. super entertainer Bob Hope (1903-2003) entertaining guests. On Oct. 19 French physician Alain Bombard (1924-2005) sets off from the Canary Islands in a 15-ft. rubber cockleshell Zodiac boat called l'Heretique without food or water to disprove the myth that drinking seawater is fatal; drinking 1.5 pints a day, living on fish and plankton he sails 2,750 mi. in 65 days, reaching Barbados on Dec. 24, but loses 15 lbs. and is briefly hospitalized; later German physician Hannes Lindemann (1922-) tries to repeat the trip, finding that he needs fresh water from rain to survive, and claims that Bombard had secretly taken fresh water with him. On Oct. 25 Denmark, Colombia, and Lebanon replace the Netherlands, Brazil, and Turkey in the U.N. Security Council. On Oct. 29, 1952 after Viet Minh guerrilla forces gain control of the countryside in French-controlled Vietnam, French forces launch Operation Lorraine against Viet Minh supply bases in Indochina in order to lure them into an open battle; after they fail to bite, the operation is ended on Nov. 8. On Oct. 29 after Viet Minh guerrilla forces gain control of the countryside in French-controlled Vietnam, French forces launch Operation Lorraine against Viet Minh supply bases in Indochina in order to lure them into an open battle; after they fail to bite, the operation is ended on Nov. 8. In Oct. Ramar of the Jungle debuts for 52 episodes (until 1954), starring Jon Hall (1915-79) as jungle doctor (son of a missionary) Dr. Tom "Ramar" Reynolds. You don't have to live like a refugee, er, scratch that? On Nov. 1 at 7:15 a.m. the U.S. explodes the first Hydrogen Bomb (H-bomb), named Mike at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean; on Nov. 16 the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) announces the tests to the public; Hungarian-Am. physicist Edward Teller (1908-2003) is instrumental in its design, making him the Father of the H-Bomb; his quirks and fanaticism make him the real Dr. Stangelove?; meanwhile J. Robert Oppenheimer, "the Father of the A-Bomb" goes nonlinear at the excess of destructive power, turning against the whole idea of nuclear war, after which he gets at the front of the line to become the Atomic Christ? On Nov. 4 (Tues.) after promising in the last week of the "I Like Ike" campaign to go to Korea (where the Korean War had stalemated), the 1952 U.S. Pres. Election sees Gen. Dwight D. Eisenwhower defeat Adlai Stevenson, becoming the first Repub. U.S. pres. in 20 years; the last election in which no sitting pres. or veep runs (until ?); Stevenson says he is "too old to cry"; UNIVAC predicts the election before the polls close; of the 61.6% of the electorate who vote for pres., Ike receives 33.9M popular votes (55.1%) and 442 electoral votes to Stevenson's 27.3M popular votes (44.4%) and 89 electoral votes; Stevenson carries only 9 Southern and border states; Prohibition Party candidate (singing cowboy) Carl Stuart Hamblen (1908-9) receives 72,949 popular votes and no electoral votes; the Repubs. win slim majorities in both houses of Congress; liberal Albert Arnold "Al" Gore Sr. (1907-98) is elected as Dem. Sen. from Tenn. (until Jan. 3, 1971), becoming one of the three Dem. Southern Sens. who refuse to sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto opposing integration, along with Lyndon B. Johnson of Tex. and Estes Kefauver of Tenn., and later opposing prayer in public schools and the Vietnam War. On Nov. 10 movie dir. Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1909-93) refuses to sign the Director's Guild Loyalty Oath, backed by the conservative anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance, formed by Walt Disney (1901-66), Sam Wood, et al., and led by actors John Wayne and Ward Bond, and on Nov. 17 usually autocratic dir. John Ford (who has Danny Borsage play "Bringing in the Sheaves" on his accordion on the set to announce him, and insists on 4 p.m. English tea) turns hero and intervenes on his side, turning the tide? On Nov. 12 the U.S. agrees to lend Japan 18 frigates and 50 landing craft as a token first step toward defensive rearmament. On Nov. 14 mostly Jewish Czech Communists incl. Rudolf Slansky are sentenced to death for treason and Zionism and/or belonging to the Jewish Antifascist Committee; Stalin's death next Mar. saves them. On Nov. 14 the first British top singles chart is pub. by the New Musical Express, with the top 12, three of them tied, for a total of 15. On Nov. 16 the Greek Rally Party wins a sweeping victory in gen. elections, and gains a two-thirds majority in parliament, causing Gen. Alexander Papagos to become PM of Greece (until 1955). On Nov. 16 CBS-TV inaugurates Television City, its new Hollywood studios at Beverly Blvd. and North Fairfax Ave. (7800 Beverly Blvd.) with a live performance of the comedy series My Friend Irma (Jan. 8, 1952-June 1954); the next day it introduces its new live set in Burbank with the variety program "All Star Revue". On Nov. 17 Abba Eban offers the presidency of Israel to superbrain scientist Albert Einstein, who politely declines. On Nov. 23 the Iraq govt. uses strikes and riots as an excuse to outlaw all political parties and form a military govt. (until 1953). On Nov. 27 (Thurs.) the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City (founded in 1924) is first televised by NBC-TV. On Nov. 29 pres.-elect Eisenhower keeps his campaign promise to visit Korea to assess the ongoing conflict. On Dec. 5 (Fri.) The Abbott and Costello Show debuts in syndication for 52 episodes (until May 1, 1954), starring William Alexander "Bud" Abbott (1897-1974) and Louis Francis "Lou" Cristillo (1906-59) ("Heeey, Abbott! I'm a baaad boy!"), later inspiring Jerry Seinfeld. On Dec. 5-9 the Great Smog (Big Smoke) of London kills 4K-12K and injures 200K, becoming the worst air pollution disaster in U.K. history (until ?), resulting in the 1956 British Clean Air Act. On Dec. 9 after pulling an 1852 Ontario law out of the hat that copied the N.Y. and U.S. Bill of Rights and had been all-but forgotten, the Jehovah's Witnesses get the Supreme Court of Canada to rule 5-4 in Saumur v. City of Quebec and Atty. Gen. of Quebec that Quebec City can't try to stop them by requiring a license to distribute their lit. after Roman Catholic-turned-JW Laurier Saumur was arrested 100x and fought back, causing cases against 1K+ other JWs to be dismissed, creating a nat. sensation over the triumph of freedom of religion. On Dec. 15 the U.S. Supreme (Vinson) Court rules 8-0 in Wieman v. Updegraff that an Okla. loyalty oath violates the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment because it does not give individuals the opportunity to abjure membership in subversive orgs., with Justice Tom C. Clark writing the soundbyte: "Membership may be innocent"; Juston Robert H. Jackson recuses himself. On Dec. 29 the U.S. Nat. Security Agency (NSA) (No Such Agency?) is established, with Gen. Ralph J. Canine (1895-1969) as top dog, er, dir. #1 (until 1956). In Dec. after seeing the high ratings of the Kefauver hearings on organized crime, the 25-cent conservative quarterly Hollywood gossip mag. Confidential ("Tells the Facts and Names the Names") begins pub. by Bronx, N.Y.-born girlie mag. publisher ("the King of Leer" - Humphrey Bogart) Robert Harrison (1905-78), becoming known for outing Rock Hudson and Liberace as "Lavender Lads", accusing Bing Crosby of wife-beating, publicizing Robert Mitchum's marijuana smoking, and exposing interracial affairs of celebs using a network of spies, reaching 4M circ. and spawning numerous lawsuits, causing Groucho Marx to pub. the soundbyte: "If you don't stop printing scandalous articles about me, I'll be forced to cancel my subscription"; on Nov. 12, 1957 after a big show trial Harrison announces that it will quit publishing stories about the private lives of Hollywood stars in exchange for a $5K plea bargain, and in May 1958 he sells out; it goes on to inspire a flock of new scandal mags. incl. Blast, Exclusive, Hush-Hush, Inside, The Lowdown, Naked Truth, On the Q.T., Private Affairs, Rave, Revealed, Side Street, Uncensored, and Whisper; it ceases pub. in 1978. Romanian dictator Gheorghe Gheorgiu-Dej (1901-65) purges Jewish rival, foreign minister Ana Pauker (Hannah Rabinsohn) (1893-1960) and her Soviet (Muscovite) faction, and consolidates his power, remaining a loyal puppet of Stalin, then later under Khrushchev becoming his own man. Turkey signs a treaty of friendship with Greece and Yugoslavia. Viet Minh guerrilla forces gain control of the countryside in French-controlled Vietnam. Communist Poland adopts a 1952 Polish Constitution similar to the Soviet Union's. Queen Elizabeth II of England becomes the chief of state of Fiji (until 1987). Peking reports that 40% of farm workers have been organized into cooperatives - the other 60% are uncooperative? British Guiana wins internal self-govt. from Britain. Muhammad Asad (1900-92), a Ukrainian-born Jew who converted to Islam in 1926 and moved to Pakistan is appointed Pakistani minister plenipotentiary to the U.N. The U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Berets) are founded at Ft. Bragg, N.C. The Internat. Planned Parenthood Federation is founded in Bombay, India, expanding by 2015 to 189 countries after moving the HQ to London, England. Germany becomes a member of the World Bank. Am. philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller III (1906-78) founds the Population Council to promote contraceptive research. Elijah Mohammed (Muhammad) (1896-1975) forms the black supremacist Nation of Islam. Dorothy Jane Krueger (1913-), daughter of U.S. gen. Walter Krueger fatally stabs hubby Col. Aubrey Dewitt Smith in their U.S. Army quarters in Japan, is court-martialed and given hard labor for life, after which in 1957 the U.S. Supreme Court rules that military trials of civilians are unconstitutional, causing her release. In 1952 the term Tornado Alley is coined for areas of Tex., La., Okla., Kan., S.D., Iowa, and Neb. George (Christine) Jorgenson (1918-89) (son of a Bronx carpenter) goes from a male G.I. to a woman after a highly-publicized sex-change (transsexual) operation in Denmark, with headline "Ex-GI Becomes Blonde Bombshell"; his endocrinologist is (well-named?) Christian Hamburger, who later receives so many applications from Americans that Denmark's minister of justice restricts sex-change operations to native Danes; foxy Christine returns to New York City next Feb. 13. The Recording Industry of Am. Assoc. (RIAA) is founded in Washington, D.C. to act as the police arm for enforcing copyrights and royalties. The Purple Onion cellar club at 140 Columbus Ave. (between Jackson and Pacific Sts.) North Beach, San Francisco, Calif. opens, becoming a home to the Beat movement and helping launch the careers of folk acts incl. The Kingston Trio and the Smothers Brothers, comedians Woody Allen, Lenny Bruce, Phyllis Diller, Bob Newhart, and Richard Pryor, and poet Maya Angelou. The National Enquirer is purchased for $75K by New York newspaperman Generoso Paul "Gene" Pope Jr. (1927-88) using a loan from mob boss Frank Costello, becoming a lurid tabloid filled with sex and violence, changing its name to The National Enquirer in 1957; in 1967 it drops the violence and gore and concentrates on celebs, the occult, and UFOs, being sold from supermarket checkout lanes; in 1975 the HQ moves to Lantana, Fla., followed in 1989 by Boca Raton, Fla. The FCC permits UHF-TV for the first time. Harvard pres. #23 (1933-53) James Bryant Conant (1893-1978) decides to end the tradition of a 90% of admission if your WASP daddy went there, causing the avg. verbal SAT score to jump from 583 this year to 678, along with a math score of 695, while keeping some of the traditional WASP freshmen to keep up a unique mix. Dylan Thomas becomes the first author to record an audiobook of his poems. Pacific Jazz Records in Los Angeles, Calif. is founded to release cool jazz and West Coast jazz music by producer Richard Bock (1927-88) and jazz drummer Roy S. Harte (Hartstein) (1924-2003), going on to sign Chet Baker, Paul Demond, the Jazz Crusaders, Gerry Mulligan, Joe Pass, and Gerald Wilson; in 1954 Harte co-founds Nocturne Records in Hollywood, Calif. with jazz bassist Yervant Harry "the Bear" Babasin Jr. (1921-88), which in 1954 releases the album Jazz in Hollywood before merging with Liberty Records on Mar. 2, 1955; in 1957 Pacific Jazz Records becomes World Pacific Records, signing Indian musicians incl. Ravi Shankar; in 1965 it is acquired by Liberty Records, producing the hit Elusive Butterfly by Bob Lind in 1966; in 1970 it is acquired by United Artists Records, which in 1979 is acquired by EMI. Elizabeth Taylor divorces Nick Hilton and marries English actor Michael Wilding (1912-79) (until 1957); they have two sons, Michael Howard Wilding Jr. (1953-) and Christopher Edward Wilding (1955-). Am. actor James Byron Dean (1931-55) is helped by gay roommate (future TV scriptwriter) William Edwin "Bill" Bast (1931-2015) to write a letter to the U.S. Draft Board declaring that he is a "practicing homosexual", winning him a draft exemption. Rex Humbard (1919-2007) becomes the first humbug, er, Christian evangelist with a weekly nat. U.S. TV show; in 1958 he builds the $4M Cathedral of Tomorrow in Cuyahoga Falls (near Akron), Ohio, with seating for 5.4K. The Ballet Folklorico de Mexico (Ballet Folklórico de México) is founded by Amalia Hernandez (Hernández) Navarro (1917-2000) with eight dancers, adapting village street fiestas and Indian religious rituals, going on to ramp up to 300 dancers and perform at the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts) in Mexico City for the next four decades. Filmways (Pictures) is founded in Sonoma County, Calif. by Martin Ransohoff (1927-) and Edwin Kasper, going on to produce CBS-TV's "rural comedies" incl. "Mister Ed", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Petticoat Junction", and "Green Acres", along with films incl. "The Sandpiper", "The Cincinnati Kid", "Ice Station Zebra", "Dressed to Kill" and "Blow Out", helping launch the careers of actresses Tuesday Weld, Ann-Margret, and Sharon Tate; by 1963 it makes $13M a year; in 1983 it is acquired by Orion Pictures, becoming Orion TV Productions. French aristocrat Count Hubert de Givenchy (1927-) founds the House of Givenchy, which goes on to become a favorite of Audrey Hepburn and Jackie Kennedy. Big Tex makes his appearance at the Texas State Fair. Kellogg's Sugar Frosted Flakes is introduced, with mascot Tony the Tiger, voiced by Dallas McKennon and Thurl Ravenscroft ("They're Grrrreat!), who was created in 1951 along with Katy the Kangaroo, Elmo the Elephant, and Newt the Gunu, who are dropped; Tony's son is Tony Jr.; in the 1970s he gets an Italian-Am. personality, Mama Tony, wife Mrs. Tony, and daughter Antoinette; in 1974 he is named Tiger of the Year; in 1975 Tony Jr. becomes the mascot for Frosted Rice. Mickey Spillane's 1947 novel "I, the Jury" becomes the first detective novel to make the New York Times bestseller list. Frank Sinatra's voice suddenly ruptures, causing him to be released from his MGM movie contract and dropped by his recording co. MCA. After marrying LA-born photographer George Pickow (1922-2010) in 1950, and winning a Fulbright scholarship to collect folk songs, Viper, Ky.-born folk singer-songwriter Jean Ritchie (1922-2015) releases her first album Traditional Songs of Her Kentucky Mountain Home, going on to revive Appalachian dulcimer playing and become known as "the Mother of Folk", composing songs incl. "My Dear Companion", "Black Waters", "Tender Ladies", and "Pretty Saro". Jewish atty. Louis "Studs" Terkel (1912-2008) (nicknamed after Studs Lonigan) debuts his daily 1-hour radio program in Chicago, Ill. (until 1997), going on to become a leading oral historian who can't drive a car. An art nouveau Jugendstil Exhibition is held in Zurich. The first train to run without motormen or conductors goes into service in New York City between Times Square and Grand Central City, but the Transit Workers' Union forces a do-nothing motorman to be present in the car. A Japan Air Lines (JAL) Martin 404 crashes, killing all 37 aboard, causing the privately-owned airline created two years ago to be reorganized as the govt.-owned Japan Airlines (JAL); the govt. switches to the DC-6; it returns to private ownership in 1987. Easter Seals adopts the lily (symbol of spring) as its logo. Babybel brand snack cheese is introduced, followed by Mini Babybel in 1977 in France, and in 1979 in the U.S. under the Laughing Cow umbrella brand. Mrs. Paul's Frozen Fish Sticks are first marketed. Ore-Ida Potato Products Inc. is founded by Mormon brothers F. Nephi Grigg and Golden Grigg, with the fields in Idaho and the processing facility in Ore. near the border; in 1953 they introduce "all-righta" Tater Tots, made from French fry leftovers; the slogan is "When it says Ore-Ida, It's All-Righta"; in 1965 it is acquired by H.J. Heinz Co., who in 1999 move the HQ from Boise, Idaho to Pittsburgh, Penn. Lipton begins marketing Lipton's Dry Onion Soup Mix, which becomes a popular ingredient in meat loaf, potato chip dip, stews, and other dishes. Lotus Cars is founded in Britain on the former site of WWII RAF Hethel airfield in Norfolk, going on to found the Formula 1 Team Lotus for its Espirit, Elan, Europa, and Elise sports cars, known for light weight and fine handling characteristics. BYU grad Colleen Kay Hutchins (1926-2010), sister of NBA star Mel Hutchins wins the 1952 Miss America contest, going on to marry NBA star Ernest Vandeweghe (1928-2014) and have NBA star Kiki Vandeweghe (1958-). Sports: On Jan. 27 the Federation (Fédération) Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ) is founded at a meeting in Hamburg, Germany of Internat. Bowling Assoc. (IBA) officials from nine nations (Germany, Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Luxembourg, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia) to coordinate internat. amateur competition in 10-pin and 9-pin bowling, growing to 15 nations in 1954, 17 nations in 1959, 52 in 1975, and 141 in 2010; in Mar. 1952 the IBA is dissolved; in Nov. 1952 the first FIQ Congress is held in Munich, Germany, in which the FIQ Constitution is adopted, which incl. German as the official language for meetings; in 1954 after Germany won't pay for them to be hosted at the 1952 Summer Olympics, the first FIQ World Bowling Championships are held in 1954 in Helsinki, Finland; in 1979 the Internat. Olympic Committee recognizes FIQ as the official governing body for bowling; in 2014 it is renamed World Bowling. On Apr. 10-15 the 1952 Stanley Cup Finals see the Detroit Red Wings sweep the Montreal Canadiens 4-0, shutting them out in two games and allowing only one goal in each of the other two games. On Apr. 12-25 after the NBA widens the foul lane from 6' to 12', the 1952 NBA Finals sees the Minneapolis Lakers (coach John Kundla) defeat the New York Knickerbockers (coach Joe Lapchick) by 4-3, becoming the first NBA 3-peat. On Apr. 26 the 1952 NBA Draft sees 10 teams select 106 players in 17 rounds; 6'4" forward ("the Owl without a Vowel") William P. "Bill" Mlkvy (1931-) of Temple U. (1951 NCAA scoring champion) is the territorial pick of the Philadelphia Warriors (#16), playing only one season; 6'9" forward-center Mark Cecil Workman (1930-83) of the U. of W. Va. is selected #1 by the Milwaukee Hawks (#12), but goes on a tour of Europe with the Harlem Globetrotters before playing for the Phildelphia Warriors (#24), switching to the Baltimore Bullets (#24) in 1953-4, ending his career with a measly 4.9 points, 2.9 rebounds, and 0.6 assists per game; 6'10" forward-center Clyde Edward Lovellette (1929-) of the U. of Kansas (MVP of the 1942 NCAA title team, leading the NCAA with a record 141 points, known for his 1-handed set shot) is selected #9 by the Minneapolis Lakers (#34), going on to help them win the 1954 NBA title, followed by the Cincinnati Royals (#89) in 1957-8, the St. Louis Hawks (#34) in 1958-62, and the Boston Celtics (#4) in 1962, helping them win the 1963 and 1964 titles; 6'7" forward-center Don "Monk" Meineke (1930-2013) of the U. of Dayton is selected #12 by the Fort Wayne Pistons (#17), going on to win the first NBA Rookie of the Year Award. On May 3 CBS-TV broadcasts the Kentucky Derby live for the first time; Eddie Arcaro (1916-97) rides Hill Gail (1949-68) to his 5th Derby win. On May 30 the 1952 (36th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Troy Ruttman (1930-97) after leader Bill Vukovich breaks a steering linkage with 9 laps to go, becoming the youngest winner (22 years 80 days) (until ?), and last dirt track car to win (until ?); he also becomes the youngest winner of a world drivers' championship race (until 2003). On June 21 ML baseball bans the signing of women to contracts, which they don't drop until 1992 with the drafting of Carey Schueler for the 1993 season by the Chicago White Sox. On Sept. 23 "Broxton Bomber" Rocky Marciano (Rocco Francis Marchegiano) (1923-69) KOs "Jersey" Joe Walcott in round 13 to become world heavyweight boxing champ #18 (until 1956). On ? rookie Los Angeles Rams defensive back Richard "Dick" "Night Train" Lane (1928-2002) gets a record 14 regular season interceptions, going on to become the #1 cornerback in the NFL. Joe DiMaggio's jersey number (#5) is officially retired by the New York Yankees. Pitcher Thomas Kinnerly "Tom" Wolfe Jr. (1931-) is cut by the New York Giants baseball team after only two days (weak fastball), prompting him to begin a writing career. Boxer Joe Louis (1914-81) breaks golf's color barrier by appearing under a sponsor's exemption in a PGA event; the PGA later grants him posth. honorary membership. James Cobb sets a water speed record of 206.89 mph on Loch Ness in Scotland, but is killed while doing it. The first black Miss District of Columbia USA pageant is held in Washington, D.C. in parallel with the white Miss District of Columbia pageant (founded 1921). Architecture: English architect Lionel Gordon Baliol Brett, 4th Viscount Esher (1914-2004) designs Hatfield New Town in England, featuring terraced houses with cozy gardens; too bad, the flat roofs approximate aerofoils, and on Nov. 3-4, 1957 a severe gale blows many of them off. The 307-ft. (94m) glass-box skyscraper Lever House at 390 Park Ave. in midtown Manhattan, NY. (designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill) is completed as the new HQ for Lever Brothers Co., designed in the Internat. Style of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, becoming the 2nd curtain wall skyscraper in New York City after the UN HQ, causing Park Ave. to begin changing from masonry apt. bldgs. to glass towers. Alvar Aalto (1896-1976) designs the internat. style Saynatsalo Town Hall in Finland. The 12-story 337-apt. L'Unite (L'Unité) d'Habitation apt. house in S Marseille, France designed by Le Corbusier (begun 1947) is finished, with a plan to become "social condensers", complete with day care and terrace on the roof, a shopping center on an upper floor, interior "streets", the whole thing resting on big legs (pilotis), raising it off the surrounding landscape; a hit, it is cloned in Nantes (1955), Berlin (1957), Briey (1963), and Firminy (1965), spawning the ugly Brutalist Architectural Style (Fr. "béton brut" = raw concrete), which tries to showcase the material used in a rough form, coined by Swedish architect Hans Asplund. Cirencester Park (pr. like sister) polo ground near Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England is reopened by Earl Bathurst. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) (French Equatorial Africa) (Oct. 30) (uses the $33K prize money to expand his hospital in French Equatorial Africa and build a leper colony); Lit.: Francois Charles Mauriac (1885-1970) (France); Physics: Edward Mills Purcell (1912-) and Felix Bloch (1905-83) (U.S.) [nuclear magnetic resonance]; Chem.: Archer John Porter Martin (1910-) and Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914-94) (England) [chromatography]; Medicine: Selman Abraham Waksman (1888-1973) (U.S.) [streptomycin]. Inventions: On Apr. 15 the $8M straight-swept-wing 8-turbopro-engine Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, AKA BUFF (Big Ugly Fat Fucker) makes its first flight, replacing the Convair B-36 as a strategic nuclear weapons delivery platform in 1955, and inactivated in 1992, going on to drop only conventional munitions in combat; it can carry a payload of 25-40 tons nonstop at 50K ft. at almost Mach 1 for 8.8K mi. without refueling; it goes into daily operation in 1956, becoming the symbol of U.S. strength and know-how, ruling the Cold War, and spawning bouffant (beehive) "B-52" hairdos for women; the 3rd plane built becomes the first of several equipped to carry the X-15 rocket-propelled plane; a B-52 is the first plane to be refueled in the air, via a Boeing KC-135 tanker; the last of 744 production models, a B-52H is delivered in 1962; it goes on to become the world's longest-flying military aircraft, and is not scheduled for retirement until 2040, becoming the best military weapons investment in history? On Apr. 29 IBM introduces the IBM 701 Computer (Defense Calculator), becoming the first commercial scientific computer, with 2,048 to 4,096 36-bit words implemented by Williams tubes, relying on punched card input; after introducing the business-oriented IBM 702 Computer, the pres. of Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. tells new IBM pres. #2 (1952-71) Thomas John Watson Jr. (1914-93) that the *!?! punched cards take three floors of space to store, and threatens to cancel their contract, spurring development of the magnetic core and drum memory. On Oct. 15 the Douglas X-3 Stiletto makes its first flight, featuring a slender fuselage and long tapered nose, incl. the first use of titanium in major airframe components to achieve Mach 2.63 (1K mph); too bad, it fails to even achieve Mach 1, and is retired on May 23, 1956. Am. Machine and Foundry Co. (AMF) of Brooklyn, N.Y. (founded 1900) begins marketing the AMF Automatic Pinspotter (Pinsetter) for bowling alleys, eliminating pinboys, causing a rapid growth that makes the 1950s the Decade of the Bowler. Boehringer Ingelheim of West Germany begins marketing Dulcolax, a laxative preparation based on Bisacodyl. Evanston, Ill.-born aeronautical engineer Richard Travis Whitcomb (1921-2009) of Langley Memorial Aeronautical Lab in Va. discovers the Whitcomb Area Rule for Supersonic Aircraft Design, which reduces drag and increases speed without additional power by narrowing the fuselage at the wing location, revolutionizing supersonic aircraft; he later invents winglets for transport planes to increase the lift-to-drag ratio; too bad, the Area Rule was actually discovered by Junkers engineer Otto Frenzl in 1943, and the Germans had already used it in their designs, but since they lost WWII, a Yankee gets the credit? The U.S. Nat. Bureau of Standards develops the first cesium atomic clock. A contraceptive pill made of phosphorated hesperidin is developed. The Gibson Les Paul solid body electric guitar is first sold, becoming a worthy competitor to the Fender Stratocaster and Telecaster. J. Halcombe "Hal" Laning Jr. (1920-2012) of MIT develops George, the first algebraic compiler on the Whirlwind computer, translating algebraic expressions into programs for a floating-point interpreter. After Am. salesman Gerry Thomas (1922-2005) and Am. bacteriologist Betty Cronin invent TV Dinners to utilize 500K lbs. of unsold Thanksgiving turkeys, copying a food tray used in an airliner and increasing it to three compartments, then figuring out how to make the ingredients cook in unision, their employer C.A. Swanson & Sons of Omaha, Neb., run by Swedish immigrant Charles A. Swanson (1879-1949) and his sons Gilbert C. Swanson and W. Clarke Swanson introduce the first Swanson's TV Dinner, consisting of turkey, cornbread, gravy, buttered peas, and whipped buttered sweet potatoes, all for 98 cents (later as low as 69 cents); 5K are sold the first year, and 10M the next; the watery sweet potatoes are soon replaced with regular potatoes; fried chicken with a brownie, and Salisbury steak soon follow; the traditional family dinner is doomed, and homemaker women start getting ideas about going to work? An article in Collier's by Wernher von Braun predicts orbiting space stations. John T. "Jack" Mullin (1913-99) and Wayne R. Johnson invent hi-fidelity videotape. Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (1885-1983) invents the Geodesic Dome. Science: The Big 100 Year in Science? The synthetic elements Einsteinium (Es) (#99) and Fermium (Fm) (#100) are discovered in the debris of the first H-bomb explosion by Albert Ghiroso (1915-2010) et al. of UCB and the Argonne Lab. On Sept. 2 after Wilfred Gordon "Bill" Bigelow (1913-2005) of the U. of Toronto discovers that open heart surgeries are best done after the heart is stopped and drained of blood, Clarence Walton "Walt" Lillehei (1918-99) and Floyd John Lewis (1916-93) of the U. of Minn. perform the first successful open heart surgery to correct a congenital heart defect using hypothermia; in 1953 Soviet surgeon Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky (1906-75) does it using only local anesthesia after making the patient's blood bypass his exposed heart. On Mar. 14 the Qumran Copper Scroll is discovered in Cave 3, the last of 15 scrolls discovered; it contains a list of locations where gold and silver items are hidden; it is dated to 50-100 C.E. The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is pub. by the Am. Psychiatric Assoc. (APA); it is revised in 1968, 1980/7, 1994, and 2000. Westfield, N.J.-born obstetrical anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar (1909-74) devises the Apgar Test (Score) to assess the health of newborn children, incl. Appearance (Cyanosis), Pulse Rate, Grimace (Reflex Irritability), Activity (Muscle Tone), and Respiration, with each component having a score of 0, 1, or 2, and a total score of 3 and less being regarded as critical, and 7+ as normal. Am. physicist Donald Arthur Glaser (1926-) invents the Bubble Chamber for use in particle physics experiments, winning him the 1960 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. geneticists Alfred Day Hershey (1908-97) and Martha Cowles Chase (Epstein) (1927-2003) of Cold Spring Harbor Lab in N.Y. use radioactive tracing to prove that DNA is the true carrier of heredity in the Hershey-Chase Blender Experiment, inspiring James D. Watson and Francis Crick to search for the structure of DNA; too bad, Hershey wins the 1969 Nobel Medicine Prize along with his Italian-Am. research partner Salvador Luria and German partner Max Delbruck (1906-81), but Chase is snubbed. Am. biologists Robert Briggs (1911-83) and Thomas J. King (1921-2000) clone northern leopard frogs using nuclear transfer, becoming the first Cloned Animal, causing a research feeding frenzy. ? Cyram and ? Becker demonstrate a statistical connection between death frequency and weather. Am. surgeon Charles A. Hufnagel (1916-89) invents a plastic artificial heart valve, becoming the first functionally moving artificial body part. Am. physician Nathan S. Kline (1916-82) pioneers the drug Reperine (found in snakeroot) as an antidepressant drug, and Reserpine as an antihypertensive, which also used to treat schizophrenia. Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov (1922-99) cracks pesky Mayan writing, whose key had been lost since the burning of Mayan books by Spanish bishop Diego de Landa in the 1560s, ironically using an abridged vers. of a book he himself wrote trying to justify his actions to the Spanish govt., which he retrieved from the Berlin State Library in 1945 while in the Red Army; too bad, the Cold War causes Western scholars to disbelieve him for a decade. Chicago, Ill.-born economist Harry Max Markowitz (1927-) pub. the Harry Markowitz Model of Portfolios, which is based on the expected returns (mean) and standard deviation (variance); in 1961 Jack L. Treynor pub. the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which is based on the Markowitz model, emphasizing diversification; in 1964 William Forsyth Sharpe (1934-) independently pub. the CAPM, followed by John Virgil Lintner Jr. (1916-83) in 1965, and Jan Mossin (1936-87) in 1966; in 1990 Markowitz and Sharpe share the 1990 Nobel Econ. Prize for it. In Mar. Am. journalist William Hollingsworth "Holly" Whyte Jr. (1917-99) coins the term "Groupthink"; in Nov. 1971 Buffalo, N.Y.-born psychologist Irving Lester Janis (1918-90) pub. the article "Groupthink" in Psychology Today, recoining the term. Nonfiction: Anon., Majestic-12 Preliminary Briefing for President-Elect Eisenhower (Nov. 18); an alleged top secret Truman panel reports on the 1947 Roswell, N.M. incident and others, and concludes that four "human-like beings" recovered near the wrecked craft are not human or of this Earth. Franklin Pierce Adams (1881-1960), The F.P.A. Book of Quotations. Mortimer Adler (1902-2001), Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899-1977) et al. (eds.), Great Books of the Western World (52 vols.); bestseller (1M copies), causing Adler to make the cover of the Mar. 17 issue of Time mag., becoming known as "the Supersalesman of Philosophy" and "the Charles Atlas of Western Intellection"; "Like a Socratic travelling salesman, he has moved up and down the country... causing acute attacks of thought in thousands of college students"; too bad, by the mid-1960s liberal academia begins chucking his program. Herbert Sebastian Agar (1897-1980), Abraham Lincoln. Conrad Aiken (1889-1973), Ushant: An Essay (autobio.). Frederick Lewis Allen (1890-1954), The Big Change: America's Transformation 1900-1950. Tommy Armour (1894-1968), How to Play Your Best Golf All the Time; bestseller. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), Foundation and Empire. Clarence Ayres (1891-1972), The Industrial Economy: Its Technological Basis and Insitutional Destiny; combines Thorstein Veblen's idea of the Darwinian struggle between technological (instrumental) and institutional (ceremonial) structure with John Dewey's concept of Instrumentalism to create Institutionalist Dualism AKA the Veblenian Dichotomy, where there is an "institutional lag" that keep socio-cultural institutions one step behind er, behind technological changes. Joe Staten Bain (1912-91), Price Theory. Roland Herbert Bainton (1894-1984), The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. Tallulah Bankhead (1902-68), Tallulah (autobio.); "I'll go to my grave convinced that I could have drawn the cheers of Longstreet and Beauregard and Robert E. Lee had I been permitted to wrestle with Rhett Butler" (on her rejected screen test for Scarlett O'Hara). Paul Alexander Baran (1909-64), The Political Economy of Underdevelopment. William Jack Baumol (1922-), The Transactions Demand for Cash: An Inventory Theoretic Approach. Am. Bible Society, Revised Standard Version of the Bible (Sept. 30); revision of the 1901 Am. Standard Version, which is a revision of the 1611 King James Version; pub. after 32 Protestant scholars work on it for 15 years. Samuel Behrman (1893-1973), Joseph Duveen; English art dealer Joseph Duveen (1869-1939). Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975), An Artist in America (autobio.). Emory Stephen Bogardus (1882-1973), Principles of Cooperation. Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004), The Decisive Moment (Images a la Sauvette); title from the quote "There is nothing in this world that does not have a decisive moment" by Cardinal de Retz. Charles Dunbar Broad (1887-1971), Ethics and the History of Philosophy. Paul Brunton (1898-1981), The Spiritual Crisis of Man; "A million people will eagerly follow a glib leader who raises contentious clamour and leads them to ultimate destruction, when only a few people will follow an inspired spiritual leader who leads them to true blessedness. This shows the faulty sense of values which prevails among people who are entirely ignorant of the fact that if their inner attitude toward life is wrong, their outer personal, political and economic affairs will go wrong. It shows that the reason why the mass of mankind cannot make a success of their civilization is because they cannot make a success of themselves. Not having enough faith in, or leading by, higher forces, they put their faith in destructive ones." Martin Buber (1878-1965), The Chassidic Message. William F. Buckley Jr. (1925-2008), God and Man at Yale; criticizes his alma mater as a den of atheistic collectivism and argues for a new conservativism based on the nat. interest and a higher morality. social analysis are an indispensable part of literary history". Alan Bullock (1914-2004), Hitler: A Study in Tyranny; the first comprehensive bio. of the Fuhrer, based on the Nuremberg Trials transcripts, painting him as a machpolitiker (power politician) and an opportunistic "mountebank", with the soundbyte "Hitler was jobbed into power by backstairs intrigue", pissing-off fellow British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914-2003), who claims that Hitler was motivated by beliefs not merely lust for powah, getting into a pissing contest with him; Bullock later admits that Hitler did have beliefs, viz., those expressed in "Mein Kampf", which makes him responsible for the Holocaust - it's not his fault it's his glands? James MacGregor Burns (1918-2014), Government by the People; becomes a a popular textbook (20th ed. in 2003). Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), Christianity in European History. Hereward Carrington (1880-1959), Psychic Oddities: Fantastic and Bizarre Events in the Life of a Psychical Researcher. Bruce Catton (1899-1978), Glory Road; 2nd in the Civil War trilogy. Whittaker Chambers (1901-61), Witness (autobio.); how he became a Commie apostate in 1938. Frank Chodorov (1877-1966), One is a Crowd: Reflections of an Individualist; The Income Tax: Root of All Evil. Jim Corbett (1875-1955), My India; trigger-happy British hunter, known for killing man-eating tigers from 1910-38. A.C. Crombie, Augustine to Galileo: The History of Science, AD 400-1650 (2 vols). A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), Adventures in Two Worlds (autobio.). Ely Culbertson (1891-1955), Point-Count Bidding. Laraine Day (1920-2007), Day With the Giants; about her hubby (1947-60) Leo "The Lip" Durocher. Salvador Dali (1904-89), Diary of a Genius (1952-63). George Dangerfield (1904-86),The Era of Good Feelings (1952) (Pulitzer Prize) (Bancroft Prize),; covers from the start of the War of 1812 to the start of Andrew Jackson's admin. on Mar. 4, 1829, showing the political transition "from the great dictum that central government is best when it governs least to the great dictum that central government must sometimes intervene strongly on behalf of the weak and the oppressed and the exploited." Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970), Understanding Europe; calls for Europe to rediscover its Christian foundations. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), The Course of Empire. David Herbert Donald (1920-2009) et al., Divided We Fought: A Pictorial History of the War, 1861-1865. Norman Douglas (1868-1953), Footnote on Capri. W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963), In Battle for Peace: The Story of My 83rd Birthday (June). Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Images and Symbols. Fritz Fanon (1925-61), Black Skin, White Masks (Peau Noire, Masques Blancs); the psychology of racism and colonialism. Louis Fischer (1896-1970), Stalin. Raymond Blaine Fosdick (1883-), The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. Frank Freidel (1916-93), Franklin D. Roosevelt (5 vols.) (1952-1973); first major bio. of FDR, after he becomes one of the first scholars to work on his papers stored in the Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, N.Y.; incl. "The Apprenticeship" (1952), "The Ordeal" (1954), "The Triumph" (1956), "F.D.R. and the South" (1965), and "Launching the New Deal" (1973); he dies leaving vol. 6 unfinished. Martin Gardner (1914-2010), Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science (In the Name of Science: An Entertaining Survey of the High Priests and Cultists of Science, Past and Present); goes after Dianetics, Velikovsky, Bridey Murphy, flying saucer nuts et al. Peter Gay (1923-2015), The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism: Eduard Bernstein's Challenge to Marx (first book). Alexander Gelfond (1906-68), Transcendental and Algebraic Numbers. Sir Lawrence Gowing (1918-91), Vermeer. Martyn Green (1899-1975), Here's a How-de-do (autobio.). James Norman Hall (1887-1951), My Island Home (autobio.). Mark Harris (1922-2007), City of Discontent: An Interpretive Biography of Vachel Lindsay [1879-1931], Being Also the Story of Springfield, Illinois, USA, and of the Love for the Poet for That City, That State, and That Nation, by Henry W. Wiggen; introduces his alter ego. J. Hawkes and C. Hawkes, Prehistoric Britain. Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992), The Sensory Order: An Inquirty into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology; expands Hebbian synapse theory into a global brain theory; claims that perception cannot be accounted for by means of physical laws, since the effect of sensory stimulus is the first aspect of the complex order of perception, after which the mind maps the order of the external stimulus; this perceptual experience, however, is not identical to any other from a similar external stimulus since each has its own character in relation to the associations that the mind assigns to any particular sensory experience, and our perception of external objects are "never of all the properties which a particular can be said to possess objectively, not even only some of the properties which these objects in fact possess physically, but always on certain aspects, relations to other kinds of objects which we assign to all elements of the classes in which we place the perceived objects." Maurice Herzog (1919-), Annapurna; bestseller (11M copies); his June 3, 1950 climb of Mt. Annapurna without oxygen, making him the first to climb a peak over 8Km high, after which nobody else does it until 1970; "There are other Annapurnas in the lives of men". Hedda Hopper (1885-1966), From Under My Hat (autobio.). Irving Howe (1920-93), William Faulkner: A Critical Study. L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Scientology: A History of Man (July) (originally "What to Audit: A List and Description of the Principal Incidents to Be Found in a Human Being"); pub. by Hubbard's Scientific Press in Phoenix, Ariz.; "a coldblooded and factual account of your last sixty trillion years", describing incidents that occurred to the thetan (genetic entity) in past lives and cause engrams (neuroses) that have to be "run out" using an E-meter, incl. "The Atom"; "The Cosmic Impact"; "The Photo Converter"; "The Helper"; "The Clam", "a deadly incident" involving a "scalloped-lip, white-shelled creature" suffering from a "double-hinge problem. One hinge wishes to stay open, the other tries to close, thus conflict occurs", after which the Clam's hinges "later become the hinges of the human jaw", while the Clam's method of reproduction via spores causes toothaches, containing the famous soundbyte: "Should you desire to confirm this, describe to some uninitiated person the death of a clam without saying what you are describing. 'Can you imagine a clam sitting on the beach, opening and closing its shell very rapidly?' (Make a motion with your thumb and forefinger of a rapid opening and closing). The victim may grip his jaws with his hand and feel quite upset. He may even have to have a few teeth pulled: At the very least he will argue as to whether or not the shell stays open at the end or closed. And he will, with no hint of the death aspect of it, talk about the 'poor clam' and he will feel quite sad emotionally"; The Weeper/Boohoo; The Volcanoes; Being Eaten; The Birds; The Sloth; The Ape; The Piltdown Man; The Caveman; The Halver (sex vs. religious compulsion); Facsimile One (closing down the Pineal gland, Hinduism's third eye); the book bcomes required reading for the OT level; the cover features an eye-catching drawing of a hairy caveman eating off an animal's thigh bone; Scientology 8-80: The Discovery and Increase of Life Energy in the Genus Homo Sapiens (Nov.); describes the basic laws which the thetan can use to create energy and influence his environment and handle stuck (uncontrolled) energy; "Herein lies the substance of the legendary discoveries of Aesthetics, Beauty and Ugliness, Black and White, Agree and Disagree and, in total, the means by which to rehabilitate a thetan's inherent ability to create energy with sufficient output to overpower and explode the facsimiles that have enslaved him"; Scientology 8-8008 (Dec.); 8-8008 is a symbol for the reduction of the MEST Universe to zero along with expansion of one's personal universe to infinity. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), The Devils of Loudun; about burned priest Urbain Grandier (1590-1634) and a convent of Ursuline nuns who became possessed after he made a pact with Satan; adapted for the stage in 1960, and filmed in 1971 by Ken Russell as "The Devils", starring Vanessa Redgrave and Oliver Reed; made into the opera "Die Teufel von Loudun" by Krzystof Pendereck; "No man can concentrate his attention upon evil, or even upon the idea of evil, and remain unaffected. To be more against the devil than for God is exceedingly dangerous." Burl Ives (1909-95), Wayfaring Stranger (autobio.). C.E.M. Joad (1891-1953), The Recovery of Belief: A Restatement of Christian Philosophy; his conversion from atheism to Christianity as he dies from cancer caused by being convicted in 1948 of riding on a train without paying. Augustus John (1878-1961), Chiaroscuro (autobio.). Alvin Saunders Johnson (1874-1971), Pioneer's Progress: An Autobiography. Carl Jung (1875-1961), Antwort auf Hiob. Adm. Ernest Joseph King (1878-1956) (with Walter Whitehill), Fleet Admiral King; top dog of the U.S. Navy in WWII - with a George Washington neck? John Frederick Lehmann (1907-87), Edith Sitwell. Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009), Race and History. C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), Mere Christianity; 1943 BBC broadcasts become a best-selling Christian apology; "A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic - on the level with a man who says he is a poached egg - or he would be the devil of hell. You must take your choice. Either this was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse... But let us not come with any patronizing nonsense about His being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to." Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), The Writer and the Absolute; essays on George Orwell, Jean-Paul Sartre, Andre Malraux et al. Catherine Marshall, A Man Called Peter. John Masefield (1878-1967), So Long to Learn (autobio.). W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), Vagrant Mood (essays). David John Mays (1896-1971), Edmund Pendleton, 1721-1803 (2 vols.) (Pulitzer Prize). Agnes de Mille (1905-93), Dance to the Piper (autobio.). Richard McKeon (1900-85), Freedom and History: The Semantics of Philosophical Controversies and Ideological Conflicts. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), Letters (posth.). A.A. Milne (1882-1956) and E.H. Shepard, Year In, Year Out (essays) (last book). Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Planning for Freedom. Alan Moorehead (1910-83), The Traitors; Klaus Fuchs, Nunn May, Gillo Pontecorvo. Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013), Virginians at Home: Family Life in the Eighteenth Century. Grandma Moses (1860-1961), My Life's History (autobio). Eustace Mullins (1923-2010), Mullins on the Federal Reserve; repub. in 1983 as "The Secrets of the Federal Reserve"; a visit with Ezra Pound in 1949 starts him on a quest to trace out a gigantic internat. conspiracy of Jewish bankers, making him a top conspiracy theorist. Sir Harold Nicolson (1886-1968), King George V: His Life and His Reign; wins him a gay knighthood. Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971), Christ and Culture; The Irony of American History; criticizes the U.S. social gospel movement. Sean O'Casey (1890-1964), Rose and Crown (autobio.); vol. 5 of "Mirror in My House". Lord John Boyd Orr (1880-1971), The White Man's Dilemma. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), The Black Gardenia. Cesare Pavese, Il Mestiere de Vivere (diary). Norman Vincent Peale (1898-1993), The Power of Positive Thinking; bestseller (5M copies); so appealing a mix of Christianity and materialism that it can't help but become a big bestseller?; "Change your thoughts and you change the world"; "When you become detached mentally from yourself and concentrate on helping other people with their difficulties, you will be able to cope with your own more effectively. Somehow, the act of self-giving is a personal power-releasing factor"; too bad in 1960 he stinks himself up as a spokesman for 150 Protestant clergymen who oppose the election of John F. Kennedy as U.S. pres., with the soundbyte: "Faced with the election of a Catholic, our culture is at stake." Dexter Perkins, The American Approach to Foreign Policy. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), Monarchy in the Twentieth Century. Jean Piaget (1896-1980), The Origins of Intelligence in Children; The Child's Conception of Number. Francis Poge (1899-1988), La Rage de l'Expression. Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), Llewelyn Powys: A Selection (posth.); ed. Kenneth Hopkins. J.B. Priestley (1894-1984) and Jacquetta Hawkes (1910-96), Dragon's Mouth; they marry next year. Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1957), Structure and Function in Primitive Society (posth.). Archibald Robertson (1886-1961), How to Read History. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), The Impact of Science on Society; "War has hitherto been disappointing in this respect [in accomplishing population reduction], but perhaps bacteriological war may prove effective. If a Black Death could spread throughout the world once in every generation, survivors could procreate freely without making the world too full." Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961), Science and Humanism. Annalee Skarin (1899-1988), Ye Are Gods (first book); promotes love, praise, and gratitude to achieve "translation" directly to Heaven to avoid the "dreary backdoor entrance" of physical death, getting her excommunicated by the LDS Church. Charles Sackett Sydnor (1898-1954), Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in Washington's Virginia; how the contending forces of aristocracy and democracy coexisted in gen. harmony, with the members of the House of Burgesses chosen so that they were "more or less acceptable both to the leaders and to the rank and file of the voters" after being screened "first by the gentry and then by the freeholders". Masaharu Taniguchi (1893-1985) and Fenwicke Holmes (1883-1973), The Science of Faith: How to Make Yourself Believe. Charles Callan Tansill (1890-1964), Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy 1933-1941; claims that FDR suckered Japan into Pearl Harbor to involve the U.S. in the Euro war through the you know what in order to preserve the British Empire, causing a firestorm of controversy, later getting him confused with Holocaust deniers. Telford Taylor (1908-98), Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich. Paul Tillich (1886-1965), The Courage to Be; introduces his ideas to the gen. public; "Sociological analysis of the present period have pointed to the importance of anxiety as a group phenomenon. Literature and art have made anxiety a main theme of their creations, in content as well as in style. The effect of this has been the awakening of at least the educated groups to an awareness of their own anxiety, and a permeation of the public consciousness by ideas and symbols of anxiety. Today it has become almost a truism to call our time an 'age of anxiety.' This holds equally for America and Europe..."; "I suggest that we distinguish three types of anxiety according to the three directions in which nonbeing threatens being. Nonbeing threatens man's ontic self-affirmation, relatively in terms of fate, absolutely in terms of death. It threatens man's spiritual self-affirmation, relatively in terms of emptiness, absolutely in terms of meaninglessness. It threatens man's moral self-affirmation, relatively in terms of guilt, absolutely in terms of condemnation. The awareness of this threefold threat is anxiety appearing in three forms, that of fate and death (briefly, the anxiety of death), that of emptiness and loss of meaning (briefly, the anxiety of meaninglessness), that of guilt and condemnation (briefly, the anxiety of condemnation). In all three forms anxiety is existential in the sense that it belongs to existence as such and not to an abnormal state of mind as in neurotic (and psychotic) anxiety"; "The anxiety of meaninglessness is anxiety about the loss of an ultimate concern, of a meaning which gives meaning to all meanings. This anxiety is aroused by the loss of a spiritual center, of an answer, however symbolic and indirect, to the question of the meaning of existence"; "The distinction of the three types of anxiety is supported by the history of Western civilization. We find that at the end of ancient civilization ontic anxiety is predominant, at the end of the Middle Ages moral anxiety, and at the end of the modern period spiritual anxiety. But in spite of the predominance of one type the others are also present and effective"; "The breakdown of absolutism, the development of liberalism and democracy, the rise of a technical civilization with its victory over all enemies and its own beginning disintegration-these are the sociological presupposition for the third main period of anxiety. In this the anxiety of emptiness and meaninglessness is dominant. We are under the threat of spiritual nonbeing." Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979), Ages in Chaos: From the Exodus to King Akhnaton; controversial revised chronology of ancient Egypt. Eric Voegelin (1901-85), The New Science of Politics: An Introduction; his Walgreen Lectures; coins the phrase "Immanentize the eschaton", i.e., attempting to bring heaven to Earth now, bypassing the judgment day, which conservatives apply to Communism, Socialism, and Nazism, becoming a favorite of William F. Buckley. Walter Prescott Webb (1888-1963), Handbook of Texas (2 vols.); followed by "New Handbook of Texas" (6 vols.) (1996). William Appleton Williams (1921-90), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (first book). Ola Elizabeth Winslow (1885-1977), Meetinghouse Hill, 1630-1738; religious life in colonial New England. Michael Young (1915-2002), Fifty Million Unemployed. Art: Milton Avery (1885-1965), Sheep. Balthus (1908-2001), The Room (Le Chambre) (1952-4); nude pubescent girl lounges on a chair in the light of a huge window whose curtains are being pulled back by a sinister dwarf? John Randall Bratby (1928-92), The Kitchen Sink; founds unheroic everyday life "kitchen sink realism", coined by Anthony David Bernard Sylvester (1924-2001), which incl. Royal College of Art artists Jack Smith (1928-), Derrick Greaves (1927-), and Edward Middleditch (1923-87). Marc Chagall (1887-1985), The Green Night. Mary Chenoweth, Yellow Abstract. Salvador Dali (1904-89), Galatea of the Spheres; his wife Gala Dali deconstructed into a series of spheres; his attempt to reconcile Roman Catholicism with nuclear physics? Raoul Dufy (1877-1953), The Pink Violin. Jacob Epstein (1880-1959), Madonna and Child (sculpture) (Cavendish Square, London). Helen Frankenthaler (1928-), Mountains and Sea; new Color Field technique of staining canvases with paint to create sensuous abstract works? Lucian Freud (1922-), Girl in Bed; his future wife (1953-8) Lady Caroline Blackwood (1931-96). Paul Hartman, Cityscape. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Pecador Justificado; Eclosion. Bill Mauldin (1921-2003), Bill Mauldin in Korea; Korean War cartoons. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Sculptures for the Time-Life Bldg. in London (1952-3). Barnett Newman (1905-70), Prometheus Bound; Achilles; Onement V. Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Blue Poles (No. 11, 1952). No. 12, 1952; Convergence. Georges Rouault (1871-1958), End of Autumn. Jose David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974), From the Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz to the Revolution (mural) (Mexico City) (1952-56, 1966); uses synthetic resin paints. George Woodcock (1912-95), Ravens and Prophets. Music: Johnny Ace (1929-54), My Song (debut); first of 8 hits in a row. Samuel Barber (1910-81), Souvenirs, Op. 28; incl. Hesitation Tango (piano duet), Waltz, Galop. Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Coronation March. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Trouble in Tahiti (opera) (Waltham, Mass.) Boris Blacher (1903-75), Preussisches Marchen (opera-ballet); Piano Concerto No. 2. Jimmy Boyd (1939-2009), I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus (July 25) (#1 in the U.S.) (#3 in the UK.); composed by Tommie Connor; commissioned by Saks Fifth Avenue to promote their Christmas card featuring artwork by Perry Barlow; banned in Boston, making it more popular?; watch video. Teresa Brewer (1931-2007), Gonna Get Along Without You Now; 'Til I Waltz Again With You. John Cage (1912-92), 4'33"; 4 min. 33 sec. in which no sound is called for; a 3-movement piece with silences of different lengths - I want my money back? Rosemary Clooney (1928-2002), Tenderly; pub. in 1946 by Walter Lloyd Gross (1909-67) and Jack Lawrence. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Penthouse Serenade. Perry Como (1912-2001), Don't Let the Stars Get In Your Eyes. Tommie Connor, I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus. Alma Cogan (1932-66), To Be Worthy of You; launches her career, becoming the highest-paid female British entertainer of the decade; too bad, she proves too square for the Beatles era. Paul Creston (1906-85), Symphony No. 4. Bing Crosby (1903-77) and Jane Wyman (1917-2007), In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening; from the film "Here Comes the Groom". Fats Domino (1928-2017), Goin' Home; Poor Poor Me; How Long. Tommy Edwards (1922-69), Please Mr. Sun. Percy Faith (1908-76), Delicado. Eddie Fisher (1928-2010), Lady of Spain; written in 1931 by Robert Hargreaves, Tolchard Evans, Stanley J. Damerell, and Henry Tisley; "Don't play Lady of Spain ever again!" (Paul Newman in "Slap Shot", 1977). Red Foley (1910-68) and the Cumberland Valley Boys, Midnight (#1 country). Georgia Gibbs (1919-2006), Kiss of Fire; #1 hit for Mercury Records. Rosco Gordon (1928-2002), Booted; No More Doggin'; invents the "ska" beat. Buddy Greco (1926-2017), I Ran All the Way Home (#30 in the U.S.). Alexei Haieff (1914-94), Piano Concerto (New York) (Apr. 27, 1952). Roy Harris (1898-1979), Symphony No. 7. Bob Haymes (1923-89), That's All. Hans Werner Henze (1926-), Boulevard Solitude (opera) (Hanover). Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Cardillac (opera); new version of 1926 opera. Joni James (1930-), Why Don't You Believe Me? (#1); You Belong to Me; Purple Shades. Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Concerto for Harp and Chamber Orchestra. Bronislau Kaper and Helen Deutsch, Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo; sung by Leslie Caron in the 1953 film "Lili". Eartha Kitt (1927-2008), Usku Dara. Arthur Kreutz (1906-91), Acres of Sky (opera) (New York). Gail Kubik (1914-84), Symphony Concertante (Pulitzer Prize). The Four Lads, The Mocking Bird (debut); from Canada, incl. James F. "Jimmy" Arnold (1932-2004) (lead), John Bernard "Bernie" Toorish 91931-) (tenor), Corrado "Connie" Codarini (bass), Frank Busseri (baritone); previously called the Otnorots and Jordonaires; Somebody Loves Me (written in 1924 by George Gershwin et al.). Rolf Liebermann (1910-99), Leonore 40/45 (opera). Vera Lynn (1917-), Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart; If You Love Me (Really Love Me). Al Martino (1927-), Here in My Heart; #1 in the first U.K. singles chart pub. by New Musical Express on Nov. 14. Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Blackbird (Le Merle Noir). Ella Mae Morse (1924-99), Blacksmith Blues (#1 in the U.S.) (1M copies). Les Paul (1915-2009) and Mary Ford (1924-77), Bye Bye Blues; pub. in 1930 by Fred Hamm, Dave Bennett, Bert Lown, and Chauncey Gray; I'm Sitting On Top of the World; pub. in 1925 by Ray Henderson, Sam M. Lewis, and Joe Young. Lloyd Price (1933-), Lawdy Miss Clawdy (#1 in the U.S.) (1M copies); first rock and roll hit from New Orleans. Johnnie Ray (1927-90), All of Me; Don't Blame Me. Johnnie Ray and Doris Day (1924-), Candy Lips. Gardner Read, The Temptation of St. Anthony. Marty Robbins (1925-82), I"ll Go On Alone (debut) (#1 country). Carl Smith (1927-2010), Are You Teasing Me (#1 country); It's a Lovely, Lovely World (Since I Met You) (#5 country). Harry Everett Smith (1923-91), Anthology of American Folk Music (6 albums) (Folkways Records); 84 recordings originally issued in 1927-32, helping spur the Am. folk music revival of the 1950s-1960s; too bad, Smith is also a leader in the psychedelic New Age Beat movement in New York City, giving Am. folk music smelly underwear? Kay Starr (1922-), Wheel of Fortune (#1 in the U.S.). Oscar Straus (1870-1954), Bozena. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Cantata. Alexandre Tcherepnin, The Farmer and the Fairy (opera) (Aspen, Colo.) Big Mama Thornton (1926-84), Hound Dog (2M copies); written by songwriting team Jerome "Jerry" Leiber (1933-2011) and Michael "Mike" Stoller (1933-), who go on to write hits for Elvis Presley incl. "Jailhouse Rock", then turn around and crank out hits for black rockers using white teen vernacular, incl. "Young Blood", "There Goes My Baby", and "Yakety Yak". Kitty Wells (1919-2012), It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels (#1 country); an answer to Hank Thompson's "The Wild Side of Life"; the first female country singer to top the U.S. country charts, making her the first female country star. Slim Whitman (1924-), China Doll; Indian Love Call; song by Rudolf Friml in 1924, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein; made famous by the 1996 film Mars Attacks!. Hank Williams (1923-53) and His Drifting Cowboys, Jambalaya (On the Bayou) (July) (#1 country) (co-written by Moon Mullican based on the Cajun French song "Grand Texas"); Half As Much (#2 country) (MGM Records) (written by Curley Williams, who is listed as C. Williams on the label, causing people to consider it a misprint and give credit to Hank); I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive (co-written by Fred Rose) (#1 country); you guessed it, self-prophecy? Movies: Vincente Minnelli's The Bad and the Beautiful (Dec. 25) (MGM) is the story of despised Hollywood producer Jonathan Shields (Kirk Douglas) (partly based on Val Lewton), told through the eyes of movie star Georgia Lorrison (Lana Turner), writer James Lee Bartlow (Dick Powell), and dir. Fred Amiel (Barry Sullivan); "I took you out of the gutter... I can fling you back"; wins five Oscars out of six nominations, becoming a record (until ?) for a film that was not nominated for best picture or best dir.; does $3.37M box office on a $1.55M budget. Vijay Bhatt's Baiju Bawra is a Bollywood film starring Baij Nath as Bharat Bhushan, a young singer in the court of Akbar the Great who avenges his father; the breakthrough role for Meena Kumari (1932-72) as Gauri, who always puts her man first. Raoul Walsh's Blackbeard the Pirate (Dec. 24), based on the story by DeVallon Scott stars Robert Newton as yet another "arrgh" pirate Blackbeard, along with William Bendix and Linda Darnell; Torin Thatcher plays Henry Morgan; blonde built looker Keith Andes plays surgeon Robert Maynard. Harmon Jones' Bloodhounds of Broadway, based on a 1931 Damon Runyon story is a musical starring Mitzi Gaynor as a Ga. country girl trying to break into show biz, who meets New York bookmaker Scott Brady. Jack Smith's Buzzards Over Baghdad is the debut for gay underground New York City filmmaker Jack Smith (1932-89); the real Andy Warhol? Henry Cass' B&W Castle in the Air (Dec. 26) (Associated British-Pathe), based on the 1949 Alan Melville play is a comedy ghost flick starring David Tomlinson as the penniless 19th earl of Locharne, who turns his dilapidated Scottish castle, haunted by family ghost Ermyntrude (Patricia Dainton) into a hotel, and when few want to live there tries to sell it to wealthy Am. divorcee Mrs. J. Clodfelter Dunne (Barbara Kelly) before it is requisitioned by British Nat. Coal Board official Mr. Phillips (Brian Oulton); Margaret Rutherford plays Miss Nicholson, who believes that the earl is the rightful king of Scotland; and Helen Cherry (wife of Trevor Howard) plays the earl's asst. Boss Trent, who vies for his affections with Mrs. Dunne; does £116.7K box office; "Imagine going through life with a name like Clodfelter. She claims to be descendant of my family, which proves she's a crackpot"; "Behind this wall is a sealed-up dungeon where Eric Darndell the 6th earl had his wife's tongue cut out. I understand they lived happily ever after"; "You can't mistake the goat. He's got straight trousers, a face like a rabbit, and the air of a man who's drunk with power"; does £116.7K box office. Fritz Lang's Clash by Night (June 16), based on a play by Clifford Odets stars Barbara Stanwyck as Mae Doyle D'Amato, who returns from New York to her fishing village a cynical woman and marries Jerry (Paul Douglas), while her brother Joe (Keith Andes) hooks up with hot cannery worker Peggy (Marilyn Monroe); too bad, well-built blond hunk Keith Andes (1920-2005) never quite makes the Hollywood A-list, ending up a trivia question? Daniel Mann's Come Back, Little Sheba (Dec. 24), based on the 1950 play by William Inge stars Shirley Booth as worn-out housewife Lola Delaney, Burt Lancaster as her abusive alcoholic hubby Doc Delaney, and Terry Moore as handsome boarder Marie Buckholder, who causes marital tension, all while Booth keeps looking for her lost dog. Zoltan Korda's Cry, the Beloved Cuntry (Jan. 23) (British Lion Films) (United Artists), based on the 1948 Alan Paton novel stars Canada Lee as Stephen Kumalo, and Sidney Poitier as Rev. Msimangu, who confront apartheid in the black slums of Johannesburg; does £95K box office in the U.K. Henri Vermeuil's Forbidden Fruit (Le Fruit Defendu) (released in the U.S. on Feb. 21, 1959), based on "Letter a Mon Juge" by Georges Simenon stars Fernandel as a widowed country doctor who lives with his domineering mother Sylvie, marries Claude Nollier, and hooks up with young ho Francois Arnoul. Rene Clement's Forbidden Games (Jeux Interdits) is an anti-war drama set in WWII about a girl orphaned by an air raid. Cecil B. DeMille's The Greatest Show on Earth (Jan. 10) (Paramount Pictures) stars Charlton Heston as Ringling Bros and Barnum Baily Circus ringmaster Brad Braden, Cornel Wilde as the Great Sebastian, a trapeze artist with a claw hand, Betty Hutton as trapeze rival Holly, and James Stewart as Buttons, a clown on the run who never removes his makeup; also stars Dorothy Lamour and Gloria Grahame; "We bring you the circus - that Pied Piper whose magic tunes lead children of all ages into a tinseled and spun-candied world of reckless beauty and mounting laughter; whirling thrills; of rhythm, excitement and grace; of daring, enflaring and dance; of high-stepping horses and high-flying stars." (DeMille) Fred Zinnemann's High Noon (United Artists) is based on the story "The Tin Star" by John W. Cunningham, about Hadleyville town marshal Will Kane (Gary Cooper) facing four prof. killers alone while his wife Amy Fowler Kane, played by Grace Patricia Kelly (1929-82) (film debut) melts down and the gutless townfolk do nothing; the action runs from 10:30 a.m. to 12:15 p.m; the theme song The Ballad of High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin'), sung by Tex Ritter (1905-74) is composed by Ukrainian-born Dimitri Tiomkin (1894-1979) and Ned Washington (1901-76); Tiomkin becomes the first composer to receive two Oscars (score and song) for the same dramatic film; does $12M box office on a $730K budget. Anthony Asquith's The Importance of Being Earnest (June 2), based on the 1895 Oscar Wilde play stars Michael Redgrave as John Worthing, Michael Denison as Algernon, Joan Greenwood as Gwendolen, Dorothy Tutin as Cecily, Edith Evans as Lady Bracknell, Margaret Rutherford as Miss Prism, and Miles Malleson as Canon Chasuble. Alfred E. Green's Invasion U.S.A. is about a Commie (Soviet) invasion of the U.S. Richard Thorpe's Ivanhoe (July 31), based on the 1819 novel by Sir Walter Scott involving Robin Hood and the ransoming of Richard Lionheart stars Robert Taylor as Ivanhoe, Finlay Currie as his estranged father Cedric, Joan Fontaine as his babe Lady Rowena, Felix Aylmer as Jewish leader Isaac of York, George Sanders (hubby of Zsa-Zsa Gabor) as Templar knight Sir Brian de Bois-Guilbert, and Robert Douglas as Sir Hugh de Bracy; Elizabeth Taylor plays Isaac's daughter Rebecca, whom Bois-Guilbert dies professing his love for in a duel with Ivanhoe. Charles Chaplin's Limelight (Oct. 16) stars Chaplin as failing comedian Calvero, and Claire Bloom as fading ballet dancer Terry; also features Buster Keaton; incl. the song Eternally (Terry's Theme); too bad, while attending the London debut, Chaplin is accused of "Communist sympathies" by J. Edgar Hoover and barred from reentering the U.S., after which he relocates to Vevey, Switzerland to avoid English taxes, sending his wife Oona back to the U.S. to close out his assets and sew $1K bills into the lining of her mink coat, after which she renounces U.S. citizenship. Harold French's The Man Who Watched Trains Go By (The Paris Express) (Dec.) (Eros Films), based on the 1938 Georges Simenon novel "The Man Who Watched the Trains Go By" stars Claude Rains as Dutch clerk Kees Popinga, who steals from his boss and flees to Paris with his boss' mistress Michele Rozier (Marta Toren). Edward Montagne's The Man With My Face (June 14) (United Artists), based on the 1948 novel by Samuel Woolley Taylor is set in Puerto Rico, becoming the first (only) film noir shot there; stars Barry Nelson as Charles "Chick" Graham, who finds that a bank robber named Albert "Bert" Rand has taken his place with the help of his wife Cora (Lynn Ainley), and hires a Doberman attack dog specialist to kill him. Fred Zinnemann's The Member of the Wedding (Dec. 30), based on the 1946 Carson McCullers novel stars Ethel Waters as Berenice Sadie Brown, Brandon De Wilde as John Henry, and Julie Harris (1925-) in her film debut as tomboy Frances "Frankie" Addams, who "became a woman in the middle of a kiss", getting her a nomination for best actress Oscar. John Huston's Moulin Rouge (Dec. 23), based on the Pierre La Mure novel stars Jose Ferrer as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), and Zsa Zsa Gabor as Jane Avril; the Song from Moulin Rouge (Where Is Your Heart) by Georges Auric becomes a hit. Henry Koster's My Cousin Rachel (Dec. 25), based on the 1951 Daphne du Maurier novel stars Olivia de Havilland as a suspected murderer; the first U.S. film appearance of Welsh actor Richard Burton. George Cukor's Pat and Mike (June 13), written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin uses the war of the sexes as a vehicle for Spencer Tracy as Mike Conovan and Katharine Hepburn as golf champ Patricia "Pat" Pemberton, who plays against the real Babe Didrikson; features husky-voiced Aldo Ray (DaRe) (1926-91), who loses out to Richard Burton for a Golden Globe as best newcomer; Charles Bronson (Buchinski) (1921-2003) makes film debut, playing a crook: "Not much meat on her, but what's there is cherce" (Tracy). Max Ophuls' Le Plaisir (House of Pleasure), based on a trio of Guy de Maupassant stories about pleasure stars Simone Simon and Claude Dauphin, such as a man hiding his age behind a mask to keep courting young babes. Howard Hawks' B&w Monkey Business (Sept. 2) (not to be confused with the 1931 Marx Brothers film) stars Cary Grant as absent-minded chemist Dr. Barnaby Fulton, who develops an elixir of youth for his boss Oliver Oxly (Charles Coburn), and a monkey steals it and puts it into the water cooler; after Fulton drinks some, he turns into a hot teenie, going after his boss's secy. Lois Laurel (Marilyn Monroe), after which Fulton's wife Edwina (Ginger Rogers) drinks some, etc. Orson Welles' Othello (B&W) (May 10), based on the Shakespeare play is shot in Morocco, Venice, Tuscany, and Rome, starring Welles as Othello, Michael MacLiammoir as Iago, and Suzanne Cloutier as Desdemona, becoming a hit in Europe but not the U.S.; in 1992 it is restored and re-released. Ken Annakin's B&W The Planter's Wife (Outpost in Malaya) (Sept. 18) (Pinnacle Productions) (Gen. Film Distributors) (United Artists) stars Claudette Colbert and Jack Hawkins as Liz and Jim Frazer, whose rubber plantation in Malaya is attacked by Communist insurgents; a hit, causing the Rank Org. to call for scripts about the Mau Mau Uprising, resulting in "Simba" (1955). Clarence Brown's Plymouth Adventure (Nov. 28), based on the Ernest Gebler novel is a stagey recreation of the Mayflower voyage of 1620, starring Spencer Tracy as Capt. Christopher Jones, Van Johnson as John Alden, Noel Drayton as Miles Standish, Lowell Gilmore as Edward Winslow (1595-1655), Lloyd Bridges as Coppin, Gene Tierney as Dorothy Bradford, and Dawn Addams as Priscilla Mullins; "Ram your ball home". Richard Thorpe's The Prisoner of Zenda (Nov. 14) is a swashbuckling flick starring Stewart Granger as Englishman trout fisherman Rudolf Rassendyll, who is recruited to impersonate his drunken cousin King Rudolf V of Ruritania at his coronation, after which he is kidnapped by his envious half-brother Duke Michael of Streslau (Robert Douglas), causing to have to keep up the charade. John Ford's The Quiet Man (June 6) (Argosy Pictures) (Republic Pictures), written by Frank S. Nugent based on a 1933 short story by Maurice Walsh and filmed on location in W Ireland in County Galway and County Mayo stars John Wayne as Yankee boxing champ Trooper Sean Thornton, who quits after killing a man in the ring, and Maureen O'Hara as Red Head Mary Kate Danaher, who is matched in marriage to him, and gets "dragged by the black roots of her red hair", and has a great kissing scene in the cottage in the storm with the big stud, along with a great comic fight scene with her brother Squire Will "Red" Danaher (Victor McLaglen); also stars Barry Fitzgerald as whiskey-loving leprechaun-like Michaleen Oge Flynn, Mildred Natwick as Widow Sarah Tillane, and Ward Bond as Father Peter Lonergan; makes Ashford Castle in County Mayo, former country seat of the Guinness family (where the cast stays) into a tourist trap; does $3.2M box office on a $1.75M budget. Fred C. Brannon's Radar Men from the Moon (Jan. 9), produced by Republic Pictures, stars George Dewey Wallace (1917-2005), who has a neat rocket-powered flying suit, and takes on Moon dictator Retik in his rocket ship. King Vidor's Ruby Gentry (Dec. 25) stars Jennifer Jones as a sexy poor girl who marries a rich man Jim Gentry (Karl Malden) for his money while carrying a torch for young stud Boake Tackman (Charlton Heston). George Sidney's Scaramouche (June 27), based on the 1921 Rafael Sabatini novel set during the French Rev. stars Stewart Granger as noble bastard Andre-Louis Moreau, who hides out in a comedy troup and tries to poke the evil Marquis Noel de Maynes (Mel Ferrer) and protect the Third Estate; Nina Foche plays Marie Antoinette. Stanley Donen's Singin' in the Rain (Apr. 11) (MGM), the greatest musical ever made, written by lifelong Jewish screenwriting partners (not married) Adolph Green (1914-2002) and Betty Comden (Basya Cohen) (1917-2006), about a silent movie co. transitioning to sound stars Eugene Curran (Gael. "hero") "Gene" Kelly (1912-96) as Don Lockwood, Donald David Dixon Ronald O'Connor (1925-2003) as Cosmo Brown the piano player, and Mary Frances "Debbie" Reynolds (1932-2016) as Kathy Selden, making her a star; features the sensational Singin' in the Rain Scene starring Gene Kelly and Brick Sullivan (as the policeman); takes 1.5 years to make because Kelly has to teach Reynolds how to dance; O'Connor sings a memorable version of Make 'Em Laugh. Irving Brecher's Somebody Loves Me (Sept. 24) stars Betty Hutton as Blossom "Bloss" Seeley, and Ralph Meekerr as Benny Fields; after making it, she walks out on her contract with Paramount; Hutton sings the title song. David Lean's (Breaking Through) The Sound Barrier (July 22) (London Films) (British Lion Films) (United Artists) is Lean's 3rd and last film with wife Ann Todd, and first for Alexander Korda's London Films after the breakup of Cineguild; stars Ralph Richardson as John Ridgefield, pilot of the Prometheus, Nigel Patrick as test pilot Tony Garthwaite, Ann Todd as his wife Susan Garthwaite (John's daughter), and John Justin and Dinah Sheridan as test pilot Philip Peel and his wife Jess; does £227.97K box office on a £250K budget. Merian C. Cooper and Gunther von Fritsch's This is Cinerama (Sept. 30), narrated by Fox Movietone News commentator Thomas Lowell debuts at the Broadway Theatre in New York City, showing the history of mankind leading up to can't-touch-this-break-it-down-stop Cinerama, invented by Fred Waller. Steno's Toto in Color (Totò a Colori) is the first Italian color movie, using the Ferraniacolor system, starring Italian #1 actor Toto (Totò) (Prince Antonio Griffo Focas Flavio Angelo Ducas Comneno Porfirogenito Gagliardi De Curtis di Bisanzio) (1898-1967) as failed musician Antonio Scannagtti, who seeks his fortune in Naples; Toto's masterpiece? Elia Kazan's Viva Zapata! (Aug. 22), based on the novel "Zapata the Unconquered" by Edgcumb Pinchon stars Marlon Brando as Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919), with Mexican-born Anthony Quinn as his brother, fighting in the 1910 Mexican Rev. John Ford's What Price Glory? (Aug. 22), a remake of the 1926 film stars James Cagney as Capt. Flagg, Dan Dailey as Sgt. Quirt, and Corinne Calvet as Charmaine; William Demarest plays Col. Kiper, and breaks both legs in a motorcyle during filming. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's The Wild Heart (Gone to Earth) (May 29) stars Jennifer Jones as English Gypsy girl Hazel Woodus, who promises her father that she will marry the first man to ask, ending up with a parson, after which an English squire continues to go after. Lewis Seiler's The Winning Team stars Ronald Reagan as ML baseball player Grover Cleveland Alexander, who stages a comeback from alcoholism with the help of his loyal wife Aimee (Doris Day). Walter Lang's With a Song in My Heart (Apr. 4), about actress Jane Froman, who was crippled in an airplane crash on Feb. 22, 1943 stars Susan Hayward as Froman (who dubs the singing), and Thelma Ritter; the title song With a Song in My Heart is used as the theme of the BBC radio show "Family Favourites"; the film wins an Oscar for original music score. Plays: Marcel Achard (1899-1974), The Companions of Marjoram (Les Compagnons de la Marjolaine). Jean Anouilh (1910-87), La Valse des Toreadors (The Waltz of the Toreadors); L'Alouette (The Lark). George Axelrod (1922-2003), The Seven Year Itch (Fulton Theatre, New York) (Nov. 20) (1,141 perf.); about the itch to divorce after seven years; stars Vanessa Brown as The Girl, and Tom Ewell as Richard Sherman; filmed in 1955 starring Marilyn Monroe as The Girl, and Tom Ewell as Richard Sherman. Samuel Behrman (1893-1973), Jane (New York) (Feb. 1); adopted from the W. Somerset Maugham short story about middle-aged Liverpool widow Millicent Towers, who becomes the toast of London after marrying much younger architect Wiliam Towers; based on Maugham and his wife Syrie. Ugo Betti (1892-1953), The Burnt Flowerbed. Truman Capote (1924-84), The Grass Harp. Alice Childress (1920-94), Gold Through the Trees. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Mousetrap (Three Blind Mice) (murder mystery play) (Theatre Royal, Nottingham) (Oct. 6) (Ambassadors Theatre, West End, London) (Nov. 25) (St. Martin's Theatre, West End, London) (Mar. 25, 1974); written for Queen Mary, based the real-life case of Dennis O'Neill, who died after extreme abuse by his farmer foster parents in Shropshire; set after in a snowstorm after news of the murder of Maureen Lyon in Monkswell Manor, run by Giles and Mollie Ralston, with guests incl. Christopher Wren, Mrs. Boyle, Maj. Metcalf, Miss Casewell, Mr. Paravicini, and Det. Sgt. Trotter; audience is pledged to never reveal the twist ending; goes on to become the world's longest-running play; stars David Raven as Maj. Metcalf, Mysie Monte as Mrs. Boyle, and Sir Richard Attenborough as Det. Sgt. Trotter, who returns for its 20,000th perf. on Dec. 16, 2000; has its 25,000th on Nov. 18, 2012; it finally closes in ?. Noel Coward (1899-1973), Quadrille. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), The Bad Samaritan; Caro William. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), The Marriage of Mr. Mississippe. Gunter Eich (1907-72), Die Andere und Ich. Horton Foote (1916-), The Chase (New York). Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Marie la Miserable. Walter Greenwood (1903-74), Too Clever for Love. Jan de Hartog, The Fourposter. Joseph Kramm, The Shrike (Pulitzer Prize). Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), The Chairs. Frederick Knott (1916-2002), Dial M for Murder (Westminster Theatre, London) (June). Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Ten Burnt Offerings. Henri de Montherlant (1896-1972), La Ville dont le Prince est un Enfant; his favorite hobby of pederasty? Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), The Burning Glass. Paul Osborn (1901-88), Point of No Return; based on the 1949 novel by John P. Marquand. Dorothy Parker (1893-1967), Ladies of the Corridor. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), The Deep Blue Sea. Lennox Robinson (1886-1958), Speed the Plough. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Sense Interdit, ou Les Ages de la Vie. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Don Juan in Hell (posth.). Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), The Kite. Dodie Smith (1896-1990), Letter from Paris; first play after returning to London from self-imposed exile in the U.S.; an adaptation of the Henry James novel "The Reverberator". Poetry: Earle Birney (1904-95), Trail of a City and Other Verse. Paul Celan (1920-70), Poppy and Remembrance. Robert Creeley (1926-2005), Le Fou (debut). Mark Van Doren (1894-1972), String Birth. Howard Mumford Jones (1892-1980), The Bright Medusa. Denise Levertov (1923-97), The Sharks. W.S. Merwin (1927-), A Mask for Janus (debut); W.H. Auden selects it for pub.; it wins the Yale Younger Poets Prize. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), Poems 1929-1951. Theodore Roethke (1901-63), Praise to the End! Wislawa Szymborska (1923-2012), That's Why We Are Alive (debut). Dylan Thomas (1914-53), Collected Poems. Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), La Tejedora de Suenos; La Senal que se Espera. Paul West (1930-), Poems (debut). Yvor Winters (1900-68), Collected Poems. Novels: Margery Allingham (1904-66), The Tiger in the Smoke; Albert Campion chases serial killer Jack Havoc. Robert Ardrey (1908-80), The Brotherhood of Fear. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), The Currents of Space; last in Galactic Empire series. Louis Auchincloss (1917-), Sybil (first novel); not to be confused with the 1973 book by Flora Schreiber. Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Marie Dubois. H.E. Bates (1905-74), Love for Lydia. Ludwig Bemelmans (1899-1962), How to Travel Incognito. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Panorama. Pierre Boulle (1912-94), The Bridge Over the River Kwai (Le Pont de la Rivière Kwai); English trans. pub. in 1954; British Lt. Col. Nicholson of POW Camp 16 vs. Japanese Col. Saito at the Mae Klong (Khwae Yai) River in Tha Ma Kham, Burma; filmed in 1957 by David Lean, starring William Holden and Sessue Hayakawa. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), The Cardboard Crown; first in the "Langton" series (ends 1962). Leigh Brackett (1915-78), The Starmen (of Llyrdis) (The Galactic Breed). Bryher (1894-1983), The Fourteenth of October. Frederick Buechner (1926-), The Season's Difference. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), The Hidden Flower. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Little Men Big World; Vanity Row; filmed in 1957 as "Accused of Murder". James Branch Cabell (1879-1958), Quiet Please. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), The Devil's Advocate. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Behind the Crimson Blind; The Nine Wrong Answers; Behind the Crimson Blind. Italo Calvino (1923-85), Our Ancestors (trilogy) (1952-9). Joyce Cary (1888-1957), The Second Trilogy (1952-5). Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961), Feerie pour une Autre Fois (Fable for Another Time). Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Mrs. McGinty's Dead (Feb.); Hercule Poirot #26; Ariadne Olivier begins to be a major player; They Do It With Mirrors (Murder with Mirrors) (Nov. 17); Miss Marple; A Daughter's Daughter (Nov. 24); pub. under alias Mary Westmacott (#5). Catherine Cookson (1906-98), The Fifteen Streets (first novel). Madison Alexander Cooper Jr. (1894-1956), Sironia, Texas; longest English novel so far (1.1M words). Thomas Bertram Costain (1885-1965), The Silver Chalice; bestseller about Simon Magus, and Basil, who is called to design the case to hold the Cup of Christ (Holy Grail); filmed in 1954 starring Paul Newman. Harold Lenoir Davis (1896-1960), Winds of Morning. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), The Judge and His Hangman; The Tunnel. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Twelve Thousand Heads of Cattle. Ralph Ellison (1914-94), Invisible Man; "I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids - and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because other people refuse to see me... I can hear you say, 'What a horrible, irresponsible bastard!" And you're right... But to whom can I be responsible, when you refuse to see me?" John Fante (1909-83), Full of Life. James T. Farrell (1904-79), Yet Other Waters. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), Giant; the Benedict Tex. ranching family from the 1920s through the 1940s; filmed in 1956. Shelby Foote (1916-2005), Shiloh: A Novel. C.S. Forester (1899-1966), Lieutenant Hornblower. Leonhard Frank (1882-1961), Links Wo das Herz Ist. Pamela Frankau (1908-67), The Offshore Light. Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), Il Primo Libro delle Favole (short stories). Romain Gary (1914-80), The Colors of the Day. William Goyen (1915-83), Ghost and Flesh: Stories and Tales. Walter Greenwood (1903-74), So Brief the Spring; first in the Treloo Trilogy ("What Everybody Wants", "Down by the Sea"). Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), The Old Man and the Sea (last major work pub. during his lifetime) (Pulitzer Prize); aging Cuban fisherman Santiago, based on Canary Islands-born Cuban fishing boat Capt. Gregorio Fuentes (1897-2002), who makes a living posing for photos until he finally dies of cigar smoking at age 104; "I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing": "Then the fish came alive with his death in him"; "A man can be destroyed but not defeated"; filmed in 1958 starring Spencer Tracy. Patricia Highsmith (1921-95), The Price of Salt (Carol); bestseller (1M copies); first lesbian novel with a happy ending?; pub. under alias Claire Morgan. Chester Himes (1909-84), Cast the First Stone. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Laughing to Keep from Crying. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), Hidden Splendour. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), Catherine Carter. Raymond Fisher Jones (1915-94) This Island Earth; filmed in 1955. Molly Keane (1905-96), Treasure Hunt; based on her 1949 play. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), Steamboat Gothic. Ruth Kraus (1901-), A Hole is to Dig; children's hit. Halldor Kiljan Laxness (1902-98), Happy Warriors. Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58), Takeoff. Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58) and Frederik Pohl (1919-), The Space Merchants. Tom Lea (1907-2001), The Wonderful Country. Doris Lessing (1919-2013), Martha Quest. Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), The Rival Monster. Bernard Malamud (1914-86), The Natural (first novel); promising baseball player Roy gets shot, gives up his career, then comes back when he's too old and beats them all, woo woo woo?; best novel about baseball ever written? Felicien Marceau (1913-), L'Homme du Roi. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), The White Rabbit; WWII secret agent F.F.E. Yeo-Thomas. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Himalayan Assignment. Angela du Maurier (1904-2002), Shallow Waters. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), My Cousin Rachel. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), The Groves of Academe. William McFee (1881-1966), The Adopted. Shepherd Mead (1914-94), How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying: The Dastard's Guide to Fame and Fortune; bestseller satire of corporate life written as a self-help book; later turned into a play, which debuts in 1961. Nicholas Monsarrat (1910-79), The Story of Esther Costello; a blind person's teachers and assistants run a sleazy racket playing on sympathy; pisses-off Hellen Keller, who tries to keep it off the shelves. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), A Step to Silence. Kathleen Norris (1880-1966), Shadow Marriage. Patrick O'Brian (1914-2000), Testimonies (Three Bear Witness). Flannery O'Connor (1925-64), Wise Blood (first novel); Hazel Motes returns from the war to his hometown, finds it kaput, and goes to the big city of Taulkinham, shacking up with a 15-y.-o. girl and becoming a street corner preacher of the Church Without Christ, with the soundbyte "I'm going to preach there was no Fall because there was nothing to fall from and no Redemption because there was no Fall and no Judgment because there wasn't the first two. Nothing matters but that Jesus was a liar." Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), No Way Out; Murder Doll. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), Holiday with Violence. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), District of Columbia. Robert Pinget (1919-97), Mahu or the Material (Mathu ou le Materiau). Theodor Plievier (1892-1955), Moscow. Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980), The Days Before (short stories). Laurens van der Post (1906-96), Venture to the Interior. Richard P. Powell (1908-99), A Shot in the Dark. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), The Inmates. Vance Randolph (1892-1980), Who Blowed Up the Church House? (short stories). Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Swimming Pool; The Wandering Knife. Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), Spark of Life; about Nazi concentration camps. Harold Robbins (1916-97), A Stone for Danny Fisher. Robert Ruark (1915-65), Grenadine's Spawn. William Sansom (1912-76), A Touch of the Sun (short stories). Gladys Schmitt (1909-72), Confessors of the Name. Paul Mark Scott (1920-78), Johnny Sahib (first novel); rejected by 17 publishers. Charles Shaw, Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison. Peter Shaffer (1926-) and Anthony Shaffer (1926-2001), How Doth the Little Crocodile?; pub. under alias Peter Anthony. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), The Far Country. Claude Simon (1913-2005), Gulliver. Elizabeth Spencer (1921-), This Crooked Way. Jean Stafford (1915-79), The Catherine Wheel. John Steinbeck (1902-68), East of Eden (Sept.); his magnum opus?; the Trasks and the Hamiltons in Salinas Valley, Calif.; twins Caleb "Cal" and Aron; "Say hello to your mother, Aron"; filmed in 1955. Han Suyin (1917-), A Many-Splendoured Thing. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), Master Jim Probity; Londoner's Post. Josephine Tey (1896-1952), The Singing Sands; Inspector Alan Grant #6 (last); based on the legend of Iram of the Pillars. Jim Thompson (1906-77), The Killer Inside Me; Cropper's Cabin. Gore Vidal (1925-2012), The Judgment of Paris. Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (1922-2007), Player Piano; "At this point in history, 1952 A.D., our lives and freedom depend largely upon the skill and imagination and courage of our managers and engineers..."; Ilium, N.Y. Peter De Vries (1910-93), No But I Saw the Movie. Mika Waltari (1908-79), The Dark Angel. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Guy Renton. Evelyn Waugh (1903-66), Men at Arms; #1 in the Sword of Honour Trilogy (1952-61) about wandering disillusioned observer Guy Crouchback. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Star of Ill Omen. E.B. White (1899-1985), Charlotte's Web (Oct. 15); becomes the best-selling children's paperback of all time; after Wilbur the Pig is nurtured from infancy by Fern Arable and sold to her uncle Homer Zuckerman, his barnyard spider friend Charlotte A. Cavatica saves him from being slaughtered by writing messages ("Some Pig", etc.) in her web, which the neighbors ascribe to divine intervention, making him too popular to eat; Templeton the Rat helps them only when bribed with food; after exhausting herself laying eggs, Charlotte dies, and three of the hatchlings (Joy, Nellie, Aranea) become Wilbur's new friends; "'Where's papa going with that ax?' said Fern to her mother" (first line); "No one was with her when she died" (last line); filmed in 1973, 2003, and 2006. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), Donkey Boy. Angus Wilson (1913-91), Hemlock and After (first novel); aging closeted gay English liberal novelist Bernard Sands, who failed to live up to his ideals tries to found a writers colony without losing his sick wife. Bernard Wolfe (1915-85), Limbo. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), The Saracen Blade. Births: Turkish army CIC (2015-) Gen. Hulusi Akar on Jan. 1 in Kaysei. Am. "Claire Greene in Touched By an Angel" actress Wendy Phillips on Jan. 2 in Brookyn, N.Y. Am. golfer Ben Daniel Crenshaw on Jan. 11 in Austin, Tex. Am. "Outlander" novelist Diana Jean Gabaldon (Watkins) on Jan. 11 in Ariz.; Mexican-Am. and English parents. Am. "Easy Rawlins and Mouse" crime novelist (black) Walter Ellis Mosley on Jan. 12 in Los Angeles, Calif.; black father, white Jewish mother. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Cleveland Cavaliers #20/#21, 1974-80, 1984) (New York Knicks #21, 1980-2) Michael Campanella "Campy" Russell on Jan. 12 in Jackson, Tenn.; educated at the U. of Mich. Kiwi Olympic runner Sir John George Walker on Jan. 12 in Papakura; knighted in 2009. Am. Harlem Children's Zone educator (black) Geoffrey Canada on Jan. 13 in New York City; educated at Bowdoin College and Harvard U. Am. "Are Men Necessary?" columnist-writer Maureen Dowd on Jan. 14 in Washington, D.C. Egyptian king (1952-3) Ahmed Fouad (Fuad) II on Jan. 16 in Cairo; son of Farouk I (1920-65). Japanese "Energy Flow" composer-musician-producer-actor Ryuichi Sakamoto (Yellow Magic Orchestra) on Jan. 17 in Tokyo. Am. biochemist Michael J. Behe on Jan. 18 in Altoona, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn. English-Am. "Horse With No Name" singer Dewey Bunnell (America) on Jan. 19 in Harrogate, Yorkshire; Am. parents. Am. "Starchild" rock musician Paul Stanley (Stanley Eisen) (Kiss) on Jan. 20 in Manhattan, N.Y. Am. "The Metaphysical Club" writer Louis Menand on Jan. 21 in Syracuse, N.Y.; grows up in Boston, Mass.; educated at Pomona College, Harvard U., and Columbia U. Am. economist Lawrence J. Chritiano on Jan. 22 in ?; educated at the U. of Minn., London School of Economics, and Columbia U. Am. "The Case for Christ" Christian apologist Lee Patrick Strobel on Jan. 25 in Arlington Heights, Ill.; educated at the U. of Mo., and Yale U. Am. tennis player Brian Edward Gottfried on Jan. 27 in Baltimore, Md. Pakistani human rights atty.-activist Asma Jilani Jahangir (d. 2018) on Jan. 27 in Lahore; educated at Punjab U. Am. tennis player-educator (lesbian) Tam Elizabeth O'Shaughnessy on Jan. 27 in San Andreas, Calif.; educated at George Stat U., and UCR; partner of Sally Ride (1952-2012). Am. rock singer Tommy Ramone (Thomas Erdelyi) (Ramones) on Jan. 29 in Budapest, Hungary; grows up in Queens, N.Y. Am. biochemist Roger Yonchien Tsien on Feb. 1 in New York City; educated at Harvard U.; 2008 Nobel Chem. Prize. U.S. Sen. (R-Tex.) (2002-) John Cornyn III on Feb. 2 in Houston, Tex.; educated at the U. of Va. South Korean pres. #11 (2013-) Park Geun-hye (pr. pahk kuhn-YEH) on Feb. 2 in Daegu. Am. cryptographer Ralph C. Merkle on Feb. 2; educated at UCB and Stanford U. Am. baseball player Frederic Michael "Fred" Lynn on Feb. 3 in Chicago, Ill. English rock drummer Jerry Shirley (Humble Pie, Fastway) on Feb. 4 in Waltham Cross, London. Am. Aryan Brotherhood leader Thomas Edward "Tommy" "Terrible Tom" Silverstein on Feb. 4 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. O.J. Simpson Trial detective-writer Mark Fuhrman on Feb. 5 in Eatonville, Wash. Am. Dem. Colo. gov. #42 (2011-) John Wright Hickenlooper on Feb. 7 in Narberth (near Philly), Penn.; educated at Wesleyan U.; mayor #43 of Denver, Colo. (2003-11); cousin of George Hickenlooper (1965-). Am. psychiatrist Rick Strassman on Feb. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. R&B singer (white) Michael McDonald (Steely Dan, Doobie Brothers) on Feb. 12 in St. Louis, Mo. Kenyan track star (black) Harry Rono on Feb. 12 in Kapsabet. British Conservative journalist (climate change denier) Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley on Feb. 14; son of Maj.-Gen. Gilbert Monckton, 2nd viscount Monckton of Brenchley (1915-2006) and Marianna Letitia (nee Bower), dame of Malta (1929-); educated at Harrow School, Churchill College, Cambridge U., and Univ. College, Carrdiff. Am. "Black Is... Black Ain't" dancer-choreographer (black) Bill T. Jones on Feb. 15 in Bunnell, Fla. Serbian pres. (2012-) Tomislav Nikolic on Feb. 15 in Kragujevac, Yugoslavia. Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (Portland Trail Blazers #20, 1976-80) Maurice "the Enforcer" Lucas (d. 2010) on Feb. 18 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Marquette U. Am. "Angel of the Morning", "The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known") country-pop singer Judith Kay "Juice" Newton on Feb. 18 in Lakehurst, N.J. Am. rock guitarist Richard Marc "Rick" Dufay (Aerosmith) on Feb. 19 in Paris; father of Minka Kelly (1980-), whom he abandons the same year he goes solo? Am. geophysicist Marcia Kemper McNutt on Feb. 19 in Minneapolis, Minn.; educated at Colo. College, and Scripps Inst. of Oceanography. Am. "The Joy Luck Club" novelist Amy Tan on Feb. 19 in Oakland, Calif. Am. "Gods and Generals", "The Killer Angels" novelist Jeffrey M. "Jeff" Shaara on Feb. 21 in New Brunswick, N.J.; educated at Fla. State U.; son of Michael Shaara (1928-88). U.S. Sen. (R-Tenn.) (1995-2007) and surgeon William Harrison "Bill" Frist Sr. on Feb. 22 in Nashville, Tenn.; educated at Princeton U., and Harvard U. Am. "thirtysomething", "Traffic", "Blood Diamond" dir.-producer-writer (Jewish) Marshall Schreiber Herskovitz on Feb. 23 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Brandeis u. Nepalese PM #38 (2015-16) Khagda Prasad Sharma Oli on Feb. 23 in Terhathum District. Am. economist Steven Pressman on Feb. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Cyracuse U, and the New School. Am. rock musician Bradley Ernest "Brad" Whitford (Aerosmith) on Feb. 23 in Winchester, Mass.; not to be confused with actor Bradley Whitford (1959-). Irish motorcyclist ("King of the Road") William Joseph "Joey" Dunlop (d. 2000) on Feb. 25 in Ballymoney, County Antrim. Am. "Falsettos" composer-lyricist (Jewish) (gay) William Alan Finn on Feb. 28 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Williams College; collaborator of James Lapine (1949-). Philippine "Lane Ballou in Flamingo Road" actress Cristina Raines (Tina Herazo) on Feb. 28 in Manila. Am. 6'4" basketball player-coach (white) (Los Angeles Lakers #20, 1974-5) (Milwaukee Bucks #32, 1975-83) (Vancouver Grizzlies, 1995-7) Brian Joseph Winters on Mar. 1 in Rockaway, N.Y.; educated at the U. of S.C. English-Am. "The Wage Curve" economist David Graham "Danny" Blanchflower on Mar. 2; educated at the U. of Wales; emigrates to the U.S. in 1989. Am. SNL actress-comedian (Jewish) Laraine Newman on Mar. 2 in Los Angeles, Calif. Indonesian grand imam (2005-) (Sunni Muslim) Ali Musthafa Yaqub on Mar. 2 in Batang, Java. Am. 6'3" football linebacker (Denver Broncos #53, 1974-83) Randy Charles Gradishar on Mar. 3 in Warren, Ohio.; educated at Ohio State U.; part of the Denver Broncos Orange Crush defense. English rock keyboardist Alan Clark (Dire Straits) on Mar. 5 in Great Lumley, Durham. Am. "It's Your Thing" R&B musician (black) Ernest "Ernie" Isley (Isley Brothers) on Mar. 7 in Cincinnati, Ohio; brother of Ronald Isley (1941-) and Marvin Isley (1953-). Am. football hall-of-fame wide receiver (black) (Pittsburgh Steelers) (1974-82) and Repub. politician Lynn Curtis Swann on Mar. 7 in Alcoa, Tenn. Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Vladimirovich Vasyutin (d. 2002) on Mar. 8 in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Israeli Labor Party politician (Jewish) Amir (Armand) Peretz on Mar. 9 in Boujad, Morocco; emigrates to Israel in 1956. Zimbabwe PM (2009-13) (black) Morgan Richard Tsvangirai (d. 2018) on Mar. 10 in Gutu. English "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" sci-fi novelist Douglas Adams (d. 2001) on Mar. 11 in Cambridge. Am. "Susan Bradford in Eight is Enough" actress Susan Richardson on Mar. 11 in Coatesville, Penn. Am. judge (black) (not Muslim) Sheila Abdus-Salaam (nee Turner) (d. 2017) on Mar. 14 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Barnard College, and Columbia U.; classmate of Eric Holdier. Am. "Practical Magic", "The River King" novelist Alice Hoffman on Mar. 16 in New York City. Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) chief (2008-) Ahmad Shuja Pasha on Mar. 18 in ?. Am. 6'1" football center (Pittsburgh Steelers #53, 1974-88) Michael Lewis "Iron Mike" Webster (d. 2002) on Mar. 18 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at U. of Wisc. Am. "Pulp Fiction", "The Crying Game", "Shakespeare in Love" Miramax film producer (Jewish) Harvey Weinstein (pr. like wine-steen) on Mar. 19 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y.; Polish immigrant paternal grandparents; brother of Bob Weinstein (1954-); educated at the U. at Buffalo. Am. sportscaster Robert Quinlan "Bob" Costas on Mar. 22 in Queens, N.Y. Am. "The Mars Trilogy" sci-fi novelist Kim Stanley Robinson on Mar. 23 in Waukegan, Ill.; educatede at UCSD and Boston U. U.S. secy. of state #69 (2017-) and ExxonMobil CEO (2006-16) Rex Wayne Tillerson on Mar. 23 in Wichita Falls, Tex.; educated at UTA. German astrophysicist Richard Genzel on Mar. 24 in Bad Homburg vr der Hohe; educated at the U. of Freiburg, U. of Bonn, and Max Planck Inst.; 2020 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. America's/world's smartest man (IQ 200+) Christopher Michael Langan on Mar. 25 in San Francisco, Calif.; author of the Cognitive Theoretic Model of the Universe (CTMU); founder of the Internat. Society for Complexity, Information, and Design: "To have a high IQ, you tend to specialize, think deep thoughts. You avoid trivia." French "Jeanne in The Last Tango in Paris" actress (bi) (drug addict) Maria Schneider (Marie Christine Gélin) (d. 2011) on Mar. 27 in Paris; French father, Romanian immigrant mother. South Ossetian pres. #3 (2012-) Leonid Tibilov on Mar. 28 in Verkhny Dvan. Cuban 6'3" heavyweight Olympic boxer (black) Teofilo Stevenson Lawrence on Mar. 29 in Puerto Padre, Las Tunas. English rock keyboardist William Lee "Billy" Currie (Ultravox) on Apr. 1 in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Libyan intel officer and terrorist Abdelbaset Mohmed Ali al-Megrahi on Apr. 1 in Tripoli. Romanian politican and Calvinist bishop Laszlo Tokes on Apr. 1 in Cluj; of Hungarian descent. Am. 6'4" basketball player (black) (Golden State Warriors #20, 1974-80) Philip Arnold "Phil" Smith (d. 2002) on Apr. 22 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at the U. of San Francisco. Am. "The Next Christendom: The Rise of Global Christianity" historian (Roman Catholic-turned-Episcopalian) Philip Jenkins on Apr. 3 in Port Talbot, Wales; educated at Clare College, Cambridge U. Am. blues rock guitarist-singer Gary (Robert William Gary) Moore (d. 2011) on Apr. 4 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Am. "Elaine O'Connor-Nardo in Taxi" actress Mary Lucy Denise "Marilu" Henner on Apr. 6 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Det. Lester Freasomon in The Wire" actor (black) (Brahma Kumaris) Clarke Peters on Apr. 7 in New York City; grows up in Englewood, N.J. Romanian-German novelist Richard Wagner on Apr. 10 in Lovrin, Romania; husband of Herta Muller (1953-); edicated at Timisoara U.; not to be onfused with economist Richard E. Wagner (1941-), Am. pshrink Richard K. Wagner, Canadian chief justice Richard Wagner (1957-), or locomotive designer Richard Paul Wanger (1882-1953). Am. Chicano poet-novelist Gary Soto on Apr. 12 in Fresno, Calif.; Mexican-Am. parents; educated at UCI. Am. bluegrass musician (co-founder of Newgrass) Sam Bush (New Grass Revival) on Apr. 13 in Bowling Green, Ky. Am. football coach (Cleveland Browns, 1991-5) (New England Patriots, 2000-) William Stephen "Bill" Belichick on Apr. 16 in Nashville, Tenn. Am. entomologist Neal (Kornelus) Luit Evenhuis on Apr. 16 in Upland, Calif.; Dutch immigrant parents; educated at Cal. State Poly; namer of Phthiria relativitae, Camenelectra, Pieza kake, Pieza pie, Pieza dereistans, Reissa roni, and Campsicnemus popeye. Serbian crime boss Arkan (Zeljko Raznatovic) (d. 2000) on Apr. 17 in Brezice. Nicaraguan world boxing champ ("the Explosive Thin Man") Alexis Arguello (d. 2009) on Apr. 19 in Managua; mayor of Managua (2008-9). Am. novelist-writer Ralph Peters (AKA Owen Parry) on Apr. 19 in Pottsville, Penn. Am. "Behind the Green Door" porno actress Marilyn Chambers (Marilyn Ann Taylor/Briggs) (d. 2009) on Apr. 22 in Providence, R.I. English climatologist Philip Douglas "Phil" Jones on Apr. 22 in Redhill, Surrey; educated at Lancaster U., and U. of Newcastle upon Tyne. Am. "Why Americans Hate Politics", "Why the Right Went Wrong" journalist Eugene Joseph "E.J." Dionne Jr. on Apr. 23 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U., and Balliol College, Oxford U. English rock drummer Boris Peter Bransby-Williams (The Cure) on Apr. 24 in Verailles, France. French fashion designer (gay) Jean-Paul Gaultier on Apr. 24 in Arcueil, Val-de-Marne. Am. politician (Arab Muslim) Wasil Taha on Apr. 24 in Kafr Kanna. Russian 6'0" hockey hall-of-fame player Vladislav Tretiak on Apr. 24 in Orudyevo; Ukrainian parents. Am. 6'7" hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (San Antonio Spurs #44, 1974-85) George "the Iceman" Gervin on Apr. 27 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Eastern Mich. U. Am. "Stands With a Fist in Dances With Wolves", "First Lady in Independence Day" actress Mary Eileen McDonnell on Apr. 28 in Wilkes-Barre, Penn.; educated at SUNY. English "The Biggest Secret" conspiracy theorist writer David Vaughan Icke (pr. ike) on Apr. 29 in Leicester. French "A Prophet" dir. Jacques Audiard on Apr. 30 in Paris. Am. light heavyweight boxing champ (1980-1) (black) (Muslim) Eddie Mustafa Muhammad (Edward Dean Gregory) on Apr. 30 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Pakistani army chief (2007-) Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani on Apr. ? in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab. British MP (first Muslim) (1997-2010) Mohammad Sarwar on Aug. 18 in Pirmahal, Pakistan. Am. "Addams Family Values", "Leonard's mom Dr. Beverly Hofstadter in The Big Bang Theory" actress Christine Jane Baranski on May 2 in Buffalo, N.Y.; of Polish descent; educated at Juilliard School; wife (1983-2014) of Matthew Cowles (1944-2014); mother of Isabel Cowles (1984-) and Lily Cowles (1987-). Am. "Valerian in Dragonslayer" actress Katherine Anne "Caitlin" Clarke (d. 2004) on May 3 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Yale U. Am. Roman Catholic cardinal (2016-) Joseph William Tobin on May 3 in Detroit, Mich. British Olympic sprinter Allan Wipper Wells on May 3 in Edinburgh, Scotland. English "Madhouse" comedian Michael Barrymore (Michael Ciaran Parker) on May 4 in Bermondsey, London. Am. astronaut Charles Joseph "Charlie" Camarda on May 8 in Queens, N.Y.; educated at Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn, George Washington U., and Va. Polytechnic Inst. Am. "Crimes of the Heart" actress-playwright Elizabeth Becker "Beth" Henley on May 8 in Jackson, Miss. English-Am. "Kate Winslet's mother Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic" actress (redhead) Frances Fisher on May 11 in Milford on Sea, Hampshire. Am. Repub. Ohio gov. #69 (2011-) John Richard Kasich Jr. on May 13 in McKees Rocks (near Pittsburgh), Penn.; educated at Ohio State U. Scottish-Am. "Burning Down the House", "Once in a Lifetime", "Psycho Chicken" musician-composer-dir.-actor (bi) David Byrne (Talking Heads) on May 14 in Dumbarton, Scotland; emigrates to the U.S. at age 9 Am. "Back to the Future", "Forrest Gump" film dir. Robert Lee "Bob" Zemeckis on May 14 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at USC. Am. "Dave Kujan in The Usual Suspects, "Sonny LoSpecchio in A Bronx Tale", "Elleroy Coolidge Mulholland Falls" actor-dir.-producer Calogero Lorenzo "Chazz" Palminteri on May 15 in Bronx, N.Y.; of Sicilian-Italian descent. Irish "Remington Steele", "James Bond 007" actor (h.s. dropout) Pierce Brendan Brosnan on May 16 in Drogheda, County Louth. Am. "Pure Country" country singer ("the King of Country") ("King George") George Harvey Strait on May 18 in Poteet, Tex.; educated at Southwest Tex. State U.; daughter Jennifer Lyn Strait (1973-86) dies in a car crash at age 13; in 2009 his 44 Billboard country #1 singles surpasses Conway Twitty's record of 40, reaching 60+ #1s and selling 100M records. Am. aviator Jeana Yeager on May 18 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; collaborator of Dick Rutan (1938-); no relation to Chuck Yeager (1923-). British "Empires of the Word" linguist-historian Nicholas Ostler on May 20 in ?; educated at Balliol College, Oxford U. Am. football WR (Denver Broncos #80, 1975-83) (black) Ricky "Rick" Upchurch on May 20 in Toledo, Ohio; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "Sgt. B.A. (Bosco Albert or Bad Attitude) Baracus in The A-Team", "Clubber Lang in Rocky III" "I pity the fool", "Shut up, fool", "Quit your jibba-jabba" actor-wrestler-bodyguard-icon (black) Mr. T (Laurence Tureaud) (Laurence Tero) on May 21 in Chicago, Ill.; four sisters and seven brothers; grows up in Robert Taylor Homes housing projects in Chicago (also childhood home of Kirby Puckett); in 1980 changes his first name to "Mr", middle name to ".", and last name to "T"; diagnosed with, er, T-cell lymphoma in 1995; wears $300K worth of gold jewelry until 2005, when he calls it "an insult to God" after seeing the effects of Hurricane Katrina. Am. "Carl in My Three sons" actor-dir. Kevin Brodie on May 31 in Burbank, Calif.; son of Steve Brodie (1919-92) and Lois Andrews (1924-68). Am. NHL commissioner (1993-) Gary Bruce Bettman on June 2 in Queens, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U., and NYU. Am. Southern rock keyboardist William Norris "Billy" Powell (d. 2009) (Lynyrd Skynyrd) on June 3 in Corpus Christi, Tex. English (Welsh) Aston Martin chmn. (2007-) David Pender Richards on June 3 in Wales. Am. "Craig Pomeroy in Baywatch" actor-dir. Parker Stevenson (Richard Stevenson Parker) on June 4 in Philadelphia, Penn.; husband (1983-97) of Kirstie Alley (1951). Irish "Oskar Schindler in Schindler's List", "Qui-Gon Jinn in Star Wars" 6'4" actor Liam John Neeson on June 7 in Ballymeena, County Antrim, North Ireland. Pakistani PM #17 (2008-) (Sunni Muslim) Yousuf (Yousaf) Raza Gillani on June 9 in Karachi. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Indiana Pacers #25, 1974-7, 1979-83) William R. "Billy" Knight on June 9 in Braddock, Penn.; educated at the U. of Pittsburgh. Swiss musician Carlos Peron (Yello) on June 9 in Zurich. Am. Southern rock singer Donnie Van Zant (.38 Special) on June 11 in Jacksonville, Fla.; brother of Ronnie Van Zant (1948-) and Johnny Van Zant (1959-). Am. country singer-musician Jamieson "Junior" Brown on June 12 in Kirksville, Ind.; inventor of the "guit-steel" double-necked guitar (1985). Am. "Carmine Ragusa in Laverne and Shirley" actor Eddie Mekka (Mekjian) on June 14 in Worcester, Mass. Am. college basketball coach (U. of Tenn., 1974-) Patricia Sue Head "Pat" Summitt on June 14 in Clarksville, Tenn. Greek politician George Andreas Papandreou on June 16 in St. Paul, Minn.; son of Andreas Papandreou (1919-96); grandson of George Papandreou (1888-1968). Canadian-Italian "Wild Horses" pop singer-songwriter Gino Vannelli on June 16 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. "Simka Dahblitz-Gravaz in Taxi" actress (Jewish) Carolyn Laurie "Carol" Kane on June 18 in Cleveland, Ohio. Italian actress Isabella Rossellini on June 18 in Rome; daughter of Ingrid Bergman (1915-82) and Roberto Rossellini (1906-77); twin sister of Ingrid Rosselini. Am. "Jackson Pollock", "Vincent van Gogh" biographer (gay) Steven Naifeh on June 19 in Tehran, Iran; educated at Princeton U., and Harvard U.; collaborator of husband Gregory White Smith (1951-2014). Am. "Dan Conner in Roseanne", "King Ralph" actor (alcoholic) John Stephen Goodman on June 20 in Affton, St. Louis, Mo.; father is a postal worker, mother is a waitress at Jack and Phil's Bar-B-Cue; educated at Mo. State U. Canadian "Kicking Bird in Dances with Wolves" actor Graham Greene on June 22 in Six Nations Reserve, Brantford, Ont.; full-blooded Oneida. Am. mathematician Robert Scott Rumely on June 23 in Pullman, Wash.; educated at Grinnell College, and Princeton U. Kiwi singer-songwriter Brian Timothy "Tim" Finn (Split Enz, Crowded House) on June 25 in Te Awamutu; brother of Neil Finn (1958-). Canadian musician-songwriter-producer Brian "Too Loud" MacLeod (Chilliwack, Headpins) on June 25 in St. John's Newfoundland. Am. "Steve Rhoades in Married With Children" actor David Gene Garrison on June 30 in Long Branch, N.J. Canadian "Elwood Blues in The Blues Brothers", "Dr. Raymond Stantz in Ghost Busters" 6'1" actor-writer-producer Daniel Edward "Dan" Aykroyd on July 1 in Ottawa, Ont.; son of Peter H. Aykroyd; brother of Peter J. Aykroyd; great-grandson of spiritualist Samuel Augustus Aykroyd (1855-). Am. writer and CIA officer Robert Booker "Bob" Baer on July 1 in Los Angeles, Calif.; raised in Aspen, Colo.; educated at Georgetown U., and UCB. Algerian PM (1995-8, 2003-6, 2008-) Ahmed Ouyahia on July 2 in Bouadnane. Am. "Gloria", "Self Control" singer-songwriter Laura Ann Branigan (d. 2004) on July 3 in Mount Kisco, N.Y; of Irish descent; alto w/4-octave range; grows up in Armonk, N.Y.; wife of Lawrence Kruteck (-1996). English "All Right Now" rock bassist-songwriter Andrew McLan "Andy" Fraser (d. 2015) (Free) on July 3 in Paddington, West London. Am. rock musician Domingo Ortiz (Widespread Panic) on July 4. Am. country musician Charles Ventre (River Road) on July 5. Am. rock musician John Bazz (Blasters) on July 6 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "David in Eight Is Enough" actor Grant Goodeve on July 6. Am. "Tiffany Welles in Charlie's Angels" actress Shelley Hack on July 6 in Greenwich, Conn. English "Wolf Hall" novelist-writer Dame Hilary Mary Mantel (nee Thompson) on July 6 in Glossop, Derbyshire; educated at the U. of Sheffield; created dame in 2014. English rock guitarist Graham Oliver (Saxon) on July 6 in Mexborough, South Yorkshire. Israeli cryptographer (Jewish) Adi Shamir on July 6 in Tel Aviv; educated at the Weizmann Inst. Chinese Falun Gong founder Li Hongzhi on July 27 (May 13, 1951?) in ?. Luxembourgian chemist Francois Diederich on July 9 in Ettelbruck. Am. "True Thing" liberal jouralist-novelist Anna Marie Quindlen on July 8 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Barnard College. Am. "The Age of Miracles" New Age writer Marianne Williamson on July 8; educated at Pomona College. Am. "Sideways" novelist-screenwriter-dir. Rex Pickett on July 9. Am. 6'6" Christian music pianist-composer John Frank Tesh on July 9 in Garden City, N.Y.; husband (1992-) of Connie Sellecca (1955-). Am. mass murderer Larry Gene Ashbrook (d. 1999) on July 10. Canadian 6'0" hockey player William Charles "Bill" Barber on July 11 in Callander, Ont. Am. "Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett in Gettysburg", "Col. Miles Quaritch in Avatar" actor Stephen Lang on July 11 in New York City; Jewish father, Roman Catholic Irish-German descent mother; educated at Swarthmore College. Am. Christian evangelist William Franklin Graham III on July 14 in Asheville, N.C.; son of Billy Graham (1918-2018) and Ruth Graham; educated at LeTourneau College, and Montreat College. Am. "Dave Killer Carlson in Slap Shot" actor Jerry Houser on July 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. actor-dir. (black) Eric Laneuville on July 14. Am. "Fried Greed Tomatoes" actor (black) Stan Shaw on July 14 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Lethal Weapon" producer (Jewish) Joel Silver on July 14 in South Orange, N.J.; educated at Northfield Mount Hermon School in Mass., where he invents Ultimate Frisbee in 1968, followed by Lafayette College and NYU. U.S. Rep. (R-Fla.) (2013-) (Roman Catholic-turned-Episcopalian)Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (nee Ros y Adato) on July 15 in Havana, Cuba; Turkish Jewish maternal grandparents; of first Cuban-Am. and first Latina elected to the U.S. Congress, also first Repub. elected to the U.S. House from Fla.; educated at Miami Dade College, Internat U., and U. of Miami. Am. "John Locke in Lost" actor Terrance "Terry" O'Quinn on July 15 in Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.; grows up in Newberry, Mich. Am. football WR (Pittsburgh Steelers #82, 1974-87) John Lee "Johnny" Stallworth on July 15 in Tuscaloosa, Ala. Am. rock-punk musician-songwriter Johnny Thunders (John Anthony Genzale Jr.) (d. 1991) (New York Dolls, Heartbreakers) on July 15 in Queens, N.Y. Am. rock drummer Stewart Armstrong Copeland (The Police) on July 16 in Alexandria, Va.; son of Miles Copeland Jr. (1916-91). Am. "Michael Knight in Knight Rider", "Mitch Buchannon in Baywatch" actor David Michael Hasselhoff on July 17 in Baltimore, Md. Am. "Lotta Love" singer Nicolette Larson (d. 1997) on July 17 in Helena, Mont. Am. Southern rock musician Larkin Allen Collins Jr. (d. 1990) (Lynyrd Skynyrd) on July 19 in Jacksonville, Fla. Am. "Black Tickets" novelist Jayne Anne Phillips on July 19 in Buckhannon, W. Va.; educated at West Va. U. Am. musician Jay Jay French (John French Segall) (Twisted Sister) on July 20 in New York City. Am. Mormon priest (black) (first African-Am.) Joseph Freeman Jr. on July 24 in Vanceboro, N.C. Am. "Highlander" actress Roxanne Hart on July 27 in Trenton, N.J. Thai Chakri pres. #10 (2016-) Rama X (Maha Vajiralongkorn) on July 28 in Bangkok; son of Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej) (1927-2016). Am. billionaire Abraxane surgeon Patrick Soon-Shiong on July 29 in Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Chinese immigrant parents; educated at UCLA. Am. 6'7" basketball player (white) (Kansas City Kings #15, 1974-81) (Cleveland Cavaliers #8, 1981-3) (Boston Celtics #20, 1983-6) Scott Dean "the Incredible Hulk" Wedman on July 29 in Harper, Kan.; educated at the U. of Colo. Am. "I Was Country When Country's Wasn't Coul" songwriter Dennis Morgan on July 30 in Tracy, Minn. Am. "Lt. Det. Steve Sloan in Diagnosis: Murder" actor Barry Van Dyke on July 31 in Atlanta, Ga.; son of Dick Van Dyke (1925-). Am. rock singer Joe Lynn Turner (Joseph Arthur Nark Linquito) (Fandango, Rainbow, Deep Purple) on Aug. 2 in Hackensack, N.J. Am. "Harold Sport Baxter in Hazel" actor Robert W. "Bobby" Buntrock (d. 1974) on Aug. 4 in Denver, Colo; grows up in Whittier, Calif. Am. "Baby Love" rock singer-guitarist Pat McDonald (Timbuk3) on Aug. 6 in Green Bay, Wisc.; husband of Barbara K. MacDonald (1958-). English comedian-actor-writer Alexei David Sayle on Aug. 7 in Anfield, Liverpool. Norwegian "Sophie's World" novelist Jostein Gaarder on Aug. 8 in Oslo. Am. "Mark Skid McCormick in Hardcastle and McCormick" actor Daniel Hugh Kelly on Aug. 10 in Elizabeth, N.J. Colombian pres. #32 (2010-) Juan Manuel Santos Calderon (Calderón) on Aug. 10 in Bogota. Am. "Chan Parker in Bird", "Justine Hanna in Heat" actress Diane Venora on Aug. 10 in East Hartford, Conn.; educated at Juilliard School. Am. rock musician Robert Leroy "Bob" Mothersbaugh Jr. (Devo) on Aug. 11; brother of Mark Mothersbaugh (1950-). Am. fashion photographer (Richard Gere, Brooke Shields, Olivia Newton-John, Madonna) (Jewish) (gay) Herbert "Herb" Ritts Jr. (d. 2002) on Aug. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Bard College; likes to take B&@ photos in the style of classic Greek sculpture. Am. writer-ed. (Christian) (founder of "Wired" mag.) Kevin Kelly on Aug. 14 in Penn.; educated at the U. of R.I. Am. Olympic swimmer Deborah Elizabeth "Debbie" Meyer on Aug. 14 in Annapolis, Md.; first swimmer to win three individual golds (1968). Argentine tennis player Guillermo Apolinario Vilas on Aug. 17 in Buenos Aires. Am. "Dirty Dancing" actor Patrick Wayne Swayze (d. 2009) on Aug. 18 in Houston, Tex.; 6th cousin once removed of John Cameron Swayze (1906-95). Am. "Cmdr. William T. Riker in Star Trek: TNG" actor Jonathan Scott Frakes on Aug. 19 in Bethlehem, Penn. Am. "Forge of God" sci-fi novelist Gregory Dale "Greg" Bear on Aug. 20 in San Diego, Calif.; educated at San Diego State U. Am. "Have a Little Faith", "Warming Up to the Ice Age", "Sure As I'm Sittin' Here" rock-blues-country-New Wave singer-songwriter John Robert Hiatt on Aug. 20 in Indianapolis, Ind. English rock singer-bassist Glenn Hughes (Black Sabbath) on Aug. 21 in Cannock, Staffordshire. English punk rocker Joe Strummer (John Graham Mellor) (d. 2002) (The Clash) on Aug. 21 in Ankara, Turkey. German astronaut Klaus-Dietrich Flade on Aug. 23 in Budesheim. U.S. Sen. (R-Tenn.) (2007-) Robert Phillips "Bob" Corker Jr. on Aug. 24 in Orangeburg S.C.; educated at the U. of Tenn. Am. soul singer-bassist John Cowan (New Grass Revival) on Aug. 24 in Evansville, Ind. Am. football coach (Oakland Raiders, 1989-9) (Denver Broncos, 1990-1, 1995-2008), San Francisco 49ers (1992-4), Washington Redskins (2010-13) Michael Edward "Mike" Shanahan on Aug. 24 in Oak Park, Ill.; educated at Eastern Ill. U. Am. ping-pong player Glenn L. Cowan (d. 2004) on Aug. 25. English rock musician Geoffrey "Geoff" Downes (Asia, Buggles, Yes) on Aug. 25 in Stockport, Cheshire. Am. virologist Charles Moen Rice on Aug. 25 in Sacramento, Calif.; educated at UCD, and Caltech; 2020 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. Olympic swimmer John Pitann Kinsella on Aug. 26 in Oak Park, Ill. Am. "Eduard Del Delacroix in The Green Mile" actor (gay) Michael Jeter (d. 2003) on Aug. 26 in Lawrenceburg, Tenn. Am. crossword puzzle creator Will Shortz on Aug. 26 in Crawfordsville, Ind.; educated at Indiana U. Am. "Pee-wee Herman" actor-comedian (Jewish) Paul Reubens (Rubenfeld) (d. 2023) on Aug. 27 in Peekskill, N.Y. Am. "Though the Ivory Gate" poet-novelist (black) Rita Frances Dove on Aug. 28 in Akron, Ohio; educated at the U. of Iowa; 2nd African-Am. to win the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry; first African-Am. and youngest U.S. poet laureate (1993-95). Am. "Mercy in The Warriors", "Reva in Streets of Fire", "Jackie Rush in Too Close for Comfort" actress Deborah Gaye Van Valkenburgh on Aug. 29 in Schenectady, N.Y. Am. "The Peacemaker" journalist-filmmaker and Dem. politician Leslie Cockburn (nee Leslie Corkhill Redlich) on Sept. 2 in San Mateo, Calif.; grows up in Hillsborough, Calif.; educated at Yale U., and U. of London; wife (1977-) of Andrew Cockburn (1947-). Am. tennis player (lefty) James Scott "Jimmy" "Jimbo" Connors on Sept. 2 in East St. Louis, Ill. Am. "Late Show with David Letterman" bassist Will Lee on Sept. 8 in San Antonio, Tex. Am. "Linda Williams in Make Room For Daddy", "Penny Robinson in Lost in Space" actress Angela Margaret Cartwright on Sept. 9 in Altrincham, Chesire; sister of Veronica Cartwright (1949-). English "Sweet Dreams Are Made of This" musician-songwriter David Allan "Dave" Stewart (Eurythmics) on Sept. 9 in Sunderland; husband (1987-) of Siobhan Fahey (1958-). Am. activist (co-founder of Code Pink) Medea (Susan) Benjamin on Sept. 10 in Freeport, N.Y.; educated at Tufts U., Columbia U., and the New School; wife of Kevin Danaher. Am. singer-musician Gerald Linford "Gerry" Beckley (America) on Sept. 12 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; Am. father, English mother. Canadian rock drummer Neil Ellwood Peart (d. 2020) (Rush) on Sept. 12 in Hamilton, Ont.; grows up in Port Dalhouse, Ont. Am. singer (gay) Randy Jones (cowboy in the Village People) on Sept. 13 in Raleigh, N.C. Am. "Sister Christian" rock drummer-singer Kelly Keagy (Night Ranger) on Sept. 15. Qatari diplomat (U.N. Gen. Assembly pres., 2011-) Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser on Sept. 15 in Doha. Am. "John Grey in 9-1/2 Weeks", "Harry Angel in Angel Heart" actor-boxer Philip Andre "Mickey" Rourke Jr. on Sept. 16 in Schenectady, N.Y. Am. 5'6" tennis player (Jewish) ("the Human Backboard") Harold "Solly" Solomon on Sept. 17 in Washington, D.C. Am. "Le Freak" musician-producer (black) Nile Gregory Rodgers (Chic) on Sept. 19 in New York City. German exorcism patient (Roman Cathoic) Anneliese Michel (d. 1976) on Sept. 21 in Leiblfing, Bavaria; educated at the U. of Wurzburg. U.S. Rep. (D-Mass.) (1987-99) Joseph Patrick Kennedy II on Sept. 24 in Brighton, Mass.; eldest son of Robert F. Kennedy (1925-68) and Ethel Kennedy (1928-); nephew of JFK; educated at the U. of Mass.; not to be confused with Patrick Joseph Kennedy II (1967-). Australian "Malcolm" actor Colin Friels Sept. 25 in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland; husband (1984-) of Judy Davis (1955-). Am. "Superman", "The Remains of the Day" actor-dir.-producer-writer-activist Christopher D'Olier Reeve (d. 2004) on Sept. 25 in New York City. Am. Muslim feminist scholar (black) Amina Wadud on Sept. 25 in Bethesda, Md.; Methodist minister father; educated at the U. of Penn., and U. of Mich.; converts to Islam in 1972. Romanian cosmonaut (first Romanian in space) Dumitru Dorin Prunariu on Sept. 27 in Brasov. Dutch "Emmanuelle" actress-singer Sylvia Kristel (pr. kri-STELL) on Sept. 28 in Utrecht. Am. rock guitarist John Lombardo (10,000 Maniacs, John & Mary)) on Sept. 30 in Jamestown, N.Y. English "H.R. Pufnstuff", "Artful Dodger in Oliver!" actor Jack Wild (d. 2006) on Sept. 30 in Royton, Lancashire. Am. football coach (Arizona Cardinals, 2013-) Bruce Arians on Oct. 3 in Paterson, N.J. English "Books of Blood", "Hellraiser", "Candyman" horror writer-dir.-artist Clive Barker on Oct. 5 in Liverpool. Pakistani cricketer-politician (Sunni Muslim) Imran Khan Niazi on Oct. 5 in Lahore, Punjab; educated at Keble College, Oxford U. Tajikistan pres. #1 (1992-) (Sunni Muslim) Emomalii (Imomalii) Rahmon(ov) on Oct. 5 in Kulob. Am. "Jean Louise Scout Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird" actress Mary Badham on Oct. 7 in Birmingham, Ala.; sister of John Badham (1939-). Russian pres. #2 (1999-2008) and PM (2008-) Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (pro. POOH-tyin) on Oct. 7 in Leningrad. Kiwi "If Women Counted" feminist activist-economist (lesbian) Marilyn Joy Waring on Oct. 7 in Ngaruawahia, Waikato; educated at Victoria U. of Wellington, and U. of Waikato. Am. "Glory", "Legends of the Fall", "The Siege", "Shakespeare in Love", "The Last Samurai" dir.-producer-writer (Jewish) Edward M. Zwick on Oct. 8 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Harvard U. English economist John Blundell (d. 2014) on Oct. 9 in congleton, Cheshire; educated at the London School of Economics. English "The X Factor", "America's Got Talent" celeb Sharon Rachel Osbourne (nee Levy) on Oct. 9 in Brixton, London; wife (1982-) of Ozzy Osbourne (1948-). Canadian 6'1" hockey right-winger Robert Thore "Bob" "Bobby" Nystrom on Oct. 10 in Stockholm; emigrates to Canada at age 4. Am. glider pilot-bicyclist Bryan L. Allen on Oct. 13 in Visalia, Calif. Am. "Judge Harold T. Harry Stone in Night Court", "Harry the Hat Gittes in Cheers" actor-magician Harry Laverne Anderson on Oct. 14 in Newport, R.I. Am. House Rep. (R-Calif.) (1989-2005) and SEC chmn. #28 (2005-9) Charles Christopher Cox on Oct. 16 in St. Paul, Minn.; educated at USC, and Harvard U. Am. "Grace Under Fire", "Dharma & Greg", "Two and a Half Men", "The Big Bang Theory", "Roseanne" TV writer-producer-composer (Jewish) Chuck Lorre (Charles Michael Levine) on Oct. 18 in Plainview, N.Y.; educated at SUNY. Am. "Melissa Steadman in thirtysomething" actress Melanie Mayron on Oct. 20 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. celeb Patricia Ann "Patti" Davis (nee Reagan) on Oct. 21 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Pres. Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) and 2nd wife Nancy Reagan (1921-2016); sister of Maureen Reagan (1941-2001), Michael Reagan (1945-), and Ron Reagan (1958-); educated at Northwestern U., and USC. Am. "Seth Brundle in The Fly", "Dr. Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park" actor and jazz pianist (Jewish) Jeffrey Lynn "Jeff" Goldblum on Oct. 22 in West Homestead (near Pittsburgh), Penn.; of Russian Jewish descent. Lebanese Marionite gen. Samir Farid Geagea (Ja'Ja') on Oct. 25 in Ain El Remmaneh. Chinese economist Justin Yifu Lin on Oct. 25 in Yilan, Taiwan; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. economist Lars Peter Hansen on Oct. 26 in Champaign, Ill.; educated at Utah State U., and the U. of Minn.; 2013 Nobel Econ. Prize. British poet laureate (1998-) Andrew Motion on Oct. 26 near Braintree, Essex; educated at Radley College. Italian "Life Is Beautiful" actor-writer-dir. Roberto Remigio Benigni on Oct. 27 in Manciano, Castiglion Fiorentino. Am. "The End of History and the Last Man" political scientist Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama on Oct. 27 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Cornell U., and Harvard U. Am. "Janine Melnitz in Ghostbusters", "Mary Jo Jackson in Designing Women" actress Anne Hampton "Annie" Potts on Oct. 28 in Nashville, Tenn.; educated at Stephens College; gets in a car accident at age 21 that breaks every bone below her waist. Russian cosmonaut Valeri (Valery) Ivanovich Tokarev on Oct. 29 in Kap-Yar, Astrakhan Oblast. Am. rock bassist-producer (black) Bernard Edwards (d. 1996) (Chic) on Oct. 31; grows up in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. scholar John Ricardo I. "Juan" Cole on Oct. ? in Albuquerque, N.M.; educatd at Northwestern U., Am. U. in Cairo, and UCLA. Am. "Roseanne Conner in Roseanne" comedian-actress (h.s. dropout) (Jewish) Roseanne Cherrie Barr (Roseanne Barr Pentland Arnold Thomas) on Nov. 3 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Am. AIDS researcher Dr. David Dai-i Ho on Nov. 3 in Taichung, Taiwan; emigrates to the U.S. at age 12; educated at Caltech, and Harvard U. Egyptian Coptic pope #118 (2012-) Tawadros II (Wagih Subhi Baqi Sulayman) on Nov. 4 in Mansoura. Am. 6'11" basketball center (white) (Portland Trail Blazers #32, 1974-87) (San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers #32, 1979-85) (Boston Celtics #5, 1985-7) William Theodore "Bill" "Big Redhead" Walton III on Nov. 5 in La Mesa, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Am. "The Hours" novelist (gay) Michael Cunningham on Nov. 6 in Cincinnati, Ohio; educated at Stanford U. and U. of Iowa. U.S. gen. (Afghan War CIC, 2010-) (CIA dir., 2011-2) David Howell Petraeus on Nov. 7 in Cornwall-on-Hudson (near West Point), N.Y.; Dutch immigrant father. Am. Playboy Enterprises CEO Christie Ann Hefner on Nov. 8 in Chicago, Ill.; daughter of Hugh Hefner (1926-2017). Am. baseball player-sportscaster (Boston Red Sox, 1978-84) Gerald Peter "Jerry" Remy (d. 2021) on Nov. 8 Fall River, Mass.; of French Canadian descent; grows up in Somerset, Mass.; educated at Roger Williams U. Am. "Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird", "Bonk Bonk on the Head Little Boy in the 'Miri' episode of Star Trek: TOS" actor John Megna (d. 1995) on Nov. 9 in Queens, N.Y.; brother of Connie Stevens (1938-); brother-in-law of Eddie Fisher (1928-2010); uncle of Joely Fisher (1967-). Polish-British biologist Jack William Szostak on Nov. 9 in London, England; grows up in Canada; educated at McGill U., and Cornell U.; 2009 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. businessman ("Billionaire Party Boy" - New York Post) Ronald Wayne Burkle on Nov. 12 in Pomona, Calif. Am. judge Merrick Brian Garland on Nov. 13 in Chicago, Ill.; educasted at Harvard U. Kenyan "Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World" writer-banker (Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslim) Liaquat Ahamed on Nov. 14. Turkish Islamist leader (in Germany) Metin Kaplan on Nov. 14 in Erzurum; emigrates to Germany in 1983. Am. wrestler Macho Man Randy Savage (Randall Mario Poffo) (d. 2011) on Nov. 15 in Columbus, Ohio. Am. "The Guns at Last Light" journalist-military historian Lawrence Rush "Rick" Atkinson IV on Nov. 16 in Munich, Germany; educated at East Carolina U., and U. of Chicago. Japanese Nintendo game designer (Mario, Donkey Kong, Legend of Zelda) ("Father of Modern Video Games") ("the Walt Disney of Electronic Gaming") Shigeru Miyamoto on Nov. 16 near Kyoto. Welsh fashion designer David Emanuel on Nov. 17 in Bridgend; educated at Royal College of Art; husband (1976-90) of Elizbeth Emanuel (1953-). South African pres. #5 (black) (2018-) Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa on Nov. 17 in Soweto; member of the Venda ethnic group; educated at the U. of Limpopo, and U. of South Africa. English "Bo Catlett in Get Shorty", "Arthur Rose in The Cider House Rules", "Det. Castlebeck in Gone in 60 Seconds", "Stop eating my sesame cake" actor (black) Delroy George Lindo on Nov. 18 in Eltham, London; Jamaican immigrant parents; grows up in Lewisham, and San Francisco, Calif. Am. actress-singer Lorna Luft on Nov. 21 in Santa Monica, Calif.; daughter of Sidney Luft and Judy Garland (1922-69); half-sister of Liza Minnelli (1946-). Am. astronomer Nicholas B. Suntzeff on Nov. 22 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at Stanford U., and UC Santa Cruz. U.S. ambassador to the U.N. #31 (2021-) (black) Linda Thomas-Greenfield on Nov. 22 in Baker, La.; educated at La. State U., and U. of Wisc. Am. "Soul: An Archaeology" writer-filmmaker Phil Cousineau on Nov. 26 in Columbia, S.C. Am. Olympic track star Francie Larrieu Smith on Nov. 28 in Palo Alto, Calif. Am. "Lt. Anita Van Buren in Law and Order", "Lackawanna Blues", "Reba the Mail Lady in Pee Wee's Playhouse" actress (black) Sharon Epatha Merkerson on Nov. 28 in Saginaw, Mich. English cosmologist-physicist John David Barrow on Nov. 29 in London; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford U. and UCB. Am. "Yentl", "Alien Nation", "Chicago Hope", "Criminal Minds" actor-singer (Jewish) Mandel Bruce "Mandy" Patinkin on Nov. 30 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Anatomy of the Spirit New Age writer Caroline Myss (pr. like mace) on Dec. 2 in Chicago, Ill. English "Alias Smith and Jones" actor-comedian-dir.-writer-producer Mel Smith on Dec. 3 in Chiswick, London; educated at New College, Oxford U. Austrian "Colors of a New Dawn" New Age composer Gandalf (Heinz Strobl) on Dec. 4 in Pressbaum, Vienna. Canadian "Rock Me Gently" singer Andy Kim (Andrew Youakim) on Dec. 5 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. "Craig's List" computer entrepreneur (Jewish) Craig Alexander Newmark on Dec. 6 in Morristown, N.J. U.S. Sen. (R-Maine) (1997-) Susan Margaret Collins on Dec. 7 in Caribou, Maine; educated at St. Lawrence U. French "Cuervo Jones in Escape from L.A." actor-producer Georges Corraface on Dec. 7 in Paris. Syrian TV actor (Shiite Muslim) Abbas al-Noury (al-Nouri) on Dec. 8 in Damascus. Am. "Lt. Worf in Star Trek: DS9" actor (black) Michael Dorn on Dec. 9 in Luling, Tex.; grows up in Pasadena, Calif. Am. "Laurie in The Partridge Family", "Grace Van Owen in L.A. Law" actress Susan Hallock Dey on Dec. 10 in Pekin, Ill. Am. conservative commentator-writer David Limbaugh on Dec. 11 in Cape Girardeau, Mo.; educated at the U. of Mo.; younger brother of Rush Limbaugh (1951-). Am. wrestler (black) Junkyard Dog (Sylvester Ritter) (d. 1998) on Dec. 13 in Wadesboro, N.C.; displays the word "thump" on his wrestling trunks. Panamanian "Michelle Hue in Magnum, P.I.", "Sgt. Roberta Hansen in McBride" actress Marta DuBois on Dec. 15 in David. Am. geographer Robert C. Balling Jr. on Dec. 16 in Uniontown, Penn.; educated at Wittenberg U., Bowling Green State U., and U. of Okla. Am. "Sex & Power" feminist atty.-commentator Susan Estrich on Dec. 16 in Marblehead, Mass.; educated at Wellesley College, and Harvard U.; first woman ed. of "Harvard Law Review" (1976). Am. "Worf in Star Trek: TNG" actor (black) Michael Dorn on Dec. 19 in Luling, Tex. Am. "A Fifth of Beethoven" musician Walter Anthony Murphy Jr. (AKA Uncle Louie) on Dec. 19 in New York City. English "Nurse Alex Price in An American Werewolf in London", "Jessica in Logan's Run" actress Jennifer Ann "Jenny" Agutter on Dec. 20 in Taunton, Somerset. Am. "Titus", "The Lion King", "Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark" dir. Julie Taymor on Dec. 25 in Newton, Mass.; educated at Oberlin College. Am. "There's a Customer Born Every Minute" writer ("the Buddha of the Internet") Joseph "Joe" Vitale on Dec. 29 in Niles, Ohio; educated at Kent State U. Am. neocon political analyst William "Bill" Kristol on Dec. 23 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. Am. theoretical physicist Paul Joseph Steinhardt on Dec. 25 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Caltech, and Harvard U. Scottish "I Want My MTV" musician (Jewish) David Knopfler (Dire Straits) on Dec. 27 in Glasgow; Hungarian Jewish father, English mother; brother of Mark Knopfler (1949-). Am. opera soprano June Anderson on Dec. 30 in Boston, Mass. English mathematical physicist Timothy Noel "Tim" Palmer on Dec. 31 in ?; educated at the U. of Bristol, and Oxford U. English brewing scientist Charles William "Charlie" Bamfort on ? in Lancashire; educated at the U. of Hull. Bosnian-Herzegovinan grand mufti (1999-) (Muslim) Mustafa Ceric on ? in Visoko. Am. climatologist Judith A. Curry on ? in ?; educated at Northern Ill. U., and U. of Chicago. Am. economist (black) William A. "Sandy" Darity Jr. on ? in ?; raised in Amherst, Mass.; educated at Brown U., London School of Economics, and MIT. Am. economist Barry Julian Eichengreen on ? in ?. Palestinian PM (2007-) (Sunni Muslim) Salam Fayyad on ? in Deir-al-Ghusun, West Bank; educated from Am. U. of Beirut, St. Edward's U., and U. Tex. Austin. Am. "Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life" journalist William Finnegan on ? in New York City; grows up in Los Angeles, Calif. and Hawaii; educated at UCSC. U.S. ambassador to Ireland (2006-) Thomas Coleman Foley on ?. Canadian geneticist James Francis Gusella on ? in Ottawa, Ont. British "A Journey to Ladakh" New Age writer (founder of Sacred Activism) Andrew Harvey on ? in India; educated at Oxford U. French theoretical physicist Bernard Julia on ? in Paris; educated at the U. of Paris-Sud. Am. geologist Dexter Perkins on ? in Boston, Mass. British-Am. biologist Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan on ? in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu; 2009 Nobel Chem. Prize. Australian economist Martin Ravallion; educated at the London School of Economics. Mexican "The Four Agreements" New Age writer Don Miguel Angel Ruiz on ? in ?. Am. artist David Salle on ? in Norman, Okla. Am. "Imperial Hubris" historian Michael F. Scheuer on ? in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at Niagara U., Carleton U., and the U. of Manitoba. Am. poet (Jewish) Alan Shapiro on ? in ?. Egyptian PM (2011-) Essam Abdel-Aziz Sharaf on ? in Giza; educated at Cairo U. and Purdue U. Am. "The Clintons' War on Women" riter-activist (Repub.) (Roman Catholic) Roger Jason Stone Jr. on ? in Norwalk, Conn. German dark energy theoretical physicist Christof Wetterich on ? in Freiburg; educated at the U. of Freiburg. Polish surreal artist Jacek Yerka (Kowalski) on ? in Torun. Deaths: English physiologist Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (b. 1889) on Mar. 4 in Eastbourne, Sussex; 1932 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. educator John Dewey (b. 1859) on June 1 in New York City: "Democracy and the one, ultimate, ethical ideal of humanity are to my mind synonymous." Norwegian novelist Knut Hamsun (b. 1859) on Feb. 19 in Grimstad, Norholm; 1920 Nobel Lit. Prize. English artist Arthur John Elsley (b. 1860). Am. actor Charles K. French (b. 1860) on Aug. 2 in Hollywood, Calif. Italian PM (1917-19) Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (b. 1860) on Dec. 1 in Rome. Australian PM #11 (1915-23) William Morris Hughes (b. 1862) on Oct. 28 in Sydney. English Bible scholar Sir Frederic George Kenyon (b. 1863) on Aug. 23. Am. soprano Charlotte Maconda (b. 1863) on May 14 in New York City. Spanish-Am. philosopher-poet George Santayana (b. 1863) on Sept. 26 in Rome: "Life is not a spectacle or a feast, it is a predicament"; "What man strives to preserve, in preserving himself, is something which he has never been at any particular moment"; "A country without a memory is a country of madmen"; "Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it"; "History is a pack of lies about events that never happened told by people who weren't there"; "Historical investigation has for its aim to fix the order and character of events throughout past time and in all places. The task is frankly superhuman." Dutch poet Lodewijk van Deyssel (b. 1864) on Jan. 26 in Haarlem. Swedish explorer-scientist Sven Anders Hedin (b. 1865) on Nov. 26. Finnish pres. Kaarlo Juho Stahlberg (b. 1865). Italian philosopher Benedetto Croce (b. 1866) on Nov. 20: "The deed of which the history is told must vibrate in the soul of the historian." Am. vacuum cleaner manufacturer Fred Wardell (b. 1866) on ? in Detroit, Mich. German actor Albert Bassermann (b. 1867) on May 15 in Zurich, Switzerland. Canadian politician Henri Bourassa (b. 1868) on Aug. 31 in Outremont, Quebec. English novelist Annie Sophie Cory (b. 1868) on Aug. 2. Am. photographer Edward Sheriff Curtis (b. 1868) on Oct. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif. Austrian-born "South Wind" Scottish novelist-essayist Norman Douglas (b. 1868) in Capri, Italy (OD): "Justice is too good for some people and not good enough for the rest." French poet-critic Charles Maurras (b. 1868) on Nov. 16 in Tours. Japanese PM #31 (1934-6) Keisuke Okada (b. 1868) on Oct. 7. Am. magician Joseph Francis Rinn (b. 1868) on Oct. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y. German art historian Wilhelm Voge (b. 1868) on Dec. 30 in Ballenstedt. German cardinal Michael von Faulhaber (b. 1869) on June 12 in Munich. Am. inventor Edward Hebern (b. 1869) on Feb. 10. Dutch poet Henriette Roland Holst (b. 1869) on Nov. 21. Italian educator-physician Maria Montessori (b. 1870) on May 6. Ukrainian-born Am. historian Michael Rostovtzeff (b. 1870) on Oct. 20 in New Haven, Conn. Am. Tex. gov. #28 (1921-5) Pat Morris Neff (b. 1871) on Jan. 20 in Waco, Tex. German paleontologist Ernst Stromer (b. 1871) on Dec. 18 in Munich; he leaves his fossil collection, incl. skeletons of Spinosaurus and Aegyptosaurus to the Munich Museum, which is bombed by the Allies in 1944, destroying it. Am. painter Howard Chandler Christy (b. 1872) on Mar. 3 in New York City. English feminist writer Cicely Hamilton (b. 1872) on Dec. 6. Italian statesman Count Carlo Sforza (b. 1872) on Sept. 4 in Rome. Am. labor leader William Green (b. 1873) on Nov. 21. Austrian fashion designer Emilie Louise Floge (b. 1874) on May 26 in Vienna. U.S. interior secy. #32 (1933-46) Harold LeClair Ickes (b. 1874) on Feb. 3 in Washington, D.C. English Titanic 2nd mate Charles Herbert Lightoller (b. 1874) on Dec. 2 in Richmond, London. Israeli pres. #1 Chaim Weizmann (b. 1874) on Feb. 9. Japanese Mazda Motor Co. founder Jujiro Matsuda (b. 1875) on Mar. 27 in Hiroshima. Italian composer Italo Montemezzi (b. 1875) on May 15 in Vigasio. German historian Walter von Brunn (b. 1876) on Dec. 21 in Leipzig. Canadian aviation pioneer Clement Melville Keys (b. 1876). Am. artist Katherine Sophie Dreier (b. 1877) on Mar. 29. Am. Baptist preacher J. Frank Norris (b. 1877) on Aug. 20 in Jacksonville, Fla. (heart attack). German aviation pioneer Oskar Ursinus (b. 1877) on July 16. Hungarian playwright-novelist Ferenc Molnar (b. 1878) on Apr. 1 in New York City. Greek PM (1925-6) and pres. (1926) Gen. Theodoros Pangalos (b. 1878) on Feb. 26 in Athens. Am. actress Ethel Wales (b. 1878) on Feb. 15 in Hollywood, Calif. Am.-born British politician Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor (b. 1879) on Sept. 30 in Brighton, Sussex. English economist Clifford Hugh Douglas (b. 1879) on Sept. 29 in Fearnan, Scotland. Hungarian-born Am. movie mogul William Fox (b. 1879) on May 8; the other Hollywood producers skunk his funeral. Swedish economist Eli Heckscher (b. 1879) on Dec. 23 in Stockholm. Canadian-born Am. Detroit Red Wings owner (1932-52) James E. Norris (b. 1879) on Dec. 4 in Chicago, Ill. (heart attack). English "Dakin's Solution" chemist (in the U.S.) Henry D. Dakin (b. 1880) on Feb. 10 in Scarsdale, N.Y. Am. artist Fred Gardner (b. 1880). French jurist Henri Donnedieu de Vabres (b. 1880) on Feb. 14 in Paris. Icelandic pres. (1944-52) Sveinn Bjornsson (b. 1881). Czech novelist Ivan Olbracht (b. 1882) on Dec. 20 in Prague. Am. sculptor Jo Davidson (b. 1883) on Jan. 2. Am. pschologist Clark Leonard Hull (b. 1884) on May 10 in New Haven, Conn. English novelist-poet Gilbert Frankau (b. 1884) on Nov. 4. Sri Lankan PM (1947-52) Don Stephen Senanayake (b. 1884) on Mar. 22 in Colombo (riding accident). German psychoanalyst Karen Horney (b. 1885) on Dec. 4. German writer Alfred Neumann (b. 1895) on Oct. 3 in Lugano, Switzerland. French actor-dir. Pierre Renoir Jr. (b. 1885) on Mar. 11 in Paris. German Atlantropa architect Herman Soergel (b. 1885) on Dec. 5 in Bavaria. Am. cartoonist H.T. Webster (b. 1885). Am. Higgins Boat manufacturer Andrew Jackson Higgins (b. 1886) on Aug. 1 in New Orleans, La. Australian polio nurse Elizabeth Kenny (b. 1886). Am. labor leader Philip Murray (b. 1886). Anglo-Am. "Oh, You Beautiful Doll" composer Nathaniel Davis Ayer (b. 1887) on Sept. 19 in Bath, England. Am. dir.-producer Jack Conway (b. 1887) on Oct. 11 in Pacific Palisades, Calif. U.S. Rep. (D-Ala.) (1935-51) Samuel Francis Hobbs (b. 1887) on May 31 in Selma, Ala. French aviation pioneer Maurice Prevost (b. 1887) on Nov. 27 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. German Gen. Heinrich von Vietinghoff (b. 1887) on Feb. 23 in Pfronten-Ried. British Labour politician Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (b. 1889) on Apr. 21 in Switzerland. French Gen. Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (b. 1889) on Jan. 11 in Paris. Austrian Nazi sculptor Josef Thorak (b. 1889) on Feb. 26 in Hartmannsberg, Germany. English actor-dir.-producer Leslie Banks (b. 1890) on Apr. 21. German-born Am. violinist-composer Adolf Busch (b. 1891) on June 9. English biochemist Sir Jack Cecil Drummond (b. 1891) on Aug. 4/5 near Lurs, Provence, France (murdered). Am. blues musician Luke Jordan (b. 1891) on June 25 in Lynchburg, Va. Am. Empire State Bldg. architect William Frederick Lamb (b. 1893) on Sept. 8 in New York City. Am. "Mamie in Gone With the Wind" actress Hattie McDaniel (b. 1893) on Oct. 26 in Woodland Hills, Calif. Am. "The Greatest Story Ever Told" writer Charles Fulton Oursler (b. 1893) on May 24 in New York City. Polish painter Wladyslaw Strzeminski (b. 1893) on Dec. 28 in Lodz. Indian yogi Paramahansa Yogananda (b. 1893) on Mar. 7 in Los Angeles, Calif.; dies at the Biltmore Hotel. Russian physicist Yakov Ilyich Frenkel (b. 1894) on Jan. 23 in St. Petersburg. French ed. Eugene Jolas (b. 1894) on May 26. Australian historian Capt. John Linton Treloar (b. 1894) on Jan. 28 in Canberra. French poet Paul Eluard (b. 1895) on Nov. 18 in Charenton-le-Pont (heart attack); thousands accompany his casket to the Pere-Lachaise Ceremony; "The whole world was mourning." (Robert Sabatier) British king (1936-52) George VI (b. 1895) on Feb. 6. German Waffen-SS Gen. Jurgen Stroop (b. 1895) on Mar. 6 in Warsaw, Poland (hanged). Scottish novelist Josephine Tey (b. 1896) on Feb. 13 in London (liver cancer). Am. jazz bandleader Fletcher Henderson (b. 1897) on Dec. 28 in New York City. German SS chief Richard Hildebrandt (b. 1897) on Mar. 10 in Warsaw, Poland (executed). English actress Gertrude Lawrence (b. 1898) on Sept. 6. French poet Roger Vitrac (b. 1899) on Jan. 22 in Paris. German Nazi scumbag Albert Forster (b. 1902) on Feb. 28 in Warsaw (hanged). Am. "Three Stooges" actor Curly Howard (b. 1903) on Jan. 18 in San Gabriel, Calif. (cerebral hemorrhage). Am. children's writer Margaret Wise Brown (b. 1910) on Nov. 13 in Nice, France; dies from an embolism after kicking up a leg to show a physician how fit she was and dislodging a leg clot formed while hospitalized for an ovarian cyst. German SS gen. Walther Schellenberg (b. 1910) on Mar. 31 in Turin, Italy (cancer); dies penniless, and ex-lover Coco Chanel pays for his funeral. Am. JPL co-founder Jack Parsons (b. 1914) on June 17 (home lab explosion) (govt. hit?); namesake of Parsons Crater on the dark side of the Moon. Argentine first lady Maria Eva "Evita" Duarte de Peron (b. 1919) on July 26 in Buenos Aires (cancer); her body remains remarkably preserved for years, and is kept in Juan Peron's dining room until his death in 1974? - don't cry for me Argentina on the balcony of Casa Rosada? Am. child molestation victim Florence Sally Horner (b. 1937) on Aug. 18 near Woodbine, N.J. (automobile accident).



1953 - The Watson-Crick H-Bomb Casino Royale Piltdown Hoax Alfred C. Kinsey REM Playboy Marilyn Monroe TLW Birth Year? The focal point year of the second half of the Twentieth Century? The year in which TLW enters stage left sees America the King of the World, at its peak of whiteness, rightness, churchiness, affluence, and straightness, a man's world filled with happy satisfied women who prefer being housewives and mothers in a vast and rich land with secure borders and a feeling of total immunity from terrorism, with only distant bricks and blank walls figuring into grim Red Scare politics, defused by the death of mean old dictator Stalin? The Great White Father who led the West to victory in WWII becomes U.S. president, and brings in a new generation of white old farts to run the federal government? On the moral front, Marilyn Monroe and James Bond are born, bedding the beautiful by the scores, yet somehow never getting together, while the Kinsey Report reveals that white American women may like to appear to be June Cleavers but sometimes choose nasty lezzie TLC like Marsha and Jan Brady, especially in college? Meanwhile the most scary weapon ever known, the H-bomb makes its appearance on both sides of the Iron Curtain almost simultaneously?

T.L. Winslow (TLW) (1953-) Little Ricky (1953-) Keith Thibodeaux (1950-) Coppertone Girl, 1959 Dwight David Eisenhower of the U.S. (1890-1969) Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower of the U.S. (1896-1979) Richard Milhous Nixon of the U.S. (1913-94) U.S. Sen. John William Bricker (1893-1986) John Foster Dulles of the U.S. (1888-1959) Allen Welsh Dulles of the U.S. (1893-1969) Donald Ewen Cameron (1901-67) Charles Eustis 'Chip' Bohlen of the U.S. (1904-74) Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of the U.S. (1902-85) Charles Erwin Wilson of the U.S. (1890-1961) Martin Patrick Durkin of the U.S. (1894-1955) George Magoffin Humphrey of the U.S. (1890-1970) Ezra Taft Benson of the U.S. (1899-1994) James Douglas McKay of the U.S. (1893-1959) James Paul Mitchell of the U.S. (1900-64) Charles Sinclair Weeks of the U.S. (1892-1972) Frank Carlson of the U.S. (1893-1987) Ivy Baker Priest of the U.S. (1905-75) Clare Boothe Luce of the U.S. (1903-87) and Henry Robinson Luce (1898-1967) Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (1892-1980) Imre Nagy of Hungary (1896-1958) Georgi Malenkov of the Soviet Union (1902-88) Lavrenti P. Beria of the Soviet Union (1899-1953) Kliment E. Voroshilov of the Soviet Union (1881-1969) Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union (1894-1971) Antonin Zapotocky of Czechoslovakia (1884-1957) Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden (1905-61) Sidney Gottlieb of the U.S. (1918-99) Roy Marcus Cohn of the U.S. (1927-86) Julius Raab of Austria (1891-1964) Daniel Francois Malan of South Africa (1874-1959) Iranian Shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi (1919-80) Fazlollah Zahedi of Iran (1896-1963) Iranian Gen. Nematollah Nassiri (1911-79) Muhammad Naguib of Egypt (1901-84) U.S. Gen. Maxwell Davenport Taylor (1902-87) René Coty of France (1882-1962) Joseph Laniel of France (1889-1975) French Gen. Christian De Castries (1902-91) North Vietnamese Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap (1911-2013) Moshe Sharett of Israel (1894-1965) Mohammed V of Morocco (1909-61) Ramon Magsaysay of the Philippines (1907-57) Cheddi Berret Jagan (1918-97) and Janet Jagan (1920-2009) of Guyana Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham of British Guyana (1923-85) King Talal I of Jordan (1909-72) Hussein I of Jordan (1935-99) Giuseppe Pella of Italy (1902-81) Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla of Colombia (1900-75) Maria Eugenia Rojas de Moreno of Colombia (1932-) U.S. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau (1902-91) Edward Mutesa II of Buganda (1924-69) Sir Edmund Hillary (1919-2008) Mount Everest Sir Edmund Hillary (1919-2008) and Tensing Norkay (1914-86) Baron Henry Cecil John Hunt (1910-98) King Ibn Saud (1876-1953) and King Saud (1902-69) Muhammad Sardar Daoud of Afghanistan (1910-78) Vladimir Semyonov of the Soviet Union (1911-92) Earl Warren of the U.S. (1891-1974) Oveta Culp Hobby of the U.S. (1905-95) U.S. Gen. Mark Wayne Clark (1896-1984) Oliver Payne Bolton (1917-72) and Frances Payne Bolton (1885-1977) of the U.S. British Col. Henry Cecil John Hunt (1910-98) Bouvier-Kennedy Wedding, Sept. 12, 1953 John F. Kennedy (1917-63) and Jackie Kennedy (1929-94) Jose Ferrer (1912-92) and Rosemary Clooney (1928-2002), 1953 George Catlett Marshall Jr. (1880-1959) Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965) William Fife Knowland (1908-74) J. Howard Pyle of the U.S. (1906-87) U.S. Sgt. Ola Lee Mize (1931-) Goodwin Knight of the U.S. (1896-1970) James Bryant Conant of the U.S. (1893-1978) McGeorge Bundy of the U.S. (1919-96) U.S. Adm. Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss (1896-1974) Arthur Hobson Dean of the U.S. (1898-1980) Edward Louis Bernays (1891-1995) Nathan Marsh Pusey (1907-) Sir John Lionel Kotelawala of Sri Lanka (1897-1980) Fidel Castro of Cuba (1926-2016) G. David Schine (1927-96) Richard Dimbleby (1913-65) Walter Hubert Annenberg (1908-2002) I.F. Stone (1907-89) Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1919-) Jack Kerouac (1922-69) Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) William Seward Burroughs II (1914-97) Herbert Huncke (1915-96) Joe Appiah (1918-90) and Peggy Cripps Appiah (1921-2006) Francoise Giroud (1916-2003) Jean Jacques Servan-Schreiber (1924-2006) Joseph Herman Hirshhorn (1900-81) Jackie Cochran (1906-80) Douglas DC-7, 1953 Carl Erskine (1926-) U.S. Capt. Joseph 'Joe Mac' McConnell Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket USMC Maj. Gen. Marion Eugene Carl (1915-98) Scott Crossfield (1921-2006) Sir Norman Hartnell (1901-79) Bill Vukovich (1918-55) Gordie Howe (1928-2016) Fernie Flaman (1927-2012) Ted Kennedy (1925-2009) Ben Hogan (1912-97) Maureen Connolly (1934-69) Joan Violet Robinson (1903-83) Vic Seixas Jr. (1923-) Tony Trabert (1930-) Sir Gordon Richards (1904-86) Tenley Emma Albright (1935-) Willie Thrower (1930-2002) Toni Stone (1931-96) Ernie Beck (1931-) Walter Dukes (1930-2001) Ray Felix (1930-91) Bob Houbregs (1932-2014) Richie Regan (1930-2002) Frank Ramsey (1931-) Cliff Hagan (1931-) Jack George (1928-89) Ken Sears (1933-) Carroll Rosenbloom (1907-79) Florence Chadwick (1918-95) Stanley Matthews (1915-2000) Ernie Banks (1931-) Graz Castellano (1917-64) Nandor Hidegkuti (1922-2002) David Clarence McClelland (1917-98) Lee J. Cobb (1911-76) The Danny Thomas Show, 1953-64 The Life of Riley, 1953-8 'Name That Tune', 1953-9 'George DeWitt (1922-79) The Romper Room, 1953-94 Arthur Godfrey (1903-83) Julius La Rosa (1930-) Soupy Sales (1926-) Loretta Young (1913-2000) Norman Cousins (1915-90) William Inge (1913-73) Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922-2008) James D. Watson (1928-) and Francis H.C. Crick (1916-2004) Maurice H.F. Wilkins (1916-2004) Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-58) Harold Clayton Urey (1893-1981) Stanley Lloyd Miller (1930-2007) Ernst Ludwig Wynder (1922-99) Evarts Ambrose Graham (1883-1957) Vincent du Vigneaud (1901-78) Karl Ziegler (1898-1973) Jacques Lacan (1901-81) Giulio Natta (1903-79) Charles Hard Townes (1915-) Nikolai G. Basov (1922-2001) Alexander M. Prokhorov (1916-2002) Robert Frank Borkenstein (1912-2002) Charles Stark Draper (1902-) Alastair Pilkington (1920-95) John H. Gibbon Jr. (1903-73) J. Holcombe Laning Jr. (1920-) Taqiuddin al-Nabhani (1909-77) Said Ramadan (1926-95) Derek William Bentley (1933-53) Playboy issue #1, Dec. 1953 Hugh Hefner (1926-2017) Alfred C. Kinsey (1894-1956) John Wilder Tukey (1915-2000) Gregory Bateson (1904-80) John Weakland (1919-95) Donald deAvila Jackson (1920-68) Jay Haley (1923-2007) Meyer Howard Abrams (1912-) James Baldwin (1924-87) Alfred Bester (1913-87) Daniel Joseph Boorstin (1914-2004) Raymond Chandler (1888-1959) Ian Fleming (1908-64) Louis L'Amour (1908-88) Elmore Leonard (1925-2013) Jerome Robbins (1918-98) Theodore Roethke (1901-63) Richard Wright (1908-60) Laura Ashley (1925-85) Helen Bonfils (-1972) Ann Ree Colton (1898-1984) Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954) Tom Patterson (1920-2005) Sir Tyrone Guthrie (1900-71) Elizabeth Jennings (1926-2001) Jeannie Robertson (1908-75) Lola Beltran (1932-96) Welthy Honsinger Fisher (1879-1980) Leonard H. Goldenson (1905-99) Joseph Papp (1921-91) Guccio Gucci (1881-1953) Aldo Gucci (1905-90) André Michael Lwoff (1902-94) Sir Peter Brian Medawar (1915-87) Allan Seager (1906-68) Josef Shklovsky (1916-85) Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) Max Frisch (1911-91) Maurice Girodias (1919-90) Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-91) Jack Odell (1920-2007) Albert Ghiorso (1915-) Stanley Gerald Thompson (1912-76) Charles Greeley Abbot (1872-1973) Melvin Ellis Calvin (1911-97) Andrew Benson (1917-2015) Nathaniel Kleitman (1895-1999) Jerzy Neyman (1894-1981) Elizabeth Leonard Scott (1917-88) Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914-2001) Sir John Carew Eccles (1903-97) Henry Swan II (1913-96) Henry Taube (1915-2005) Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917-) Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914-98) Fritz Zernike (1888-1966) Hermann Staudinger (1881-1965) Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986) Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-81) Murray Gell-Mann (1929-) IBM 650, 1953 Univac 1103, 1953 Clair Cameron Patterson (1922-95) Sir John Henry Gaddum (1900-65) Gilbert Norman Plass (1920-2004) Margaret Louise Coit (1919-2003) Bernard Baruch (1870-1965) Harold Elstner Talbott Jr. of the U.S. (1888-1957) Simon Ramo (1913-) and Dean Wooldridge (1913-2006) Arthur Krock (1886-1974) John Franklin Enders (1897-1955) Hans Eysenck (1916-97) Louis Isadore Kahn (1901-74) Thomas Huckle Weller (1915-2008) Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003) Russell Amos Kirk (1918-94) Eugen Sänger (1905-64) William Maurice Ewing (1906-74) Arthur Adamov (1908-70) Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968) David Warren (1925-2010) Theodore W. Schultz (1902-98) Saul Bellow (1915-2005) Frank Chodorov (1877-1966) William H. Danforth (1870-1955) Jean Giono (1895-1970) Davis Grubb (1919-80) Robert L. Heilbroner (1919-2005) Maurice Herzog (1919-) Christopher Isherwood (1904-86) and Don Bachardy (1936-) Ira Levin (1929-2007) Charles Eric Maine (1921-81) Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004) Henry Molaison (1926-2008) Robert Ruark (1915-65) R.W. Southern (1912-2001) Umm Kulthum (1904-75) John Reginald Halliday Christie (1899-1953) Uell Stanley Andersen (1917-86) Michael DeBakey (1908-2008) Richard Pike Bissell (1913-77) Horton Foote (1916-) Leicester Hemingway (1915-82) David Wagoner (1926-) John Barrington Wain (1925-94) Greasers Teddy Boys, 1953 Jose Luis Sert (1902-83) Hank Williams Sr. (1923-53) Epic Records Vee-Jay Records Chevy Corvette, 1953 Myron E. Scott (1907-98) Hans Conried (1917-82) Sir John Gielgud (1904-2000) Sir John Gielgud (1904-2000) Richard Adler (1921-) and Jerry Ross (1926-55) Les Paul (1915-2009) and Mary Ford (1924-77) Pierre Boulez (1925-) Rene Char (1907-88) Jim Reeves (1923-64) Jean Shepard (1933-) Alex Bradford (1927-78) Dizzy Gillespie (1917-93) Ray Price (1926-2013) Nelson Riddle Jr. (1921-85) Cyd Charisse (1922-2008) June Haver (1926-2005) Anthony Perkins (1932-92) Brandon de Wilde (1942-72) Ray Harryhausen (1920-) Alwin Nikolais (1910-93) Dorothy Dandridge (1922-66) Harry Belafonte (1927-) Clyde McPhatter (1932-72) Tom Lehrer (1928-) Eleanor Steber (1914-90) Art Tatum (1909-56) Theodor Uppman (1920-2005) Phyllis Curtin (1923-) 'Cloud Shepherd' by Jean/Hans Arp (1886-1966), 1953 Vickers Viscount, 1953 Dorian Leigh (1917-2008) Annunzio Mantovani (1905-80) Jack LaLanne (1914-2011) Mamie Van Doren (1931-) John Patrick (1905-95) 'Make Room for Daddy', 1953-64 'The Man Behind the Badge', 1953-5 'Person to Person', 1953-61 'The United States Steel Hour', 1953-63 You Are There', 1953-7 Sandy Wilson (1924-2014) 'The Boy Friend', 1953 'Divorce Me, Darling!', 1964 'Can-Can', 1953 'John Murray Andersons Almanac', 1953 Walt Disney's 'Our Friend the Atom', 1953 'Picnic', 1953 'The Sleeping Prince', 1953 'The Teahouse of the August Moon', 1953 'Waiting for Godot', 1953 'Wonderful Town', 1953 'Appointment in London', 1953 'Genevieve', 1953 'Bwana Devil', 1953 'The Big Heat', 1953 'Calamity Jane', 1953 'Cat-Women of the Moon', 1953 'The Cruel Sea', 1953 Sir Donald Sinden (1923-2014) 'A Day to Remember', 1953 'Escape by Night', 1953 'From Here to Eternity', 1953 'Glen or Glenda', 1953 Ed Wood Jr. (1924-78) 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes', starring Marilyn Monroe (1926-62), 1953 'House of Wax', 1953 'Invaders from Mars', 1953 'Julius Caesar', 1953 'Kiss Me Kate', 1953 'The Magnetic Monster', 1953 'Malta Story', 1953 'The Master of Ballantrae', 1953 'Miss Sadie Thompson', 1953 'Phantom from Space', 1953 'Robot Monster', 1953 'The Robe, 1953 Henri Chretien (1879-1956) 'Roman Holiday', starring Audrey Hepburn (1929-93) and Gregory Peck (1916-2003), 1953 'Walt Disneys Peter Pan', 1953 'Shane', 1953 'Stalag 17', 1953 'Titanic', 1953 'War of the Worlds', 1953 'Cloud Shepherd', by Jean (Hans) Arp (1886-1966), 1953 'Droodles' by Roger Price (1918-90), 1953 'Acrobat and Horse on Blue Background' by Fernand Leger (1881-1955), 1953 'Woman IV' by William de Kooning (1904-97), 1953 'Woman V' by William de Kooning (1904-97), 1953-4 'The Listening Room' by Rene Magritte (1898-1967), 1953 'King and Queen' by Henry Moore (1898-1986), 1953 'Easter and the Totem' by Jackson Pollock (1912-56), 1953 'Easter Greyness' by Jackson Pollock (1912-56), 1953 'Portrait and a Dream' by Jackson Pollock (1912-56), 1953 'Washington Crossing the Delaware' by Larry Rivers (1923-2002), 1953 'Mother Bathing Child' by Jack Smith (1928-), 1953 Yad Vashem, 1953 Crest Toothpaste, 1953 Sam Born (1891-1959) Peeps, 1953 Dorian Leigh (1917-2008) Richard Avedon (1923-2004) Ferrari 250 Porsche Spyder Lufthansa Logo MiG-19, 1953 F-100 Super Sabre Martin B-57 Canberra Matchbox Cars, 1953 Burger King, 1953 Denny's Restaurants, 1953- L&M Cigarettes, 1953 Maruchan, 1953 Coco Palms Hotel, 1953 Coco Palms Hotel Torch-Lighting Ceremony

1953 Doomsday Clock: 2 min. to midnight - H-bomb wild chronicle year? Chinese Year: Snake (Feb. 14). Time Mag. Man of the Year: Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967). Smog in New York City is believed to be responsible for 200 deaths. U.S. TV ad revenues: $538M; radio ad revenues: $451M, going down for the first time since the Great Depression; cigarette ads account for ?%. On Jan. 1 civil rights are restored to several thousand former fascists in Italy, allowing them to vote and hold office. On Jan. 1 country singer Hiram "Hank" Williams (b. 1923) dies near Oak Hill, W. Va. of heart failure in the back seat of a Cadillac en route from Knoxville, Tenn. to Canton, Ohio after an engagement in Charleston, W. V. is canceled due to an ice storm; 15K-25K attend his funeral on Jan. 4 in Montgomery, Ala. at the Montgomery Auditorium, where Red Foley, Ernest Tubb, and Roy Acuff perform. On Jan. 1 USC defeats Wisconsin by 7-0 to win the 1953 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 2 The Life of Riley (originally a 1941 CBS Radio show, then an ABC Radio show in 1944-5, and an NBC Radio show from Sept. 8, 1945 to June 29, 1951, then an NBC-TV show starring Jackie Gleason and Rosemary DeCamp from Oct. 4, 1949 to Mar. 28, 1950) debuts on NBC-TV (until May 23, 1958), starring William Bendix (1906-64) as L.A. Cunningham Aircraft worker Chester A. Riley ("What a revoltin' development this is!"), and Marjorie Reynolds (1917-97) as his wife Peg; a Dumont TV Network version was tried in 1949 starring Jackie Gleason, and flopped in 6 mo.; Wesley Morgan (1939-) stars as Riley's son Junior, and Tom D'Andrea (1909-98) stars as his next-door-neighbor Gillis, and Joan Blondell's sister Gloria Blondell (1915-86) as his wife Honeybee; John Brown (1904-57) stars as "friendly undertaker" Digby "Digger" O'Dell ("I'd better be shoveling off"). On Jan. 3 Frances Payne Bolton (1885-1977) (1940-69) (R-Ohio) and her son Oliver Payne Bolton (1917-72) (1953-57) from Ohio become the first mother-son combo to serve at the same time in the U.S. Congress. On Jan. 5 U.S. Sen. (R-Ohio) John William Bricker (1893-1986), in alliance with 62 other senators, incl. all but three Repubs., introduces the Bricker Amendment, modifying Art. 6 of the U.S. Constitution to the effect that a treaty or other internat. agreement shall only become effective after legalization by the Congress, in an attempt to limit the power of the pres. and prevent another Yalta; Pres. Eisenhower opposes it, and in 1954 it comes within one vote of adoption, but is finally dropped in 1957. On Jan. 5 West Germany extends the patent of J.A. Topf and Son of Wiesbaden for the crematorium furnace model used in Auschwitz - 6 million served? On Jan. 6 jazz trumpeter John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (1917-93), known for playing with pouched cheeks throws a party for his wife Lorraine at Snookie's in Manhattan, and his trumpet's bell gets bent upward in an accident, but he likes the sound so much he has a special trumpet made with a 45 deg. raised bell, becoming his trademark. On Jan. 6 Lufthansa Airlines is founded in Cologne, Germany, based on the pre-war Deutsche Luft Hansa A.G. (Deutsche Lufthansa), founded in Berlin in 1926 and closed in 1945 after Germany's defeat; its first domestic flights are flown on Apr. 1, 1955, followed by internat. flights on May 15; since flights to Berlin are barred until 1989, Frankfurt Airport develops into their major hub. On Jan. 7 Pres. Truman gives his 1953 State of the Union Address, giving Americans a glowing feeling by announcing that the U.S. has developed the hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) - making America the World Lion, while those pesky Commie hyenas will never get one? On Jan. 9 the decrepit 146-ton South Korean ferry Chang Tyong-Ho sinks off Pusan, killing 249 passengers and crew. On Jan. 12 Yugoslavia adopts a new Yugoslavian Constitution, and on Jan. 14 Marshal Josip Broz Tito is elected pres. #1 of the Federal People's Repub. of Yugoslavia (founded 1946) by a joint session of parliament, going on to ramp up his nonalignment policy while trying to smooth over the differences between Serbs, Croats, Macedonians and Montenegrins. On Jan. 12 Estonian emigrees found a government in exile in Oslo, Norway. On Jan. 14 Roy Marcus Cohn (1927-86), special asst. to U.S. atty.-gen. James McGranery since Sept. 1952 resigns from the Justice Dept. to become chief counsel for Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy's Permanent Investigations Subcommittee, while Senate staffer Hiram Ralph Burton (1882-1971) eagerly works to dig up dirt on people. On Jan. 14 the CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel first meets to discuss the UFO phenomenon, going on to "debunk" sightings and ridicule UFO witnesses, er, believers, er, nuts. On Jan. 15 East Germany's first foreign minister (since 1949) Georg Dertinger (1902-68) is arrested for spying, put on a show trial next year, and sentenced to 15 years hard labor, then given amnesty in 1964. On Jan. 15 the First Asian Socialist Conference agrees on alliances with the West and land for the peasants. On Jan. 15 a passenger train approaching Washington, D.C. with carloads of passengers coming to see Eisenhower's inauguration loses its brakes and crashes into Union Station, injuring 87, but there are no fatalities since the passengers first move to the rear cars and the station is cleared in advance. On Jan. 16 lame duck pres. Harry Truman issues Executive Order 10426, establishing offshore lands as a naval petroleum reserve under the U.S. Navy secy., but on Jan. 18 the new U.S. Congress reverses him, and on May 22 Pres. Eisenhower signs the U.S. Tidelands Oil Act giving ownership of submerged oil lands to the coastal states, with a 10.5 mi. limit into the Gulf of Mexico, and a 3 mi. limit into the Pacific, and the U.S. Supreme Court upholds it within a year. A studly car, a studly author, a boy TV star, and a glue factory war horse president are all born in three days? On Jan. 17 Chevrolet's new 2-seater Corvette is first displayed to the public, becoming the first production car with a "revolutionary fiberglass body", and the first Am. sports car; the first unit rolls off the assembly line in Flint, Mich. on June 30; it was named by Am. Soap Box Derby founder (1933) Myron E. "Scottie" Scott (1907-98) after a corvette (fast ship). On Jan. 18 (Sun.) TLW is born in Rocky Mountain Osteopathic Hospital in Denver, Colo., delivered by Dr. William Brown; the previous year mother Wilma (1925-2010) miscarried a baby boy they were going to name Gregory, since daddy Thomas Sr. resembles Gregory Prick, er, Peck; TLW goes on to spend most of his life in Denver, finally warping the entire state govt. to his grate mental powah while nobody except the powerful ever know who he is, and he never wastes time trying to gain great wealth but prefers to gain great knowledge, quack quack get out the word processor? On Jan. 18 (TLW's birthdate) the birth of Little Ricky on TV's I Love Lucy, played by Lafayette, La.-born kid drummer Keith Thibodeaux (1950-) upstages (44M viewers, a 72% share) the inauguration of U.S. pres. Eisenhower, who later this year utters the immortal soundbyte: "There is one thing about being president: nobody can tell you when to sit down" - forever giving TLW a feeling that he's running the U.S., along with a penchant for a sedentary lifestyle with upper body exercises? On Jan. 19 Giuseppe Verdi's opera "Il Trovatore" is first performed at Teatro Apollo in Rome. The general who later warns of the grate powah of the U.S. Military-Industrial Complex Tribe oughta know, since he packs his cabinet with its chiefs? On Jan. 20 bridge-playing Repub. 5-star gen. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) becomes the 34th U.S. pres. (until Jan. 20, 1961) in the 49th U.S. Pres. Inauguration in Washington, D.C.; anti-Commie poker-playing Quaker Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-94) becomes the 36th U.S. vice-pres. (youngest so far); Ike becomes the first pres. in the 20th. cent. without a double letter in his name, unless you count initials; the first U.S. pres. to ride in a helicopter; the inaug. theme (first-ever?) is "Crusade in America"; Second Lady is Thelma Catherine Patricia "Pat" Ryan Nixon (1912-93) (Secret Service codename: Starlight) (a smoker); the Nixons have a pet cocker spaniel named Checkers (1952-64), who woulda been First Dog if he lived until 1969; the inaugural parade is the most elaborate ever held (until ?), with 22K service men-women and 5K civilians in the parade, which incl. 50 state floats costing $100K, along with 65 bands, 350 horses, 3 elephants, an Alaskan dog team, and the new Atomic Annie atomic cannon, plus a 642-plane flyover; First Lady is Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (1896-1979) (Secret Service codeword: Springtime), who brings pink back with her fashion tastes; Aaron Copland's 1942 "A Lincoln Portrait" is withdrawn from the inaugural concert because of his alleged Communist connections; Ike's favorite books are Zane Grey Westerns, since he once considered working as a cowboy in Argentina; his Jehovah's Witnesses background is covered-up?; the unnamed balcony on the White House South Lawn becomes Truman's legacy; he renames Camp Shangri-La to Camp David in honor of his grandson Dwight David Eisenhower II; Robert A. Taft of Ohio becomes Senate majority leader, but in June has to give it up because of cancer, and dies on July 31; Ike appoints GM pres. (since 1941) Charles Erwin "Engine Charlie" Wilson (1890-1961) as U.S. defense secy. #5 (until Oct. 8, 1957) (known for the soundbyte: "What's good for General Motors is good for the country", and for telling the U.S. in 1944 that it needs a "permanent war economy"), M.A. Hanna steel manufacturing firm pres. George Magoffin Humphrey (1890-1970) as U.S. treasury secy. #55 (until July 29, 1957) (takes a pay cut from $300K to $22.5K), John Foster Dulles (1888-1959) as U.S. secy. of state #52 (until Apr. 22, 1959) (becoming known for his policy of brinkmanship, holding the nuclear club over other countries' heads), labor leader Martin Patrick Durkin (1894-1955) (a Dem.) as U.S. labor secy. #7 (who resigns on Sept. 10 and goes back to being pres. of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Union of the U.S. and Canada), Ezra Taft Benson (1899-1994) of Utah (a Mormon Quorum of the Twelve member, who becomes LDS pres. #13 on Nov. 10, 1985) as U.S. agriculture secy. #15 (until Jan. 20, 1961) (starting the custom of beginning cabinet meetings with prayer and calling govt. price supports and other aid to farmers unvarnished Socialism), and James Douglas McKay (1893-1959) as U.S. interior secy. (until 1956); Mormon Ivy Baker Priest (1905-75) (mother of Pat Priest of The Munsters fame) becomes U.S. treasurer #30 (until Jan. 29, 1961); a few days before his retirement date comes up, Arthur Joseph Altmeyer's office of commissioner for social security (since 1937) is abolished in favor of a new commissioner of social security, causing a public outcry, but in a delicious gotchya, Altmeyer refuses the offer of a 1-mo. job with no responsibilities; Kan. Repub. Sen. (1950-69) Frank Carlson (1893-1987) (a buddy of Ike) brokers a deal through Ohio Sen. Robert Taft to become Senate majority leader, and organizes the first pres. prayer breakfast, going on to coin the phrase "worldwide spiritual offensive" in 1955 for Christian evangelicals fighting the Commies. On Jan. 20 Turkey's foreign minister meets with Tito in Belgrade to talk about forming a Balkan defense alliance. On Jan. 20 Marilyn Monroe wannabe Mamie Van Doren (1931-) signs with Universal Studios, changing her name from Joan Lucille Olander to jive with Ike's wife Mamie Eisenhower along with the brainy Van Doren brothers Carl and Mark, and going on to marry bandleader Ray Anthony in 1955-61; too bad, when Charles Van Doren stinks himself up in the 1958 Quiz Show Scandal, it backfires, and Universal dumps her in 1959, which turns out good when she doesn't end up dead by 40 like other sex symbols and ages gracefully? On Jan. 21 Charles Sinclair Weeks (1893-1972) is appointed U.S. commerce secy. #13 (until Nov. 10, 1958), immediately getting involved in the Russian Butter Scandal, which began last year when future Archer Daniels Midland CEO (former Cargill salesman) Dwayne Orville Andreas (1918-) of Mankato, Minn. agreed to sell Moscow 75K tons of butter and an equal amount of cottonseed oil; although both Ike and Sen. Joseph McCarthy approve the deal, U.S. anti-Communists attack it, claiming that Russian housewives who have been paying $3.25 (13 rubles) a pound for butter will be able to get it for 50 cents a pound, while Americans must pay 80 cents, causing weak Weeks to nix an export license, after which the Russians buy cottonseed oil from Rotterdam, and the U.S. butter, which costs 67 cents a pound to store ends up going rancid and is made into soap - let them eat cottonseed cake? On Jan. 22 new elections in Iraq are organized, causing the military govt. to step down. On Jan. 26 Walter Ulbricht announces that East German agriculture will be collectivized - big surprise? On Jan. 26 after losing his reelection to John F. Kennedy in a close race because of spending too much time supporting Ike's candidacy, former U.S. Sen. (R-Mass.) (1937-44, 1947-53) Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (1902-85), grandson of U.S. Sen. (R-Mass.) (1893-1924) Henry Cabot Lodge Sr. (1850-1924) (who went on a tour of duty in WWII as a senator then was forced to resign to stay fighting) becomes U.S. U.N. rep. #3 (until Sept. 3, 1960), with his position elevated to cabinet rank, becoming the longest-serving in that position (until ?); his granddaddy defeated JFK's granddaddy John F. Fitzgerald for the same Senate seat in 1916, and later in 1962 Lodge's son George Cabot Lodge is defeated for the same seat by JFK's brother Ted Kennedy; Lodge Sr. hated the League of Nations, but Lodge Jr. is pro-U.N., uttering the soundbyte "This organization is created to prevent you from going to Hell; it isn't created to take you to Heaven." On Jan. 28 epileptic illiterate retarded Derek William Bentley (1933-53) is hanged in Wandsworth Prison for murdering policeman Sidney Miles in Croydon, Surrey, England on Nov. 2, 1952; trouble is, he was in police custody at the time of the murder, which was done by his partner Christopher Craig, and all he did was shout "Let him have it, Chris", which he later claimed meant he was telling him to hand the gun to him and surrender; after the justice-to-the-police prosecution railroads the poor sucker through a jury to a death sentence for killing a sacred pig, er, cow, even though his hands are literally tied at the time by the police, and he has a great alibi (I was not there at the time, I was someplace else, in police custody, and I never killed anybody?), his lawyers' appeals are denied, and pro-death penalty Edinburgh-born home secy. David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir (1900-67) (co-drafter of the European Convention on Human Rights, who cross-examined Herman Goering in the Nuremberg Trials) stinks himself up by refusing to ask the queen for clemency despite a petition by 200+ MPs, and Parliament is not allowed to debate whether he should be hanged until after the fact; Craig, being under 18 is released in 10 years; in 1993 Bentley is pardoned, and on July 30, 1998 his murder conviction is quashed; filmed in 1991 by Peter Medak as "Let Him Have It" - proving you can kill a cop and get away with it in Britain if you're underage and a good ventriloquist, but somebody always has to die for killing a cop? On Jan. 30 Pres. Eisenhower announces that he will pull the Seventh Fleet out of Formosa to permit the Nationalists to attack Communist China. On Jan. 31-Feb. 1 the huge North Sea Flood of 1953, caused by winter storms kills 2,551 incl. 1,836 in SW Netherlands (esp. Zeeland) and Belgium, 307 in England, 28 in Belgium, 19 in Scotland, and 361 at sea, incl. 133 on the British ferry MV Princess Victoria (launched Aug. 27, 1946) in the Irish Sea on Jan. 31, becoming the deadliest maritime disaster in U.K. waters since WWII; 4K bldgs. are destroyed, and 70K are left homeless, causing the govt. to spend $8B over the next 30 years fortifying the coastline with a system of sophisticated dikes, incl. a 6-mi.-long movable hydraulic steel curtain that closes when the water rises 6 ft., after which there are no flood deaths in the Netherlands until ?; meanwhile London builds new flood gates on the Thames Estuary; it is found that gypsum (calcium sulfate) can undo the effect of seawater on flooded areas of Holland and Britain when spread on the ground to be later washed in by rainwater. In Jan. the U.S. resumes tin purchases from Bolivia after negotiations for compensation of U.S. investors begin; an agreement is announced in June. In Jan. U.S. Gen. Omar Bradley tells outgoing Pres. Truman that a criminal investigation into the internat. oil cartel threatens nat. security, causing Truman to drop his attack on Standard Oil of New Jersey, Gulf Oil, the Texas Co., Socony-Mobil, Standard Oil of Calif., and their foreign allies Anglo-Iranian and Royal Dutch-Shell; in Apr. the U.S. Justice Dept. drops its grand jury probe and files a civil complaint, accusing them of monopoly tactics; meanwhile in Oct. Brazilian pres. Getulio Vargas creates the govt. oil monopoly Petroleo Brasileiro (Petrobras), with the soundbyte: "The oil is ours"; by 2010 it is the largest co. in Latin Am. and 2nd largest publicly listed co. on Earth. On Feb. 1 the Japanese Broadcasting Corp. begins broadcasting as the nonprofit NHK network airs its first programs. On Feb. 1 Goodman Ace's You Are There (a CBS Radio show on July 7, 1947-Mar. 19, 1950) debuts on CBS-TV for 147 episodes (until June 9, 1957), starring Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (1916)-2009), with his newsroom transported into the past to report on historical events; episodes feature Paul Newman as Marcus Brutus and Nathan Hale, Rod Steiger as Richard Burbage, James Dean as Robert Ford, Jeanette Nolan as Sarah Bernhardt, Beatrice Straight as Anne Boleyn, and John Cassavetes as Plato; it is revived as a Sat. morning color show in 1971-2, hosted by Cronkite; at the end of each episode, Cronkite utters the soundbyte: "What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those events that alter and illuminate our times... All things are as they were then, and you were there" - TLW was born on Jan. 18, 1953, so he definitely wasn't there, no wonder he became a historyscoper? On Feb. 2 Ike's First State of the Union Address admits that "no single country, even one so powerful as ours, can alone defend the liberty of all nations threatened by Communist aggression from without or subversion from within", calling for mutual cooperation. On Feb. 6 controls on U.S. wages, salaries, and some consumer goods are lifted, and on Mar. 17 all price controls are removed. On Feb. 9 the French destroy six Viet Minh war factories hidden in the jungles of Vietnam. On Feb. 10 operations of the European Coal and Steel Community begin with the creation of a common market for coal, followed by a common market for steel on May 1; Britain denationalizes its steel industry and establishes an Iron and Steel Board to supervise the privately-owned cos., which remain associated with the British Iron and Steel Federation (created 1934). On Feb. 11 Pres. Eisenhower refuses clemency to convicted spies Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, causing Pope Pius XII to ask him to reconsider on Feb. 13; on June 19 despite a worldwide campaign on their behalf, they are executed at Sing Sing Prison in N.Y., becoming the first U.S. civilians executed for wartime spying; pro and anti-Rosenberg demonstrators face-off in front of the Ike White House, with tne anti placards reading "Two fried Rosenbergers coming right up." On Feb. 12 the Soviets break off diplomatic relations with Israel after the bombing of the Soviet legation. On Feb. 12 Britain and Egypt sign an Anglo-Egyptian Agreement providing for the immediate introduction of self-govt. in Sudan under an appointed gov.-gen.; an all-Sudanese parliament is elected in Nov.-Dec. On Feb. 12 the Nordic Council is formed by Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, consisting of parliamentary members who meet annually to discuss common problems; Finland joins in 1955. On Feb. 14 (Valentine's Day) true love happens when gay English-born writer Christopher Isherwood (1904-86) (former lit. mentor of W.H. Auden) meets 16-y.-o. Don Bachardy (1936-) at a beach in Santa Monica, Calif., and they move in together for the rest of Isherwood's life. On Feb. 19 Ga. approves the first lit. censorship board in the U.S. On Feb. 21 the Soviets cause a purge of 30 Jewish Communist leaders in Hungary. On Feb. 24 the South African Parliament votes PM (1948-54) Daniel Francois Malan (1874-1959) of the Nat. Party dictatorial powers to oppose black and Indian anti-apartheid movements. On Feb. 25 Gen. Charles de Gaulle condemns the European Defense Community. On Feb. 25 a plan is announced in Guatemala to expropriate half of the United Fruit Co.'s 500K acres, only 15% of which are under cultivation, but despite this, on Oct. 14 the U.S. State Dept. declares that Guatemala is "openly playing the Communist game", and refuses cooperation, instead sending the CIA to help the United Fruit Co. overthrow Arbenz. Just the man for them pesky Commie banana republics? On Feb. 26 Gen. Walter Bedell Smith resigns, and his deputy (since Aug. 1951) Allen Welsh Dulles (1893-1969) (brother of John Foster Dulles) is appointed dir. #5 of the CIA (until Nov. 29, 1961) (first civilian and longest serving dir. until ?), rising to the top of the U.S. spy chain during the Cold War; on Apr. 13 he authorizes the CIA's secret MKUltra mind control project was authorized by new CIA dir. #5 (1953-61) (first civilian and longest serving) Allen Welsh Dulles (1893-1969), which went on to use humans as guinea pigs in an attempt to "crush the human psyche to the point that it would admit anything", "depatterning" and "psychic driving" patients by torturing them with electroshocks and drug-induced comas into a permanent coma etc.; in July 1963 it pub. the KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation Manual; the tortures are run by Scottish-born psychiatrist Donald Ewen Cameron (1906-67), pres. of the Am. Psychiatric Assoc. (APA) in 1952-3. On Feb. 27 F-84 Thunderjets raid a North Korean base on the Yalu River; the first-ever jet air dogfight occurs in the Korean War. On Feb. 28 Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey sign a 5-year Treaty of Friendship and Collaboration defense pact in Ankara. On Feb. 28 a German De-Nazification Court grants a posth. pardon to German Gen. Alfred Jodl. In Feb. U.S. Pres. Eisenhower removes the U.S. Seventh Fleet from the straits between Formosa (Taiwan) and Communist China, freeing Formosa to invade or bomb the mainland; Chicken Kai-shek chooses la bomba. In Feb. the Eisenhower admin. orders all U.S. federal agencies to curtail new requests for personnel and construction and recommend ways to cut the Truman-era budget while postponing federal tax reductions until the budget is balanced; meanwhile the Census Bureau reports that per capita state taxes have increased from $29.50 to $68.04 since 1943. In Feb. Gallup takes its first poll on the U.N., finding that a majority of Americans believe it's doing a good job; the polls turn negative next year, except for 1990-1, 2000-2002 (with the highest approval rating of 58% in Feb. 2002), and 2013; on Feb. 1-10, 2018 only 34% say the U.N. is going a good job, becoming the 22nd time with less than 50%. In Feb. The Romper Room TV show for Baby Boomer children debuts in Baltimore, Md. on station WBAL-11 (until Sept. 1994); starting in Apr. it features Nancy Claster (nee Goldman) (1915-97), wife of the producer as Miss Nancy, who trains hosts for franchised versions in 160 U.S. cities; "I have to go potty, and I'm doing it right now." On Mar. 1 Kiwi hero Bernard Freyberg (b. 1889, former lt. gov. of New Zealand (1946-52) is appointed lt.-gov. of Windsor Castle, where he stays for life (until 1963); as a former swimming champ and dentist he might come in handy? On Mar. 3 conservative anti-Communist Repub. playwright Clare Boothe Luce (1903-87), wife (1935-) of Time Mag. publisher Henry Robinson Luce becomes U.S. ambassador to Italy, helping to settle the Trieste dispute with Yugoslavia; too bad, arsenic in paint chips in her bedroom causes her to resign in 1956. Ding dong the witch is dead? Or don't stop believing? On Mar. 5 the 25-year (since 1928) assassination-attempt-free reign of Joseph Stalin ("Koba") (b. 1879) is ended by his death at age 73 (6 weeks after the birth of TLW), four days after having a stroke in his Kremlin apt. during an all-night dinner with Beria, Malenkov, Bulganin, and Khrushchev which paralyzes the right side of his body; his death is not announced until Mar. 6 (after the piranhas feed); on Mar. 6 he is succeeded as PM by WWII aircraft and tank production chief Georgi (Georgy) Maximilianovich Malenkov (1902-88) (until 1958), with secret police chief Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria (1899-1953) as deputy PM (until July 10); marshal Klimenti Efremovich Voroshilov (1881-1969) becomes pres. (until 1960); on Mar. 14 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (1894-1971) replaces Malenkov as first secy. of the Soviet Communist Party, then moves up to head of the Central Committee on Sept. 7 after Beria is out of the way; Stalin leaves a list of names, with the handwritten note "Execute everyone"; exiled Chechens are allowed to return home, and sick and disabled Korean War POWs are exchanged following Stalin's funeral; happy Eastern Europeans begin a de-Stalinization agitation - they'll be baaack? On Mar. 10 North Korean gunners in Wonsan fire on the USS Missouri, which responds by firing 998 rounds at the enemy position. On Mar. 11 a U.S. B-47 accidentally drops a nuclear bomb on S.C., but it fails to detonate thanks to several safety catches? - it is only to be used in case the South tries to rise again? On Mar. 16-21 Tito visits Britain, and on Mar. 31 announces that PM Winston Churchill has promised to protect Yugoslavia in return for his pledge of resistance to any aggression. On Mar. 17 the U.S. holds a nuclear test in Nevada, with 1,620 spectators 3.4 km away. On Mar. 18 an earthquake hits Yenice-Goenen in W Turkey, killing 250. On Mar. 19 West Germany ratifies the European Defense Community Treaty, and a peace contract with the Western powers. On Mar. 19 the 25th Academy Awards (televised for the first time) in Los Angeles, hosted by Bob Hope awards the best picture Oscar for 1952 to Cecil B. De Mille-Paramount's The Greatest Show on Earth; best actor goes to Gary Cooper for High Noon, best actress to Shirley Booth for Come Back, Little Sheba, best supporting actor to Anthony Quinn for Viva Zapata!, best supporting actress to Gloria Grahame for The Bad and the Beautiful, and best dir. to John Ford for The Quiet Man. On Mar. 21 Antonin Zapotocky (1884-1957) is elected pres. #6 of the Czechoslovak Repub. (until Nov. 13, 1957) after Klement Gottwald dies on Mar. 14 in Prague of pneumonia contracted while attending Stalin's funeral; not that anybody misses this Stalin zock puppet who purged 180 party officials Stalin-style with show trials (Gottwald not Zapotocky). On Mar. 21 the rock and roll frenzy begins when a riot breaks out at the Moondog Coronation Ball, the first-ever rock and roll concert, promoted by former Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan "Moondog" Freed (1921-65) of New York radio station WINSLOW, er, WINS 1010. On Mar. 25 the USS Missouri fires on targets in Kojo, North Korea, becoming the last time its guns fire until the Persian Gulf War. On Mar. 25-26 the Lari Massacre sees Kenyan Mau Mau rebels kill up to 150 Kikuyu. On Mar. 26 Eisenhower offers increased aid in Vietnam to France. On Mar. 26 Moscow suspends reparation payments by East Germany. On Mar. 26 Dr. Jonas Salk of the U. of Pittsburgh announces that a vaccine for polio has been successfully tested in a small group of adults and Baby Boomer children; little TLW's mother had polio before he was born so he's already covered. On Mar. 27 Charles Eustis "Chip" Bohlen (1904-74) is named U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union (until Apr. 18, 1957). On Mar. 27 a referendum in Denmark permits female succession to the throne, setting Frederick IX's daughter Margrethe II (1940-) up as his heir apparent, after which she graduates from Cambridge U., Aarhus U., the Sorbonne, and the London School of Economics to prepare herself. On Mar. 28 Maruchan (Jap. "little round face") brand packaged food exporting co. is founded in Tokyo, Japan by Toyo Suisan, founded by Kazuo Mori, starting out with marine products and expanding to fish sausage in 1956 and noodles in 1961; in 1978 it begins manufacturing ramen at its new factory in Irvine, Calif.; in ? it introduces Maruchan Instant Lunch ramen with broth in a styrofoam cup, becoming the #1 selling dry soup in the U.S. by 1994 - TLW's favorite - the little pea, the little carrots, the broth? On Mar. 31 the U.N. Security Council elects Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjold (Hammarskjöld) (1905-61) of Sweden as U.N. secy.-gen. #2, taking office on Apr. 10 (until Sept. 18, 1961); after being reelected unanimously to a 2nd term in 1957, the Soviet Union gets pissed-off at this handling of the Congo Crisis, and tries unsuccessfully to get him replaced by a 3-man troika; he never marries and is never seen in the company of the opposite gender - that makes him a metrosexual, or a workaholic? JFK's regretted marred coitus with Margaret Coit leads directly to his assassination? In spring after Baruch's friend Joseph P. Kennedy ran her off, recent Pulitzer Prize winner Margaret Louise Coit (1919-2003) gives an interview to horndog JFK for a new book about Camden, S.C.-born Jewish banker Bernard Mannes Baruch (1870-1965), and he ends up in her apt. making moves on her, to which she protests "This is only our first date. We have plenty of time", to which he replies "I can't wait, you see. I'm going to grab everything I want. You see, I haven't any time"; the next day she interviews NYT columnist ("Dean of American Newsmen") Arthur Bernard Krock (1886-1974), a known sycophant of Joseph P. Kennedy who acted as his ghostwriter and as a secret lit. agent for JFK, who utters the soundbyte: "John Kennedy - what a tragedy that boy is", explaining: "Don't you know he is going to die? His father told me that he had only four years to live." On Apr. 3 pocket-size weekly TV Guide, created by Wharton School of Finance-educated anti-McCarthy Jewish-Am. moneybags Walter Hubert Annenberg (1908-2002), owner of the Philadelphia Inquirer begins pub., becoming the first TV program mag. in the U.S.; the cover shows Lucille Ball and her baby Desi Arnaz Jr.; it becomes the most successful periodical of the decade, reaching 1.5M circ. with 10 regional eds. by the end of the year, and 7M circ. with 53 regional eds. by the end of the decade; in 1998 he sells it along with his other holdings for $3B, and gives $1B of it away - comment about Jews controlling the media here? On Apr. 4 Roy Marcus Cohn (1927-86) and anti-Communist hotel chain millionaire Gerard David Schine (1927-96) (who in 1952 pub. a pamphlet called "Definition of Communism" and had it placed in every room of his family's hotel chain), both working for Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy arrive in Paris for an 18-day trip to European capitals as reps. of the U.S. Congress; the press lionizes them, chanting "Positively, Mr. Cohn! Positively, Mr. Schine!" The welfare state U.S. develops an expensive hobby? On Apr. 11 Killeen, Tex.-born Oveta Culp Hobby (1905-95) (who organized the WACs in 1941) becomes the first cabinet secy. in charge of the new U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), superseding the 1939 Federal Security Agency (FSA) and the 1798 U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), becoming the first U.S. govt. agency created by a pres. via his reorganizational authority; the U.S. Food and Drug Admin. (FDA) is transferred to it as part of the FSA; Nelson A. Rockefeller, who conducted the study that resulted in its creation becomes under-secy. (until 1954); in 1955 she resigns after her husband, former (1917-21) Tex. Gov. #27 William Pettus Hobby (1878-1964) becomes ill; in 1979 it is renamed to Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS), with the Dept. of Education split off; by the end of the cent. its budget grows to $17B. On Apr. 16-18 the Battle of Pork Chop Hill in Korea 50 mi. N of Seoul pits the U.S. 7th Div. under Roswell Coverup Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau (1902-91) against Chinese Communist forces under Gen. Peng Dehuai (Te-huai), who have seized the non-strategic hill to test Chinese cooking, er, U.N. resolve, being driven off with heavy losses on both sides after nine U.S. artillery battalions fire 77,349 rounds. On Apr. 19 gen. elections in Japan substantially narrow the Liberal majority in the Diet. On Apr. 20-May 3 Operation Little Switch, the exchange of sick and wounded POWs after Stalin's death takes place in Korea. On Apr. 24 British nudist statesman Winston Churchill is knighted by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. On Apr. 26 negotiations are resumed at Panmunjom following the death of Stalin and after discreet warnings from Pres. Eisenhower implying the use of nukes; by mid-June agreement is reached on repatriation of POWs; meanwhile South Korean pres. Syngman Rhee remains atom, er, adamantly opposed to a truce. A greedy Korean pilot proves that Soviet jets suck? On Apr. 26 in Korea two U.S. Air Force B-29s drop leaflets behind enemy lines offering a $50K reward and political asylum to any pilot delivering an intact MiG-15 to the U.S. for study; on Sept. 21 North Korean pilot Lt. Ro Kim Suk (No Kum Sok) lands his MiG-15 at Kimpo Air Base outside Seoul, collecting the reward after claiming to have been unaware of it; flight tests reveal that the MiG-15 is not supersonic, causing the Kremlin to cover its tracks by ordering development of a next-gen. Mach 2 craft with a 20 km ceiling. On Apr. 28 French troops evacuate N Laos. In Apr. British Guiana is granted a new 1953 Guyanan Constitution, and East Indian dentist (son of a sugar plantation foreman) Cheddi Berret Jagan (1918-97) of the leftist People's Progressive Party (PPP) (founded 1950) is elected PM, ruling with his Chicago-born Jewish wife (related to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, hence a Marxist or Zionist plot?) Janet Rosalie Jagan (nee Rosenberg) (1920-) and Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham (1923-85); too bad, on Oct. 6 after strikes and demonstrations Britain sends warships to prevent a suspected Communist coup, and deposes Cheddi and suspends the new constitution on Oct. 9, charging that he and his party had Soviet ties and "were under the complete control of a Communist clique"; Jagan is jailed for 6 mo. In Apr. Frank Sinatra (1915-98), his career revived by his Oscar, signs with Capitol Records, and begins a collaboration with Nelson Riddle Jr. (1921-85), pioneering the concept album. On May 2 a British Overseas Airways (BOAC) De Havilland DH 106 Comet jet crashes soon after taking off from Calcutta; after another breaks up in midair next Jan., followed by a 3rd next Apr., the entire Comet fleet is grounded until engineers discover that the square corners of the plane's large windows create tiny cracks in the thin metal of the fuselage, leading to sudden depressurization; although it is extensively resdesigned, competitors use the chance to pass them up. On May 9 after exiled king Norodom Sihanouk gets his troops to seize all govt. bldgs., French colonial officers sign protocols giving Cambodia "full sovereignty" in military, judicial, and economic matters on Nov. 9, after which Norodom Sihanouk triumphantly returns from exile. On May 9 a series of 33+ tornadoes begins hitting 10 different U.S. states from Minn. to Tex.; on May 11 an F-5 tornado hits downtown Waco, Tex., killing 114, becoming the worst U.S. tornado since 1947. On May 10 the town of Chemnitz in East Germany becomes Karl Marx Stadt (until 1990). On May 15 Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker stage a bebop concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, Ont., Canada, becoming their last together; it also incl. Bud Powell, who suffers from schizophrenia and alcohol-drug addiction, and is in and out of the hospital, after which his playing career tanks; Max Roach and Charles Mingus also join, then release it on their new label Debut Records as Jazz at Massey Hall (1953). On May 18 Douglas Aircraft makes the first flight of its $1.5M Douglas DC-7 propeller plane, introducing it on Nv. 29, and selling 338 by 1958 while dragging its feet on a private jet. On May 18 Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran (1906-80) becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier as she pilots a North Am. F-86 Canadair Sabrejet over Rogers Dry Lake, Calif. at an avg. speed of 652.337 mph, only six years behind Chuck Yeager. On May 19 a nuclear test in Nev. yields fallout which winds carry 100 mi. E, exposing St. George, Utah to radiation levels of 6K rems, highest ever measured in a populated area, leading to increases of birth defects, childhood leukemia, and thyroid and other cancers - let me see your butterfly tattoo? On May 25 47-ton 20-mi.-range Atomic Annie, the first (last?) atomic cannon (nuclear artillery) is tested in Nev. On May 28 the Soviet Control Commission in East Germany is abolished, and Soviet diplomat Vladimir Semyonovich Semyonov (1911-92) is appointed to the new post of high commissioner. On May 28 the first animated 3-D cartoon in Technicolor, Melody by Walt Disney debuts. Because it's there? On May 29 34-y.-o. Kiwi beekeeper Edmund Percival "Ed" Hillary (1919-2008) and his Nepalese Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay (Norkay) ("wealthy fortunate follower of religion") (Namgyal Wangdi) (1914-86) become the first to scale 29K ft. Mt. Everest (Chomolungma) on the Nepal-Tibet border in the Himalayas (world's highest mountain), leaving the flags of the U.N., U.K., India, and Nepal; the news is announced on the day of Elizabeth I's coronation (June 2), and Hillary is knighted along with Col. Henry Cecil John Hunt (1910-98) of the British Army, leader of the Royal Geographical Society-sponsored expedition. On May 31 the GE Mark I, the first nuclear reactor to produce substantial amounts of electrical power goes online at the Nuclear Reactor Testing Station in Idaho. In May Charles de Gaulle's RPF Party (founded 1947) is dissolved, and he goes into retirement. In May U.S. planes bomb North Korean dams, flooding rice fields. In May Britain denationalizes road transport. Donde esta la lapiz? Francis Bellamy is alive and well in East Germany? In May the Soviet Politburo passes a resolution suggesting (ordering) that East German 14-year-olds take part in Jugendweihe (youth consecration) ceremonies, an atheist secular alternative to Catholic or Protestant confirmation, complete with prep classes and a pledge of allegiance to the state, coercing them by issuing their ID papers at the same time, along with a propaganda book Weltall Erde Mensch (Universe, Earth and Man), which in 1974 is changed to Der Sozialismus - Deine Welt (Socialism - Your World), then Vom Sinn Unseres Lebens (Of the Meaning of Our Lives). Feast your eyes, Brits, it's the last coronation you'll see in your lifetimes? Ancient history comes alive in color like Dorothy in Oz? On June 2 (Tue.) "Peoples' Queen" Elizabeth II of Britain is crowned (don't say coronated, that's not the Queen's English?) in Westminster Abbey 16 mo. after the death of her father George VI; it is televised, and many Brits buy their first TV to watch it, with commentator Richard Dimbleby (1913-65) becoming a BBC-TV star, going on to cover the funerals of George VI (1895-1952), JFK (1917-63), and Winston Churchill (1874-1965), and appear in the first live TV broadcast from the Soviet Union in 1961; ex-king Edward VIII and his taboo Yankee babe Wallis Warfield Simpson are not invited; the coronation dress is designed by closet gay London couturier Norman Bishop Hartnell (1901-79); replicas of the 10 6'-tall plaster Queen's Beasts (Supporters of the Royal Arms) are made for the coronation, incl. the lion of England, unicorn of Scotland, white horse of Hanover, white greyound of Richmond, red dragon of the Tudors (Wales), griffin of Edward III, black bull of Edward III's son Clarence, white lion of the Mortimers, falcon of the Plantagenets, and yale of the Beauforts, which are displayed next to Westminster Abbey for the coronation then moved to Hampton Court Palace followed in 1957 by St. George's Hall in Windsor Castle; in the summer the new queen and her husband Prince Philip stage a royal tour of wowed New Zealand. On June 4 the North Koreans accept the U.N. peace proposals in all major respects. On June 5 the status of Greenland is changed from a colony to a province of Denmark, with two reps. in the Danish Folketing, which becomes the only (unicameral) legislative body after the Rigsdag (in session since 1849) is abolished; the Thule U.S. Air Base in the far far north is completed - if you try to pee you'll freeze your thule? On June 7 gen. elections are held in Italy. On June 8 Austria and the Soviet establish diplomatic relations. On June 8 the Beecher Tornado hits Flint, Mich. (home of the new Corvette), killing 115, becoming the last tornado to kill 100+ until ?; on June 9 a tornado from the same front system hits Worcester County, Mass, killing 94 and leaving 10K homeless, becoming the deadliest tornado in New England (until ?); tornadoes kill 519 this year, setting a record (until ?). On June 8 the Floyd River in Sioux City, Iowa floods, killing 14. On June 8 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules in District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co. Inc. that an 1873 law prohibiting District of Columbia restaurants from refusing to serve black patrons is still in force. On June 9 CIA Technical Services Staff head Sidney Gottlieb (Joseph Schneider) (1918-99), "the Black Sorcerer", "the Dirty Trickster" approves of the use of LSD in Project MKULTRA. On June 10 U.S. Sgt. Ola Lee Mize (1931-), becomes a hero in Korea, winning the Medal of Honor. On June 12 currency reform causes riots in Czech. On June 13 after a rural-backed military coup in Colombia (first in the 20th cent.) ousts fascist anti-Protestant pres. (since 1950) Laureano Eleuterio Gomez, causing him to flee to Spain, Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1900-75) becomes dictator-pres. of Colombia (until 1957), working with his daughter Maria Eugenia Rojas de Moreno (1932-) AKA "La Capitana" to end "La Violencia" (begun 1947) and stimulate the economy, appealing to the masses at first but ending up as yet another repressive and incompetent govt. licking the boots of the oligarchy; meanwhile the Green War begins in Boyaca and Cundinamarca, Colombia over emeralds, with a 3-way grab by left wing guerrillas, right wing guerrillas, drug cartels, and the govt., displacing millions and killing of thousands until it ends in ? On June 14 Yugoslavian pres. Tito announces that the Soviet Union has requested resumption of normal diplomatic relations, calling it a "great victory". On June 16 a govt. announcement of new norms for construction workers leads to a strike of East Berlin workers dissatisfied with economic (read low wages and bad working conditions) and political conditions (read Stalin), escalating on June 17 to a riot of 30K workers, causing the Soviet Union to send tanks and troops; after the rioters throw stones at Russian tanks, the Soviets respond by mowing them down with machine guns, killing 25, and Eric Honecker threatens and delivers a "Peking Solution", later executing 600; on June 22 the govt. offers the Krauts, er, fellow Communist comrades a 10-point reform program; the deep divisions that later cause the breakup of Soviet Communism are exposed, the illusions about Communism being a workers' paradise are kaput, and people begin leaving the country in huge numbers any way they can - they couldn't have used water cannons? On June 18 Egypt is declared a repub., and Fouad II abdicates; PM (Sept. 17, 1952 - Apr. 18, 1954) army CIC Muhammad Naguib (Mohammed Nagib) (1901-84) becomes Egyptian pres. #1 (until Nov. 14, 1954); Cairo singer Umm Kulthum (1904-75), "Star of the East" becomes known for recorded songs praising him and the repub., and goes on to become the #1 Arab singer, her 1975 funeral drawing 4M mourners; Nazi commando Otto Skorzeny (1908-75) is invited to lead a group of Nazi SS officers to train the Egyptian army, and they also train Palestinian refugees for their first strikes into Israel via the Gaza Strip in 1953-4, incl. young Yasser Arafat; Skorzeny later becomes an advisor to Egyptian pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser and Argentine pres. Juan Peron. On June 18 South Korean pres. Syngman Ree orders the release of 27K North Korean POWs opposed to repatriation, causing the U.N. and Allies to denounce his actions and the Communists to charge that the U.N. had "deliberately connived" with him, using it as an excuse to table truce talks; on June 26 a special U.S. ambassador meets with Ree to talk him into truce terms, but 60K pissed-off Chinese Commies launch a bitter offensive against U.N. positions on July 13, and on July 15 45K U.N. troops under Gen. Maxwell Davenport Taylor (1902-87) counterattack. On June 18 a U.S. Air Force Globemaster crashes near Tokyo, Japan, killing 129 servicemen. On June 24 U.S. Sen. (D-Mass.) John F. Kennedy (b. 1917) and polished finishing school grad. socialite and Washington Times-Herald photographer Jacqueline "Jackie" Lee Bouvier (b. 1929) announce their engagement; he had been dating feisty well-travelled actress Katharine Hepburn, but she wasn't considered First Lady material? - despite the great beejays? On June 25-29 heavy floods in North Kyushu, Japan kill 1K and flood 450K houses. On June 27 conservative Joseph Laniel (1889-1975) becomes PM #142 of France (until June 18, 1954). On June a flood in North Kyushu Island, Japan floods 450K houses, affecting 1M, leaving 1K dead or missing; on July 18 a flood on Hondo Island kills 1.7K and injures 7K; funny that the Hollywood film "Hondo" comes out this year on Nov. 27? In the summer the drought in the U.S. Midwest worsens, and sections of 13 states are declared disaster areas, especially S Mo. In June white English children's writer Peggy Cripps (1921-2006), daughter of Labour leader Sir Richard Stafford Cripps marries pure black African Joseph Emmanuel "Joe" Appiah (1918-90), friend of Kwame Nkrumah, causing a firestorm of controversy in Britain and worldwide - meet the future, right here in 1953? In the summer Am. soprano Eleanor Steber (1914-90) sings the part of Elsa in "Lohengrin" in the Bayreuth Wagner Festival, becoming a big hit, then stinking herself up offstage with her hard-living personal lifestyle and attitude. On July 2 the Communist govt. of Hungary resigns; on July 3 parliament reelects Istvan Dobi as pres. and Imre Nagy as vice-pres.; on July 4 Matyas Rakosi resigns as a concession to farmers and consumers, and Imre Nagy (1896-1958) becomes PM of Hungary (until Apr. 18, 1955). On July 2 Place the Face debuts on NBC-TV, followed on Mar. 18, 1954 by CBS-TV, then back to NBC-TV in July 1954 (until Sept. 13, 1955), hosted by Jack Smith, Jack Bailey, and Bill Cullen (Feb. 11, 1954). On July 4 coal miners in Poland stage strikes and riots. On July 5 the European Economic Community holds its first meeting in Strasbourg, France. On July 6 after debuting on NBC Radio in 1952, the quiz show Name That Tune debuts on CBS-TV (until Oct. 19, 1959), hosted by Red Benson (until June 1954), William Lawrence Francis "Bill" Cullen (1920-90) (Sept. 1954-Mar. 1955), and singer-comedian George DeWitt (Florentine) (1922-79) (Sept. 1955-) (known for impersonating Rochester at the 500 Club in Atlantic City, N.J. while Sammy Davis Jr. impersonates Jack Benny), who makes it a hit with his good looks and singing ability; meanwhile his ex-wife (1951-5) Claire Kelly (Claire Ann Green) (1934-98) uses her new freedom to become a hot property in Hollywood before semi-retiring to marry wealthier men. On July 10 U.S. forces withdraw from Pork Chop Hill in Korea after heavy fighting, and the truce conference resumes; on July 11 Pres. Rhee finally caves in and agrees to truce terms. On July 10 Pravda announces that Lavrenti P. Beria (b. 1899) of the Soviet Presidium (former NKVD secret police head) has been ousted and arrested, after which he is secretly tried and executed along with six others, which is not officially announced until Dec. 23 - not a wet eye in the house? One Hispanic forks his way into the U.S. establishment, another plays Christ in Cuba, all in the same month? On July 13 Princeton-educated Puerto Rican actor-dir. Jose Ferrer (1912-92) marries Am. singer Rosemary Clooney (1928-2008); they divorce in 1961, get married again in 1964, then divorce again in 1967. On July 15 English serial killer John Reginald Halliday Christie (b. 1899) is hung for murdering at least six women (usually raping them afterward) incl. his wife via strangulation in his flat at 10 Rillington Pl., Notting Hill, London, then moving out in Mar. and leaving three bodies stuffed in a kitchen alcove, where they were quickly found; in 1949 he strangled Beryl Evans and her infant daughter Geraldine, then framed her mentally defective husband Timothy Evans on it and got him hanged in 1950, after which it takes the English justice system until Oct. 1966 to grant him a posth. pardon for the murder of the daughter but not the wife, while England abolishes capital punishment for murder in 1965; filmed in 1971 starring Richard Attenborough as Christie and John Hurt as Evans. On July 25 New York City introduces its first subway tokens, and raises rates to 15 cents, beginning a long decline in ridership and increase in rates as Americans get their own wheels. On July 26 (a.m.) Ariz. police raid the village of Short Creek (pop. 368) in NW Ariz. (Arizona Strip) on the Utah border on a pretext of "grasshopper control" to arrest Mormon polygamists belonging to the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, becoming their 3rd raid (1935, 1944) to stop the pesky practice which causes girls as young as 13 to get married, settle down and have kids, arresting 122 men after Ariz. Gov. J. Howard Pyle (1906-87) predicts that unless they end the Bad P Thang, "in another 10 years the population would be in the thousands and an army would not be sufficient to end the defiance of all that is right"; Utah Gov. J. Bracken Lee cooperates; 38 women and 154 children are bused 400 mi. in the care of the Dept. of Public Welfare and given foster homes and forbidden to return, although most of the kids do after growing up; the largest mass arrest of polygamists in U.S. history (until ?), and the largest mass arrest of men and women in U.S. history (until ?); 36 men plead guilty to conspiracy to commit the Bad P, and are given 1-year suspended sentences; the town's name is changed to Colorado City on the Ariz. side and Hildale on the Utah side. On July 26 former atty. (never really tried out as a ML pitcher?) Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (1926-2016) stages the 26th of July Movement, leading 160 starry-eyed rebels in a desperate, ill-equipped attack on Batista's Moncada Army Barracks in Santiago de Cuba on Sierra Maestra in E Cuba, losing 69 (most) of his men (vs. 19 soldiers and police) and being imprisoned, creating heroes out of Christ and his Twelve Disciples, i.e., Castro and a dozen surviving guerrillas, incl. his brother Raul Castro (1931-) and macho wife Vilma Espin Guillois (1930-2007), Jose Miro (Miró) Cardona (1902-74), Manuel Urrutia (1901-81), Jose Perez (Pepe) San Roman, Erneido Oliva, and Huber Matos (1918-); after the archbishop of Santiago intercedes to spare their lives (groan?), and Fidel writes a Letter from Prison containing a phrase from Hitler's "Mein Kampf" (which he carries and reads often): "I will be absolved by history" from his 1924 trial for his failed Rathaus Putsch (after studying it in prison), they are given 15-year prison terms (released in 1955); Castro's July 26th Movement later adopts the red-black-white Nazi flag as its colors. At the first sign of smoke someone is dialing 911? Millions die for a line drawn in the sand and some medals, like a sick chess tournament using real people as pieces? On July 27 (Mon.) after seven weeks of negotiation on behalf of the U.S. and U.N. by New York atty. Arthur Hobson Dean (1898-1987), the "forgotten" Korean War ends with an Armistice Agreement signed in Panmunjon near the 38th parallel by the U.S. North Korea, South Korea, and the People's Repub. of China (PRC), ending (suspending?) the Korean War (begun 1950) after 3 years 32 days; the U.N. Command, Military Armistice Commission, Korea (UNCMAC) composed of U.N. and Communist officers is established to supervise the truce, which incl. the creation of a 2.4-mi.-wide Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) running 150 mi. between the two Koreas, where 1K plant species, 50 types of mammals (incl. the rare Asiatic black bear, Amur leopard and Siberian tiger) and hundreds of bird species, incl. two endangered cranes live; the Bridge of No Return is used for POW exchanges; total casualties: 800K soldiers killed and 1.6M wounded, plus 2M civilians killed and 2M-3M wounded; total South Korean casualties: 1,312,836, incl. 415,004 killed; U.N. casualties: 334,227, incl. 36,914 U.S. dead (36,576 official), and 103,284 wounded, 8,176 MIA, 7,245 POW, 131 Medals of Honor; Communist casualties: 1.5M-2M; and that's not counting the destruction of most of the peninsula, and the hundreds of thousands of families left homeless; the only war the U.S. enters in the 20th cent. that remains unresolved at the end of the cent. (until ?); U.S. Gen. Mark Wayne Clark (1896-1984) signs the armistice for the U.S., gaining "the unenviable distinction of being the first United States Army commander in history to sign an armistice without victory"; the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), consisting of reps. from Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, and Czech. is created to investigate truce violations outside the DMZ; a top-level political conference between the Communists and U.N. is scheduled for "within 3 months" "to insure the peaceful settlement of the Korean question"; M/Sgt. Anthony B. "Tony" Herbert is the war's most decorated GI, and later gets into a war with the U.S. govt. over alleged atrocity coverups in the Vietnam War; Capt. Joseph "Joe Mac" McConnell is the top U.S. ace of the war, with 16 kills; the Communists lose 954 aircraft in the war, 827 of them MiG-15s, 792 of them downed by U.S. F-86 Sabres in MiG Alley S of the Yalu River, losing only 78 Sabres. On July 29 the Japanese legislature votes unanimously to adopt a resolution favoring an increase of trade with Communist China. On July 31 the Marshall Aid Commemoration Act in Britain creates the Marshall Scholarship for U.S. students to use at any U.K. univ. in order to thank the U.S. for the Marshall Plan; U.S. Supreme Court justice Stephen Bryer later becomes a recipient. In July millionaire G. David Schine (1927-96), McCarthy's "chief consultant on psychological warfare", and buddy of Roy M. Cohn is drafted by the Gloversville draft board, and when he can't get an officer's commission Cohn calls Army chief Hill liaison Brig. Gen. Miles Reber to his office to pressure him, r esulting in his commissioning on Nov. 3, where he is assigned to Company K, Ft. Dix, N.J., and given special privileges, incl. weekend passes and in-camp pickup by his private limo; the scandal hits the newspapes in Dec.; rumors that Schine is gay like Cohn later prove false? In July the Dems. begin boycotting McCarthy's Senate subcommittee to protest his nine-pound-hammer tactics. On Aug. 3 the U.S. Info. Agency (USIA), devoted to "public diplomacy" is created (until 1999) by Pres. Eisenhower under Reorg. Plan No. 8 , and authorized by the 1948 Smith-Mundt Act; on Oct. 22 Ike issues a directive defining its mission; Voice of Am. (VOA), its largest element moves its HQ from New York City to Washington, D.C. next year; the non-partisan Nat. Committee for an Adequate Overseas Info. Program is formed by 28 comm and PR experts headed by Edward Louis Bernays (1891-1995) to support it; in 1999 its broadcasting functions are moved to the new Broadcasting Board of Governors, and its other functions are given to the new undersecy. of state for public affairs and public diplomacy. On Aug. 5-Sept. 6 the last U.S. and Korean POWs are exchanged in Operation Big Switch, becoming the last official act of the Korean War; U.S. health experts blame the poor condition of returned U.S. POWs on their refusal to eat Korean military rations - rotten cabbage is yummy? On Aug. 7 the U.S. Congress finally recognizes Ohio statehood, retroactive to 1803 - Tecumseh's family finally dropped the lawsuit? On Aug. 7 Pres. Eisenhower signs the U.S. Refugee Relief Act (Emergency Migration Act), providing for admission of 214K immigrants incl. 60K Italians, 17K Greeks, 17K Dutch, and 45K immigrants from Communist countries by 1956. On Aug. 8 the U.S. and South Korea sign a mutual security pact, and the U.S. Congress appropriates $200M for South Korean reconstruction, while the Soviets chip in 1B rubles; meanwhile on Aug. 8 the Red Supreme Court of North Korea convicts 10 leading govt. officials of espionage and conspiracy to rebel, and sentences them to death. On Aug. 8 Soviet PM Georgi Malenkov announces that the Soviet Union has the H-bomb. On Aug. 11 a 7.2 earthquake totally devastates most of the Ionian Sea Islands, becoming Greece's worst natural disaster in cents. On Aug. 12 the Soviet Union surprises the U.S. by detonating its first H-bomb, the Sloika design, based on stolen U.S. secrets, but doesn't acknowledge the explosion publicly until Aug. 20, elevating team member Andrei Sakharov to full membership in the Soviet Academy of Sciences; the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists moves the Doomsday Clock to 2 min. before midnight. On Aug. 13-25 4M French workers strike to protest austerity measures. On Aug. 15 monetarist treasury minister Giuseppe Pella (1902-81) becomes PM of Italy (until Jan. 12, 1954) as rumors of an imminent Yugoslav seizure of Trieste spread. On Aug. 15 the U.S., backing its puppet shah (since Sept. 16, 1941) Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (Pahlavi) (1919-80) plots to remove "Persian madman" (i.e., popular, democratically-elected) PM (since 1951) Mohammed Mossadegh, but when his chief of staff warns him of the plot and rushes troops to defend him, the shah flees to Baghdad; too bad, on Aug. 19-22 royalist forces financed by the CIA and British (a mob led by a giant thug?) stage Operation Ajax, leading to the successful bloody 1953 Iranian Coup, killing 300 and ousting Mossadegh in return for raising Iran's cut of oil revenue from 10% to 20%, and a $120M "coronation" fee to the shah for baksheesh; on Aug. 18 the shah appoints Nazi collaborator Gen. Mohammad Fazlollah Zahedi (1896-1963) as PM (until 1955), and oil begins to flow again; Gen. Nematollah Nassiri (1911-79), who personally delivers the arrest warrant to Mossadegh goes on to become the head of the secret service agency Savak in 1965, and the shah goes on to gather dictatorial powers, that later backfire with the 1979 anti-U.S. Iranian Rev.; on Dec. 21 Mossadegh is sentenced to three years in solitary; the U.S. doesn't apologize until the year 2000, by which time Iranians have taken out their hatred of the U.S. and backed Islamic terrorism, whereas if the U.S. had let them use their oil to help pull their pop. out of poverty, the roots of Islamic terrorism might have withered and died?; the CIA doesn't officially admit it was behind the coup until 2013. On Aug. 16-18 a Flying Saucer Convention is held in the Hollywood Hotel in Los Angeles, Calif. On Aug. 17 Narcotics Anonymous holds its first planning session in S Calif., followed by the first regular meeting on Oct. 5. On Aug. 20 Moroccan sultan (since 1927) Mohammed V (1909-61) is deposed by the French and exiled along with his family to Corsica, and he is replaced by his uncle Mohammed Ben Aarafa, who assumes the title of Mohammed VI (1889-1976) (until Oct. 1955); on Sept. 4 the U.N. Security Council declines to heed an Arab call to intervene; in Jan. 1954 the sultan and his family are moved to Madagascar. On Aug. 20 the U.S. gives West Germany 382 ships it captured during WWII. On Aug. 21 WWII Midway ace (later USMC Maj. Gen.) Marion Eugene Carl (1915-98) sets an unofficial alt. record of 83,235 ft. above Muroc Dry Lake in Calif. in a Douglas Skyrocket dropped from a B-29 bomber at 34K ft.; on Nov. 20 (almost the 50th anniv. of the Wright Brothers flight on Dec. 17) U.S. Nat. Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) civilian test pilot Albert Scott Crossfield (1921-2006) becomes the first pilot to twice at 2x the speed of sound in a Douglas Skyrocket, reaching 1,291 mph (2,078 km/h) (Mach 2.005), causing military "blue suiters" to throw fits; on Dec. 12 Chuck Yeager bests him with Mach 2.4 (1.8K mph). On Aug. 23 NBC-TV devotes several hours to live coverage of the return of U.S. POWs from Korea, mostly centered in San Francisco, Calif. On Aug. 29 British leftist historian A.J.P. Taylor (1906-90) writes in The New Statesman that "The Establishment draws in recruits from outside as soon as they are ready to conform to its standards and become respectable. There is nothing more agreeable in life than to make peace with the Establishment - and nothing more corrupting", causing him to be credited with coining the phrase "the Establishment". In Aug. the Bolivian govt. begins an agrarian reform program to distribute land to 2.5M landless peasants, causing three abortive overthrow attempts by rightists. In Aug. the Romanian govt. announces the halting of work on the Danube River-Black Sea Canal. In Aug. Peru and Brazil sign economic and cultural pacts. On Sept. 2 Letter to Loretta debuts on NBC-TV for 165 episodes (until June 4, 1961) starring "Farmer's Daughter" Loretta Young (1913-2000), who answers a different fan mail question each episode; on Feb. 14, 1954 it is renamed "The Loretta Young Show", and the letter gimmick is dropped in favor of guest hosts and guest stars after swirling through a door in a gown at the start of the show. On Sept. 3 the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) (signed by 47 Council of Europe member states on Nov. 4, 1950) becomes effective; Britain doesn't get around to passing their version until 1998, or enforcing it until 2000. On Sept. 3 the First Taiwan Strait (Formosa) (Offshore Islands) Crisis begins when Chinese Communists shell the small Quemoy Islands and the Matsu Islands, located a couple of miles off the Chinese coast 150 mi. apart which are garrisoned by Nationalist troops; hawks urge Pres. Eisenhower to bomb China in retaliation, but he refuses and in Dec. signs a mutual defense treaty with Chiang Kai-shek in which he agrees to stop harassing the mainland and the U.S. agrees to protect Formosa, but not the coastal islands. On Sept. 5 the U.N. rejects the Soviet Union's motion to accept Communist China as a member. On Sept. 12 (Sat.) the wedding of pure-classy Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (1929-94) and John Fitzgerald Kennedy (b. 1917) at St. Mary's Church in Newport, R.I. attracts internat. publicity; they honeymoon and see their first movie (produced by Hearst) in the H-shaped 29-bedroom 40-bathroom Hearst Mansion in Beverly Hills, Calif., most expensive private home in the U.S., which is later seen in the 1972 film "The Godfather"; they have 2 sons (John Jr., Patrick Bouvier) and 1 daughter (Caroline). On Sept. 13 Nikita Khrushchev is elected first secy. of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee. On Sept. 25 a hurricane in SE Asia kills 1K. On Sept. 25 the first German POWs return from Soviet Union to West Germany. On Sept. 26 rationing of cane sugar ends in Britain. On Sept. 26 Spain and the U.S. sign an agreement providing U.S. military and economic aid in exchange for U.S. use of Spanish air and naval bases; Greece signs a similar agreement with the U.S. on Oct. 12. On Sept. 28 the Jack LaLanne Show debuts on ABC-TV (ends 1985), starring Francois Henri "Jack" LaLanne (1914-2001), teaching housewives to keep in shape in a half hour each day. On Sept. 29 Make Room for Daddy (The Danny Thomas Show) debuts on ABC-TV for 351 episodes (until Sept. 14, 1964 after switching to CBS-TV in 1957), starring Danny Thomas (Amos Muzyad Yakhoob Kairouz) (1912-91) as Danny Williams, a comedian working at the Copa Club, and Jean Hagen (1923-77) as his son Margaret, Sherry Jackson (1942-) as their daughter Terry, and Russell Craig "Rusty" Hamer (1947-90) as their son Rusty; in Apr. 1957 after Rusty gets the measles, Danny hires Irish nurse Kathy "Clancy" O'Hara, played by Marjorie Lord (Marjorie F. Wollenberg) (1918-)), and in the season finale she proposes to him, and on Oct. 7, 1957 it debuts on CBS-TV in old time slot of "I Love Lucy", showing them on their honeymoon, after which they adopt Linda, played by Angela Margaret Cartwright (1952-); Hans Georg Conried Jr. (1917-82) plays Danny's eccentric Lebanese Uncle Tonoose; Bill Dana (William Szathmary) (1924-) plays Jose Jimenez; Annette Joanne Funicello (1942-2013) plays italian exchange student Gina Manelli; Jimmy Durante and Harry James make guest appearances. In Sept. the ABC Evening News debuts, anchored by John Charles Daly until 1960, after which it has multiple hosts and formats until 1962. In Sept. after USAF secy. #3 (since Feb. 4) Harold Elstner Talbott Jr. (1888-1957) dumps Hughes Aircraft for its mismanagement of the AIM-4 Falcon project, TRW Inc. in Redondo Beach, Calif. is founded by disgruntled Hughes Aircraft employees Simon "Si' "Ramo (1913-) and Dean Everett Woolridge (1913-2006) as the Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., leading the development of the first U.S. ICBM as systems contractor; in Oct. 1958 it merges with Thompson Products of Cleveland, Ohio to form Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge Inc.; in June 1960 the U.S. Congress forces its Space Technology Labs (STL) to split off as the nonprofit Aerospace Corp., in El Segundo, Calif., which works for the USAF Space and Missile Systems Center and Nat. Reconnaisance Office; In 1961-3 TRW produces 319K M-14s for the U.S. military; in July 1965 STL is renamed TRW Systems Group; in 1970 it forms the Credit Data Group to compete with Dun and Bradstreet; in 1978 it acquires ESL; TLW works for TRW in 1979-81; in 1996 it spins-off Credit Data to form Experian; on July 1, 2002 it is acquired by Northrop Grumman; Microsoft founder Bill Gates gets his first break at age 15 debugging energy-grid control software for TRW; the season 1 "Star Trek" episode #29 Operation Annihilate! (Apr. 13, 1967) is filmed on Feb. 15, 1967 on the campus-like grounds of TRW in Redondo Beach, Calif. On Oct. 1 after raising $8K from 45 investors, incl. $1K from his mother, plus $1K of his own, sexually-starved white hetero sexist Chicago failed cartoonist Hugh Hefner (1926-2017), inspired by the Betty Grable pinups (really got the idea while working on a kids mag.?) founds Playboy (original name Stag Party) mag. (50 cents) with the first (Dec.) issue featuring a Nude Calendar Pinup of Marilyn Monroe (photographed in 1949); "What did you have on during the photo session?" - "The radio"; initial run: 70K copies; he goes on to evolve his hedonistic women-as-sex-objects-with-no-consequences "Playboy Philosophy", and adds interviews with and contributions by prominent writers John Steinbeck, Ray Bradbury, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Saul Bellow, et al. in an attempt to help readers justify purchases because "they only want to read the articles"; cause or effect, necklines plunge and big mammaries become in among female U.S. entertainers? On Oct. 1-5 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) 4-2 to win the Fiftieth (50th) World Series for a fivepeat; the 4th defeat for the Dodgers in seven years; 2B player Billy Martin of the Yankees is MVP; Brooklyn pitcher Carl Daniel Erskine (1926-) strikes out a record 14 Yankees in Game 3, which is passed in 1963 by Sandy Koufax (15). On Oct. 4 (Sun.) the first Red Mass is held in the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, D.C. for U.S. Supreme Court members who are Roman Catholic on the day before the court convenes for its term on the first Monday in Oct. On Oct. 5 Norwegian-Swedish-Am. Calif. gov. #30 (since Jan. 4, 1943) Earl Warren (1891-1974) is sworn-in as U.S. Chief Justice #14 and the 88th U.S. Supreme Court justice (until June 23, 1969), succeeding Fred M. Vinson (d. 1953), who was chief justice since June 20, 1946 but nobody remembers because the New Deal was settled and the court wasn't into civil rights activism yet?; Provo, Utah-born Calif. lt. gov. #35 (since Jan. 5, 1947) Goodwin Jess "Goodie" Knight (1896-1970) becomes Repub. gov. #31 of Calif. (until Jan. 5, 1959), proving to be a moderate who is sympathetic to organized labor. On Oct. 9 Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as German chancellor. On Oct. 9 Dem. James Paul "Jim" Mitchell (1900-64) becomes U.S. labor secy. (until 1961), becoming known as "the social conscience of the Republican Party". On Oct. 10 the Italian govt. formally accept the decision of the U.S. and Britain to hand over Zone A of Trieste to them, while Zone B goes to Yugoslavia. On Oct. 11 (Sun.) The Bachelor Party by Paddy Chayefsky (1923-81) airs on Philco Playhouse, starring Eddie Albert and Kathleen Maguire. On Oct. 11 (Sun.) (9:30 p.m.) the half-hour police drama series The Man Behind the Badge debuts on CBS-TV for 38 episodes (until Sept. 4, 1955), starring Charles Ambrose Bickford (1891-1967). On Oct. 2 Person to Person debuts on CBS-TV (until Sept. 8, 1961), with cigarette-puffing Edward R. (Egbert Roscoe) Murrow (1908-65) interviewing celebs in their homes from his comfy chair in the New York studio, usually two 15-min. interviews per episode, with guests wearing wireless microphones, incl. John F. and Jacqueline Kennedy, Elizabeth Taylor, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lewis, Marlon Brando, Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, Groucho and Harpo Marx, Pres. Harry S. Truman, Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh, Bing Crosby, Kirk Douglas, John Steinbeck, even Fidel Castro; in 1959 Charles Collingwood (1917-85) substitutes; "Good evening, I'm Ed Murrow. And the name of the program is 'Person to Person'. It's all live, there's no film." On Oct. 14 (9:30 p.m.) the Qibya Massacre sees Israeli troops under Ariel Sharon get even for hate-filled Arab Muslim cross-border raids by crossing the Green Line and attacking the village of Qibya on the West Bank, killing 69 Arabs, many while hiding in 45 houses they blow up, along with a mosque and school; the massacre draws worldwide condemnation, incl. the U.N., U.S., and many Jewish communities. On Oct. 19 after singing I'll Take Manhattan, singer Julius La Rosa (1930-), a popular regular on the CBS-TV program Arthur Godfrey Time is fired on the air by short-fused insecure Arthur Morton Godfrey (1903-83), who accuses him of "lacking humility", boomeranging on him with the audience, who were hooked on him as one of them; he also fires his musical dir. (since 1946) Archie Bleyer (1909-89), who founds Cadence Records in 1952 and takes La Rosa under his arm, and when he flops he signs Andy Williams (until 1961), followed by the Everly Brothers (until 1960), then quits in 1964 when he can't stand Beatles music, and sells out to Williams; Godfrey's show goes into a decline, and after cancer surgery he retires in 1959, turning from the #1 sponsor for Liggett and Myers' Chesterfield cigarettes ("Buy 'em by the carton") in 1953 into an anti-smoking spokesman, dying of emphysema in 1983. On Oct. 21 gay British actor John Arthur Gielgud (1904-2000), who lost his lover John Perry to gay British producer Hugh "Binkie" Beaumont (1908-73) is arrested for lewd behavior (cottaging) in a public lavatory in Chelsea after he propositioned a plainclothes cop, and is convicted of "persistently importuning for immoral purposes", causing him to avoid Hollywood for the next decade for fear of being denied entry because of his police record; meanwhile his case is used by British gays as a cause celebrate to lobby for decriminalizing homosexuality. On Oct. 22 France and Laos sign the Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association, making Laos "fully independent and sovereign" within the French Union. On Oct. 27 the radio series "Theatre Guild on the Air" (1943-53) switches to ABC-TV as The United States Steel Hour, airing live dramas in bi-weekly alternation with "The Motorola Television Hour", switching to CBS-TV in 1955-63, featuring writers Ira Levin, Richard Maibum, and Rod Serling; in Apr. 1956 it presents "Noon on Doomsday", by Rod Serling, about a town that circles the wagons for an anti-Semitic bigot, causing the press to accuse it of really being about the Emmett Till case, drawing 15K complaints from white supremacists, launching Serling's career as a writer on controversial issues; on Nov. 20, 1957 it presents "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", starring "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Clause" singer Jimmy Boyd, Basil Rathbone, Jack Carson, and Florence Henderson; in 1960 it presents "Queen of the Orange Bowl" starring Anne Francis and Johnny Carson. On Oct. 28 after the Communists accuse the U.S. of "perfidy", the U.N. delegate withdraws from the U.N.-Communist negotiations over Korea, and they are never resumed. On Oct. 30 Gen. George C. Marshall is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first U.S. career military man to receive it (until ?), uttering the soundbyte: "I know there has been considerable comment over the awarding of the Nobel Prize to a soldier". On Oct. 30 the U.S. and Japan sign an agreement to enlarge Japan's self-defense forces. On Oct. 30 U.S. Pres. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret Nat. Security Council Paper No. 162/2, which states his New Look policy that the U.S. nuclear weapons arsenal must be maintained and expanded to counter the Communist threat. In Oct. in the U.S. a landmark antitrust complaint filed against Morgan Stanley and 16 other investment banking houses is dismissed. In Oct. Bolivia obtains $9M in economic aid from the U.S. under the Point Four Program - Butch Cassidy jokes here? When I'm at work I touch myself, Or, I heard you had a boyfriend who looks like a girlfriend, Or, Hoover and Teller 'get' Oppy: On Nov. 5 David Ben-Gurion retires, and Moshe Sharett (1894-1965) becomes PM of Israel (until 1955). On Nov. 7 William L. Borden, former exec. secy. of the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy (backed by Edward Teller and assocs.) writes to J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972), claiming that "more probably than not J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union"; Hoover prepares an inch-thick digest of his 4'6"-high Oppenheimer file and sends it to the White House, the AEC and the Pentagon; Pres. Eisenhower calls it "very disturbing", and orders the AEC to investigate without letting McCarthy know about it, and orders a "blank wall" put between Oppy and all govt. secrets, even though he holds a top secret Q clearance and is in Britain delivering BBC's prestigious Reith Lecture and receiving his 6th honorary degree (from Oxford); when he returns to the U.S., on Dec. 21 he is called into the AEC office of Adm. Strauss and told he is suspected of treason, and offered a graceful exit, which he declines; on Dec. 24 the AEC confiscates all classified material in his possession, and he is on the grill for next Apr. On Nov. 9 the U.S. Supreme Court upholds a 1922 ruling that major league baseball does not come within the scope of federal antitrust laws. On Nov. 9 king (since 1932) Ibn Saud (b. 1876) dies, and is succeeded by his eldest (Kuwait-born) son Crown Prince Ibn Abd el-Aziz ibn Saud (1902-69) as king #2 of Saudi Arabia (until 1964); too bad, he becomes so seduced with extravagant living that he can never fulfill U.S. aspirations of being an Arab alternative to Nasser; in 1955 after British Arabophile Jack Philby (father of traitor spy Kim Philby) critizes Saud, saying that he is picking up his morals "in the gutters of the West", he is exiled to Lebanon, going on to utter the soundbyte: "The true basis of Arab hostility to Jewish immigration into Palestine is xenophobia, an instinctive perception that the vast majority of central and eastern European Jews... are not Semites at all... The European Jew of today, with his secular outlook... is regarded as an unwelcome intruder." On Nov. 10 Elpidio Quirino is defeated for reelection as pres. of the Philippines by Liberal defense secy. Ramon Magsaysay (1907-57) (until 1957), who goes on to enact a series of populist reforms to help the poor, incl. land redistribution, which ends up hampered by lack of funds caused by a legislative sabotage; meanwhile he pacifies the Marxist Huk guerrillas using the carrot and stick approach. On Nov. 11 the current affairs program Panorama debuts on BBC-TV (until ?), with investigative reports about Britain and the world, going on to become the world's longest-running public affairs program. On Nov. 16 the U.S. joins in the condemnation of Israel for its raid on Jordan - they should have helped them take and colonize it? We are young, heartache to heartache we stand, Or, Love is a what? On Nov. 16 on TV Harry Truman refers scathingly to "McCarthyism", causing Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy to demand and receive equal time for a reply, saying that the "raw, harsh, unpleasant fact" is that "Communism is an issue and will be an issue in 1954", and turning on Pres. Eisenhower for saying that he didn't know what McCarthyism meant, ominously predicting that he would soon find out; on Dec. 3 he attacks Ike on TV as the latter leaves for a conference with Winston Churchill on Bermuda, decrying mutual aid treaties with Britain (which trades with Peking), and calling on "every American who feels as I do about this blood trade with a mortal enemy to write or wire the President... so he can be properly guided"; the 50K pro-McCarthy messages sent to the pres. overwhelm the few anti-McCarthy ones, causing him to be touted by the press as the #2 most powerful man in the U.S. On Nov. 21 Puerto Williams in Chile is founded, becoming the world's southernmost settlement. On Nov. 23 while receiving an award for his contributions to civil rights from the B'Nai Brith's Anti-Defamation League, Pres. Eisenhower spontaneously denounces the tactics of fellow Repub. Joseph McCarthy, asserting the right of everyone to meet his "accuser face to face". On Nov. 28 New York City begins 11 days without newspapers when a photoengravers strike shuts down pub., causing sales to increase for magazines and paperback books. On Nov. 29 after French paratroopers capture it, the French, in a misguided attempt at drawing the Viet Minh insurgents into a death trap establish a garrison camp at Dien Bien Phu in NW Vietnam at the Laos-Vietnam border; in Dec. Paris-born Col. Christian Marie Ferdinand de la Croix de Castries (1902-91) is promoted to brig.-gen. and placed in command of the 250K-man French army in Vietnam and Cochin China, ordering the entrenching of Dien Bien Phu against the 125K-man Communist army under Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap (1911-2013); too bad, the French make the mistake of believing that the Vietnamese can't bring enough troops and arms to that remote point, and end up outnumbered by 4-1. On Nov. 30 Sir Edward Mutesa II (1924-69), kabaka (king) of Buganda since 1939 is deposed and exiled to London by Sir Andrew Cohen, gov. of Uganda, sparking massive protests until he king returns in 1955. In Nov. Communist China cancels the North Korean war debt, and concludes a 10-year economic aid pact giving them $300M over four years. On Dec. 2 Britain and Iran restore diplomatic relations. On Dec. 4 Pres. Eisenhower, British PM Winston Churchill, and French PM Joseph Laniel begin a Conference on World Problems in the Bermudas - the political Bermuda Devil's Triangle? On Dec. 5 Italy and Yugoslavia agree to pull troops out of the disputed Trieste border. On Dec. 5 hundreds of women organized by Castro fight police in midtown Havana. On Dec. 7 super-slim Belgian babe Audrey Hepburn (1929-93) is featured on the cover of Life mag. On Dec. 8 Pres. Eisenhower proposes the Atoms for Peace Program in a speech to the U.S. Gen. Assembly, spreading U.S. nuclear technology to nations that agree not to use it for military purposes :), and leading to the establishment of the IAEA in 1957; the word "atomic" is used by Ike's speechwriters whenever possible because he pronounces "nuclear" as "nucular" (as do Pres. Ford, Pres. George W. Bush, U.S. defense secy. Les Aspin et al.). On Dec. 17 the U.S. FCC approves color TV; on Dec. 30 the first color TV sets go on sale in the U.S. for $1,175. On Dec. 22 Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey agree in principle to form a defense alliance, where any attack by or through Bulgaria on any of them will be regarded as an attack on all. On Dec. 23 Rene (René) Jules Gustave Coty (1882-1962) is elected pres. of France (on the 13th ballot), taking office next Jan. 16 (until Jan. 8, 1959) to succeed Vincent Auriol. On Dec. 24 (10:21 p.m.) a railway bridge collapses in Tangiwai, New Zealand sending a fully-loaded passenger train into the Whangaehu River, killing 153. On Dec. 25 two trains collide near Sakvice, Czech., killing 100+. On Dec. 26 the U.S withdraws two divs. from Korea. I'm in a vanilla kind of mood? In Dec. U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall sails to Norway aboard the SS Andrea Doria to accept the Nobel Peace Prize for his Marshall Plan; in his acceptance speech at Oslo he notes the anomaly of giving the prize to a soldier, says he knows "a great deal of the horrors and tragedies of war", and observes that while the "maintenance of peace in the present hazardous world situation does depend in very large measure on military power, together with allied cohesion", "the maintenance of large armies for an indefinite period is not a practical or a promising basis for policy. We must stand together strongly for these present years... but we must, I repeat, must find another solution." Muhammad Sardar Daoud (1910-78), cousin of Zahir Shah becomes PM of Afghanistan (until ?). The U.S. stations a fleet in the Strait of Formosa to prevent a mainland Chinese invasion of Taiwan. Women in Mexico and Sudan are granted the vote. Julius Raab (1891-1964) becomes chancellor of Austria (until 1961). Gen. Sir John Lionel Kotelawala (1897-1980) becomes PM of Sri Lanka (until 1956). Kashmiri PM (since 1947) Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah is removed and imprisoned by India after denouncing India's treatment of Kashmir, and becomes their semi-permanent house guest. The Am. Stock Exchange is created by a renaming of the New York Curb Exchange (founded 1908), whose members stopped trading from curbs in 1921. The U.S. Submerged Lands Act gives coastal states the oil-rich tidelands extending to a distance of 3 mi., with the federal govt. retaining control of the continental shelf beyond; just before leaving office this year, Pres. Truman issues Executive Order 10426, setting aside the submerged lands as a naval petroleum reserve. U.S. rear adm. Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss (1896-1974) is appointed chmn. of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (until 1958), going on to stink himself up by getting J. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance revoked via a humiliating kangaroo trial, which ends up costing him an appointment as U.S. commerce secy. in 1959, when the U.S. Senate rejects him by 49-46. A lawsuit to end discrimination in public accommodations in Washington, D.C. is won by a committee led by African-Am. leader (1896 co-founder of the Nat. Assoc. of Colored Women) Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954). New Soviet big man Nikita Khrushchev ignores warnings that rainfall in the Kazakhstan Soviet Repub. is undependable, and orders virgin lands plowed and planted with grain to increase Soviet food production - I know the perfect little path, out in these woods I used to hunt? Mercury wastes begin to be discharged into rivers at Minamata Bay in Kyushu and at Nigata in Honshu, fatally poisoning 93 Japanese in the next seven years from eating contaminated seafood, and causing other mercury poisoning damage, incl. brain damage, blindness, and loss of use of limbs. A giant uranium deposit is discovered in Apr.-May in Algoma Basin in Ontario, Canada around Lake Athabasca by Latvian-born Joseph Herman Hirshhorn (1900-1981) of Toronto, who stakes 1.4K claims covering 56K acres, making Canada into a leading supplier. Hooker Chemical Co. covers its 16-acre Love Canal chemical dump (used for over a decade) in Niagara Falls, N.Y. with soil and sells the land for $1 to the Niagara Falls Board of Education, which builds an elementary school on it in 1955 - toxic chemicals are acceptable butt wash and toothpaste here? Pres. Eisenhower issues Executive Order 10450, requiring the dismissal of all homosexual employees ("sexual perverts") from the U.S. govt. - "sperm is not an acceptable butt wash or toothpaste here"? The London Conference of Northern and Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland creates the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (ends 1964) over protests by black Africans wary of getting in bed with white supremacist Southern Rhodesia. Pres. Eisenhower meets with a group of foreign Muslims incl. Muslim Brotherhood leader Said Ramadan (1926-95), courting them as a counterweight against Soviet Communism and placing them on the CIA payroll; in early 1959 West Germany refuses to help - big mistake? Literacy House is founded in Alahabad and Lucknow in Pakistan by Am. educator Welthy Honsinger Fisher (1879-1980) (friend of Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore), sending out teachers equipped with portable classrooms to teach literacy. Texas Sen. (1949-61) Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-73) (the supreme political tactician of his age?) becomes Senate Dem. leader, and Calif. Sen. William Fife Knowland (1908-74) becomes the Repub. leader. James Bryant Conant (1893-1978) becomes U.S. high commissioner for Germany (until 1955), leaving his post as pres. of Harvard (since 1933), which is filled by fellow liberal arts advocate Nathan Marsh Pusey (1907-), with McGeorge "Mac" Bundy (1919-96) as dean; Pusey alienates the secular faculty by trying to renovate Harvard Divinity School, while Bundy becomes the ideal dean, bending bureaucratic rules to get people like Lillian Hellman (1905-84), Laurence Wylie, Erik Erikson, and David Riesman on the faculty. The London Stock Exchange opens public galleries; "My word is my bond." French rabbits infected with myxomatosis are accidentally released in Britain, wiping out most of the country's wild rabbits. The U.S. govt. begins spraying radioactive cadmium sulfide on minority and low-income citizens of St. Louis, Mo., continuing until next year, then resuming in 1963-5; they told them it was harmless, and was an experiment to test smoke screens to protect cities from Russian attack. A German-Austrian expedition climbs 26,660 ft. Nanga Parbat in the Himalayas in W Kashmir. Auguste Piccard and his son Jacques set a depth record of 10,334 ft. in their bathyscape in the Tyrrhenian Trench off Ponza Island, Italy. A message in a bottle is found in Tasmania, dropped by two Australian soldiers on their way to France in a WWI troop ship; the mother of one of them recognizes the handwriting of her son, killed in action in 1918. Stored nuclear energy in graphite begins to be employed as an adjunct power source at the Windscale (later Sellafield) nuclear power plant in England. Italian leather-goods manufacturer Aldo Gucci (1905-90) and his brother Rodolfo Gucci (1912-83) open a store in New York City after their disapproving father Guccio Gucci (1881-1953) dies, selling Gucci loafers, known for colorful fabric instep strips, and double-G "shaffle-bit" metal trim, which become status symbols and sell at outrageous prices to people with too much money; they go on to open shops in London, Paris, Palm Beach, Beverly Hills, and Tokyo. City Lights Bookstore (named after the 1931 Charlie Chaplin film City Lights) at 261 Columbus Ave. in San Francisco, Calif. is founded by unwholesome-but-not-exiled bearded New York-born poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1919-) and Peter D. Martin as the first all-paperback bookstore in the U.S., and it becomes home to the growing anti-materialist nonviolent anti-establishment Beatnik Movement (AKA the Beat Generation) (they have grappled with affluence and lost, and are consequently beat?), which begins in Los Angeles' Venice West; males liked beards, khaki trousers, and sandals; females liked tousled hair, black leotards, and thick "raccoon" makeup around their eyes; Jean-Louis "Jack" Kerouac (1922-69), Irwin Allen Ginsberg (1926-97), and William Seward Burroughs II (1914-97) becomes the Beat Trinity, producing benzedrine-fueled speed-rap "bop kaballa"; Times Square bi con artist and junkie Herbert Huncke (1915-96), AKA "the Mayor of 42nd St." give the Beats their name. U.S. Supreme Court Clerk (to Robert Jackson) William Hubbs Rehnquist (1925-2005) drafts a memo stating +that racial segregation in education is "right and should be affirmed". Sen. Joseph McCarthy convinces the U.S. State Dept. to purge books by Langston Hughes (1902-67), Dashiell Hammett (1894-1961), and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80) in U.S.-run libraries abroad, pressuring Ike to go along with the practice in a press conference, although he later blows up in private with White House press secy. James Hagerty, comparing McCarthy to Hitler; at a commencement at Dartmouth College, Ike utters the soundbyte: "Don't join the book burners. Don't be afraid to go in your library and read every book" - he's already censored the bad books for you? Gay Am.-Russian-Jewish choreographer Jerome Robbins (1918-98) names seven people to HUAC who recruited him for the Communist Party; Lee J. Cobb (1911-76) names 20 people as former Communist Party members, later apologizing and explaining: "It wasn't worth dying for, and if this gesture was the way of getting out of the penitentiary, I'd do it. I had to be employable again." Winston Churchill is named a knight of the British Order of the Garter - and Americans are gullible? Artificial detergents begin outselling natural-based soaps in the U.S. Air conditioning window units in the U.S.: 1M (74K in 1948); Washington, D.C. office workers are no longer sent home when temps reach 90 F, adding to the traffic problem; Sun Belt states in the Am. South begin to experience a pop. boom. ABC-TV (Am. Broadcasting Co.) is acquired for $24.5M by movie theater owner Leonard H. Goldenson (1905-99), who builds it from five owned-operated stations and eight affiliates reaching 35% of U.S. households into the main rival of NBC-TV and CBS-TV - Jews control the media comment here? Atlanta, Ga.-born Ann Ree Colton (1898-1984) of Glendale, Calif. founds the Christian New Age religion of Niscience, "superconscious knowing" beyond academic knowledge. New England Conservatory of Music student Coretta Scott (1927-2006) marries Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68). Eunice Mary Kennedy (1921-) marries R. Sargent Shriver (1915-) on May 23; they have three sons and one daughter, Robert Sargent "Bobby" Shriver III (1954-) (TV producer), Maria Owings Shriver (1955-) (future wife of Ahnuld), Timothy Perry Shriver (1959-) (film producer and head of the Special Olympics), and Anthony Paul Kennedy Shriver (1965-) (founder of Best Buddies). The Fourth Internat. Astronautic Congress meets in Zurich on Aug. 3. The Mount Wrangell Cosmic Ray Observatory in Alaska is built. The J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, Calif., the world's best-endowed museum opens housed in a recreation of the 1st cent. B.C. Villa dei Paryri at Herculaneum. The New York Shakespeare Festival is founded by Brooklyn-born Jewish impresario Joseph Papp (1921-91), with annual summer stagings in the outdoor Delcorte Theater in Central Park starting in 1962. London-born dir. Joan Maud Littlewood (1914-2002) takes over the dilapidated Theatre Royal in Stratford East. The Stratford (Shakespearean) Festival in Ontario, Canada is founded by journalist Harry Thomas "Tom" Patterson (1920-2005), going on to become the largest repertory theater in North Am.; on July 13 "Richard III" opens, starring Alec Guinness, and dir. by Sir Tyrone Guthrie (1900-71). Soupy Sales (Milton Supman) (1926-) makes it big on Saturday morning TV with Lunch With Soupy. Commercial color TV begins in the U.S. with a few broadcasts toward the end of the year on CBS-TV and most major programs on NBC-TV; since the CBS system is not compatible with B&W it is soon abandoned for NBC's. Western Writers of Am. is founded in the U.S., annually awarding the Spur Award to the best Western writer. British writer C.S. Lewis meets admiring fan, writer, and divorcee Helen Joy Gresham (Davidman) (1915-60) (like him, an atheist-turned-Christian), and later gets into a paper marriage to make her a British citizen, then when she gets cancer falls in love for real and marries her. Milk-drinking white bucs-wearing singer Charles Eugene Patrick "Pat" Boone (1934-) from Jacksonville, Fla. (direct descendant of Daniel Boone?) wins 3x this year on The Original Amateur Hour TV show, and snags a record deal next year with Republic Records. After his daddy dies, Jimmy Carter (b. 1924) leaves the U.S. Navy, where he served under Adm. Hyman G. Rickover in the nuclear sub program, and takes over his family's farm near Archery, Ga., running a warehouse, cotton gin, and growing several thousand acres of seed peanuts; in 2005 he boards a sub for the first time since leaving the Navy, named the USS Jimmy Carter. From a horse in a pool to a deer in a school? Blonde-blue Hollywood musical star June Haver (1926-2005), groomed to be the next Betty Grable converts to Roman Catholicism and flirts with becoming a nun after a short-lived marriage followed by the death of her new fiance; on June 28, 1954 she marries rich conservative former (1944) co-star Fred MacMurray and retires from acting. The Pakistan Academy of Sciences is founded on Feb. 16. The Marshall Scholarship is created by the British Parliament in recognition of the Marshall Plan, not limited to Oxford U. and open to women. Spanish architect Jose Luis Sert (1902-83) becomes dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Design (until 1969), setting up the world's first degree program in urban design. Am. libertarian thinker Frank Chodorov (1877-1966) and William F. Buckley Jr. found the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists as a clearinghouse for conservative pubs. in the U.S., later becoming the Intercollegiate Studies Inst., and growing to 50K members by the end of the cent., becoming the first nat. conservative student assoc. in the U.S. Publishers Clearing House is founded in Port Washington, N.Y. by Harold E. Mertz (1904-83), LuEsther T. Mertz (1905-91), and their daughter Joyce Mertz to replace door-to-door mag. sales in place of marketing multiple subscriptions by mail; in 1967 it introduces its sweepstakes; in 1969 it moves its HQ to Jericho, N.Y. I.F. Stone's Weekly, founded by Jradical ewish journalist Isidor Feinstein "I.F." Stone (1907-89) begins pub. in Washington, D.C. as a 4-page newsletter with a circ. of 5.5K, criticizing Sen. Joseph McCarthy, racial discrimination, and (big surprise?) admin. policies on Israel, and growing to 68K circ. by 1968; too bad, it ceases pub. in 1971 due to his bad heart. The leftist anti-colonialist mag. L'Express ("France can bear the truth") begins pub. in Paris, ed. by "Elle" editor Francoise Giroud (1916-2003) and her economist lover Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber (1924-2006), going on to become the French Time and Newsweek. The German newspaper Die Welt is acquired on Sept. 17 by Axel Springer, who retains Hans Zehrer as ed. The lit. paperback journal Discovery, ed. by John W. Aldrich and Vance Bourjaily begins pub., going just six issues (until 1955), but delivering on the title by pub. work of future greats Norman Mailer, William Styron et al. After meeting with starving expatriate writers and telling them that the way out of poverty is to write dirty books, the Paris-based publishing co. Olympia Press is founded by French Jew Maurice Girodias (1919-90), son of risque book publisher Jack Kahane (who drew the crab picture on the cover of Henry Miller's "Tropic of Cancer" at age 15) to pub. erotic and avant-garde works outside France, incl. books by Alexander Trocchi, Henry Miller, Samuel Beckett, and Vladimir Nabokov's "Lolita", after which he is run out of France in 1963, ending up in the U.S. for a decade, before being run out again. The quarterly Paris Review begins pub., ed. by expatriate George Plimpton (1927-2003), featuring long interviews with writers on the craft of writing, starting with E.M. Forster. I love every little thing about you don't you know? The first Israeli Prizes are awarded by the Israeli govt. After rumors that the Eisenhower admin. is about to investigate the Am. Zionist Council, the Am. Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) (originally Am. Zionist Committee for Public Affairs) is founded by Isaiah L. "Si" Kenen to lobby the U.S. govt. in support of Israel, growing to 100K members by 2016; it goes on to become a powerful non-partisan lobby, which some blame for 9/11; King Saud of Saudi Arabia asks U.S. diplomats to finance a pro-Arab lobby to counter it, becoming the start of the Arab lobby in the U.S.; meanwhile Muslim Sunni scholar Taqiuddin al-Nabhani (1909-77) founds the Hizb ut-Tahrir (Party of Liberation) in Jerusalem, with the goal of uniting all Muslim countries under a new caliphate incl. Sharia and the extermination of Israel, spreading to 40+ countries with 1M members by 2010, many in the U.K. The Shiite Hojjatieh Society is founded in Tehran, Iran by Shaikh Mahmoud Halabi to combat the Baha'i religion. Communist Party of Am. propaganda dir. Manning Johnson testifies to the U.S. Congress, claiming that Marxists have infiltrated Roman Catholic seminaries and divinity schools to "make it possible for a small Communist minority to influence the ideology of future clergymen in the paths most conducive to Communist purposes" - Pope Francis? The term "frenemy" is coined. About this time the Greaser subculture begins in the NE and S U.S., with the hoods loving the greased-back hairstyle, leather jackets, motorcycle boots, blue jeans, etc., and going for hot rods, motorcycles, and rockabilly; also about this time the Teddy Boy subculture begins in London, spreading across the U.K., becoming known for their love of U.S. rock & roll, their quiff haircuts, and their Edwardian-style clothes from Savile Row (tapered trousers, long jackets, fancy waistcoats); too bad, they turn into teen gangs with a white racist streak, culminating with the 1958 Notting Hill Race Riots against West Indian immigrants. Leonard Bernstein becomes the first American to conduct at La Scala, Cherubini's Medea (1797) featuring Maria Callas. The Butler really did it? Denny's Restaurants 24-hour fast-food chain is founded as Danny's Donuts in Lakewood, Calif. by Richard Jezak (who departs in 1955) and Harold Butler (1921-98), who changes to the current name in 1959 and gives up donuts for full meals, growing to #1 in 1971 with 1.6K stores in four countries, then selling out and building the Winchell's, Jojo's, and Naugles chains. British Royal Navy Cmdr. Edward Whitehead (1908-78) and Sir Frederick Hooper negotiate a franchise with Pepsi-Cola Co. to bottle Schweppes Tonic Water (founded 1858) in the U.S., changing Tonic to Quinine to get around the FDA, and dropping the price to 75 cents, with the bottles featuring Whitehead's red-bearded face. White Rose Redi-Tea is introduced by Seeman Brothers of New York City, becoming the world's first instant iced tea powder. Deliciously white cocoa butter-based Coppertone Suntan Lotion, invented by pharmacist Benjamin Green in 1944 hits the market, eventually (1959) using a logo of a black Cocker Spaniel pulling at the swimsuit of bronzed white blonde girl Cheri Brand (b. 1956), black Cocker Spaniel pulling at the swimsuit of bronzed white blonde girl Cheri Brand (b. 1956), drawn by her mother Joyce Ballantyne (1918-2006) for the Tally Embry Advertising Agency in Fla., showing her deliciously creamy white ass, along with the slogan "Don't Be a Paleface" - the racemixing ad of the century? The U.S. has 15K pizza parlors, and 100K stores carrying frozen pizzas. L&M Cigarettes are introduced by Liggett & Myers, with "Alpha-Cellulose" filter tips, "just what the doctor ordered"; per-capita cigarette consumption declines 8.8% in 1953-5. Eggo frozen waffles begin to be marketed; in the 1960s they adopt the slogan "L'Eggo my Eggo". Chrysler's 12-volt electrical system becomes the industry standard. German Volkswagens go on sale in Britain for the first time. The last of New York's double-decker Fifth Ave. buses go out of service. The Vickers Viscount, powered by Rolls-Royce turboprop Dart engines (first flown in 1948) goes into service, with 440 eventually sold, incl. 82 to U.S. airlines. The Ferrari 250 sports car is introduced (until 1964), available in LWB (long wheelbase) or SWB (short wheelbase) versions, going on to be replaced by the Ferrari 275 and Ferrari 330; in 2015 a Ferrari 250 GT SWB is sold at auction for $10M. The Porsche Spyder debuts at the Paris Auto Show, becoming the favorite of actor James Dean. Most U.S. movie theaters are adapted for CinemaScope film projection this year and next; the film contracts all require CinemaScope to be filmed in color. Japan begins issuing 10-yen coins with serrated edges (until 1958), breaking the tradition of smooth edges. Die-cast Matchbox Cars, designed by self-trained English engineer John W. "Jack" Odell (1920-2007) are introduced by the English firm of Lesney Products & Co., founded on Jan. 19, 1947 by Leslie Charles Smith (1918-2005) and (not related) Rodney Smith (1917-2003), whose accurately detailed Land Rover, Muir Hill Site Dumper, Road Roller, Massey Harris Tractor, Cement Mixer et al. can be carried in yellow match boxes; Odell designs the first toy in 1952, the red-green brass steamroller for his daughter Anne, who liked to take spiders to school in a matchbox, and sets up a factory in the Rifleman, a London pub; the 19th vehicle is the MG TD roadster, the first Matchbox car; they sell for 49 cents each in the U.S.; by 1962 they are producing 1M units a week, more than the output of real automakers; the co. goes bankrupt in 1982, and is acquired by Universal Toys, Tyco Toys, and finally Mattel in 1997, going on to sell 3B units in 12K models. British (Welsh) fashion designer Laura Ashley (1925-85) begins her worldwide fashion business designing scarves on her kitchen table. Am. soprano Phyllis Curtin (1923-) makes her debut with the New York City Opera. Am. baritone (known for his curly blonde locks) Theodor Uppman (1920-2005) makes his Metropolitan Opera debut on Nov. 27 in the 1902 Debussy opera "Pelleas et Melisande". Scottish folk singer Jeannie Robertson (1908-75) is discovered by folklorist Alan Lomax in Aberdeen, going on to revive Scottish folk music - who needs Mel Gibson? Mexican mariachi singer Lola Beltran (1932-96) is discovered on a talent show in Mexico City, and begins her career, with her signature song "Cucorrucucu Paloma". Jane Froman introduces I Believe by Ervin Drake, becoming the first hit song introduced on TV. Epic Records is founded by CBS for jazz and pop, expanding to all genres by 1960, later signing The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Jeff Beck et al., followed in the 1970s by Boston, ABBA, Cheap Trick, The Clash, REO Speedwagon et al. Vee-Jay Records is founded in Gary, Ind. by Vivian Carter (1921-89) and James C. Bracken (1909-72) to concentrate on black music, signing John Lee Hooker, The Pips, The Dells et al., and later signing their first white act The Four Seasons, and acquiring the rights to some early Beatles records - can I ask you something, where did you get those shoes? Burger King (originally Insta-Burger King) is founded in Jacksonville, Fla. by Keith J. Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns after visiting the original McDonald's Restaurant in San Bernardino, Calif. using an Insta-Broiler; in 1957 they introduce the it-takes-two-hands-to-handle-a Whopper (37 cents); in 1959 they sell-out to James McLamore and David R. Edgerton of Miami, Fla., who rename it Burger King and begin franchising before selling out to Pillsbury Co. in 1967; by 1991 there are 6.4K outlets in 50 U.S. states and 40 country, with $6B yearly sales, coming in #2 behind McDonald's. Crest brand toothpaste is introduced by Procter & Gamble, featuring Fluoristan (stannous fluoride) to fight tooth decay, which is changed in 1981 to Fluoristat (sodium monofluorophospate). Revlon airs its Fire and Ice ad campaign, featuring 36-y.-o. Am. supermodel Dorian Leigh (1917-2008), and shot by Richard Avedon (1923-2004). King's Hawaiian Bakery (originally Robert's Bakery) is founded in Hilo, Hawaii by Robert Taira (1923-2003), who moves it to Honolulu in the eary 1960s, growing to $20M sales/year of its yummy Hawaiian bread (actually Portuguese sweet bread); in 1988 it moves its HQ to Torrance, Calif. Peeps brand marshmallow Easter candy begins to be marketed by Russian Jewish immigrant Sam Born (1891-1959) (who was awarded the key to San Francisco, Calif. in 1916 for inventing a machine that inserted sticks into lollipops) in Bethlehem, Penn., whose co. (founded in 1923 in New York City) is called Just Born to indicate freshness not a Jesus freak ("A great candy isn't made... it's Just Born"), although that doesn't hurt sales in Christian Am.? - no coincidence that TLW was just born this year? Rice-A-Roni boxed rice pilaf mix, "the San Francisco treat", invented by Vincent Michael "Vince" DeDomenico Sr. (1915-2007) et al. of the Golden Grain Macaroni Co. of San Francisco, Calif.; in 1986 it is acquired by Quaker Oats Co., and in 2001 by PepsiCo. Sports: On Jan. 11 Carroll Rosenbloom (1907-79) becomes the majority owner of the NFL Baltimore Colts, swapping them for the Los Angeles Rams in 1971. On Jan. 23 the Baltimore Colts NFL team is founded out of the Dallas Texans after 15K tickets are sold to meet the quota of NFL commissioner Bert Bell; they started out in 1913 as the Dayton Triangles, then in 1930 became the Brooklyn Dodgers, followed by the Brooklyn Tigers in 1944, then the Boston Yanks in 1945, then the New York Yanks in 1949, and the Dallas Texans in 1952; they go on to become the first NFL team with cheerleaders and a marching band. On Feb. 15 Tenley Emma Albright (1935-) of the U.S. completes a 6-year comeback from polio by winning the world figure-skating championship in Davos, Switzerland. On Mar. 18 the Braves baseball team announce that they are moving from Boston, Mass. to Milwaukee, Wisc., made possible by cheap air travel. On Apr. 4-10 the 1953 NBA Finals sees the Minneapolis Lakers (coach John Kundla) defeat the New York Knickerbockers (coach Joe Lapchick) by 4-1 (5th straight title). On Apr. 9-16 the 1953 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Canadiens defeat the Boston Bruins 4-1. On Apr. 24 the 1953 NBA Draft sees nine teams select 122 players in 19 rounds; 6'4" guard-forward Ernest Joseph "Ernie" Beck (1931-) of the U. of Penn. is the territorial pick of the Philadelphia Warriors (#7); 7'0" center Walter F. Dukes (1930-2001) of Seton Hall U. is the territorial pick of the New York Knicks (#24) (1955-6), first playing for the Harlem Globetrotters in 1953-5, then moving to the Minneapolis Lakers (#14) in 1956-7, and the Detroit Pistons (#23) in 1957-63, going on to lead the NBA in personal fouls in 1958 and 1959, and in disqualifications in 1958-1962, setting a record with 121 career disqualifications; 6'11" center Raymond Darlington "Ray" Felix (1930-91) of Long Island U. is selected #1 by the Baltimore Bullets (#25), winning rookie of the year, becoming the 2nd African-Am. after Don Barksdale to be named an All-Star, moving to the New York Knicks (#19) in 1954-60, and the Los Angeles Lakers (#14) in 1960-2; 6'8" Vancouver, Canada-born forward-center Robert J. "Bob" Houbregs (1932-2014) of the U. of Washington is selected #2 by the Milwaukee Hawks (#10), who trade him to the Baltimore Bullets (#14) (1953-4), moving to the Boston Celtics (#20) (1954), and Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons (#8) (1954-8); 6'2" guard Richard Joseph "Richie" Regan (1930-2002) of Seton Hall U. is selected #4 by the Rochester Royals (#14), moving to the Baltimore Bullets in 1958-9; 6'3" guard-forward Frank Vernon Ramsey Jr. (1931-) of the U. of Ky. is selected #5 by the Boston Celtics (#23), playing one year with them then joining the military for one year before rejoining them for eight seasons, helping them to seven championships (1957, 1959-64); 6'4" guard-forward Clifford Oldham "Cliff" "Li'l Abner" Hagan (1931-) of the U. of Ky. (known for his hook shot) is selected #21 by the Boston Celtics, electing to serve with the USAF for two years, winning basketball championships, after which he and Ed Macauley are traded to the St. Louis Hawks (#6) for draft rights to Bill Russell; 6'2" guard Jack Edwin George Jr. (1928-89) of the La Salle U. is selected #102 by the Philadelphia Warriors (#4/317), becoming known for being in the top-10 for assists per game in six seasons, and total min. played (2,840) in 1955-6; 6'9" forward Kenneth Robert "Ken" Sears (1933-) of the U. of Santa Clara U. is selected #108 by the New York Knicks, becoming the first basketball player on the cover of Sports Illustrated mag. (Dec. 20, 1954 issue); after passing to stay in school, he is selected #4 in the 1955 draft by the Knicks again (#12), playing until 1964, going on to lead the NBA in field goal percentage in 1959 and 1960, moving to the ABL San Francisco Saints in 1961-2, returning to the Knicks in 1962, and finishing with the San Francisco Warriors in 1962-4. On May 2 super dribbler Stanley Matthews (1915-2000) finally wins the FA Cup of soccer on his 3rd attempt in the famous Matthews Final, inspiring his Blackpool team to come from 3-1 down to defeat the Bolton Wanderers 4-3 before a crowd of 100K in Wembley Stadium. On May 30 the 1953 (37th) Indianapolis 500 (the Hottest 500), run at an ambient temp in the high 90s and track temp of 130+ F is won by William "Bill" "Vuky" "Vuke" "the Mad Russian" Vukovich(1918-55). On June 18 the Boston Red Sox score a record 17 runs in one inning against the Detroit Tigers (until ?). On Sept. 4 Florence Chadwick (1918-95) swims the English Channel in a record 14 hours 42 min. then sets another record on Oct. 7 by swimming the Bosphorus Strait from Europe to Asia both ways; first Channel swim was on Sept. 11, 1951 (16 hours 19 min.). On Sept. 20 Dallas, Tex.-born Ernest "Ernie" Banks (1931-) of the Chicago Cubs (#14) hits his first ML home run, later becoming known as "Mr. Cub" and "Mr. Sunshine". On Oct. 4 Graz Castellano (1917-64) rolls the first perfect 300 bowling game on live TV at Newark Recreation in Newark, N.J. during an Eastern All-Star League game. On Oct. 11 6'0" Detroit Red Wings right wing Gordon "Gordie" "Mr. Hockey" Howe (1928-) gets his first Gordie Howe Hat Trick (a goal, an assist, and a fight) in a game with the Toronto Maple Leafs, assisting Red Kelly to score a goal, scoring his own goal, and getting into a fight with 5'10" Leafs defenceman Ferdinand Charles Carl "Fernie" Flaman (1927-2012); he gets his 2nd on Mar. 21, 1954 against the Maple Leafs, assisting Ted Lindsay on two goals, and fighting with 5'11" Leafs center Theodore Samuel "Ted" "Teeder" Kennedy (1925-2009). On Nov. 25 the Hungarian nat. soccer "Golden Team", led by center Nandor Hidegkuti (1922-2002) defeats England at Wembley Stadium 6-3 using a new style, with Hidegkuti scoring just minutes into the game and then twice more, becoming England's first-ever loss to a continental team at home, causing the British press to call them the "Magical Magyars", revolutionizing the English game. The Boston Braves (NL) move to Milwaukee, and the St. Louis Browns (AL) move to Baltimore, becoming the Baltimore Orioles. U.S. Open singles champ (1951-2) Maureen Catherine "Little Mo" Connolly (1934-69) becomes the first woman to win the grand slam of tennis (Australian Open, French Open, U.S. Open, Wimbledon); Vic Seixas Jr. (1923-) of the U.S. wins the Wimbleton men's singles; Tony Trabert (1930-) of the U.S. wins the men's U.S. Open, and next year wins the Wimbledon, French, and U.S. Open. Am. golfer Ben Hogan (1912-97) wins the Masters (breaking the record by five strokes), U.S. Open, and his first British Open golf title. Am. featherweight boxer Tommy Collins (1929-96) is beaten so savagely by mob-connected lightweight champ Jimmy Carter (1923-) that cries for boxing reform lead to the "three-times down rule". Native Dancer (1950-67) "the Gray Ghost", jockeyed by Eric Guerin (1924-93) and owned by Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt (1913-) wins the Belmont and Preakness Stakes, but loses the Kentucky Derby to 25-1 longshot Dark Star (1950-) (owned by Cain Hoy Stable) by a head after being bumped at the first turn. English jockey Gordon Richards (1904-88) wins the Epsom Derby on Pinza (1950-77), defeating Aga Khan III's horse Aureole, becoming the first pro jockey to be knighted (until ?). Australia defeats the U.S. to retain the Davis Cup of tennis. Willie Thrower (1930-2002) becomes the first black QB to play in the NFL, for the Chicago Bears on Oct. 18; too bad, he is cut next year, and the next black NFL QB takes a snap in 1968. Toni Stone (1931-96) (2B) becomes the first woman to play as a regular on a men's big league baseball team, the Indianapolis Clowns of the Negro League. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is founded in Greensboro, N.C. by the NCAA's Div. 1; members incl. the U. of N.C., Duke U., U. of Md., N.C. State U., Wake Forest U., U. of Va., Clemson U., Georgia Tech U., Fla. State U., Virginia Tech, Boston College, and U. of Miami. The Women's Internat. Bowling Congress (WIBC) Hall of Fame is founded, merging with the USBC Hall of Fame in 2005. Architecture: On Jan. 25 the Coco Palms Hotel (Resort) in Wailua, Kauai, Hawaii opens, starting out with 24 rooms and growing to 416 rooms by the mid-1970s, turning on celebs by having them plant coconut trees marked with their names and dates, incl. Duke Kahanamoku, Bing Crosby, the von Trapp Family Singers, and the Prince and Princess of Japan; the 1961 Elvis Presley film "Blue Hawaii" is partly shot on the grounds, featuring the nightly (7:30 p.m.) Call to Feast torch-lighting ceremony. Helen Bonfils (-1972) builds the $1.25M Helen Bonfils Theater in Denver, Colo. (closes 1986), bringing theater to a big cowtown. Louis Isadore Kahn (1901-74) designs the Yale U. Art Gallery, his first major commission, whose rough concrete ceilings leave the ducts and lighting equipment exposed. The high-rise Main Bldg. of Moscow State U. in Moscow, Russia is finished, dominating the Moscow skyline. Okura Hotel in Tokyo across from the U.S. Embassy in the Toranomon district opens, raising the bar on luxury. The Yad Vashem (VaShem) Memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust is established at the foot of Mt. Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, featuring walls lined with photos of victims; "And to them will I give in my house and within my walls a memorial and a name" (Isaiah 56:5). Nobel Prizes: Peace: Gen. George Catlett Marshall Jr. (1880-1959) (U.S.) [Marshall Plan] (only senior-level military official who participated in all major decisions involving nuclear weapons in 1942-52); Lit.: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965) (U.K.); Physics: Fritz Zernike 1888-1966) (Netherlands) [phase-contrast microscope]; Chem.: Hermann Staudinger (1881-1965) (Germany) [polymers]; Medicine: Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986) (Germany-U.S.) [coenzyme A] and Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-81) (U.K.) [citric acid cycle]. Inventions: On Feb. 8 a USAF B-29 equipped with the new triple-gyro inertial guidance system designed by MIT engineer Charles Stark Draper (1902-) takes off from Bedford, Mass. carrying eight MIT profs., and flies for 12 hours without anyone touching the controls before the crew take over 10 mi. from Los Angeles, Calif. and lands it. On May 6 Am. surgeon John H. Gibbon Jr. (1903-73) becomes the first to use a heart-lung machine during an operation, keeping Cecelia Bavolek alive while operating on her heart. On Apr. 11 the Tacoma News Tribune pub. the article There'll Be No Escape in Future from Telephones, quoting Pacific Telephone & Telegraph pres. Mark R. Sullivan predicting cellphones. On May 25 the North American F-100 Super Sabre makes its first flight, becoming the U.S. Air Force's first supersonic jet fighter, introduced on Sept. 17, 1954, then retired in 1971 and adopted by the Air Nat. Guard until 1979. On July 20 the $1.25M USAF Martin B-57 Canberra tactical bomber, based on the English Electric Canberra makes its first flight, becoming the first U.S. jet bomber to drop bombs in combat; 403 are built by 1983. On Sept. 18 the single-seat twin-engine MiG-19 "Farmer" is first flown, and introduced in the Soviet Union in Mar. 1955, becoming their first supersonic jet fighter; it is phased-out in the 1960s for the MiG-21 after producing 2,172 in the Soviet Union and 8K in Red China. In 1953 the two-address bi-quinary coded decimal The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine is introduced, becoming the first computer to be manufactured in quantity; derived from the punched card monster IBM 701, it initially has a memory of 1K 10-byte words; 1.5K units are sold by 1969; in Oct. the Univac 1103 becomes the first commercial computer with random access memory (RAM) for blinding speeds. Robert Frank Borkenstein (1912-2002) of lovely Indiana invents the Breathalyzer, a portable device for measuring the blood alcohol percentage from exhaled gases. The first artificial diamonds are made on Feb. 16 in Sweden using high heat and pressure; too bad, they don't announce their discovery, letting GE get the credit in 1955. The Pilkington Process to produce a continuous ribbon of "float glass" on a molten tin bath is developed by Sir Alastair (Lionel Alexander Bethune) Pilkington (1920-95) of the U.K., becoming the first commercially successful method for manufacturing high quality flat glass to replace more expensive plate glass. John W. Hetrick of Newport, Pann. patents the first Air Bag ("safety cushion assembly") as a safety device for autos. Denver, Colo. concert violinist Frank Marugg invents the Denver Boot, used by the police to immobilize cars whose drivers haven't paid their tickets. Australian inventor David Warren (1925-2010) invents the Black Box Flight Data Recorder. Michelin of France and Pirelli of Italy introduce Radial-Ply Tires. Chicago, Ill.-born Norman Bernard Larsen (1923-70), founder of the Rocket Chemical Co. of San Diego, Calif. invents WD-40 (Water Displacement Formula 40) for use on Atlas rockets; it is supplied in an aerosol can in 1958. Austrian engineer Eugen Sanger (Sänger) (1905-64) proposes photon propulsion for spaceships, eventually resulting in the Solar Sail. Tektronix develops the first Plug-In Oscilloscope. Charles Hard Townes (1915-2015) et al. of Columbia U. develop the first ammonia Maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"), where molecules are first put into excited states by absorbing incoming photons, after which further photons cause the excited molecules to give up their photons in exact phase with the new photons, creating a more powerful collimated beam; Soviet physicists Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922-2001) and Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (1916-2002) discover the maser simultaneously, and all three share the 1964 Nobel Physics Prize. Science: The last reported sighting of a blue tiger in Fujian Province, China. The Science of Biology gets its Trinity of Watson-Crick-and-I-forget? Scientific racism gets undermined beyond repair? On Feb. 28 Chicago-born U.S. biologist James Dewey Watson (1928-) and British Cambridge U. model-making molecular biologist Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916-2004) announce their discovery of "the secret of life", the neat transvestite double-helix structure of DNA, then pub. a 1-page article in the Apr. 25 issue of Nature, drooling "This structure has novel features that are of considerable biological interest", later sharing the 1962 Nobel Med. Prize for it with Kiwi physicist Maurice H.F. Wilkins (1916-2004), who verifies the structure with X-ray diffraction; meanwhile Wilkins' colleague Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-58) of Kings College, who also pub. an article in the Apr. 25 issue on her X-ray diffraction studies, and whose work allowed the discovery is left out of the prize - no wonder girls hate math? On May 25 Time mag. pub. the article Science: Invisible blanket, containing an interview with Toronto, Ont., Canada-born infrared physicist Gilbert Norman Plass (1920-2004) of John Hopkins U., who warns of increasing CO2 atmospheric concentrations, with the soundbytes: "This spreading envelope of gas around the earth, says Johns Hopkins Physicist Gilbert N. Plass, serves as a great greenhouse. Transparent to the radiant heat from the sun, it blocks the longer wave lengths of heat that bounce back from the earth", and "At its present rate of increase, the CO2 in the atmosphere will raise the earth's average temperature 1.5° Fahrenheit every 100 years... For centuries to come, if man's industrial growth continues, the earth's climate will continue to grow warmer"; in May 1956 after proving that the absorption bands of H20 and CO2 don't completely overlap, leaving CO2 with its own free band, Plass pub. the article The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change in Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, becoming the earliest reference to the term "climate change"; the abstract starts out: "The most recent calculations of the infra-red flux in the region of the 15 micron CO2 band show that the average surface temperature of the earth increases 3.6° C if the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is doubled and decreases 3.8° C if the CO2 amount is halved, provided that no other factors change which influence the radiation balance. Variations in CO2 amount of this magnitude must have occurred during geological history; the resulting temperature changes were sufficiently large to influence the climate." The Am. Psychological Assoc. (APA) develops a Code of Ethics for Psychologists. English anthropologist Gregory Bateson (1904-80) (husband of Margaret Mead), Am. anthropologist John Weakland (1919-95), and Am. psychiatrists Donald deAvila Jackson (1920-68), and Jay Douglas Haley (1923-2007) found the Bateson Project (ends 1963); in 1956 they pub. the paper Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia, which proposes the Double Bind Theory of Schizophrenia, where different or contradictory messages are received, founding Family Therapy; in 1962 Haley founds the family therapy journal Family Process. German psychologist (in the U.K.) Hans Jurgen Eysenck (1916-97) pub. the article "What is Wrong with Psychoanalysis", claiming that psychotherapy has no proven effect, and that psychoanalysis has negative effects. Wilton, N.H.-born astrophysicist Charles Greeley Abbot (1872-1973) (former asst. of Charles Pierpont Langley), dir. since 1907 of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (inventor of the solar cooker, solar boiler, and solar still) discovers a link between sunspot cycles and Earth climate, claiming to be able to predict climate patterns 50 years in advance. The light-independent carbon-fixation Calvin (Calvin-Benson) (Calvin-Benson-Bassham) Cycle is discovered by UCB chemists Melvin Ellis Calvin (1911-97), James Alan Bassham (1922-2012), and Andrew Alm Benson (1917-2015), explaining the path of carbon in photosynthesis, winning Calvin the 1961 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. surgeon Michael Ellis Debakey (1908-2008) performs the first successful Carotid Endarterectomy (removal of material from the inside of an artery). Australian neurophysiologist Sir John Carew Eccles (1903-97), English physiologist Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917-), and English physiologist Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914-98) determine that the movement of ions into and out of neurons is the basis of nerve signal transmission, winning them the 1963 Nobel Med. Prize. The polio virus is identified and photographed for the first time in Cambridge, Mass. on Nov. 11; meanwhile John Franklin Enders (1897-1955), Thomas Huckle Weller (1915-), and Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003) of Children's Hospital in Boston, Mass. pioneer the growing of polio virus cultures in test tubes, winning the 1954 Nobel Med. Prize; meanwhile Enders and his asst. Thomas Peebles pioneer measles vaccine - enders those peebles on your face? Am. oceanographer William Maurice "Doc" Ewing (1906-74) discovers the great rift running down the middle of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. English pharmacologist Sir John Henry Gaddum (1900-65) shows that LSD is a potent antagonist of serotinin, the chemical substance that makes muscles contract, induces sleep, and has just been found to exist in the human brain - so that's what they mean by high? U. of Chicago physicist Murray Gell-Mann (1929-) introduces the new quantum number isospin (isotopic spin), relating particles to each other in pairs or triplets, along with the quantum property of "strangeness" to account for decay patterns of certain mesons by strangeness conservation; Tadao Nakano and Kasuhiko Nishijima of Japan independently suggest isospin. After splitting with the Internat. Psychoanalytic Assoc. and Freud's "50-minute hour" with his variable-length session, renegade far-left French psychiatrist Jacques Marie Emile Lacan (1901-81) founds the Societe Francaise de Psychanalyse (Société Française de Psychanalyse) (SFP), giving seminars at Sainte-Anne Hospital for the next 27 years. Hartford, Conn.-born epileptic patient Henry Molaison (1926-2008) has his temporal lobe resected and his hippocampus and amygdaloid complex removed by lobotomy by renowned neurosurgeon Dr. William Beecher Scoville, causing him to lose his ability to form new memories, making him into a celeb neuroscience patient. Am. geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson (1922-95) counts lead isotopes in igneous rocks to calculate the age of the Earth at 4.55B years. Am. medical researchers Ernst Ludwig Wynder (1922-99) and Evarts Ambrose Graham (1883-1957) report that tobacco tar condensates can induce cancer when painted on the backs of mice; in 1950 they pub. research showing that lung cancer can develop in nonsmokers but is rarer than in smokers, and that the increase in cigarette use in the U.S. correlates with an increase in lung cancer; too bad, cigarette smoking Graham dies of lung cancer on Mar. 4, 1957 in St. Louis, Mo. Herbert A. Hauptman (1917-) and Jerome Karle (1918-) of the U.S. introduce probabilistic methods as essential tools for determining phases for centrosymmetric crystals. Mabel R. Hokin and Lowell E. Hokin discover that acetylcholine causes pancreas cell membranes to increase their uptake of phosphorus groups, leading to an understanding of cell communication in the 1980s. U.S. Public Health Service researchers Robert J. Huebner (1914-) and Wallace Rowe discover the first adenovirus in cultures of human adenoid tissue, later going on to discover cytomegalovirus, a major hazard for organ transplant recipients and AIDS sufferers. British astronomer Roger C. Jennison develops very-long-baseline interferometry with radio telescopes, dramatically improving resolution; too bad, he is ignored since he's still only a grad student. Keith Jolly discovers Saldanha (Hopefield) Man in Hopefield, South Africa (N of Capetown), with a thick skull, low cranial vault and sloping forehead, and muscle attachments at the nape of the neck indicating a crouching posture; crude hand-axes are found, proving it's not an ape but a man? The first human-to-human kidney transplant is performed in Paris, but fails after 21 days. Russian-born Am. physiologist Nathaniel Kleitman (1895-1999) of the U. of Chicago and his grad student Eugene Aserinsky (1921-98) discover Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep, and study it using an electroencephalograph, correlating it with dreaming and a gen. increase in brain activity, founding modern Sleep Research. French microbiologist Andre (André) Michael Lwoff (1902-94) discovers that a bacteriophage virus attaches itself to the chromosome of a bacterium, causing it to produce copies of the virus. ? Mazel discovers Cave Cougnac near Gourdon, France, containing prehistoric paintings - B'hatzlacha? British zoologist Peter Brian Medawar (1915-87) discovers Acquired Immunity after finding that animals injected early in life with cells from another animal accept tissue grafts from the same animal in adulthood, winning him the 1960 Nobel Med. Prize. Polish-Am. mathematician Jerzy Neyman (1894-1981) and Am. mathematician Elizabeth Leonard Scott (1917-88) of the U.S. discover the existence of superclusters (clusters of clusters) of galaxies; 1957 Scott discovers the Scott Effect, that very distant clusters can only be detected if they're bigger and brighter than normal - I wish I could find the sexual connotations? Cambridge U. molecular biologist Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914-2001) introduces the technique of adding an atom of a heavy element (gold etc.) to an organic molecule to improve X-ray diffraction and show phase as well as amplitude info, aiding his 16-year (since 1937) quest to determine the structure of hemoglobin (ends 1959). Soviet astronomer Josef Shklovsky (1916-85) explains the radio emission from the Crab Nebula as being caused by synchrotron radiation (electrons in magnetic fields moving close to the speed of light). Denver-born U. of Colo. Medical School surgeon Henry Swan II (1913-96) pioneers Cryosurgery, lowering the body temp in order to slow circulation and permit dry-heart surgery. Henry Taube (1915-2005) of Canada determines the electron transfer mechanism that occurs when metals such as cobalt or chromium dissolve in water, forming complexes of metal ions surrounded by water ions, winning him the 1983 Nobel Chem. Prize. W.L. Taylor first describes the Cloze Test, where text is provided with words blocked out, and the testee is asked to replacing the missing words. British zoologist Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-88) begins pub. The Herring Gull's World, discussing the exciting subject of their courtship and submissive postures. Harold Clayton Urey (1893-1981) and Stanley Lloyd Miller (1930-2007) of the U.S. create an alleged sample of the Earth's early atmosphere (sans oxygen) in a mixture of hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water, using electrical discharges to produce a "primordial soup" of amino acids and nucleotide bases which they claim may have formed the first living organisms - daddy, is that you? Am. biochemist Vincent du Vigneaud (1901-78) assembles in exact order the eight amino acids in the small protein molecule of the cyclic peptide hormone oxytocin (which he had determined in 1947), the main initiator of contraction of the uterus and secretion of milk, becoming the first synthesis of a hormone, winning him the 1955 Nobel Chem. Prize. Joseph Wiener (1915-) of Oxford U., and Kenneth Page Oakley (1911-81) and Wilfred E. Le Gros Clark (1895-1971) of the British Museum prove that the Piltdown Man is a deliberate hoax, with a doctored ape jawbone, exposing 1912 finder Charles Dawson; "The Solution of the Piltdown Problem" is pub. on Nov. 19 by the British Museum, causing the headline "The Biggest Scientific Hoax of the Century" in the Nov. 20 London Star. Boston, Mass. heart specialist Robert W. Wilkins claims positive results in treating hypertension (high blood pressure) with an extract of the Indian herbal plant rauwolfia. Karl Ziegler (1898-1973), dir. of the Max Planck Inst. for Coal Research in Germany develops the first Nickel-Based Catalyst that combines monomers into a polymer in a regular fashion, producing a much stronger and more resistant polyethylene, and at atmospheric pressure instead of the 30K psi required by the 1935 ICI process; Giulio Natta (1903-79) of Italy uses his idea to develop the first isotactic polymers (long repeated hydrocarbon molecules that have a carbon chain with attachments all on one side), polymerizing propylene into polypropylenes, winning him the 1963 Nobel Chem. Prize; the Age of Plastic begins, a new era of high quality low cost plastics for the masses - add Dustin Hoffman and you have the Plastic Trinity? Researchers in Basel, Switzerland synthesize carotene (provitamin of Vitamin A) from acetone and acetylene. Nonfiction: Meyer Howard Abrams (1912-), The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition; how the Romantic poets shifted from the mimetic (mimetic) to the creative (lamp); "The imagination ceases to function as a mirror reflecting some external reality and becomes a lamp which projects its own internally generated light onto things"; "It must go further still: that soul must become its own betrayer, its own deliverer, the one activity, the mirror turn lamp." (W.B. Yeats) Lars Ahlfors (1907-96), Complex Analysis; becomes a std. text. Maurice Allais (1911-2010), Allais Paradox; contradicts the Expected Utility Hypothesis. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), Second Foundation. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), Le Materialisme Rationnel. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath; blasts FDR for foisting WWII on the U.S. Roland Barthes (1915-), Writing Degree Zero (first book); language and style are based on conventions thus can't be purely creative, but "writing", the specific way the writer chooses to manipulate the conventions is the true creative act? Eric Russell Bentley (1916-), In Search of Theater: Travels in England, Ireland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and the United States (essays); touts the "heroic failure", and argues how minority art trumps mass art, and how Shakespeare and Shaw were popular in spite of their greatness. Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909-97), The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy's View of History; 2nd ed. 2014; a study of Leo Tolstoy's view of history as embodied in his "War and Peace", based on the statement by ancient Greek poet Archilochus: "The Fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing", viewing thinkers as either hedgehogs (Plato, Lucretius, Dante, Pascal, Hegel, Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, Ibsen, Proust, Braudel) or foxes (Herodotus, Aristotle, Erasmus, Shakespeare, Montaigne, Moliere, Goethe, Pushkin, Balzac, Joyce, Anderson) or a combo (Tolstoy) - those who have one big idea and many smaller ones are lions? Those with no ideas are sheep? Humanity can be divided into those who like laptops and those who like desktops? Theodore Besterman (1904-76) (ed.), Voltaire's Correspondence (107 vols.) (1953-65); cranked out from his Institut et Musee Voltaire in Geneva. Daniel Joseph Boorstin (1914-2004), The Genius of American Politics; why Americans are not likely to produce grand political theories or successful propaganda. Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93), The Organizational Revolution: A Study in the Ethics of Economic Organization. R.B. Braithwaite (1900-), A Study of Theory, Probability, and Law in Science. Crane Brinton (1898-1968), The Temper of Western Thought. Charles Dunbar Broad (1887-1971), Religion, Philosophy and Psychic Research. Van Wyck Brooks (1886-1963), The Writer in America; why he chooses the writers he does; "The main interest of American literature resides in other aspects than the purely aesthetic." Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), The Man Who Changed China: The Story of Sun Yat-sen; children's book. Roscoe Carlyle Buley (1893-1968), The American Life Convention, 1906-1952 (2 vols.). Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), Christianity, Diplomacy and War; "Tthe greatest menace to our civilization is the conflict between giant organized systems of self-righteousness - each only too delighted to find that the other is wicked - each only too glad that the sins of the other give it pretext for still deeper hatred." Bruce Catton (1899-1978), A Stillness at Appomattox (Pulitzer Prize); #3 in the Army of the Potomac Trilogy; the final year of the U.S. Civil War, incl. the big surrender scene. James Bryant Conant (1893-1978), Education and Liberty. Duff Cooper (1890-1954), Old Men Forget (autobio.). Jim Corbett (1875-1955), Jungle Lore (autobio.). Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916-2004), and James Dewey Watson (1928-), Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid; pub. in Nature 171, 737-738 (Apr. 25) (14 weeks after TLW's birth?); first pub. of the double helix structure of DNA, becoming the 20th cent. pearl of biological science, a short and sweet mystery solver - the wildlife experience, more than a museum? Bing Crosby (1904-77) (w/Pete Martin), Call Me Lucky: Bing Crosby's Own Story (autobio.). Norman Cousins (1915-90), Who Speaks for Man?; a plea for world federation and nuclear nonproliferation - I like to change my style, to get there I use a lot of heat? Jacques Cousteau, The Silent World; turns the public onto scuba diving. E.E. Cummings (1894-1961), i: six nonlectures; given at Harvard U. Herbert Cutner (1881-1969), Marshall Gauvin (1881-1978), and Woolsey Teller (1890-1954), Hell: A Christian Doctrine. William J. Danforth (1870-1955), I Dare You!; Ralston-Purina founder expounds his Checkerboard Philosophy: Physical, Mental, Social, Religious. David C. Douglas (ed.), English Historical Documents (Oxford U. Press) (12 vols.) (1953-6). Will Durant (1885-1981), The Story of Civilization, Part V: The Renaissance; from Petrarch to Titian. Gerald Durrell (1925-), The Overloaded Ark; first in a series by a zoologist of world travels in search of animals for the Jersey Zoo. Leon Edel (1907-97), Henry James: The Untried Years, 1843-1870 (vol. 1 of 5) (1953-72); the definitive bio. Vivian Ellis (1903-96), I'm On a See-Saw (autobio.). Howard Fast (1914-2003), The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti: An American Legend. Antony Flew (1923-), A New Approach to Psychical Research. Irmgard Flugge-Lotz (1903-74), Discontinuous Automatic Control; the mathematical foundation for automatic aircraft control, developed during WWII. John T. Flynn (1882-1964), While You Slept: Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It; America's Unknown War: The War We Have Not Begun to Fight; how U.S. support of the French in Indochina would only prove to the Commies that it supports imperialism. E.M. Forster (1879-1970), The Hill of Devi (memoirs). Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958), Recollections of Andre Gide. Edward Gibbons, Floyd Gibbons: Your Headline Hunter; famed Am. journalist Floyd Gibbons (1887-1939). Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985) and Joshua Podro, The Nazarene Gospel Restored. David B. Guralnik (ed.), Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), The Biochemistry of Genetics; sex-linkage in chromosomes and mutation rates. David Boyce Hamilton, Evolutionary Economics: A Study of Change in Economic Thought (original title "Newtonian Classicism and Darwinian Institutionalism") (repub. in 1970); claims that institutionalist economists are a distinct group who differ from classical economists in their belief in evolution, which means that there is no "natural economy" because people can create new ones to solve perceived problems, causing the founding of the Assoc. for Evolutionary Economics. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), Introduction to Metaphysics. Werner Heisenberg (1901-76), Philosophic Problems of Nuclear Science. Robert L. Heilbroner (1919-2005), The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers; bestseller (4M copies); about Adam Smith (1723-90), Karl Marx (1818-83), and John Maynard Keynes (1886-1946), which becomes the #2 bestselling economics textbook behind Paul A. Samuelson's (1947); it classifies economies as traditional (agriculture-based), command (planned economy), market (capitalism), and mixed; in 1989 he pub. an article in The New Yorker containing the soundbyte: "Less than 75 years after it officially began, the contest between capitalism and socialism is over: capitalism has won... Capitalism organizes the material affairs of humankind more satisfactorily than socialism"; in 1992 he pub. an article in Dissent, containing the soundbyte: "Capitalism has been as unmistkable a success as socialism has been a failure"; the 7th ed. (1999) incl. the new final chapter "The End of Worldly Philosophy" which rues the current state of economics thought and pines for a "reborn worldly philosophy" that mixes capitalism and socialism, with his ideal being "a slightly idealized Sweden". Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), A Composer's World: Horizons and Limitations. Sidney Hook (1902-89), Heresy Yes, Conspiracy, No; ex-Marxist defends the right of univs. to fire Communist faculty members, pissing-off the Am. left. Rogers Hornsby (1896-1963), My Kind of Baseball (autobio.). Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899-1977), The University of Utopia; The Conflict in Education in a Democratic Society; defends nonconformity and protest. Julian Huxley (1887-1975), Evolution in Action. Randall Jarrell (1914-65), Poetry and the Age. Karl Jaspers (1883-1969), Tragedy Is Not Enough; "There is no tragedy without transcendence. Even defiance unto death in a hopeless battle against the gods and fate is an act of transcending: it is a movement toward man's proper essence, which he comes to know as his own in the presence of his doom." Howard Mumford Jones (1892-1980), The Pursuit of Happiness. Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe (1897-1988), Flying Saucers from Outer Space; filled with interviews and official reports from the USAF; makes a fan of Carl Jung. Alfred C. Kinsey (1894-1956), Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Aug. 18); companion vol. to his 1948 study on males; predicts the sexual rev. and women's lib movement based on interviews with 5K women; results: almost half had sexual relations before marriage (one third with two or more men), a quarter are unfaithful afterward, and a quarter of the unmarried women have had lesbian relationships; 22% of the married women admit to at least one abortion, and 62% admit to masturbating (92% for males); the 1950 U.S. Nat. Research Council committee to study Kinsey, which incl. Am. statistician John Wilder Tukey (1915-2000) (1958 coiner of the word "software", a coincidence?) (who antagonized Kinsey by singing Gilbert and Sullivan tunes aloud while working) issues its Report on the Jerk Kinsey, which finds his sampling method seriously flawed, since the subjects he selects are always white, middle-class, and college-educated; after Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy attacks the Rockefeller Foundation for funding him, they withdraw funding next year, after which Kinsey's grants dry up. Russell Amos Kirk (1918-94), The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana; big hit, founding the new U.S. conservative movement; disses liberalism in favor of conservatism, meaning religious homophobic white supremacist laissez-faire, which likes to use govt. power to control morals and pump up defense spending a la Pres. Ronald Reagan? Hans Kohn (1891-1971), Pan-Slavism: Its History and Ideology. Walter Krueger (1881-1967), From Down Under to Nippon: The Story of the Sixth Army in World War II. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), The Best of Two Worlds. August Kubizek (1888-1956), The Young Hitler I Knew; Hitler's 1908 Vienna play, er, roommate. Harold LeClair Ickes (1874-1952), Secret Diary (3 vols.) (1953-4) (posth.); U.S. interior secy. during the New Deal years tells about it from the inside. Georges Lefebvre (1874-1959), Napoleon. Primo Levi (1919-87), Fit Men (autobio.); his Auschwitz experiences. Charles A. Lindbergh (1902-74), The Spirit of St. Louis (autobio.) (Pulitzer Prize); spends 15 years revising his 1927 memoir "We" to restore his tarnished image? Dwight Macdonald (1906-82), The Root Is Man: Two Essays in Politics. Walter de la Mare (1873-1956), Private View (essays). Rollo May (1909-94), Man's Search for Himself. David McClelland (1917-98), The Achievement Motive; proposes Need Theory, which claims that people who make good top mgt. material should have a high need for power and a low need for affiliation, but not necessarily a need for achievement. Thomas Merton, The Sign of Jonas. Perry Miller (1905-63), The New England Mind: From Colony to Province; sequel to his 1939 work. Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004), The Captive Mind (Zniewolony Umysl) (essays); Paris exile condemns the Polish intellectual community for its easy acceptance of Communism. Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013) and Helen M. Morgan, The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution; claims that the colonists' arguments on taxation and representation were serious not mere agitprop for narrow economic interests. Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976), By Land and By Sea (essays). Gilbert Murray (1866-1957), Hellenism and the Modern World. John Myres (1869-1954), Herodotus. George Jean Nathan (1882-1958), Theatre in the Fifties. Allan Nevins (1890-1971), Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist; original ed. 1940. Wallace Notestein, The English People on the Eve of Colonization, 1603-1632. Alfred Noyes (1880-1958), Two Worlds for Memory (autobio.). Eugene P. Odum (1913-2002), Fundamentals of Ecology; stresses ecosystems as basic ecological units. Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. (1887-1969), The Limits of the Earth; repub. in 1962 as "Our Crowded Planet". Charles Petrie (1895-1977), The Marshal Duke of Berwick: The Picture of an Age. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), In Spite Of: A Philosophy for Everyone. Henry Habberley Price (1899-1984), Thinking and Experience; 2nd ed. pub. in 1969. Roger Price (1918-90), Droodles; starts a craze with a new kind of cartoon that's a doodle and a riddle; "A borkley-looking sort of drawing that doesn't make any sense until you know the correct title." Benjamin A. Quarles (1904-96), The Negro in the Civil War. Vance Randolph (1892-1980), Down in the Holler: A Gallery of Ozark Folk Speech. J.B. Rhine (1895-1980), The New World of the Mind. Mary Richardson (1882-1961), Laugh a Defiance (autobio.). Kenneth Roberts (1885-1957), The Seventh Sense. Joan Robinson (1903-83), The Production Function and the Theory of Capital; her magnum opus; claims that neoclassicists engage in circular reasoning about the costs of production. Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) et al., The Dynamics of Soviet Society. Robert Ruark (1915-65), Horn of the Hunter; written after going on an African safari with Ernest Hemingway's tracker Kidogo; a hit, causing a run on safari bookings by ugly Americans. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories. Theodore W. Schultz (1902-98), The Economic Organization of Agriculture; relates development economics to agricultural economics, and weds them to econometrics. Karl Shapiro (1913-2000), Beyond Criticism; the poet must put art ahead of commerce, blah blah? Fulton J. Sheen (1895-1979), Life Is Worth Living; first of five annual vols. of transcripts from his TV program (until 1957). George Gaylord Simpson (1902-84), The Major Features of Evolution. Edmund W. Sinnott, Two Roads to Truth; by a Yale U. plant geneticist. B.F. Skinner (1904-90), Science and Human Behavior; proposes Behavioral Therapy. Monica Sone (1919-), Nisei Daughter; autobio. bildungsroman about racism against Japanese-Ams. incl. their WWII internment; big breakthrough for their cause. Sir Richard William Southern (1912-2001), The Making of the Middle Ages; from the late 10th cent. to the early 13th cent.; written during a period when the author mistakenly thought he didn't have long to live, becoming a big breakthrough in European medieval studies, covering social, political, and religious org.; deflates the scholarly hype about the School of Chartres, bringing it back into proportion with the evidence; claims that St. Anselm of Canterbury "was the founder of the new type of ardent and effusive self-disclosure" called affective piety, consisting of emotional prayer and meditation focused on the Passion of Christ - ask your heart if you're healthy enough for sex? Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (posth.); advocates the Self System which ditches the unconscious mind for direct verifiable observation of personality traits developed in childhood and reinforced by positive affirmation, along with the security operations developed to counter threats to self-esteem. Philip Toynbee (1916-81), The Garden to the Sea. Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975), The World and the West; "The West has never been all of the world that matters. The West has not been the only actor on the stage of modern history even at the peak of the West's power (and this peak has perhaps now already been passed)... It has not been the West that has been hit by the world; it has been the world that has been hit - and hit hard - by the West." Alan W. Watts (1915-73), Myth and Ritual in Christianity. Gunther Weisenborn, The Silent Revolt; German anti-Nazi resistance. Sir John W. Wheeler-Bennett (1902-75), The Nemesis Of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945; rev. ed. 1964; claims that during the Weimar Repub. the Reichswehr formed a "State within the State" that refrained from day-to-day politics, but after the downfall of Gen. von Seeckt in 1926 (who undermined democracy, becoming the "Gravedigger of the Weimar Republic") it got increasingly involved in politics, inadvertently paving the way for the rise of the Nazis, then acquiesced in their regime because it ensured no repeat of "the stab in the back", which backfired after the fall of Gen. Blomberg and Gen. Fritsch in 1938 as the Nazis turned it into their tool, after which a few officers like Col. von Stauffenberg fought back too little too late. Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), Ex-Prodigy: My Childhood and Youth (autobio.). Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), Philosophical Investigations (posth.); abandons his 1922 work "Tractatus Logic-Philosophicus", arguing that conceptual confusions surrounding language are at the root of most philosophical problems, incl. the concept of mental states unconnected to the environment, with the soundbyte: "An 'inner process' stands in need of outward criteria." Cecil Blanche Woodham-Smith (1896-1977), The Reason Why: The Story of the Fatal Charge of the Light Brigade; the Oct. 25, 1854 fiasco of the 600 at Balaclava; disses Lord Cardigan (1797-1868) and his boss Lord Lucan (1800-88), who purchased their way into the top officer ranks so they could mess it all up. Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912), Collected Papers (posth.). Art: Jean/Hans Arp (1886-1966), Cloud Shepherd (sculpture) - the original holaback girl? Jean Bazin, Chicago (abstract). Georges Braque (1882-1963), Apples. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Eiffel Tower. Joseph Cornell, Hotel du Nord. Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), Les Tauromachies. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Color Raft of Medusa. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Relativity (lithograph). John Ferren, Red and Blue. Franz Kline, Untitled II. Willem de Kooning (1904-97), Woman IV; Woman V. Fernand Leger (1881-1955), Acrobat and Horse on Blue Background. Rene Magritte (1898-1967), The Listening Room. Reginald Marsh (1898-1954), The Normandie. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Morning on Earth; Hills a Poppin'; The Murder of the Rosenbergs; L'Hosticier; L'Apetite de Primer. Henry Moore (1898-1986), King and Queen (sculpture) (Antwerp). Byebye ooze, hello sea bond? Jackson Pollock (1912-56), Portrait and a Dream; Easter and the Totem; Ocean Greyness; The Deep. Larry Rivers (1923-2002), Washington Crossing the Delaware (7' x 9'). Charles Sheeler (1883-1965), Steel Croton. Jack Smith (1928-), Mother Bathing Child; kitchen sink realism. William Zorach (1887-1966), Man and Work; created for the Mayo Clinic. Music: No Pulitzer Prize in music is awarded this year - it's kismet? Johnny Ace (1929-54), Cross My Heart; The Clock. LaVern Baker (1929-), Soul on Fire/How Can You Leave a Man Like This (debut). Harry Belafonte (1927-), Matilda (recorded Apr. 27); his signature song. Tony Bennett (1926-), Rags to Riches (by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross) (#1 in the U.S.); used to start out the 1990 film "Goodfellas", where Henry Hill says: "As far back as I remember, I always wanted to be a gangster." Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Processional. Marc Blitzstein (1905-64), The Harpies (opera) (May 25) (New York City); written in 1931. Ernest Bloch (1880-1959), Suite Hebraique (ballet) (Jan. 1) (Chicago). Pierre Boulez (1925-), Le Marteau sans Maitre (The Hammer without a Master) (1953-7); his masterpiece?; based on the 1934 surrealist poetry of Rene Char (1907-88); uses "pitch multiplication". Alex Bradford (1927-78) and the Bradford Singers, Too Close to Heaven; known as "the Professor", his flamboyant style is copied by Little Richard et al. Teresa Brewer (1931-2007), Dancin' with Someone, Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall; Ricochet. Paul Burkhard (1911-77), O Mein Papa; featured in the Swiss film "Fireworks"; English lyrics by John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons. Ray Charles (1930-2004), Mess Around; written by Ahmet Ertegun. Perry Como (1912-2001), No Other Love. George Cory and Douglass A. Cross (1920-), I Left My Heart in San Francisco; a dud until Tony Bennett sings it in 1961 at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco, becoming his signature song. Miles Davis (1926-91), Max Roach, Dizzy Gillespie, Bud Powell, Charlie Mingus, The Greatest Jazz Concert Ever; recording of May 15 concert in Toronto. Fats Domino (1928-2017), Going to the River; Please Don't Leave Me; Rose Mary; Something's Wrong. Ervin Drake (1919-2015), Irvin Graham, Jimmy Shirl, and Al Stillman, I Believe (#1 in the U.S.); quasi-religious hit sells 20M copies for Frankie Laine; "I believe, for every drop of rain that falls, a flower grows". The Drifters, Money Honey (written by Jesse Stone AKA Charles E. Calhoun, who later writes "Shake, Rattle & Roll"), Honey Love (You'll Want Me to Want You) (#21 in the U.S.); from New York City, fronted by Clyde Lensley McPhatter (1932-72), who pioneers the injection of a gospel singing style into R&B, later emulated by Ben E. King, Smokey Robinson et al. Gottfried von Einem (1918-96), The Trial (opera) (Salzburg); based on Kafka's novel. Percy Faith (1908-76), Song from the Moulin Rouge. Edwin Franko Goldman (1878-1956), Illinois March. Martyn Green (1899-1975), Martyn Green's Gilbert & Sullivan (album). Roy Harris (1898-1979), Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight (cantata); based on a poem by Vachel Lindsay. Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), Une Cantata de Noel (Dec. 12) (Basel). Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000), Concerto No. 7. Joni James (1930-), Almost Always (#9); Your Cheatin' Heart (#2); Have You Heard; I'll Be Waiting for You; My Love, My Love (#8); Wishing Ring. Eartha Kitt (1927-2008), Santa Baby (Oct. 2) (500K copies); composed by Joan Javits (niece of Sen. Jacob K. Javits), Philip Springer, and Tony Springer; "Santa baby, slip a sable under the tree for me/ Been an awful good girl/ Santa baby, and hurry down the chimney tonight." Gordon Jenkins (1910-84), The Lion Sleeps Tonight; his cover of the 1951 Weavers vers. Albert King (1923-), Bad Luck Blue (debut). Eartha Kitt (1927-2008), C'est Si Bon; Santa Baby. The Four Lads, Down by the Riverside; Istanbul (Not Constantinople) (Aug. 12); a hit, making them stars; "Take me back to Constantinople, no you can't go back to Constantinople, now it's Istanbul not Constantinople, why did Constantinople get the works, that's nobody's business but the Turks'". Tom Lehrer (1928-), Songs by Tom Lehrer (album) (debut); Harvard-educated mathematician turns into corny satiric performer. Dean Martin (1917-95), That's Amore. Annunzio Mantovani (1905-80) and His Orchestra, Song from Moulin Rouge (#1 in the U.K.). Bohuslav Martinu (1890-1959), What Men Live By (comic opera) (New York); The Marriage (opera) (New York). Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Le Reveil (Réveil) des Oiseaux; birdsong between midnight and noon in the Jura. Amos Milburn (1927-80), One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer; written by Rudy Toombs. Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Symphony No. 5 (Oct. 16) (Turin). Masao Oki (1901-), Atomic Bomb (symphonic fantasy) (Nov. 6) (Tokyo). Lotar Olias, You, You, You; lyrics by Robert Mellin. The Orioles, Crying in the Chapel (#11 in the 1953); R&B-to-white audience pop chart crossover. Patti Page (1927-), How Much Is That Doggie in the Window; written by Bob Merrill. Charlie Parker (1920-55) and Miles Davis (1926-91), Round Midnight. Les Paul (1915-2009) and Mary Ford (1924-77), Vaya Con Dios (Go With God) (#1 in the U.S.) (by Larry Russell, Inez James, and Bubby Pepper). Cole Porter (1891-1964) and Abe Burrows (1910-85), Can-Can (musical) (Shubert Theatre, New York) (May 7) (892 perf.) (Coliseum Theatre, West End, London) (Oct. 14, 1954) (394 perf.); Broadway production dir. by Abe Burrows and choreographed by Michael Kidd, starring Lilo, Gwen Verdon, Hans Conried, and Peter Cookson; filmed in 1960 starring Shirley MacLaine, Frank Sinatra, Louis Jordan, and Maurice Chevalier, debuting Juliet Prowse; features the songs I Love Paris, C'est Magnifique, It's All Right with Me. Elvis Presley (1935-77), My Happiness; That's When Your Heartaches Begin (2-sided single); Elvis pays Sun Studio $4.00 to make it for his muddah; it's so good that Sam Phillips of Sun Records signs him, and he begins recording in 1954 with bass player William "Bill" Black Jr. (1926-65) and guitarist Winfield Scott "Scotty" Moore III (1931-), joined in 1955 by drummer Dominic Joseph Fontana (1931-). Ray Price (1926-2013), Release Me. Johnnie Ray (1927-90), Somebody Stole My Gal. Johnnie Ray and Doris Day (1924-), Full Time Job; Ma Says, Pa Says. Billy Reid, I'm Walking Behind You. Jim Reeves (1923-64), Mexican Joe (debut) (#1 country) (#23 in the U.S.); Bimbo (#1 country) (#23 in the U.S.). Marty Robbins (1925-82), That's All Right Mama. Heinz Roenheld and Mitchell Parish (1900-93), Ruby; featured in the film "Ruby Gentry". Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Me and Juliet (May 28) (Majestic Theatre, New York); stars Isabel Bigley and Joan McCracken; a tribute to comedy musicals, or a parody?; features No Other Love. William Howard Schuman (1910-92), Mighty Casey (first opera) (Hartford, Conn.); based on "Casey at the Bat" by Ernest L. Thayer; revised in 1976. Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Sonata for Solo Violin. Jean Shepard (1933-) and Ferlin Husky (1925-), A Dear John Letter; big hit about the Korean War, launching Shepard's career as the 2nd female solo country singer after Kitty Wells in 1952; Forgive Me John; follow-up hit. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), Symphony No. 10 in E minor, Op. 93 (Dec. 17) (Leningrad). Carl Smith (1927-2010), Hey, Joe (#1 country). Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-), Kontra-Punkte (ballet) (May 25) (Cologne); Electronic Study I. Jule Styne and Bob Hilliard, Hazel Flagg (musical) (Feb. 11) (Mark Hellinger Theatre, New York); stars Helen Gallagher; features "Every Street's a Boulevard in Old New York". Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Three Songs from Shakespeare; Septet. Art Tatum (1909-56), Stompin' at the Savoy. Anibal "Pichuco" Troilo and C'tulo Catillo, The Last Drunkenness ("La Ultima Curda"). Caterina Valenti (1931-), Malagueya; written by Ernest Lecuona. Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), My Sweetie Went Away; Too Marvellous for Words; Look At That Girl; Bye Bye Baby; Hey Joe; Istanbul (Not Constantinople). Sir William Turner Walton (1902-83), Te Deum and Orb and Sceptre March (June 2) (London); for the coronation of Elizabeth II. Harry Warren (1893-1981) and Jack Brooks, That's Amore; featured in the film "The Caddy". Ben Webster (1909-73) and Oscar Peterson (1925-2007), King of the Tenors (album). James Arthur Wechsler (1915-83), The Age of Suspicion (autobio.); Communist-turned-anti-Communist journalist (head of the Washington bureau of the New York Post) who was investigated by Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee this year pontificates on the dangers of McCarthyism; "We were convinced that although we were living on the edge of catastrophe, we had been uniquely blessed with a knowledge of what was happening to us." Kitty Wells (1919-2012), Hey Joe; Cheatin's a Sin. Hank Williams (1923-53), Your Cheatin' Heart (posth.); about his 1st wife Audrey Williams, with lyrics jotted down in the car seat by his 2nd wife (1953-3) Billie Jean Williams; Kaw-Liga (co-written by Fred Rose) (#1 country). Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958), Sinfonia Antartica, Symphony No. 7 (ballet) (Jan. 14) (Manchester); based on music from the film "Scott of the Antarctic" (1948); dedicated to its conductor Ernest Irving (1878-1953). Robert Wright and George Forrest, Kismet (musical) (Ziegfeld Theater, New York) (Dec. 3); based on Alexander Borodin's music for "Prince Igor"; opens in Baghdad at dawn; stars Alfred Rake, and Richard Kiley as the Caliph; incl. "Baubles, Bangles and Beads", "Stranger in Paradise," "This Is My Beloved". Movies: The year that Hollywood grapples with the new threat of TV by introducing gimmicks? George Cukor's The Actress (Sept. 25) (B&W), based on the autobio. play "Years Ago" by Ruth Gordon stars Jean Simmons as Ruth Gordon Jones, who sends a fan letter to leading lady Hazel Dawn and is encouraged to become an actress, pissing-off her seaman father Clinton Jones (Spencer Tracy), after which her audition is a bust and daddy helps her go back to school; the film debut of Anthony Perkins (1932-92). Giovanni Roccardi's Africa Under the Seas (Africa Sotto i Mari) (Mar. 20) gives Sophia Loren a seminude swimming scene which almost drowns her since she can't swim, but brings her to the attention of atty.-producer Carlo Ponti (1912-2007), the early mgr. of Gina Lollobrigida, who changes her stage name from Lazzaro to Loren, ramps up her career, and marries her in 1957 after she stars in 57 European features. Otto Preminger's Angel Face (Feb. 4) (RKO Radio Pictures) stars Robert Mitchum as ambulance driver Frank Jessup, who hooks up with beautiful heiress Diane Tremayne (Jean Simmons), who plot to murder her father and make it look like an auto accident when the forward-backward gears are switched, marrying to get off with a jury, until her guilt makes her want to confess, only to find that the double jeopardy law prevents her from being tried again; does ? box office on a $1.039M budget. Philip Leacock's Appointment in London (Raiders in the Sky) (Feb. 17) (Mayflower Pictures) (British Lion Films), based on a story by RAF bomber pilot John Woolridge stars Dirk Bogarde as wing cmdr. Tim Mason, who attempts to finish his 3rd and last tour of 30 missions; Ian Hunter plays group capt. Logan; Dinah Sheridan plays Eve Canyon; William Sylvester places Mac Baker. Vincente Minnelli's The Band Wagon (Aug. 7) (#2 MGM musical ever after "Singin' in the Rain"?), written by Adolph Green and Betty Comden based on a 1931 George S. Kaufman play starring Fred Astaire and his sister Adele stars Fred Astaire as Tony Hunger, an aging musical star who hopes a pretentious retelling of "Faust" will restart his career, and long-legged Cyd Charisse (1922-2008) (whose legs were insured for $5M in 1952) as (did I say?) long-legged ballerina Gabrielle Gerard, who rubs, er, clashes with him; also stars Jack Buchanan as Jeffrey Cordova, Nanette Fabray as Lily Marton, and Oscar Levant as Lester Marton; music by Arthur Schwartz, lyrics by Howard Dietz; features the songs "That's Entertainment", "Triplets", "By Myself", "Shine on Your Shoes", and the (did I say?) long-legged dance routines Girl Hunt Ballet, and Dancing in the Dark, choreographed by Michael Kidd; does $3.5M box office on a $2.87M budget. Eugene Lourie's The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (June 13), based on the Ray Bradbury story "The Foghorn" about a prehistoric Rhedosaurus found frozen in Arctic ice that goes on a rampage to New York City features SFX by Ray Harryhausen (1920-), and has a voice-only part for Merv Griffin (1925-2007), who plays a radio announcer. Ida Lupino's The Bigamist (Dec. 3) stars Edmond O'Brien and Joane Fontaine as couple Harry and Eve Graham, who want to adopt a child from adoption agent Edmund Gwenn, until the latter discovers Harry's secret, 2nd wife Phyllis Martin (Ida Lupino). Fritz Lang's The Big Heat (Oct. 14) is a film noir starring Glenn Ford as homicide detective Sgt. David "Dave" Bannion, who finds out that the alleged suicide of cop Tom Duncan is something else, and ends up resigning to take on the crime syndicate of Mike Lagana (Alexander Scourby) and his underling Vince Stone (Lee Marvin), who throws scalding hot coffee in his babe Debbie Marsh's (Gloria Grahame) face; Duncan's widow is sitting on Tom's tell-all diary and using it to blackmail Lagana until Debbie kills her and it's released to the press, bringing on the you know what. Gerald Mayer's Bright Road (Apr. 17), based on a story by Mary Elizabeth Vroman about 11-y.-o. C.T. Young (Philip Herburn), who saves his class from a swarm of bees stars Dorothy Jean Dandridge (1922-66), and is the first major film for singer-actor Harold George "Harry" Belafonte (Belafonete) Jr. (1927-), "the King of Calypso"; the only white actor is Robert Horton. Arch Oboler's Bwana Devil (Feb. 18) (New York) is the movie that starts the 3-D fad of the 1950s; audiences are given Polaroid viewers. David Butler's Calamity Jane (Nov. 4) (Warner Bros.), their response to MGM's "Annie Get Your Gun" (1950) stars Doris Day as Calamity Jane and Howard Keel as Wild Bill Hickock; features the #1 hit song Secret Love. Walter Lang's Call Me Madam (Mar. 25), based on the 1950 Irving Berlin musical stars Ethel Merman, Donald O'Connor, Vera-Ellen, Billy DeWolfe, George Sanders, and Walter Slezak; features the new Irving Berlin song What Chance Have I With Love?, performed by Donald O'Connor. Arthur Hilton's Cat-Women of the Moon (Sept. 3) stars Sonny Tufts as Laird Grainger, Victor Jory as Kip Reissner, and Marie Windsor as Helen Salinger, with a score by Elmer Bernstein. Republic Pictures' Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe, produced by Republic Pictures stars Judd Clifton Holdren (1915-74); it is broadcast on NBC-TV as a series on July 16-Oct. 8, 1955. Charles Frend's B&W The Cruel Sea (Mar. 24) (GDF) (Universal-Internat.), written by Eric Ambler based on the 1951 Nicholas Monsarrat novel stars Jack Hawkins as lt. cmdr. George Ericson in a semi-documentary about a Royal Navy corvette on patrol duty in the Atlantic in WWII; co-stars Plymouth, Devon-born actor Sir Donald Alfred Sinden (1923-2014) as Lt. Cmdr. Keith Lockhart, launching his career with the Rank Org. at Pinewood Studios, appearing in 23 movies by the early 1960s; "This is a story of the Battle of the Atlantic, the story of an ocean, two ships, and a handful of men. The men are the heroes; the heroines are the ships. The only villain is the sea, the cruel sea, that man has made more cruel." Ralph Thomas' B&W A Day to Remember (Nov. 10) (Gen. Film Distributors) (Republic Pictures), produced by Betty Box and written by Robin Estridge based on Jerrard Tickell's "The Hand and the Flower" stars Stanley Holloway as Charley Porter, Donald Sinden as Jim Carver, Joan Rice as Vera Mitchell, James Hayter as Fred Collins, Odile Versois as Martine Berthier, and Harry Fowler as Stan Harvey, a group of friends in London visiting France for the first time since WWII. John Gilling's Escape by Night (Dec.) (Southall Studios) (Eros Films) stars Bonar Colleano as alcoholic journalist Tom Buchan, who attempts to get the life story of Italian crime boss Gino Rossi (Sid James) by promising to fly him back to Italy; Simone Silva plays nightclub singer Rosetta Mantania. Roy Rowland's The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (July 1), Dr. Seuss' only non-animated movie is a musical featuring hot Hans Conried (1917-82) (one of six films he makes this year) as the evil Dr. Terwilliger, who lives in a zany castle and forces hundreds of boys incl. Tommy Rettig to take piano lessons on a 500-player (5K-finger) piano among bizarre stairways leading nowhere and doors that open to blank walls in a Moebius strip of hallways; "T stands for Tremendous Terrific Tuneful and entertainmenT (spelled backwards)"; features the songs Do-Mi-Do Duds, Elevator to the Dungeon, Dungeon of Scratchy Violins, and Happy Fingers - TLW's favorite childhood flick that explains his pansophist obsession and typing skills, and why he took up the sax instead of the piano? Irving Rapper's Forever Female (Aug.), adapted from Sir James M. Barrie's play "Rosalind" is a bright paint-by-numbers comedy starring William Holden as Stanley Krown (the playwright), Paul Douglas as E. Harry Phillips (the producer), Ginger Rogers as Beatrice Page (his aging ex-wife), Pat Crowley as Sally Carver (the ingenue) et al. - pass the brush? Lloyd Bacon's The French Line (Dec. 29) is a garish musical vehicle for big-breasted Jane Russell as Mary "Mame" Carson, an oil heiress who takes an incognito cruise to let men love her for her body rather than money, incl. Pierre DuQuesne (Gilbert Roland); Arthur Hunnicutt plays Waco Mosby; songs incl. I'm Looking for Trouble ("It ain't the age it's the atttude, however, there's one requisite I must make, he has to be rich, so bring him on, stand back, and watch my own private chemical reaction start to work"). Fred Zinnemann's From Here to Eternity (Aug. 5) (Columbia Pictures), based on the 1951 James Jones novel about army soldiers at the Schofield Barracks in Honolulu in 1941 before the Pearl Harbor attack stars Montgomery Clift as Pvt. Robert E. Lee "Prew" Pruitt (who quit the bugle corps after blinding a fellow soldier while boxing), Frank Sinatra (who takes a pay cut from $150K per picture at MGM to $8K at Columbia) as his best friend Pvt. Angelo Maggio, and Burt Lancaster as 1st Sgt. Milton Warden, who makes hot love on the beach at Halona Cove with the captain's wife Karen Holmes (Deborah Kerr); Ernest Borgnine plays SSGt. James R. "Fatso" Judson; Donna Reed stars as Alma "Lorene" Burke; Eli Wallach was originally cast as Maggio, but Sinatra used his gangland connections to get the part, causing Wallach to claim he turned it down on his own to appear in a Tennessee Williams play, after which Sinatra greets him with "Hello, you crazy actor"; Tyrone Power and his wife Linda Christian were offered the leading roles that went to Montgomery Clift and Donna Reed; a surprise Oscar revives Sinatra's flagging career; does $30.5M box office on a $2.5M budget. Henry Cornelius' Genevieve (May 26) (Rank Org.), written by William Rose is a comedy centering around the annual London-to-Brighton Veteran Car Run, starring John Gregson and Dinah Sheridan as Alan and Wendy McKim, who drive a 1904 Darracq, and Kenneth More as Ambrose Claverhouse, and Kay Kendall as his fashion model girlfriend Rosalind Peters, who drive a 1905 Spyker with her St. Bernard in it. Teinosuke Kinugasa's Gate of Hell (Jigokumen), about a 12th cent. warlord and a married woman becomes the first Japanese color film. Howard Hawks' Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (July 18), based on the Joseph Fields play based on the 1925 Anita Loos novel stars Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell as Lorelei Lee and Dorothy Shaw, two show-biz girls from Little Rock trying to make it big in Paris; obscure actor George "Foghorn" Winslow (1946-2015) is in the credits as Henry Spofford III; film debut of Carol Elaine Channing (1921-) and tap dancer Charles "Honi" Coles (1911-92); features the songs Bye, Bye Baby, Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend; by the end of the decade Little Rock shows how they really really really prefer blondes, even if they aren't gentlemen like Sir Francis "Piggy" Beekman (Charles Coburn)? Ed Wood's Glen or Glenda?, based on the life of transsexual Christine Jorgensen stars dir. Ed Davis Wood Jr. (1924-78) displaying his real-life fetish, when he prefers to be called Shirley and wear angora sweaters; shot in four days for $26K; "If you want to know me, see 'Glen or Glenda'." (Wood) Arne Sucksdorff's The Great Adventure stars Anders Norberg and Kjell Sucksdorff as two boys capturing and trying to tame a wild otter. Ida Lupino's The Hitch-Hiker (Apr. 29) stars Edmond O'Brien and Frank Lovejoy as Roy Collins and Gilbert Bowen, two men on vacation who pick up nightmare hitchhiker Emmett Myers (William Talman), whose right eye never closes even while sleeping; "When was the last time you invited death into your car?" Andre De Toth's House of Wax (Apr. 10) (Warner Bros.) stars Vincent Price as disfigured sculptor Prof. Henry Jarrod, who murders people and turns their corpses into displays, becoming the first 3-D horror movie; does $23.75M box office on a $1M budget. John Farrow's Hondo (Nov. 27), a Western based on Louis L'Amour's story "The Gift of Cochise" stars John Wayne as Hondo Lane, an army dispatch rider who discovers white babe Angie Lowe (Geraldine Page) and her son living in the midst of warring Apaches, and becomes their white knight in shining armor. Jean Negulesco's How to Marry a Millionaire (Nov. 5), written by Nunnally Johnson based on the play "The Greeks Had a Word for It" by Zoe Atkins and the play "Loco" by Dale Eunson and Katherine Albert stars Lauren Bacall as Schatze Page, Marilyn Monroe as nearsighted Pola Debevoise, and Betty Grable as Loco Dempsey, hot white blonde Yankee fortune hunters living at Sutton Place Penthouse in New York City (rented from IRS-evader Freddie Denmark, played by David Wayne), using it as a base to sell it for big bucks, er trade it, er, enter into an equal partnership of holy matrimony for eternity with their soul mates William Powell (mature millionaire J.D. Hanley), Rory Calhoun (handsome broke outdoorsman Eben), Alexander D'Arcy (phony Arab oil tycoon), and Fred Clark (grumpy married businessman), after which Schatze forsakes her principles to jilt Hanley at the altar for her true love, gas pump jockey Tom Brookman (Cameron Mitchell), who turns out to be richer than Howard Hughes after she says I do; the first film photographed in CinemaScope, but released after "The Robe" - trust the Midas touch? Alfred Hitchcock's I Confess, based on a play by Paul Anthelme stars Montgomery Clift as Father Michael Logan of Montreal, who hears a killer's confession, then becomes the main suspect himself and can't violate the sanctity of the confessional; Karl Malden plays the police inspector, and Anne Baxter plays an old flame who complicates it; musical score by Dimitri Tiomkin. William Cameron Menzies' Invaders from Mars debuts, starring Jimmy Hunt, Helena Carter, Arthur Franz, Morris Ankrum, and Leif Erickson fighting tall green slit-eyed humanoids and flying saucers, with 3K inflated latex condoms stuck to the blasted tunnel walls to appear like cooled bubbles; remade in 1986 by Tobe Hooper. Jack Arnold's It Came from Outer Space (May 25) is Universal's first 3-D film, starring Richard Carlson, Barbara Rush, and Charles Drake. Federico Fellini's I Vitelloni, an autobio. drama about five young men growing up in Rimini, Italy stars Alberto Sordi, Franco Interlenghi, Franco Fabrizi, and Leopoldo Trieste; Fellini's masterpiece? Robert Gordon's The Joe Louis Story (Sept. 18) stars Joe Louis as his lovable self (named Coley Wallace in the film), Hilda Simms as his wife Marva Trotter Louis, James Edwards as his trainer Jack "Chappie" Blackburn, and Paul Stewart as Tad McGeehan; shows a simple but pure man who can't say no to friends who want loans they never pay back, causing him to spend too much time away from his wife to bring in more, ending in divorce; instead of retiring rich and undefeated, he tries a comeback and gets repeatedly defeated, ending up in the movie to make a buck? Joseph L. Mankiewicz's Julius Caesar (June 4) (MGM), based on the Shakespeare play with musical score by Mikos Rozsa and an all-star cast incl. Marlon Brando as Mark Antony, James Mason as Brutus, John Gielgud as Cassius, Louis Calhern as Caesar, Edmond O'Brien as Casca, Greer Garson as Calpurnia, and Deborah Kerr as Portia; does $3.9M box office on a $2M budget. George Sidney's Kiss Me Kate (Nov. 26), a 3-D MGM adaptation of the 1948 Cole Porter Broadway musical based on Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew", with songs by Cole Porter stars ex-marrieds Fred Graham (Howard Keel) and Lili Vanessi (Kathryn Grayson) playing Petruchio and Kate, with Ann Miller as Lois Lane playing Bianca; does $3.1M box office on a $1.98M budget; incl. the songs Where is the Life That Late I Led, Brush Up Your Shakespeare, Too Darn Hot. Charles Walters' Lili (Mar. 10), based on the story by Paul Gallico stars Leslie Caron as 16-y.-o. orphan Lili Daurier running away with the carnival and falling for crippled bitter puppeteer Marc (Jean-Pierre Aumont) and singing "Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo". Philip Leacock's The Little Kidnappers (Dec.) stars Jon Whitely and Vincent Winter in a British yarn about two Scottish orphan boys taken in by a bitter grandfather in Nova Scotia who get accused of kidnapping when they find an abandoned baby. Curt Siodmak's and Herbert L. Strock's B&W The Magnetic Monster (Feb. 18) stars Richard Carlson as Dr. Jeffrey Stewart, King Donovan as Dr. Dan Forbes, and Jean Byron as Connie Stewart of the Office of Scientific Investigation (OSI), which investigates scientist Howard Denker (Leonard Mudie), who created a monster from serranium; first in a trilogy incl. "Riders to the Stars" (1954), and "Gog" (1954). Tay Garnett's Main Street to Broadway (Oct. 13), based on a story by Robert Emmet Sherwood stars Tom Morton, Mary Murphy, and Agnes Moorehead, and is the last film appearance of Lionel Barrymore as himself in a cameo. Brian Desmond Hurst's B&W Malta Story (June 23) (Thea Film Productions) (GFD) (United Artists), written by Nigel Balchin and William Fairchild, about the British air defense of Malta in WWII stars Alec Guinness as Flt. Lt. Peter Ross (based on Adrian Warburton), Jack Hawkins as Air Commodore Frank, Anthony Steel as Wing Cmdr. Bartlett, and Muriel Pavlow as Peter's babe Maria Gonzar; music by William Alwyn. William Keighley's The Master of Ballantrae (Aug. 5), based on the 1889 Robert Louis Stevenson novel is Errol Flynn's last movie with Warner Bros., who dismisses all their big stars to lower overhead because of competition from TV; Flynn goes on to star with Bruce Cabot in the expensive independent CinemaScope film "The Story of William Tell", which is never released after his Italian backers pull out and Cabot sues him, and the IRS goes after him after his business mgr. fails to pay his income taxes and absconds with his last million, ruining him financially just when his big screen career becomes kaput, and an alcohol and morphine addiction ruins his looks. William Cameron Menzies' 3-D B&W The Maze (July 26) (Allied Artists Pictures Corp.), written by Daniel Ullman based on the short story by Maurice Sandoz stars Richard Carlson as Gerald MacTeam, a Scotsman who breaks off his engagement to his babe Kitty Murray (Veronica Hurst) after inheriting his uncle's mysterious Craven Castle in the Scottish highlands with a big you know what, causing her to chase him to discover the big secret of an amphibious creature that really runs the castle and is turning him old with fright. Curtis Bernhardt's Miss Sadie Thompson (Dec. 23), based on a short story by W. Somerset Maugham (filmed in 1928 starring Gloria Thompson and in 1932 as "Rain" starring Joan Crawford) is a 3-D musical drama starring Rita Hayworth, Aldo Ray, and Jose Ferrer; incl. the "filthy" dance scene The Heat is On, causing it to be banned in several states, making it more popular? John Ford's Mogambo (Oct. 9), based on the Wilson Collison play stars Clark Gable, Ava Gardner, and Grace Kelly in a remake of "Red Dust", about a love triangle in steamy Kenya - isn't it a little strange that two white women in Africa want one you know what and ignore all that black you know what, or is that just the 21st century me talking? Jacques Tati's Mr. Hulot's Holiday (Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot) stars Tati in a slapstick about a seaside holiday, with cool mime sequences. Anthony Mann's The Naked Spur (Feb.) stars James Stewart as bounty hunter Howard Kemp, who tracks down devious outlaw Ben Vandergroat (Robert Ryan) and his girlfriend Lina Patch (Janet Leigh). William Witney's Old Overland Trail (Feb. 25) (Republic Pictures) stars Rex Allen and Slim Pickens, and features the Wandering Buckaroo Yodel, which is later stolen by Mel Brooks for "Blazing Saddles" (1974); Leonard Nimoy plays Chief Black Hawk. Walt Disney's animated Peter Pan(Feb. 5) stars the voice of Bobby Driscoll as Peter Pan (first real boy in the role usually played by women), Kathryn Beaumont as Wendy Darling, and Hans Conried as Capt. Hook; too bad, Driscoll contracts severe acne, stalling his career and causing him to become a drug addict, after which his prison record keeps him from making a comeback until he is found dead in an East Village tenement in 1968 and buried as a John Doe; does $87.4M box office on a $4M budget; debuts at the Roxy Theatre in New York City - baby boomers always get theirs? W. Lee Wilder's Phantom from Space (May 15) (B&W) is about FCC investigators investigating a UFO crash in the San Fernando Valley and starting a manhunt for an invisible alien. Samuel Fuller's Pickup on South Street (May 29) (B&W) is a film noir starring Richard Widmark as 3-time-loser New York City pickpocket Skip McCoy, who finds a top secret microfilm and gets caught between the feds, the Commies, and beautiful dame Candy (Jean Peters); "You're not going to raise the ante by stealing my lipstick." Kenji Mizoguchi's Princess Yang Kwei Fei stars Machiko Kyo as the last Tang emperor (8th cent.) and Masayuki Mori as his servant girl babe. Henry Koster's The Robe (Sept. 16) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1942 novel by Lutheran minister Lloyd Cassel Douglas becomes the first movie filmed in the widescreen CinemaScope process of Henri Chretien (1879-1956); stars chicken-legged Richard Burton as Roman tribune Marcellus Gallio, who commands the Roman soldier detail that crucifies Jesus of Nazreth (Donald C. Klune) and wins his robe in a dice game then later repents and turns Christian, Victor Mature as his Christian slave Demetrius, Richard Boone as Pontius Pilate, Jean Simmons as Diana, miscast Richard Boone as Pontius Pilate, Ernest Thesiger as Tiberius, Michael Ansara as Judas, and Jay Robinson as Caligula in a role acted so well that he later has to see a pshrink; the only movie given 8 stars by the New York Daily News, 4 for the film and 4 for the process (4 is the usual max); the wide, wide color screen saves the industry, which was losing customers because of the new boob tube (TV), although many claim it almost kills the art; "It's fine if you want a system that shows a boa constrictor to better advantage than a man" (George Stevens); "The worst shape ever devised" (Rouben Mamoulian); "It is a formula for a funeral, or for snakes, but not for human beings" (Fritz Lang); "It wrecked the art of film for a decade" (Leon Shamroy). Phil Tucker's Robot Monster (June 10) (3-D) (B&W) sees evil alien Ro-Man Extension XJ-2 destroy all of humanity with his Calcinator Death Ray except eight persons who took an experimental serum, causing him to have to go after them the hard way; too bad, he falls in love with eldest daughter Alice, causing the Great Guidance to have to finish the job; worst movie ever made? William Wyler's B&W Roman Holiday (Aug. 27) (Paramount Pictures), based on a story by Ian McLellan Hunter (a front for blacklisted Dalton Trumbo) is the first starring role for Brussels-born Audrey Hepburn (Edda Kathleen van Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston) (1929-93) as Princess Ann, who plays "average Jane" and falls in love with handsome reporter Joe Bradley (Gregory Peck); Eddie Albert plays photographer Irving Radovich; too bad, Hunter accepts the best story Oscar while Trumbo has to hide; Trumbo is awarded a posth. Oscar in 1993; does $12M box office on a $1.5M budget. Ingmar Bergman's Sawdust and Tinsel (released in the U.S. on Apr. 9, 1956) stars Harriet Andersson and Ake Gronberg in a tale of the travelling Alberti Circus in Sweden. George Stevens' Shane (Apr. 23) (Paramount Pictures), written by A.B. Guthrie Jr. based on the 1949 Jack Schaefer novel set in 1889 Wyo., and filmed in beautiful Jackson Hole, Wyo. stars Alan Ladd as buckskin-wearing good guy gunfighter Shane, Van Heflin and Jean Arthur (last film performance) as married homesteaders Joe and Marian Starrett, and Jack Palance as bad guy ("lowdown Yankee liar") Jack Wilson in the finest Western movie ever made?; Emile Meyer plays ruthless cattle baron Rufus Ryker; Elisha Cook Jr. plays Ala. ex-Confederate homesteader Frank "Stonewall" Torrey: Brandon De Wilde (1942-72) plays the cute boy Joey, who at the end of the movie hauntingly cries "Shane, come back! Come back, Shane!"; the jury's still out on whether Shane dies of his wounds. Billy Wilder's Stalag 17 (May 29), based on the play by Donald Bevan and Edmund Trzcinski about Xmas 1944 stars William Holden as J.J. Sefton, an Am. POW in Stalag XVII-B, Barracks Four on the Danube River who is framed as a Nazi mole by real mole Price, played by Peter Graves (Arness) (Aurness) (1926-2010) (brother of James Arness), and gets even; the film is filled with great supporting actors incl Gil Stratton as narrator Clarence Harvey "Cookie" Cook, Austrian Jewish film dir. ? as camp cmdr. Von Scherbach, German-born Sig Ruman as German Sgt. Schulz, Robert Strauss as Stanislas "Animal" Kasava, Don Taylor as rich Lt. James Dunbar, Robinson Stone as shellshocked Joey, and Harvey Lembeck as Harry Shapiro; music by Franz Waxman. Sidney Gilliat's The Story of Sir William Schwenck Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan stars Robert Morley as librettist Gilbert, and Maurice Evans as composer Sullivan. Ken Annakin's The Sword and the Rose (July 23), based on the Charles Major novel "When Knighthood Was in Flower" stars Richard Todd as Charles Brandon, commoner lover of Mary Tudor, played by Glynis Johns; James Robertson Justice plays her daddy Henry VIII, and Michael Gough plays the duke of Buckingham. Jean Negulesco's Titanic (Apr. 16) (20th Cent. Fox), written by Charles Brackett et al. stars Clifton Webb and Barbara Stanwyck as estranged First Class couple Richard Ward, a whimp, and Julia Sturges, a manly woman who secretly takes her two children Annette and Norman to raise them in her hometown of Mackinack, Mich., only to have him follow her; features young hunk Robert John Wagner Jr. (1930-) as Purdue tennis player Gifford Rogers; ends in a restaging of the big sinking, complete with historically inaccurate exploding boilers, frightening the movie public and rekindling interest in the new 1950s era version of Jaws?; does $2.25M box office on a $1.8M budget. Yasujiro Ozu's Tokyo Story (Tokyo Monogatari) stars Chishu Ryu, Chieko Higashiyama et al. in a story about an elderly couple going to Tokyo to visit their grown children, who ignore them. Arch Oboler's The Twonky, based on a story by Henry Kuttner stars hot Hans Cronried as prof. Cary West, whose TV set is taken over by a force from the future; "That television set isn't a hallucination, that's a twonky... I had twonkies when I was a child. A twonky is something you do not know what it is." Byron Haskin's The War of the Worlds (Aug. 13) (Paramount Pictures), based on the 1898 H.G. Wells novel stars looks-good-in-glasses Gene Barry (Eugene Klass) (1919-2009) as geiger counter-toting Dr. Clayton Forrester, and Ann Robinson as librarian Sylvia Van Buren, with great George Pal SFX; the Martians are into the number 3, and conquer the Earth with swanlike flying saucer machines sprouting rattlesnake-like heat ray pods in six days, the same it took for Jehovah to create it, until they are defeated by Earth bacteria after the remnant of faithful Earthlings pray to him; the last decade in which Hollyweird can get away with ennobling rather than cheapening the Christian belief in Armageddon? Kenji Mizoguchi's Ugetsu (Ugetsu Monogatari), based on the stories of Akinara Ueda stars Machiko Kyo and Masayuki Mori as two 16th cent. Japanese peasants venturing from their homes to pursue their quixotic dreams; establishes Mizoguchi's internat. rep. Plays: Arthur Adamov (1908-70), Professor Taranne (Le Professeur Taranne) (Mar. 18) (Theatre des Noctambules, Paris); The Direction of the March (La Seres de la Marche) (Mar. 18) (Theatre de la Comedie, Lyons); All Against All (Tous Contre Tous) (Apr. 14) (Theater de l'Oeuvre, Paris). Richard Adler (1921-) and Jerry Ross (1926-55), John Murray Anderson's Almanac (musical revue) (Imperial Theatre, New York) (Dec. 10) (229 perf.); stars Harry Belafonte, Hermione Gingold, Polly Bergen, Orson Bean, Tina Louise, and Kay Medford; incl. the hit song Rags to Riches, based on a Charlie Chaplin movie tune about a magic elf who regained her youth by drinking three cups of enchanted Gypsy blood. Robert Woodruff Anderson (1917-), Tea and Sympathy (Sept. 30) (Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York) (first play); stars Deborah and John Kerr; a New England prep school boy acts gay and is cured by the head, er, wife of the headmaster; filmed in 1956. Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Medea (Theatre de l'Atelier, Paris) (Mar. 26); L'Alouette (The Lark); about Joan of Arc. George Antheil (1900-59), Volpone (opera); based on the play by Ben Jonson (1572-1637), about a 16th cent. Venetian who pretends to be dying to get his heirs to give him bling. Aleksey Arbuzov, European Chronicles; Years of Wandering. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), Waiting for Godot: A Tragicomedy in Two Acts (En Attendant Godot) (Theatre de Babylone, Paris) (Jan. 3) (Arts Theatre, London) (Aug. 3, 1955); Vladimir and Estragon wait for you know who while chit-chatting with Pozzo, Lucky, and Vladimir; Godot is really God?; Well, shall we go?"; "Yes, let's go" (they stay) (ending); "Women don't have prostates" (Beckett, objecting to women acting in it). Ugo Betti (1892-1953), The Fugitive. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Jerome Chodorov (1911-2004) and Joseph Albert Fields (1895-1966), Betty Comden (1917-2006), and Adolph Green (1914-2002), Wonderful Town (musical) (Winter Garden Theatre, New York) (Feb. 25) (559 perf.); based on the 1940 play "Sister Eileen", which is based on the 1938 book by Ruth McKenney; sisters Ruth and Eileen Sherwood (Rosalind Russell and Edie Adams) travel from Columbus, Ohio to New York City in search of love and fortune, ending up in an apt. in Greenwich Village; dir. by George Abbott amd choreographed by Donald Saddler; features the songs Ohio, A Quiet Girl, Conga! Victor Borge (1909-2000), Comedy in Music (Oct. 2); (John Golden Theatre, New York); his 1-man show is booked for two weeks and runs for almost three years. Janes Bowles, In the Summer House (Dec. 29) (Playhouse Theatre, New York); stars Judith Anderson, Elizabeth Ross, Don Mayo, Mildred Dunnock, and Jean Stapleton. Benjamin Britten (1913-76), Fanfare (Convent Garden, London) (June 2); choreography by Jerome Robbins; Canadian-born Melissa Hayden (1923-) becomes principal dancer of the New York City Ballet (until 1973). Benjamin Britten and William Plomer, Gloriana (opera) (June 8) (Covent Garden, London); stars Joan Cross as Elizabeth I, Peter Pears as Essex; his biggest flop? Paddy Chayefsky (1923-81), Marty; live TV drama televised on May 24 on "The Goodyear Television Playhouse", about shy Bronx butcher Rod Steiger and his tentative courtship of spinster schoolteacher Nancy Marchand; makes Chayefsky an instant star. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Un Voyageur; Le Coup de Grace. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), Der Verdacht (The Quarry); The Angel Comes to Babylon (Kammerspiele, Munich) (Dec. 22). Gunter Eich (1907-72), Die Madchen aus Viterbo. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Confidential Clerk (verse comedy); inspired by Euripides' "Ion"; a financier's clerk is suspected of being his illegitimate son; his best or worst work? Horton Foote (1916-), The Trip to Bountiful (Nov. 3) (Henry Miller's Theater, New York) (39 perf.); stars Lillian Gish as Carrie Watts, Jo Van Fleet, Eva Marie Saint, Gene Lyons; a flop. Max Frisch (1911-91), Don Juan, or The Love of Geometry (Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie) (Schillertheater, Berlin) )(May 5). Witold Gombrowicz (1904-69), The Wedding. Julian Green (1900-98), South (drama). Graham Greene (1904-91), The Living Room. Gerald Hanley, The Year of the Lion. James Leo Herlihy (1927-93), Moon in Capricorn. William Inge (1913-73), Picnic (Music Box Theatre, New York) (Feb. 19) (477 perf.) (Pulitzer Prize); about virile drifter Hal Carter and a group of repressed women in a small Kansas town on Labor Day; stars Ralph Meeker as Hal Carter, Paul Newman (Broadway debut) as his old college friend Alan Seymour, Kim Stanley as Millie Owens, Janice Ruler as Madge Owens, and Elizabeth Wilson as Christine Schoenwalder; filmed in 1955 starring William Holden. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), The Leader (Le Maitre); The Maid to Marry (Le Jeune Fille a Marier). George S. Kaufman (1889-1961) and Howard Teichmann (1916-87), The Solid Gold Cadillac (comedy) (Morosco Theatre, New York) (Nov. 5); stars Josephine Hull, Loring Smith, and Fred Allen (narrator); a sweet old lady takes over a huge corrupt corp. Jean Kerr (1922-2003), John Murray Anderson's Almanac. Norman Krasna, Kind Sir (Alvin Theatre, New York) (Nov. 5); stars Charles Boyer, Mary Martin, Frank Conroy, Margalo Gillmore, and Dorothy Stickney. Felicien Marceau (1913-), L'Ecole des Moroses. Arthur Miller (1915-2005), The Crucible (Jan. 22) (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (197 perf.); original title "Those Familiar Spirits"; set in 1692/3 Salem, Mass.; an answer to witch-hunt McCarthyism and fink Elia Kazan (he shouldn't be able to live with himself?) at the same time?; John Proctor (Arthur Kennedy) must decide whether to make a false confession to save himself; Rev. Samuel Parris (Fred Stewart), Betty Parris (Boo Alexander), Elizabeth Proctor (Beatrice Straight), John's mistress Abigail Williams (Madeleine Sherwood), Tituba (Jacqueline Andre), Mary Warren (Jennie Egan), Rev. John Hale (E.G. Marshall); Deputy Gov. Danforth (Walter Hampden); filmed in 1957 and 1996; "I saw Goody Bibber with the Devil"; "I have given you my soul - leave me my name"; fear of HUAC causes lukewarm reviews that totally censor the connection with current politics, and the show flops after 197 perf.; actress Jean Adair (b. 1873) dies on May 11, forcing a replacement to be found. Alwin Nikolais (1910-93), Masks, Props and Mobiles. Liam O'Brien, The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker (Dec. 30) (Coronet Theater, New York); stars Burgess Meredith. John Patrick (1905-95), The Teahouse of the August Moon (comedy) (Oct. 15) (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Pulitzer Prize) (1,027 perf.); based on the 1951 Vern Sneider novel about the island town of Tobiki, Okinawa after WWII, and the efforts of GIs to implement Plan B to "turn villagers into Americans"; dir. by Robert Lewis; stars John Forsythe as Capt. Fisby, Paul Ford as Col. Wainright Purdy III, Mariko Niki as Lotus Blossum, and David Wayne as Sakini; filmed in 1956 starring Glenn Ford as Fisby, and Marlon Brando as Sakini. Louis Peterson (1922-98), Take a Giant Step; a black youth grows up in a white neighborhood. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), The Sleeping Prince: An Occasional Fairy Tale (Phoenix Theatre, West End, London) (Nov. 5) (Coronet Theatre, New York) (Nov. 1956); set in 1911 London; stars Laurence Olivier as Prince Charles of Carpathia, and Vivien Leigh as young actress Elsie Marina; filmed as "The Prince and the Showgirl" (1957) starring Olivier and Marilyn Monroe, who bought the rights; adopted in 1963 as the musical "The Girl Who Came to Supper" by Noel Coward. Sylvia Regan (1910-), The Fifth Season (Cort Theatre, New York) (Jan. 23); stars Menasha Skulnik, Richard Whorf, and Dick Kallman. Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Me and Juliet (musical) (Majestic Theatre, New York); a flop; incl. the hit song No Other Love. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Les Invites du Bon Dieu; Une Femme trop Honnete, ou Tout est dans la Facon de le Dire. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), The White Carnation. Sam Spewack and Bella Spewack, My Three Angels (Morosco Theatre, New York) (Mar. 11); adaptation of French play; stars Walter Slezak, Jerome Cowan, and Darren McGavin. Samuel Taylor, Sabrina Fair (Nat. Theater, New York) (Nov. 11); stars Margaret Sullavan, Joseph Cotten, Cathleen Nesbitt, Scott McKay, and John Cromwell. Dylan Thomas (1914-53), Under Milk Wood (Poetry Center, New York) (May 14); the small Welsh fishing village of Llareggub ("bugger all" backwards); Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard, Capt. Cat, the two Mrs. Dai Breads; Organ Morgan, and Polly Garter; broadcast on BBC-Radio in 1594 starring Richard Burton; filmed in 1973 by Andrew Sinclair starring Richard Burton. Peter Ustinov (1921-2004), The Love of Four Colonels. Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), Daybreak (Madrugada) (Teatro Alcazar, Madrid) (Dec. 9). Derek Walcott (1930-), Wine of the Country. John Whiting (1917-63), Marching Song. Tennessee Williams (1911-83), Camino Real (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Mar. 19) (60 perf.); stars Eli Wallach, Jo Van Fleet, Frank Silvera et al.; expansion of 1-act play "Ten Blocks on the Camino Real"; surrealistic mixing of historical figures Byron, Casanova et al. in a celebration of romantic idealism; panned by critics and flops, but Williams declares it his favorite play - never let pain stop you in the pursuit of your passion? Sandy Wilson (1924-2014), The Boy Friend (Boyfriend) (musical) (Players' Theatre Club, London) (Apr. 14) (Wyndham's Theatre, West End, London) (Jan. 14, 1954) (2,078 perf.); (Royal Theatre, New York) (Sept. 30, 1954) (485 perf.); the French Rivieria in the Roaring Twenties; big hit with the queen; Broadway production stars John Hewer, Geoffrey Hibbert, Dilys Laye et al.; the Broadway debut of 19-y.-o. "perfect pitch" Julia Elizabeth "Julie" Andrews (nee Wells) (1935-) as Polly, who is discovered by the producers of "My Fair Lady" there; features the song The Boyfriend; followed by the 1930s musical Divorce Me, Darling! (Players' Theatre, London) (Dec. 9, 1964) (Globe Theatre, West End, London) (Feb. 1, 1965) (91 perf.). Herman Wouk (1915-), The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (Oct. 12) (Plyouth Theatre, New York). Poetry: John Ashbery (1927-2017), Turandot and Other Poems (debut). Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Rempart. Earle Birney (1904-95) (ed.), Twentieth Century Canadian Poetry. Guy Choquette, Suite Marine. Robert Creeley (1926-), The Kind Act Of; The Immoral Proposition. Idris Davies (1905-53), Selected Poems (posth.). Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), An Italian Visit. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Poems 1953. Elizabeth Jennings (1926-2001), Poems. Kenneth Koch (1925-2002), Poems; critic Harry Roskolenko disses it in "Poetry" mag., causing Frank O'Hara to defend him, making him the first of the "anti-traditional" New York School of poets (Koch, O'Hara, John Ashbery) to achieve notoriety. Milan Kundera (1929-), Man: A Broad Garden (Clovek Zahrak Sira). Irving Layton (1912-2006), Love the Conqueror Worm. Archibald MacLeish (1892-1982), Collected Poems 1917-1952 (Pulitzer Prize). Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Autumn Sequel (autobio.). Walter de la Mare (1873-1956), O Lovely England. Claude McKay (1889-1948), Selected Poems (posth.). Charles Olson (1910-70), In Cold Hell, in Thicket (debut); The Maximus Poems; about Am. prototype town Gloucester, Mass. Theodore Roethke (1901-63), The Waking: Poems 1933-1953 (Pulitzer Prize); incl. The Waking; "I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow/ I feel my fate in what I cannot fear./ I learn by going where I have to go"; also incl. Elegy for Jane (My student, thrown by a horse), Four for Sir John Davies. Karl Shapiro (1913-2000), Poems, 1940-1953. Melvin B. Tolson (1898-1966), Libretto for the Republic of Liberia; the poet laureate of Liberia since 1947 versifies the Liberian centennial; "For the first time, it seems to me, a Negro poet has assimilated completely the full poetic language of his time and, by implication, the language of the Anglo-American poetic tradition" (Allen Tate). David Wagoner (1926-), Dry Sun, Dry Wind (debut). Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), Brother to Dragons: A Tale in Verse and Voices; the 1811 murder of a slave by Thomas Jefferson's nephews causes TJ to have a humanistic identity crisis? Novels: Kobo Abe (1924-93), Thundering Union (Kiga Domei). Eric Ambler (1909-98), The Schirmer Inheritance. Uell Stanley Andersen (1917-1986), The Smoldering Sea (first novel). Sholem Asch (1880-1957), A Passage in the Night. Louis Auchincloss (1917-), A Law for the Lion. Michael Avallone, The Tall Dolores. Nigel Balchin (1908-70), Sundry Creditors. James Baldwin (1924-87), Go Tell It On the Mountain (first novel); written in Paris; a day in the life of congregation members of Harlem's storefront Temple of Fire. Heinrich Ball, Acquainted with the Night (Undsagte kein Einziges Wort); first to point to the moral vacuum underlying West Germanys economic miracle? Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000), Passeggiata Prima di Cena. H.E. Bates (1905-74), The Nature of Love. Nina Bawden (1925-), Who Calls the Tune (in America, Eyes of Green). Samuel Beckett (1906-89), The Unnamable. Saul Bellow (1915-2005), The Adventures of Augie March; picaresque novel about a young Chicago Jew, with an expansive, multivocal narrative style that is new to U.S. fiction. Ludwig Bemelmans (1899-1962), Father, Dear Father. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), The House of Moreys. Alfred Bester (1913-87), The Demolished Man (first novel); a sci-fi detective novel featuring telepathy; winner of the first Hugo Award for sci-fi; Who He? (The Rat Race); a TV game show host blacks out then wakes up and discovers that someone is out to get him. Richard Pike Bissell (1913-77), 7-1/2 Cents (A Gross of Pyjamas); turned into the musical "The Pajama Game". Heinrich Boll (1957-85), And Never Said a Word (Und sagte kein einziges Wort); married couple Fred and Kate Bogner split during WWII and meet only in hotel rooms when they can afford it. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), The Challenge. Ray Bradbury (1920-2012), Fahrenheit 451; that's Celsius 233; Guy Montag the fireman burns them pesky books people are still hoarding that threaten utopia; "It was a pleasure to burn" (first sentence); filmed in 1966; The Golden Apples of the Sun (short stories). Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000), Maud Martha; her only adult novel; a young black woman in Chicago in the 1930s-40s; transcends stereotypes? Brigid Brophy (1929-95), The Crown Princess and Other Stories; Hackenfeller's Ape. Bryher (1894-1983), The Player's Boy. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Come My Beloved. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Adobe Walls: A Novel of the Last Apache Rising; Big Stan. William S. Burroughs (1914-97), Junkie (Junky): Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict (first novel); pub. under alias William Lee; his only book written under the influence of heroin, about himself, naturally, and fellow junkie Herbert Huncke - occasionally, I want to talk about me? James M. Cain (1892-1977), Galatea. Alejo Carpentier (1904-80), The Lost Steps. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Cavalier's Cup. Raymond Chandler (1888-1959), The Long Goodbye; 6th novel; "The first time I laid eyes on Terry Lennox he was drunk in a Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith outside the terrace of The Dancers"; written during the long terminal illness of his 18-year-older wife Cissy Chandler (1870-1954), after which he goes back to drinking and attempted suicide, and his career tanks. John Cheever (1912-82), The Enormous Radio and Other Stories; a couple's radio broadcasts their neighbors' private quarrels, causing their own breakup; incl. "Torch Song", about a woman vampire. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), After the Funeral (Funerals Are Fatal) (Mar.); Hercule Poirot #27; A Pocket Full of Rye (Nov. 9); Miss Marple. Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008), Childhood's End; the alien Overlords take over the Earth. Hal Clement (1922-2003), Iceworld. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), The Present and the Past. Catherine Cookson (1906-98), Colour Blind. William Cooper (1910-2002), The Struggles of Albert Woods. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), Beyond This Place. Roald Dahl (1916-90), Someone Like You (short stories). Harold Lenoir Davis (1896-1960), Team Bells Woke Me and Other Stories. Mark Van Doren (1894-1972), Nobody Say a Word (short stories). Oliver La Farge (1901-63), Cochise of Arizona. James T. Farrell (1904-79), The Face of Time. Lion Feuchtwanger (1884-1958), 'Tis Folly to Be Wise. Ian Fleming (1908-64), Casino Royale (Apr. 13); failed British spook introduces super-spy James Bond, whose name is borrowed from an Am. ornithologist, author of Birds of the West Indies; son of a Scottish father and Swiss mother who died in a mountain climbing accident when he was 11, he becomes a Navy comdr. in MI6 who smokes three packs of cigs a day; his boss, Special Operations head M (based on Col. Maurice Buckmaster, whose asst. Vera Atkins is the model for Miss Moneypenny, along with typist Jean Frampton) makes him switch from his favorite Beretta to the Walther Polizei Pistole Kurz (PPK) because of stopping power and reliability; his favorite drink is a martini made with three measures of Gordon's dry vermouth and one measure of vodka, and shaken (not stirred) until ice cold; Fleming pictures Bond as composer Hoagy Carmichael and/or Cary Grant?; his babe is Vesper Lynd (pun on West Berlin), for whom he creates the Vesper Cocktail (three measures of Gordon's gin, one of vodka, one-half of Kina Lillet vermouth, shaken not stirred, and served in a deep champagne goblet with a slice of lemon peel), which becomes popular after the novel is pub. Pamela Frankau (1908-67), The Winged Horse; To the Moment of Triumph. Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), Novelle dal Ducato in Fiamme (short stories). Jean Giono (1895-1970), The Man Who Planted Trees; a writer from Provence, France helps spark the ecological movement? Jose Maria Gironella (1917-2003), The Cypresses Believe in God. Witold Gombrowicz (1904-69), Trans-Atlantyk. Nadine Gordimer (1923-), The Lying Days and The Voice of the Serpent (first novel); autobio. novel about her growing political awareness in an East Rand mining town near Johannesburg. Winston Graham (1908-2003), Fortune is a Woman; Warleggan; Poldark Saga #4 (next in 1973). Davis Grubb (1919-80), The Night of the Hunter (first novel); bestseller about serial killer Harry Powers (1892-1932); filmed in 1955 starring Robert Mitchum. L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), The Go-Between; elderly Leo Colston reminisces on his childhood, where he crosses "the rainbow bridge from reality to dream"; filmed in 1971 starring Michael Redgrave; "The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there" (opening line). Mark Harris (1922-2007), The Southpaw: by Henry W. Wiggen: Punctuation Inserted and Spelling Greatly Improved; first of the Henry Wiggen series (ends 1979), about a lefty New York Mammoths pitcher; best baseball novel series of all time? Charles Harness, The Paradox Men. Leicester Hemingway (1915-82), The Sound of the Trumpet (first novel). John Hersey (1914-92), The Marmot Drive; a modern "Scarlet Letter"? James Hilton (1900-54), Time and Time Again. L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Ole Doc Methuselah. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Simple Takes a Wife; Jesse B. Simple (Simple), the everyday black man of Harlem. N.C. Hunter, A Day by the Sea. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain; None So Pretty: Or, the Story of Mr. Cork. Mary Margaret Kaye (1908-2004), Death in Kashmir; first in a series of "Death in" novels (1953-60), which are revised in 1983-5. Margaret Kennedy (1896-1967), Troy Chimneys. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), The Ambassadress. John Knittel (1891-1970), Jean-Michel. Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58), The Syndic. Louis L'Amour (1908-88), Hondo; his first hit and masterpiece?; based on the story "The Gift of Cochise"; Hondo Lane, Angie Lowe, and Indian warrior Vittorio; establishes his genre of tough loner gunman and damsel in distress with period touches - give me a big fat hairy howl? Rosamond Lehmann (1901-90), The Echoing Grove; filmed in 2002 as "Heart of Me" starring Helena Bonham-Carter. Siegfried Lenz (1926-), Duell Mit dem Schatten. Elmore Leonard (1925-2013), The Bounty Hunters (first novel); Detroit advertising copywriter turns novelist; Three-Ten (3:10) to Yuma (short story) (Mar.); filmed in 1957 and 2007. Leonid Leonov (1899-1994), Russian Forest; WWII from the Soviet side. Ira Levin (1929-2007), A Kiss Before Dying (first novel); filmed in 1956 and 1991. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), I and My True Love. Charles Eric Maine (1921-81), Spaceways Satellite (first novel); a scientist builds a time machine, then a fellow scientist thrusts him into the future to make out with his wife. William Manchester (1922-2004), The City of Anger. Wolf Mankowitz, A Kid for Two Farthings. Thomas Mann (1875-1955), Die Betrogene. Felicien Marceau (1913-), En de Secretes Noces (short stories); Bergere Legere. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), The Fair Bride. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Golden Admiral; The Winter at Valley Forge; Wild Drums Beat. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), Kiss Me Again, Stranger (short stories). Andre Maurois (1885-1967), Lelia: the Life of George Sand. Nellie McClung (1873-1951), When Christmas Crossed 'The Peace' (posth.). James A. Michener (1907-97), The Bridges at Toko-Ri; first of two novels about the Korean War, about a a jet pilot bombing mission. Ward Moore, Bring the Jubilee. Wright Morris (1910-98), The Deep Sleep; a judge in the affluent Main Line of Philadelphia and his lack of fulfillment despite achieving the Am. Dream. Sir John Mortimer (1923-2009), Like Men Betrayed. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Train in the Meadow. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), The Retreat. Patrick O'Brian (1914-2000), The Catalans (The Frozen Flame). Zoe B. Oldenbourg (1916-2002), The Cornerstone (La Pierre Angulaire). Charles Fulton Oursler (1893-1952) and Grace Oursler Armstrong, The Greatest Faith Ever Known (posth.); history of Biblical events. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), The Deadly Pickup; Murder Honeymoon; City of Sin. Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), Roma. Alan Stewart Paton (1903-88), Too Late the Phalarope. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), Most Loving Mere Folly; The Rough Magic. Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), Fables and Other Little Tales. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Waylaid in Boston. Ann Petry (1908-97), The Narrows; last adult novel; an interracial love affair in Conn. Roger Peyrefitte (1907-2000), Les Cles de Saint Pierre; which attacks the Vatican and Pope Pius XII, gaining him the title "Pope of the Homosexuals", but pisses-off Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), causing Peyrefitte to accuse him of being a closet homo "Tartuffe". Robert Pinget (1919-97), Le Renard et la Boussole. Richard P. Powell (1908-99), Say It With Bullets. Ellery Queen, The Scarlet Letters. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1896-1953), The Sojourner; Asahel Linden looks for his brother Ben. Mary Renault (1905-83), The Charioteer. Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Frightened Wife. Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922-2008), The Erasers (Les Gommes) (first novel); a detective seeks an assassin in a future murder, and discovers it's him; erases character and plot to redo Oedipus? Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), Saga of the Sea. J.D. Salinger (1919-2010), Nine Stories; incl. "A Perfect Day for Banana Fish", "For Esme - with Love and Squalor", "Down at the Dinghy", "Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut", "Teddy"; an orgy of spiritual malaise? Nathalie Sarraute (1900-99), Martereau. Thomas Savage (1915-), A Bargain with God. Paul Mark Scott (1920-78), The Alien Sky (Six Days in Marapore). Allan Seager (1906-68), Amos Berry; turns James Dickey on to writing. Anna Seghers (1900-83), The Ship of the Argonauts. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), In the Wet. Ignazio Silone (1900-78), A Handful of Blackberries. Clifford D. Simak (1904-88), Ring Around the Sun; psychic powers enable men to step into parallel quantum Earths in a you know what. Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-91), Gimpel the Fool; pub. in "Partisan Review", trans. by Saul Bellow; his first recognition by a non-Yiddish audience. Vern Sneider (1916-98), A Pair of Oysters. Howard Spring (1889-1965), A Sunset Touch. Jean Stafford (1915-79), Children Are Bored on Sunday (short stories); establishes her rep. Theodore Sturgeon (1918-85), More Than Human; based on the novella "Baby is Three"; six extraordinary people who "blesh" in order to act as a single organism. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), A Month in Gordon Square. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), The Sleeping Beauty. Jim Thompson (1906-77), Savage Night; Bad Boy; The Criminal. Philip Toynbee (1916-81), The Garden to the Sea. Leon Uris (1924-2003), Battle Cry (first novel); bestseller; former U.S. Marine Danny Forrester (#359195); Uris became a heroin addict in 1944 and killed his wife in 1951 trying to shoot an apple off her head, then sells his typewriter next year to buy heroin, and stays addicted until 1957 while writing in longhand and sleeping around like an alley cat - the perfect lifestyle for a struggling novelist? Jack Vance (1916-2013), The Five Gold Bands (The Space Pirate) (The Rapparee) (first sci-fi novel). John B. Wain (1925-94), Hurry on Down (first novel); a univ. graduate fights conventional society. Mika Waltari (1908-79), Moonscape. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), Brother to Dragons. Jessamyn West (1902-84), Cress Delahanty; for ages 12-16. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), To the Devil - a Daughter; Curtain of Fear. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), Young Phillip Maddison. Richard Wright (1908-60), The Outsider; written in Paris; autobio. novel of a black man in Chicago whose falsely reported death allows him to begin a new life in New York City, where he joins the Communist Party, is made to commit murder, then killed by the party; "One of the first consciously existentialist novels to be written by an American." (Granville Hicks) Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), The Devil's Laughter. Births: U.S. Repub. N.M. gov. #29 (1995-2003) ("Gov. Veto") Gary Earl Johnson on Jan. 1 in Minot, N.D. Am. Loews CEO (Jewish) James S. Tisch on Jan. 2 in Atlantic City, N.J.; educated at COrnell U., and Wharton School. Am. geoscientist James Fraser Kasting on Jan. 2; gorws up in Huntsville, Ala.; educated at Harvard U., and U. of Mich. Maldives pres. (2012-) (Muslim) Mohammed Waheed Hassan Manik on Jan. 3 in Male. Am. "Nancy Drew", "Fallon Carrington Colby in Dynasty" actress Pamela Sue Martin on Jan. 5 in Hartford, Conn. Am. CIA dir. #18 (1996-2004) George John Tenet on Jan. 5 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y.; Greek immigrant parents; grows up in Little Neck, Queens, N.Y.; fraternal twin of Bill Tenet; educated at SUNY, Georgetown U., and Columbia U. Am. country singer Jett Williams (Antha Belle Jett) on Jan. 6; daughter of Hank Williams Sr. (1923-53) and Bobbie Jett; born five days after her father's death; sister of Hank Williams Jr. (1949-); adopted by his mother Lillian; only learns her relationship in the 1980s; half-sister of Hank Williams Jr. (1949-). Scottish rock guitarist Malcolm Mitchell Young (AC/DC) on Jan. 6 in Glasgow; brother of George Redburn Young (1947-) and Angus Young (1955-). Am. baseball relief pitcher ("Mister Splitty") Howard Bruce Sutter (pr. like suiter) on Jan. 8 in Lancaster, Penn.; first to use the split-finger fastball. Am. "Love is a Battlefield", "Hit Me With Your Best Shot" rock singer Pat Benatar (Patricia Mae Andrzejewski) on Jan. 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Polish-Irish parents. Am. writer Dennis Cooper on Jan. 10; grows up in Pasadena, Calif. Am. auto racer Robert Woodward "Bobby" Rahal on Jan. 10 in Medina, Ohio; father of Graham Rahal (1989-). Am. archer Luann Ryon on Jan. 13 in Long Beach, Calif. English "The Occult Roots of Nazism" historian (of Western Esotericism) Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke on Jan. 15 in Lincoln; educated at Bristol U., and St. Edmund Hall, Oxford U. English "Hale and Pace" actor-comedian Gareth Hale on Jan. 15; collaborator of Norman Pace (1953-). Am. "Dr. Dino" Creation scientist Kent E. Hovind on Jan. 15 in Pensacola, Fla.; "No fossils can count as evidence for evolution; all we know about that animal is that it died." Am. football hall-of-fame linebaker (Dallas Cowboys, 1975-88) Randall Lee "Randy" White on Jan. 15 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at the U. of Md. Am. white supremacist Robert Jay Mathews (d. 1984) (The Order) on Jan. 16 in Marfa, Tex. Am. U.S. Air Traffic Control system dir. and dentist Russell G. Chew on Jan. 18. Am. comedian-singer-musician Brett Stuart Patrick Hudson on Jan. 18 in Portland, Ore. Dash, dot-dash-dot-dot, dot-dash-dash?? His mind crackles like lightning, his voice rolls like thunder, and on his face is a map of the human race? His epitaph was Ecclesiastes 12:12? Am. classic narcissist, pansophist, historyscoper, knowledge engineer, software engineer, novelist and fiction author (casting agent, bel-esprit, the 21st cent. Gibbon, Webster, Franklin, Bacon, Descartes, Shakespeare et al., last of the Renaissance men, et. al.) T.L. (Thomas Lionheart, er, Lee) "Tom" "Tommy" "Too Large" Winslow (Jr.) (AKA TLW) (Grandmaster Big Tom Slow), "The Historyscoper"™, "The Iron Chef of World History"™, "The World's Greatest Genius"™, "The Sponge"™, "Barba Blanca"™, "The Boy Who Never Got Out of School"™, "The Most Serious Dude on Earth"™, "The Computer Is My Exercise Cycle"™, "The Old Gringo"™, on Jan. 18 (Sun.) (6+6+6?) [Capricorn] [tail end of the lucky Chinese year of the Dragon] at 8:10 a.m. MST in Rocky Mountain Osteopathic Hospital in Denver, Colo. (9.5 lbs., blonde hair, blue eyes, which later turn hazel green); parents are Wilma Louise Morrow (Feb. 10, 1925 - Dec. 17, 2010) (a Methodist born in Kansas City, Mo.) and Thomas Lee Winslow Sr. (Oct. 7, 1925 - 1992) (a Latter Day Saint long-haul ICX Denver-Chicago truck driver WWII European war vet) (met on a tour bus he was driving, married on June 18, 1950 in Raton, N.M., divorced in 1956); his mother had a miscarriage a year before TLW, a male whom she wanted to name Gregory, because TLW Sr. resembles actor Gregory Peck; his parents conceive TLW during a rainstorm in Idaho Springs, Colo. in the mountains W of Denver, and this time daddy takes over in the hospital and names him after himself, but the nurse forgets to add the "Jr." to the birth certificate; Doubting Thomas (John 20:24-29) (Lat. "Didymus" = twin), born in two-faced Janus-uary?; delivering physician Dr. William Brown comments on how straight TLW's back is; reads Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" at age 8 like Winston Churchill, along with the Bible, and becomes a dyed-in-the-wool atheist by age 12; the biggest kid in school, gives up an early life of bully and juvenile delinquent by the 6th grade, then turns into a bookworm and begins a program of mastering all the world's knowledge, causing friction with the established school system, but stays in and fakes it until his early 20s, then bails out with an electrical engineering degree, toys with an engineering career with McDonnell Douglas and other defense contractors until personal computers come out in the early 1980s, then programs computer games for PCs under the trademark "Tommy's Toys", then becomes a fiction author, writing novels and publishing them as ebooks on the Web, finally turning into a full-time historyscoper after 9/11 gives him a reality jolt; at age 49 he gives up training to be the world's strongest man after experiencing disc problems at 6'5" height and 440 lbs. body weight, and devotes his life to his mind, uttering the soundbyte "I'm smarter than Einstein, because Einstein is dead and I'm alive", launching the Great Track of Time slash Historyscope project did-I-say on Sept. 11, 2001 right after viewing the destruction of the WTC in New York City on TV. Am. actor-musician Desiderio Alberto "Desi" Arnaz Jr. (IV) (Dino, Desi and Billy) on Jan. 19 in Hollywood, Calif.; son of Desi Arnaz Sr. (1917-86) and Lucille Ball (1911-89); brother of Lucie Arnaz (1951-). Canadian tennis player and politician Richard Legendre on Jan. 19 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. financier-philanthropist Jeffrey Edward "Jeff" Epstein on Jan. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in Coney Island, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Am. Microsoft co-founder Paul Gardner Allen (d. 2018) on Jan. 21 in Seattle, Wash. Am. Dem. political strategist (Jewish) Steven "Steve" Rosenthal on Jan. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Stranger than Paradise", "Broken Flowers", "Down by Law" film dir. James R. "Jim" Jarmusch on Jan. 22 in Akron, Ohio; educated at Columbia U. Am. Los Angeles, Calif. mayor #41 (2005-13) (first Hispanic) (Roman Catholic) Antonio Ramon (Ramón) (Antonio Ramon Villar) on Jan. 23 in Eastside, Los Angeles, Calif.; Mexican immigrant parents; educated at UCLA. Am. rock singer Robin Wayne Zander (Cheap Trick) on Jan. 23 in Beloit, Wisc. South Korean pres. #12 (2017-) Moon Jae-in on Jan. 24 in Gaoje; educated at Kyung Hee U. Am. "Break My Stride" singer-producer Matthew Wilder (W einer) (Matthew & Peter) on Jan. 24 in Manhattan, N.Y. Danish Liberal PM #24 (2001-9) (Lutheran) Anders Fogh Rasmussen on Jan. 26 in Ginnerup; educated at Aarhus U. Am. "Car Wheels on a Gravel Road" singer-songwriter Lucinda Williams on Jan. 26 in Lake Charles, La.; daughter of poet Miller Williams (1930-2015). Canadian ballet dancer Frank Joseph Augustyn on Jan. 27 in Hamilton, Ont.; partner of Karen Kain (1951-). Am. B-movie reviewer Joe Bob Briggs (John Irving Bloom) on Jan. 27 in Dallas, Tex.; educated at Vanderbilt U. Canadian 5'9" hockey player-coach Colin John "the Sheriff" Campbell on Jan. 28 in London, Ont. English musician Chris Carter (Chris and Cosey, Throbbing Gristle) on Jan. 28 in Islington, London; not to be confused with X-Files creator Chris Carter (1956-). Am. "ALF" actor-puppeteer Paul Fusco on Jan. 29 in New Haven, Conn. Am. rock musician Louis Frausto "Louie" Perez Jr. (Los Lobos, Latin Playboys) on Jan. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Chinese singer Teresa Teng (Tang) (Deng) (d. 1995) on Jan. 29 in Taiwan. Panamanian pres. (2019-) Laurentino "Nito" Cortizo Cohen on Jan. 30 in Panama City; educated at Norwich U., and UTA. Am. Repub. Penn. gov. (2001-3) Mark Steven Schweiker on Jan. 31 in Levittown, Penn. Am. "Dog the Bounty Hunter" bounty hunter (Assembly of God) Duane Lee "Dog" Chapman on Feb. 2 in Denver, Colo. Am. computer programmer (Microsoft Windows) Charles Petzold on Feb. 2 in Brunswick, N.J. Am. "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Brotherhood" novelist Rebecca Wells on Feb. 3 in Alexandria, La.; educated at La. State U. Am. Federal Reserve chmn. (2018-) Jerome Hayden "Jay" Powell on Feb. 4 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Princeton U., and Georgetown U. Am. baseball pitcher Daniel Raymond "Dan" "Quiz" Quisenberry on Feb. 7 in Santa Monica, Calif.; known for his submarine delivery. Am. "Clara Clayton in Back to the Future Part III" actress Mary Steenburgen on Feb. 8 in Newport, Ark.; wife (1980-90) of Malcolm McDowell (1943-) and (1995-) Ted Danson (1947-). Irish "Finn McGovern in Road to Perdition", "Carl in Munich" actor (Roman Catholic) Ciaran (Ciarán) Hinds (pr. KEE-ruhn) on Feb. 9 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Am. GM CEO (2000-) George Richard "Rick" Wagoner on Feb. 9 in Wilmington, Del.; educated at Duke U., and Harvard U. Am. "Joseph Merrick in Elephant Man" actor Philip Charles Anglim on Feb. 11 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. Repub. Fla. gov. #43 (1999-2007) John Ellis "Jeb" Bush on Feb. 11 in Midland, Tex.; elder brother of pres. George W. Bush (1946-); sister Robin Bush (b. 1949) dies on Oct. 25. Am. "Maggie Seaver in Growing Pains" actress-dir. Joanna Kerns (Joanne Crussie DeVarona) on Feb. 12 in San Francisco, Calif.; of Mexican-Am. father, Irish-Am. mother. Am. TV journalist Martha Raddatz on Feb. 14 in Idaho Falls, Idaho; grows up in Salt Lake City, Utah; educated at the U. of Utah. Am. "U.S. Pres. Lewis in Salt" 6'3" actor Huntington Macdonald "Hunt" Block on Feb. 16 in Glen Burnie, Md.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Falcon" spy Christopher John Boyce on Feb. 16 in Santa Monica, Calif.; collaborator of "Snowman" Andrew Daulton Lee (1952-). Am. TV host (gay) Steve Kmetko on Feb. 16 in Cleveland, Ohio; lover of Greg Louganis. Am. "King's Quest"" Sierra On-Line computer game designer ("Queen of the Graphic Adventure") Roberta Heuer Williams on Feb. 16. Kiwi economist Gareth Huw Morgan on Feb. 17 in Putaruru; Welsh immigrant parents; educated at Massey U., and Victoria U. English "Hale and Pace" actor-comedian Norman Pace on Feb. 17 in Dudley, West Midlands; collaborator of Gareth Hale (1953-). Canadian rock drummer Robin "Robbie" Bachman (Bachman-Turner Overdrive) on Feb. 18 in Winnipeg, Man.; brother of Randy Bachman (1943-). Australian rock drummer Derek Allan Pellici (Little River Band) on Feb. 18 in London, England; migrates to Australia in 1960. Am. pro-GW Bush Baptist preacher (black) Herbert Hoover Lusk II on Feb. 19 in Memphis, Tenn. Italian "Il Postino" film dir.-poet Massimo Troisi (d. 1994) on Feb. 19 in San Giorgio a Cremano, Naples. Am. punk rocker Poison Ivy (Kristy Marlana Wallace) (The Cramps) on Feb. 20 in San Bernardino, Calif.; wife of Lux Interior (Erick Purkhiser) (1946-2009). Am. "Gil Grissom in CSI" actor William Louis "Billy" Petersen on Feb. 21 in Evanston, Ill.; Danish-Am. father, German-Am. mother. Spanish PM #76 (1996-2004) Jose Maria Aznar Lopez on Feb. 25 in Madrid. German "Fred the Frog" artist (gay) Martin Kippenberger (d. 1997) on Feb. 25 in Dortmund. Am. "Love is a Wonderful Thing" singer (vegetarian) Michael Bolton (Bolotin) (Blackjack) on Feb. 26 in New Haven, Conn. Am. disabled talk show host Bree Walker (born Patricia Lynn Nelson) on Feb. 26 in Oakland, Calif.; grows up in Minn. Am. "Hundreds of Fireflies" poet-novelist-writer Brad E. Leithauser on Feb. 27 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Harvard U.; husband of Mary Jo Salter (1954-). Am. liberal economist (Jewish) Paul Robin Krugman on Feb. 28 in Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Yale U., and MIT; 2008 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. billionaire Dish Network CEO (Episcopalian) Charles William "Charlie" Ergen on Mar. 1 in Oak Ridge, Tenn.; Austrian immigrant father is coiner of the phrase "China Syndrome"; educated at the U. of Tenn, and Wake Forest U. Am. "Bodyguard to the Stars" actor Charles "Chuck" Zito Jr. on Mar. 1 in Bronx, N.Y. U.S. Sen. (D-Wisc.) (1993-) (Jewish) Russell Dana "Russ" Feingold on Mar. 2 in Janesville, Wisc.; Russian Jewish immigrant grandparents; educated at the U. of Wisc., Magdalen College, Oxford U., and Harvard U. English singer-songwriter Robyn Rowan Hitchcock on Mar. 3 in London. Brazilian soccer midfielder Zico (Artur Antunes Coinbra) on Mar. 3 in Rio de Janeiro. Cuban drummer-producer Emilio Estefan Jr. (Miami Sound Machine) on Mar. 4 in Cuba; of Lebanese descent; emigrates to the U.S. in 1968; husband of Gloria Estefan (1957-); uncle of Lili Estefan (1967-). Am. "Reasonable Doubts" actress Kay Ann Lenz on Mar. 4 in Los Angeles, Calif.; wife (1977-82) of David Cassidy. Russian cosmonaut Valery Grigoryevich Korzun on Mar. 5 in Krasny Sulin, Rostov Oblast; of Ukrainian descent. Norwegian "The Seducer" writer Jan Kjaerstad on Mar. 6. Am. actress Jacklyn "Jackie" Zeman on Mar. 6 in Englewood, N.J. Am. baseball LF player (Boston Red Sox) James Edward "Jim" Rice on Mar. 8 in Anderson, S.C. Canadian runner Jacqueline Gareau on Mar. 10 in L'Annonciation, Quebec. Canadian guitarist Bernie LaBarge on Mar. 11 on Mar. 11 in Ottawa, Ont. Am. "The Barbecue Bible" TV chef Steven Raichlen on Mar. 11 in Nagoya, Japan; grows up in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Reed College Am. "Team Rodent: How Disneyland Devours the World" novelist-journalist Carl Hiaasen on Mar. 12 in Plantation, Fla.; educated at Emory U. and the U. of Fla. Am. porno star (Jewish) ("the Hedgehog") Ron Jeremy (Ronald Jeremy Hyatt) on Mar. 12 in Bayside, Queens, N.Y. British "Cloud Gate" sculptor Sir Anish Kapoor on Mar. 12 in Bombay; knighted in 2013. Am. "Windmills of the Gods", "Aunt Julie in 7th Heaven" actress Deborah Iona Raffin on Mar. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif. Canadian PowerBar inventor and marathoner Brian Maxwell (d. 2004) on Mar. 14 in London, England; grows up in Toronto; educated at UCB. Irish economist-politician Richard Bruton on Mar. 15 in Dublin; educated at Nuffield College, Oxford U. French "Erika Kohut in La Pianiste", "Nelly in Loulou" actress Isabelle Huppert on Mar. 16 in Paris. Am. computer programmer (Jewish) (atheist) (GNU Project founder) Richard Stallman on Mar. 16 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. Philippine rev. Socialist leader Filemon "Ka Popoy" Lagman (d. 2001) on Mar. 17. Am. Archer Daniels Midland CEO (2006-) Patricia Ann Woertz on Mar. 17 in Penn.; educated at Penn State U. Am. "The Kentucky Cycle", "Dexter Remmick in Star Trek: TNG" playwright-screenwriter-actor Robert Frederic Schenkkan Jr. on Mar. 19 in Chapel Hill, N.C.; educated at the U. of Tex. and Cornell U. Am. rock bassist Billy Sheehan (Mr. Big) on Mar. 19. Am. rock musician (gay) Ricky Helton Wilson (d. 1985) (B-52's) on Mar. 19 in Athens, Ga.; brother of Cindy Wilson (1948-). Am. economist Kenneth Saul "Ken" Rogoff on Mar. 22 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Yale U., and MIT. Am. "Tell Me Something Good" R&B singer (black) (Scientologist) ("Queen of Funk") Chaka Khan (Yvette Marie Stevens) (Rufus) on Mar. 23 in Chicago, Ill.; sister of Taka Boom (1954-). Am. "Life with Louie" gap-toothed comedian and "Family Feud" host (1999-2002) Louie Perry Anderson (d. 2022) on Mar. 24 in Minneapolis, Minn.; the original Larry Appleton in the pilot of "Perfect Strangers". Am. "Saturday Night Live" actress-comedian Mary Margaret Gross on Mar. 25 in Chicago, Ill.; sister of Michael Gross (1947-). U.S. liberal Sen. (R-R.I.) (1999-2007) Lincoln Davenport Chafee on Mar. 26 in Providence, R.I.; educated at Philipps Academy, and Brown U.; son of John Chafee (1922-99). U.S. labor secy. #24 (2001-9) and transportation secy. #18 (2017-21) Elaine Lan Chao on Mar. 26 in Taipei, Repub. of China; educated at Mount Holyoake College, and Harvard U. Am. historian George Dyson on Mar. 26 in Ithaca, N.Y.; son of Freeman Dyson (1923-2020) and Verena Huber-Dyson (1923-2016). Am. Hewlett-Packard CEO (2005-6) Patricia Cecile "Patt" Dunn (Dunn-Jahnke) on Mar. 27 in Burbank, Calif. Austrian Alpine skier Annemarie Moser Proell (Moser-Pröll) on Mar. 27 in Kleinarl, Salzburg; sister of Cornelia Proll (1961-). French astrophysicist Patrice Jean Emmanuel Bouchet de Puyraimond on Mar. 28 in Brest. U.S. Rep. (D-N.Y.) (1993-) (first Puerto Rican woman) (Roman Catholic) Nydia Velazquez (Nydia Margarita Velázquez Serrano) on Mar. 28 in Limones, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico; educated at the U. of Puerto rico, and NYU. Am. "Men in Black" movie dir.-producer Barry Sonnenfeld on Apr. 1 in New York City. Irish politician James Hugh "Jim" Allister on Apr. 2 in Crossgar, Northern Ireland. Am. rock drummer David Robinson (Cars, Modern Lovers, DMZ) on Apr. 2 in Woburn, Mass.; not to be confused with basketball player David Robinson (1965-). Am. "Rosalie Hotsy Totsy in Welcome Back, Kotter", "Mary Harman, Mary Harman" actress Debralee Scott (d. 2005) on Apr. 2 in Elizabeth, N.J. Am. children's writer Sandra Keith Boynton on Apr. 3 in Orange, N.J. Am. heavyweight boxing champ (1986-7) (black) James "Bonecrusher" Smith on Apr. 3 in Magnolia, N.C. Canadian politician Robert "Bob" Bertrand on Apr. 4 in Fort-Coulonge, Quebec. Canadian "The Naked Archaeologist" dir.-producer (Jewish) Simcha Jacobovici on Apr. 4 in Petah Tikva, Israel; emigrates to Canada in 1982; educated at McGill U. Am. conservative columnist Frank J. Gaffney Jr. on Apr. 5 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Georgetown U. Israeli politician (Arab Muslim) Raleb (Ghaleb) Majadele on Apr. 5 in Baqa al-Gharbiyye. Am. Apple Macintosh computer programmer Andy Hertzfeld on Apr. 6; educated at Brown U. and UCB. Am. 5'2" Olympic figure skater Janet Lynn (nee Nowicki) on Apr. 6 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Small Town Saturday Night" country singer Hal Michael Ketchum on Apr. 9 in Greenwich, N.Y. Belgian PM #47 (1999-2008) Guy Maurice Marie Louise Verhofstadt on Apr. 11 in Dendermonde; educated at Ghent U. English Fermat's Last Theorem mathematician Sir Andrew John Wiles on Apr. 11 in Cambridge; educated at Merton College, Oxford U., and Clare College, Cambridge U. Iranian U.N. ambassador (2007-) Mohammad Khazaee on Apr. 12 in Kashmar. Australian rock musician and Labor politician (bald) Peter Robert Garrett (Midnight Oil) on Apr. 16 in Sydney; educated at the U. of NSW. Am. "The Rainbow Cadenza" writer-activist (libertarian) J. (Joseph) Neil Schulman (d. 2019) on Apr. 16 in Forest Hills, N.Y. Canadian "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids" actor-comedian-musician (Jewish) Frederick Allan "Rick" Moranis on Apr. 18 in Toronto, Ont. Am. comedian (in England) (Jewish) Ruby Wax (Wachs) on Apr. 19 in Evanston, Ill.; Austrian Jewish immigrant parents. Am. musician-songwriter James Chance (James White) (James Siegfried) (Contortions) on Apr. 20 in Milwaukee, Wisc. English "Birdsong" novelist Sebastian Charles Faulks on Apr. 20 in Newbury, Berkshire; educated at Cambridge U. Finnish classical composer Juhani Komulainen on Apr. 22 in Jamsankoski. Am. "Talk Radio", "Capt. Danny Ross in Law & Order: Criminal Intent" actor-playwright-novelist Eric Bogosian on Apr. 24 in Woburn, Mass.; of Armenian descent; educated at Oberlin College. Am. "The Princess and the Frog" dir. Ron Clements on Apr 25 in Sioux City, Iowa. English "The Spatial Economy" economist Anthony J. Venables on Apr. 25; educated at Clare College, Cambridge U., St. Antony's College, Oxford U., and Worcester College, Oxford U. Am. rock musician Kim Althea Gordon (Sonic Youth) on Apr. 28 in Rochester, N.Y. Russian cosmonaut Nikolai Mikhailovich Budarin on Apr. 29 in Kirya, Chuvashia. Scottish musician William Ernest Drummond (King Boy D) (KLF) on Apr. 29 in Butterworth, South Africa; grows up in Newton Stewart, Scotland and Corby, Northamptonshire; collaborator of James Cauty (1956-). Am. writer-poet Rebecca Fransway on Apr. 30 in San Pedro, Calif. Am. singer (Mormon) Merrill Davis Osmond (Osmonds) on Apr. 30 in Ogden, Utah. Am. 6'6" hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (Muslim) (Golden State Warriors #41, 1974-7) (Los Angeles Lakers #52, 1977-85) (Los Angeles Clippers #52, 1985) Keith (Jamaal) "Smooth as Silk" Wilkes (Jamaal Abdul-Lateef) on May 2 in Berkeley, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Am. geologist Christopher R. Scotese on May 4 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. "The Clapping Song" actor-singer Pia Zadora (Pia Alfreda Schipani) on May 4 in Hoboken, N.J.; mother's maiden name is Zadorowski; marries 49-y.-o. billionaire Meshulam Riklis (1923-) at age 17, who finances her career. German walrus-mustachioed dome-topped Mercedes-Benz auto exec Dieter Zetsche on May 5 in Istanbul, Turkey. British Labour PM (1997-2007) (Freemason) Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair on May 6 in Edinburgh, Scotland; educated at Fettes College, and St. John's College, Oxford U. Am. "Josephine Baker Story" actress (black) Lynn Whitfield on May 6 in Baton Rouge, La. Am. "Shaka Zulu" novelist-actor-producer-dir. Joshua Sinclair on May 7 in New York City. Am. musician Dorsey William "Billy" Burnette III (Fleetwood Mac) on May 8 in Memphis, Tenn.; son of Dorsey Burnette (1932-79). Am. rock drummer Alexander Arthur "Alex" Van Halen (Van Halen) on May 8 in Nijmegen, Netherlands; Dutch father, Eurasian mother; emigrates to the U.S. in 1962; brother of Eddie Van Halen (1956-). Am. "Bearing the Cross" historian David J. Garrow on May 11 in New Bedford, Mass.; educated at Wesleyan U., and Duke U. Am. "Coach Brackett in Porky's" actor Boyd Payne Gaines on May 11 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at Juilliard School. Am. musical producer (gay?) David Alan Gest on May 11 in Los Angeles, Calif.; Liza Minnelli's allegedly gay ex.; grows up with Michael and Tito Jackson. Am. Baptist minister (black) (gay) Eddie Lee Long on May 12 in Huntersville, N.C. Canadian "Life is a Highway" musician Tom Cochrane on May 14 in Lynn Lake, Man. Cambodian king (2004-) Norodom Sihamoni on May 14 in Phnom Penh; son of Norodom Sihanouk (1922-2012). Am. baseball hall-of-fame 3B player (Kansas City Royals, 1973-93) George Howard Brett on May 15 in Glen Dale, W. Va.; 3,154 career hits, 317 homers, 1,596 RBI, .305 batting avg.; member of the 3-3-3 club (3K hits, 300 homers, career .300 batting avg.) along with Hank Aaron, Willie Mays, and Stan Musial. English "Tubular Bells" composer-musician Mike Gordon "Mike" Oldfield on May 15 in Reading, Berkshire. Am. singer-bassist Richard Page (Mr. Mister) on May 16 in Keokuk, Iowa. Am. "An Officer and a Gentleman", "Terms of Endearment", "Voice of E.T." actress (Jewish) Debra Lynn Winger on May 16 in Cleveland, Ohio.; wife (1986-90) of Timothy Hutton, and (1996-) Arliss Howard; takes up acting after a car accident gives her a cerebral hemorrhage and she goes blind for 10 mo. Am. Buddhist psychologist Tara Brach on May 17. Am. "Cyborg", "Captain America", "Nemesis" dir. Albert Pyun on May 19 in Kailua, Hawaii. English "Housewife, 49" actress-singer-writer Victoria Wood on May 19 in Prestwich Village, Manchester. Australian Liberal politician Robert Doyle on May 20 in Melbourne, Victoria. Canadian Ontario PM #25 (2013-) (first openly lez and gay) Kathleen O'Day Wynne on May 21 in Toronto; educated at Queen's U., and U. of Toronto. English rock drummer Stuart Alexander Elliott (Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel) on May 22 in London. English "guy that steals the idol in Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Doctor Octopus in Spider-Man 2" actor Alfred Molina on May 24 in Paddington, London; Spanish Communist father, Italian housekeeper mother. Am. "The Vagina Monologues" feminist playwright (Jewish) Eve Ensler on May 25 in New York City; foster mother of Dylan McDermott (1961-); known for her pageboy haircut. Am. brig. gen., er, col. Janis Leigh Karpinski (nee Beam) on May 25 in Rahway, N.J.; educated at Kean College, and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical U.; female gen. in charge of Abu Ghraib porno house prison; highest-ranking officer demoted in connection with the torture scandal. English Conservative politician Michael Denzil Xavier Portillo on May 26 in Bushey, Hertfordshire; Spanish father, Scottish mother; educated at Peterhouse College, Cambridge U. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Indiana Pacers #32, 1975-8) (Atlanta Hawks #32, 1978-84) (Detroit Pistons #32, 984-5) (Washington Bullets #5, 1985-7) Danny Thomas "Dan" Roundfield (d. 2012) on May 26 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Central Mich. U. Am. "No-Wave" musician-producer Arthur Morgan "Arto" Lindsay on May 28 in Va. Am. "The Simpsons Theme" movie composer Daniel Robert "Danny" Elfman (Oingo Bongo) on May 29 in Los Angeles, Calif.; teacher parents; husband of Bridget Fonda (1964-); uncle of Bodhi Elfman (1970-), husband of Jenna Elfman (1971-). Irish "transporter chief Miles O'Brien in ST:TNG and ST:DS9" actor Colm J. Meaney on May 30 in Dublin. Am. "Lawrence Welk Show" singer Kathie Sullivan on May 31 in Oshkosh, Wisc.; educated at the U. of Wisc. Am. "Son of Sam", ".44 Caliber Killer" serial killer David Richard Berkowitz (Richard David Falco) on June 1 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Corinne Tate in Soap" actress Diana Canova (Diane Canova Rivero) on June 1 in West Palm Beach, Fla.; daughter of Judy Canova (1913-83). Am. country singer-songwriter Ronnie Gene Dunn (Brooks & Dunn) on June 1 in Coleman, Tex. English comedian-actor-writer Keith Philip George Allen on June 2 in Swansea, Wales; father of Lily Allen (1985-). Am. "Race Matters" blackademic writer-activist (black) Cornel Ronald West on June 2 in Tulsa, Okla.; educated at Harvard U. Scottish musician (heroin addict) James "Jimmy" McCulloch (d. 1979) (Wings, Dukes) on June 4 in Glasgow. Am. Repub. Hawaii gov. #6 (2002-10) (first female and first Jewish) Linda Lingle (nee Cutter) on June 4 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Cal. State U. Northridge. Japanese entrepreneur Susumu Ojima on June 4 in Shikama, Miyagi Prefecture. Am. film/TV producer (co-founder of Amblin Entertainment) Kathleen Kennedy on June 5 in Berkeley, Calif. Am. "Sgt. Kathleen Kirkland in Police Academy", "Yvette the Maid in Clue", "Miss May in Apocalypse Now" actress Colleen Celeste Camp on June 7 in San Francisco, Calif. Scottish "BBC Scotland" TV broadcaster Douglas "Dougie" Donnelly on June 7 in Glasgow. Am. country singer Ronnie Gene Dunn (Brooks and Dunn) on June 1 in Coleman, Tex. U.S. Sen. (D-N.C.) (1999-2005) Johnnny Reid "John" Edwards on June 10 in Seneca, S.C.; educated at the U. of N.C.; husband (1977-) of Elizabeth Edwards (1949-2010). Am. "Tired of Toein' the Line" rock singer Jonathan "Rocky" Burnette on June 12 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. actor David Thornton on June 12 in Cheraw, S.C.; husband (1991-) of Cyndi Lauper (1953-). Am. "Tim the Tool Man Taylor in Home Improvement", "Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story" actor-comedian (Episcopalian) Tim Allen (Timothy Allen Dick) on June 13 in Denver, Colo.; father dies in 1964 in a car accident with a drunk driver after a U. of Colo. football game; husband (1984-2003) of Laura Deibel and (2006-) Jane Hadjuk (1966-). Trinidadian Miss Universe 1977 (black) Janelle Penny Commissiong on June 15 in Port of Spain. Chinese pres. #7 (2013-) Xi Jinping on June 15 in in Beijing; educated at Tsinghua U.; first Chinese leader born after the 1949 rev. Am. "Azamat Bagatov in Borat" actor Kenneth "Ken" Davitian on June 19 in Los Angeles, Calif.; of Armenian-Iranian descent. Am. astronaut Brian Duffy on June 20 in Boston, Mass. Pakistani PM #11 (1988-90, 1993-6) (Shiite Muslim) Benazir Bhutto (d. 2007) on June 21 in Karachi, Sindh; daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928-79) and Begum Nasrat Bhutto (1929-); wife (1987-2007) of Asif Ali Zardari (1955-); first female PM of a Muslim country; educated at Radcliffe College, Harvard U., and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford U. Am. "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" singer Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper on June 22 in Queens, N.Y.; German-Swiss descent father, Italian-Am. mother; grows up in Brooklyn, N.Y.; wife (1991-) of David Thornton (1953-). Tanganyikan Olympic gold medal runner (black) Filbert Bayi on June 23 in Arusha. Estonian artist Ivo Lill on June 24. Am. chemical physicist William Esco Moerner on June 24 in Pleasanton, Calif.; 2014 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. atheist activist Michael Arthur Newdow on June 24 in New York City. Am. composer Daniel Asia on June 27 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at Yale U.; student of Jacob Druckman (1928-96) and Stephen Albert (1941-92). Am. "Charming Billy" novelist Alice McDermott on June 27 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of N.H. Am. singer Donald Maynard "Don" Dokken (Dokken) on June 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Australian rock musician Colin James Hay (Men at Work8 on June 29 in Kilwinning Scotland; moves to Australia in 1967. English-Am. rock musician Hal Lindes (Dire Straits) on June 30 in Monterey, Calif. Am. rock musician Mark Hart on (Supertramp, Crowded House) July 2 in Fort Scott, Kan. Am. country singer Nanci Caroline Griffith on July 6 in Seguin, Tex. Am. "Thinkin' Problem" country singer David Ball on July 9 in Rock Hill, S.C. Am. "Frau Farbissina in Austin Powers" actress Mindy Lee Sterling on July 11 in Paterson, N.J. Am. heavyweight boxing champ (1978) (black) Leon Spinks on July 11 in St. Louis, Mo.; brother of Michael Spinks (1956-). English "Made of Honor" dir.-writer Paul Weiland on July 11. Am. model Beverle Lorence "Bebe" Buell on July 14 in Portsmouth, Va.; of German descent; mother of Liv Tyler (1977-). Am. "If You Give a Mouse a Cookie" children's writer (Jewish?) Laura Joffe Numeroff on July 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "I Love the Nightlife (Disco 'Round)" singer Alicia Bridges on July 15 in Lawndale, N.C. Canadian celeb Mila "Mila" Mulroney (nee Pivnicki) on July 15 in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia; wife (1973-) of PM Brian Mulroney; emigrates to Canada in 1958. Am. model-singer Bebe Buell on July 14; mother of Liv Tyler (1977-). Haitian pres. (1991, 1994-6, 2001-4) Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide on July 15 in Port-Salut; educated at the College of Notre Dame. Am. Starbucks founder Howard Schultz on July 19 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Northern Mich. U. Am. "The World is Flat" journalist (Jewish) Thomas Lauren Friedman on July 20 in St. Louis Park (near Minneapolis), Minn.; educated at Brandeis U., and St. Anthony's College, Oxford U. U.S. Sen. (D-Mo.) (2007-19) Claire Conner McCaskill on July 14 in Rolla, Mo.; educated at the U. of Mo., and Georgetown U. French chef Guy Savoy on July 24 in Nevers, Burgundy; teacher of Gordon Ramsay (1966-). U.S. deputy secy. of state (2005-6) and World Bank pres. #11 (2007-) (Jewish) Robert Bruce Zoellick on July 25 in Naperville, Ill.; of German descent; educated at Swarthmore College, and Harvard U. Am. guitarist Robert Phillips on July 26 in New York City. Australian "Young Einstein" actor-filmmaker Yahoo Serious (Greg Gomez Pead) on July 27 in Cardiff, N.S.W.; husband (1989-2007) of Lulu Serious (nee Pinkus). Am. "The Civil War", "Baseball", "Jazz" documentary filmmaker Kenneth Lauren "Ken" Burns on July 29 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Hampshire College. Am. fashion consultant (gay) Timothy M. "Tim" Gunn on July 29 in Washington, D.C. Canadian rock bassist (Jewish) Geddy Lee (Gary Lee Weinrib) (Rush) on July 29 in Toronto, Ont.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents. Irish "The Factory Girls" playwright-poet Frank McGuinness on July 29 in Buncrana, County Donegal; educated at Univ. College London. Soviet cosmonaut Alexander (Aleksandr) Nikolayevich Balandin on July 30 in Fryazino, Moscow Oblast. Am. "George Hazard in North and South" actor James Christopher Read on July 31 in Buffalo, N.Y. British economist Huw David Dixon on July ? in Swansea, Wales; educated at Balliol College, Oxford U., and Nuffield College, Oxford U. Am. "Bad Influence", "False Accusations" blues musician (black) Robert William Cray (AKA Night Train Clemons) on Aug. 1 in Columbus, Ga.; grows up in Tacoma, Wash. Am. journalist Howard Alan Kurtz on Aug. 1 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U. Am. singer-songwriter Andrew Gold on Aug. 2 in Burbank, Calif. Am. "Eddie Munster in The Munsters" actor Butch Patrick (Patrick Alan Lilley) on Aug. 2 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. classicist scholar Bruce S. Thornton on Aug. 2; educated at UCLA. Scottish guitarist Ian Bairnson (Alan Parsons Project) on Aug. 3 in Levenwick, Shetland Isles. Am. Sara Lee CEO (1995-9) Judith A. Sprieser on Aug. 3. Am. baseball player Rick Mahler (d. 2005) on Aug. 5 in Austin, Tex. Am. "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" writer Anne Fadiman on Aug. 7 in New York City; daughter of Clifton Fadiman (1904-99); educated at Radcliffe College. Am. "Ralph Malph on Happy Days" actor Donald K. "Donny" Most on Aug. 8 in Brooklyn, N.Y. French economist Jean Tirole on Aug. 9; educated at Ecole Polytechnique, Paris Dauphine U., and MIT; 2014 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. poet (gay) Mark Doty on Aug. 10 in Maryville, Tenn.; educated at Drake U., and Goddard College. Am. 6'4" wrestler-actor Hulk Hogan (Terry Gene Bollea) on Aug. 11 in Augusta, Ga.; raised in Tampa, Fla. Bolivian pres. (2003-5) Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert on Aug. 12 in La Paz. Bulgarian World Bank CEO (2017-) Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva (Georgieva-Kinova) on Aug. 13 in Sofia; educated at U. of Nat. and World Economy. Peruvian guerrilla leader Nestor Cerpa Cartolini (d. 1997) on Aug. 14 in Lima. Am. "Titanic", "Avatar" film composer James Roy Horner on Aug. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at the Royal College of Music, USC, and UCLA. Am. "The Fool's Errand" game designer Cliff Johnson on Aug. 14 in Hanover, N.H.; educated at USC. Am. Whole Foods Market CEO John Mackey on Aug. 15 in Houston, Tex.; educated at UTA, and Trinity U. English famous relative and playboy Sir Mark Thatcher, 2nd Baronet on Aug. 15; son of Margaret Thatcher; twin brother of Carol Thatcher. Chilean economist Sebastian (Sebastián) Edwards on Aug. 16 in Santiago. Am. "Regis and Kathie Lee" TV host-singer-actress (Christian) Kathie Lee Gifford (Kathryn Lee Epstein) on Aug. 16 in Paris, France; of Jewish descent; wife (1986-) of Frank Gifford (1930-2015). U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands (1998-2001) Cynthia P. Schneider on Aug. 16; U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands (1998-2001). Am. R&B singer (black) James Warren "J.T." Taylor (Kool and the Gang) on Aug. 16 in Laurens, S.C. German novelist-poet-writer Herta Muller (Müller) on Aug. 17 in Nitchidorf, Romania; Banat Swabian farmer parents; wife of Richard Wagner (1952-); 2009 Nobel Lit. Prize. English singer-songwriter Kevin Rowland (Dexys Midnight Runners) on Aug. 17 in Wolverhampton. U.S. Rep. (R-Tex.) (2005-) Louis Buller "Louie" Gohmert Jr. on Aug. 18 in Pittsburg, Tex.; grows up in Mount Pleasant, Tex.; educated at Texas A&M U., and Baylor U. Am. "Superbad" R&B musician (black) Marvin Isley (Isley Brothers) on Aug. 18 in Cincinnati, Ohio; brother of Ronald Isley (1941-) and Ernie Isley (1952-). Am. Repub. political pundit Mary Joe Matalin on Aug. 19 in Calumet City, Ill.; wife (1993-)of James Carville (1944-); of Croatian-Irish descent; educated at Western Ill U., and Hofstra U. French actor Benoit Regent (d. 1994) on Aug. 19 in Nantes. Italian "Caro Diario" film dir.-producer Nanni Moretti on Aug. 19 in Brunico, Bolzano, Trentino-Alto Adige. Am. "Prof. Gary Shepherd in thirtysomething" actor Peter Horton on Aug. 20 in Bellevue, Wash. Am. "The Journey" New Thought writer Brandon Bays on Aug. 21; Am. father, Romanian mother; grows up in Vienna, Austria. Am. jazz saxophonist-composer-producer (black) Bobby Watson on Aug. 23 in Lawrence, Kan.; not to be confused with baseball player Bob Watson (1946-). Irish soccer player Patrick George Sharp "Pat" Sharkey on Aug. 26 in Omagh. Canadian rock guitarist Alex Lifeson (Alexander Zivojinovic) (Rush) on Aug. 27 in Fernie, B.C. Swedish-Am. "wood chipper operator in Fargo" actor Peter Stormare (Swedish "stormer") (Peter Ingvar Rolf Storm) on Aug. 27 in Kumla, Narke, Sweden; grows up in Arbra, Halsingland. Am. "Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House" journalist Michael Wolff on Aug. 27 in N.J.; educated at Columbia U.; not to be confused with jazz pianist Michael Wolff (1952-). Am. anthropologist James Quesada on Aug. 29 in Nicaragua. Am. 7'0" hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (Boston Celtics #00, 1980-94) Robert Lee "the Chief" Parish on Aug. 30 in Shreveport, La.; educated at Centenary College; nicknamed The Chief after stoic Chief Bromden in the 1975 film "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". Hungarian poet-writer Gyorgy Karoly (György Károly) on Aug. 31. Russian cosmonaut Pavel Vladimirovich Vinogradov on Aug. 31 in Magadan. Am. cartoonist Joel W. Pett on Sept. 1 in Bloomington, Ind.; educated at Indiana U. Afghan anti-Taliban leader (Sunni Sufi Muslim) ("the Lion of Panjshir") Ahmad Shah Massoud (d. 2011) on Sept. 2 in Bazarak, Panjshir; educated at Kabul U. Am. avant-garde composer John Zorn on Sept. 2 in Queens, New York City. French "Alien: Resurrection", "Amelie" dir. Jean-Pierre Jeunet on Sept. 3 in Roanne, Loire. Am. "Noah in Roots", "Freddie Boom Boom Washington in Welcome Back, Kotter" actor-singer (black) Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs on Sept. 4 in New York City; West Indian immigrant parents. Am. "Carnage and Culture (Why the West Has Won)" historian (Protestant) Victor Davis Hanson on Sept. 5 in Selma, Calif.; of Swedish descent; educated at the U. of Calif., and Stanford U. Am. "Lt. Sheba on Battlestar Galactica" actress Anne Kathleen Lockhart on Sept. 6 in New York City; daughter of June Lockhart (1925-). Indian Malayalam actor Mammootty (Pannaparambil Muhammad Kutty) on Sept. 7 in Chempu, Kerala. Am. musician Benjamin Montmorency "Benmont" Tench III (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers) on Sept. 7 in Gainesville, Fla. Russian billionaire businessman-philanthropist (Jewish) Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor on Sept. 8 in Moscow; educated at Moscow Aviation Inst. Am. poker player (Jewish) Stuart Errol "Stuey the Kid" Ungar on Sept. 8 in New York City. Anglo-Am. "Tea from an Empty Cup" sci-fi novelist Pat Cadigan on Sept. 10 in Schenectady, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Mass., and U. of Kansas; emigrates to England in 1996. Am. "Carrie", "Yentl" actress (Jewish) Amy Davis Irving on Sept. 10 in Palo Alto, Calif.; Jewish father, Welsh-Cherokee descent mother; raised a Christian Scientist; wife of (1985-9) Steven Spielbeg. Am. rock musician Tommy Roland Shaw (Styx, Damn Yankees, Shaw Blades) on Sept. 11 in Montgomery, Ala. Am. sportscaster (Jewish) Lesley Visser on Sept. 11 in Quincy, Mass.; educated at Boston College. Am. "The Ballad of Sexual Dependency" photographer (Jewish) Nancy "Nan" Goldin on Sept. 12 in Washington, D.C. Am. fashion designer-photographer (gay) Stephen Sprouse (d. 2004) on Sept. 12 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. New Thought speaker-writer (black) Iyanla Vanzant (Ronda Eva Harris) on Sept. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Filipino 5'6" Miss Universe 1973 Maria Margarita Roxas "Margie" Moran on Sept. 15 in Manila. Am. Wells Fargo CEO (2010-6) John Gerard Stumpf on Sept. 15 in Pierz, Minn.; educated at St. Cloud State U., and U. of Minn. English Labour Party diplomat-minister George Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown on Sept. 16 in Marylebone; South African father; educated at Marlborough College, Magdalene College, Cambridge U., and the U. of Mich.; created baron in 2007. Am. "Miller Redfield in Murphy Brown", "Brock Hart in Reba" actor Christopher Rich Wilson on Sept. 16 in Dallas, Tex. Am. "Summer for the Gods" historian Edward John Larson on Sept. 21 in Mansfield, Ohio; educated at Williams College, Harvard U., and U. of Wisc. Dutch auto racer ("The Flying Dutchman") Arie Luyendyk (Luijendijk) on Sept. 21. English musician (bi) Richard Peter John Fairbrass (Right Said Fred) on Sept. 22 in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey; brother of Fred Fairbrass. English "Concerto Antico" musician-composer Richard Harvey on Sept. 25 in London; educated at the Royal College of Music. Irish folk singer-actress Dolores Keane (De Dannan) on Sept. 26 in Sylane, County Galway. Indian spiritual leader ("the Hugging Saint") Mata Amritanandamayi "Amma" "Ammachi" Devi on Sept. 27 in Parayakadavu, Kerala. Australian saxophonist-actor-songwriter Gregory Norman "Greg" Ham (d. 2012) (Men at Work) on Sept. 27 in Melbourne. Am. "John Black in Days of Our Lives" actor Donald Drake Hogestyn on Sept. 29 in Ft. Wayne, Ind.; plays 1B for the New York Yankees (-1978). Am. "The Holographic Universe" New Age writer (gay) Michael Coleman Talbot (d. 1992) on Sept. 29 in Grand Rapids, Mich. Am. serial killer Dayton Leroy Rogers on Sept. 30 in Moscow, Idaho. Norwegian marathon runner Grete Waitz (nee Andersen) on Oct. 1 in Oslo. British Muslim leader Muhammad Abdul Bari on Oct. 2 in Tangail, East Pakistan; educated at King's College London. Sierra Leonan pres. (2007-) (black) (Christian) Ernest Bai Koroma on Oct. 2 in Makeni; first pres. from the Temne ethnic group. Am. adventure travel writer Brandon Wilson on Oct. 2 in Penn. U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (2011-) (black) Karen Ruth Bass on Oct. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at San Diego State U., Cal. State U., Dominguez Hills, and USC. Am. "Nurse Gloria Ripples Brancusi in Trapper John, M.D.", "Miriam in Summer of '42" actress Christopher Norris on Oct. 7 in New York City; dead ringer for Melanie Griffith?; not to be confused with English lit. critic Christopher Norris (1947-). Am. rock drummer Hector Samuel Juan "Tico" Torres (Bon Jovi) on Oct. 7 in New York City; Cuban father, Cuban-Italian mother. Am. "Antonio Scarpacci in Wings", "Adrian Monk in Monk" actor Anthony Marcus "Tony" Shalhoub on Oct. 9 in Green Bay, Wisc.; Lebanese Marionite Christian parents; educated at Yale U.; husband (1992-) of Brooke Adams (1949-). Scottish "Do They Know It's Christmas?" singer-songwriter James "Midge" Ure (Ultravox, Visage, Slik) on Oct. 10 in Cambuslang, Lanarkshire. Am. 6'2" basketball player (black) (Seattle Supersonics #1, 1977-84) Gus "Wizard" Williams on Oct. 10 in Mount Vernon, N.Y.; brother of Ray Williams (1954-2013); educated at USC. Am. "Dr. Jack Morrison in St. Elsewhere", "Mike Olshansky in Hack", "Jodi Foster's dad in Contact", "detective Michael Tritter in House, M.D." actor David Bowditch Morse on Oct. 11 in Hamilton, Mass. English actor-comedian Les Dennis (Leslie Dennis Heseltine) on Oct. 12 in Liverpool. French politician Serge Lepeltier on Oct. 12 in Le Veurdre. English "Frank Gallagher in Shameless" actor David Threlfall on Oct. 12 in Manchester. Am. "B.J. McKay in B.J. and the Bear", "Jesus Christ Superstar" actor Gregory Ralph "Greg" Evigan on Oct. 14 in South Amboy, N.J. Am. singer (black) Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (Jackson Five) on Oct. 15 in Gary, Ind. Am. "Edwin Pool in Boston Legal", Dean Richmond in The Nutty Professor", "Mr. Hollister in Pretty Woman" actor-comedian Lawrence J. "Larry" Miller on Oct. 15 in Valley Stream, Long Island, N.Y. Am. "Hardwired" sci-fi novelist Walter Jon Williams on Oct. 15 in Duluth, Minn. Am. rock musician Antony Laurence "Tony" Carey (Rainbow) on Oct. 16 in Turlock, Calif. Am. serial murderer Robert Joseph "Bobby Jo" Long on Oct. 14 in Kenova, W. Va. Am. 6'3" basketball player-coach (black) (Portland Trail Blazers #14, 1975-80) (Memphis Grizzlies, 2009-13) (Brooklyn Nets, 2014-) on Oct. 19 in Arkansas City, Kan.; educated at Arizona State U. Am. Sears CEO (2000-5) Alan J. Lacy on Oct. 19 in Cleveland, Tenn.; educated at Ga. Inst. of tech., and Emory U. English rock drummer David "Dave" Duck" Dowle (Whitesnake, Midnight Flyer, Oblivion Express) on Oct. 20 in London. Am. 1B baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, 1974-83) (New York Mets, 1983-9) (lefty) Keith Hernandez on Oct. 20 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. rock musician Charlotte Irene Caffey (The Go-Go's) on Oct. 21 in Santa Monica, Calif. Scottish rock musician Eric Faulkner (Bay City Rollers) on Oct. 21 in Edinburgh. Serbian-Am. "The Haves and the Have-Nots" economist Branko Milanovic on Oct. 24; educated at the U. of Belgrade. Am. biowarfare scientist Steven Jay Hatfill on Oct. 24 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Southwestern College, U. of Cape Town, U. of Stellenbosch, and Rhodes U. Am. country musician Billy Thomas (Terry McBride and the Ride) on Oct. 24 in Ft. Meyers, Fla. English "Privates on Parade" actor Roger Allam on Oct. 26 in North London. Am. rock musician (gay) Julian Keith Strickland (B-52s) on Oct. 26 in Athens, Ga. English "Harry Pearce in Spooks" actor Peter Firth on Oct. 27 in Bradford, Yorkshire. Grenadian Miss World 1970 (black) Jennifer Josephine Hosten on Oct. 27 in St. George's. Am. "holographic Doctor in Star Trek: Voyager", "Dr. Dick Richards in China Beach" actor Robert Picardo on Oct. 27 in Philadelphia, Penn. Canadian 6' hockey hall-of-fame player (New York Islanders) Denis Charles Potvin on Oct. 29 in Hull, Quebec. Am. journalist (founder of the Center for Public Integrity, 1989) Charles Lewis on Oct. 30. Russian cosmonaut Alexander (Aleksandr) Fyodorovich Poleshchuk on Oct. 30 in Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk. Am. "Terry the Toad Fields", "Never Cry Wolf" in American Graffiti" actor Charles Martin Smith on Oct. 30 in Van Nuys, Calif. Am. "Man from Another place in Twin Peaks" 3.5' actor Michael J. Anderson on Oct. 31 in Denver, Colo. Am. "Lori Beth Cunningham in Happy Days" actress Lynda Goodfriend on Oct. 31 in Miami, Fla. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (Houston Rockets #5/#15, 1976-8) (Golden State Warriors #4, 1978-81) (Washington Bullets #5, 1981-3) (San Antonio Spurs #15, 1983-4) (Houston Rockets #5, 1984-6) (Milwaukee Bucks #10, 1986-8) (San Antonio Spurs, 1992-4) (Philadelphia 76ers, 1994-6) (Cleveland Cavaliers, 2001-3) John Harding Lucas II on Oct. 31 in Durham, N.C.; educated at the U. of Md. Am. economist Douglas Warren Diamond on Oct. ?; educated at Brown U., and Yale U.; 2022 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. car alarm manufacturer and U.S. rep. (R-Calif.) (2001-19) (richest member of Congress) Darrell Edward Issa on Nov. 1 in Cleveland, Ohio; Eastern Orthodox Lebanese father, Mormon mother; educated at Kent State U. Am. "Willie Scott in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" actress Kate Capshaw (Kathleen Sue Spielberg) (nee Kathleen Sue Nail) on Nov. 3 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; wife (1991-) of Steven Spielberg; educated at the U. of Mo.; converts from Episcopalian to Jewish. Am. "Mimi Bobeck in The Drew Carey Show" actress Kathy Kinney on Nov. 3 in Stevens Point, Wisc. Am. comedian Dennis Miller on Nov. 3 in Pittsburgh, Penn. U.S. commerce secy. #35 (2005-) Carlos Miguel Gutierrez on Nov. 4 in Havana, Cuba; emigrates to the U.S. in 1960. Am. conservative writer Kenneth R. "Ken" Timmerman on Nov. 4 in New York City; educated at Brown U. Am. celeb Althea Leasure Flynt (d. 1987) on Nov. 6 in Marietta, Ohio; 4th wife of Larry Flynt (1942-2021). Am. serial killer (black) ("the Sunday Morning Slasher") Carl Eugene "Coral" Watts (d. 2007) on Nov. 7 in Killeen, Tex.; grows up in Inkster, Mich. Am. "The Princess and the Frog" dir. John Musker on Nov. 8 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "K-PAX" actress (black) Alfre Ette Woodard on Nov. 8 in Tulsa, Okla. English rocker ("Sir John Johns") ("Melchior") ("Animal Jesus") Andrew John "Andy" Partridge (XTC) on Nov. 11 in Mtarfa, Malta; raised in Swindon, Wiltshire. Am. "Chief Hutchinson in Star Trek: TNG" actor Harley Venton on Nov. 11 in Jamestown, N.D. Am. "Ruth Fisher in Six Feet Under" actress Frances Hardman Conroy on Nov. 13 in Monroe, Ga. Mexican politician ("El Peje") ("Whyskas") Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO) on Nov. 13 in Macuspana, Tabasco. English drummer Andrew Ranken (The Pogues) on Nov. 13 in London. Am. "Monica Colby in Dynasty", "Lochley on Babylon-5" Tracy Scoggins on Nov. 13 in Dickinson, Tex. French PM #167 (2005-7) Dominique Marie Francois Rene Galouzeau de Villepin on Nov. 14 in Rabat, Morocco. Am. "Pres. Robert Hoover in Animal House" actor-dir. James (Jamie) Widdoes on Nov. 15 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; brother of Kathleen Widdoes (1939-). Welsh "Not the Nine O'Clock News", "Alias Smith and Jones" comedian-actor-writer Griffith Rhys "Griff" Jones on Nov. 16 in Cardiff. English "The Watchmen" writer-magician Alan Moore on Nov. 18 in Northampton. Am. "Saturday Night Live", "Doug Wilson in Weeds", "Glenn Martin" comedian Kevin Nealon on Nov. 18 in St. Louis, Mo.; husband of (199-2002) Linda Dupree and (2005-) of Susan Yeagley (1972-). Am. "Cmdr. Chakotay in Star Trek: Voyager" actor Robert Adame Beltran on Nov. 19 in Bakersfield, Calif.; Mexican-Am. parents. Am. "Jay Bostwick in We Got It Made" actor (gay) Thomas Louis "Tom" Villard (d. 1994) on Nov. 19 in Waipahu, Hawaii; grows up in Spencerport, N.Y. U.S. Repub. govt. advisor (Strategic Advisory Group) Matthew Kip Ling "Matt" Fong on Nov. 20 in Alameda County, Calif. English actress Christina Hambley "Tina" Brown on Nov. 21 in Maidenhead, Berkshire; daughter of George H. Brown (1913-2001) and Bettina Kohr. Am. "The Diana Chronicles", "The Daily Beast" journalist Tina Brown, Lady Evans (Christina Hambley Brown) on Nov. 21 in Maidenhead, England; emigrates to the U.S. in 1984; ed. of Vanity Fair (1984-92) and The New Yorker (1992-8). French singer-songwriter Francis Cabrel on Nov. 23 in Agen. U.S. Rep. (D-Mich.) (2015-) Deborah Ann "Debbie" Dingell (nee Insley) on Nov 23 in Detroit, Mich.; 2nd wife (1981-) of John Dingell (1925-); educated at Georgetown U. Am. photographer Dawoud Bey (David Edward Smickle) on Nov. 25. Australian rugby fullback Graham "Wombat" Eadie on Nov. 25 in Woy Woy, N.S.W. Am. Enron CEO (2001) Jeffrey Keith "Jeff" Skilling on Nov. 25 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Hardnocks, er, Harvard U. Am. "Dudley Booger Dawson in Revenge of the Nerds" actor Curtis Armstrong on Nov. 27 in Detroit, Mich. Am. Repub. alt-right Breitbart News Network chmn. (2012-) Stephen Kevin "Steve" Bannon on Nov. 27 in Norfolk, Va.; educated at Va. Tech, Georgetown U., and Harvard U. Am. guitarist Ben Bolt on Nov. 28. U.S. Homeland Security secy. #2 (2005-9) Michael Chertoff on Nov. 28 in Elizabeth, N.J. - shirt off, or off the chart? Am. "Chapel of Sacred Mirrors" visionary artist Alex Grey (Velzy) on Nov. 29 in Columbus, Ohio. British serial killer Rosemary Pauline "Rose" West (nee Letts) on Nov. 29 in Northam, Devon; sexually tortures and murders at least 12 young women along with hubby Fred in Gloucester, who commits suicide in prison before trial. U.S. agriculture secy. #25 (1993-4) (black) Alphonso Michael "Mike" Espy on Nov. 30 in Yazoo City, Miss.; educated at Howard U. Am. "Strawberry Letter 23" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Johnny "Shuggie" Otis Jr. (Veliotes) on Nov. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Johnny Otis (1921-). Am. R&B singer (black) June Antoinette Pointer Whitmore (d. 2006) (Pointer Sisters) on Nov. 30 in Oakland, Calif.; sister of Ruth Pointer (1946-), Anita Pointer (1948-), and Bonnie Porter (1950-). Austrian Olympic alpine skier Franz Klammer on Dec. 3 in Mooswald, Carinthia. U.S. ambassador to the Vatican (2005-8) Laurence Francis Rooney III on Dec. 4 in Muskogee, Okla.; educated at Georgetown U. British Labour defence minister (1999-2005) Geoffrey William "Geoff" Hoon on Dec. 6 in Derby; educated at Jesus College, Cambridge U. Am. "Amadeus", "Animal House" actor Thomas Edward "Tom" Hulce on Dec. 6 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Scott Baldwin in General Hospital" actor Kin Shriner on Dec. 6 in New York City; twin brother of Wil Shriner (1953-); son of Herb Shriner (1918-70). Am. talk show host Wil Shriner on Dec. 6 in New York City; twin brother of Kin Shriner (1953-); son of Herb Shriner (1918-70). Am. Olympic high jumper Dwight Edwin Stones on Dec. 6 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. baseball player (black) Gary Ward on Dec. 6 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. New Age writer Joshua David Stone (d. 2005) on Dec. 7. Am. "Domino Petachi in Never Say Never Again", "Lynn Bracken in L.A. Confidential" 5'-7.5" actress-producer (Methodist) Kimila Ann "Kim" Basinger on Dec. 8 in Athens, Ga.; German, Swedish, and Cherokee ancestry; wife (1993-2002) of Alec Baldwin (1958-). Am. "The Holocaust Industry" political scientist (Jewish) Norman Gary Finkelstein on Dec. 8; Jewish Holocaust survivor parents; educated at Binghamton U., and Princeton U. Am. screaming comic Sam Kinison (d. 1992) on Dec. 8 in Yakima, Wash.; starts as a hellfire-and-brimstone preacher before becoming a screaming druggie-alcoholic heavy metal comedian? Am. 6'2" basketball player (black) ("the Prince of Mid-Air") ("All-World") (Philadelphia 76ers #21, 1975-80, 1987-8) (Cleveland Cavaliers #21, 1982-6) (San Diego Clippers #24, 1978-80) (Golden State Warriors #21, 1980-2) (Cleveland Cavaliers #21, 1982-6) World B. (Lloyd Bernard) Free on Dec. 9 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at Guilford College. Am. "Mitch Leary in In the Line of Fire", "Mr. Will in Places in the Heart", "Jekyll & Hyde in Mary Reilly", "Vicomte Sebastien de Valmont in Dangerous Liaisons", "himself in Being John Malkovich" actor-dir. John Gavin Malkovich on Dec. 9 in Christopher, Ill.; Croatian descent father, W European descent mother; grows up in Benton, Ill.; educated at Ill. State U. U.S. federal judge (2002-) Andrew Scott Hanen on Dec. 10 in Elgin, Ill.; educated at Denison U., and Baylor U. Am. jazz singer ("New Lady of Jazz") Diane Schuur on Dec. 10 in Tacoma, Wash. Am. "Patty Chase in My So-Called Life" actress Elizabeth Key "Bess" Armstrong on Dec. 11 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Brown U. Am. country songwriter Byron Hill on Dec. 12 in Winston-Salem, N.C. Am. economist (chmn. #14 of the Federal Reserve, 2006-) (Jewish) Ben Shalom Bernanke on Dec. 13 in Augusta, Ga.; Austrian Jewish immigrant father; grows up in Dillon, S.C.; educated at Harvard U., and MIT; not to be confused with artist Mark Gertler (1891-1939). Canadian 6'2" hockey hall-of-fame player-mgr. (Montreal Canadiens) Robert Michael "Bob" "Le Capitaine" Gainey on Dec. 13 in Peterborough, Ont. Am. entertainer Mark Pauline (Survival Research Labs) on Dec. 14. Am. "The Lion King" film-theater-opera dir. and costume designer (Jewish) Julie Taymor on Dec. 15 in Newton, Mass.; educated at Oberlin College. Canadian-Am. "Spin" sci-fi novelist Robert Charles Wilson on Dec. 15 in Calif.; becomes a Canadian citizen in 2007. Am. "Ernie Douglas in My Three Sons" actor Barry Livingston on Dec. 17 in Los Angeles, Calif. brother of Stanley Livingston (1950-). Japanese electronic musician Ikue Mori on Dec. 17 in Tokyo. Am. "Capt. Lone Star in Spaceballs", "President Thomas J. Whitemore in Independence Day" actor William James "Bill" Pullman on Dec. 17 in Hornell, N.Y. Am. "You Put the Blue in Me" country singer Sharon White on Dec. 17; daughter of Buck; sister of Cheryl. English Neues Museum architect Sir David Alan Chipperfield on Dec. 18 in London; educated at Kingston School of Art; knighted in 2010. Am. rock guitarist (lefty) Elliot Easton (Steinberg) (Cars) on Dec. 18 on Dec. 18; educated at Berklee College of Music. Burundi pres. (2005) (black) (Christian) Pierre Nkurunziza on Dec. 18 in Bujumbura; educated at the U. of Burundi. Am. "Tonight is the Night" R&B singer (black) Betty Wright on Dec. 21 in Miami, Fla. Am. "Thelma Evans in Good Times" actress (black) Bern Nadette Stanis on Dec. 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y. U.S. Dem. gov. of Navada #30 (2019-) Stephen F. "Steve" Sisolak on Dec. 26 in Milwaukee, Wisc; of Czech descent; educated at the U. of Wisc., and U. of Nev. Am. mayor of Baltimore #48 (2007-10) (black) (first female, and first African-Am. female) Sheila Ann Dixon on Dec. 27 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Towson U., and Johns Hopkins U. Canadian TV journalist Arthur "Scud Stud" Kent on Dec. 27 in Medicine Hat, Alberta; brother of Peter Kent (1943-); educated at Carleton U. Am. "Reckless", "Who's That Girl" "Glengarry Glen Ross" dir. James Foley on Dec. 28 in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at SUNY Buffalo. Am. Electronic Arts founder William Murray "Trip" Hawkins III on Dec. 28 in Pasadena, Calif.; educated at Harvard U., and Stanford U. Am. West Side Crips co-founder (black) Stanley Tookie Williams III (d. 2005) on Dec. 29 in Shreveport, La. German monarchist journalist Harald Schmautz on Dec. 30. Am. "The View" (1997-2006), "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" (2002-), "Today" (2006-) 5'3" TV host Meredith Louise Vieira (Port. "scallop") on Dec. 30 in East Providence, R.I.; Portuguese descent parents; educated at Tufts U.; marries Richard M. Cohen (1948-) in 1986, who later comes down with MS; wanted to be a Radio City Music Hall Rockette? Am. football coach (black) Lionel Tyrone "Ty" Willingham on Dec. 30 in Kinston, N.C. Am. "Diana in V" actress-singer Jane Badler on Dec. 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Northwest U. Am. "Anna's mother Diana in V" actress Jane Badler on Dec. 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Ajax in The Warriors", "Albert Ganz in 48 Hours", "Dutch Schultz in Cotton Club", "Richard in Sex and the City" actor William James Remar on Dec. 31 in Boston, Mass. Am. "Proof of Heaven" neurologist-writer Eben Alexander III on Dec. ? in Charlotte, N.C.; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, the U. of N.C., and Duke U. Am. "Secret Ceremonies" Dallas Morning News journalist (Mormon) Deborah Laake (d. 2000); educated at Brigham Young U. Am. "Diana in V" actress Algerian Muslim reformer Malek Chebel (d. 2016) in Philippeville (Skikda); educated at Paris 7 U. Am. "Eye of the Tiger" singer Dave Bickler (Survivor) on ? in Chicago, Ill. Am. SpaceShipOne test pilot William Brian Binnie on ? in West Lafeytte, Ind.; educated at Brown U., and Princeton U. Scottish painter Steven Campbell (d. 2007) on ? in Glasgow; educated at the Pratt Inst. Canadian economist James Alan "Jim" Brander on ? in Victoria, B.C.; educated at the U. of British Columbia, and Stanford U. Am. economist Jeremy I. Bulow on ? in ?; educated at Yale U., and MIT. Am. Dell Computer pres. Michael R. Cannon on ?. Am. Walmart USA CEO Eduardo Castro-Wright on ? in Ecuador. English "Across Time and Death" writer Jenny Cockell. Am. "I, Cringely" "InfoWorld" journalist Robert X. Cringely (Mark Stephens) on ? in Apple Creek, Ohio. Am. libertarian lobbyist Myron Ebell on ? in Baker County, Ore.; educated at College College, and London School of Economics. Am. Nat. Geographic Society CEO John Fahey on ?; not to be confused with the guitarist John Fahey (1939-2001). Am. "Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power" ancient military historian (Protestant) Victor Davis Hanson on ? in Fowler, Calif.; of Swedish ancestry.; educated at U.C. Santa Cruz, and Stanford U.; fifth-gen. farmer in Calif. Am. computer scientist and Stanford U. pres. John LeRoy Hennessy on ?; educated at Villanova U. and SUNY. Palestinian scholar (in England) (Jewish) Efraim Karsh on ? in Israel; educated at Hebrew U., and Tel Aviv U. Am. "The Souls of Animals" Unitarian Universalist minister Gary A. Knowalski on ? in ?; educated at Harvard U. Israeli "Twilight Zone" journalist (Jewish) Gideon Levy on ? in Tel Aviv; Czech Jewish immigrant father. Am. political pundit Julianne Malveaux on ?. Am. Fox News journalist John Moody on ? in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. novelist T. Jefferson Parker on ? in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCI. Am. golfer Jerome Kendrick "Jerry" Pate on ? in Ga. Am. Dell Computer CEO (2004-7) Kevin B. Rollins on ?. Am. Kraft Foods CEO Irene B. Rosenfeld on ?. Argentine economist Julio J. Rotemberg on ? in ?; educated at UCB, and Princeton U. Am. Alcatel-Lucent CEO Patricia F. Russo on ?. Palestinian militant leader (PFLP) (Marxist Muslim) Ahmad Sa'adat (Saadat) (Sadat) on ? in al-Bireh, West Bank. Am. Bell Canada CEO Michael J. Sabia on ?. Am. Dell Computer CEO (2000-7) James M. Schneider on ? in ?. Am. "Money Meltdown" economist Judy Lynn Shelton on ? in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Portland State U., and U. of Utah. Am. historian-speechwriter Richard Norton Smith on ? in Leominster, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. Am. Revlon CEO (2002-6) Jack L. Stahl on ? in ?. Am. rocker ("Jimmy Stewart trapped in an oboe" - Emerson Dameron) David Thomas (Pere Ubu) on ? in Miami, Fla. U.S. ambassador to Nicaragua (2005-8) Paul Arthur Trivelli on ? in New York City; educated at William College, and U. of Denver. Am. Tyson Foods CEO (1999-2006) John H. Tyson on Sept. 5 in Springdale, Ark.; son of Donald J. Tyson (1930-2011); educated at the U. of Ark. Maurianian transitional pres. (Sunni Muslim) Col. Ely Ould Mohamed Vall in Nouakchott. U.S. ambassador to Egypt (2001-5) Charles David Welch on ? in Munich; educated at London School of Economics, and Georgetown U. Canadian "Joan Abbott in Inventing the Abbotts" actress Barbara Williams in Vancouver, B.C.; stepmother of Troy Garity (1973-). Am. physician and USAF Col. Dean Winslow on ? in ?. Am. "Funkytown", "She Drives Me Crazy" music producer (white) David Z (Rivkin) on ? in ?.; brother of Bobby Z (Robert B. Rivkin) (1956-) and Stephen E. Rivkin. Deaths: Imagine how Future Shocked these old geezers must be? Russian actress Sara Adler (b. 1858) on Apr. 28 in New York City. Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky (b. 1856) on Feb. 25 in Brie-Comte-Robert, France. Am. prohibitionist leader Capt. William H. Stayton (b. 1861). British Sudan gov.-gen. Sir Reginald Wingate (b. 1861) on Jan. 29 in Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland. Am. Berkshire Music Festival patron Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (b. 1863) on Nov. 4 in Cambridge, Mass. Irish patriot Maud Gonne (b. 1865) on Apr. 27 in Clonskeagh. English tennis champ Peter Latham (b. 1865). Spanish dramatist Jacinto Benavente (b. 1866). English dowager princess Victoria Mary of Teck (b. 1867) on Mar. 24 in Marlborough House, London; consort of George V. Am. architect Sophia Hayden (b. 1868) on Feb. 3 in Winthrop, Mass. Am. physicist Robert A. Millikan (b. 1868) on Dec. 19 in San Marino, Calif.; 1923 Nobel Physics Prize. Italian PM #36 (1919-20) Francesco Saverio Nitti (b. 1868) on Feb. 20 in Rome. British gen. Sir Neill Malcolm (b. 1869) on Dec. 21 in London. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher Kid Nichols (b. 1869) on Apr. 11 in Kansas City, Mo. French-born English writer Hilaire Belloc (b. 1870) on July 16 in Guildford, Surrey: "When I am dead, I hope it may be said, 'His sins were scarlet, but his books were read'"; "The faith is Europe and Europe is the faith"; "All wars and revolution, and all decisive struggles between parties of men arise from a difference in moral and transcendental doctrine"; "Wherever the Catholic sun does shine, there's always laughter and good red wine"; "[He never met any man] arguing for what should be among men, but took for granted as he argued that the doctrine he consciously or unconsciously accepted was or should be a similar foundation for all mankind. Hence battle." Am. historian Herbert Eugene Bolton (b. 1870) on Jan. 30 in Berkeley, Calif. (stroke). Russian poet-novelist Ivan A. Bunin (b. 1870) on Nov. 8 in Paris (heart attack); 1933 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. painter John Marin (b. 1870) on Oct. 1 in Addison, Maine. Am. public health activist Florence Rena Sabin (b. 1871) on Oct. 3 in Denver, Colo. Polish-born Am. theater owner Lee Shubert (b. 1871) on Dec. 25 in New York City. Am. film pioneer George Kirke Spoor (b. 1871) on Nov. 24 in Chicago, Ill. Am. society queen Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt (b. 1871) on Jan. 7 in New York City; dies in her 28-room 1048 Fifth Ave. home. German mathematician Ernst Zermelo (b. 1871) on May 21 in Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany. Am. "Peter Pan" stage actress Maude Adams (b. 1872) on July 17 in Tannersville, N.Y. Am. writer Baird Thomas Spalding (b. 1872) on Mar. 18 in Tempe, Ariz. Am. actress Jean Adair (b. 1873) on May 11 in New York City. Spanish PM (1930-1) Damaso Berenguer (b. 1873) on May 19 in Madrid. Romanian politician Iuliu Maniu (b. 1873) on Feb. 5 in Sighet. Am. composer-critic Daniel Gregory Mason (b. 1873) on Dec. 4 in Greenwich, Conn. English cricketer Thomas Wass (b. 1873) on Oct. 27. English theologian Ernest William Barnes (b. 1874) on Nov. 29 in Sussex. English motion picture pioneer Cecil Hepworth (b. 1874) on Feb. 9 in London. Am. artist Charles Robert Knight (b. 1874). Am. writer-scholar Charles E. Merriam (b. 1874) on Jan. 8. German "Father of Aerodynamics" physicist Ludwig Prandtl (b. 1874) on Aug. 15 in Gottingen. Am. artist Everett Shin (b. 1874) on May 1 in New York City. English "The Scarlet Pimpernel", "Brewster's Millions" artist-screenwriter Arthur Wimperis (b. 1874) on Oct. 14 in Maidenhead, Berkshire. Canadian actor Sam De Grasse (b. 1875) on Nov. 29 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. heavyweight boxing champ (1899-1905) James J. Jeffries (b. 1875) on Mar. 3 in Burbank, Calif. Am. cheese king James L. Kraft (b. 1875) on Feb. 16 in Chicago, Ill. German Field Marshal Karl von Rundstedt (b. 1875) on Feb. 24 in Hanover. Scottish artist Sir Muirhead Bone (b. 1876) on Oct. 21 in Oxford, England. Am. journalist George Creel (b. 1876) on Oct. 2 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. actor William Farnum (b. 1876) on June 5 in Hollywood, Calif. Saudi Arabian king #1 (1932-53) Ibn Saud (b. 1876) on Nov. 9; leaves 80-100 children, incl. 37 sons by 16 of his 22 wives. Australian PM #9 (1929-32) James Scullin (b. 1876) on Jan. 28. Am. artist Everett Shinn (b. 1876) on May 1 in New York City (lung cancer). French painter Raoul Dufy (b. 1877) on Mar. 23 in Forcalquier. Kiwi airplane pioneer Richard William Pearse (b. 1877) on July 29. Italian baritone Titta Ruffo (b. 1877) on July 5 in Florence. Am. legislator Robert F. Wagner (b. 1877). Swiss Hispano-Suiza co-founder Marc Birkigt (b. 1878) on Mar. 15 in Versoix. Belgian poet (living in England) Emile Cammaerts (b. 1878). English film composer Ernest Irving (b. 1878) on Oct. 24 in Ealing, London. Am. "Life Begins at 40" psychologist Walter B. Pitkin (b. 1878) on Jan. 25 in Palo Alto, Calif. Am. actress Leonore Harris (b. 1879) on Sept. 27 in New York City. French painter-poet Francis Picabia (b. 1879) on Nov. 30 in Paris. Am. Empire State Bldg. mogul John J. Raskob (b. 1879) on Oct. 14. Soviet devil dictator Joseph Stalin (b. 1879) on Mar. 5 in Moscow (stroke?) (don't ask?); leaves Problems of Leninism: "A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic"; "The people who cast the votes don't decide an election; the people who count the votes do"; "America is one generation away from being an atheistic nation." Am. "Judge Hardy" actor Lewis Stone (b. 1879) on Sept. 12 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (heart attack); dies while chasing rock-throwing kids off his lawn. German politician Otto Meissner (b. 1880) on May 27 in Munich. Am. novelist Ernest Poole (b. 1880) on May 10. Saudi Arabian king (1932-53) Ibn Saud (b. 1880) on Nov. 9 in at-Taif. Am. historian James G. Randall (b. 1881) in Feb. in ?; "There is no supreme court of history." English mathematician Lewis Fry Richardson (b. 1881) on Sept. 30 in Kilmun, Scotland. Am. Piggly Wiggly founder Clarence Saunders (b. 1881) on Oct. 14. Soviet microbiologist Nikolai Cholodny (b. 1882) on May 4 in Kiev. English composer-conductor Albert Coates (b. 1882) on Dec. 11 in Milnerton, Cape Town, South Africa. British-born Am. film producer Herbert Blache (b. 1882) on Oct. 23 in Santa Monica, Calif. French children's illustrator Edmund Dulac (b. 1882) on May 25. Am. facsimile machine inventor Herbert Eugene Ives (b. 1882) on Nov. 13. Hungarian composer Emmerich Kalman (b. 1882) on Oct. 30 in Paris; composed 22 operettas. Am. Olympic runner Jim Lightbody (b. 1882) on Mar. 2 in Charleston, S.C. English composer-poet Sir Arnold Bax (b. 1883) on Oct. 3 in Cork, Ireland. English chemist Walter Norman Haworth (b. 1883) on Mar. 19; 1937 Nobel Chem. Prize. Russian mathematician Nikolai Luzin (b. 1883) on Feb. 25. Austrian-born Am. mathematician Richard von Mises (b. 1883) on July 14 in Boston, Mass. Green politician-gen. Nikolaos Plastiras (b. 1883) on July 26 in Athens. Am. army gen. Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (b. 1883) on Sept. 2 in San Antonio, Tex. (cerebral thrombosis). Am. librarian Lee Pierce Butler (b. 1884) on Mar. 29. Estonian gen. Johan Laidoner (b. 1884) on Mar. 13 in Vladimir, Russia. German weapons designer Hugo Schmeisser (b. 1884) on Sept. 12. Belgian Socialist philosopher (Nazi collaborator) Hendrik de Man (b. 1885) on June 20 in Greng, Switzerland; dies in a train collision after being convicted in absentia of treason during WWI. German field marshal Hugo Sperrle (b. 1885) on Apr. 2 in Munich. Russian artist Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin (b. 1885) on May 31. British vice-adm. Gordon Campbell (b. 1886) on July 3 in Isleworth, Middlesex. Am. abstract artist Morgan Russell (b. 1886) on May 29 near Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Sam in Casablanca" actor Dooley Wilson (b. 1886) on May 30 in Los Angeles, Calif. Scottish-born Am. "little balding guy with fake moustache in Laurel and Hardy movies" actor James Finlayson (b. 1887) on Oct. 9 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack). Dutch-born South African writer John van Melle (b. 1887) on Nov. 8. German-born British architect Eric Mendelsohn (b. 1887) on Sept. 15 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. playwright Percival Wilde (b. 1887) on Sept. 19 in New York City. English actor Roland Young (b. 1887) on June 5 in New York City. Am. actor Porter Hall (b. 1888) on Oct. 6 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack). Belgian hockey player-official Paul Loicq (b. 1888) on Mar. 26 in Sint-Genesius-Rode. Am. #1 dramatist Eugene O'Neill (b. 1888) on Nov. 27 in Boston, Mass. (pneumonia). English blueblood William Sackville, 12th duke of Bedford (b. 1888) on Oct. 9; dies of a gunshot wound while hunting; his 16K-acre 17th cent. estate is left to son John Robert Russell (1918-) along with a $4M tax bill, but he saves and restores Woburn Abbey and its 3K-acre grounds, turning them into a safari-amusement park, which pisses-off the bluebloods but ends up getting 1.5M visitors a year by the end of the cent.; paying guests get to have dinner with Duke Sackville and his family and see the 800-piece set of Savres porcelain given to the 4th duke by Louis XV - this is your vacation house? Austrian-Am. architect Rudolph Schindler (b. 1888) on Aug. 22 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. #1 20th cent. all-time athlete Jim Thorpe (b. 1888) on Mar. 28 in Lomita, Calif.; dies broke; buried in Jim Thorpe, Penn. (named 1954), 100 mi. from the Carlisle Indian Industrial School near Harrisburg. U.S. Rep. (D-Tex.) Jesse Martin Combs (b. 1889) on Aug. 21 in Beaumont, Tex. Am. Big Bang astronomer Edwin P. Hubble (b. 1889) on Sept. 28 in San Marino, Calif. Dutch aviation pioneer (KLM co-founder) Albert Plesman (b. 1889) on Dec. 31. German West Berlin mayor (1948-53) Ernst Reuter (b. 1889) on Sept. 29 in West Berlin (heart attack); his funeral is attended by 1M people. Hungarian-born Am. bass-baritone Friedrich Schorr (b. 1889) on Aug. 14 in Farmington, Conn. Am. dir. Edward Sedgwick (b. 1889) on Mar. 7 in North Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack). U.S. Sen. (R-Ohio) "Mr. Republican" Robert Alphonso Taft (b. 1889) on July 31 in New York City (cancer). Am. poet-actress Michael Strange (b. 1890) on Nov. 5. U.S. chief justice (1946-53) Fred M. Vinson (b. 1890) on Sept. 8 in Washington, D.C. (heart attack). Am. prof. wrestler Man Mountain Dean (b. 1891) on May 29 in Norcross, Ga. (heart attack). English philosopher C.E.M. Joad (b. 1891) on Apr. 9 in London (cancer). Am. candymaker Otty Y. Schnering (b. 1891) on Jan. 10 in Cary, Ill. Am. Tin Pan Alley composer Fred E. Ahlert (b. 1892) on Oct. 20 in New York City. Italian playwright Ugo Betti (b. 1892) on June 9 in Rome. Am. chemist Edwin Joseph Cohn (b. 1892) on Oct. 1 in Boston, Mass. (stroke). Japanese-born Am. artist Yasuo Kuniyoshi (b. 1892). Romanian king (1930-4) Carol II (b. 1893) on Apr. 4 in Estoril, Portugal. Am. anthropologist Ralph Linton (b. 1893) on Dec. 24. Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev (b. 1893) on Mar. 5 in Moscow (heart attack) (same day as Stalin). Soviet film dir. Vsevolod Pudovkin (b. 1893) on June 30 in Riga. Am. jazz musician Larry Shields (b. 1893) on Nov. 21 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. tennis player Bill Tilden (b. 1893) on June 5 in Hollywood, Calif. (stroke); banned from clubs in his latter years for homosexuality-related criminal convictions; born rich, he leaves a net worth of $88.11 after living in a suite at the Algonquin Hotel and financing Broadway show flops; basis of the char. "Ned Litam" (Ma Tilden backwards) in Vladimir Nabokov's "Lolita". French WWI flying ace Rene Paul Fonck (b. 1894) on June 18 in Paris: "I put my bullets into the target as if I placed them there by hand"; "When I fly alone, I perform those little coups of audacity which amuse me." Am. explorer-producer Osa Johnson (b. 1894) on Jan. 7 in New York City (heart attack). Dutch physicist Frans Michel Penning (b. 1894) on Dec. 6 in Utrecht. Soviet Gen. Maksim Perkayev (b. 1894) on Jan. 1 in Moscow. Polish poet Julian Tuwim (b. 1894) on Dec. 27. Mexican-born English "Dr. Watson" actor Nigel Bruce (b. 1895) on Oct. 8 in Santa Monica, Calif. (heart attack). Am. politician Robert M. La Follette Jr. (b. 1895) on Feb. 24 (suicide). Am. comic book illustrator Milt Gross (b. 1895) on Nov. 29. Am. novelist Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (b. 1896) on Dec. 14-15 in St. Augustine, Fla. (cerebral hemorrhage). Am. songwriter Peter DeRose (b. 1896) on Apr. 23 in New York City. Am. screenwriter-producer Herman J. Mankiewicz (b. 1897) on Mar. 5 in Hollywood, Calif. (uremic poisoning). Soviet diplomat Vladimir Dekanozov (b. 1898) on Dec. 23 in Moscow. German sulfonamide chemist Josef Klarer (b. 1898). Soviet secret police head Lavrenti P. Beria (b. 1899) on Dec. 23 (executed). English serial killer John Christie (b. 1899) on July 15 in Pentonville Prison, London (executed by hanging). Am. artist Bradley Walker Tomlin (b. 1899). Scottish soccer player Alex James (b. 1901) on June 1 in London. French model-artist-actress Kiki de Montparnasse (b. 1901) on Apr. 29 in Montparnasse (alcoholism). Am. composer Ruth Crawford Seeger (b. 1901) on Nov. 18 in Chevy Chase, Md. (cancer). Am. comic strip artist Stephen Slesinger (b. 1901) on Dec. 17 in Los Angeles, Calif. (gastric hemorrhage). French couturier Robert Piguet (b. 1902) on Feb. 22 in Lausanne. German Nazi official Wilhelm Stuckart (b. 1902) on Nov. 15 near Hanover (car accident); really murdered by the Mossad? Am. archeologist Wendell Clark Bennett (b. 1905). Welsh poet Idris Davies (b. 1905) on Apr. 6 (cancer). Am. movie dir. Irving Reis (b. 1906) on July 3 in Woodland Hills, Calif. (cancer). Am. legal scholar Felix Solomon Cohen (b. 1907) on Oct. 19 in Washington, D.C. Am. "Not As a Stranger" novelist Morton Thompson (b. 1907) on July 7. Belgian jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt (b. 1910) on May 16 in Fontainebleau, France (stroke). English contralto Kathleen Ferrier (b. 1912) on Oct. 8 in London (cancer). Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (b. 1914) on Nov. 9 in New York City; collapses in his Chelsea Hotel room after drinking 18 whiskies, and dies in St. Vincent's Hospital; last words: "I've had eighteen straight whiskies. I think that's a record!"; "Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,/ And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,/ Do not go gentle into that good night." Am. baseball player Jim Tabor (b. 1916) on Aug. 22 in Sacramento, Calif. Am. pianist William Kapell (b. 1922) on Oct. 29 near San Francisco, Calif. (airplane crash while returning home from a concert tour of Australia). Am. country singer-composer Hank Williams (b. 1923) on Jan. 1 (midnight) near Oak Hill, W. Va. (heart failure); dies in a car en route to Charleston, W. Va.; 15K-25K attend his funeral in Montgomery, Ala.; leaves 40 hit records incl. 11 #1s - the good die young? Am. "Let him have it!" criminal celeb Derek William Bentley (b. 1933) on Jan. 23 in Wandsworth Prison, London (hanged).



1954 - A Bannister Year for Whites Who Can't Jump? The Year of McCarthy, Chicken Dinners, Atomic Monsters and Transistor Radios for U.S. Whites, and Browning Up Boards of Education for U.S. Blacks? A pompous white demagogue comes to power in the U.S., leading it with much hot air into a pretended ritual of self-purification for its self-appointed mission of white, religious, and right nuclear guardian angel (don't say policeman) of the Comic and Commie (Nasser) infested world, in which nobody else matters but everybody is supposed to like us, the great overweight white American middle class, the new Roman aristocracy, backed by new nuclear subs? The Ugly American appears, and the "Third World" emerges as a reaction, playing East against West to go for the gold? Little nuisance Vietnam getssupposedly taken care of, but comes later comes back to bite the Ugly Americans in the ass when Ike is out of the way? Meanwhile, the pre-pubescent super-spoiled U.S. white Baby Boomer generation is beginning to dance to a different drummer as it launches its search for a maximum number of ways to be safe, comfortable, but different than its cattle-like, corny, egghead-hating boring WWII survivor parents?

USS Nautilus, 1954-80 Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria (1911-98) Walter Ulbricht of East Germany (1893-1973) Theodor Heuss of West Germany (1884-1963) Mario Scelba of Italy (1901-91) Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria (1916-2012) Ismail al-Azhari of Sudan (1902-69) Everett McKinley Dirksen of the U.S. (1896-1969) U.S. Gen. Henry Alfred Byroade (1913-93) Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam (1901-63) Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay (1912-2006) Taketora Ogata of Japan (1888-1956) Hatoyama Ichiro of Japan (1883-1959) Spruille Braden of the U.S. (1894-1978) Col. Carlos Castillo Armas of Guatemala (1914-57) Col. Elfego Aguirre of Guatemala (1912-81) Sir Milton Margai of Sierra Leone (1895-1964) Edward Roscoe Murrow (1908-65) Milo Radulovich of the U.S. (1926-2007) Milovan Djilas of Hungary (1911-95) Pierre Mendès of France (1907-82) Lester Callaway Hunt of the U.S. (1892-1954) John George Stewart of the U.S. (1890-1970) U.S. Adm. Jerauld Wright (1898-1995) Karl Earl Mundt of the U.S. (1900-74) William Stuart Symington of the U.S. (1901-98) Joseph Nye Welch (1890-1960) Ralph Edward Flanders of the U.S. (1880-1970) Arthur Vivian Watkins of the U.S. (1886-1973) Robert Walter Scott McLeod of the U.S. (1914-61) Robert Ferdinand Wagner Jr. of the U.S. (1910-91) Józef Retinger (1888-1960) Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (1911-2004)) Paul van Zeeland (1893-1973)) U.S. Gen. Charles Douglas Jackson (1902-64) George Wildman Ball of the U.S. (1909-94) Oliver Brown and Linda Brown (1943-) Lucinda Todd (1903-96) and Nancy Todd (1941-) Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. (1908-93) Tom Campbell Clark of the U.S. (1899-1977) John William Davis of the U.S. (1873-1955) Yasser Arafat (1929-2004) Sam Sheppard (1923-70) and Marilyn Sheppard (-1954) F. Lee Bailey (1933-) Budd Schulberg (1914-2009) Albert Anastasia (1902-57) Ilya Ehrenburg (1891-1967) Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-94) Gerald L. Pearson (1905-87), Daryl Chapin (1906-95), and Calvin Souther Fuller (1902-94) Sir William Arthur Lewis (1915-91) Frederick Sanger (1918-) Joseph Edward Murray (1919-2012) John Hartwell Harrison (1909-84) John Putnam Merrill (1917-84) Jean-Pierre Serre (1926-) James Olds (1922-76) Kennety Nyitray Trueblood (1920-98) Roger Bannister (1929-) Pancho Gonzales (1928-95) Frank Selvy (1932-) Bob Pettit (1932-) Gene Shue (1931-) Johnny Kerr (1932-2009) Larry Costello (1931-2001) Larry Costello (1931-2001) Richie Guerin (1932-) Chuck Noble (1931-2011) Dick Garmaker (1932-) 1954 Milan H.S. Basketball Team James E. Norris (1879-1952) Red Kelly (1927-) Doug Harvey (1924-89) Bobby Plump (1936-) Arnold Palmer (1929-2016) The Catch by Willie Mays (1931-), Sept. 29, 1954 Vic Wertz (1925-83) Jack Brickhouse (1916-98) Steve Nagy (1913-66) Don Scott (1927-2010) Sun Myung Moon (1920-2012) Corinne Heline (1882-1975) Corinne Heline (1882-1975) Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) Max Born (1882-1970) Walter Bothe (1891-1957) Pascual Jordan (1902-80) Abraham Maslow (1908-70) Linus Carl Pauling (1901-94) Muzafer Sherif (1906-88) and Carolyn Wood Sherif (1922-82) George Wildman Ball (1909-94) Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93) Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-72) John Franklin Enders (1897-1985) Thomas Huckle Weller (1915-2008) Georg Wittig (1897-1987) Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003) Julian Rotter (1916-) Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913-94) Michael S. Gazzaniga (1939-) David Hunter Hubel (1926-) William S. White (1906-94) Torsten Nils Wiesel (1924-) Pierre Cardin (1922-) Christian Dior (1905-57) Ada Masotti Alexander Trocchi (1925-84) Richard Boone (1917-81) Joe DiMaggio (1914-99) and Marilyn Monroe (1926-62) Lee Ann Meriwether (1935-) Lee Ann Meriwether (1935-) in Star Trek Paul Newman (1925-2008) Alice Babette Toklas (1877-1967) Kitty Kallen (1922-) Odetta Holmes (1930-2008) Lou Monte (1917-89) Billy Vaughn (1919-91) Elaine Lorillard (1914-2007) George Wein (1925-) Lee Wiley (1908-75) Bobby Hackett (1915-76) Dave Brubeck (1920-) Roger Donoghue (1930-2006) Roger Donoghue (1930-2006) Robert Siodmak (1900-73) Sir Lennox Berkeley (1903-89) Arlene Francis (1907-2001) Francois Truffaut (1932-84) Kazuo Hashimoto (-1995) Paul Novak (1923-99) Edward Paul Abbey (1927-89) Sir Kingsley Amis (1922-95) Lerone Bennett Jr. (1928-2018) Michel Butor (1926-) Adelle Davis (1904-74) Gerald Gardner (1884-1964) Herb Gardner (1934-2003) 'The Nebbishes' by Herb Gardner (1934-2003), 1954-60 Sir William Golding (1911-93) Anthony Hecht (1923-2004) Michel Henry (1922-2002) Richard Jessup (1925-82) John Oliver Killens (1916-87) Jon Kimche (1909-94) Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986) Camara Laye (1928-80) Alan Le May (1899-1964) Dame Iris Murdoch (1919-99) Joseph Needham (1900-95) Ruth E. Norman (1900-93) Kenneth Patchen (1911-72) Sir Terence Rattigan (1911-77) Francoise Sagan (1935-2004) Jesus Fernandez Santos (1926-88) Mary Lee Settle (1918-2005) Norton Winfred Simon (1907-93) May Swenson (1913-89) J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973) Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty (1911-95) Eudora Welty (1909-2001) Dr. Fredric Wertham (1895-1981) Grock the Clown (1880-1959) Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) and Peter Orlovsky (1933-) John Warner Backus (1924-2007) GE Diamond Team, 1954 Howard Tracy Hall (1919-2008) Lyle Benjamin Borst (1912-2002) J.R. Simplot (1909-2008) Thom Gunn (1929-2004) Clarence Hailey Long (1910-) Ewan MacColl (1915-89) George Walter Mason (1891-1954) George W. Romney of the U.S. (1907-95) Count Ardito Desio (1897-2001) K2 AMC Logo Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) Orgone Accumulator Frank Joseph Zamboni Jr. (1901-88) Zamboni Joseph Edward Levine (1905-87) Chet Baker (1929-88) Jacques Brel (1929-78) Elvis Presley (1935-77) Dewey Phillips (1926-68) The Cadillacs The Chordettes The Chords The Crew Cuts Bill Haley (1925-81) George Jones (1931-2013) Ruby Murray (1935-96) Jimmy C. Newman (1927-2014) The Penguins Ghigo Agosti (1936-) Justin Tubb (1935-98) Big Joe Turner (1911-85) Otis Williams (1934-) and The Charms E. Power Biggs (1906-77) Gene De Paul (1919-88) Virgil Keel Fox (1912-80) Erroll Garner (1921-77) Ronnie Hilton (1926-2001) William Lundigan (1914-75) 'The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin', 1954-9 'Climax Mystery Theater, 1954-8 'Father Knows Best', 1954-60 'Davy Crockett', starring Fess Parker (1924-2010), 1954-5 'Heinz Studio 57', 1954-8 The Lassie Show, 1954-73 'Medic', 1954-6 'The Mickey Rooney Show', 1954-5 'Peter Pan', 1954 'Rocky Jones, Space Ranger', 1954 'Satins and Spurs', 1954 'Seven Brides for Seven Brothers', 1954 'A Star is Born', 1954 Sid Luft (1915-2005) Jack Lemmon (1925-2001) Judy Holliday (1921-65) James Harvey Nicholson (1916-72) Samuel Z. Arkoff (1918-2001) Roger Corman (1926-) Alex Gordon (1922-2003) '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea', 1954 'Animal Farm', 1954 'The Belles of St. Trinians', 1954 'Creature from the Black Lagoon', 1954 'Devil Girl from Mars', 1954 'Doctor in the House', 1954 Betty Evelyn Box (1915-99) 'The Embezzler', 1954 'The Glenn Miller Story', 1954 Henry Mancini (1924-94) 'Godzilla', 1954 Raymond Burr (1917-93) in 'Godzilla', 1956 'Gog', 1954 'The High and the Mighty', 1954 'Hobsons Choice', 1954 'It Should Happen to You', 1954 'Johnny Guitar', 1954 'On the Waterfront', 1954 'Riders to the Stars', 1954 'Romeo and Juliet', 1954 'Salt of the Earth', 1954 'Them!', 1954 'White Christmas' 1954 Gordon Scott as Tarzan (1926-2007) 'Fanny', 1954 'The Pajama Game', 1954 Harold Prince (1928-) 'Salad Days', 1954 'Separate Tables', 1954 'The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory' by Salvador Dali (1904-89), 1954 'Sylvette' by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), 1954 Pablo Picasso and Sylvette 'Portrait of Sir Winston Churchill' by Graham Sutherland (1903-88), 1954 Harry Bertoia (1915-78) 'Textured Screen', by Harry Bertoia (1915-78) George Charles Devol Jr. (1912-) Hoover Constellation, 1954 ALWAC II, 1954 IBM Model 704, 1954 Hans Peter Luhn (1896-1964) Regency TR-1, 1954 Unimate, 1954 A-4 Skyhawk Boeing 367-80, 1954 Lockheed SFV Salmon Brookside Farms, 1954 Butterball Turkey Hidden Valley Ranch Dressing, 1954 Marlboro Cigarettes, 1954 Tareyton Cigarettes, 1954 Roger Vivier (1903-98) Victor Gruen (1903-80) Northland Mall, 1954 Friendship of the Peoples Fountain, 1954 Stone Flower Fountain, 1954 U.N. Peace Bell, 1954

1954 Doomsday Clock: 2 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Horse. Time Mag. Man of the Year: John Foster Dulles (1888-1959). Generation Jones begins this year (until 1965). On Jan. 1 the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, Calif. becomes the first color nat. TV broadcast in the U.S.; Michigan State defeats UCLA by 28-20 in the 1954 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 Robert Ferdinand Wagner Jr. (II) (1910-91) (Yale U. Scroll & Key), son of U.S. Sen. (D-N.Y.) (1927-49) Robert Ferdinand Wagner Sr. (1877-1953) (leader of the New Deal Coalition) becomes New York City mayor #102 (until Dec. 31, 1965), serving three terms and going on to create the City U. of N.Y. (CUNY) system and work to bar housing discimination and build public housing, hiring blacks for city govt.; on his 3rd term in 1961 he breaks with Tammany Hall. On Jan. 2 Bing Crosby headlines his first TV variety special on CBS-TV, with guest Jack Benny - and Irish Catholic and a Jew in every WASP living room, it might work? On Jan. 5 the cabinet of Italian PM Giuseppe Pella resigns, and on Feb. 10 Mario Scelba (1901-91) becomes PM of Italy (until July 2, 1955), forming a coalition of his Christian Dems. with right-wing Socialists and liberals; former Italian PM (since 1945) Alcide de Gasperi (b. 1881) dies on Aug. 19. On Jan. 7 Ike's Second State of the Union Message expresses gratitude that "our sons no longer die on the distant mountains of Korea", adds that "Segregation in the armed forces and other federal activities is on the way out", and observes that "American freedom is threatened so long as the world Communist conspiracy exists in its present scope, power and hostility"; he concludes "No government can inoculate its people against the fatal materialism that plagues our age. Happily, our people, though blessed with more material goods than any people in history, have always reserved their first allegiance to the kingdom of the spirit, which is the true source of that freedom we value above all material things. But a government can try, as ours tries, to sense the deepest aspirations of the people, and to express them in political action at home and abroad. So long as action and aspiration humbly and earnestly seek favor in the sight of the Almighty, there is no end to America's forward road, there is no obstacle on it she will not surmount in her march toward a lasting peace in a free and prosperous world." Since you been gone, I can breathe for the first time? On Jan. 14 Sen. Joseph McCarthy's atty. (a closeted gay Jew?) Roy Marcus Cohn (1927-86) gets mad at Army counselor John G. Adams for telling him that his darling G. David Schine would probably draw duty overseas, telling him this would cause his boss Robert T. Stevens to be "through as Secretary of the Army"; he then boots him out of his car in heavy traffic at Park Ave. and 46 St. in New York City. On Jan. 14 after starting out with a spaghetti dinner on their first date, Marilyn Monroe marries baseball player ("the Yankee Clipper") ("Joltin' Joe") Joseph Paul "Joe" DiMaggio (1914-99) (known for his massive Louisville Slugger?); it lasts only 9 mo., but he carries a torch for her for life - take a powder, dollface? On Jan. 14-15 the Rock 'n' Roll Jubilee at the St. Nicholas Arena in New York City is promoted by disc jockey Alan Freed (1921-65) of New York City radio station WINS, who tries unsuccessfully to copyright (trademark?) the term "rock and roll", which goes back at least to 1916 with the Gospel phonograph record "The Camp Meeting Jubilee". On Jan. 15 after negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico over Bracero guest worker visas drag on too long befoe the Mexican govt. wants a monopoly on the export of labor, the U.S. issues a press release stating that migrants who enter the U.S. will be immediately awarded a labor contract and a job, pissing-off the Mexican-govt., which deploys 5K troops to the U.S.-Mexico border to stop them before the U.S. opens the border on Jan. 22, causing chaos as hundreds rush in, aided by U.S. Border Patrol agents, after which the Mexican govt. folds and announces that it will grant work visas to everybody. On Jan. 17 the Yugoslavia Communist Party condemns Montenegrin Serb vice-pres. Milovan Djilas (1911-95) for rocking the boat with his new book The New Class, and kicks him out of his party position - I won't tell, baby, I promise? On Jan. 20 the Netherlands becomes the first nation to ratify the European Army Treaty, providing for a European Army under NATO run by a European minister; too bad, France rejects it because of fear of German rearmament. On Jan. 20 Rogers Pass, Mont. sets a record lowest temp. for the lower 48 states at -70F (-57C) (until ?). On Jan. 21 the U.S. launches the nuclear submarine USS Nautilus (SSN571) on its first nuclear-powered test run from Groton, Conn., with First Lady Mamie Eisenhower breaking a bottle of champagne across its bow as it slides sideways into the Thames River; it is commissioned by the U.S. Navy on Sept. 30, becoming the first commissioned nuclear-powered ship in the U.S. Navy (decommissioned Mar. 3, 1980); next Jan. 17 (11:a.m. EST) Cmdr. Eugene P. Wilkinson orders all lines cast off with the historic soundbyte: "Underway on Nuclear Power"; it uses the Mark I nuclear reactor, and never has to come up for air; its original U-235 fuel charge (the size of a softball) is not replaced for two years, after the vessel has traveled 60K nautical mi.; a diesel-propelled sub would have required 720K gal. of fuel oil. On Jan. 25 the Council of Foreign Ministers (Big Four Ministers) (founded in London in 1945) meets in West Berlin to discuss German reunification, but the Russians deadlock it - I want another championship so bad it hurts, but I work through it? The U.S. squeezes that leftist peanut butter out of the Guatemalans On Jan. 29 Guatemala accuses Nicaragua of planning an invasion with the "tacit assent" of the U.S.; on Feb. 19 the CIA launches Operation WASHTUB to plant phony Soviet arms in Nicaragua to frame Guatemalan pres. Jacobo Guzman as a Commie ally; too bad, in May real Czech arms arrive in Guatemala in May aboard the Swedish ship Alfhem, and although they are WWII-era and the Guatemalans only bought them because other countries turned them down, the CIA jumps, and launches Operation PBSUCCESS; on June 27 the govt. of "uppity" land-leveling Col. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman in Guatemala is overthrown by a CIA-backed coup called Operation Success, conceived and planned by U.S. diplomat and United Fruit Co. lobbyist Spruille Braden (1894-1978), and Col. Carlos Castillo Armas (1914-57) returns from exile in Honduras with a rebel army while CIA planes bomb and leaflet the capital and jam radio comms, ousting Arbenz, who flees to Mexico, Switzerland, Paris, Prague, Moscow, Uruguay in 1957, and Cuba in 1960; on July 8 Armas becomes pres. (until 1957) after a military crackdown by Col. Elfego Hernan Monzon (Hernán Monzón) Aguirre (1912-81) arrests all Communists, causing Guzman to flee to Mexico; the new regime begins a bloody counterrev., reversing land and social reforms, and the vast banana plantations and railroad concessions of the United Fruit Co. are again safe for the successful fatcat peanut-butter-and-banana-eating elite; too bad, the CIA then launches Operation PBHISTORY to document Soviet control of Guatemala, and gathers 150K documents, only to find no evidence that Guatemalan Communists are controlled by the Soviets. In Jan. the U.S. and South Korea ratify a mutual-defense treaty granting the U.S. the right to maintain military forces in South Korea and promising U.S. military assistance only in the event of "external attack" on South Korean territory - the classic doctor-patient relationship? McCarthy single-handedly whips the U.S. What? After a Jan. Gallup poll reports that public approval for him had risen 16% in the past 6 mo. to 69%, on Jan. 30 Sen. Joseph McCarthy seizes on an automatic routine promotion from capt. to maj. granted to Army dentist Irving Peress in Oct. 1953 to ask "Who promoted Peress", accusing him of being a leftist and member of the Am. Labor Party; he then forces him to testify before his subcommittee at Camp Kilmer, N.J.; when the First Army discharges him on Feb. 2, McCarthy accuses them of Communist infiltration because they didn't court-martial him; on Feb. 18 McCarthy beats up on Gen. Ralph W. Zwicker (1903-91), cmdr. of Camp Kilmer in N.J., telling him that he is "not fit to wear that uniform", hasn't got "the brains of a 5-y.-o. child", and should "be removed from any command"; Army Secy. Robert T. Stevens, under pressure of Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway tells the press that McCarthy will not be given the names of the officers responsible for Peress' discharge, and deplores Zwicker's "humiliating treatment", telling him to not appear there again, and volunteering to testify in his place, which causes McCarthy to call him up and tell him "Just go ahead and try it, Robert. I am going to kick the brains out of anyone who protects Communists. I will guarantee you that you will live to regret it"; on Feb. 24 the Chicken Luncheon is held in the office of Ill. Sen. Everett McKinley Dirksen (1896-1969), where he is swindled by senior Repubs. into signing a "memorandum of understanding" caving into all of McCarthy's demands; "Senator McCarthy achieved today what General Burgoyne and General Cornwallis never achieved - the surrender of the American Army" (London Times); "Stevens didn't mean to surrender to the senators, he just thought they wanted to look at his sword" (anon.); Richard Nixon is present in an adjoining office. On Feb. 1-Apr. 14 the Viet Minh invade Laos with 40K troops from the Dien Bien Phu region, and establish the Pathet Lao at Samneua, then invade C Laos, starting a civil war with the royal regime. Speaking of the pleasure center of the brain? On Feb. 10 the U.S. govt. starts going after Austrian-born psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), who has been building and selling silly metal-plated wooden booths called Orgone Accumulators (the original porno peek booths?), seeking an injunction preventing their interstate shipment, incl. all associated lit.; after he fails to contest it, it is granted on Mar. 19 by the puppet judge, then used to have him arrested in May 1956, after which he dies in a federal pen, already neatly diagnosed by a govt. psychiatrist as "paranoia manifested by delusions of grandiosity and persecution and ideas of reference" - jailed for the federal crime of booth-shipping or a thought crime? On Feb. 12 7.5K Repubs. eat fried chicken box lunches in the Ellipse for Lincoln's Birthday, and Pres. Eisenhower addresses them, saying "don't be afraid to use that word" (conservative); the great white middle-class has arrived; earlier Eisenhower described his political philosophy as "dynamic conservativism", then "progressive, dynamic conservatism", then "positive progressivism", so guess what word he had been afraid of? On Feb. 23 the syndicated B&W U.S. TV series Rocky Jones, Space Ranger debuts for 39 episodes (until Nov. 16, 1954), starring Richard Crane as clean-cut Rocky Jones, who likes to blastoff on missions to ludicrous non-existent planetoids and moons on Orbit Jet XV-2 and Silver Moon XV-3; space battles are fistfights rather than with ray guns with ETs that look like humans in silly costumes. On Feb. 26 U.S., British, Soviet, and French foreign ministers meeting in Berlin agree to sponsor a conference on Far Eastern affairs incl. the Korean question, and on Apr. 26 the Geneva Conference convenes (until June 15) to discuss what to do about Korea and Indochina, attended by reps. of 19 states (the Soviet Union and all South Korean war belligerents except South Africa); on June 15 after the Communists demand that a neutral-nation commission supervise Korean elections rather than the U.N., the U.N. delegation walks out; on July 21 (3:42 p.m.) a truce is signed bringing an end to the 8-y.-o. Indochina War. It's Heil Joseph at the U.S. Capitol? In Feb. the impressed U.S. Senate votes a $214K appropriation for McCarthy's subcommittee, and only Sen. Fulbright of Ark. is brave enough to vote against it: "McCarthyism... is a movement around which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks" (William F. Buckley Jr.). In Feb. geologists working for Petroleum Development Oman begin oil exploration in C Oman starting in the port of Duqm. On Mar. 1 four Puerto Rican nationalists attack the House of Reps chamber in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., shooting 30 rounds from semi-auto. pistols from the Ladies' Gallery into the floor of the occupied House chamber after unfurling a Puerto Rican flag, shooting five U.S. reps., all of whom survive; after their death sentences are commuted by Pres. Ike, they are given 70-year min. sentences. Accidentally in Love, Rr, With Sr-90 in My Bones, Why worry About VD? On Mar. 1 the U.S. explodes its Second (Bravo) H-Bomb on Bikini atoll, ripping coral with 18-22 megatons of powah; the wind shifts, and the fallout blows not N as predicted, but S for 120 mi., and radioactive snow filled with bone-bonding strontium 90 (radiostrontium) (half-life 25 years) falls on the Japanese trawler Lucky Dragon No. 5; when they reach their home port at Yaizu, all 23 crew are hospitalized, and one dies; later, radioactive rainfall is detected in the U.S., Japan, Australia and Europe, and Berkeley genetics prof. Curt Stern says, "By now every one in the world harbors in his body small amounts of radioactivity from past H-bomb tests", and Cal. Tech biology prof. A.H. Sturtevant says "Bombs already exploded will ultimately result in the production of numerous defective individuals". On Mar. 1 the hour-long daytime mag. program Home debuts on NBC-TV (until 1957), starring Arlene Francis (Arline Francis Kazanjian)(1907-2001), causing Newsweek to put her on its cover as "the First Lady of Television"; Francis and Ruth Lyons become known as "femcees", charming witty middle-aged daytime TV hostesses aimed at women viewers. It's not too late to whip it, whip it good? On Mar. 3 Pres. Eisenhower praises Gen. Zwicker at a press conference, and says that his admin. will not tolerate having any official "submit to any kind of personal humiliation when testifying before congressional committees or elsewhere"; McCarthy responds that Peress is "the sacred cow of certain Army brass", and that he had established "beyond any possiblity of a doubt" that "certain individuals in the Army have been promoting, covering up, and honorably discharging known Communists"; U.S. defense secy. Charles Erwin Wilson replies "Just damn tommyrot"; at this point U.S. Sen. (R-Vt.) (1946-59) Ralph Edward Flanders (1880-1970) of Vt. becomes the first to publicly ridicule the pompous so-and-so on the Senate floor, saying that despite his "war paint" and "warhoops" he has nothing to show but "the scalp of a pink Army dentist", and tells him to put up or shut up. On Mar. 4 Todor Zhivkov (1911-98) becomes first secy. of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party (until Nov. 10, 1989) - bring on Jolly Zhivkov it's a whole new show? Another Ulbricht in the Wall? On Mar. 7 Walter Ulbricht (1893-1973) becomes East Germany's new strongman (first secy.) (until 1971) after Pres. Wilhelm Pieck and PM Otto Grotewohl are relieved from their chairmanship positions on the Communist Party Central Committee; on Mar. 25 the Soviet Union grants "full sovereignty" to East Germany and announces the end of its occupation, after a "temporary" period for security reasons; Ulbricht goes on to badger Khrushchev into letting him build the Berlin Wall ulbricht-by-ulbricht to halt the mass exodus; meanwhile, pres. (since Sept. 13, 1949) Theodor Heuss (1884-1963) remains as pres. of West Germany (until Sept. 12, 1959), and on Mar. 29 he signs laws ratifying the European Defense Community and the Bonn Conventions. On Mar. 7 Turkey denationalizes its oil industry to attract foreign investment. On Mar. 8 the U.S. and Japan sign a Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement, allowing for U.S. armed forces on Japanese soil while allowing the Japanese to rearm for defensive purposes - you make the noodles, we handle the chopsticks? On Mar. 9 chain-smoking CBS-TV #1 journalist (on the board of dirs. since 1949) Edward Roscoe "Ed" Murrow (1908-65), known for signing off "Good night, and good luck" critically reviews Sen. Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communism campaign in an episode of "See It Now", specially reviewing Air Force reservist Milo Radulovich (1926-2007) (of Serbian descent), who was falsely accused of having Communist ties and reinstated, using newsreel footage to paint McCarthy as a sullen demagogue, saying "Dissent is not the same thing as disloyalty." On Mar. 11 the U.S. Army goes on the counterattack, leaking a chronology of the Schine case, incl. Cohn's threat to "wreck the Army"; on Mar. 12 McCarthy responds that the Army is trying to "blackmail" him by holding Schine as a "hostage". On Mar. 12 Pres. Eisenhower, faced with indisputable evidence of an approaching recession, calls it a "rolling readjustment" in a cabinet meeting; another meeting on July 23 is overjoyed to learn that economic indicators are pointing upward. On Mar. 15 CBS-TV debuts The Morning Show, hosted by Walter Cronkite, to compete with NBC-TV's Today Show. On Mar. 16 the U.S. grants Bolivia $3M worth of wheat to avert famine. On Mar. 25 the 26th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1953 to Columbia's From Here to Eternity, along with best dir. to Fred Zinnemann, best supporting actor to Frank Sinatra (on his 1st wife Nancy's birthday), and best supporting actress to Donna Reed; best actor goes to William Holden for Stalag 17, and best actress to Audrey Hepburn for Roman Holiday (first of five nominations and one win) (first duplicate best actress surname - Bette Davis for "Morning Glory" in 1933). In Mar. six leaders of the Communist Party in Detroit, Mich. are found guilty of conspiring to overthrow the U.S. govt. - for what the govt. spends in a day on coffee? In Mar. Peru gives opposition party leader Victor Raul Haya de la Torre safe conduct out of the country, and he hoofs it (until 1957). In Mar. Communist-backed leftist nationalist former French army sgt. of Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella (1916-2012) et al. found the Nat. Liberation Front (FLN) in Algeria to seek independence from the Frogs, and begin coordinated attacks on French installations on Nov. 1 (Toussaint Rouge) (Red All Saints Day), massacring Muslims and blaming it on the French army, launching their successful 8-year Algerian War of Independence against French rule (ends Mar. 19, 1962); the U.S. finances France as part of its NATO alliance. On Apr. 1 U.S. Adm. Jerauld "Jerry" "Old Iron Heels" "Old Stoneface" "El Supremo" Wright (1898-1995) succeeds Lynde D. McCormick as SACLANT (until Mar. 1, 1960) after he is selected for his greater ability to stand up to the British staff at SACLANT HQ. On Apr. 1 after a commission appointed by USAF secy. #3 (1953-5) Harold Elstner Talbott Jr. (1888-1957) considers 580 sites in 4 states and narrows it down to three, which he has the final say on, the U.S. Air Force Academy is established at Lowry AFB in Denver, Colo., modelled after West Point and Annapolis; it opens next year, and next July 11 it graduates its first class; on Aug. 29, 1958 it moves to Colorado Springs, Colo. 0n Apr. 2 Am. Internat. Pictures (AIP) (originally Am. Releasing Co.) is founded in Los Angeles, Calif. by James Harvey Nicholson (1916-72) and Samuel Zachary Arkoff (1918-2001) to package independent low-budget B films as double features for teenagers, mainly by Detroit, Mich.-born "Pope of Pop Cinema" Roger William Corman (1926-) and British-born Alex Gordon (1922-2003), using the ARKOFF Formula (Action, Revolution, Killing, Oratory, Fantasy, Fornication), pioneering the use of focus groups; in 1960 Corman begins directing films based on stories by Edgar Allan Poe, starting with "House of Usher" (1960), followed by "The Pit and the Pendulum" (1961), "The Premature Burial" (1962), "Tales of Terror" (1962), "The Raven" (1963), "The Haunted Palace" (1963), "The Masque of the Red Death" (1964), and "The Tomb of Ligeia" (1965); in 1963 AIP releases "Beach Party" starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon, launching a series ending with #7 "The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini" (1966); in 1979 AIP is acquired by Filmways Inc., becoming Filmways Pictures. On Apr. 4 UFO believer Pres. Eisenhower meets with a group of ETs at Edwards AFB, according to a former U.S. test pilot, who also claimed that three saucer-shaped and two cigar-shaped alien spaceships landed at the base, and that the ETs looked something like humans, all according to British UFOlogist William Francis Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty, 7th Marquess of Heusden (1911-95), who in 1960 pub. the book The Sky People: Ancient Aliens and the Supernatural, claiming that ancient Bible chars. Adam, Eve, and Noah came from Mars and were experimental creations of ETs, and in 1974 pub. the book Secret of the Ages: UFOs from Inside the Earth, backing the Hollow Earth Theory; in 1956-9 he becomes ed. of Flying Saucer Review; in 1975 he gains a seat in the British Parliament, and in 1979 he organizes a debate in the House of Lords on UFOs, with Lord Strabolgi representing the negative side for the govt. On Apr. 11 the most boring day in history happens? On Apr. 12-18 Marshal Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) of Yugoslavia visits Turkey, followed by Greece on June 2-6, and India on Dec. 16-Jan. 8. The great white chickin' lickin' middle class loves to see reds and eggheads get theirs, Or, They kick out the father of the A-bomb to please the father of the H-bomb? On Apr. 12-May 6 at the direction of Pres. Eisenhower, a 3-man AEC board (Thomas A. Morgan, Gordon Gray, Ward V. Evans) holds secretive kangaroo hearings in Bldg. T-3, Room 2022 on the security clearance of Julius Robert Oppenheimer (1904-67), claiming that he had "worked tirelessly from January 21, onward, to retard the United States H-bomb program"; Edward Teller and others testify against him, and, although they admit that "he is a loyal citizen", they don't like his friends or his refusal to repudiate them, so after Oppy endures 27 grueling hours of witch-hunting cross-examination they vote 2-1 on May 27 to end his security clearance, even though he is a "loyal citizen", the dissenting vote coming from Evans, the only scientist on the board; the AEC rubber-stamps it 4-1, and on June 29 Oppy's security clearance is withdrawn; this doesn't stop him from receiving the AEC's highest award, the Fermi Award in 1963; Edward Teller is viewed as a turncoat and FBI informer by the physics community, and Oppy comes out a hero? On Apr. 15 Italian-born Cosa Nostra boss Albert Anastasia (Umberto Anastasio) (1902-57) (AKA the Mad Hatter, Lord High Executioner) is deprived of his citizenship after an investigation into waterfront corruption in New York City. On Apr. 16 Yugoslavia and Turkey issue a joint statement reaffirming their Balkan defense alliance and gives assurances to Greece that they will seek its approval on "all questions of principle". On Apr. 18 the Easter issue of McCall's introduces the concept of "togetherness", which becomes the American theme of the 1950s, calling itself "The Magazine of Togetherness". On Apr. 19 Pres. Truman's asst. secy. of state for Near Eastern Affairs (1952-5) Brig. Gen. Henry Alfred Byroade (1913-93) gives a speech to the World Affairs Council in Dayton, Ohio, calling on Israelis to "look upon yourselves as a Middle Eastern state rather than as a headquarters... of a worldwide grouping of people of a particular religious faith", calling on them to "drop the attitude of the conqueror" and halt "retaliatory killings", along with large-scale immigration, while telling the Arabs "You should accept this state of Israel as an accomplished fact"; too bad, the Arabs will never accept a Jewish state of Israel, so his policy is DOA? McCarthy becomes American TV's biggest draw, trying to write his own script, but flubs Act One? On Apr. 22 after the Senate Armed Services Committee chickens out, and the full Senate Committee on Government Operations is found unacceptable by Repubs., McCarthy's subcommittee opens hearings to investigate itself, with McCarthy stepping down as chmn., and his ardent admirer Karl Earl Mundt (1900-74) (R-S.D.) replacing him; Roy Cohn steps down as chief counsel, and is replaced by pro-McCarthy Tenn. atty. Ray Howard Jenkins (1897-1960); Lyndon B. Johnson successfully demands that the hearings be televised, and McCarthy receives the right of cross-examination (which he had denied to others when he was chmn.); the Dems. end their boycott, and their counsel is 28-y.-o. Robert F. Kennedy; instead of McCarthy being on trial, on the first day he runs the proceedings from the floor as 20M-30M watch, interrupting the chmn. with "A point of order, Mr. Chairman; may I raise a point of order?", then launching into speeches which are never gavelled down, complaining that he is "sick and tired" of "sitting down here" and hearing "packs of lies"; at one point he delivers a homily on somebody named Indian Charlie, to the effect that if ever anybody approaches you "in a not completely friendly fashion", you "should start kicking at the other person as fast as possible below the belt until the other person was rendered helpless"; Jenkins once asks him "I want you to tell... what each individual American man, woman and child can do... to do their bit to liquidate the Communist Party"; Mo. Sen. William Stuart Symington (1901-98) is cheered for telling McCarthy: "You said something about being afraid. I want you to know from the bottom of my heart that I'm not afraid of anything about you or anything you've got to say anytime, anyplace, anywhere"; Army special counsel, Boston Repub. atty. Joseph Nye Welch (1890-1960) emerges as McCarthy's nemesis, exposing him as a hypocrite for refusing to acknowledge possession of a "purloined letter", a classified document retyped in violation of federal law, proving himself to be no different than the "Fifth Amendment Communists" he had spent four years scorning; Welch then scores on McCarthy when he reveals that a photo given to the chmn. by Roy Cohn had been cropped, hiding the fact that Schine was making lovey-dovey expressions at him, and when Welch asks Cohn, who professes ignorance of the photo "Do you think it came from a pixie?", McCarthy blunders by asking Welch, "Will the counsel for my benefit...[explain] what a pixie is?", to which Welch replies "Yes, I should say, Mr. Senator, that a pixie is a close relative of a fairy." On May 1 Am. Motors Corp. (AMC) is formed by the merger of Nash-Kelvinator Corp. and Hudson Motor Car Co., becoming the largest corporate merger in U.S. history (until ?), phasing out the Nash and Hudson brands by the end of 1957, with the Rambler brand becoming the 3rd most popular U.S. brand after Ford and Chevrolet; the architect of the merger is Nash-Kelvinator CEO (since 1937) George Walter Mason (1891-1954); in 1955 George Wilcken Romney (1907-95) becomes CEO (until 1962), squelching rumors that Studebaker-Packard Corp. would join to make it #2 behind GM; after his success with Rambler, Romney is touted for Pres. Eisenhower's job, but only makes it to Repub. gov. of Mich. (1963-9) because he's a Mormon?; AMC goes defunct in 1988. On May 1 wannabe messiah Rev. Sun Myung Moon (Mun Seon-myeong) (Mun Yong-myeong) (1920-2012) founds the Unification Church (Family Federation for World Peace and Unification) (Holy Spirit Assoc. for the Unification of World Christianity in Seoul, South Korea, with its textbook "The Divine Principle" explaining that God is both Creator and Heavenly Parent, not Father, combining masculine and feminine in true love, going on to perform mass male-female marriages and spread worldwide, with most members in Korea, Japan, and Philippines; in 1977 the U.S. Congress investigates it for its involvement in South Korean politics; in 1982 Moon is convicted in the U.S. of income tax fraud; meanwhile critics slam it for heretical and anti-Semitic views, and brainwashing of "Moonies". On May 3 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules unanimously in Hernandez v. Texas that Mexican-Ams. and other racial groups beyond "white" and "negro" in the U.S. have equal protection under the 14th Amendment, and that each has a right to have fellow Mexican-Ams. on their jury, which Tex. had been denying for over 25 years by claiming that they were white, just not as white as non-Mexican-Am. whites?; the first case in which Mexican-Am. attys. appear before the U.S. Supreme Court. After 8 years of civil war, Vietnam's problems are over? On May 7 after 1.5K French KIA and 400 wounded vs. 8K Vietnamese KIA and 15K wounded, French Brig. Gen. Christian Marie Ferdinand de la Croix de Castries (1902-91) surrenders Dien Bien Phu and 10K men to Viet Minh guerrillas under Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap (1911-2013), ending a cent. of French colonialism in Indochina, and giving Vietnamese guerrillas an aura of invincibility (we don't care how good your cuisine is?); in Aug. there is a 9-power conference in Geneva about Korea and Vietnam, where the French agree to pull out of Vietnam after it is divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam, with Ho Chi Minh as PM of the Dem. Repub. of North Vietnam (ends 1976), devout monklike Roman Catholic staunch anti-Communist Ngo Dinh Diem (pr. ziem) (1901-63) as PM of the Repub. of South Vietnam (ends in 1975), and playboy Emperor Bao Dai remaining in nominal power, with a 2-year deadline for nat. elections to reuinite the country under Ho or Diem; the Communists officially occupy Hanoi to large celebrations; taking advantage of a free migration policy, about 1M mainly Roman Catholic Vietnamese migrate S to escape Ho and the atheistic Viet Minh, while a smaller number move N to join them, later returning as soldiers; the U.S., which paid $2B (about 78% of the French war effort in Indochina) sees red, believing that Ho is just a puppet of Beijing and Moscow, and the first of several dominoes that will soon fall in Indochina, when actually Ho is just the George Washington of Vietnam, putting patriotism above Communism, and the U.S. should have helped Ho oust the French colonizers and declare the entire country independent of France, Russia, and China, becoming a bulwark against the real domino theory, which is that the dominoes are being pushed by Red China in order to later gobble them all up; since for the next few years the North Vietnamese are busy cleaning their own house, Roman Catholic U.S. puppet Diem appears good to the West, Life mag. calling him "the tough miracle man of Vietnam", The Saturday Evening Post calling him "the bright spot in Asia", and a "mandarin in a sharkskin suit who's upsetting the Red timetable"; French forces evacuated from Vietnam are moved to Algeria, where the French-Algerian War (ends Mar. 19, 1962) against the Nat. Liberation Front (NLF) begins on Nov. 1 - the birth of modern Islamic terrorism is the result of Commies in Southeast Asia winning one for Uncle Ho? On May 13 Pres. Eisenhower signs the U.S. St. Lawrence Seaway Development Act. Let's skip the genealogies and go straight to the war? The greatest moment in Supreme Court history since the Dredd Scott decision of 1857, and the beginning of the Second Reconstruction of the Am. South (first in 1867)? On May 17 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules unanimously in Bolling v. Sharpe to desegregate the public schools of Washington, D.C.; meanwhile on May 17 after hearing arguments by NAACP counsel Thurgood Marshall (1908-93), and pressure by Justice Harold Hitz Burton to bring unanimity, the U.S. Supreme (Earl Warren) Court (which incl. three Southerners) rules unanimously 9-0 in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that "separate but equal" public schools are inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional, citing the 14th Amendment to reverse the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, and ending "the long habit of deception and evasion" (Ralph Ellison); assoc. justice Robert Jackson leaves the hospital (heart attack) to be present; chief justice Earl Warren (in office for 6 mo.) begins at 12:52 p.m. and meanders until 1:20 without indicating the decision made (no advance copies given to the press), then says: "To separate [black kids] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way never to be done... We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal"; the term "integration" is never used; the Court then says it will withhold compliance instructions until its fall term, when all sides are to prepare arguments on whether the federal district courts or a special master (sorry, crackers?) should be in charge; 17 states and the District of Columbia require school segregation by law, and four other states permit it, affecting 12M school children; Ga. and S.C. go especially bonkers; 1924 Dem. vice-pres. candidate John William Davis (1873-1955), known for arguing the most (140) cases before the U.S. Supreme Court loses his last one trying to defend S.C.'s public school segregation laws; a Gallup poll following the decision finds that over half the country approves; Pres. Eisenhower repents his decision to appoint Warren to the court, saying it's "the biggest damnfool mistake I ever made", and adds "The fellow who tries to tell me that you can do these things by force is just plain nuts", but obeys the court and immediately desegregates all District of Columbia schools on Sept. 7, and goes further, ending segregation on all Navy bases; in Jan. 1953 he had already appointed Bostonian Lois H. Lippman (-1999) as the first black member of the White House secretarial staff, along with E. Frederic Morrow (1906-94) as his admin. asst., becoming the first black to hold an executive position at the White House; the whole thing was started in 1950 by black Topeka, Kan. schoolteacher Lucinda Wilson "Cindy" Todd (1903-96), who was angry because her daughter Nancy Jane Todd (b. 1941) couldn't play in a school concert, and by Oliver L. Brown, who wanted his 9-y.-o. daughter Linda Brown (b. 1943) to attend white Sumner Elementary School in Topeka; the nine justices are Warren, Douglas, Black, Frankfurter, Jackson, Clark, Minton, Burton, and Reed; by 1964 less than 10% of Southern black students attend white schools; Cleveland, Miss. starts a court battle that lasts until May 16, 2016. On May 17 Pres. Eisenhower issues an executive order prohibiting testimony at Joseph McCarthy's hearings without prior permission, which is never given? On May 26 an explosion and fire aboard the aircraft carrier USS Bennington at Quonset Point, R.I. kills 103 crewmen. On May 29 Pope Pius XII canonizes Pope (1903-14) Pius X (1835-1914), declaring him a saint. On May 29-31, 1954 in order to deal with growing anti-Americanism in W Europe, the Bilderberg Group (Conference) (Club) held its first annual closed invitation-only conference in the Hotel de Bilderberg in Oosterbeek (4 mi. W of Arnhem), Netherlands of guests who were influential in politics, banking, the military and the media, with two from each nation, one conservative and one liberal, starting with 50 delegates from 11 W European countries and 11 Americans, eventually growing to 130 attendees; founders incl. Polish politician Jozef (Józef) Hieronim Retinger (1888-1960) (a Freemason rumored to be a grey eminence, who co-founded the EU), Dutch prince Bernhard (1911-2004), Belgian PM (1935-7) Paul Van Zeeland (1893-1973) (head of Unilever), and U.S. govt. psychological warfare expert (senior exec of Time mag.) Gen. Charles Douglas "C.D." Jackson (1902-64).; U.S. diplomat George Wildman Ball (1909-94) became an early U.S. member, attending every meeting. In May the Peru-Ecuador border dispute erupts again for several mo. The May issue of Fortune mag. suggests that it is "time to change the stereotype of the American middle-class consumer. He is not, and has not been for some years, a small landlord or drugstore proprietor. If any stereotype at all is meaningful, it might be the machinist in Detroit." On June 7 the Japanese Diet votes to end autonomous local police forces and establish a centralized force after the Liberals overcome a Socialist boycott. On June 8 the 256-lb. 3'3" x 2' U.N. (Japanese) Peace Bell (cast on Nov. 24, 1952) is presented to the U.N. by Japan, with the inscription "Long Live Absolute World Peace"; it is rung each year on the Mar. Equinox. McCarthy flubs Act Two? On June 9 after Joseph Nye Welch jokingly exhorts Roy Cohn to cure the Commie situation at Ft. Monmouth by sundown, Joseph McCarthy, thinking he sees his chance, butts in and suggests "a young man named [Frederick G. Fisher]... who has been for a number of years a member of an organization which was named, oh years and years ago, as the legal bulwark of the Communist Party"; but Welch turns it around, showing that Fisher had resigned after finding out about the Commie connections, and had disclosed everything before joining his firm, and "will continue to be with Hale and Dorr"; he then drills McCarthy, beseeching him to "not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you no sense of decency?"; when McCarthy tries to keep it up, Welch silences him with a final speech, saying "If there is a God in heaven it will do neither you nor your cause any good. I will not discuss it further"; the day's session ends with the audience cheering Welch, then stampeding out, leaving McCarthy alone, asking "What did I do?"; in Feb. 1968 Cohn tells Esquire that McCarthy had broken a prior agreement with Welch not to publicly bring the matter up. If there is a God in heaven, if if if? On June 14 (flag day) a pressure campaign by the Knights of Columbus results in Pres. Ike signing an order adding the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance; 69% of Americans are in favor of it. Act Two is bad but Act Three gets the show canceled? On June 17 the Army-McCarthy hearings end after 36 days of testimony and great soap opera, and the Repubs. finally begin to break ranks and prepare to cut the bum loose; "It is now time for the Republican party to repudiate Joe McCarthy before he drags them down to defeat" (Palmer Hoyt of The Denver Post); "MCarthyism has become a synonym for witch-hunting, star-chamber methods, and the denial of those civil liberties which have distinguished our country in its historic growth" (Ohio Repub. Rep. George Bender); Roy Cohn is discredited and resigns on July 19, which McCarthy calls "A great victory for the Communists"; on Aug. 22 his popularity goes down by 22%, and 24M adult Americans think he sucks. On June 17 Operation Wetback (from the 1948 term "wetback", for a Mexican who crashes the U.S.-Mexico border by swimming the Rio Grande River) by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) is launched, deporting 3M illegal immigrants from the SW U.S. back to Mexico using only 1,075 border patrol agents, until it goes too far and begins profiling Mexican-Am. U.S. citizens, causing it to be canceled. On June 18 after the defeat at Dien Bien Phu causes Joseph Laniel to resign, Sephardic Jewish Radical Socialist Pierre Mendes (Mendès) (1907-82) becomes PM #143 of France (until Feb. 23, 1955); his ministers incl. up-and-coming Francois Mitterrand; Mendes immediately negotiates an armistice with Ho Chi Minh, and the assembly votes 471-14 for total withdrawal from Indochina despite opposition by the Roman Catholic Church for abandoning Vietnamese Catholics to Commies, plus anti-Semitic reaction against Mendes; Mendes goes on to make an agreement with Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia for independence in 1956, begin discussions for a French withdrawal from Morocco, favor concessions to the Algerian nations, and promote a Western European Union; Bob Denard (Gilbert Bourgeaud) (1929-2007) attempts to assassinate Mendes, and receives a 14-year sentence, later becoming a mercenary and converting to Islam. Let's get it started, let's get it started in here? On June 20 debate opens in the U.S. Senate over a resolution by Vt. Repub. Sen. (1946-59) Ralph Edward Flanders (1880-1970) to strip Wisc. junior Sen. Joseph McCarthy of his chairmanships, which is changed that evening to a motion of censure, and referred to a select committee of three Repubs. and three Dems., all Conservatives, chaired by Utah Repub. Arthur Vivian Watkins (1886-1973); McCarthy says about Flanders that "I think they should get a net and take him to a good quiet place", but Watkins puts McCarthy in his place, not letting him interrupt, bringing the gavel down on him the very first time he cries "Mr. Chairman, Mr. Chairman", saying "The Senator is out of order... We are not going to be interrupted by those diversions and sidelines. We are going straight down the line"; McCarthy is forced to run into a corridor where TV crews, banned from the proceedings, are waiting, and tell them "I think this is the most unheard of thing I ever heard of"; the committee eventually recommends that MCarthy be censured. On June 26 (Sat.) the 1964 Lake Michigan Meteotsunami sweeps people near Montrose Harbor into the water, drowning eight. On June 27 the world's first commercial nuclear reactor (5MW) goes operational at Obninsk in the Soviet Union; the first Nuplex (cluster of industrial facilities around a nuclear reactor) is established? On July 2 the Lavon Affair AKA Operation Susannah, led by Israel Col. Binyamin Gibli uses Egyptian Jews to engage in false flag operations by bombing U.S. and British civilian targets in Egypt and blaming them on Egyptian Communists and the Muslim Brotherhood in order to keep the British occupation of the Suez Canal zone going, starting with a post office in Alexandria, followed on July 14 by the U.S. Info. Agency libraries in Alexandria and Cairo, and a British-owned theater; on Dec. 11 several arrested suspects are tried, with Israel denying knowledge and accusing Egypt of anti-Semitism to discredit them; on Jan. 27 Moshe Marzouk and Shmuel Azar are sentenced to death, several receive lengthy prison terms, and two are acquitted; after he is caught lying to PM Moshe Sharett, Israeli defense minister Pinhas Levon resigns on Feb. 17, 1955, and is succeeded by former PM David Ben-Gurion on Feb. 21 (until June 26, 1963), and Sharett resigns on Nov. 3, 1955, after which it becomes known as the Bad Business or Unfortunate Affair; on Mar. 30, 2005 Israel honors nine of the operatives. On July 2 the Johnson Amendment (Rule) to the U.S. tax code is proposed by U.S. Sen. (D-Tex.) (1949-61) Lyndon B. Johnson, barring churches and nonprofits from tax-exempt status if they express political free speech, as if they give up their First Amendment rights by not paying taxes; no surprise, Southern black churches have de facto immunity; it is repealed in ?; meanwhile after work by Tex. Dem. Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson, the IRS extends section 501(c)(3) for tax-exempt orgs. to cover churches; part of a plot to eliminate political influence by churches? On July 4 (early a.m.) the murder of 4-mo.-pregnant Marilyn Reese Sheppard in her bedroom in Bay Village, Ohio, followed by the arrest of her husband, Cleveland, Ohio-born osteopath-neurologist Dr. Samuel Holmes "Sam" Sheppard (1923-70) becomes sensationalized, and his trial becomes a media circus after he blames it on a "bushy-haired intruder"; on Dec. 21 he is convicted of 2nd degree murder and given life in prison, after which on Jan. 7 his mother shoots and kills herself, and on Jan. 18 his father dies of stomach cancer; maintaining his innocence, in July 1961 he hires defense atty. Francis Lee "F. Lee" Bailey Jr. (1933-), and is helped by the Sept. 17, 1963 debut of the ABC-TV series The Fugitive (ends Aug. 29, 1967); on June 6, 1966 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 8-1 in Sheppard v. Maxwell that the trial had a "carnival atmosphere", and that the judge Edward J. Blythin (-1958) was clearly biased against him and failed to protect him from prejudicial publicity, and is granted a new trial, then acquitted on Nov. 16, 1966 after he marries German divorcee Ariane Tebbenjohanns, half-sister of Magda Ritschel, wife of Nazi leader Joseph Goebbels, divorcing her on Oct. 7, 1969; "The Fugitive" Sam Sheppard dies on Apr. 6, 1970 in Columbus, Ohio. On July 4 (midnight) wartime rationing ends in Britain after 14 years with the end of restrictions on the purchase of meat and bacon, causing happy citizens to tear up their ration books. On July 5 Tupelo, Miss.-born white former truck driver Elvis Aaron Presley (1935-77), who walked into the Memphis Recording Service at Sun Records on July 18, 1953 and paid $4 to cut his first record, consisting of My Happiness and That's When Your Heartaches Begin for his mother's birthday (although they don't own a record player) holds his first commercial recording session with Sun Records, then on July 7, 1954 makes his radio debut on station WHBQ in Memphis with his debut single That's All Right (Mama) (first recorded in 1946 by Arthur Crudup) after rogue DJ Dewey "Daddy-O" Phillips (1926-68) takes the risk of playing a single that could be taken as black music or white music, causing a sensation, playing it 14 straight times while Elvis watches a movie to calm his nerves, then interviewing him to establish that he is white, becoming "the first salvos in an undeclared war on segregated radio stations" (Rolling Stone mag.); "What he actually did was take 'black' and 'white' music and transform them into this third thing" (Greg Drew); Knoxville, Tenn. record merchant Sam Morrison of Bell Sales Co. then plays the record on loudspeakers to the public, selling hundreds of copies, incl. two to an RCA talent scout, which results in RCA buying Elvis' contract from Sun Records; "None of us would have made it without Elvis" (Buddy Holly); "Before Elvis there was nothing" (John Lennon); the B-side is Blue Moon of Kentucky (by Bill Monroe), using a 4/4 arrangement; "I guess the first thing people want to know is why I can't stand still when I'm singing. Some people tap their feet, ome people snap their fingers, and some people just sway back and forth. I sort of do 'em all together, I guess. Singing rhythm and blues really knocks it out" (Elvis); in 1954-7 Sun Records also signs Johnny Cash, "The Killer" Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Charlie Rich, and Conway Twitty (under his real name Harold Jenkins). On July 11 Sedgwick, Colo. records a temp of 114F, becoming the hottest temp ever recorded in Colo. (until ?); Boulder, Colo. reaches a record 104F, part of four straight days over 100F; Neb. reaches 116F, Kan. 115F, Okla. 112F, and Mo. 110F. On July 14 after U.S. military intervention in Vietnam is ruled out, Pres. Eisenhower and PM Winston Churchill sign the Potomac Charter in Washington, D.C., stating that the U.S. and Britain will respect any agreement that preserves the S half of Vietnam and does not exclude the possibility of eventual unification under a non-Communist govt. by peaceful means; in Aug. 1941 Churchill and FDR signed the Atlantic Charter, but that one worked? On July 15 the Boeing 367-80 ("Dash 80") jetliner makes its maiden flight from Renton Field S of Seattle, Wash., attaining the unheard of speed of 575 mph, becoming the prototype for the KC-135 Stratotanker and the 707 - what's next? McCarthy is canceled and can't get back on the air? On July 30 U.S. Sen. (R-Vt.) Ralph Edward Flanders introduces a resolution condemning Sen. McCarthy for conduct unbecoming a member; the 46-count indictment is later reduced to two by a committee, and Vice-pres. Nixon as presiding officer of the Senate alters the word "censure" in the title, changing it to "Resolution relating to the conduct of the Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy", which his supporters claim as a victory, to which McCarthy tells reporters "Well, it wasn't exactly a vote of confidence", adding "I'm glad to have this circus ended so I can get back to the real work of digging out Communism, crime, and corruption"; despite the Committee of Ten Million Americans Mobilizing for Justice presenting the Senate with a petition with 1,000,816 signatures, on Dec. 2 he is condemned but not censured, with 22 Repub. senators voting against the measure (John F. Kennedy ducks out of the vote against his daddy's longtime friend who dated sister Patricia and hired brother RFK by claiming he's sick and staying in a hospital?), although he might have actually been right about it, since by Nov. all 81 of the people on his famous Feb. 20, 1950 List of Communists in the U.S. Govt. had left the govt., and on June 27, 1956 State Dept. security chief (1953-7) Robert Walter Scott McLeod (1914-61) draws up his own list of 847 more suspected security leaks in his dept., firing 300 of them on suspicion of being Comsymps (Commie sympathizers); Ike tells his cabinet, "Have you heard the latest? McCarthyism is McCarthywasm"; McCarthy misses a "Who Promoted Peress?" rally in New York City attended by 13K after a supporter inadvertently shoves his elbow through a glass tabletop, causing him to go to Bethesda Naval Hospital and be fitted with a sling - I'm not a sinner, I never sinned, cause I got a friend named Jesus? On July 27 after a coup, new Egyptian pres. Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-70) signs an agreement with the British to withdraw their troops from Egypt and give up control of its foreign policy (they first occupied Egypt in 1882); Pres. Mohammad Nagib of Egypt is dismissed in Nov. On July 28 Prospect Point, a favorite tourist lookout at the edge of Niagara Falls is destroyed by a rockfall. On July 30 France grants internal independence to Sudan, and Ismail al-Azhari (1902-69) becomes PM #1 of puppet Sudan (until 1956). On July 30 the Television Act of 1954 is passed in Britain, providing for commercial TV stations to compete with the BBC, under stiff-upper-lift govt. censorship, of course, with the Independent Television Authority founded on Aug. 4, with art historian Kenneth McKenzie Clark (1903-83) as chmn. #1 (until 1957); on Sept. 14 Sir Robert Fraser (1904-85) becomes dir.-gen. #1 (until 1970). On July 31 K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) (Dspsang) in the Himalayas (Karakorams) on the China-Pakistan border, 2nd highest mountain on Earth after Mount Everest (8,611m) (28,251 ft.) is first climbed by an Italian team led by Count Ardito Desio (1897-2001). In July South Korean pres. Syngman Rhee visits the U.S. and calls for a combined attack on the Chinese mainland by the U.S., Nationalist China and the U.S.; the U.S. officially ignores him, and on Aug. 18 discloses plans to withdraw four of six U.S. divs. from South Korea. In July the first annual Newport Jazz Festival in Newport, R.I., founded by socialite Elaine Guthrie Lorrilard (1914-2007) and her hubby Louis (descendant of tobacco magnate Pierre Lorillard), organized by jazz impresario George Wein (1925-) is opened by white jazz singer Lee Wiley (1908-75), accompanied by trumpet player Robert Leo "Bobby" Hackett (1915-76); after being canceled because of riots in 1960, 1969, and 1971, it moves to New York City in 1972, then resumes in 1981 in Newport while continuing in New York City; Concord, Calif.-born pianist David Warren "Dave" Brubeck (1920-) (who almost killed himself by diving into the surf in Hawaii in 1951, affecting his playing style) becomes the 2nd jazz musician to be featured on the cover of Time mag. (after Louis Armstrong on Feb. 21, 1949). On Aug. 9 Yugoslavia, Turkey, and Greece sign a 20-year Tripartite Alliance Treaty, pledging mutual assistance and political cooperation. On Aug. 16 Sports Illustrated is first pub. by Time Inc.; too bad, it starts out lame with coverage of yacht races - a bannister year for sports? On Aug. 24 the U.S. Communist Control Act goes into effect in the good ole U.S.A., virtually outlawing the Communist Party as such; Article 2 incl. the soundbyte: "The Congress hereby finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States. It constitutes an authoritarian dictatorship within a republic, demanding for itself the rights and privileges accorded to political parties, but denying to all others the liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. Unlike political parties, which evolve their policies and programs through public means, by the reconciliation of a wide variety of individual views, and submit those policies and programs to the electorate at large for approval or disapproval, the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders of the world Communist movement. Its members have no part in determining its goals, and are not permitted to voice dissent to party objectives" - forcing them to do what, go underground, or mole into the system more thoroughly? On Aug. 24-Sept. 6 the Late Summer U.S. Heat Wave of 1953 sees the N.E. U.S. record 1,097 temps over 90F, 546 over 95F, and 129 over 100F, incl. 107F in Md. on Aug. 31. On Aug. 25-Sept. 1 Category 3 Hurricane Carol starts in the Bahamas and hits Long Island and Conn. on Aug. 30 at max strength at high tide 40 mi. from where the 1938 New England Hurricane made landfall, blowing down the steeple of Boston's historic Old North Church, killing 72 and causing $462M in damage; on Sept. 2-15 Category 3 Hurricane Edna delivers a 2nd punch, killing 21 and causing $42.8M damage in New England, causing the heaviest rainfall in New York City in 45 years, and power outages affecting 260K incl. Cape Cod, becoming the costliest hurricane in Maine (until ?); on Oct. 15 after killing 400+ in Haiti, Category 4 Hurricane Hazel makes it a threepeat, devastating N.C., killing 95, injuring 200, destroying 15K bldgs., and causing $382M property damage in the U.S. followed by 81 deaths near Toronto, Canada after merging with a cold front. On Aug. 28 (Sat. eve.)The Mickey Rooney Show (Hey, Mulligan) debuts on NBC-TV for 33 episodes (until June 4, 1955), starring Mickey Rooney (Joseph Yule Jr.) (1920-2014) as Irish-Am. Internat. Broadcasting Co. TV studio page Mickey Mulligan, who is studying at night to become a star, and John Regis Toomey (1898-1991) as his father John, a veteran LA police officer; Carla Balenda (Sally Bliss) (1925-) plays Mickey's babe Pat Harding. In Aug. the Iraqi cabinet under PM Nuri al-Said (1888-1958) issues a series of decrees outlawing all opposition, driving it underground. In Aug. after resigning as senior White house adviser in Mar., C.D. Jackson introduces Ike to CIA-connected MIT economists Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) and Max F. Millikan, who recommend that the U.S. boost foreign aid for development from $200M to $2B a year, and he bites despite the difficulty of Congressional approval, which is hampered by Southern Dems. and Repubs., requesting $200M next Apr. for Asia, which they cut in half then eliminate in 1956; meanwhile on May 21 Rostow and Millikan write a letter to CIA dir. Allen W. Dulles, with the soundbyte: "First, any possible salvage of all or part of Indo-China requires that the Indo-Chinese believe we are in Asia to stay, not merely in a military sense, but politically and economically as well." On Sept. 3 the First Taiwan Strait (Formosa) (Offshore Islands) Crisis begins when Chinese Communists shell the small Quemoy Islands and the Matsu Islands, located a couple of miles off the Chinese coast 150 mi. apart which are garrisoned by Nationalist troops; hawks urge Pres. Eisenhower to bomb China in retaliation, but he refuses and in Dec. signs a mutual defense treaty with Chiang Kai-shek in which he agrees to stop harassing the mainland and the U.S. agrees to protect Formosa, but not the coastal islands; next May 1 after the Soviets blink, the Chinese Communists temporarily cease shelling Kinmen and Matsu. On Sept. 8 the Manila Pact is signed, and SEATO (SE Asia Treaty Org.), modelled on NATO is formed by eight nations, incl. the U.S., U.K., Philippines, Pakistan and Thailand. On Sept. 9 (Labor Day) Pres. Eisenhower remotely initiates the groundbreaking ceremony for the $72.5M 60MW Shippingport Atomic Power Station; on Dec. 12, 1957 (4:30 a.m.) it goes critical, on Dec. 18 the first power is generated, and on Dec. 23 full power is achieved; on May 26, 1958 Eisenhower officially opens it, becoming the first to be commissioned, then becoming the first to be retired and decommissioned in 1982. On Sept. 9 Captain Midnight (Jet Jackson, Flying Commando) (an adaptation of the radio show that ran from 1938-49) debuts on CBS-TV for 39 episodes (until Jan. 21, 1956), starring Richard Webb (1915-93) in the title role, who flies a Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket named the Silver Dart, Sid Melton (Sidney Meltzer) (1917-2011) as Ichabod "Ikky" Mudd ("Mudd with two Ds"), and Olan Evart Soule (1909-94) as Dr. Aristotle "Tut" Jones. On Sept. 11 the 1955 (28th) Miss America beauty pageant is televised for the first time, and after reciting a John Millington Synge monologue to show she's not a dumb blonde, wholesome straight white Los Angeles, Calif.-born Lee Ann Meriwether (1935-) (Miss Calif.) is crowned Miss America 1955 to the Bernie Wayne song There She Is, Miss America; on Aug. 1, 1956 a UPI wire photo of her and Joe DiMaggio falsely announces their engagement, later traced to Walter Winchell, but it works well enough to launch her acting career, and she goes on to reach the heights by starring in er, "Star Trek"? On Sept. 12 the TV spectacular Satins and Spurs, the first full-scale musical comedy written specially for TV bombs, causing Betty Hutton to retire from show biz. On Sept. 12 Lassie (B&W) debuts on CBS-TV (until Mar. 24, 1973), created by producer Robert Maxwell Joffe (1908-71) and Engle, N.M.-born animal trainer Russell Bird "Rudd" Weatherwax (1907-85), and starring Rudd's Rough Collie Pal (1940-58) as Lassie (later her son Lassie Jr.), Thomas Noel "Tommy" Rettig (1941-96) as Jeff Miller, and Jan Clayton (1917-83) as his mother Ellen; in season 4 Rettig is replaced by Jonathan Bion "Jon" Provost (1950-) as Timmy Martin, with Cloris Leachman (1926-) as his adoptive mother Ruth, who is replaced in season 5 by June Lockhart (1925-); written by Sumner Arthur Long (1921-93); it switches to color in 1965. On Sept. 13 the medical drama Medic debuts on NBC-TV for 59 episodes (until Aug. 27, 1956), starring strangely miscast (should be in a Western?) craggy, menacing Richard Boone (1917-81), who makes the hospital rounds with his stethoscope as Dr. Konrad Steiner, with opening credits featuring a giant caduceus, and the announcer saying: "Guardian of birth, healer of the sick, comforter of the aged. And the qualities of a worthy physician are three, the eye of an eagle, the heart of a lion, the hand of a woman", becoming the first realistic doctor-hospital series focusing on medical procedures of more than 50 on U.S. prime-time TV by the end of the cent.; Dennis Hopper makes his acting debut as a guest star. On Sept. 21 the anthology series Heinz Studio 57 debuts on DuMont Network for 119 episodes (until 1958 after going into syndication in Sept. 1955 after the July 26, 1955 episode), sponsored by Heinz 57 and hosted by Joel Aldrich, struggling with low budgets and bland scripts, starting out with top actors incl. Brian Keith, Claude Akins, Carolyn Jones, Pat O'Brien, Peter Lorre, Rod Taylor, DeForest Kelley, Whit Bissell, Jane Darwell, Joanne Dru, Peter Lawford, Angela Lansburgy, Keenan Wynn, Strother Martin, Barbara Hale, Peter Graves, Keye Luke, Gene Barry, Dan Duryea, Lorne Greene, and Lloyd Bridges, and finally hiring unknown actors incl. Hugh O'Brian and Natalie Wood; on Apr. 23, 1957 "It's a Small World", the pilot episode of "Leave It To Beaver" airs. On Sept. 27 Tonight! debuts on NBC-TV from New York City, with host Steve Allen, who leaves in Jan. 1957. On Sept. 29 a Belgian tourist bus loses its brakes on Cauberg Mt. near Valkenburg aan de Geul, smashing into a bldg. and killing 19. On Sept. 29-Oct. 2 the underdog New York Giants (NL) defeat the Cleveland Indians (AL) (who won 111 games in the regular season) 4-0 to win the Fifty-First (51st) World Series (first win since 1933), and the Yankees' streak is broken; in Game 1 on Sept. 29 New York Giants centerfielder William Howard "Willie" Mays Jr. (1931-) makes an amazing over-the-shoulder catch of a 450-ft. fly ball hit by 1st baseman Victor Woodrow "Vic" Wertz (1925-83), becoming known as "The Catch", with NBC-TV announcer John Beasley "Jack" Brickhouse (1916-98) uttering the soundbyte: "Willie Mays just brought this crowd to its feet with a catch, which must have been an optical illusion to a lot of people, boy!"; the Giants don't win again until 2010. On Oct. 1 former U.S. Rep. (R-Del.) (1935-7) John George Stewart (1890-1970) becomes architect of the U.S. Capitol (until 1970), going on to design the Rayburn House Office Bldg., the new Senate Office Bldg., and a 32-ft. extension of the E front of the U.S. Capitol. On Oct. 4 the former CBS Radio show (since Aug. 15, 1949) Father Knows Best debuts on CBS-TV for 203 episodes (until May 23, 1960), starring Robert George Young (1907-98) as James "Jim"Anderson Sr., mgr. of the Gen. Insurance Co. of Springfield, Jane Waddington Wyatt (1910-2006) as his housewife Margaret Anderson, Mary Eleanor "Elinor" Donahue (1937-) as daughter Betty "Princess" Anderson, William Thomas "Billy" Gray (1938-) as son James "Bud" Anderson Jr., and Lauren Ann Chapin (1945-) as youngest daughter Kathy "Kitten" Anderson. On Oct. 5 the AEC approves a West Memphis power plant to be built for the TVA. On Oct. 5 the Colombo plan nations vote to admit Japan to membership. On Oct. 5 Italy and Yugoslavia sign an agreement ending their dispute over Trieste. On Oct. 7 Marian Anderson becomes the first black singer hired by the Metropolitan Opera Co. in New York City. On Oct. 7 Climax! (Climax Mystery Theater) debuts on CBS-TV for 166 episodes (until June 26, 1958), pioneering color with massive RCA TK-40A color cameras used in live performances, hosted by 6'2 "voice with a smile in it" William Lundigan (1914-75), who becomes a spokesman for Chrysler Motors, going on a 100K mi. road trip where he sees 560K people in 90 weeks; on Oct. 21 James Bond makes his screen debut on the series, starring Kiwi-born Am. actor Barry Nelson (1918-2007) as 007, a U.S. CIA agent, and Peter Lorre as the villain Le Chiffre; Ian Fleming originally modeled Bond on actor Cary Grant, who turned down the part. On Oct. 12 Japanese acting PM Taketora Ogata (1888-1956) rejects an offer of normalized relations from Communist China, calling it "bait" aimed at weakening U.S.-Japanese ties; Ogata dies on Jan. 28, 1956 before he can become PM. On Oct. 15 The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin debuts on ABC-TV for 166 episodes (until May 8, 1959), starring Lee William Aaker (1943-) as Cpl. Rusty of B-Company, a boy who was orphaned in an Indian raid and is being raised by the U.S. Cavalry post Ft. Apache along with his German shepherd dog, 6'2" Tex.-born James E. (L.) (Bowen) "Jimmy" Brown (1920-92) as Lt. Ripley "Rip Masters" (known for his rich baritone voice), and Rand Brooks (1918-2003) as Cpl. Randy Boone, known for playing Charles Hamilton in "Gone with the Wind" (1939). On Oct. 19 Cho Oyu (Tibetan "Turquoise Goddess"), on the Chinese-Nepalese border 12 mi. W of Mt. Everest (world's 6th highest mountain) is first climbed by an Austrian expedition. On Oct. 23 the Paris Pacts, signed by the U.S., Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg end the occupation of West Germany and restore its full sovereignty, with a limited rearmament program (excluding nukes and large warships), incl. West Germany and Italy in the Western European Union, and accepting West Germany into NATO, effective next May 5; the Saarland is given "European status", which the pop. later rejects in a referendum in favor of becoming a West German state. If they're going to integrate our schools, let's keep kiddie TV white? On Oct. 27 Disneyland debuts on ABC-TV, becoming "Walt Disney Presents in 1959 (until Oct. 17, 1961), then "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color" (1961-9), "The Wonderful World of Disney" (1969-79), "Disney's Wonderful World" (1979-81), "Walt Disney" (1981-3), "The Wonderful World of Disney" (1983-8), "The Disney Sunday Movie" (1986-8), and "The Wonderful World of Disney" (1991-), with saintly Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (1901-66) hosting various Disney made-for-TV films; on Dec. 15 Walt Disney's Davy Crockett, starring Fort Worth, Tex.-born Fess Elisha Parker Jr. (1924-2010) (fess = a broad horizontal band across a shield) as Crockett, and Belleville, Ill.-born Christian Ludolf "Buddy" Ebsen Jr. (1908-2003) as his sidekick George Russel debuts on TV for five episodes (until Dec. 14, 1955), starting a children's craze for memorabilia, Coonskin Caps, and Lincoln Logs; the theme song is The Ballad of Davy Crockett by George Bruns and Thomas W. Blackburn, sung by The Wellingtons; "Born on a mountain top in Tennessee,/ Greenest state in the Land of the Free,/ Raised in the woods so's he knew ev'ry tree, /Kilt him a b'ar when he was only three./ Davy, Davy Crockett,/ King of the wild frontier". On Oct. 30 #1 Euro clown Grock the Clown (1880-1959) gives his final performance in Hamburg, Germany and retires after 43 years. In Oct. after U.S. physicists advise Ike that they believe they can design an A-bomb small enough to be carried by a missile, and he approves the development of a nuclear ballistic missile, Nazi V-2 scientist Wernher von Braun (1912-77) (who becomes a U.S. citizen in 1955) is put in charge of a joint Army-Navy venture, beginning with souping up the Army's Redstone missile to send a 5-lb. satellite into orbit, which is called Project Orbiter; an Internat. Geophysical Year panel meeting in Rome proposes that the U.S. launch a satellite during the IGY, and U.S. policy makers decide that it must not appear to have military purposes, causing Project Orbiter to be canceled in mid-1955. On Nov. 1 PM Souvanna Phouma's cabinet decides to take the Pathet Lao into the govt., and on Nov. 19 the Laotian govt. assumes control of the admin. of two Pathet Lao provinces in N Laos - ever dance with the devil in the palao moon light (pale moon lao)? On Nov. 2 after Pres. Eisenhower decides not to actively campaign, and vice-pres. Nixon takes up the slack, delivering 204 speeches and flying 26K mi. to visit 95 cities in 31 states to prevent a Dem. 84th Congress in vain as the Dems. recapture 20 House and two Senate seats. On Nov. 5 Burma and Japan sign a peace treaty in Rangoon - the death march will be where? On Nov. 8-14 Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie visits Bonn, Germany - why does that seem so funny? On Nov. 10 the U.S. Marine Corps (Iwo Jima) War Memorial, based on the 1945 Joe Rosenthal photo is dedicated by Pres. Eisenhower in Arlington, Va. On Nov. 12 a bus loses its brakes on Plateau-Caillou in Saint-Paul, Reunion Island, killing 27. On Nov. 22 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules unanimously in Berman v. Parker to uphold the Takings Clause of the 5th Amendment, holding that private property can be taken for a public purpose with just compensation. In Nov. Ellis Island in New York Harbor, HQ of a U.S. immigration and naturalization district since 1892 is closed and its functions transferred to Manhattan. On Nov. ? a meteorite strikes the house of Ann Hodges (1920-75) in Sylacauga, Ala. as she sleeps on the couch, hitting her in the thigh and making her the first known human meteorite victim (until ?). On Dec. 2 the U.S. and Nationalist China (Taiwan) sign the Sino-Am. Mutual Defense Treaty, to come into force next Mar. 3; in 1979 Pres. Carter unilaterally terminates it. On Dec. 2 Wisc. Repub. Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy is formally condemned by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 67-22 for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute". On Dec. 9 the Japanese Diet elects Ichiro Hatoyama (1883-1959) of the Japanese Dem. Party as interm PM pending spring elections. On Dec. 14 anti-U.S. riots begin in Athens, Greece over U.S. resistance to Greek efforts in the U.N. for self-determination for Cyprus. In Dec. Peru, Chile and Ecuador extend their territorial waters to 200 mi. off the mainland, bringing sharp protests from the U.S., whose fishing vessels operate in their waters. In Dec. Am. gay "Jewish Buddhist" poet Irwin Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) meets poet-model Peter Orlovsky (1933-) in San Francisco, Calif., and they become lifetime lovers; Ginsberg undergoes a year of psychotherapy this year and next, and ditches his career as a fledgling market research consultant, producing his poem "Howl!" in a nonstop frenzy. Hungry like the wolf? Iran signs an oil agreement with oil cos. from Britain, U.S., France, and Netherlands; the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (formerly the Anglo-Persian Oil Co.) becomes British Petroleum (BP). In Paraguay a coup led by Gen. Alfredo Stroessner (1912-2006) overthrows pres. (since 1949) Federico Chavez; he soon turns the country into a refuge for Nazi war criminals. Nigeria becomes a federation. Sir Milton Augustus Strieby Margai (1895-1964) is elected chief minister of Sierra Leone (until Apr. 27, 1961). Edward B. Lawson (1895-1962) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Israel (until 1959). English physicist and scientific adviser Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (1886-1957) creates the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) to oversee the development of nuclear energy in the U.S. The Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches convenes in Evanston, Ill. The U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) makes a documentary film depicting its work in Africa and the Far East, starring comedian Danny Kaye. A desert locust plague in Morocco destroys $14M worth of citrus crops in six weeks. By the end of the year Okla., Tex., Ky., W. Va., Md., Tenn., Ark., and Del. report partial integration in 350 school districts, but Deep South legislatures in Va., Ga., and S.C. decide to fight in court, and the fighting moves to the streets, with the FBI reporting that small arms sales increased up to 400% in some parts of the South; the KKK organizes White Citizens' Councils to resist, while the Black Muslims gain recruits on their side - a white wearing a coonskin cap takes on a new meaning? Nikita Khrushchev launches the Virgin Lands Scheme to bring 1M acres in SW Siberia and N Kazakhstan into cultivation, mainly spring wheat. Big Pocono State Park in NE Penn. is established. The U.S. and Canada agree to build the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line of 31 radar warning stations across N Canada from NW Alaska to E Greenland to guard against a sneak attack over the Arctic, which becomes operational in 1957; Midway Island becomes the main Pacific base; replaced in 1993 with the North Warning System. The U.S. Supreme Court requires the Federal Power Commission to begin regulating the wellhead price of natural gas sold through interstate piplines, causing shortages of up to 25% by the mid-1970s. The USDA establishes the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) Plum Island 3 mi. E of Long Island, N.Y. to conduct research on anthrax and other animal pathogens; it also conducts secret research on biological weapons, ramping back up after 9/11. Yasser Arafat (1929-2004) et al. found Fatah (Fateh) (Arab. "victory", "opening") for displaced Palestinians, growing into a terrorist org. for reclaiming Palestine from Israel. The Italian state TV monopoly RAI begins broadcasting. NBC-TV (U.S.) begins the first regular color TV broadcast. The Eurovision TV network is founded. JFK undergoes major back surgery in New York City after being given last rites by a priest; while recuperating he launchs a project to write a book to rival Winston Churchill's A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, resulting in Profiles in Courage. Ill. begins putting the slogan "Land of Lincoln" on its license plates. The term "cash-flow" is coined. The slang suffix "wise" becomes popular: "Stylewise, big tailfins and chrome are in." The U.S. teen subculture develops a separate identity, with ducktail haircuts and rolled-up sleeves for boys, and poodle cuts and pop-it necklaces for girls; calling somebody a square while drawing a square in the air when they're not present, and calling them an "L7" when they are present becomes cool; drive-in movies become passion pits; the ultimate female insult to a wannabe beau is DDT (drop dead twice). Martin Luther King Jr. receives his Ph.D., and becomes pastor of the Dexter Ave. Baptist Church in Montgomery, Ala. Liverpool, England-born economist Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93) (coiner of the term "psychic capital" in 1950), Vienna, Austria-born biologist Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-72) et al. found the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory, which in 1956 is renamed the Society for Gen. Systems Research, and in 1988 renamed the Internat. Society for the Systems Sciences, founding Gen. Systems Theory. The Society for French Historical Studies is founded by Evelyn Acomb, going on to pub. French Historical Studies in 1958. Am. evangelist Billy Graham holds his first crusade in Britain. Ruth E. Norman (nee Nields) (1900-93) (AKA Uriel) and her hubby Ernest L. Norman (1904-71) (who claims to be a reincarnation of Jesus and Archangel Raphiel) found the Unarius Academy of Science in Los Angeles, Calif.; too bad, in 1974 Ruth predicts the coming of the Space Brothers, a fleet of benevolent ETs, and when they don't show up she keeps setting new dates - welcome to sunny California, home of every kook religion known, even before the PC revolution? Sylvia Wright coins the word "mondegreen" in a Harper's Mag. article for the process of hearing song lyrics wrong, citing the folk ballad "The Bonny Earl of Murray": "They hae slain the Earl of Murray/ And laid him on the green" (And Lady Mondegreen). Chicago, Ill. ad agency Leo Burnett Worldwide (founded 1935) creates the Marlboro Man for heretofore womens-only Marlboro filtered cigarettes after seeing a 1949 Life mag. photo of Clarence Hailey Long (1910-), foreman at the 320K-acre JA Ranch in Tex., and next year the image is introduced nationally, causing sales to leap 3,241% to $5B, becoming #1 in the world by 1972 even after cigarette commercials are banned in the U.S. in 1971. Tareyton brand filtered cigarettes are introduced by the Am. Tobacco Co., with a 2-part filter design using fiber and activated charcoal, and ad slogans "Mildness makes the difference" and "Discriminating people prefer Herbert Tareyton... with the genuine cork tip to protect the lips"; in 1963-81 the new slogan "Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch" shows users sporting black eyes. Retired Portland, Ore.-born Hunt's Foods industrialist Norton Winfred Simon (1907-93) begins collecting art, acquiring a Gaugin, a Bonnard, and a Pissarro this year, opening the Norton Simon Museum (originally Pasadena Art Museum) in Pasadena, Calif., becoming known for putting on an early Pop Art show in 1962 and a Marcel Duchamp retrospective in 1963; a new bldg. is completed in 1969. Am. actress June Haver (1926-2005) marries actor Fred MacMurray and retires from show biz; they remain together until his 1991 death. Herblock wins a 2nd Pulitzer Prize for cartoons (1942). Jewish-Am. Antioch College student Herb Gardner (1934-2003) begins pub. the slyly left-wing-slanted comic strip The Nebbishes (ends 1960), which is syndicated by the Chicago Tribute to 60+ major newspapers in 1959, by which time it has become a nat. craze, with wall decorations, greeting cards, cocktail napkins etc. carrying panels; after "the balloons were getting larger and larger and there was hardly any drawing left", he quits to become a playwright. Actress Shirley MacLaine marries producer Steve Parker (until 1983); they have one daughter, Sachi (b. 1957). The term The Movement is coined by The Spectator lit. ed. Jay D. Scott to describe a group of English poets who write simple, sensuous poems in a traditional dignified form as a reaction against Britain's reduced dominance on the world stage, incl. Kingsley Amis, Robert Conquest, Donald Davis, D.J. Enright, Thom Gunn, Elizabeth Jennings, Philip Larkin, and John Wain; rediscovering the poetry of Thomas Hardy; too bad, in 1956 the Angry Young Men Movement causes it to decline. Malcolm X begins preaching at Black Muslim Temple #7 in Harlem, N.Y. 60-something Mae West creates a nightclub act called "Mae West and Her Adonises", and hooks up with bodybuilder Paul Novak (Chester Rybinsky) (1923-99), who becomes her hard companion for life (until 1980), playing a muscleman in her traveling nightclub act. Paris-born French film critic Francois Roland Truffaut (1932-84), known as "the Gravedigger of French Cinema" for his brutual reviews pub. the essay A Certain Tendency of French Cinema (Une Certaine Tendance du Cinema Francais), introducing his Auteur Theory, claiming that a great dir. (auteur) rises about the inferior metteur en scene (scene-setter) dir., and is the true author of a film, citing his hero Alfred Hitchcock and his unique style; it doesn't catch on until the 1960s; meanwhile Truffaut decides to show everybody by becoming a dir. himself. English-born Am. organist E. Power Biggs (1906-77) makes his first concert tour of Eruope, recording works by J.S. Bach et al. on historic organs associated with the composers, causing an Am. revival of European Baroque-style organ building, esp. tracker organs; meanwhile his rival Virgil Keel Fox (1912-80) wows audience with his "Heavy Organ" rock & roll style Bach concerts. The Cha Cha (an ofshoot of the Triple Mambo) becomes a dance craze in the U.S. Italian-born French fashion designer Pierre (Pietro) Cardin (1922-) introduces the bubble dress, going on to pioneer avant-garde and Space Age designs incl. unisex. French fashion designer Christian Dior (1905-57) introduces the Flat Look for women - spare me your medical mumbo-jumbo? The La Perla line of skimpy women's lingerie, designed by corset maker Ada Masotti in Bologna, Italy is introduced, catching on. The U.S. auto industry sells almost 8M cars, up 1M from the previous year; Dinah Shore is signed to promote Chevy in 1955, with the slogan "See the USA in your Chevrolet". Hidden Valley brand buttermilk-based ranch dressing is first served at the new Hidden Valley Dude Ranch near Santa Barbara, Calif. by Steve and Gayle Henson, going nationwide; in Oct. 1972 they sell out to Clorox for $8M. The Fender Stratocaster guitar goes on the market. French fashion designer Roger Henri Vivier (1903-98) creates the Stiletto heel, making fans of Ava Gardner, Gloria Guinness, The Beatles, and Elizabeth II. Am. entrepreneur Leo Peters (1909-86) introduces the Butterball brand turkey (named after a fat person), a better breed of turkey with white feathers and broad breasts (but no butter added); in Feb. 1951 he purchased the trademark for $10 from Ada Walker of Wyoming, Ohio, who registered it on June 11, 1940 (#378,438); in the 1960s he sells it for $1M to Swift & Co., which in 1990 is acquired by ConAgra. Granada Productions is founded in Britain to produce TV shows; in 2009 it is merged with Carlton Internat. to become ITV Studios. KIMN AM rock & roll radio station in Denver, Colo. is founded, ruling the airwaves as "Boss Radio" with a 50% share of the audience in the 1950s, with DJ Roy "the Bell Boy" Gunderson and Pogo Poge, becoming TLW's favorite station; it starts to fall to the level of FM radio until it hires Scott Kelley (1955-) and the KIMN Chicken in 1977-86, then folds in 1988 after a last attempt at gaining an audience with Harry Paxton Mills (1950-2002) and Scott Cortelyou. The European Org. for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland is founded, growing to 20 Euro state members with 2.6K employees and 7.8K scientists and engineers by the end of the cent. The 1,375km (854 mi.) Qaraqum (Kara Kum) Canal in Turkmenistan is begun (finished in 1988). 27-y.-o. French mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre (1926-) is awarded the Fields Medal, becoming the youngest (until ?). Brookside Farms is founded in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia by the Fritz family to manufacture chocolates with soft sweetened fruit flavored centers, incl. acai, goji, and pomegranate; in 2011 it is acquired by Hershey Co. Winston brand cigarettes are introduced by the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., with the killer ad slogan "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should" causing it to become the best-selling cigarette on Earth in 1966-72, sliding to #2 in 1973, and #6 in 2005; in 1972-2003 it sponsors the NASCAR Winston Cup Series. Sports: On Feb. 13 Franklin Delano "Frank" Selvy (1932-) of Furman U. in S.C. scores 100 points against Newberry College, becoming the first NCAA Div. 1 basketball player to do so (until ?), gaining the nickname "the Corbin Comet" for his birthplace in Ky. On Mar. 13 the Milan Ind. H.S. Indians basketball team (school enrollment 161) (coach Marvin Wood) defeats the much larger Muncie Central H.S. Bearcats by 32-30 to win the Ind. state championship after 6'1" Milan star player Bobby Gene Plump (1936-) (#25) hits a 14-footer ("The Shot") as the clock runs out; Plump is awarded the Ind. Mr. Basketball title for 1954, then plays for the Phillips 66ers of the NIBL in 1958-61; filmed in 1986 as "Hoosiers" starring Gene Hackman. On Mar. 31-Apr. 12 after consolidating to eight teams, the 1954 NBA Finals sees the Minneapolis Lakers (coach John Kundla) defeat the Syracuse Nationals (coach Al Cervi) by 4-3; 5th title and 3rd in a row for the Lakers. On Apr. 4-16 the 1954 Stanley Cup Finals see the Detroit Red Wings defeat the Montriel Canadians, er, Montreal Canadiens 4-3. On Apr. 24 the 1954 NBA Draft sees nine teams select 100 players in 13 rounds; 5'3" Corbin, Ky.-born guard-forward Franklin Delano "Frank" Selvy (1932-) of Furman U. is selected #1 by the Baltimore Bullets; 6'9" Baton Rouge, La.-born forward-center Robert E. Lee "Bob" Pettit Jr. (1932-) of Louisiana State U. is selected #2 by the Milwaukee Hawks (#9); 6'2" Baltimore, Md.-born guard Eugene William "Gene" Shue (1931-) is selected #3 by the Philadelphia Warriors (#4), who trade him after six games to the New York Knicks (#6), who trade him in 1956 to the Fort Wayne Pistons (#7) (until 1962), who move to Detroit, Mich. in 1957, after which he becomes one of the NBA's top guards, inventing the Spin Move; 6'9" forward-center John Graham "Johnny" "Red" Kerr (1932-2009) of the U. of Ill. is selected #6 by the Syracuse Nationals (#10); 6'1" point guard Lawrence Ronald "Larry" Costello (1931-2001) of Niagara U. (the NBA's last 2-handed set shooter) is selected #12 by the Philadelphia Warriors (#5), switching to the Syracuse Nationals (#18) in 1957-65, and the Philadelphia 76ers (#6) in 1966-8, then becoming head coach of the Milwaukee Bucks in 1968-77, and the Chicago Bulls in 1978-9; 6'4" guard Richard Vincent "Richie" Guerin (1932-) of Iona College is selected #17 by the New York Knicks (#9), serving with the U.S. Marines before joining them in 1956, leading the team in assists and scoring in multiple seasons, scoring a team record 21 assists in 1958 and 57 points in 1959 before switching to the St. Louis Hawks (#15) in 1963-67 and 1968-70, playing alongside Lenny Wilkins and serving as coach in 1964-72, helping them to nine straight playoff appearances and becoming NBA coach of the year in 1967-8 after expansion team Seattle drafts him and he retires as a player, after which the Hawks move to Atlanta and Guerin is traded back, coming out of retirement as a reserve player, scoring 31 points against the Lakers in his last game on Apr. 19, 1970 vs. 39 by Jerry West, 31 by Elgin Baylor, and 11 by Wilt Chamberlain; 6'4" guard Charles E. "Chuck" Noble (1931-2011) of the U. of Louisville is selected #30 by the Philadelphia Warriors, electing to play instead for the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots of the NIBL before returning to the NBA to play for the Fort Wayne Pistons (#14) in 1955-62; 6'3" guard-forward Richard Eugene "Dick" Garmaker (1932-) of the U. of Minn. (#53) is selected #80 by the Minneapolis Lakers (#38), sitting the season out then being drafted again by the Lakers as their territorial pick, appearing as an NBA All-Star 4x before being traded to the New York Knicks (#17) for Ray Felix, playing in 1960-1. On May 6 (5-6-5-4) British medical student Roger Bannister (b. 1929) breaks the 4-min. mi. barrier (3:59.4) during a track meet in Oxford, England; announcer Norris McWhirter decides to begin compiling and publishing world records with backing by Guinness - is there a doctor in the house? On May 31 the 1954 (38th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Bill Vukovich (2nd win). On June 16-July 4 the 5th FIFA World Cup of Soccer, hosted by Switzerland is won by West Germany, who defeats Hungary by 3-2 in the final for their first title. On Oct. 27 a soccer match in Florence, Italy is halted at halftime when UFOs are viewed by 10K fans. On Oct. 30 after the Four Corners Offense stinks the game up, the NBA introduces the 24-sec. shot clock, created by Syracuse Nationals owner Dan Biasone, speeding-up gamess; no surprise, Syracuse wins the NBA Finals next year. Arnold Daniel Palmer (1929-2016) wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title; Babe Didrikson Zaharias wins the U.S. Women's Open in golf. Vic Seixas Jr. wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title; Doris Hart wins the women's singles title; Richard Alonso "Pancho" Gonzales (1928-95) of the U.S. becomes the #1 tennis player in the world for the first of 8x. The Philadelphia Athletics baseball club moves to Kansas City. After the 1953-4 season the James Norris Memorial Trophy, named after Detroit Red Wings owner (1932-52) James E. Norris (1879-1952) is established by the NHL for the top "defense player who demonstrates throughout the season the greatest all-round ability in the position"; the first trophy is awarded to Leonard Patrick "Red" Kelly (1927-) of the Detroit Red Wings, who goes on to play on more (8) Stanley Cup winning teams than any other player who never played for the Montreal Canadiens; Douglas Norman "Doug"" Harvey (1924-89) of the Montreal Canadiens wins it in 1955-8, and 1960-1, Bobby Orr wins it in 1968-75, Nicklas Lidstrom wins it in 2001-3, and 2006-8, and Ray Bourque wins it in 1987-8 1990-1, and 1994. The Japan Racing Assoc. is founded to oversee horseracing in Japan, along with the Nat. Assoc. of Racing. The ABC Open Championships in Seattle, Wash. feature the first promenade of bowlers down center aisle carrying their balls. NBC-TV debuts the B&W series Championship Bowling (until 1961), filmed at Faetz-Niesen Recreation in Chicago, Ill., offering a $1K reward to anyone who can bowl a 300 game on the show, and in the first season Shoaf, Penn.-born Steve Nagy (1913-66) becomes the first to roll a 300 game on TV; the PBA later names its Nagy Sportsmanship Award after him; in 1961 Cleveland, Ohio-born Don Scott (1927-2010) becomes the first African-Am. bowler to appear on the show. Architecture: On Mar. 22 Northland Mall near Detroit, Mich. opens, designed by Austrian-born Am. architect Victor Gruen (1903-80), becoming the first suburban open-air shopping mall. The Friendship of the Peoples Fountain opens in Moscow, designed by K. Topuridze and G. Konstantinovsky, featuring 16 gold sculptures representing the republics of the Soviet Union. Le Corbusier designs the Monastery Saint-Marie de La Tourette in Eveux (near Lyons), France. The 9-acre 26-story New York City Coliseum in Columbus Circle opens (until 2000). The Stone Flower Fountain in the Industrial Square of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements in Moscow is built, named after the Pavel Bazhov fairy tale, designed by architect Konstantin Topuridze, and decorated with birds, fruit, and ears carved by Prokopy Dobrynin, becoming the first light-music fountain in the Soviet Union, with music created by Dmitri Shostakovich. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Office of U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (next in 1981); Lit.: Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961) ("Writing is a lonely life"); Physics: Max Born (1882-1970) (U.K.) and Walter Bothe (1891-1957) (Germany) [statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics]; Born's collaborator Ernst Pascual Jordan (1902-80) is snubbed for his Nazi past?; Chem.: Linus Carl Pauling (1901-94) (U.S.); Med.: John Franklin Enders (1897-1985) (U.S.), Thomas Huckle Weller (1915-2008) (U.S.), and Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003) (U.S.) [polio virus cultures]. Inventions: On Jan. 6 German-born Hans Peter Luhn (1896-1964) of IBM files a patent for the mod 10 Luhn Algorithm (ISO/IEC 7812-1), a mathematical formula for a checksum digit that corrects almost all single-digit errors; the patent is granted on Aug. 23, 1960, and ends up being used on credit cards after the patent expires; Luhn goes on to create the KWIC (Key Words In Context) indexing system. In Feb. RCA makes its first commercial Stereophonic Recordings of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Charles Munch, which performs "The Damnation of Faust" by Hector Berlioz. On Mar. 25 RCA begins manufacturing color TV sets at its plant in Bloomington, Ind. On June 16 the Lockheed XFV "Salmon" tailsitting VTOL aircraft makes its first flight; after it proves too slow, and operable only by highly-experienced pilots, it is retired after 32 flights. On June 22 the $860K single-seat carriar-capable lightweight 600 mph Douglas A-4 Skyhawk attack jet makes its first flight; 2,960 are produced by 1979. In June the Swedish ALWAC II (Axel L. Wenner-Gren Automatic Computer) is shipped, followed by the ALWAC III in Dec. 1955, featuring fewer parts and a lower price than its competitor the IBM 650; too bad, only 30 units are sold by the time that magnetic core memory makes it obsolete. On Oct. 18 the AM-only Regency TR-1 is introduced by Texas Instruments of Dallas, Tex. and Industrial Development Engineering Assocs. (IDEA) of Indianapolis, Ind., with 4 transistors and a 22.5 volt battery that lasts 20 hours, all for $49.95, selling 150K units; too bad, the Japanese soon take over the market with far cheaper models. An IBM team led by John Warner Backus (1924-2007) of Dartmouth College develops the FORTRAN (Formula Translation) computer language for scientific use, which works especially well with floating point calculations; it is released commercially in 1957. Lyle Benjamin Borst (1912-2002) of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission announces the first practical atomic-powered locomotive - free BBQ sauce? Hoover Co. introduces the Hoover Constellation, the first vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion of air like a hovercraft. Unimate, the first industrial robot is created by George Charles Devol Jr. (1912-); in 1961 after receiving patent #2,988,237 it is put to work on a GM assembly line in N.J. The first repeatable process for producing Artificial Diamonds is developed on Dec. 16 by scientists at Gen. Electric (GE) in Schenectady, N.Y., led by Howard Tracy Hall (1919-2008), using graphite with an iron sulfide catalyst at 1.6K C (4.8K F) and 70K atm (1.5M psi) for 38 min.; GE allegedly awards Hall with a $10 savings bond; in 1955 he becomes a prof. at Brigham Young U. Japanese inventor Kazuo Hashimoto (-1995) patents ANSA FONE, the first telephone answering machine for homes and offices, patenting it in the U.S. in 1960. IBM upstages the UNIVAC with its more powerful IBM Model 704 computer, the first with floating point arithmetic hardware. The Silicon Photovoltaic (Solar) Cell is invented by Gerald L. Pearson (1905-87), Daryl Chapin (1906-95), and Calvin Souther Fuller (1902-94) of Bell Labs; it is 6% efficient, and is first demonstrated in Americus, Ga. on Oct. 4, 1955; too bad, they are too expensive for most uses such as powering homes. The Convair XFY-1 POGO fixed-wing vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) airplane makes its maiden flight; after several crashes, it never enters service. The 4-passenger French-built Morane-Saulner M.S. 760 becomes the first jet built for business travel. The Fn Fal (Fusil Automatique Leger) (Light Automatic Rifle) is introduced by Dieudonne Salve of Belgium, becoming the weapon of choice for NATO countries except for the U.S., becoming known as "the right arm of the Free World". Schlitz introduces the first 16 oz. beer can. Iowa-born Idaho potato farmer John Richard "Jack" Simplot (1909-2008) begins selling frozen french-fried potatoes on a commercial basis to McDonald's and other fast-food restaurants, ending up a billionaire - until they make him pay the medical bills for the customers? The first 10 Zambonis (ice rink resurfacers) are delivered by inventor Frank Joseph Zamboni Jr. (1901-88) to the city of Boston, Mass. Science: On Dec. 23 the first successful Kidney Transplant is performed on the identical Herrick twins Richard and Ronald at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Mass. by surgeon Joseph Edward Murray (1919-2012), physician John Hartwell Harrison (1909-84), "Founder of Nephrology" physician John Putnam Merrill (1917-84) et al., winning Murray a share of the 1990 Nobel Med. Prize; by 1973 10K transplants are performed. Albert Einstein pub. his Unified Field Theory, AKA the Theory of Everything, a set of five equations attempting to unify electromagnetism and gravity. After McCarthyism causes him to be denied tenure at the U. of Mich., and he moves to the U.K., Omaha, Neb.-economist Lawrence Robert Klein (1920-) develops the Oxford Model along with English economist Sir James Ball (1933-), which leads to an explosion in econometric modeling. Saint Lucian economist Sir William Arthur Lewis (1915-91) pub. Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour, proposing the Lewis (Dual Sector) Model of Economic Development, which claims that a capitalist economy develops by taking labor from a non-capitalist backward "subsistence sector" until it reaches the Lewisian Turning Point where further capital accumulation begins to increase wages, winning him the 1979 Nobel Econ. Prize. Rome, Italy-born Am. economist Franco Modigliani (1938-2003) pub. the Life-Cycle Model of Consumption, which predicts that people will consume an annuity of their expected lifetime income at all points of their lives. Ernest L. Wydner (1922-99) pub. a paper supporting the theory that male circumcision prevents cervical cancer in women - what causes cancer? Am. psychologists James Olds (1922-76), James Olds (1922-76), and Peter Milner of McGill U. discover the Brain Reward System in rats, involving the Brain Pleasure Center, driving drug addiction et al., later finding it in other animals and humans. Hartford, Conn.-born neuropsychologist Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913-94) becomes a prof. at Caltech, where he begins experiments on Split-Brain Research with students incl. Michael S. Gazzaniga (1939-). West German chemist Georg Wittig (1897-1987) discovers the Wittig (Olefination) Reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a Wittig reagant (triphenyl phosphonium ylide) to yield an alkene and a triphenylphosphine oxide, winning him the 1979 Nobel Chem. Prize. The organophosphate insecticide Amiton (BG), developed by Lars-Erik Tammelin of the Swedish Inst. of Defense Research, and Ranajit Ghosh of Imperial Chem. Industries is first marketed, but is later withdrawn after it proves too toxic, after which the V Nerve Agents are developed from it, incl. VX (English) and V-Gas (Soviet), all 10x more toxic than the G agents such as sarin (most toxic known). Ernest L. Wydner claims that male circumcision prevents cervical cancer in women - therefore macho men don't want it? The Robbers Cave Study sees married social psychologists Muzafer Sherif (1906-88) and Carolyn Wood Sherif (1922-82) take 22 11/12-y.-o. boys to a summer camp in Robbers Cave State Park, Okla., showing how they can go native and turn on each other "Lord of the Flies" style when divided arbitrarily into groups and given economic incentives, then watch them come together when water is withdrawn. An ancient Temple of Mithras is excavated in Walbrook St. in London. Nonfiction: Anon., Diary of a Woman in Berlin; a journalist lives through the fall of Berlin and the Red Army occupation. Gordon Willard Allport (1897-1967), The Nature of Prejudice. John Murray Anderson (1886-1954), Out Without My Rubbers (autobio.) (posth.). Uell Stanley Andersen (1917-1986), The Key to Power and Personal Peace. Kenneth Joseph Arrow (1921-) and Gerard Debreu (1921-2004), Existence of a Competitive Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy; proposes the Arrow-Debreu Model of Equilibrium, and presents the first rigorous proof of the existence of a market-clearing equilibrium under certain assumptions, winning Arrow the 1972 Nobel Econ. Prize (youngest winner until ?), and Debreu the 1983 Nobel Econ. Prize. Muhammad Asad (1900-92), The Road to Mecca (autobio.); Austrian-born Jew's Sept. 1926 conversion to Islam. Clement Richard Attlee (1883-1967), As It Happened (autobio.). Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), Education in the New Age (posth.). Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), The Chickens of the Interventionist Liberals Have Come Home to Roost: The Bitter Fruits of Globaloney. Sir Cecil Beaton (1904-80), The Glass of Fashion. Lerone Bennett Jr. (1928-2018), Thomas Jefferson's Negro Grandchildren; by an assoc. ed. of Ebony mag. since 1954, who becomes senior ed. in 1958; TJ's 38-year bed bunny slave Sally Hemings, with whom he fathered six children, four of whom survived into adulthood; denied by historians until a 1998 DNA study exposes his dirty bed linen. Jacques Benoist-Mechin (1901-83), Mustapha Kemal, ou La Mort d'un Empire; "Islam, this absurd theology of an immoral Bedouin, is a rotting corpse which poisons our lives" (attributed to Kemal Ataturk). Paul Blanshard (1892-1980), The Irish and Catholic Power. Bruce Bliven Jr. (1916-2002), The Wonderful Writing Machine; history of the typewriter; subsidized by the Royal Typewriter Co., so he gives more space to their rival Remington Rand? John Morton Blum (1921-2011), The Republican Roosevelt; revives the rep of Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, countering his portrayal as a blustering half-child politician in Henry Pringle's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1931 bio. Arna Bontemps (1902-73), The Story of George Washington Carver. Chester Bowles (1901-), Ambassador's Report. Paul Brickhill, Reach for the Sky; about WWII RAF amputee pilot Douglas Bader (1910-82); filmed in 1956. Harrison Brown, The Challenge of Man's Future; claims that forcing CO2 into the atmosphere will pump up the greenhouse effect, allowing more crops to be grown to stave off world starvation. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), My Several Worlds (autobio.). Ritchie Calder, Men Against the Jungle. Carleton Stevens Coon (1904-81), The Story of Man. Lord David Cecil, Melbourne (rev. ed.) (1st ed. 1939). Caryl Chessman (1921-60), Cell 2455 Death Row: A Condemned Man's Own Story (autobio.); how he got a death sentence for simple red light rape in Calif. Mary Chubb (1903-2003), Nefertiti Lived Here; her 1930s discovery of the famous statue of King Tut's wife Ankhesenpaaten in Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. Henry Steele Commager (1902-98), Freedom, Loyalty, Dissent. Jim Corbett (1875-1955), The Temple Tiger and More Man-Eaters of Kumaon; Tree Tops. Miguel Covarrubias (1904-57), The Eagle, the Jaguar, and the Serpent; North Am. Indian and Eskimo art. Richard N. Current (1912-2012), The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It; Secretary Stimson: A Study in Statecraft. Jonathan Worth Daniels (1902-81), The End of Innocence. Adelle Davis (1904-74), Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit; pushes uncooked natural foods as the way to prevent cancer et al.; causes her to become known as America's most notorious purveyor of nutrition misinfo. until she dies of cancer? Elmer Davis, But We Were Born Free. Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970), Medieval Essays. Peter Debye (1884-1966), Collected Papers. Isaac Deutscher (1907-67), Trotsky: The Prophet Armed (first in a trilogy on his hero, 1954-63). Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005), The Practice of Management. Michael Dummett, Can An Effect Precede Its Cause?; Science has finally become God? Douglas Morton Dunlop, The History of the Jewish Khazars. Albert Einstein (1879-1955), Ideas and Opinions (essays). James T. Farrell (1904-79), Reflections at Fifty and Other Essays. Andreas Feininger (1906-99), The Face of New York (B&W photos); Successful Photography. John T. Flynn, McCarthy: His War on American Reds, and the Story of Those Who Oppose Him. Henry Wilder Foote (1875-1964), In Search of God. Pierre Fresnay (1897-1975), Je Suis Comedien (I Am An Actor) (autobio.). John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), A Military History of the Western World: The Decisive Battles of the Western World and Their Influence upon History (3 vols.) (3 vols.) (1954-6); incl. "From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto", "From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo", "From the American Civil War to the End of the Second World War". Gerald Gardner (1884-1964), Witchcraft Today. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), Memoires de Guerre (War Memoirs) (3 vols.) (1954-59); Eng. tr. 1955-60. Virginia Gildersleeve (1877-), Many a Good Crusade (autobio.). Lawrence Henry Gipson (1880-1971), The Coming of the Revolution, 1763-1775. Ellen Glasgow (1874-1945), The Woman Within (autobio.) (posth.). Paul Goodman (1911-72), The Structure of Literature. Oscar Handlin (1915-2011), Adventure in Freedom: 300 Years of Jewish Life in America. Evelyn Hardy, Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography; by his 2nd wife. Richard Haydn (1905-85), The Journal of Edwin Carp. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), The Question of Technology; bemoans humans using the Earth as a resource reservoir; "Modern technology... puts to nature the unreasonable demand that it supply energy which can be stored as such... Air is now set upon to yield nitrogen, the earth to yield ore, ore to yield uranium... to yield atomic energy"; “The wind mill does not unlock energy in order to store it." Corinne Heline (1882-1975), The New Age Bible Interpretation (7 vols.); her magnum opus. Gilbert Highet (1906-78), Man's Unconquerable Mind; Juvenal the Satirist: A Study. Eric Hoffer (1898-1983), The Passionate State of Mind and Other Aphorisms. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), The Doom of Perception. Julian Huxley (1887-1975), From an Antique Land. Miklos Kallay (1887-1967), Hungarian Premier: A Personal Account of a Nation's Struggle in the Second World War; Hungarian PM in 1942-4 tells of his struggle against the Nazis before they kicked him out. George Frost Kennan (1904-2005), Realities of American Foreign Policy; how "to find means to permit change to proceed without repeatedly shaking the peace of the world". Jon Kimche (1909-94), The Secret Roads: The "Illegal" Migration of People, 1938-48; Jewish migration to Palestine by hook or crook. Russell Amos Kirk (1918-94), A Program for Conservatives. Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986), The First and Last Freedom. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), The Measure of Man; The Voice of the Desert. Jessie Royce Landis (1896-1972), So You Won't Be So Pretty (But You'll Know More) (autobio.). Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), The Demon of Progress in the Arts. Walter Lord (1917-2002) (ed.), The Fremantle Diary; by a British officer and Confed. sympathizer who toured the South in 1863. Robert Harry Lowie (1883-1957), Toward Understanding Germany; an expert on the Am. Plains Indians ought to be able to help? Baron Karl Gustav Emil Mannerheim (1867-1951), Memoirs (English tr.) (posth.). Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-70), Motivation and Personality; leads to the development of Humanistic Psychology as distinct from Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), Ten Novels and Their Authors. Richard McKeon (1900-85), Thought, Action, and Passion. Marvin Lee Minsky (1927-), Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem; his Ph.D. dissertation, the first pub. about neural networks. Joseph Needham (1900-95), Science and Civilisation in China (27 vols.) (1954-2015); tries to explain Needham's Grand Question, why China stagnated in science and technology and allowed the Western barbarians to pass them up; too bad, he bends over backwards to cover for the Chinese POV? Allan Nevins (1890-1971) and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company. Charles Norman (1904-96), Rake Rochester. Sean O'Casey (1890-1964), Sunset and Evening Star (autobio.); vol 6 of 6 in "Mirror in My House". Eric Partridge (1894-1979), The Shaggy Dog Story. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Understanding the French. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), Lord Liverpool and His Times. Auguste Piccard (1884-1962), En Bathyscaphe au Fond des Mers. Richard Pipes (1923), The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923; George Louis Beer Prize; rev. ed. 1964. Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Literary Essays of Ezra Pound. C.E. Raven, Natural Religion and Christian Theology. Joseph Rinn (1868-1952), Searchlight on Psychical Research (posth.). Archibald Robertson (1886-1961), The Origins of Christianity; rev. ed. pub. 1962. Lillian Roth (1910-80) and Gerold Frank (1907-98), I'll Cry Tomorrow (autobio.). Julian B. Rotter (1916-), Social Learning and Clinical Psychology; founds Social Learning Theory. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Human Society in Ethics and Politics; Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories. Gilbert Ryle (1900-76), Dilemmas. Mark Schorer (1908-77), Wars of Love. Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961), Nature and the Greeks. Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950), History of Economic Analysis; proposes the Great (Schumpeterian) Gap, in which economic thought dies out from the end of Greco-Roman civilization about 700 C.E. until Thomas Aquinas about 1250 C.E. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer. Alice B. Toklas (1877-1967), The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook; incl. her famous recipe for "Hashish Fudge", causing Toklas Brownies to become in with the marijuana crowd; the original little ole grandmother who smokes pot? Philip Toynbee (1916-81), Friends Apart, A Memoir of Esmond Romilly [1918-41] and Jasper Ridley [1913-44] in the Thirties. Walter Prescott Webb (1888-1963), More Water for Texas: The Problem and the Plan. Robert Welch Jr. (1899-1985), The Life of John Birch; claims that the death of U.S. spy Capt. John Birch on Aug. 25, 1945 was a Chinese Communist atrocity covered up by the U.S. govt., and that therefore the whole govt. is in a gigantic conspiracy - and I looked down as deep as I can see and I need a little less of you and a little more of me? Dr. Frederic Wertham (1895-1981), Seduction of the Innocent; causes the U.S. Congress to investigate the "menace" of comic books, which are turning youth into juvenile delinquents, perverts, and illiterates, resulting in the Comics Code Authority, formed by the Comics Magazine Assoc. of Am. (founded in May 1947) to forestall govt. regulation by self-policing; next year Mad (founded Oct. 18, 1952) (10 cents) goes from comic book to mag. form (8 times a year) to get around this madness, with its spokesman Alfred E. Neumann asking "What? Me Worry?", and an editorial office on "Mad"-ison Ave in Neu E. York City. Mortimer Wheeler (1890-1976), The Indus Civilization. Leonard Dupee White (1891-1958), The Jacksonians, 1829-1861; pt. 3 of 4 of "A Study in American History" (1948-58). William S. White (1906-94), The Taft Story (Pulitzer Prize); "Mr. Republican" Robert A. Taft not William Howard Taft. Richard Wright (1908-60), Black Power: A Record of Reactions in a Land of Pathos. Art: Milton Avery (1885-1965), White Wave. Balthus (1908-2001), Le Passage du Commerce Saint-Andre. Harry Bertoia (1915-78), Textured Screen; installed in the Dallas Public Library in Tex. Roger Bissiere, Composition (abstract). Massimo Campigli, Diavolo Player (cubist). Lynn Chadwick, Two Dancing Figures (sculpture). Marc Chagall (1887-1985), The Red Roofs (surrealist). Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), Les L'Eroticomagie. Salvador Dali (1904-89), The Distintegration of the Persistence of Memory; breaks down his 1931 "The Persistence of Memory" with an A-bomb? Stuart Davis, Colonial Cubism. Jean Dubuffet (1901-85), Les Vagabonds. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Lonely. Morris Louis (1912-62), Veil Series (1954-8). Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Abrir los Brazos Como se Abren los Ojos; L'Atout; Bud Sucker; The Chess Player; Tados Juntos en la Tierra. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Sylvette (May 2); Sylvette David, the woman with the ponytail that he met last year; he ends up doing her several, er, times. Graham Sutherland (1903-80), Portrait of Sir Winston Churchill (Nov. 30); he doesn't like it, calling it "a remarkable example of modern art - it certainly combines force and candour"; his wife Lady Clementine Churchill has it destroyed in 1955/6. Mark Tobey (1890-1976), Canticle. Music: Johnny Ace (1929-54), Midnight Hours Journey; Please Forgive Me; Yes, Baby (with Big Mama Thornton); Never Let Me Go; Cross My Heart. The Four Aces, Melody of Love (#11 in the U.S.); doesn't do as well as Billy Vaughn's version; Mr. Sandman (by Pat Ballard) (Nov.) (#9 in the U.K.). Ghigo Agosti (1936-), Georgia On My Mind; sings like an African-Am., causing him to become known as the "Italian White Negro". Bob Allen and Al Stillman, There's No Place Like Home for the Holidays. Louis Armstrong (1901-71) and the All Stars, Saint Louis Blues; features trombonist Trmmmy Young (1912-84), who quits in 1964 to settle in Hawaii after converting to Jehovah's Witness. Chet Baker (1929-88), Chet Baker Sings (album) (solo debut) (Apr.); incl. Time After Time; Chet Baker and Strings (album); Grey December; Witch Doctor (album). Tony Bennett (1926-), Stranger in Paradise (from "Kismet") (#1 in the U.S. and U.K.). Sir Lennox Berkeley (1903-89), Nelson (first opera) (Sadler's Wells, London). Boris Blacher (1903-75), Violeta Concerto, Op. 48. Archie Bleyer (1909-89), Hernando's Hideaway. Jacques Brel (1929-78), Grand Jacques (album) (debut); Belgian singer-songwriter goes on to sell 25M records worldwide. Benjamin Britten (1913-76), The Turn of the Screw (opera) (Venice); libretto by Myfanwy Piper; based on the Henry James novel. The Cadillacs, Gloria; Wonder Why; formerly the Carnations; from Harlem, N.Y., incl. Earl Carroll, Bobby Phillips, Lavern Drake, Gus Willingham, and Earl "Speedo" Carroll; pioneer in synchronized dance routines. David Carroll (1913-2008), Melody of Love (#9 in the U.S.); his only hit, not doing as well as Billy Vaughn's version. Juan Jose Castro (1895-1968), Corales Criollos No. 3 (symphonic poem). The DeCastro Sisters, Teach Me Tonight; written by Gene De Paul (1919-88) and Sammy Cahn. Ray Charles (1930-2004), It Should've Been Me; first of a series of R&B chart-toppers on Atlantic Records (until 1959). The Chordettes, Mister Sandman (by Pat Ballard) (#1 in the U.S., #11 in the U.K.); from Sheboygan, Wisc., incl. Janet Ertel (1913-88), Carol Buschmann, Lynn Evans, and Jinny Osborn (Lockard) (nee Virginia Cole) (1928-2003). The Chords, Sh-Boom (Life Could Be A Dream) (#2 in the U.S.); one of the first doo-wop or rock and roll records to reach the Bilboard top-10, introducing white audiences to black R&B); from Bronx, N.Y., incl. Carl Feaster, Claude Feaster, Jimmy Keyes, Floyd "Buddy" McRae, and Ricky Edwards (bass); too bad, they sell the rights to it too quick, getting ripped-off. Rosemary Clooney (1928-2002), Hey There (#1 in the U.S.) (by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross); This Old House (#1 in the U.S.) (by Stuart Hamblen); written after Hamblen and friend John Wayne stumble on an old house on a hunting expedition and find the body of an dead man. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Unforgettable. Perry Como (1912-2001), Wanted. Aaron Copland (1900-90), The Tender Land (opera) (Apr. 1) (New York City Opera); libretto by Howard Everett (Erik Johns); Depression-era Midwest U.S.; flops because it was written for TV. The Crew Cuts, Sh-Boom (Life Could Be A Dream) (#1 in the U.S.); from Toronto, Ont., Canada, incl. John Perkins (1931-), Ray Perkins (1932-), Rudi Maugeri (1931-2004), and Pat Barrett (1933-). David Diamond (1915-2005), Ahavah (symphonic eulogy) (Washington, D.C.). Fats Domino (1928-2017), You Done Me Wrong; Thinking of You. Eddie Fisher (1928-2010), Oh My Papa; written by Paul Burkhard (1911-77). Erroll Garner (1921-77), Misty; featured in the 1971 Clint Eastwood film "Play Misty for Me". Bill Haley (1925-81) and The Comets, Shake, Rattle and Roll (#1 in the U.S.); their first gold record (1M copies), which goes #1 in the U.S. and becomes the first major internat. rock and roll hit (1st to chart in Britain in Dec. 1954) after they tone down Big Joe Turner's lyrics. Roy Harris (1898-1979), Symphonic Fantasy (Pittsburgh). Ronnie Hilton (1926-2001), I Still Believe; makes him a star in the U.K. Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000), Concerto No. 5 (New York City). Wanda Jackson (1937-), Lovin' Country Style (album) (debut); incl. You Can't Have My Love (w/Billy Gray). Homer and Jethro, Hernando's Hideaway. Andre Jolivet (1905-74), Concerto for Bassoon, Strings, Harp and Piano; Concerto for Trumpet. George Jones (1931-2013), No Money in This Deal (Feb.) (Starday Records) (debut). Kitty Kallen (1922-), Little Things Mean a Lot; #1 U.S. pop hit of the year. Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Arizona Lady (operetta) (Bern) (posth.). King Pleasure, Moody's Mood for Love (Prestige Records); based on James Moody's 1949 improvisation of the 1935 song "I'm in the Mood for Love". Ernest Krenek, Violoncello Concerto (Los Angeles). The Four Lads, Gilly, Gilly, Ossenfeffer, Katzenellen Bogen by the Sea; Skokiaan. Peggy Lee (1920-2002), Johnny Guitar. Ewan MacColl (1915-89), The Ballad of Ho Chi Minh; by the British Communist father of Kirsty MacColl; big hit in Vietnam. Annunzio Mantovani (1905-80) and His Orchestra, Cara Mia (#1 in the U.K.). Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), The Saint of Bleecker Street (opera) (New York) (Pulitzer Prize); orphaned Annina in New York City's Little Italy has religious visions and performs miracles while her brother Michele tries to protect her from exploitation. Mercury Records, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture; uses recordings of actual cannon fire and carillon. Lou Monte (1917-89), Darktown Strutters' Ball. Ruby Murray (1935-96), Heartbeat (debut) (#3 in the U.K.). August Musarurwa (-1968), Skokiaan (#3 in the U.S.); Rhodesian song about a homemade alcoholic beverage by Ralph Marterie (1914-78). Jimmy C. Newman (1927-2014), Cry, Cry Darling (#4 country). Luigi Nono (1924-90), Liebeslied; written for future wife Nuria, daughter of Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951), whom he marries in 1955. Odetta (1930-2008) and Larry Mohr, The Tin Angel (Odetta and Larry) (album) (debut); launches the career of Birmingham, Ala.-born African-Am. singer Odetta Holmes (1930-2008), who goes on to become known as "the Voice of the Civil Rights Movement", and "the Queen of American Folk Music" (Martin Luther King Jr.). The Penguins, Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine) (#8 in the U.S.); Hey Senorita; from Los Angeles, Calif., incl. Cleveland Duncan (1935-), Curtis Williams (1934-79), Dexter Tisby (1935-), and Bruce Tate (1937-73). Quincy Porter (1897-1966), Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra (Pulitzer Prize). Elvis Presley (1935-77), That's All Right (Mama) (debut) (first recorded in 1946 by Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup); B-side is Blue Moon of Kentucky. Johnnie Ray (1927-90), Hey There; Hernando's Hideaway; Going-Going-Gone; Alexander's Ragtime Band; As Time Goes By. Jim Reeves (1923-64), I Love You (w/Ginny Wright) (#3 country). Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951), Moses and Aaron (opera) Hamburg). Pete Seeger (1919-2014), The Pete Seeger Sampler (album). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Idyll of Theocritus. Carl Smith (1927-2010), Back Up Buddy (1954) (#2 country); Loose Talk (#1 country); his last #1. Jo Stafford (1917-2008), Make Love to Me! (#1 in the U.S.). Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), In Memoriam: Dylan Thomas; Four Russian Peasant Songs; Agon (ballet) (1954-57); choreography by George Balanchine; his first with 12-tone technique. Justin Wayne Tubb (1935-98), Looking Back to See (w/Goldie Hill) (1954) (#4 country) (first hit). Big Joe Turner (1911-85), Shake, Rattle and Roll (#22 in the U.S.); "Get outa that bed, wash yo' face an' hands"; ""Wearin' those dresses, the Sun comes shinin' through! I can't believe my eyes, all that mess belongs to you". Billy Vaughn (1919-91) and His Orchestra, Melody of Love; #1 in the U.S. (1M copies); music by Hans Engelmann in 1903, lyrics by Tom Glazer in 1954. Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), The Cuff of My Shirt; From the Grape Came the Wine; Jilted; Out in the Middle of the Night; My Son, My Son; Happy Days and Lonely Nights. Sir William Turner Walton (1902-83), Troilus and Cressida (opera) (London); stars Phyllis Curtin as Cressida. Muddy Waters (1913-83), Hoochie Coochie Man; I Just Want to Make Love to You (by Willie Dixon). Kitty Wells (1919-2012) and Red Foley (1910-68), One by One (#1 country). Slim Whitman (1924-), Rose Marie; #1 in the U.K.; Cattle Call; written by Tex Owen - enough to make a Martian crack up? Otis Williams (1936) and The Charms, Hearts of Stone (#15 in the U.S.) (#1 R&B) (1M copies). Movies: Richard O. Fleischer's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Dec. 23), based on the 1870 Jules Verne novel, the first sci-fi film produced by Walt Disney Productions stars James Mason as Capt. Nemo, Kirk Douglas as Ned Land, Paul Lukas as Prof. Pierre Aronnax, and Peter Lorre as Conseil. John Halas' and Joy Bachelor's animated Animal Farm (Dec. 29) is based on the 1945 George Orwell novel, paid for the the CIA as anti-Commie propaganda, and voiced by Maurice Denham. Joseph L. Mankiewicz's The Barefoot Contessa (Sept. 29) stars Ava Gardner as Spanish dancer Maria Vargas, who rises to stardom under the tutelage of cynical but poetic dir. Harry Dawes (Humphrey Bogart), known for having a comment on every rich and/or famous person he meets; Gardner's signature role; she likes to go barefoot in real life. Frank Launder's The Belles of St. Tirnian's (Sept. 28) (British Lion Films) (London Films), inspired by British cartoonist Ronald Searle stars Alastair Sim as headmistress Miss Millicent Fritton of St. Trinian's School in Barchester County (when Margaret Rutherford proves unavailable) and her bookmaker twin brother Clarence Fritton, who befriends Fatima, daughter of the sultan of Makyad (Eric Pohlmann) to get inside info. on his racehorse Arab Boy. Rudolph Mate's The Black Shield of Falworth (Sept. 2), based on the Howard Pyle novel is immortalized by Tony Curtis as Myles Falworth, who tries to play an English nobleman with a Brooklyn accent, saying "Yonda is the castle of my fodda". Vincente Minnelli's Brigadoon (MGM), based on the 1946 Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Lowe musical stars Gene Kelly and Van Johnson as high society New York City hunters Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas, who stumble on the magical town of Brigadoon in the Scottish highlands, whose pop. awakens for 24 hours every 100 years, and meet dream babe Fiona Campbell (Cyd Charisse), born in 1732; the E edge of the town is the bridge; Barry Jones plays schoolmaster Mr. Lundie; Virginia Bosler plays Jean Campbell; the film debut of Elaine Stewart as Jane Ashton; features the songs Heather on the Hill, I'll Go Home with Bonnie Jean, MacConnachy Square, Waitin' for My Dearie, and It's Almost Like Being in Love. Gerald Mayer's Bright Road (Apr. 17), based on the story "See How They Run" by West Indian teacher Mary Elizabeth Vroman stars Dorothy Dandridge as Southern schoolteacher Jane Richards, who has fun with principal Harry Belafonte. Otto Preminger's Carmen Jones (Oct. 28), based on the Bizet opera with a black cast is a musical starring Harry Belafonte (whose voice is dubbed by an opera singer, pissing him off?) and Dorothy Dandrige, who becomes the first African-Am. woman nominated for a best actress Oscar. Allan Dwan's Cattle Queen of Montana (Nov.) stars Ronald Reagan as Farrell, and Barbara Stanwyck as Sierra Nevada Jones in the kind of movie that says you're B-career is on a steep downhill slide? Vincente Minnelli's The Cobweb (June 7), based on the 1954 novel by William Gibson stars Richard Widmark as Dr. Stewart "Mac" McIver, Lauren Bacall as his babe asst. Meg Faversen Rinehart, Charles Boyer as Dr. Douglas N. Devanal, Lillian Gish as Victoria Inch, and Oscar Levant as Mr. Capp. Jack Arnold's B&W Creature from the Black Lagoon (Feb. 12) (Universal Pictures), produced by William Alland based on a Maurice Zimm Story is a 3-D horror film starring Ricou Browning as the Gill Man, an Amazon fish monster who likes science coeds in bathing suits (Julie Adams); spawns "Revenge of the Creature" (1955) and "The Creature Walks Among Us" (1956); does $1.3M box office, single-handedly rescuing Universal Studios from bankruptcy. David MacDonald's B&W Devil Girl from Mars stars Patricia Laffan as Nyah the Devil Girl, who dresses in sexy black vinyl, and crash-lands in the Scottish moors after coming to Earth to seek men for her planet where men have become impotent. Ralph Thomas' Doctor in the House (Mar. 23) (Rank Org.) is a comedy produced by Betty Evelyn Box (1915-99) and written by Nicholas Phibbs based on the Richard Gordon novel, starring Dirk Bogarde as medical student Simon Sparrow at St. Swithin's Hospital in London, chronicling his five hilarious years there, becoming the #1 box office hit in 1954 in Britain and making Bogarde a big star; co-stars James Robertson Justice as Sir Lancelot Spratt, and Donald Sinden as Tony Benskin, known for wearing a duffel coat, failing his finals regularly while chasing pretty nurses with his "wolf-growl"; spawns six sequels starting with "Doctor at Sea" (1955) and ending with "Doctor in Trouble" (1970). John Gilling's B&W The Embezzler (July) (Kenwilworth Film Productions) (Gen. Film Distributors) stars Charles Paulson as bank teller Henry Paulson, who decides to become a you know what, and flees with Mrs. Forrest (Zena Marshall), who drags him down with her own problems. Max Ophuls' The Earrings of Madame De..., about society woman Danielle Darrieux selling a gift from her hubby Charles Boyer and then trying to deceive him is the ultimate French talking head flick? Robert Wise's Executive Suite (May 6), based on the Cameron Hawley novel about a corporate succession power struggle features an all-star cast incl. William Holden, June Allyson, Nina Foch, Fredric March, Walter Pidgeon, Barbara Stanwyck, and Shelley Winters. Anthony Mann's The Glenn Miller Story (Feb. 10) stars James Stewart and June Allyson, and is filmed at the U. of Colo. in Boulder, which he attended in 1923-4, and the Trocadero Ballroom at Elitch Gardens in Denver, where he played; C.U. later houses a Glenn Miller Archive; the debut of Cleveland, Ohio-born composer-arranger Enrico Nicola "Henry" Mancini (1924-94). Ishiro Honda's Godzilla, King of the Monsters (Nov. 3) features campy 164-ft. not-a-T-Rex Godzilla (Gojira) (Jap. "gorilla + whale") (an obvious man in a suit on a sound stage, played by Haruo Nakajima) is released by the Japanese to work out their mental problems over the A-bomb; Hollywood mogul Joseph Edward Levine (1905-87) gets a U.S. vers. made by intercutting Canadian actor Raymond William Stacy Burr (1917-93), which is shown in 1956; released by the Japanese to work out their mental problems over the A-bomb; Hollywood mogul Joseph Edward Levine (1905-87) gets a U.S. vers. made by intercutting actor Raymond Burr, which is shown in 1956; "This is it, George. Steve Martin signing off from Tokyo, Japan"; the sequels introduce monsters Barugon (lizard), Biollante (giant rose), Doroga (jellyfish), Ebirah (shrimp), Gamera (turtle), Gappa (lizard), Ghidorah (3-headed monster), Gigantis (fire monster), Goke (vampire), Gorath (reptile), Gyaos (fox), Hedorah (smog monster), Mantanga (fungus), Mothra (moth), Rodan (pterodactyl), Varan (bat), Viras (squid), and Zigra (shark); watch trailer. Herbert L. Strock's Gog: Frankenstein of Steel (June 5), shot in widescreen 3-D color stars Richard Egan as David Sheppard, Constance Dowling as Joanna Merrit, and Herbert Marshall as Dr. Van Ness of the OSI, who investigate deadly malfunctions of the NOVAC (Nuclear Operative Variable Automatic Computer) at a top-secret govt. facility in N.M., which control the mobile robots Gog and Magog. William A. Wellman's The High and the Mighty (July 3), a big CinemaScope hit for John Wayne's Batjac Productions (founded 1952) (originally Batjack until Wayne is too cheap to pay $700 to correct the stationery) based on the novel by Ernest K. Gann stars John Wayne (after Spencer Tracy turns it down) as aging Topac Airlines pilot "Whistling Dan" Roman, who is demoted to co-pilot after a tragedy in South Am., until a routine 12 hr. 16 min. Honolulu to San Francisco run with 3,050 gal. of fuel goes bad, launching the danger-in-the-sky genre, and inspiring Baby Boomers to become pilots and stewardesses; Robert Stack plays the pilot, who loses his nerve so that Wayne can become a hero; also features Claire Trevor (who helped make him a star in "Stagecoach"), Laraine Day, Jan Sterling, David Brian, Phil Harris, Robert Newton, Paul Fix as hypochondriac Mr. Briscoe, and Sidney Blackmer as jealous gun-toting liver pill salesman Humphrey Agnew; film debut of William Campbell; "So long, so long you ancient pelican"; does $8.5M box office on a $1.47M budget; music by Dimitri Tiomkin incl. the whistling The High and the Mighty Theme. David Lean's B&W Hobson's Choice (Apr. 19) (British Lion Films) (United Artists), based on the play by Harold Brighouse stars Charles Laughton as alcoholic Victorian bootmaker Henry Hobson, Brenda De Banzie as his daughter Maggie, and John Mills as her beau Will Mossop, who marries her and ends up as Henry's partner; does £206.57K box office. Nicholas Ray's Johnny Guitar (May 7) (Republic Pictures) stars Joan Crawford as Vienna, "Gun-Queen of the Arizona Frontier", Sterling Hayden as Johnny "Guitar" Logan, and Mercedes McCambridge as Emma Small in a Western with sensibilities that impresses Francois Truffaut; does $2.5M box office. George Cukor's It Should Happen to You (original title "A Name for Herself") (Jan. 15) are the film debuts of John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (1925-2001) as New York photographer Pete Sheppard, and blonde Lucille Ball clone Judy Holliday (1921-65) (who was cleared in 1952 by the Senate Internal Security Committee for Communist connections) as Gladys Glover, who wants to make a name for herself, and takes her $1K savings to pay for a big sign with her name on it in Columbus Circle, after which her life begins to get better immediately, ending up being chased by handsome Evan Adams III (Peter Lawford) and becoming a local celeb before giving it all up for love. Byron Haskin's Long John Silver (AKA Return to Treasure Island) stars Robert Newton in yet another "arrgh" pirate role; Rod Taylor stars as Israel Hands. Robert Rossen's Mambo (Sept. 8) stars Silvana Mangano as Giovanna Masetti, who is lured from her glass shop by lecherous Count Enrico Marisoni (Michael Rennie) to a masquerade ball, then joins a troup of Mambo dancers led by Toni Salerno (Shelley Winters), and finally returns to her beau Mario (Vittorio Gassman), only to find the count waiting. Mervyn LeRoy's Million Dollar Mermaid (The One-Piece Suit) (Dec. 4) stars Esther Williams as Australian swimming star Annette Kellerman, and Victor Mature as her hubby-mgr. James Sullivan; they hook up off-camera, and she later names her autobio. after the film. Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (July 28) (original title "A Stone in the River Hudson") (a Sam Spiegel production), written by Kazan's new bosom buddy (like him, a HUAC "friendly witness") Budd Schulberg (1914-2009) (son of Paramount Pictures head B.P. Schulberg and Sam Jaffe's sister Adeline) after original screenplay author Arthur Miller is blacklisted, based on a series of 24 New York Sun articles in 1949 by Malcolm Johnson (1904-76), and filmed on location in run-down Hoboken, N.J. stars Marlon Brando Jr. (1924-2004) as Terry Malloy (based on whistleblower longshoreman Anthony DiVicenzo), an ex-fighter who "coulda been a contender" but was forced to take a dive, and decides to rat fink on mob corruption on the docks (pushing people off roofs, etc.), pissing-off union boss Johnny Friendly (Lee J. Cobb) (based on real-life mobster Albert Anastasia and Internat. Longshoremen's Assoc. boss Michael Clemente); meanwhile his crooked lawyer brother Charley "the Gent" Malloy (Rod Steiger) and Father Barry (Karl Malden), who is based on real-life waterfront priest Father John M. Corridan (1911-84) are caught in the middle; the film is a big hit and garners eight Oscar nominations, although it is an obvious attempt by Kazan to justify his 1952 rat-finking to HUAC?; does $9.6M box office on a $910K budget; boxer Roger Donoghue (1930-2006) is Brando's trainer, and gives him the contender line; Brando originally returned the script to Kazan unread, causing him to almost give the part to Frank Sinatra; dir. Robert Siodmak (1900-73) collaborates with Schulberg on the script, but is not credited, and sues, receiving $100K; Brando goes on to be nominated for five Best Actor Oscars in the 1950s (the most), winning one. Harry Keller's Phantom Stallion (Feb. 10) (Republic Pictures), the last Rex Allen Arizona Cowboy film (first in 1950), co-starring Slim Pickens as Slim is the last singing Western. Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window (Aug. 1), based on the Cornell Woolrich story stars James Stewart as L.B. Jefferies, a newspaper photographer with his leg in a cast, who likes to look out his you know what at the neighbors, and pieces together a murder by mysterious Lars Thorwald (Raymond Burr) while his babe Lisa Carol Fremont (Grace Kelly) dresses up the windows; music by Franz Waxman. Richard Carlson's Riders to the Stars (Jan. 14) stars William Lundigan and Richard Carlson as Dr. Richard Stanton and Dr. Jerry Lockwood, who are recruited for a secret outer space mission to collect meteorites, while Stanton falls for tester Dr. Jane Flynn (Martha Hyer). Renato Castellani's Romeo and Juliet (Sept. 1) (Rank Org.), based on the Shakespeare play, starring Laurence Harvey as Romeo, Susan Shentall (after Joan Collins passes and she is picked out in a bar, getting married and never acting again) as Juliet, Flora Robson as the Nurse, Mervyn Johns as Friar Laurence, Bill Travers as Benvolio, Sebastian Cabot as Lord Capulet, Enzo Fiermonte as Tybalt, and John Gielgud as the Chorus. Herbert J. Biberman's Salt of the Earth (Mar. 14), written by Michael Wilson and produced by Paul Jarrico stars Juan Chacon, Rosaura Revueltas, Will Geer, and David Wolfe in a drama about racial strife in a New Mexico zinc mine during a union strike, based on the real Grant County miners' strike; too bad, the film is deemed Commie propaganda, and Biberman, Revuelta, Geer, and Jarrico are all blacklisted, and the film suppressed for 30 years, making it more popular?; Biberman and his actress wife Gale Sondergaard move to New York City, where she gets work in theater. Stanley Donen's musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (July 15) (MGM), based on the Roman legend of the Rape of the Sabine Women and Stephen Vincent Benet's "The Sobbin' Woman" features choreography by Michael Kidd incl. the barn-raising and the axe dance; Howard Keel plays Adam, and Jane Powell plays Molly in 1850 Ore.; does $9.4M box office on a $2.5M budget. Victor Saville's The Silver Chalice (Dec. 20) (Warner Bros.) (Saville's last film) is a lame and bloated CinemaScope spectacle of the days of Nero based on the 1952 novel by Thomas B. Costain with music by Franz Waxman, starring cute blued-eyed Paul Newman (1925-2008) in his screen debut as toga-wearing Greek sculptor Basil, who fashions Christ's Last Supper cup, plus a bust from a vision; Jack Palance plays Simon Magus the Magician, who tries to jump off a tower and fly to prove himself Christ's rival, but ends up road kill; Lorne Greene's screen debut; the movie embarrasses Newman so much that he takes out an ad in Variety to apologize in 1966 before it is broadcast on TV, calling it "the worst motion picture produced during the 1950s", handing out noisemakers to guests at a private screening. George Cukor's A Star is Born (Sept. 29) (a musical remake of the 1937 film) stars Judy Garland as the rising star, and James Mason as the falling star; greatest Hollywood musical of all time?; her hubby (1952-65) Michael Sidney "Sid" Luft (1915-2005) helps get the funding, but when it fails to recover production costs despite good reviews and good box office, Garland doesn't get the Oscar, causing Groucho Marx to call it "the greatest robbery since Brinks"; incl. the Born in a Trunk sequence and The Man That Got Away. Federico Fellini's La Strada (The Road) stars Fellini's wife Giulietta Massina as a simple-minded girl sold to circus strongman Anthony Quinn, who later meets up with acrobat Richard Basehart. Lewis Allen's Suddenly (B&W) (Oct. 7) stars Frank Sinatra as a WWII Silver Star-winning soldier posing as FBI agent Johnny Baron, who is paid $500K to assassinate Pres. Eisenhower on a Sat. afternoon in an old Calif. gold-mining town named guess what, facing wounded Sheriff Todd Shaw (Sterling Hayden) and old fart homeowner James Gleason; "Ludwig Von Drake" voice actor Paul Frees plays one of Sinatra's two cohorts; Secret Service code word is hangover; "I got no feeling against the president, I'm just making a living"; after Sinatra's friend JFK is assassinated in 1963, the movie is pulled. Harold D. Schuster's Tarzan's Hidden Jungle is the film debut of Gordon Scott (Gordon Merrill Werschkul) (1926-2007), who portrays Tarzan as intelligent and nice, which is allegedly closer to the way that Edgar Rice Burroughs wanted it; he and co-star Vera Miles fall in love and get married this year, then divorce in 1958; Scott goes on to make 24 movies, incl. "Tarzan's Greatest Adventure"in 1959, in which Sean Connery and Anthony Quayle appear. Gordon Douglas' Them! (B&W) (June 19), based on a story by George Worthington Yates is about atomic tests in N.M. causing ants to turn into giant maneaters, becoming the first sci-fi bug film; stars James Whitmore as Sgt. Ben Peterson, Edmund Gwenn as Dr. Harold Medford, Joan Weldon as Dr. Pat Medford, and James Arness as FBI agent Robert Graham; it even incl. appearances by Fess Parker and Leonard Nimoy; "Make me a sergeant, give me the booze." Jean Negulesco's Three Coins in the Fountain (June 2), based on the John H. Secondari novel about three female Am. roommates in Italy who throw coins in the Trevi Fountain in Rome wishing for mates stars Clifton Webb as John Frederick Shadwell, Dorothy McGuire as Miss Frances, Jean Peters as Anita Hutchins, and Maggie McNamara as lucky Maria Williams, who gets her wish in the form of dashing Prince Dino di Cessi (Louis Jordan); spins off the pop hit Three Coins in the Fountain by the Four Aces (written by Sammy Cahn). Leni Riefenstahl's Tiefland (Feb. 11), based on the D'Albert opera is the last film from Hitler's filmmaker before turning to er, still photography. Robert Aldrich's Vera Cruz (Dec. 25) (United Artists), based on a story by Borden Chase, set during the 1861 Franco-Mexican War stars Gary Cooper as ex-Confed. soldier Ben Trane, who goes to Mexico to become a mercenary, falling in with a gang of hoodlums led by Joe Erin (Burt Lancaster) incl. Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson, and Jack Elam to work for Maximilian I (George Macready) and his henchman Marquis Henri de Labordere (Cesar Romero) escorting a stagecoach containing Countess Duvarre (Denise Darcel) and $3M in gold coins; the amorality and violence prepare for future Westerns incl. the films of Sergio Leone; does $11M box office on a $1.6M budget. Michael Curtiz' White Christmas (Oct. 14) (Paramount Pictures) ($30M box office, highest-grossing film of 1954) is a musical film loaded with Irving Berlin songs sung by Bing Crosby (1903-77) (as Bob Wallace), Danny Kaye (1913-87) (as Phil Davis), Rosemary Clooney (as Betty Haynes), and Vera-Ellen (as Judy Haynes) in a financially unstable Vermont inn for charity, incl. White Christmas; first film released in VistaVision; Donald O'Connor contracts an illness from Francis the Mule, giving Kaye the part. Laslo Benedek's The Wild One (Apr. 1) (produced by Stanley Kramer) stars Marlon Brando as Johnny, the Triumph-riding leader (pres.) of the Black Rebels Motorcycle Club (B.R.M.C.), which terrorizes the quiet midwestern town of Wrightsville; the rival gang is led by Chino (Lee Marvin); based on a real incident in Calif.; banned in Britain for 12 years. Plays: Richard Adler (1921-), Jerry Ross (1926-55), George Francis Abbott (1887-1995), and Richard Bissell (1913-77), The Pajama Game (musical) (St. James Theatre, New York) (May 13) (1,063 perf.); based on the 1953 novel "7-1/2 Cents" by Richard Bissell; Sleep-Tite Pajama Factory suptd. Sid Sorokin fights with union grievance committee leader Katherine "Babe" Williams over a 7.5 cent pay increase, and they fall in love; produced by George Abbott (1887-1995) and his asst. Harold Smith "Hal" Prince (1928-), who goes on to become "the Prince of Broadway" in the 1960s-1970s; Shirley MacLaine (1934-) is discovered by Paramount Pictures producer Hal Wallis; features the songs Hernando's Hideaway, One a Year Day, Racing with the Clock, 7-1/2 Cents, Slow Down, Steam Heat, Think of the Time I Save. Robert Ardrey (1908-80), Sing Me No Lullaby. Enid Bagnold (1889-1981), The Chalk Garden. Jule Styne (1905-94), Mark Charlap, Betty Comden (1917-2006), Adolph Green (1914-2002), Carolyn Leigh, and J.M. Barrie (1860-1937), Peter Pan (musical) (Curran Theatre, San Francisco) (July 19) (Winter Garden Theatre, New York) (Oct. 20) (152 perf.); based on the 1904 J.M. Barrie play; stars Mary Martin as Peter Pan, Cyril Ritchard as Capt. Hook, and Kathleen Nolan as Wendy Darling. Robert Bolt (1924-95), A Man for All Seasons (radio play); Sir Thomas More vs. Henry VIII; made into a stage play in 1961, and filmed in 1966. Paddy Chayefsky (1923-81), Middle of the Night (comedy) (Philco TV Playhouse) (Sept. 19); stars E.G. Marshall and Eva Marie Saint. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), The Manor of Northstead. Horton Foote (1916-), The Traveling Lady (New York). Christopher Fry (1907-2005), The Dark is Not Light Enough; stars Edith Evans; #3 (winter) in his four seasonal plays. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), Amedee, ou Comment s'en Debarrasser (Amedee, or How to Get Rid of It). Peter Shaffer (1926-), The Salt Land (debut); produced by BBC. Noel Coward (1899-1973), After the Ball. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Confidential Clerk. Jean Girardoux, Ondine; an English vers. of "La Folle de Chaillot". Jean Kerr (1922-2003) and Walter Kerr (1913-96), King of Hearts. Henri de Montherlant (1896-1972), Port-Royal. Clifford Odets (1906-63), The Flowering Peach. J.B. Priestley (1894-1984), The Magicians. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Separate Tables (St. James's Theatre, London) (Sept. 22) (Music Box Theatre, New York) (Oct. 25, 1956); in two acts, "Table by the Window" and "Table Number Seven", set in the Beauregard Private Hotel in Bournemouth 18 mo. apart, starring Margaret Leighton as Mrs. Shankland and Sibyl, and Eric Portman as the Labour politician and Maj. Pollock. Julian Slade (1930-2006) and Dorothy Reynolds (1913-77), Salad Days (musical) (Vaudeville Theatre, West End, London) (Aug. 5) (2,283 perf.); title taken from Shakespeare's "Antony and Cleopatra"; written in 6 weeks, it becomes the longest running show in the U.K. until "Oliver!"; incl. We Said We Wouldn't Look Back, I Sit in the Sun, We're Looking for a Piano. Dodie Smith (1896-1990), I Capture the Castle; adaptation of her 1949 children's novel; filmed in 2003. Dylan Thomas (1914-53), Under Milk Wood (posth.); BBC radio drama; the imaginary Welsh village of Llareggub ("bugger all" backwards) and the innermost thoughts of its inhabitants Mrs. Ogmore-Pritchard, Capt. Cat, the two Mrs. Dai Breads, Organ Morgan, and Polly Garter. Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), Irene o el Tesoro. Derek Walcott (1930-), The Seat at Dauphin (1-act play). Poetry: Vicente Aleixandre (1898-1977), History of the Heart. Robert Creeley (1926-2005), The Gold Diggers; A Snarling Garland of Xmas Verses, anonymous. E.E. Cummings (1894-1961), Poems, 1923-1954. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), Collected Poems. Richard Eberhart (1904-2005), Undercliff: Poems 1946-1953; incl. "Fragment of New York, 1929". Robert Frost (1874-1963), Aforesaid (Mar. 26); pub. on his 80th birthday. Thom Gunn (1929-2004), Fighting Terms: Poems (debut). Anthony Hecht (1923-2004), A Summoning of Stones (debut). Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), Hungerfield and Other Poems. Irving Layton (1912-2006), The Long Pea-Shooter; In the Midst of My Fever. Felicien Marceau (1913-), Caterina. Rod McKuen (1933-2015), And Autumn Came (debut). W.S. Merwin (1927-), The Dancing Bears. Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004), The Light of Day. Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957), Lagar. Howard Moss (1922-87), The Toy Fair. Pablo Neruda (1904-73), Odes to Common Things (Elementary Odes). Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), Poems of Humor and Protest. Theodore Roethke (1901-63), Praise to the End! F.R. Scott (1899-1985), Events and Signals. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Le Miroir. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955), The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens (Pulitzer Prize). May Swenson (1913-89), Another Animal (debut). Wislawa Szymborska (1923-2012), Questioning Yourself. William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), The Desert Music and Other Poems. Novels: Edward Paul Abbey (1927-89), Jonathan Troy (first novel). Jorge Amado (1912-2001), Os Subterraneos da Liberdade. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), The Caves of Steel; first in the Robot series (1954-85). Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974), The Green Pope. Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Les Jardins et Les Fleuves. Sir Kingsley Amis (1922-95), Lucky Jim (first novel); history prof. Jim Dixon tries to survive a high-brow English univ. Louis Auchincloss (1917-), The Romantic Egoists (short stories). Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000), Gli Ultimi Anni di Clelia Trotti. Simone Beauvoir (1908-86), The Mandarins; Lewis Brogan is really her beau Nelson Algren (1909-81), "... that classic American species: self-made leftist writer... Through his stories, you got the feeling that he claimed no rights to life and that neverheless he had always had a passionate desire to live. I like that mixture of modesty and eagerness." Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), Le Sainte Vehme; Lost City (Villeperdue). Robert Bloch (1917-94), Spiderweb; The Will to Kill. Heinrich Boll (1917-85), Haus Ohne Huter (House Without Guardians). Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), The Secret Stair; Against Whom? John Brooks (b. 1920), A Pride of Lions. Bryher (1894-1983), Roman Wall. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Captain Lightfoot; filmed in 1955, and as "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" in 1974. James M. Cain (1892-1977), The Root of His Evil. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87), Love and Money. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), Never Victorious, Never Defeated. Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961), Normance (Feerie II). Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Destination Unknown (So Many Steps to Death) (Nov. 1). Hal Clement (1922-2003), Mission of Gravity; about the superjovian planet Mesklin, whose fast rotational speed causes variable gravity (3g at the equator to 700g at the poles), populated by centipede-like sentient beings. Catherine Cookson (1906-98), Maggie Rowan. William Cooper (1910-2002), The Ever-Interesting Topic. Noel Coward (1899-1973), Future Indefinite (autobio.). Robertson Davies (1913-95), Leaven of Malice. Meindert Dejong (1906-), The Wheel On the School; kiddie hit. Patrick Dennis (1921-76), House Party; pub. under alias Virginia Rowans; about a dead broke family who pose as wealthy, becoming the basis for the 1966-7 Phyllis Diller sitcom "The Pruitts of Southampton". Philip K. Dick (1928-82), The World Jones Made; introduces the concept of a precog, a person who can see the future. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), La Volupte (Volupté) d'Entre. Georges Duhamel (1884-1966), Cry Out of the Depths; a French collaborationist during the German occupation. Ilya Ehrenburg (1891-1967), The Thaw; coins the term "Khrushchev Thaw" for his de-Stalinisation program. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), The Forbidden Forest. Oliver La Farge (1901-63), The Mother Ditch. Howard Fast (1914-2003), Silas Timberman. William Faulkner (1897-1962), A Fable (Aug. 2) (Pulitzer Prize); about WWI. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), The Generous Heart. Ian Fleming (1908-64), Live and Let Die (Apr. 5); James Bond 007 #2; written in Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica; about Mr. Big, SMERSH, and the world of voodoo; filmed in 1973. Shelby Foote (1916-2005), Jordan County: A Landscape in Narrative. C.S. Forester (1899-1966), The Nightmare. Pamela Frankau (1908-67), A Wreath for the Enemy. Max Frisch (1911-91), I'm Not Stiller. William Gibson (1914-2008), The Cobweb (first novel); small town physician Stewart McIver hooks up with asst. Meg while neglecting his wife Karen; beats "Peyton Place"; scandalizes his widowed mother Florence, who confessed to her priest after reading it. Rumer Godden (1907-), Impunity Jane; kiddie novel. Herbert Gold (1924-), The Prospect Before Us. Sir William Golding (1911-93), The Lord of the Flies; English schoolboys wrecked on a tropical island go wild, worshipping an impaled sow's head representing the "beast", destroying the conch and killing two; Ralph, Piggy, Jack Merridew, Simon, Roger, Samneric, Littluns; "The desire to squeeze and hurt was overmastering"; "With filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy"; "I should have thought that a pack of British boys... would have been able to put up a better show than that"; filmed in 1963 - even whites are all born in sin? John Hawkes (1925-98), The Goose on the Grave; The Owl. Michel Henry (1922-2002), Le Jeune Officier (The Young Officer) (first novel); a fight with rats on a ship. Josephine Herbst (1892-1969), New Green World. Patricia Highsmith (1921-95), The Blunderer; Walter Stackhouse is suspected of killing his wife. Chester Himes (1909-84), The Third Generation; early 20th cent. African-Am. society. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), The Doors of Perception; his fun times with mescaline; title taken from William Blake's "Marriage of Heaven and Hell"; "If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is, infinite"; Jim Morrison names his rock group The Doors after reading it. Mac Hyman (1923-63), No Time for Sergeants; rural South draftee Will Stockdale. Christopher Isherwood (1904-86), The World in the Evening. Shirley Jackson (1916-65), The Bird's Nest (June). Randall Jarrell (1914-65), Pictures from an Institution (first and only novel); based on Sarah Lawrence College; "Half the campus was designed by Bottom the Weaver, half by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; Benton had been endowed with one to begin with, and had smiled and sweated and spoken for the other." Elizabeth Jenkins (1905-2010), The Tortoise and the Hare. Richard Jessup (1925-82), The Cunning and the Haunted (first novel); based on his experience in orphanages. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), An Impossible Marriage. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), The Royal Box. John Oliver Killens (1916-87), Youngblood (first novel); the Youngblood family of Crossroads, Ga. Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58) and Frederik Pohl (1919-), Search the Sky. Camara Laye (1928-80), The Black Child (L'Enfant Noir) (first novel); from Guinea to France; The Radiance of the King (Le Regard du Roi). . Elmore Leonard (1925-2013), The Law at Randado. Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), Self-Condemned; semi-autobio. novel. Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), A Flame for Doubting Thomas. Thomas Mann (1875-1955), Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), Thoughts of My Cats; Only Fade Away. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), The Barbarians; Blue Hurricane. John Masters, Bhowani Junction. Peter Matthiessen (1927-), Race Rock (first novel). Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), L'Agneau. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), Mary Anne. Alan Le May (1899-1964), The Searchers; filmed in 1956. Shepherd Mead (1914-94), Big Ball of Wax: A Story of Tomorrow's Happy World. James A. Michener (1907-97), Sayonara; interracial love story between a U.S. soldier and a Japanese woman. Merle Miller (1919-86), Reunion. Yukio Mishima (1925-70), Sound of the Waves (Shiosai); based on the Greek legend of Daphnis and Chloe. Naomi Mitchison (1897-1999), Graeme and the Dragon; named after her grandson. Brian Moore (1921-99), French for Murder; pub. under alias Bernard Mara. Alberto Moravia (1907-90), Roman Tales (short stories); A Ghost at Noon (Contempt). Paul Morand (1888-1976), Hecate. Sir John Mortimer (1923-2009), The Narrowing Stream. Iris Murdoch (1919-99), Under the Net (first novel); struggling writer Jake Donaghue in London. Howard Nemerov (1920-91), Federigo: Or the Power of Love. Patrick O'Brian (1914-2000), The Road to Samarcand. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), Dressed to Kill; Too Young to Die; Shake Hands With the Devil. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), The Soldier at the Door. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Most Likely to Succeed. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Desperate Scenery. Theodor Plievier (1892-1955), Berlin. Frederik Pohl (1919-) and Jack Williamson (1908-2006), Undersea Quest; #1 in the Undersea Trilogy (1954, 1956, 1958), about cadet Jim Eden of the Sub-Sea Academy in the domed underwater city of Marinia. Laurens van der Post (1906-96), Flamingo Feather; a Soviet plot to take over South Africa; A Bar of Shadow; his WWII experiences as a POW of the Japanese at Sukabumi and Bandung; filmed in 1982 as "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence". Dawn Powell (1896-1965), The Wicked Pavilion; Cafe Julien and vanished painter Marius; based on Hotel Brevoort. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Atlantis. V.S. Pritchett (1900-97), The Spanish Temper. Ellery Queen, The Glass Village. Pauline Reage (Dominique Aury), The Story of O; classic of sadomachism. Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), A Time to Love and a Time to Die; German Gestapo tactics used on civilians to make them go along. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), Sinner, Saint and Jester: A Trilogy in Romantic Adventure. Francoise Sagan (1935-2004), Hello Sadness (Bonjour Tristesse) (title from a poem by Paul Eluard); an immediate internat. hit; 17-y.-o. nympho Cecile summers with her adulterous playboy father Raymond and his mistress on the French Riviera; filmed in 1957 by Otto Preminger; influences the Simon & Garfunkel song "The Sounds of Silence". William Sansom (1912-76), Lord Love Us (short stories); A Bed of Roses. Jesus Fernandez Santos (1926-88), Los Bravos (first novel). Claude Simon (1913-2005), Le Sacre du Printems (The Anointment of Spring). Mary Lee Settle (1918-2005), The Love Eaters (first novel). Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), King John's Treasure. Dr. Seuss (1904-91), Horton Hears a Who! (Random House); an elephant discovers the world of Whoville on a speck of dust, and defends it from the other animals' plan to boil it in a pot of Beezle-Nut oil until Jojo quits playing with his yo-yo and lets out a loud "Yopp" that they can hear; "A person's a person, no matter how small." C.P. Snow (1905-80), The New Men; Strangers and Brothers #5. John Steinbeck (1902-68), Sweet Thursday; sequel to "Cannery Row" (1945); the day between Lousy Wed. and Waiting Fri.; marine biologist Doc and his ho babe Suzy; basis of the 1955 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Pipe Dream"; filmed in 1982 as "Cannery Row". Irving Stone (1903-89), Love is Eternal; Abe Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. Edward Streeter (1900-76), Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation; filmed in 1962 by Henry Koster starring James Stewart and Maureen O'Hara. Rosemary Sutcliff (1920-92), The Eagle of the Ninth; Roman Britain Series #1; set in 2nd cent. C.E. Roman Britain; first in a series linked by the Aquila family dolphin ring. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), Hester Lilly (short stories). Peter Hillsman Taylor (1917-94), The Widows of Thornton. Jim Thompson (1906-77), The Golden Gizmo (Sinner). Morton Thompson (1907-53), Not As a Stranger (posth.); bestseller by the inventor of the Thompson Turkey; Lucas Marsh becomes a "specialized human", a "stranger in the world", a medical doctor; filmed in 1955 by Stanley Kramer. J.R. Tolkien (1893-1973), The Lord of the Rings (3 vols.); incl. The Fellowship of the Ring (July 29), The Two Towers (Nov. 11), The Return of the King (Oct. 20, 1955); finished in 1948; the primordial Old Forest is based on Moseley Bog in West Midlands, England; the two towers are Orthanc and Barad-Dur; the Lord is Sauron; his servants are Saruman and the Nazgul; W.H. Auden writes major reviews for each vol. for the New York Times, getting them off to a fast start; first line: "When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton"; in 1961 C.S. Lewis nominates Tolkien for the Nobel Lit. Prize, but they pass him over because of low prose quality? Alexander Trocchi (1925-84), Helen and Desire (first novel); Carnal Days of Helen Seferis. Gore Vidal (1925-2012), Messiah. Peter De Vries (1910-93), The Tunnel of Love. Douglass Wallop (1920-85), The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant; Faustian novel about Washington Senators fan Joe Boyd, who sells his sole to Mr. Applegate, becoming baseball superstar Joe Hardy, saving the team while hooking up with Lola; filmed in 1958 starring Tab Hunter. Sylvia Townsend Warner (1893-1978), The Flint Anchor. Eudora Welty (1909-2001), The Ponder Heart. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Island Where Time Stands Still. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), How Dear is Life. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), Bride of Liberty; Benton's Row. Births: U.S. Sen. (D-N.J.) (2006-) Robert "Bob" Mendendez on Jan. 1 in New York City; Cuban immigrant parents: educated at Rutgers U. ' Am. "The Devil in the White City" writer Erik Larson on Jan. 3 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in Freeport, Long Island, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Penn., and Columbia U. Danish chemist Morten P. Meldal on Jan. 16 in ?; educated at the Technical U. of Denmark; 2022 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. 6'3" football QB (San Francisco 49ers #17, 1977-80) (Denver Broncos #17, 1981-3) (Kansas City Chiefs #17, 1988-91) Steven Leroy "Steve" DeBerg on Jan. 19 in Oakland, Calif.; educated at San Jose State College, and Fullerton College. Am. 6'7" basketball player (black) (Denver Nuggets #2, 1980-90) Alexander "Alex" English on Feb. 5 in Columbia, S.C.; educated at the U. of S.C. English "The English Patient", "The Talented Mr. Ripley" film dir.-writer (bald) Anthony Minghella (d. 2008) on Jan. 6 in Ryde, Isle of Wight; Italian-Scottish ancestry. English "The Other Boleyn Girl" historical-romance novelist ("the Queen of British Historical Fiction") Philippa Gregory on Jan. 9 in Nairobi, Kenya; educated at the U. of Sussex. Indian children's rights activist Kailash Satyarthi (Sharma) on Jan. 11 in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh; 2014 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. singer (gay) Felipe Ortiz Rose (Amerindian in the Village People) on Jan. 12 in New York City; Lakota Sioux father, Puerto Rican mother. Am. shock jock ("King of All Media") (Jewish) Howard Allan Stern on Jan. 12 in Queens, N.Y.; educated at Boston U. Canadian 5'9" hockey goalie (Toronto Maple Leafs, 1976-81, 1982-4) (Washington Capitals, 1981-2) Michael Scott "Mike" Palmateer on Jan. 13 in Toronto, Ont.; ends up with 20 knee surgeries and a knee replacement. South African rock musician Trevor Charles Rabin (Yes) on Jan. 13 in Johannesburg. Am. atty. Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. on Jan. 17 in Washington, D.C.; son of Robert F. Kennedy (1925-68) and Ethel Skakel Kennedy (1928-); educated at Harvard U., U. of Va. English "Hold Me Now" rocker (redhead) Tom Bailey (Thompson Twins) on Jan. 18 in Halifax, West Yorkshire. Am. "Peg Bundy in Married... with Children" actress-singer Catherine Louise "Katey" Sagal on Jan. 19 in Hollywood, Calif.; daughter of Boris Sagal (1917-82) and Sara Zwillig; sister of Doublemint Twins Jean and Liz Sagal (1961-), and Joe Sagal (1957-). Am. photographer Cindy Sherman on Jan. 19 in Glen Ridge, N.J. Am. musician-producer Richard Raymond Finch (KC and the Sunshine Band) on Jan. 23 in Indianapolis, Ind.; grows up in Hialeah, Fla. Israeli "The Yellow Wind" novelist (Jewish) David Grossman on Jan. 25 in Jerusalem. Am. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" comic book artist Peter Alan Laird on Jan. 27 in North Adams, Mass.; collaborator of Kevin Eastman (1962-). Am. TV/radio host Edward Andrew "Ed" Schultz on Jan. 27 in Norfolk, Va. Am. "The Jefferson Lies" evangelical Christian minister-writer (founder of WallBuilders) ("the Library of Congress in shoes" - Glenn Beck) David Barton on Jan. 28 in Aledo, Tex.; educated at Oral Roberts U. Am."The Purpose Driven Life" Baptist pastor Richard Duane "Rick" Warren on Jan. 18 in San Jose, Calif.; grows up in Ukiah, Calif.; educated at Calif. Baptist U., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, and Fuller Theological Seminary. Am. "Frank Mitchell in Moesha", "Pvt. Henson in A Soldier's Story" actor (black) William Allen Young on Jan. 24 in Washington, D.C.; grows up in South Central Los Angeles, Calif. America's first black superwoman? Am. talk show host, producer, educator, mag. founder, billionaire philanthropist and ("Sofia in The Color Purple") actress (black) (lefty) Oprah Gail Winfrey on Jan. 29 in Kosciusko, Miss.; gives first public recital at age 3; doesn't know who her father is, and has a cold relationship with her mother; becomes a wild teen, stealing from her mother and turning tricks until she is sent to live with her mother's ex-lover Vernon Winfrey in Nashville, Tenn., who sets her straight; has a sexual obsession with Diane Sawyer, sending her a diamond toe ring; makes up stories about growing up dirt poor and having pet cockroaches Melinda and Sandy, when she was not all that poor and grew up spoiled? Am. "Will Robinson in Lost in Space" actor-musician (redhead) Charles William "Bill" Mumy Jr. on Feb. 1 in San Gabriel, Calif. Am. rock musician Michael Wayne "Mike" Campbell (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers) on Feb. 1 in Panama City, Fla. Am. "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues", "CoverGirl", "Uptown Girl", "Girl in the Red Ferrari in National Lampoon's Vacation" supermodel (blonde) Christie Brinkley (Christie Lee Hudson) on Feb. 2 in Monroe, Mich.; wife of (1973-81) Jean-Francois Allaux), (1984-95) Billy Joel, (1994-5) Richard Taubman, (1996-2006) Peter Cook. Am. football WR (Cleveland Browns, 1976-83) (Denver Broncos, 1984) and sportscaster ("Voice of the Denver Broncos") David Russell "Dave" Logan on Feb. 2 in Fargo, N.D.; educated at the U. of Colo. Russian ambassador to North Korea (2001-6) Turkey (2013-6) Andrei (Andrey) Gennadyevich Karlov (d. 2016) on Feb. 4 in Moscow; educated at Moscow U. Swedish Polluter Pays Principle economist Thomas Lindhqvist on Feb. 4 in ?; educated at Lund U. Australian billionaire Georgina Hope "Gina" Rinehart (nee Hancock) on Feb. 9 in Perth, Western Australia; only child of Lang Hancock and Hope Margaret Nicholas; educated at the U. of Sydney. Am. programmer (creator of Pretty Good Privacy) Philip R. "Phil" Zimmermann Jr. on Feb. 12 in Camden, N.J. Am. musician Michael Rolfe Gira (Swans, Angels of Light) on Feb. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "The Simpsons", "Futurama" cartoonist-producer (lefty) Matthew Abram "Matt" Groening on Feb. 15 in Portland, Ore. Scottish "The Wasp Factory", "Consider Phlebas" novelist Iain M. (Menzies) Banks (d. 2013) on Feb. 16 in Dunfermine, Fife; educated at the U. of Stirling. Am. "Lorna Cole in Lethal Weapon 3", "Outbreak" actress Rene Marie Russo on Feb. 17 in Burbank, Calif.; of Italian descent. Canadian 6'1" hockey player Marty Gordon Howe on Feb. 18 in Detroit, Mich.; son of Gordie Howe (1928-2016) and Colleen Howe (1933-2009); brother of Mark Steven Howe (1955-). Am. "Vincent Vinnie Barbarino in Welcome Back, Kotter" "Tony Manero in Saturday Night Fever", "Vincent Vega Pulp Fiction" actor-dancer-singer (Scientologist) John Joseph Travolta on Feb. 18 in Englewood, N.J.; husband (1991-) of Kelly Preston (1962-). Am. newspaper heiress-bank robber Patricia Campbell "Patty" Hearst Shaw on Feb. 20 in San Francisco, Calif.; granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951). Ukrainian cosmonaut Vasily Vasiliyevich Tsibliyev on Feb. 20 in Orekhovka, Crimea. Am. Wall Street Journal journalist (Jewish) David Mayer Wessel on Feb. 21 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at Haverford College, and Eureka College. Am. biologist Stuart Jay Olshansky on Feb. 22 in ?; educated at Mich. State U., and U. of Chicago. Ukrainian pres. (2005-10) Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko on Feb. 23 in Khoruzhivka; educated at Ternopil Nat. Economic U. Am. economist Steven E. Landsburg on Feb. 24 in ?; educated at the U. of Rochester, and the U. of Chicago. German pretender Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover on Feb. 26 in Hanover, Germany. Turkish PM #25 (2003-14) and pres. #12 (2014-) (Sunni Muslim) Recep Tayyip Erdogan (pr. re-JEP tie-YEEP AIR-do-wan) on Feb. 26 in Istanbul; of Georgian descent. Am. rock musician Neal Joseph Schon (Santana, Journey, Bad English) on Feb. 27 in Tinker AFB, Okla. Am. "Daisy Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard" actress Catherine Bach (Bachman) on Mar. 1 in Monroe, Ohio. Am. "Opie Taylor in The Andy Griffith Show", "Steve Bolander in American Graffiti", "The Da Vinci Code", "A Beautiful Mind" actor-dir.-producer Ronald William "Ron" Howard on Mar. 1 in Duncan, Okla.; brother of actor Clint Howard (1959-). Am. theater dir. Robert Falls on Mar. 2 in Ashland, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. rock drummer Hunt Sales (Iggy Pop, Tin Machine, Paris) on Mar. 2; brother of Tony Sales (1951-). French PM (2007-12) (Roman Catholic) Francois Charles Amand Fillon on Mar. 4 in Le Mans; educated at the U. of Maine, and Paris Descartes U. Canadian "Moira Rose in Schitt's Creek" actress (Roman Catholic) Catherine Anne O'Hara on Mar. 4 in Toronto, Ont. Am. "Breathing Space" Lutheran minister Heidi Neumark on Mar. 9; grows up in Summit, N.J.; educated at Brown U., and Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Canadian "Delia Deetz in Beetlejuice", "Kate MCallister in Home Alone" actress Catherine Anne O'Hara on Mar. 4 in Toronto, Ont. Am. "Johnny Nogerelli in Grease 2", "Officer Vince Romano in T.J. Hooker" actor Adrian Zmed on Mar. 4 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Working Girl" screenwriter-producer Kevin Wade on Mar. 9 in Chappaqua, N.Y.; educated at Conn. College. Am. "Jake Scully in Body Double", "Danilo in Four Friends" actor Craig Wasson on Mar. 15 in Eugene, Ore. Am. golfer Hollis Stacy on Mar. 16 in Savannah, Ga. Am. rock singer-musician-producer Nancy Lamoureux Wilson (Heart) on Mar. 16 in San Francisco, Calif.; sister of Ann Wilson (1950-). English "Olivia Blake-Richards in Sunset Beach" actress Lesley-Anne Down on Mar. 17 in London. Am. 6'7" basketball player (black) (Chicago Bulls #17, 1976-81) Scott Glenn May on Mar. 19 in Sandusky, Ohio; educated at Indiana U. Am. "Wild Palms", "I'm Losing You" novelist-producer-dir. Bruce Alan Wagner on Mar. 20 in Madison, Wisc.; husband (1989-) of Rebecca De Mornay. Am. basketball coach (U. of Conn., ) Luigi "Geno" Auriemma on Mar. 23 in Montella, Italy; emigrates to the U.S. at age 7; educated at West Chester U. of Penn.; becomes U.S. citizen in 1994. Am. clothing designer Kenneth Cole on Mar. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Emory U. Am. "Lewis Skolnick in Revenge of the Nerds" actor Robert Reed Carradine on Mar. 24 in Hollywood, Calif.; son of John Carradine (1906-88); brother of Keith Carradine (1949-); half-brother of David Carradine (1936-2009); father of Ever Carradine (1974-); uncle of Martha Plimpton (1970-). Am. serial murderer Robert Yale Shuman (d. 2006) on Mar. 28 in Hicksivlle, N.Y. Am. rock drummer Jeffrey Thomas "Jeff" Porcaro (d. 1992) (Steely Dan, Toto) on Apr. 1 in Hartford. Conn.; brother of Mike Porcaro (1955-). Am. hall-of-fame bowler David Ozio (pr. OH-zio) on Apr. 3 in Beaumont, Tex. Chinese actor-dir.-writer-producer Jackie Chan (Chan Kwong Sang) on Apr. 7 in Hong Kong. Am. 5'11" football hall-of-fame RB (black) (Dallas Cowboys #33, 1977-87) (Denver Broncos #33, 1988) Anthony Drew "Tony" Dorsett on Apr. 7 in Rochester, Penn.; educated at the U. of Pittsburgh. Am. "Jason Vorhees in Friday the 13th" actor Kane Warren Hodder on Apr. 8 in Auburn, Calif. Am. actor Dennis Quaid on Apr. 9 in Houston, Tex.; brother of Randy Quaid (b. 1950). Mexican-Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Anacani Echeverria (Anacani Maria Consuelo y Castillo Lopez Cantor Montoya) on Apr. 10 in Sinaloa; Mexican and French parents; emigrates to the U.S. in childhood. Am. "Crooked Little Heart", "Blue Shoe" novelist-activist Anne Lamott on Apr. 10 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. "Stingo in Sophie's Choice", "Galen Bradwarden in Dragonslayer", "John Cage in Ally McBeal", "Alan Birch in Chicago Hope" actor Peter C. MacNicol on Apr. 10 in Dallas, Tex.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "Into Thin Air" writer-mountaineer Jon Krakauer on Apr. 12 in Brookline, Mass.; raised in Corvallis, Ore.; educated at Hampshire College, Mass. Am. rock musician James "Jimmy" Destri (Blondie) on Apr. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. sci-fi novelist ("Chmn. Bruce") Michael Bruce Sterling (AKA Vincent Omniaveritas) on Apr. 14 in Austin, Tex. Am. "Big Easy", "Sea of Love" actress (Jewish) Ellen Rona Barkin on Apr. 16 in Bronx, N.Y.; of Jewish Polish-Ukrainian descent; sister of scriptwriter George Barkin; sister of George Barkin; wife (1988-99) of Gabriel Byrne (1950-), and (2001-6) Ron Perelman (1943); rises from poverty to marry a billionaire after studying from age 15 until age 27 to become an actress and getting her first break in "Diner" (1982). Canadian prof. wrestler-actor Rowdy Roddy Piper (Roderick George Toombs) (d. 2015) on Apr. 17 in Saskatoon, Sask.; grows up in Winnipeg, Man. Am. "Maniac" musician-songwriter Michael Sembello on Apr. 17 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Jack McMullen in The Brothers McMullen" actor Jack Mulcahy on Apr. 22 in New York City. Am. "Fahrenheit 9/11", "Sicko", "Bowling for Columbine" dir.-writer (Roman Catholic) Michael Francis Moore on Apr. 23 in Flint, Mich.; raised in Davison, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. musician Jack Blades (Rubicon, Night Ranger, Damn Yankees) on Apr. 24 in Palm Desert, Calif. Am. 6'3" "The Miracle at the Meadowlands" football CB-sportcaster (black) Herman "Herm" Edwards Jr. on Apr. 27 in Fort Monmouth, N.J.; German mother; educated at the U. of Calif, and San Diego State. Am. New Wave singer Debora Kay Iyall (Romeo Void) on Apr. 29 in Soap Lake, Wash.; Cowlitz Native Am.; grows up in Fresno, Calif. Am. "Seinfeld" comedian (Jewish) Jerome Allen "Jerry" Seinfeld on Apr. 29 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; collaborator of Larry David (1947-). British diplomat Sir Nigel Kim Darroch on Apr. 30 in South Stanley, County Durham; educated at Durham U. U.S. EPA dir. #13 (2013-17) Regina "Gina" McCarthy on May 3 in Boston, Mass.; educated at the U. of Mass. Am. "Lonely Hotel" country musician Donald Alan "Don" King on May 4 in Fremont, Neb. Am. chess teacher-writer Robert Michael Snyder on May 4; founder of Chess for Juniors; receives an open-life sentence in 2010 for sexual assaults on children. Am. "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", "Look Who's Talking" "Clueless" dir.-producer Amy Heckerling on May 7 in Bronx, N.Y. English economist John Hardman Moore on May 7; educated at Cambridge U., and London School of Economics. Ghanaian philosopher-novelist (black) (gay) Kwame Akroma-Ampim Kusi Anthony Appiah on May 8 in London; of Ghanaian Ashanti descent; son of Joseph Emmanuel Appiah (1918-90) and Petty Cripps (1921-2006); educated at Clare College, Cambridge U. Am. physician Sir Peter John Ratcliffe on May 14 in Lancashire, England; educated to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge U.; knighted in 2014; 2019 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Zeke in Kung Fu" actor John Blyth Barrymore III on May 15; son of John Drew Barrymore (1932-2004) and Cara Williams; half-brother of Drew Barrymore (1975-). Am. theater lyricist-dir.-producer (Jewish) David Zippel on May 17 in Easton, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn., and Harvard U.; classmate of Russ Feingold and John Roberts. Australian drummer Phillip Hugh Norman "Phil" Rudd (Phillip Hugh Norman Witschke Rudzevecuis) (AC/DC) on May 19 in Melbourne. Am. rock drummer Guy Hoffman (Violent Femmes) on May 20 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Japanese-Am. engineer Shuji Nakamura on May 22 in Ikata, Ehime; 2014 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. 5'9-1/2" middleweight boxing champ (1980-7) (black) "Marvelous" Marvin (Maurice Nathaniel) Hagler (d. 2021) on May 23 in Newark, N.J.; has Marvelous legally added to name in 1982. Am. serial murderer ("the Gainsville Ripper") Daniel Harold "Danny" Rolling (d. 2006) on May 26 in Shreveport, La. Am. swimmer John Hencken on May 29 in Culver City, Calif. Am. "Turn the Beat Around" singer-actress (black) Vicki Sue Robinson (d. 2000) on May 31 in Harlem, N.Y.; black father, white mother. Am. prof. wrestler Nicholas "Big Bully" Busick (d. 2018) on June 1 in Steubenville, Ohio. Am. "Pres. David Palmer in 24", "Allstate Insurance Man" 6'4-1/2" actor (black) Dennis Dexter Haysbert on June 2 in San Mateo, Calif. Canadian "Sometimes When We Touch" singer-songwriter Daniel "Dan" Hill Jr. on June 3 in Toronto, Ont. English rock drummer Michael Henry "Nicko" McBrain (Iron Maiden) on June 5 in Hackney, London. Am. "Torch Song Trilogy", "La Cage aux Folles" actor-playwright (Jewish) (gay) (atheist) Harvey Forbes Fierstein on June 6 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. children's writer Cynthia Rylant on June 6 in Hopewell, Va. Am. "Love Medicine" Anishinaabe novelist-poet Karen Louise Erdrich on June 7 in Little Falls, Minn.; educated at Darmouth College. Am. "Margaret Fuller" writer-biographer Megan Marshall on June 8 in Oakland, Calif.; educated at Bennington College, and Harvard U. Am. "Wicked", "Lost", "After Alice" novelist Gregory Maguire on June 9 in Albany, N.Y.; educated at SUNY, and Tufts U. Am. TV journalist-atty. (Scientologist) Greta Conway Van Susteren on June 11 in Appleton, Wisc.; Dutch descent father, Irish descent mother; U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy is best man at their wedding; sister of Lise Van Susteren; educated at the U. of Wisc., and Georgetown U. Am. "Gen. Bethlehem in The Postman", "Coach Bill Yoast in Remember the Titans", "Charles Chick Chapple in Armageddon" actor William Rankin "Will" Patton on June 14 in Charleston, S.C.; son of Lutheran minister Bill Patton, chaplain at Duke U.; educated at the Actors' Studio. Am. "James Jim Orenthal in According to Jim" actor-comedian James Adam "Jim" Belushi on June 15 in Chicago, Ill.; Albanian immigrant father; brother of John Belushi (1949-82). Am. Va. Repub. gov. #71 (2010-14) Robert Francis "Bob" McDonnell on June 15 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at the U. of Notre Dame. Egyptian businessman-politician (founder of the Free Egyptians Party) (Coptic) Naguib Onsi Sawiris on June 15. Brazilian serial murderer Pedro Rodrigues "Killer Petey" (Pedrinh Matador) on June 17 in Santa Rita do Sapucai, Minas Geras. Am. "Larry Appleton in Perfect Strangers", "Benjy Stone in My Favorite Year" actor Mark Linn-Baker on June 17 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Yale U. Syrian Reform Party founder Fari al-Ghadry on June 18 in Aleppo. Am. impresario (Jewish) Louis Jay "Lou" "Big Poppa" Pearlman (Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC) on June 19 in Flushing Queens, N.Y.; 1st cousin of Art Garfunkel (1941-). Am. "Body Heat", "Romancing the Stone", "Prizzi's Honor", "The War of the Roses" actress Kathleen Turner on June 19 in Springfield, Mo.; parents are diplomats; "You're not very smart, are you? I like that in a man" (Body Heat). Am. rock bassist Michael Anthony Sobolewski (Van Halen) on June 20 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Chico and the Man" actor-singer Freddie Prinze Sr. (Frederick Karl Pruetzel) (d. 1977) on June 22 in New York City; German immigrant father, Puerto Rican immigrant mother; father of Freddie Prinze Jr. (1976-). Am. musician David Frank Paich (Toto) on June 25 in Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. Supreme Court justice #? (2009-) (Roman Catholic) Sonia Maria Sotomayor on June 25 in New York City; Puerto Rican immigrant parents; educated at Princeton U., and Yale U.; first Hispanic, first Latina, 3rd female, 12th Roman Catholic. Central African Repub. (CAR) pres. (first woman) (2014) (black) Catherine Samba-Panza on June 26 in Fort Lamy, French Equatorial Africa; Cameroonian father, CAR father; educated at Pantheon-Assas U. Am. "Lawrence Welk" country singer Ava Barber on June 28 in Knoxville, Tenn. South African "Sybil Gordon in Chariots of Fire", "Eva Galli/Alma Mobley in Ghost Story", "Borg Queen in Star Trek: First Contact" actress Alice Maud Krige on June 28 in Upington. Am. "When You Say Nothing at All" country singer (alcoholi) Jackie Keith Whitley (d. 1989) on July 1 in Ashland, Ky. Egyptian politician-journalist-poet (Socialist) (Sunni Muslim) Hamdeen Abdel-Atty Abdel-Maksoud Sabahi on July 5 in Baitim, Kafr el-Sheikh; educated at Cairo U. Am. "Agnes DiPesto in Moonlighting" actress Allyce Beasley (Tannenbaum) on July 6 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Deconstructing Jesus" New Testament scholar ("Christian atheist") Robert McNair Price on July 7 in Jackson, Miss.; grows up in N.J.; educated at Drew U. Am. WorldNetDaily founder Joseph Farah on July 6 in Paterson, N.J. Am. singer Cheryl Lynn "Cherry" Boone (The Boones) on July 7 in Denton, Tex.; daughter of Pat Boone (1934-) and Shirley Lee Foley Boone (daughter of Red Foley); sister of Lindy Boone, Debby Boone (1956-), and Laury Boone. Canadian "Shark Tank" entrepreneur Terence Thomas Kevin O'Leary on July 9 in Montreal, Quebec; educated at the U. of Waterloo, and U. of Western Ontario. Am. football head coach (Tulane U., 1997-8) (Clemson U., 1999-2008) Tommy Bowden on July 10 in Birmingham, Ala.; educated at West Va. U. English pop singer (gay) Neil Francis Tennant (Pet Shop Boys) on July 10 in North Shields, Tyne and Wear; collaborator of Chris Lowe (1959-). U.S. Rep. (D-Minn.) (2001-) Betty Louise McCollum (nee Dierich) on July 12 in Minneapolis, Minn.; educated at St. Catherine U. Am. country singer Thelma Louise Mandrell on July 13 in Corpus Christi, Tex.; sister of Barbara Mandrell (1948-) and Irlene Mandrell (1956-). Am. 6'4" hall-of-fame basketball player (black) (Denver Nuggets #33, 1975-82) (Seattle SuperSonics #44, 1982-4) David O'Neil "Skywalker" Thompson on July 13 in Shelby, N.C.; educated at N.C. State U. German chancellor (2005-) (first woman) Angela Dorothea Merkel (nee Kasner) on July 17 in Hamburg; educated at Leipzig U. Am. country-bluegrass musician Ricky Lee Skaggs on July 18 in Cordell, Ky. Am. 6'9" basketball player (white) (Phoenix Suns #33, 1975-88) Alvan Leigh Adams on July 19 in Lawrence, Kan.; educated at the U. of Okla. Serbian-Am. conservative writer Serge (Srda) (Srdja) Trifkovic on July 19 in Belgrade; educated at the U. of Sussex, U. of Belgrade, and U. of Southampton. Am. "Hairspray" writer Mark O'Donnell (d. 2012) on July 19 in Cleveland, Ohio; identical twin of TV writer Steve O'donnell; educated at Harvard U. Am. leptin geneticist Jeffrey M. Friedman on July 20 in Orlando, Fla.; educated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Union U., and Cornell U. Am. bowler Bob Benoit on July 21 in Topeka, Kan. Am. tennis player Vitas Gerulaitis (b. 1994) on July 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. 5'10" hall-of-fame football RB (black) (Chicago Bears #34, 1975-87) Walter Jerry "Sweetness" Payton (d. 1999) on July 25 in Columbia, Miss.; educated at Jackson State U. Venezuelan Socialist pres. (1999-2013) Hugo Rafael Chavez Frias (d. 2013) on July 28 in Sabaneta. Am. rock musician Steven J. "Steve" Morse (Deep Purple, Dixie Dregs) on July 28 in Hamilton, Ohio. Am. "Michael Steadman in thirtysomething", "Harry Garibaldi in Hill Street Blues" actor-dir.-producer Kenneth Edward "Ken" Olin on July 30 in Chicago, Ill. Am. poet Lorna Dee Cervantes on Aug. 6 in San Francisco, Calif. French 5'7" pres. #24 (2012-17) (Socialist) (agnostic) Francois Gerard Georges Nicolas Hollande ("from Holland") on Aug. 12 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Upper Normandy; 16th Dutch Calvinist immigrant ancestors; grows up in Neuilly-sur-Seine; educated at Lycee Pasteur, Inst. d'etudes politiques de Paris, and Ecole nat. d'administration. Am. "Flash Gordon" actor Sam J. (Gerald) Jones (AKA Andrew Cooper III) on Aug. 12 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in Sacramento, Calif. Am. 6'3" baseball pitcher (Detroit Tigers, 1976-80) Mark Steven "the Bird" Fidrych (d. 2009) on Aug. 14 in Worcester, Mass. U.S. Gen. (Afghan CIC 2009-10) Stanley Allen McChrystal on Aug. 14; knowing for only eating one meal a day and sleeping 4 hours a night, then running 7-8 mi. Swedish "The Millennium Trilogy" novelist-journalist Karl Stig-Erland "Stieg" Larsson (d. 2004) on Aug. 15 in Skelleftehamn. Am. poet Mary Jo Salter on Aug. 15 in Grand Rapids, Mich.; educated at Harvard U. and Cambridge U.; wife of Brad Leithauser (1953-). Canadian "The Terminator", "Titanic", "Avatar" dir.-writer-producer James Francis Cameron on Aug. 16 in Kapuskasing, Ont.; husband of (1978-84) Sharon Williams, (1985-9) Gale Anne Hurd (1955-), (1989-91) Kathryn Bigelow (1951-), (1997-9) Linda Hamilton (1956-), and (2000-) Suzy Amis (1962-). Scottish anti-Zionist Socialist MP "Gorgeous" George Galloway on Aug. 16 in Dundee; Scottish father, Irish mother. Am. TV weatherman (black) Albert Lincoln "Al" Roker Jr. on Aug. 20 in Queens, N.Y.; cousin of Roxie Roker (1929-95); educated at SUNY; husband of Deborah Roberts (1960-); holds Am. Meteorological Society TV Seal #238. Am. rock drummer Steve Smith (AKA Jazzmaster Saddler) (Journey) on Aug. 21 in Whitman, Mass. Am. "Fantasyland", "Evil Genius", "Studio 360" writer (founder of Spy mag.) Kurt Anderson on Aug. 22 in Omaha, Neb.; educated at Harvard U. Am. actor-writer Charles Busch (Mary Dale) on Aug. 23 in New York City. English musician-singer-songwriter Elvis Costello (Declan Patrick McManus) on Aug. 25 in Paddington, London; of Irish descent. Belarusian dictator pres. (1994-) Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko on Aug. 30 in Kopys. Armenian pres. (1998-2008) Robert Kocharian (Kocharyan) on Aug. 31 in Stepanakert, Azerbaijan; educated at Nat. Polytechnic U. of Armenia. Australian rock musician Riccardo "Ric" Formosa (Little River Band) on Sept. 1 in Rome, Italy; emigrates to Australia in 1974. Am. "William Hinks in The Practice", "Benjamin Linus in Lost", "Harold Finch in Person of Interest" actor Michael Emerson on Sept. 7 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa; grows up in Toledo, Iowa; educated at Drake U.; husband (1998-) of Carrie Preston (1967-). Am. business exec Cara Carleton "Carly" Fiorina (nee Sneed) on Sept. 6. in Austin, Tex.; educated at Stanford U., U. of Md., and MIT. Am. "Arnold Becker in L.A. Law" actor Corbin Dean Bernsen on Sept. 7 in North Hollywood, Calif.; son of producer Harry Bernsen and actress Jeanne Cooper (1928-). Am. "Time Warp Trio" children's writer Jon Scieszka (Polish "path") on Sept. 8 in Flint, Mich.; educated at Albion College, and Columbia U.; collaborator of Lane Smith (1959-). Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Phoenix Suns #6, 1977-88) (Denver Nuggets #6, 1988-91, 1991-2) (Portland Trail Blazers #6, 1991) Walter Paul "the Greyhound" "the Candyman" "the Man with the Velvet Touch" Davis on Sept. 9 in Pineville, N.C.; uncle of Hubert Davis (1970-); educated at the U. of N.C. Iranian politician (Shiite Muslim) Mohsen Rezaie (Rezaee) (Sabzevar Rezaie Mirghaed) on Sept. 9 in Masjed Soleyman, Khuzestan. Am. actor-dir. (black) J. Clark (Clarque) "Slappy" Johnson on Sept. 10 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Concordia U. Am. actor Reed Birney on Sept. 11 in Alexandria, Va. Hungarian "The Gate" dir. Tibor Takacs on Sept. 11 in Budapest. Am. "Changes in the Land" environmental historian William "Bill" Cronon on Sept. 11 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at Jesus College, Oxford U.; U. of Wisc., and Yale U.; teacher of Wayne Pacelle (1965-). Am. artist-photographer-writer (gay) David Wojnarowicz (d. 1992) on Sept. 14 in Red Bank, N.J. Am. banker (Jewish) (CEO of Goldman Sachs, 2006-) Lloyd Craig Blankfein on Sept. 15 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Am. 6'4" hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (black) (Seattle SuperSonics #24, 1976-80) (Phoenix Suns #24, 1980-3) (Boston Celtics #3, 1983-90) (Los Angeles Clippers, 2003) Dennis Wayne "DJ" Johnson (d. 2007) on Sept. 18 in San Pedro, Calif.; educated at Pepperdine U. Canadian-Am. "The Language Instinct", "How the Mind Works", "Words and Rules", "The Stuff of Thought" cognitive psychologist-linguist (Jewish) Steven Arthur "Steve" Pinker on Sept. 18 in Montreal, Quebec; educated at Dawson College, McGill U., and Harvard U.; husband (2007-) of Rebecca Goldstein (1950-). Am. college football coach (U. of Miss., 1995-8) (Auburn U., 1999-2008) (Tex. Tech U., 2010-12) (U. of Cincinnati, 2013-16) Thomas Hawley "Tommy" Tuberville on Sept. 18 in Camden, Ark.; educated at Southern Ark. U. Am. football player (black) (Cincinnati Bengals #57, 1976-89) Reginald "Reggie" Williams on Sept. 19 in Flint, Mich.; educated at Dartmouth College. English jazz musician Peter White on Sept. 20. Am. "Nudge" legal scholar (Jewish) Cass Robert Sunstein on Sept. 21; educated at Harvard U.; husband (2008-) of Samantha Power (1970-). Am. "Slim-Fast" actress-model-singer (black) Shari Belafonte on Sept. 22 in New York City; daughter of Harry Belafonte (1927-). Am. playwright-dir. George Costello Wolfe on Sept. 23 in Frankfort, Ky.; educated at Pomona College, and NYU. U.S. secy. of defense (2014-) and physicist Ashton Baldwin "Ash" Carter on Sept. 24 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Yale U., and St. John's College, Oxford U. Am. rock guitarist George Lynch (Dokken) on Sept. 28 in Spokane, Wash. Am. hall-of-fame bowler (Jewish) Marshall "the Medford Meteor" Holman "the Poleman" on Sept. 29 in San Francisco, Calif.; grows up iin Medford, Ore., where his father Phil the Poleman is a disc jockey. Am. "Lacey Underall in Caddyshack" actress Cindy Morgan (Cynthia Ann Cichorski) on Sept. 29 in Chicago, Ill.; Polish and German parents; educated at Northern Ill. U.; names herself after Morgan le Fay. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Atlanta Hawks #22, 1974-82) (Utah Jazz #20, 1982-4) John Edward Drew on Sept. 30 in Vredenburgh, Ala.; educated at Gardner-Webb U. Am. "Ragtime" actor (black) Calvin Levels on Sept. 30 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "Greg Brady in The Brady Bunch" actor Barry Williams (Barry William Blankhorn) on Sept. 30 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. "I Need Your Love", "Haven't You Heard" R&B singer (black) Patrice Rushen on Sept. 30. Am. "Dr. Jennifer Melfi in The Sopranos", "Karen Friedman Hill in Goodfellas" actress Lorraine Brasco on Oct. 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; wife (1982-93) of Harvey Keitel (1939-), and (1994-2002) Edward James Olmos. Am. "eldest sister Mary Bradford in Eight is Enough" actor Lanita Rose "Lani" O'Grady (d. 2001) on Oct. 2 in Walnut Creek, Calif.; sister of Don Grady (1944-). Am. baseball hall-of-fame player Dennis Lee "Eck" Eckersley on Oct. 3 in Oakland, Calif.; the pitcher who gives up the big one to Kirk Gibson in the 1988 WS. Am. civil rights activist (black) (Baptist) (Freemason) Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton Jr. on Oct. 3 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Crossfire" blues musician Stephen "Stevie" Ray Vaughan (d. 1990) (Double Trouble) on Oct. 3 in Dallas, Tex.; brother of Jimmie Vaughan (1951-). Am. federal judge Priscilla Richman Owen on Oct. 4 in Palacios, Tex.; educated at UTA, and Baylor U. Am. rock singer David Bryson (Counting Crows) on Oct. 5. Am. serial murderer Gary Charles Evans (d. 1998) on Oct. 7 in Troy, N.Y.; Am. R&B singer (black) Taka Boom (Yvonne Stevens) on Oct. 8 in Chicago, Ill.; sister of Chaka Khan (1953-). Am. "American Ninja" actor Michael Joseph Stephen Dudikoff on Oct. 8 in Redondo Beach, Calif. Am. physician and U.S. Rep. (R-Ga.) (2005-) Thomas Edmunds "Tom" Price on Oct. 8 in Lansing, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. "Sam Beckett in Quantum Leap", "Capt. Jonathan Archer in Star Trek: Enterprise" actor Scott Stewart Bakula on Oct. 9 in St. Louis, Mo.; father of Chelsea Bakula (1984-). English rock musician James Fearnley (The Pogues) on Oct. 9 in Worsley, West Manchester. Am. businessman and Dem. politician Roque "Rocky" De La Fuente Guerra on Oct. 10 in San Diego, Calif. Am. journalist (Jewish) (gay) Adam Nagourney on Oct. 10 in New York City; educated at SUNY. Am. rocker David Lee "Diamond Dave" Roth on Oct. 10 in Bloomington, Ind.; Ukrainian ancestry. Am. writer and music critic Tim Page on Oct. 11 in San Diego, Calif.; educated at Columbia U. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (New York Knicks #13, 1977-81) Thomas Ray Williams (d. 2013) on Oct. 14 in Mount Vernon, N.Y.; brother of Gus Williams (1953-); educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "The Producers" dancer-dir.-writer Susan P. Stroman on Oct. 17 in Wilmington, Del.; educated at the U. of Del. U.S. Rep. (D-Mich.) (2015-) (black) Brenda L. Lawrence on Oct. 18 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Detroit, and Central Mich. U. Am. Dimension Films, Miramax films film producer (Jewish) Robert "Bob" Weinstein on Oct. 18 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y.; brother of Harvey Weinstein (1952-). Chinese "Brokeback Mountain", "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" dir. Ang Lee on Oct. 23 in Pingtung, Taiwan. Chinese billionaire businessman Wang Jianlin on Oct. 24 in Cangxi County, Guangyuan, Sichuan. Mexican drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero on Oct. 24 in La Noria, Badiraguato, Sinaloa. Australian Liberal PM #29 (2015-18) Malcolm Bligh Turnbull on Oct. 24 in Sydney, N.S.W.; educated at the U. of Sydney, and Brasenose College, Oxford U. Am. rock drummer Victor DeLorenzo (Violent Femmes) on Oct. 25 in Racine, Wisc. Am. "Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby" writer-novelist (black) Stephen L. Carter on Oct. 26 in Washington, D.C.; son of Lisle C. Carter Jr., deputy dir. of the office of economic opportunity in the Kennedy-Johnson admin.; grandson of Eunice Hunton Carter, first black woman D.A. in N.Y.; educated at Stanford U., and Yale U.; clerks for Thurgood Marshall. Am. "Stealing Beauty" actor Donald Warren Moffett on Oct. 26 in Highland Park, Il. English "Jack Reacher" novelist Lee Child (Jim Grant) on Oct. 29 in Coventry; educated at Sheffield U. Am. "The Wanderers", "Vinnie Terranova in Wiseguy" actor Ken Wahl on Oct. 31 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Friday Night Lights" writer-journalist Harry Gerard "H.G." "Buzz" Bissinger III on Nov. 1 in New York City; educated at Phillips Academy, and the U. of Penn. English punk rock singer Adam Ant (Stuart Leslie Goddard) (Adam Ant and the Ants) on Nov. 3 in Marylebone, London. English rock singer-songwriter-producer Chris Difford (Squeeze) on Nov. 4 in Greenwich, London. Am. economist Jeffrey David Sachs on Nov. 5 in Detroit, Mich.; raised in Oak Park, Mich.; educated at Harvard U. British "The Remains of the Day", "When We Were Orphans" novelist-screenwriter Kazuo Ishiguro on Nov. 8 in Nagasaki, Japan; emigrates to England in 1960; educated at the U. of East Anglia; 2017 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. Sun Microsystems co-founder William Nelson "Bill" Joy on Nov. 8 in Farmington Hills, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich., and UCB. Israeli politician-rabbi (Jewish) Binyamin "Benny" Elon on Nov. 10 in Jerusalem. Am. Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. co-founder (Jewish) Ken Grossman on Nov. 11 in S Calif.; educated at Butte College. Am. conservative commentator (Roman Catholic convert) Charles Jay "Charlie" Sykes on Nov. 11 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wisc. Greek New Age musician-composer (John) Yanni (Yiannis) (Giannis) Chrysomallis on Nov. 14 in Kalamata. U.S. secy. of state #66 (2005-9) (black) Condoleezza Rice on Nov. 14 in Birmingham, Ala.; named after the Italian musical expression "con dolcezza" (with sweetness); attends the U. of Denver at age 15, and plays Mozart on the piano with the Denver Symphony at age 15; student of Josef Korbel, father of Madeleine Albright; educated at the U. of Notre Dame, studying the Soviet Union. Am. economist David Bruce Audretsch on Nov. 15; educated at Drew u., and the U. of Wisc. Am. "Marilyn Lovell in Apollo 13" actress Kathleen Quinlan on Nov. 19 in Pasadena, Calif. Egyptian pres. #6 (2014) and defense minister (2012-) Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi on Nov. 19 in Cairo. Dutch poet-writer Benno Barnard on Nov. 21 in Amsterdam. Am. "The Way It Is" singer Bruce Hornsby on Nov. 23 in Williamsburg, Va. Am. "Fargo, "Barton Fink", "The Big Lebowski" filmmaker Joel Coen on Nov. 29 in Minneapolis, Minn.; brother of Ethan Coen (1957-). Italian "Apollonia Vitelli in The Godfather" actress Simonetta Stefanelli on Nov. 30 in Rome; wife (1989-94) of Michele Placido (1946-); mother of Violante Placido (1976-). U.S. treasury secy. #71 (1999-2001), Harvard U. pres. #27 (2001-6), and Nat. Economic Council dir. #8 (2009-10) (Jewish) Lawrence Henry "Larry" Summers on Nov. 30 in New Haven, Conn.; nephew of Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow; educated at MIT, and Harvard U. Am. "Bob Bulldog Briscoe in Frasier" actor Daniel Bruce "Dan" Butler on Dec. 2 in Ft. Wayne, Ind. Am. "Trisha in The Donna Reed Show" actress Patti "Patty" Petersen Mirkovich on Dec. 2 in Glendale, Calif.; sister of Paul Peterson (1945-). Am. NBC-TV news broadcaster Lester Stockton "Stone" Phillips on Dec. 2 in Texas City, Tex. Am. collage painter John Brainard on Dec. 4 in Tulsa, Okla.; brother of Joe Brainard (1942-94). Am. "Carter in Howard the Duck" actor Miles Chapin on Dec. 6 in New York City; descendant of Steinway & Sons founder Henry E. Steinway, and Metropolitan Opera mgr. Schuyler Chapin. Am. murder-forger (Mormon) Mark William Hoffmann on Dec. 7 in Salt Lake City, Utah; educated at Utah State U. Am. Repub. Okla. gov. #27 (2011-) Mary Fallin (Copeland) on Dec. 9 in Warrensburg, Mo.; educated at Okla. State U. English musician Jack Hues (Jeremy Allan Ryder) (Wang Chung) on Dec. 10 in Gillingham, Kent. Am. singer-musician (black) (Muslim) Jermaine LaJaune Jackson (Muhammad Abdul Aziz) on Dec. 11 in Gary, Ind. Am. "Romeo's Tune" singer-songwriter Samuel Stephen "Steve" Forbert on Dec. 13 in Meridian, Miss. Danish ballet dancer Ib Anderson on Dec. 14 in Copenhagen. Am. actor Justin Ross on Dec. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y. U.S. Sen. (D-Va.) (2009-) and Va. gov. #69 (2002-6) Mark Robert Warner on Dec. 15 in Indianapolis, Ind.; educated at George Washington U., and Harvard U. English "Sid and Nancy" film dir. Alexander "Alex" Cox on Dec. 15 in Bebington (near Liverpool). Am. "Henry Hill in Goodfellas", "Shoeless Joe Jackson in Field of Dreams" actor Raymond Allen "Ray" Liotta (d. 2022)on Dec. 18 in Newark, N.J.; of Italian-Scottish descent. Am. "Jimmy Berlutti in The Practice" actor Michael Badalucco on Dec. 20 in Flatbush, Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. tennis player Christine Marie "Chris" Evert on Dec. 21 in Boca Raton, Fla.; 37-43 in matches with Martina Navratilova. Scottish "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This") singer-songwriter ("Greatest White Soul Singer Alive") Ann "Annie" Lennox (Eurythmics) on Dec. 25 in Aberdeen. British reggae singer-musician Robin Campbell (UB40) on Dec. 25. Mexican 5'6" Sinaloa Cartel drug lord El Chapo ("Shirty") (Joaquin Archivaldo Guzman Loera) on Dec. 25 (Apr. 4, 1957?) in La Tuna, Badiraguato, Sinaloa. Am. dog musher Susan Howlet Butcher (d. 2006) on Dec. 26 in Cambridge, Mass. Am. baseball hall-of-fame shortstop (black) ("the Wizard of Oz") (San Diego Padres, 1978-81) (St. Louis Cardinals, 1982-96) Osborne Earl "Ozzie" Smith on Dec. 26 in Mobile, Ala.; first ML defensive player to get a million-dollar contract. Am. 6'10" basketball player (white) (Milwaukee Bucks #54, 1977-80) (Detroit Pistsons #54, 1980-6) (Utah Jazz #54, 1986-7) (Cleveland Cavaliers #54, 1987-8) Michael Kent "Benny" Benson on Dec. 27 in New Castle, Ind.; educated at the U. of Ind. Am. "Malcolm X", "Atty. Joe Miller in Philadelphia", "Rubin Hurricane Carter in The Hurricane", "Det. Alonzo Harris in Training Day" actor (black) Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. on Dec. 28 in Mt. Vernon, N.Y.; educated at Fordham U. Scottish PM #4 (2007-14) Alexander Elliot Anderson Salmond on Dec. 31 in Linlithgow; educated at the U. of St. Andrews. Am. celeb pshrink Daniel Gregory Amen on ? in Encino, Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Vanguard U. of Southern Calif., and Oral Roberts U. Canadian zoologist Susan Janet Crockford on ? in ?; educated at the U. of British Columbia, and U. of Victoria. Am. geophysicist David Deming on ? in Terre Haute, Ind.; educated at Indiana U., and U. of Utah. Afghan vice-pres. (2014-) Gen. Abdul Rashid Dostum on ? in Jowzjan; of Uzbek descent. Am. "The Long Night of White Chickens" novelist (Jewish) Francisco "Frank" "Paco" Goldman on ? in Boston, Mass.; Jewish-Am. father, Guatemalan mother. Am. "My So-Called Life", "Wicked" poet-playwright-screenwriter Winnie Holzman on ? in Manhattan, N.Y.; grows up in Roslyn Heights, Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Princeton U., and NYU. English "The Limits of Enchantment" novelist Graham Joyce on ? in Keresley. Israeli historian (Jewish) Ilan Pappe (Pappé) on ? in Haifa; German Jewish parents; educated at Hebrew U. and Oxford U. Belgian economist Gerard (Gérard) Roland on ? in Jemappes, Wallonia; educated at the Free U. of Brussels. Am. "The Hunt for Bin Laden" writer Tom Shroder on ? in New York City; educated at the U. of Fla. Am. "Hairspray", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" lyricist-writer-dir. Scott Wittman on ? in Nanuet, N.Y.; educated at Emerson College. Deaths: English Anglican theologian Dean William Ralph Inge (b. 1860) on Feb. 26 in Wallingford: "It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism, while the wolf remains of a different opinion." French inventor Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumiere (b. 1862) on Apr. 10 in Lyon. German historian Friedrich Meinecke (b. 1862) on Feb. 6 in Berlin. Austrian archduke Eugen (b. 1863) on Dec. 30. Am. civil rights leader Mary Church Terrell (b. 1863) on July 24 in annapolis, Md. Am. atty.-financier Charles Francis Adams (III) (b. 1866) on June 10 in Boston, Mass. Spanish dramatist Jacinto Benavente (b. 1866); 1922 Nobel Lit. Prize. English scholar Sir Edmund Chambers (b. 1866) on Jan. 21 in Eynsham, Oxfordshire. British socialite Helen Vincent, Viscountess D'Abernon (b. 1866) on May 16. French lecturer-writer Father Ernest Dimnet (b. 1866): "The happiness of most people we know is not ruined by great catastrophes or fatal errors, but by the repetition of slowly destructive little things." Am. New Thought writer Horatio Willis Dresser (b. 1866) on Mar. 30 in Boston, Mass. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player-mgr. Hugh Duffy (b. 1866) on Oct. 19 in Boston, Mass.; sets the ML batting avg. record with .438 in 1894. Canadian radical miner Albert Horsley (b. 1866) on Apr. 13 in Boise, Idaho. Lithuanian-born women's basketball pioneer Senda Berenson Abbott (b. 1868) on Feb. 16 in Santa Barbara, Calif. Am. chemist Marston Taylor Bogert (b. 1868). German airship pioneer Hugo Eckener (b. 1868). Am. legal historian Charles Warren (b. 1868) on Aug. 16 in Washington, D.C.; a window is dedicated to him in the Nat. Cathedral. Am. opera composer Harry Lawrence Freeman (b. 1869) on Mar. 24 in New York City (heart failure). Am. jurist Augustus Noble Hand (b. 1869) on Oct. 28 in Middlebury, Vt. French Fauve painter Henri Matisse (b. 1869) on Nov. 3 in New York City; dies while working on stained glass window designs for a chapel; his last years were spent in Nice, France: "A work of art must be harmonious in its entirety. The chief aim of color should be to serve expression. To paint an autumn landscape, I will not try to remember what colors suit that season; I will be inspired only by the feeling it arouses in me." English archeologist Sir John Lynton Myres (b. 1869) on Mar. 6 in Oxford. Danish novelist Martin Andersen Nexo (b. 1869) on June 1 in Dresden. Am. atty. John Spalding Flannery (b. 1870) on Feb. 17. Austrian composer Oscar Straus (b. 1870) on Jan. 11 in Bad Ischl. English philanthropist Seebohm Rowntree (b. 1871) on Oct. 7. Am. football coach Glenn Scobey "Pop" Warner (b. 1871) on Sept. 7 in Palo Alto, Calif.; 319 major NCAA college football wins in a 44-year career as head coach in 1895-1938, incl. four nat. championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1926). Costa Rican pres. (1920-4) Julio Acosta Garcia (b. 1872) on July 6. Am. silent film actress Mae Hotely (b. 1872) on Apr. 6 in Coronado, Calif. French "Gigi" novelist Colette (b. 1873) on Aug. 3 in Paris: "I love my past. I love my present. I'm not ashamed of what I've had, and I'm not sad because I have it no longer."; "To talk to a child, to fascinate him, is much more difficult than to win an electoral victory, but it is also more rewarding." Am. mathematician Julian Lowell Coolidge (b. 1873) on Mar. 5 in Cambridge, Mass. British politician Sir John Simon (b. 1873) on Jan. 11. Am. composer Charles Ives (b. 1874) on May 19. Danish composer Hakon Borresen (b. 1876). German chemist Otto Diels (b. 1876) on Mar. 7; 1950 Nobel Chem. Prize. U.S. Sen. (D-Nev.) (1933-54) Pat McCarran (b. 1876) on Sept. 28. Am. candymaker Thomas Ovard Smith (b. 1876) on May 26 in Boise, Idaho. Am. singer Billy Murray (b. 1877). Am. "Mr. Potter in It's a Wonderful Life" actor Lionel Barrymore (b. 1878) on Nov. 15 in Van Nuys, Calif. (heart attack): "This is the age of insincerity. The movies had the misfortune to come along in the twentieth century, and because they appeal to the masses there can be no sincerity in them. Hollywood is tied hand and foot to the demands for artificiality of the masses all over the world." Am. aircraft designer Clyde Vernon Cessna (b. 1879) on Nov. 20 in Rago, Kan. Australian "My Brilliant Career" novelist Miles Franklin (b. 1879) on Sept. 19 in Drummoyne, N.S.W. British diplomat Sir Auckland Geddes (b. 1879) on June 8. English "Kaspar Gutman the Fat Man in Maltese Falcon" actor Sydney Greenstreet (b. 1879) on Jan. 18 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. Hays Code czar Will Hays (b. 1879) on Mar. 7 in Sullivan, Ind. Am. composer-lyricist Raymond Hubbell (b. 1879) on Dec. 13 in Miami, Fla. (stroke). French labor leader Leon Jouhaux (b. 1879) on Apr. 28; 1951 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. Pres. Wilson's private secy. (1911-21) Joe Tumulty (b. 1879) on Apr. 19 in Olney, Md. French painter Andre Derain (b. 1880) on Sept. 8 in Garches, Hauts-de-Seine, Ile-de-France. Scottish-born "Forbes" founder Bertie Charles Forbes (b. 1880) on May 6 in New York City: "You have no idea how big the other fellow's troubles are." Am. novelist Joseph Hergesheimer (b. 1880) on Apr. 25 in Sea Isle City, N.J. Am. gospel-blues singer Washington Phillips (b. 1880( on Sept. 20 in Teague, Tex. Am. sports writer Grantland Rice (b. 1880) on July 13 in New York City. "For When the One Great Scorer comes/ To write against your name,/ He marks - not that you won or lost - / But how you played the Game." Swedish-born Am. zipper inventor Gideon Sundback (b. 1880) on June 21 in Meadville, Penn. Italian PM #44 (1945-53) Alcide de Gasperi (b. 1881 on Aug. 19 in Passo Sella. Welsh poet-politician William John Gruffydd (b. 1881) on Sept. 29. Am. silent film actress Florence Hackett (b. 1881) on Aug. 21 in New York City. German Field Marshal Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist (b. 1881) on Nov. 13 in Vladimir Prison, Russia; dies serving a 10-year sentence enacted in 1952 for war crimes, incl. "alienating, through friendship and generosity, the peoples of the Soviet Union", becoming the highest-ranking German officer to die in Soviet captivity. English "The Maid of the Mountains" playwright Frederick Lonsdale (b. 1881) on Apr. 4 in London (heart attack). Am. folklorist Olive Dame Campbell (b. 1882); leaves Appalachian Travels: The Diary of Olive Dame Campbell (pub. in 2012). Brazilian pres. (1930-45, 1950-4) Getulio Vargas (b. 1882) on Aug. 24. Am. Chrysler Bldg. architect William Van Alen (b. 1883) on May 24 in New York City. Am. pickled onion sucking diplomat Hugh Simons Gibson (b. 1883) on Dec. 12 in Geneva, Switzerland. German Olympic swimmer Emil Rausch (b. 1883) on Dec. 14. Soviet foreign affairs minister (1949-53) Andrei Vyshinsky (b. 1883) on Nov. 22 in New York City. Am. "Mutt and Jeff" cartoonist Bud Fisher (b. 1885) on Sept. 7 in New York City. German mathematical physicist Theor Kaluza (b. 1885) on Jan. 19. Am. ambassador Ruth Bryan Owen (b. 1885) on July 26 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Canadian theater dir. John Murray Anderson (b. 1886) on Jan. 30 in New York City (heart attack). German conductor-composer Wilhelm Furtwangler (b. 1886) on Nov. 30. Am. Harlem Renaissance leader Alain Locke (b. 1886) on June 9 in New York City. Polish-born Am. Yiddish novelist Joseph Opatoshu (b. 1886) on ? (Yom Kippur). Austrian-born German BMW dir. (1922-42) Franz Josef Popp (b. 1886) on July 29 in Stuttgart, West Germany. German actor-dir. Reinhold Schunzel (b. 1886) on Nov. 11 in Munich. Czech PM (1938-9) Rudolf Beran (b. 1887) on Apr. 23 in Leopoldov Prison. Am. physicist Karl Taylor Compton (b. 1887) on June 22. Am. anthropologist Earnest Albert Hooton (b. 1887) on May 3 in Cambridge, Mass. Am. theater set designer Robert Edmond Jones (b. 1887) on Nov. 26 in Milton, N.H. Swedish-born Am. Greyhound Lines founder Eric Wickman (b. 1887) on Feb. 5 in Daytona Beach, Fla. German Nazi Panzer gen. Heinz Guderian (b. 1888) on May 14 in Schwangau, Allgau. German actress-novelist Thea Gabriele von Harbou (b. 1888) on July 1 in Berlin. German Gen. Joachim Lemelsen (b. 1888) on Mar. 30 in Gottingen. Am. candymaker Russell Stover (b. 1888) on May 11. Am. "Dracula", "Berkeley Square" playwright-screenwriter John L. Balderston (b. 1889) on Mar. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. actor Eugene Pallette (b. 1889) on Sept. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif. (cancer). Am. Harper's Mag. ed. (1941-54). Frederick Lewis Allen (b. 1890) on Feb. 13 in New York City. Am. FM radio inventor Edwin Howard Armstrong (b. 1890) on Jan. 31. English Conservative politician Duff Cooper (b. 1890) on Jan. 1; in 1956 the Duff Cooper Prize for British lit. achievement is established in his name. Am. atheist-freethought writer Woolsey Teller (b. 1890) on Mar. 11. British air vice-marshal Charles Humphrey Kingsman Edmonds (b. 1891) on Sept. 26. Am. Nash-Kelvinator CEO (1937-54) George Walter Mason (b. 1891) on Oct. 8 in Detroit, Mich. (pancreatitis). Am. film dir. Irving Pichel (b. 1891) on July 13 in Hollywood, Calif. U.S. Sen. (D-Wyo.) (1949-54) Lester Callaway Hunt (b. 1892) on June 19 in Washington, D.C. (suicide); commits hara-kiri in his Senate office after U.S. Sen. Henry Styles Bridges of N.H. blackmails him with exposure of his son's homosexuality if he doesn't resign in favor of a Repub. appointee - let's call away the hunt, or let's do away with cunt? U.S. Supreme Court justice #83 (1941-54) Robert H. Jackson (b. 1892) on Oct. 9 in Washington, D.C. Austrian conductor Clemens Krauss (b. 1893) on May 16 in Mexico City, Mexico. Am. historian Edward Mead Earle (b. 1894). Hungarian "Major Barbara", "Pygmalion" film producer-dir. Gabriel Pascal (b. 1894) on July 6 in New York City; last words: "I see"; leaves a note to his mistress leaving her his entire estate, resulting in a court battle with the widow, who gets half. Am. "gobbledygook" Dem. politician Maury Maverick Sr. (b. 1895) on June 7. Am. gangster Machine Gun Kelly (b. 1895) on July 18 (his birthday) in Leavenworth Penitentiary, Kan. (heart attack). Swiss-born Argentine horseman-writer A.F. Tschiffely (b. 1895) on Jan. 5. Am. philosopher Irwin Edman (b. 1896) on Sept. 4 in New York City (heart attack). British WWI Lt. Frederick William Hedges (b. 1896) on May 29 in Harrogate, North Yorkshire. Am. singer Lee Morse (b. 1897) on Dec. 16 in Rochester, N.Y. Am. country music record exed Fred Rose (b. 1897) on Dec. 1 in Nashville, Tenn. English composer Noel Gay (b. 1898) on Mar. 4. Am. artist Reginald Marsh (b. 1898) on July 3 in Dorset, Vt. Am. historian Charles Sackett Sydnor (b. 1898) on Mar. 2 in Biloxi, Miss. (heart attack); in 1955 the Southern Historical Assoc. establishes the biennial Charles S. Sydnor Award of $500 for the best book on the history of the Am. South. Am. playwright Lynn Riggs (b. 1899) on June 29 in New York City (cancer). Am. CIA dir. (1946-7) Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg (b. 1899) on Apr. 2 in Washington, D.C. (cancer). English "Lost Horizon" novelist James Hilton (b. 1900) on Dec. 20 in Long Beach, Calif. (liver cancer). German political scientist Franz Leopold Neumann (b. 1900) on Sept. 2 in Visp, Switzerland (automobile accident). Italian-Am. physicist Enrico Fermi (d. 1901) on Nov. 28 in Chicago, Ill.; 1938 Nobel Physics Prize - the good die young? Am. auto racer Wilbur Shaw (b. 1902) on Oct. 30 in Decatur, Ind. Mexican artist Frida Kahlo (b. 1907) on July 13; her last work is Blood Red Watermelons with Seeds, and her hubby Diego Riviera's last work is on the same subject - the good die young? French fashion designer Jacques Fath (b. 1912) on Nov. 13 in Paris (leukemia). English mathematician Alan Turing (b. 1912) on June 7 in Wilmslow, Cheshire (suicide with a cyanide-laced apple after being convicted in 1952 of gross indecency for being homosexual and forcibly castrated with female hormones to avoid prison;Winston Churchill claims he made the single biggest contribution to an Allied V against the Nazis by cracking the Enigma machines; his favorite fairy tale was "Snow White"; the Bitch, er, British govt. finally apologize on Sept. 11, 2009, and grant him a royal pardon on Dec. 24, 2013: on Jan. 31, 2017 the Turing Law is passed, pardoning all who were convicted of homosexuality; "Science is a differential equation. Religion is a boundary condition." Hungarian combat photographer Robert Capa (b. 1913) on May 25 in Thai Binh, Vietnam (land mine). Am. R&B singer Johnny Ace (b. 1929) on Dec. 25 in Houston, Tex.; kills himself in a Russian Roulette game; 5K attend his funeral in Memphis, Tenn. on Jan. 2.



1955 - The Anthony Eden East of Eden Rosa Parks Martin Luther King Jr. Emmett Till Emmett Kelly Smile Year? The middle of the 50's, 55, a big year for conferences and pacts?

First Soviet H-Bomb Test, Nov. 22, 1955 Sir Anthony Eden of Britain (1897-1977) John Rupert 'Jock' Colville of Britain (1915-87) Nikolai A. Bulganin of the Soviet Union (1895-1975) Constantine Karamanlis of Greece (1907-98) Rosa Parks (1913-2005) Rosa Parks Being Booked, Dec. 1, 1955 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68) Anastas Mikoyan of the Soviet Union (1895-1978) Giovanni Gronchi of Italy (1887-1978) Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell of Britain (1906-63) Andras Hegedus of Hungary (1922-99) Chaudhry Mohammed Ali of Pakistan (1905-80) Norodom Suramarit of Cambodia (1896-1960) Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal (1920-72) Humpty Hump (Shock G) (1963-) David Saul Marshall of Singapore (1908-95) John Marshall Harlan II of the U.S. (1899-1971) U.S. Adm. Arleigh Albert Burke (1901-96) Harold Elstner Talbott Jr. of the U.S. (1888-1957) British Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer (1898-1979) Abraham Alexander Ribicoff of the U.S. (1910-98) Richard Joseph Daley of the U.S. (1902-76) Norman Washington Manley of Jamaica (1893-1969) Sir Christopher Sydney Cockerell (1910-99) Harlow Herbert Curtice (1893-1962) Wolf Isaac Ladejinsky (1899-) George Meany (1894-1980) Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-95) Sir Alexander Robertus Todd (1907-97) Paul Dudley White (1886-1973) Pierre Levegh (1905-55) Pierre Levegh, June 11, 1955 Grand Prix Accident, June 11, 1955 Bob Sweikert (1926-56) L'Inconnue de la Seine Forrest M. Bird (1921-) Emmett Till (1941-55) Ernest Columbus Withers Sr. (1922-2007) Emmett Kelly (1898-1979) Emmett Kelly's Smile, 1955 Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) Ronald Stuart Thomas (1913-2000) Brian Wilson Aldiss (1925-) Barbara 'Bloody Babs' Graham (1923-55) John Gilbert 'Jack' Graham (1932-57) Virginia Hill (1917-66) Ruth Ellis (1926-85) E. Harvie Ward (1925-2004) Jack Fleck (1921-) and Ben Hogan (1912-97) Paul Anderson (1932-94) Tom Gola (1933-2014) Dick Ricketts (1933-88) Maurice Stokes (1933-70) Jack Twyman (1934-2012) Jim Loscutoff (1930-) K.C. Jones (1933-) Carl Bobo Olson (1928-2002) Leigh Brackett (1915-78) Gordon Pirie (1931-91) Roberto Clemente (1934-71) John Podres (1932-) Rocky Colavito (1933-) Calvin Griffith (1911-99) Raymond Aron (1905-83) Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) Helen Corbitt (1906-78) Lee Cronbach (1916-2001) George Kelly (1905-) William F. Buckley Jr. (1925-2008) James Burnham (1905-87) Ross McWhirter (1925-75) and Norris McWhirter (1925-2004) Richard N. Current (1912-2012) J.P. Donleavy (1926-) Patrick Dennis (1921-76) Cyrus Stephen Eaton (1883-1979) Albert Ellis (1913-2007) William Gaddis (1922-98) Pieter Geyl (1887-1966) Shirley Ann Grau (1929-) Joy Paul Guilford (1897-1987) Talbot Faulkner Hamlin (1889-1956) Richard Hofstadter (1916-70) MacKinlay Kantor (1904-77) Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957) Lawrence Robert Klein (1920-) Arthur Stanley Goldberger (1930-) Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009) Severo Ochoa (1905-93) Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) Jack Spicer (1925-65) Patrick White (1912-90) Sloan Wilson (1920-2003) Halldor Kiljan Laxness (1902-98) Polykarp Kusch (1911-93) Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. (1913-2008) Vincent du Vigneaud (1901-78) Hugo Theorell (1903-82) Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883-1970) Narinder Singh Kapany (1926-) Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) Robert Gordon Wasson (1898-1986) Sir Frederick Ernest Gibberd (1908-84) Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1890-1976) Donald Hall Jr. (1928-) Rudolf Flesch (1911-86) Joseph Hayes (1918-2006) Paul Horgan (1903-95) George King (1919-97) John Frederick Lehmann (1907-87) Walter Lord (1917-2002) Jacob Marschak (1898-1977) James Edward Meade (1907-95) Humberto Fernandez-Moran (1924-99) Archie Randolph Ammons (1926-2001) Zeke Scher Yehiel De-Nur (1909-2001) Willis Carto (1926-) C. Vann Woodward (1908-99) 'Samuel Youd (1922-2012) Paul Maurice Zoll (1911-99) Electrodyne PM-65 Pacemaker, 1955 Rock Hudson (1925-85) and Phyllis Gates (1925-2006) Ann Landers (1918-2002) William Saroyan (1908-81) Carol Matthau (1925-2003) Cyril Northcote Parkinson (1909-83) Pauline Phillips (1918-) Robert Silverberg (1935-) Julian Steward (1902-72) Harold Cornelius Voris (1902-80) Hal March (1920-70) Joyce Brothers (1927-) Bergen Evans (1904-78) Barbara Feldon (1933-) Robert McFerrin Sr. (1921-2006) Leontyne Price (1927-) Pete Seeger (1919-2014) Johnny Cash (1932-2003) Fats Domino (1928-2017) Eddy Arnold (1918-2008) Lonnie Donegan (1931-2002) Red Foley (1910-68) Tennessee Ernie Ford (1919-91) Dick Haymes (1918-80) Etta James (1938-2012) The Platters The Flamingos Bo Diddley (1928-2008) Thelonious Monk (1917-82) Colonel Tom Parker (1909-97) and Elvis Presley (1935-77) Stephen H. Sholes (1911-68) McDonald's Restaurant in the 1950s Richard (1926-2004) and Henry W. Bloch (1922-) Jack Finney (1911-95) Walter Hoving (1897-1989) Sheree North (1932-2005) Gisele MacKenzie (1927-2003) Charlie Ryan (1915-2008) Porter Wagoner (1927-2007) 'Highway Patrol', 1955-9 Lawrence Welk (1903-92) Lawrence Welk Show, 1955- 'The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp', 1955-61 'The Millionaire', 1955-60) 'Captain Kangaroo', starring Bob Keeshan (1927-2004), 1955-84 The Mickey Mouse Club, 1955-9 'The Mighty Mouse Playhouse', 1955-67 Jimmie Dodd (1960-64) and Roy Williams (1907-76) Julius Sumner Miller (1909-87) Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967) Sharon Ritchie (1937-) Bert Parks (1914-92) Alfred Hitchcock Presents', 1955-65 Alfred Hitchcock Presents', 1955-65 'The Bob Cummings Show', 1955-9 'Cheyenne', 1955-63 'Gunsmoke', 1955-75 The Honeymooners, 1955-6 'Crossroads', 1955-7 'Crusader', 1955-6 The Phil Silvers Show, 1955-9 'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof', 1955 'Blackboard Jungle', 1955 Delbert Mann (1920-2007) 'The Dam Busters', 1955 'Damn Yankees', 1955 'East of Eden', 1955 'The Fast and the Furious', 1955 'Inherit the Wind', 1955 'It Came from Beneath the Sea', 1955 'Kiss Me Deadly', 1955 'Lady and the Tramp', 1955 'No Time for Sergeants', 1955 Michael Vincenzo Gazzo (1923-95) 'Lady Godiva of Coventry', 1955 'The Ladykillers', 1955 'Marty', starring Ernest Borgnine (1917-2012), 1955 'Oklahoma!', 1955 Shirley Jones (1934-) Mike Todd (1909-58) Nicholas Ray (1911-79) James Dean's Crash, Sept. 30, 1955 'Picnic', 1955 'Rebel Without a Cause', starring James Dean (1931-55), 1955 'Richard III', 1955 'The Seven Year Itch', 1955 Marilyn Monroe's Blown Skirt Scene, 1955 'Simba', 1955 'Summertime' 1955 'That Lady', 1955 Paul Scofield (1922-2008) 'To Catch a Thief', 1955 Mickey Hargitay (1926-2006) 'The Night of the Hunter', 1955 'The Phantom from 10,000 Leagues', 1955 'Day the World Ended', 1955 Curt Jurgens (1915-82) Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000) Little Richard (1932-2020) Pat Boone (1934-) Shirley MacLaine (1934-) Pert Kelton (1907-68) Euler's Flycatcher, -1955 British Naval Cmdr. Edward Whitehead (1908-78) hawking Schweppes Tonic Water Hannes Hegen (1925-) Mosaik Comics, 1954- Cristobal Balenciaga (1895-1972) Cristobal Balenciaga Empire Line, 1959 Karl Otto Lagerfeld (1933-) 'The Mysteries of the Horizon' by Rene Magritte (1898-1967), 1955 'Fillette a la Robe Rouge, Montmartre' by Tsuguhara Foujita, 1955-7 Minoru Yamasaki (1912-86) Pruitt-Igloe Housing Project, St. Louis, Mo., 1955 Moulin Rouge, Las Vegas, 1955 'The Urantia Book', 1955 'Les Femmes d'Alger, Version O', by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), 1955 Crockett Johnson (1906-75) 'Harold and the Purple Crayon' by Crockett Johnson (1906-75), 1955 Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson (1910-90) U-2 F-105 Thunderchief V-8 Crusader Hilton Hawaiian Village, 1955 Winnipeg Arena Disneyland, 1955

1955 Doomsday Clock: 2 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Sheep (Jan. 24). Time Mag. Man of the Year: Harlow Herbert Curtice (1893-1962), CEO of GM (1953-8); auto worship sweeps the U.S. U.S. GNP: $397.5B. Between this year and 1959 the U.S. music record market increases from $213M to $603M (600M records), and rock and roll's share increases from 15.7% to 42.7%; the market share of the four majors drops from 78% to 44%, while the share of independent record cos. increases from 22% to 56%. U.S. psychiatric clinics treat 233K patients; by 1977 it grows to 3.9M, with another 3M going to private therapists; the success rate is 0%? On Jan. 1 Ohio State defeats USC by 20-7 to win the 1955 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 2 The Bob Cummings Show debuts on NBC-TV for 173 episodes (until Sept. 15, 1959), switching to CBS in 1955-7, then returning to NBC, starring Robert "Bob" Cummings (1910-90) as playboy bachelor Hollywood aviator-photographer Bob Collins, Rosemary DeCamp (1910-2001) as his sister Margaret MacDonald, Dwayne Bernard Hickman (1934-) as Margaret's son Chuck, and Ann B. (Bradford) Davis (1926-) as his secy. Charmaine "Schultzy" Schultz; Nancy Jane Kulp (1921-91) plays secy. Pamela Livingston; the first hit by producer-writer Paul William Henning (1911-2005), who goes on to develop rural comedies for CBS, incl. "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Petticoat Junction", and "Green Acres". On Jan. 3 Dem. Abraham Alexander Ribicoff (1910-98) becomes gov. #65 of Conn. (until Jan. 21, 1961), becoming the first Jewish gov. of Conn. (until ?). On Jan. 6 Ike's Third State of the Union Address contains the soundbyte "Today the world is at peace. It is, to be sure, an insecure peace. Yet all humanity finds hope in the simple fact that for an appreciable time there has been no active major battlefield on Earth. This same fact inspires us to work all the more effectively with other nations for the well-being, the freedom, the dignity, of every human on Earth." On Jan. 7 the opening of the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa is televised for the first time. On Jan. 7 Marian Anderson makes her singing debut with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City as Ulrica in Verdi's Un Ballo in Maschera, becoming the first Africa-Am. to sing at the Met. On Jan. 12 Ike is questioned by the press about Ukrainian-born Am. Jewish agricultural economist (adviser to Chiang Kai-shek, followed by Japan from 1945-54) Wolf Isaac Ladejinsky (1899-), who was fired by agriculture secy. Ezra Taft Benson as a security risk for alleged Communist connections, then chosen by Harold Stassen to direct the South Vietnamese land reform program; novelist James Michener fires off a letter to the New York Times, with the soundbyte: "It is precisely as if Richard Nixon and Adlai Stevenson were to be charged with subversion. Mr. Ladejinsky is known throughout Asia as Communism's most implacable foe", after which he is allowed to keep his job (until 1961). On Jan. 14 Norwegian PM Oscar Torp resigns, and on Jan. 21 former Labor Party PM (1945-51) Einar Gerhardsen becomes PM again (until 1963). The Chinese try to bait the U.S. by giving it a pescadillo, and Ike gets a new power for the presidency to get the U.S. into all kinds of trouble worldwide? On Jan. 18 after Pres. Eisenhower informs the Chinese that any attack on the Pescadores (64 islets 30 mi. from Formosa in the Taiwan Strait) would be interpreted as a planned invasion of Formosa and resisted by the U.S. Seventh Fleet, the Chinese Communists occupy tiny Yikiang, one of the Dachen (Tachen) Islands 200 mi. N of Formosa while increasing their attacks on Quemoy and Matsu (all 5-10 mi. away from the mainland); on Jan. 20 the Red Chinese conquer the Yijiangshan Island, after which Jan. 24 Pres. Eisenhower addresses Congress, asking for authorization to use U.S. armed forces in the defense of Formosa and the Pescadores (deliberately avoiding mention of Quemoy and Matsu), but on his call not theirs; the Senate passes the Formosa Resolution of 1955 by 85-3 and the House by 410-3, and Ike signs it on Jan. 29; Adlai Stevenson observes that Congress has given the pres. a "blank check", which one day might be cashed without consulting them again, which proves true in Vietnam; in Feb. 1955 the U.S. Seventh Fleet evacuates 14K Chinese Nationalist troops and 14.5K civilians from the Dachen Islands, defusing the Formosa situation and making the Jan. resolution of Congress unnecessary. On Jan. 19 Pres. Eisenhower holds the first-ever televised U.S. pres. press conference; until now reporters never directly quoted the U.S. pres. so that he could modify misstatements. On Jan. 19 the anthology series The Millionaire (If You Had a Million) debuts on CBS-TV for 206 episodes (until June 7, 1960), starring "the Man of a Thousand Voices" Paul (Solomon Hersh) Frees (1920-86) (voice only) as unseen benefactor John Beresford Tipton Jr., who lives on the 60K-acre Silverstone Estate and in his last years picks deserving people and has his exec. secy. Michael "Mike" Anthony, played by Marvin Elliott Miller (Mueller) (1913-85) (voice of Robby the Robot in "Forbidden Planet") hand them a cashier's check for $1 million drawn on the Gotham Trust Bank, after which he must file "a full report"; Tipton considers his lucky pluckers as pieces in a chess game, with the soundbyte: I'm going to choose a number of people for my chessmen, and give them each a million dollars. No one is ever to know that I am the donor"; the announcer is Ed Herlihy. On Jan. 22 (Sat.) Ozark Jubilee debuts on ABC-TV for 297 episodes (until Sept. 24, 1960), hosted by Blue Lick, Ky.-born Clyde Julian "Red" Foley (1910-68) ("Mr. Country Music"), who signs off with "Goodnight mama, goodnight papa", becoming the first U.S. network program featuring top country music stars, filmed in Springfield, Mo., reaching 9M viewers on TV plus millions more on ABC Radio; regulars incl. Billy Walker. In Jan. the Geneva Round II of Gatt (ends 1956) sees 26 countries meet in Geneva and agree to eliminate $2.5B in tariffs; followed by the Dillon Round in 1960. In Jan. Independent TV News (ITN) is founded in London, England by the Independent Television Authority, becoming the first commercial TV network in the U.K. In Jan. Variety mag. pub. the immortal soundbyte about the newfangled rock & roll craze: "It will be gone by June." On Feb. 8 Soviet PM Malenkov resigns after assuming blame for failure of the country's agricultural policy, and is succeeded by Col. Sanders lookalike Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (1895-1975), who becomes Soviet PM (until Mar. 27, 1958). On Feb. 17 a fire in a Roman Catholic home for the elderly in Yokohama, Japan kills 98 of 143 aged female patients plus one staff member, becoming the deadliest fire in a home for the elderly until 1980. On Feb. 23 former PM (1952) Edgar Faure (1908-88) (who is on the right of the Radical Party, opposing the left under Pierre Mendes France) becomes PM of France again (until Feb. 1956). On Feb. 24 the Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Org) (Middle East Treaty Org.), designed by John Foster Dulles is signed by Turkey and Iraq, followed by Britain (Apr.), Pakistan (Sept. 23), and Iran (Oct.), with member countries assured that the U.S. will shield them from subversion and Soviet interference with a "mobile power of great force"; the Western alignment causes Egypt to break with Iraq, and blockade the Straits of Tirain, cutting off the Israeli port of Eilat in the Gulf of Aqaba. On Feb. 27 gen. elections in Japan give a V to the govt. of PM Hatoyama Ichiro. In Feb. in the U.S. 45 RPM records begin to outsell 78 RPM records. In Feb. Am. soprano Mary Violet Leontyne Price (1927-) sings in a performance of Giacomo Puccini's "Tosca" on NBC-TV, becoming the first appearance by an African-Am. in a televised opera in the U.S., pissing-off several Southern affiliates, who cancel out; she goes on to become the first black female superstar at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1961. On Mar. 2 Norodom Sihanouk abdicates as king in favor of his father Norodom Suramarit (1896-1960), and is made PM (until June 5, 1960). On Mar. 7 Peter Pan, starring Larry Hagman's mother Mary Martin (1913-90) is telecast on NBC-TV, winning her the best actress in a single performance Emmy; on Dec. 8, 1960 it is restaged, again starring Martin. On Mar. 7 NBC-TV airs the 7th Annual Emmy Awards, hosted by Steve Allen from the Moulin Rouge Nightclub in Hollywood, Calif., becoming the first coast-to-coast Emmy Awards telecast; Fredric March becomes the first actor to be nominated for two different works in the same category, losing 2x for best actor in a single performance. On Mar. 13 Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah (b. 1906) dies after breaking the cent.-long hegemony of the Rana family, and his son Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah (1920-72) becomes king of Nepal (until Jan. 31, 1972), establishing diplomatic relations with China, followed by a trade and cross-border transit agreement next year - the original Humpty Hump? On Mar. 16 after becoming the first nominee to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee to answer questions on his judicial views (setting a precedent), Chicago, Ill.-born conservative John Marshall Harlan II (1899-1971) (grandson of John Marshall Harlan) is confirmed by a 71-11 vote (9 of the no votes are from the South) as the 90th U.S. Supreme Court justice (until Sept. 23, 1971) to replace the vacancy left by liberal FDR appointeee Robert H. Jackson (1945-54), becoming the "Great Dissenter of the Warren Court", and uttering the soundbyte: "The Constitution is not a panacea for every blot upon the public welfare, nor should this court, ordained as a judicial body, be thought of as a general haven of reform movements." On Mar. 24 the last coin minted in the San Francisco Mint is a penny. On Mar. 24 the South Korean assembly declares the 1953 armistice null and void and calls for the abolition of the NNSC after charging that the Communists, abetted by its Polish and Czech members are building up their military; in Aug. violent demonstrations over this issue erupt in South Korea, causing MAC to agree on Aug. 29 to reduce NNSC personnel from 79 to 40 (not that the Commies care about it anyway?); meanwhile South Korea accuses Japan of commercial dealings with North Korea and places a trade ban on it (until Jan. 1, 1956). On Mar. 25 the 27th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1954 to Columbia's (Horizon-American Corp.) On the Waterfront, along with best actor to Marlon Brando, best supporting actress to Eva Marie Saint, and best dir. to Elia Kazan, which he claims vindicates him for his 1952 rat-finking to HUAC; best actress goes to Grace Kelly for The Country Girl, and best supporting actor to Edmond O'Brien for The Barefoot Contessa; Dorothy Jean Dandridge (1922-65) becomes the first black nominated for a best actress Oscar for Carmen Jones, and during the awards ceremony Brando kisses her, shocking many attendees; Grace Kelly wears an ice-blue gown designed by Edith Head cut from a bolt of $4K French satin with matching evening coat. In Mar. Pres. Eisenhower appoints Nelson A. Rockefeller as chmn. of a panel of experts in arms control psychological warfare, with an office at the Marine base at Quantico and a mission to come up with proposals for an upcoming summit. Britain goes East of Eden? On Apr. 5 PM (since Oct. 26, 1951) Winston Churchill resigns and retires, and Conservative foreign secy. Sir (since 1951) Robert Anthony Eden (1897-1977) (the guy who resigned in 1938 in protest of the appeasement policy of Neville Chamberlain) becomes British PM (until Jan. 9, 1957) (Elizabeth II's 2nd PM); Churchill's private secy. Sir John Rupert "Jock" Colville (1915-87), who later pub. his diaries claims to find Churchill sitting in his bed at 10 Downing St. saying "I don't think Anthony can do it." In Apr. 5 the first legislative elections in Singapore give a V to the left-wing Labour Front, led by "never lose" defense atty. David Saul Marshall (1908-95), a Sephardic Jew of Iraqi ancestry, who on Apr. 6 becomes the first chief minister of Singapore (until June 7, 1956); on May 10-12 the Hock Lee Bus Co. Riots turn into a fight for independence and lead to Black Thursday on May 12, where 2K protesters tangle with police, killing two of them before the violence is stopped by the next morning, with two non-cops killed and 31 injured; Marshall claims "The pattern of action of the demonstrators conform to Communist techniques." On Apr. 8 a 1902 statue of Muhammad by Mexican sculptor Albert Lopez is removed from the roof of the Madison Square Appellate Courthouse in New York City after complaints from Muslims and Muslim govts. incl. Egypt, Pakistan, and Indonesia. On Apr. 15 Chinese PM Chou En-lai visits Rangoon, Burma to meet with Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru and Burmese leader U Nu; on Apr. 11 a chartered Air-India flight form Hong Kong to Indonesia is blown up by the Kuomintang in the belief that Chou is on board. On Apr. 18 the Hungarian Communist rubber-stamp parliament replaces Imre Nagy as PM with Andras Hegedus (1922-99) (until 1956) after accusing him of right-wing deviationism on Apr. 14. On Apr. 20 Irish-Am. Dem. Richard Joseph Daley (1902-76), becomes mayor #38 of Chicago, Ill. (until Dec. 20, 1976), becoming "the last of the big city bosses", going on to support JFK in 1960 and Hubert Humphrey in 1968, while getting in a little spat with Ribicoff at the 1968 Dem. Nat. Convention; the 3rd mayor in a row from the Irish Roman Catholic Bridgeport neighborhood in Chicago's South Side. In Apr. after Indonesian Pres. Sukarno organizes the Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung, the Non-Alliance Movement between Third World countries that do not wish to align to either side in the Cold War begins; by 2007 it has 118 members. In Apr. the Rock 'n' Roll Festival is held at St. Nick's Arena in Harlem, featuring the Cadillacs, Lillian Leach and the Mellows, Otis Blackwell et al. On May 5 West Germany (Federal German Repub.) becomes an independent sovereign state; on May 9 it is officially admitted to NATO in a special ceremony in Paris, making 15 members; meanwhile the growing economies in Western Europe trigger a new round of migration involving up to 40M in the next decade. On May 11 Christian Dem. party co-founder Giovanni Gronchi (1887-1978) becomes pres. #2 of Italy (until May 11, 1962), going on to attempt a controversial failed "opening to the left". On May 14 the counter-NATO Warsaw Pact is signed by eight Communist bloc nations incl. the Soviet Union, GDR, Albania, and Romania. On May 15 Austria, still occupied even though declared "liberated" by the U.S. and Britain after WWII, finally concludes a treaty with the U.S.S.R. and other occupying powers, and regains its independence; Austria is declared by the federal parliament to be permanently neutral. On May 15 Fidel Castro and his brother Raul Castro are released from prison in Cuba and flee to Mexico - we never said we're sorry? On May 26 Soviet PM Khrushchev arrives in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, apologizes for Soviet treatment of the country in 1949, and calls for closer ties; Tito secures Soviet recognition of Yugoslavian independence in domestic and internat. affairs; on June 2 Tito and Khrushchev issue a joint communique calling for a collective European security treaty, banning of nukes, and U.N. membership for Communist China; on June 3 the Belgrade Declaration of equality in relations between Communist countries is signed. On May 31 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules in Brown v. Board of Education II that U.S. school systems must abolish their racially-dual systems "with all deliberate speed" - yes, Warren, yawn? On June 1 the first Dollar General store opens in Scottsville, Ky., becoming the first dollar store - back when a dollar bought what $7-$8 buys in 2007? In early June the 1955 British Dock Strike by 18K workers begins; it is called off on July 5 after six weeks with no net gains. On June 3 the terms of Tunisian sovereignty are spelled out in a French-Tunisian agreement; in Dec. the Sudanese parliament declares the independence of Sudan, which under Muslim pressure is approved by Britain and Egypt, to become effective next year. On June 3 good-looking ho addict Barbara "Bloody Babs" Graham (b. 1923) becomes the first female executed in the state of Calif., along with two accomplices for the murder of elderly widow Mabel Monahan; Susan Hayward portrays Babs in the 1958 film I Want to Live!, which claims she was framed. On June 6 the U.S. Post Office introduces regular certified mail service. On June 7 the TV quiz show The $64,000 Question, emceed by Hal March (1920-70) and sponsored by Revlon debuts on CBS-TV (until Nov. 2, 1958); questions are written by prof. Bergen Baldwin Evans (1904-78); a new Cadillac is the consolation prize to those missing the big money question; New York City-born psychologist Dr. Joyce Brothers (1927-) wins in the category of boxing, Barbara Feldon (1933-) for Shakespeare; too bad, the 1958 TV Quiz Show Scandal causes it to be canceled, after which March is out of work for a decade, then dies of lung cancer; Brothers is permitted to be the first-ever woman boxing color commentator for CBS-TV during the match between Sugar Ray Robinson and Carmen Basilio, and in Aug. 1958 becomes the first TV psychologist. On June 16 Pope Pius XII excommunicates Argentine Pres. Juan Domingo Peron (ends 1963). On June 21 elections in Pakistan give the Muslim League 35 seats, and the two Bengali (E Pakistan) parties, the United Front and Awami (People's League) 38 seats, ending 1-party rule by the Muslim League, which had been in power since its inception in 1947; on Aug. 11 a coalition cabinet is formed, and on Aug. 12 finance minister Chaudhry Mohammed (Muhammad) Ali (1905-80) becomes Pakistani PM #4 (until Sept. 12, 1956) and head of the Muslim League. In June the Nat. Security Council separates satellite research from military ballistic missile research, ending Werner von Braun's Project Orbiter; "an astonishing piece of stupidity" (I.M. Levitt); von Braun's men are transferred to the Navy's Project Vanguard under dir. John P. Hagen, who had announced the intention of launching a 20 lb. satellite in late 1954,but changed it to a 21.5 lb. satellite for spring 1958 - too bad the Russkies scoop them? In June the Ford Motor Co. decides to produce the new medium price ($2.4K to $4K) Edsel (first called the E or Experimental Car), first conceived in 1948 in an attempt to quit "growing customers for General Motors", who trade up from Fords to Buicks, Pontiacs, and Oldsmobiles instead of going for their Mercury settle-for brand; on Aug. 15 the full-size clay model is unveiled to corporate staff (headed by Henry Ford II and Ernest R. Breech) amid applause; Ford invests $250M on the flop turkey with flaring gull-wing tail and pinched-in "toilet seat" oval radiator grille, "the epitome of the push-button era", setting up a special plant with 15K workers to manufacture it, and needing 200K units to be sold the first year to make a profit on the four main lines with 18 models, sold by 1.2K auto dealers who give up franchises for other makes; "Other drivers spot that classic vertical grill a block away and never fail to take a long look" - enjoy your tofu Ted, you're fired? In summer after attending the hearings on USAF secy. #3 (since Feb. 4, 1953) Harold Elstner Talbott Jr. (1888-1957) (who is accused of using USAF stationery to solicit business for his personal engineering firm) resigns on Aug. 13), U.S. sen. Robert F. "Bobby" Kennedy takes off for Tehran, Iran, hooking up with newly-married Supreme Court justice William O. Douglas for a car-ship journey to Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzebekistan, and up through Russia, carrying a Bible and arguing with everyone about Communism vs. Capitalism, ending up with a temp of 105F, and gaining a new respect for the Russian people, which Douglas calls "the undoing of McCarthyism". On July 2 The Lawrence Welk Show of Strasburg, N.D.-born "Mr. Wunnerful" bandleader Lawrence Welk (1903-92) debuts on ABC-TV (until 1971, then in syndication until Apr. 17, 1982), with his orchestra playing "champagne music" (he pops his mouth with his index finger, then makes a fizzing noise shhhhh.... while bubbles are shown), going on to hook viewers on the Lawrence Welk Musical Family of entertainers, who produce flawless performances of mainly dated and corny but good music, incl. the Lennon Sisters ("America's Sweethearts"), Dick Dale (1926-) (not to be confused with the artist b. 1937 known for "Misirlou"), Jimmy Roberts (1924-99), Aladdin (1912-70), Irish tenor singer Joe Feeney (1931-2008), bass singer Larry "Hoopie" Hooper (1917-83), "Champagne Ladies" Alice Lon (1926-81) (1955-9) (fired for allegedly showing too much knee, but really for asking for a pay raise?) and Norma Zimmer (1923-), cute Mary Lou Metzger (1950-) (who dances with Welk at the end of the show), horseface but perfect pitch soprano Natalie Nevins (1925-2010), singers Gail Farrell (1947-) and Clay Hart (1942-) (R.I.-born easterner who fakes being a Western music star?), white dancer (former Mickey Mouse Club member who does the dance moves perfectly but like a cerebral robot, proving that white people don't have "soul"?) Bobby Burgess (1941-) and his dancing partner Cissy King (1946-), clarinetist Henry Cuesta (1931-2003), accordionist Myron Floren (1929-2005), ragtime pianists Dudley "Big Tiny" Little Jr. (1930-2010) (1955-9) and Jo Ann Castle (1940-) (1959-69), organist Bob Ralston (1938-), tapping dancing token, er, Arthur Duncan (1933-) (first African-Am. regular on a U.S. variety show), married lovebirds singing duo Guy Lee Hovis Hr. (1941-) (born in Elvis' birthplace Tupelo, Miss., and known for his Elvis impersonation) and Haskell, Tex.-born Ralna Eve English (1942-), Mexican-French singer Anacani (1954-), 6'5" Nordic blonde effeminate baritone (closet gay Christian, or just plays one on TV?) Thomas Harold "Tom" Netherton Jr. (1947-), Ava Barber (1954-), Tanya Falan Welk (1948-), wife of Lawrence Welk Jr., and conductor George Cates (1911-2002) - a one and a two and a...? On July 9 Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) and Albert Einstein (1879-1955) issue the Russell-Einstein Manifesto in London, calling for the curtailment of nuclear weapons; in 1957 the first Pugwash Conference on World Peace in Nova Scotia, Canada, organized by eastern-seaboard hating Cyrus Stephen Eaton (1883-1979) brings together world scientists concerned with the proliferation of nuclear weapons, going on to hold 8-12 meetings a year. On July 9 Rock Around the Clock by William John Clifton "Bill" Haley (1925-81) and the Comets (released by Decca Records) becomes the first rock and roll record to hit #1 in the U.S., going on to eventually sell 25M copies; Haley (with that lone curl on his forehead) gets bigger in Europe than in the U.S.; the term "teenybopper" is coined to refer to teenies who go for the rock and roll culture, and by the 1960s is extended to pop music. On July 13 Welsh-born bottle blonde nightclub mgr. Ruth Ellis (b. 1926) becomes the last woman to be hanged in Britain (until ?) for the murder of her lover David Blakely in broad daylight, and a complete confession; filmed in 1985 as "Dance With a Stranger" by Mike Newell. On July 16 Republic Pictures' Commando Cody debuts on NBC-TV for 12 episodes (until Oct. 8, 1955). On July 17 (Sun.) 1K-employee Disneyland (begun 1954), built on a 160-acre site near Anaheim, Calif. opens in an ABC-TV event to 30K visitors incl. Frank Sinatra, Charlton Heston, and Debbie Reynolds, charging $1 admission for adults, 50 cents for kids, plus 10-35 cents per ride for the 23 attractions; Ronald Reagan emcees the event; with temps pushing 110 deg. F and a plumbers strike causing water fountains to run dry, a counterfeiter selling thousands of fake tickets, and a power outage, Walt Disney refers to the opening as "Black Sunday"; by 2005 the only U.S. presidents to not visit are LBJ, Clinton, and George W. Bush; Main Street U.S.A. is modelled after his boyhood town of Marceline, Mo.; the "Bathroom of Tomorrow" is exhibited later this decade; "To all who come to this happy place: Welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world." (Walt Disney) Ike's greatest foreign policy coup shows the naivete of the American yokel hayseed public? On July 18-22 the Big Four Summit (Conference a Quatre) is held in Geneva between Pres. Eisenhower for the U.S., Khrushchev, Bulganin and Marshal Zhukov for the Soviet Union, Anthony Eden for Britain, and French PM Edgar Faure; Khrushchev says that "neither side wants war", signaling a major shift in the party line, calling for the dissolution of NATO and all nukes, plus a troop limit; on July 21 smiling Ike (who wins the popularity contest with the Euro public) counters with the Open Skies Proposal, that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. have mutually open skies for their aircraft as a first step toward disarmament; the Russkies summarily reject the brash Amerikanski cowboy and his Open Skies of Marlboro Country, but don't show it (later letting it die a slow death of silence), and even the U.S. military is quaking in its cowboy boots at the thought of it, but Ike's proposal is approved by 84% of the U.S. people; Ike returns to acclaim and triumph, and decides to go on a long golfing vacation in the big sky country of mile-high Denver, Colo. On July 25 the Indian govt. closes the Portuguese legation in New Delhi after it refuses to negotiate on the integration of Goa; on Aug. 15 Indian demonstrators march on Goa and Damao, and Portuguese police kill 21 and inure 100+, causing India to break relations with Portugal on Aug. 19. On July 26 Pu'uhonua o Honauau Nat. Historical Park (originally City of Refuge Nat. Historical Park until Nov. 10, 1978) is established on the Big Island of Hawaii. In July after Britain fears united opposition to their rule in Cyprus, and works to strengthen Muslim Turkish identity, a committee is formed under prof. Nihat Erim, which next Nov.-Dec. releases two reports endorsing active Turkish engagement with the aim of dividing the island into Greek and Turkish parts, launching the Cyprus Crisis (ends 1964), with Greek Cypriots forming the EOKA (Nat. Org. of Cypriot Struggle) (until 1959) to fight to oust the British and reunite it with Greece, causing Turkey to switch from demanding full reincorporation of Cyprus to demanding that it be partitioned. On Aug. 18 Am. leftist (ex-Communist Party USA member) folk singer Pete Seeger (1919-) refuses to take the Fifth Amendment in front of the House Un-Am. Activities Committtee (HUAC) and stands on the First Amendment, saying "I am not going to answer any questions as to my association, my philosophical or religious beliefs or my political beliefs, or how I voted in any election, or any of these private affairs. I think these are very improper questions for any American to be asked, especially under such compulsion as this"; of course, they slap contempt of Congress on him on Mar. 26, 1957, and he is convicted in Mar. 1961 and sentenced to 10 years, but gets his conviction overtured in May 1962. On Aug. 18 after his records begin to sell, Elvis Presley signs with super-smart Cuban cigar-chomping Dutch-born (pretends to be U.S.-born) impresario Col. Tom Parker (Andreas Cornelis van Kuijk) (1909-97), who buys his contract from Sun Records for $35K and signs him up with Stephen H. Sholes (1911-68) of RCA Records, going on to squeeze huge percentages out of Elvis' earnings, reaching 50% by the end of Elvis' life, even though without him he might never have reached superstar status, so don't knock it? - the original not-overpaid-you-don't-understand CEO? On Aug. 19 the 1955 NE U.S. Floods kill 200+. On Aug. 20 hundreds are killed in anti-French rioting in Morocco and Algeria; in Oct. French-backed fake sultan Mohammed VI steps down, and on Nov. 16 Mohammed V returns to the throne of Morocco as sultan (until 1957). This is what it sounds like when the doves cry, Or, The 1954 Brown v. Board of Ed. Supreme Court Decision inflames racial hatred throughout the Southy South South Johnny Reb KKK South, and the good die young? On Aug. 28 two white men take visiting 14-y.-o. black Chicagoan Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till (b. 1941) from his uncle's Mississippi Delta home in the town of Money after being angered over his whistling at white woman Carolyn Bryant at her hubby Roy's store; in Aug. his mutilated body is found in the Tallahatchie River; his mother Mamie Till Mobley holds an open coffin funeral in Chicago which is viewed by 50K visitors, galvanizing opposition to segregation and Jim Crow; he is buried in Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Ill.; Roy Bryant and his half-brother J.W. Milam are acquitted by an all-white jury, and later admit their guilt to Look mag., but can't be retried; a U.S. atty. charges them with kidnapping but a grand jury refuses to indict, causing the FBI to reluctantly close their file, but in June 2005 federal authorities unearth his casket in an effort to prosecute somebody, anybody before they all kick off scot-free; in 2017 Bryant admits that her story was false. Memphis, Tenn.-born Ernest Columbus Withers Sr. (1922-2007), one of the first African-Am. police officers in Memphis, Tenn., who turned photojournalist covers the murder trial, bringing nat. attention to Southern racial violence, going on to travel with MLK Jr. and cover the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Sanitation Workers Strike, Negro League baseall, and Memphis blues and soul musicians; he was an FBI informant? On Aug. 28 former day laborer Gale Benton Aydelott (1914-) becomes exec. vice-pres. of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. On Aug. 30 after the First U.N. Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders is held in Geneva to resume the work of the Internat. Penal and Penitentiary Commission (IPCC), dissolved in 1950, based on the 1872 First Internat. Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime in London, the non-binding Std. Min. Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners are adopted, and approved by the U.N. Economic and Social Council on July 31, 1957 and May 13, 1977; new congresses are held every five years; the Nelson Mandela Rules are adopted by the U.N. Gen. Assembly on Dec. 17, 2015. In Aug. the FLN massacres civilians near the Algerian town of Philippeville, causing the French-Algerian War to escalate. In Aug. the Romanian govt. announces that Soviet troops will remain in the country under the terms of the Warsaw Pact. Beginning this fall, and each fall until the end of the decade, U.S. newspapers are filled with news of lewd, intimidating white racist demonstrators terrorizing angelic black pupils trying to get into formerly all-white schools - because the Jews control the media, by any chance? On Sept. 6 the Western series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp debuts on ABC-TV for 229 episodes (until June 27, 1961), starring Hugh O'Brien (Hugh Charles Krampe) (1925-) whose portraits allegedly resemble those of the real Wyatt Earp, and who carries a Buntline Special with a 12-in. barrel (unlike the real dude) (creating a toy craze), and set in Ellsworth, Kan., Dodge City, Kan., and Tombstone, Ariz., becoming the first adult TV Western; the last five episodes set up the fabled Oct. 26, 1881 Gunfight at the OK Corral; the theme song is by legendary songwriter Harry Warren. On Sept. 6-7 the Istanbul Kristallnacht sees the Greek community of Istanbul dating back to 668 B.C.E devastated in seven hours after the govt. stages a fake bomb attack against the Turkish consulate in Thessalonica containing the birth house of Turkish Repub. founder Kemal Ataturk then recruits 100K rioters, who kill 37 and rape 200 women, forcibly circumcising many Greek men and at least one priest, doing $500M damage to homes and businesses, causing the Greek community to flee Turkey, going from 100K this year to 1.7K in 2012 (1.8M in 1900). On Sept. 9 West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer meets with Soviet PM Nikolai Bulganin at a gala dinner in Moscow; on Sept. 12 they agree to allow all German POWs in the Soviet Union to be released; in Oct. 8,872 are released incl. Gen. Friedrich Gollwitzer. On Sept. 10 the B&W TV Western series Gunsmoke debuts on CBS-TV for 633 episodes (until Mar. 31, 1975) (longest running scripted primetime U.S. TV series) (debut episode introduced by John Wayne) (switches to color in 1966), starring James King Arness (1923-2011) as Marshall Matt Dillon, William Dennis Weaver (1924-2006) as Chester Goode, Amanda Blake (1929-89) as Kitty Russell, Milburn Stone (1904-80) as Doc Galen Adams, and longtime Sons of the Pioneers singer Ken Curtis (Curtis Wain Gates) (1916-91) as Festus Haggin - white America can escape to a cozy, bleached white past coming from Hollywood into their living rooms, while the real world goes to Hell? On Sept. 10 the 1956 (29th) Miss America beauty pageant is held in Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, N.J and broadcast on ABC-TV; the winner is Miss Colo. Sharon Kay Ritchie (1937-); Bert Parks (Bertram Jacobson) (1914-92) becomes MC of the Miss America show (until 1979), first singing "There She Is..." On Sept. 11 Pres. and Mrs. Eisenhower dedicate the new pulpit of the Corona Presbyterian Church at E. 8th Ave. and Downing St. in Denver, Colo.; on Sept. 24 Pres. Eisenhower suffers a massive heart attack two hours after midnight in his mother-in-law's home at 750 Lafayette St. in Denver after visiting banker Aksel Nielsen at the Byers Peak Ranch outside Denver, followed by Lowry AFB, then Cherry Hills Golf Course, where he had hamburgers with raw onions for lunch, which he claimed gave him chest pains; he is taken to Fitzsimons Hospital outside Denver, whre he is treated with the newly-approved drug Warfarin; on Sept. 26 (Mon.) the New York Stock Exchange suffers its worst decline since 1929 ($12B) (down to 444.56) when word is released concerning his condition, but news from his physician Dr. Paul Dudley White that he can return to work in two weeks causes the market to rebound on Sept. 27. On Sept. 19 pres. Juan Peron of Argentina is ousted after a revolt by the army and navy. On Sept. 20 after Nikolai Bulganin and Khrushchev visit East Germany, the Soviet Union signs agreements conferring sovereignty on it as well as control over civilian traffic between Berlin and West Germany. On Sept. 20 Cheyenne debuts on ABC-TV for 108 episodes (until Dec. 1, 1962), starring 6'6" Norman Eugene "Clint" Walker (1927-) as Cheyenne Brodie, a wandering cowboy raised by you know what Indians, featuring his baritone singing voice. On Sept. 20 the all-Jew York Phil Silvers Show, TV's first military satire (created by Nat Hiken) debuts for 143 episodes (until Sept. 11 1959), with the first few episodes under the title "You'll Never Get Rich"; stars vaudeville-trained Brooklyn-born Russian Jewish immigrant son Phil Silvers (1911-85) as M/Sgt. Ernie Bilko, a con man with a heart of gold, with trademark oversize black glasses, dimples, and wide grin, heading a platoon in Fort Baxter, near Roseville, Kan. (later Camp Fremont near Grove City, Calif.), and often shouting "You meatballs!"; rotund Jewish-Am. actor Maurice Lionel Gosfield (1913-64) plays Pvt. Duane Doberman (as his sister Diane), and Allan Melvin (1923-2008) plays Cpl. Henshaw; unknowns Alan Alda, Dick Van Dyke, Joe E. Ross, and Fred Gwynne get their start, along with some black actors. On Sept. 21-30 Category 5 Hurricane Janet devastates the Lesser Antilles, Yucatan Peninsula, and Mexico, killing 687; on Sept. 26 the last known Euler's flycatcher perishes in Jamaica in the hurricane. On Sept. 26 Brigham Young U. - Hawaii in Laie, Honolulu, Hawaii on the N shore of Oahu is founded by the LDS Church; on Oct. 12, 1963 it opens the Polynesian Cultural Center, which becomes a hit with tourists. On Sept. 28-Oct. 7 the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) defeat the New York Yankees (AL) 4-3 to win the Fifty-Second (52nd) World Series, becoming the first win for the Dodgers and their only win before relocating to Los Angeles after the 1957 season; Dodgers pitcher John Joseph "Rubber" Podres (1932-) becomes the first WS MVP; Jackie Robinson steals home, getting by Yogi Berra in Game 7, inspiring the song Jackie's So Gone. In Sept. France grants Tunisia internal self-govt. In Sept. the Istanbul Pogrom of the Greek Orthodox pop. reduces the Greek pop. in Turkey from 500K to 48K by 1965 and less than 5K by 2006. On Oct. 1 the The Honeymooners, based on a recurring sketch (since 1951) on DuMont Network's "Cavalcade of Stars" debuts on CBS-TV for 39 episodes (until Sept. 22, 1956), starring Herbert Walton "Jackie" Gleason Jr. (1916-87) as paunchy bus driver Ralph Kramden (Gotham Bus Co.), Audrey Meadows (1922-96) as his younger wife Alice Kramden (nee Gibson), Art Carney (1918-2003) as Ralph's best friend, sewer worker Edward "Ed" Norton, and Joyce Randolph (1924-) as Ed's wife Thelma "Trixie" Norton; the original Alice, Pert Kelton (1907-68) was kicked off for being on the Hollywood Blacklist; even though its competition "The Perry Como Show" torpedoes it, it is later considered one of the top 1950s TV comedies; the Internat. Order of Friendly Sons of the Raccoons. On Oct. 2 the horror-thriller-mystery anthology series Alfred Hitchcock Presents debuts on CBS-TV for 360 episodes (until June 26,1965) after switching to NBC-TV in 1960-2 and 1964, starting out at 30 min. per episode until 1962, when it expands to 60 min. per episode under the title "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour"; the theme music is Gounod's "Funeral March of a Marionette", with the title sequence starting out with a line-drawing caricature of Hitchcock's rotund profile, ending with him walking to the center of the screen and saying "Good evening". On Oct. 3 (Mon.) the children's series Captain Kangaroo debuts on CBS-TV (until Dec. 8, 1984), starring Robert James "Bob" Keeshan (1927-2004), who played Clarabell the Clown on The Howdy Doody Show, Hugh "Lumpy" Brannum (1910-87) as Mister Green Jeans and Mr. Bunny Rabbit (operated by Cosmo Allegretti), all living in Treasure House. On Oct. 3 (Mon.) the children's variety show The Mickey Mouse Club debuts on ABC-TV (until 1959); Mouseketeers incl. Annette, Bobbie, Cheryl, Cubby, Darlene, Doreen, Karen, Sharon, Tommy, and adults (Moosketeers) Roy Williams (1907-76) (Big Moosketeer) ("300 lbs. of walking pixie") (a personal friend of Walt Disney, who came up with the idea of putting mouse ears on hats), and MC James Wesley "Jimmie" Dodd (1910-64) (Musical Moosketeer), composer of the theme "The Mickey Mouse Club March"; Latvian-Lithuanian descent physicist Julius Sumner Miller (1909-87) plays Professor Wonderful. On Oct. 3 (Mon.) the action crime drama series Highway Patrol debuts in syndication for 156 episodes (until Sept. 1, 1959), starring William Broderick Crawford (1911-86) as fedora-wearing Dan Matthews, who likes to tool around in his black-and-white 1955 Buick Century patrol car saying "21-50 to headquarters"; the series helps many actors get their start incl. Paul Burke, Robert Conrad, Clint Eastwood, Barbara Eden, Larry Hagman, and Leonard Nimoy; most car chases are filmed on rural dirt roads because Crawford's driver's license is suspended for drunk driving. On Oct. 4 Greek PM Alexander Papagos (b. 1883) dies, and on Oct. 6 after Paul I takes the advice of U.S. ambassador John Emil Peurifoy (1907-55) and passes over older farts, spry young 48-y.-o. Constantine Karamanlis (1907-98) is appointed Greek PM, going on to win three straight elections (until June 17, 1963). On Oct. 7 the Six Gallery Reading, AKA Six Angels in the Same Performance at the Six Gallery at 3119 Fillmore St. in San Francisco, Calif., organized by gay poets Irwin Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) and Jack Spicer (1925-65) brings the East and West Coast factions of the Beat Generation for his first public reading of "Howl", the audience chipping in to buy jugs of wine first, poets incl. Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philp Whalen; old fart poet Kenneth Rexroth introduces them; Jack Kerouac shows up drunk, cheering the other poets on; the next day Lawrence Ferlinghetti telegrams Ginsberg offering to pub. his work; UCB student Ann Charters first meets Kerouac, going on to pub. his bio. "Kerouac" in 1973. On Oct. 7 (Fri.) the half-hour anthology series Crossroads debuts on ABC-TV for 78 episodes (until June 6, 1957 after going into syndication in Oct. 1956), about religious clergy of various denominations, incl. Victor Jory as "Lone Star Preacher" (George Washington Truett); James Dean appears in the the 1955 episode "Broadway Trust" along with Lloyd Bridges and Mary Treen; too bad, its competition "Our Miss Brooks" (CBS) and "The Life of Riley" (NBC) causes it to be canceled, and it skids to a thud in syndication. On Oct. 7 (Fri.) (9:00 p.m.) the adventure drama series Crusader debuts on CBS-TV for 52 episodes (until Dec. 28, 1956), starring Robert Alba "Brian" Keith (921-97) as freelance journalist Matt Anders, whose mother died in a WWII Nazi concentration camp in Poland, turning him into a crusader for justice against Communism and its new boss Nikita Khrushchev. On Oct. 8 U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur issues the immortal soundbyte: "The nations of the world will have to unite, for the next war will be an interplanetary war. The nations of the Earth must someday make a common front against attack by people from other planets." On Oct. 11 an agreement is negotiated with the Soviet Union by Canadian secy. Lester B. Pearson, giving Canada most-favored-nation trade privileges plus cooperation in Arctic research. On Oct. 14 Pres. Eisenhower celebrates his 65th birthday in the Fitzsimons Hospital near Denver, Colo., and receives a gift of fire-engine red pajamas with five tiny gold stars on each collar tab and "Much Better, Thanks" embroidered over the pocket, along with a 39-cent black cowboy tie with silver sequins; Ike's Harvard-eduated cardiologist Paul Dudley White (1886-1973) becomes a nat. celeb. with his candid medical briefings. On Oct. 16 assimilated Jewish writer Ann Landers (Esther Pauline Friedman "Eppie" Lederer) (1918-2002) debuts her advice column in the Chicago Sun-Times, telling "Non-Eligible Bachelor", "You're a big boy now... don't let spite ruin your life"; she goes on to pub. the column until her death, becoming known for advocating equal rights for gays while calling it "unnatural" and a "dysfunction", denouncing atheist leader Madalyn Murray O'Hair, and in 1995 saying about Pope John Paul II, "He has a sweet sense of humor. Of course, he's a Polack. They're very anti-women"; when she announces her divorce on July 1, 1975, she gets 30K sympathy letters; meanwhile next year her twin sister Abigail Van Buren, really Pauline Phillips (Pauline Esther "Popo" Friedman) (1918-2013) founds the competing advice column Dear Abbey in the San Francisco Chronicle, causing them to refuse to speak to each other until 1964. On Oct. 26 Ngo Dinh Diem wins a rigged plebiscite abolishing the monarchy and proclaiming the Repub. of Vietnam, and Emperor Bao Dai goes into exile in France until his death in 1997. On Oct. 31 this Halloween is the only one in which U.S. baby boomers will trick-or-treat under a full moon; the next will not be until Oct. 31, 2001. Colorado's 1950s Osama bin Laden? On Nov. 1 at 7:03 p.m., 11 min. after takeoff from Stapleton Airport in Denver, Colo. United Airlines Flight 629 en route to Portland, Ore. explodes and crashes into sugar beet fields N of Denver, killing all 39 passengers and five crew; John Gilbert "Jack" Graham (1932-57), son of passenger Daisie E. King (b. 1902), who bought a $37.5K insurance policy on her life shortly before takeoff is convicted after a televised trial (Colo.'s first big TV trial) of planting 25 sticks of dynamite with a timer in her luggage, and is executed in the Colo. gas chamber on Jan. 11, 1957, his heart taking 11 min. to stop beating; the first confirmed downing of a commercial airliner in the U.S. by a bomber; the plane left 35 min. late, foiling his scheme to have it blow up over the Rocky Mts. where the debris would be difficult to find; his mean mother dominated and messed up his life, putting him in an orphanage and never letting him out even after marrying a wealthy rancher; as an adult she financed a drive-thru restaurant, which failed; Denver Post reporter Zeke Scher breaks several stories, incl. finding the man who sold Graham the dynamite, that his wife Gloria no longer loves him, and that his sister Helen believes he's guilty and wants him to die; he is one of the first inmates transfered to the new Denver County Jail, whose cell windows look out upon Stapleton Airfield; his last words are "I don't mind getting the gas but I would like make my last request, and that is to have Zeke Scher sitting on my lap when I go." On Nov. 3 former PM #1 (1948-54) David Ben-Gurion returns from retirement and becomes Israeli PM again (until June 26, 1963), creating the Periphery Doctrine, that Israel should seek regional partners against the Arab Core of states led by Egypt. On Nov. 7 after African-Am. WAC Pvt. Sarah Keys is ordered to yield her seat to a white Marine in Roanoke Rapids, N.C. on Aug. 1, 1952, and arrested when she refuses, going to the Interstate Commerce Commission, they rule in Keys v Carolina Coach Co. to prohibit segregation in interstate buses; too bad, white supremacist commission chmn. J. Monroe Johnson blocks its implementation until the Freedom Riders case causes U.S. atty. gen. Robert F. Kennedy to send them a petition on May 29, 1961 to get with the program. On Nov. 9 Hollyweird star Cock Suck, er, Rock Hard, er, Rock Hudson (b. 1925) marries his agent's secy. Phyllis Lucille Gates (1926-2006) to counter press reports of his homosexuality; they divorce in 1958, and after she dies it is revealed that she was a lesbian who knew he was gay and married him for his money - no sex in the office? On Nov. 11 Ike returns to Washington, D.C., then on Nov. 14 goes from the White House to his Gettysburg farm with Mrs. Eisenhower, and on Nov. 22 presides over a cabinet meeting at Camp David - Ike is back? On Nov. 15 the conservative Liberals and Dems. in Japan merge to form the Liberal Dem. Party (LDP), which goes on to win every election in Japan through the summer of 1993. On Nov. 19 New York City-born William Frank Buckley Jr. (1925-2008) begins pub. the conservative powerhouse mag. National Review, which becomes the #1 organ for U.S. Repubs. and conservatives (until ?); Marxist-turned-conservative James Burnham (1905-87) writes the column "The Protracted Conflict" until 1977; "It stands athwart history, yelling Stop, at a time when no one is inclined to do so, or to have much patience with those who so urge it." On Nov. 20 McComb, Miss.-born R&B star Bo Diddley (Elias McDaniel) (Ellas Otha Bates) (1928-2008) (known for his rectangular Gretsch guitar called the Twang Machine) appears on The Ed Sullivan Show, and pisses-off Sullivan by switching from Tennessee Ernie Ford's "Sixteen Tons" (1955) to his own song "Bo Diddley" (1955), getting him banned from the show, after which he never charts very high again despite going on to become known as "The Originator" for facilitating the transition from blues to rock & roll. In the winter the U.S. promises to loan Egypt $56M for their 3-mi. Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. "Somewhere in the universe a gear in the machinery had shifted" (Eldridge Cleaver) as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. arise to take on whitey in the Deep South, using whitey's network TV to get worldwide pressure on local conditions? On Dec. 1 (Thur.) (less than 100 days after the Emmett Tills affair) black seamstress (member of the NAACP since 1943) Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (1913-2005), who lives in the Cleveland Courts housing project parks her rosy butt and refuses to move to da back o' da bus in Montgomery, Ala. when it fills up and the bus driver James F. Blake (1912-2002) orders her to stand and let a white man sit; she is arrested at the next stop, charged with the misdemeanor of disobeying a bus driver's instructions, found guilty, and fined $14; NAACP pres. Edgar Nixon and employer Clifford Durr bail her out; her friends and neighbors distribute pamphlets calling for a 1-day boycott of all city transportation, which is a huge success as the 25K blacks in the city account for 75% of the bus passengers; black leaders step in and demand that blacks be treated equal with whites, and black bus drivers be hired; when they refuse, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, led by unknown 26-y.-o. Harvard-educated Dexter Avenue Baptist Church pastor Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68) begins on Dec. 5, and lasts 381 days, almost bankrupting the city bus co. (ends Dec. 1956); Montgomery Mayor W.A. Gayle and the city commission ceremoniously join the local White Citizens' Council, and Gayle declares "We have pussyfooted around long enough... There seems to be a belief on the part of the Negroes that they have the white people hemmed in a corner and they are not going to give an inch until they can force the white people of the community to submit to their demands"; white families begin giving their cooks and handymen rides or pay their taxi fares, causing Gayle to accuse them of "fighting to destroy our social fabric just as much as the Negro radicals who are leading them"; in 1992 Parks says she didn't do it just because "my feet were hurting and I didn't know why I refused to stand up when they told me... the real reason of my not standing up was I felt that I had a right to be treated as any other passenger. We had endured that kind of treatment for too long". On Dec. 10 The Mighty Mouse Playhouse debuts on CBS-TV for ? episodes (until Sept. 2, 1967), about a superhero mouse that was debuted by Terrytoons for 20th Cent. Fox in 1942 as Super Mouse; theme song is by Mitch Miller. On Dec. 14 Clement Attlee retires, and Conservative-hating Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell (1906-63) becomes leader of the British Labour Party (until Jan. 18, 1963). On Dec. 14 the U.N. Security Council votes 8-0-3 (Belgium, U.S., Repub. of China) for Resolution 109 to admit Albania, Jordan, Ireland, Portugal, Hungary, Italy, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Ceylon, Nepal, Libya, Cambodia, Laos, and Spain. On Dec. 18 the Soviets and Afghans extend their non-aggression treaty by 10 years. On Dec. 24 NORAD (originally Continental Air Defense Command or CONAD) in Colorado Springs, Colo. begins an annual tradition of tracking Santa Claus on his flight from the North Pole after Sears in Colo. Springs places an ad in the Colo. Springs Gazette telling kids to call Santa on the phone, and they mistakenly give NORAD's number, causing commanding officer Col. Harry Shoup to go along with it, issuing a press releasing saying "CONAD, Army, Navy and Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from those who do not believe in Christmas"; actually it was one 5-y.-o. kid, who misdialed the number in the ad>; on Dec. 24, 1948 the USAF already issued a communique stating that an "early warning radar net to the north" had detected "one unidentified sleigh, powered by eight reindeer, at 14,000 feet [4.3Km], heading 180 degrees", which was pub. by Associated Press. In Dec. the Soviet Union vetoes an attempt by Nationalist China to gain U.N. membership for South Korea. Britain sides with Abu Dhabi in its dispute with Oman over the Buraimi Oasis and other territory to the S. Armenian-born Anastas Mikoyan (1895-1978) becomes deputy PM of of the Soviet Union (until 1964), the 2nd most powerful man in the Soviet Union behind Khrushchev. After defeating the rebel guerrillas in Malays in 1952-4, British gen. Sir Gerald Walter Robert Templer (1898-1979) becomes chief of the Imperial Gen. Staff (until 1958), becoming PM Anthony Eden's chief military adviser during the Suez Crisis. The Shah of Persia and his wife Empress Soraya visit Germany. James Bryant Conant becomes U.S. ambassador to West Germany (until 1957). British PM Winston Churchill urges his cabinet to adopt the slogan "Keep England White". The Liberal Dem. Party comes into power in Japan, retaining power for the next 38 years. The Soviet Union officially ends its state of war with the German Federal Repub. after a law is passed limiting access to archives held in Bad Arolsen on Nazi concentration camp inmates, forced laborers and other Nazi victims, housing 30M-50M documents. Oxford-educated Irish-African atty. Norman Washington Manley (1893-1969) becomes chief minister of Jamaica, followed by PM in 1959-62, going on to become architect of the West Indies Federation in 1958. Boulder, Colo.-born U.S. Adm. Arleigh Albert Burke (1901-96) (known as "31-knot Burke" in WWII for pushing his destroyers until their boilers burst) becomes chief of U.S. naval operations (until 1961), going on to support Adm. Hyman Rickover in developing a nuclear navy and backing the Polaris missile in the face of Navy opposition at the idea of a sub launching missiles. Cyprus adopts a decimal currency system. An economic downturn begins in leftist-run Uruguay, causing landowners and business leaders to have a field day criticizing the bureaucratic system. The U.S. Air Pollution Control Act is passed, becoming the first U.S. clean air act, but leaving cleanup to the states until the 1963 U.S. Clean Air Act. The AFL and the CIO merge into the 15M-member AFL-CIO, with Bronx-born plumber George Meany (1894-1980) as pres. (until 1979). Virginia Hill (1917-66), moll of gangster Bugsy Siegel is subpoenaed to testify before the Kefauver Senate Committee. U.S. Senate majority (Dem.) leader Lyndon Baines Johnson suffers a heart attack that almost ends his political career - in which case JFK wouldn't have been assassinated? A Congressional blue-ribbon panel recommends that the CIA dir. take charge of all U.S. intelligence efforts, but after resistance from the Defense Dept. it goes nowhere until ?; meanwhile CIA official Richard Helms (who becomes dir. in 1966) supervises construction of a 500-yard tunnel under the Berlin Wall for tapping telephone lines to Moscow. Prominent U.S. anti-Communist Robert Welch Jr. (1899-1985) visits Gen. Chiang Kai-shek, and Pres. Syngman Rhee of South Korea, who writes to him: "I must confess I did not know we had such a staunch ally and champion as you in America." Winfield House in Regent's Park, London, which was denoted after WWII by Woolworth heiress Barbara Hutton (hubby of Cary Grant) for $1 becomes the official residence of the U.S. ambassador to the court of St. James's; it has the largest private garden in London after Buckingham Palace. Am. far-right anti-Semitic activist Willis Carto (1926-) founds Liberty Lobby, which pub. The Spotlight from 1975-2001, when a lawsuit causes them to go bankrupt; a 1979 lawsuit by E. Howard Hunt over implicating him in the JFK asassination is also successful. Adm. Richard Evelyn Byrd makes his Fifth Antarctic Expedition as head of Operation Deep Freeze in Mar., and head of all U.S. activities in the Antarctic on Nov. 2; on Dec. 28 he lands at Kainan Bay (800 mi. from the South Pole), setting up Little America V; next Jan. he makes his 3rd flight over the South Pole, and returns to the U.S. next Mar., where he is made head of the new U.S. Office of Antarctic Programs. The term "artificial intelligence" (AI) is coined. The 95 sq. km Bohemian Paradise NE of Prague, Czech. is declared, becoming their first nature reserve; sights incl. Rock Town (Hruba Skala), Vlecov Castle, and Trosky Castle. Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, Calif. is founded to teach science, engineering, and math; the bldgs. are designed by Edward Durell Stone (1902-78), and are covered with tiny square concrete warts, causing Wally the Wart to become the unofficial school mascot. The Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play (originally the Vernon Rice Award for Outstanding Achievement in Theatre until 1975) is founded by Drama Desk to recognize achievement in theater among Broadway, off-Broadway, and Off-off-Broadway productions; the 1956 winner is "The Iceman Cometh" by Eugene O'Neill; no awards in 1960-74. The Kate Greenaway Medal is established in Britain for the most "distinguished illustration in a book for children"; the first winner (1957) is Edward Jeffrey Irving Ardizzone (1900-79) for "Tim All Alone" (1956). The Daughters of Bilitis, the first lesbian org. opens in San Francisco, Calif.; homosexual relations between women are illegal in all U.S. states, but they face that problem and lick it in the closet? Famed Am. "Weary Willy" clown Emmett Kelly (1898-1979), known for always posing for photos while frowning finally smiles at the news of the birth of daughter Stasia Kelly, the photo by Phil Bolsta becoming even more famous; he is allegedly travelling on the same plane with her from Alanta, Ga. to Fla. when her dad dies. Swiss child developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) founds the Internat. Center for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva, becoming known as "the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing" (Ernst von Glasersfeld). The quarterly mag. Flying Saucer Review is founded in London, England, making fans of Prince Philip and becoming the #1 internat. UFO journal. The Aetherius Society is founded in the U.K. by George King (1919-97), who claims telepathic contact with alien intelligence Aetherius, rep. of an Interplanetary Parliament. Robert Porter Allen (1905-63) discovers the only remaining nesting ground of the whooping crane at Great Slave Lake near the Arctic Circle, saving it from extinction. London's red double-decker Routemaster buses begin operation (until 2005). The popularity of Fess Parker's Davy Crockett and his coonskin cap make raccoons an endangered animal. Spanish Basque fashion designer Cristobal Balenciaga Eizaguirre (1895-1972) introduces the tunic dress, which becomes the chemise (shift) (smock) dress in 1957, resulting in the Empire line in 1959, featuring boxy high-waisted dresses and kimono coats; he goes on to popularize capes, flowing clothes sans waistlines, and plastic rainwear before retiring in 1968 as the king of fashion designers. Hamburg, Germany-born fashion designer Karl Otto Lagerfeld (1933-) (known for high starched collars, white hair, and black glasses) begins his career, working for Jean Patou in 1958, followed by Tiziani in 1963, Chloe in 1964, and Curiel in 1970, making fans of Elizabeth Taylor, Gina Lollobrigida, Doris Duke et a. before rising to head designer of the Chanel and Fendi fashion houses, as well as his own label. Am. economist Milton Friedman advances the idea of school vouchers as a free market way to improve education by stimulating competition, but it gets turned into a way to finance religious indoctrination farms with tax money, poisoning it and holding it back? Ruby supplies from Ceylon and Burma begin to dwindle, making rubies more expensive per carat than diamonds. The Nat. City Bank of New York becomes First Nat. City Bank of New York. GM Corp. becomes the first to make $1B in a year. Ford challenges the Corvette with their new Thunderbird. Motorola introduces the all-transistor car radio, the alternator and the electronic ignition system. Sealed-beam headlights and door safety latches become auto industry standards. Schweppes Tonic Water begins an ad campaign starring bearded British naval cmdr. Edward Whitehead (1908-78), which runs through the 1960s. Walter Hoving (1897-1989) becomes pres. of Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Ave. in New York City, maintaining its high standards and helping sales to increase from $7M this year to $100M by 1980; no diamond rings for men, no silver plate, and no charge accounts for customers who are rude to the salespeople. Pez begins marketing dispensers with Space Trooper heads. Speaking of blocked quiz show contestants, H&R Block is founded in Kansas City, Mo. by brothers Henry W. Bloch (1922-) and Richard A. Bloch (1926-2004) after the IRS stops preparing tax returns for free, and it goes on to employ 70K seasonal white-collar employees who work only 4 mo. each year - Mormons have the Church do their taxes so they won't forget to pay their tithes, therefore don't ask a Mormon this question? After moving to Tex. in 1931 and running the Houston Country Club, where she becomes a celeb with men for her haute cuisine, Benson, N.Y.-born chef Helen Corbitt (1906-78) becomes food services dir. of Neiman-Marcus, going on to develop her own unique cuisine for their menu, incl. Poppy Seed Dressing, her recipes getting featured in their 1969 Neiman Marcus Kitchen Computer, the first consumer computer; she goes on to pub. seven cookbooks and become known as "the Balenciaga of food and the best cook in Texas" (Chicago Tribune, 1975) and "the Julia Child-esque cooking celebrity with a Texas twang" (Los Angeles Times, 2009). The New Decade Exhibition of Modern Art of 22 Euro artists is held in New York City. Japan designates swordsmiths and sword polishers as living nat. treasures along with artists and dancers. The World Science Fiction Society founds the Hugo Awards for writers, named after "Father of Magazine Science Fiction" Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967); Rod Serling's Twilight Zone is the first TV show to win; sci-fi king Ray Bradbury never wins until he is given a "retrospective" award in 2004 for "Fahrenheit 451". Hannes Hegen (Johannes Hegenbarth) (1925-) of East Germany begins pub. the comic book Mosaik in Dec., about the Diegedags, later becoming the only East German comic book to survive the fall of the Berlin Wall. The British game U and non-U by Nancy Mitford is marketed, revealing the players' class as U (upper-class) or non-U via their speech habits, e.g., luncheon = U, lunch = non-U. Baritone Robert McFerrin Sr. (1921-2006) becomes the first African-Am. male to be a principal artist with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City; he dubs Sidney Poitier's voice in the 1959 film version of "Porgy and Bess". Tenn.-born Joe Rogers Sr. and Hawkinsville, Ga.-born Thomas "Tom" Forkner (1918-) open the first Waffle House restaurant in Avondale Estates, Ga., becoming known for their 24-hour service, low overhead, yummy pecan waffles, hashbrowns smothered any way you like, breakfasts, hamburgers, and steaks, all cooked on a griddle and served with excellent coffee; in 1960 they begin franchising, growing to 1.6K restaurants in the U.S. in 2009, and 2.1K in 25 U.S. states by 2015, mainly in the Am. South. Sports: On Mar. 31-Apr. 10 the 1955 NBA Finals sees the Syracuse Nationals (coach Al Cervi) defeat the Fort Wayne Pistons (coach Charles Eckman) by 4-3; Game 6 sees George King of Syracuse make a free throw with 12 sec. left to give the Nationals a 92-91 lead, after which King steals the ball from Andy Phillip of Fort Wayne with 3 sec. to go to clinch the V. On Apr. 3-14 the 1955 Stanley Cup Finals see the Detroit Red Wings defeat the Montreal Canadiens 4-3, becoming a 2-peat, starting a title drought that lasts until 1997. On Apr. 13 the 1955 NBA Draft sees eight teams select 96 players in 15 rounds, after which the Milwaukee Hawks relocate to St. Louis, Mo., becoming the St. Louis Hawks; 6'6" guard-forward Thomas Joseph "Tom" Gola (1933-2014) of La Salle U. is the territorial pick of the Philadelphia Warriors (#15), concentrating on defense, allowing Paul Arizin, Neil Johnston, and later Wilt Chamberlain to concentrate on offense, moving to the New York Knicks (#6) in 1962-6; 6'7" forward-center Richard James "Dick" Ricketts Jr. (1933-88) of Duquesne U. is selected #1 by the St. Louis Hawks (#12), switching in 1956 to the Rochester Royals (#24), then retiring after the tragic injury to teammate Maurice Stokes, and pitching in 12 games for the 1959 Cardinals; 6'7" forward-center Maurice Stokes (1933-70) of St. Francis U. is selected #2 by the Rochester Royals (#12), becoming rookie of the year, then grabbing an NBA record 1,256 rebounds in his 2nd season, placing 2nd in rebounds and 3rd in assists in the 1957-8 season; too bad, on Mar. 12, 1958 in the last game of the 1957-8 season he hits his head on the court, suffering a seizure that permanently paralyzes him, after which his teammate (forward) (#10) (1955-66) John Kennedy "Jack" Twyman (1934-2012) of the U. of Cincinnati (selected #8) takes care of him; in his three seasons with the NBA Stokes grabs a record 3,492 rebounds along with 1,062 assists (2nd after Bob Cousy's 1,583); Twyman along with Wilt Chamberlain become the first players in NBA history to average 30+ points per game in the 1959-60 season, incl. one game where he scores 59 points; on June 9, 2013 the NBA Twyman-Stokes Teammate of the Year Award is established; 6'5" forward James "Jungle Jim" "Loscy" Loscutoff Jr. (1930-) of the U. of Oregon is selected #3 by the Boston Celtics (#18), helping to cure its poor defensive record despite becoming the first team to average 100 points per game in the 1954-55 season, later assisted by Bill Russell; 6'1" point guard K.C. Jones (1932-) of the U. of San Francisco is selected #76 by the Minneapolis Lakers, electing to stay in school, leading the Dons to NCAA titles in 1955 and 1956 and playing with Bill Russell on the gold medal-winning 1956 Olympic team in Melbourne, Australia before being selected #13 by the Boston Celtics (#27), joining them in 1958 and retiring in 1967 after playing on eight championship teams and losing the 1967 playoffs to the Philadelphia 76ers, then becoming head coach for Brandeis U. in 1967-70, asst. coach for Harvard U. in 1970-1, asst. coach for the Los Angeles Lakers in 1971-2, head coach for the Washington Bullets in 1973-6, asst. coach for the Boston Celtics in 1978-83 followed by head coach in 1983-8, and asst. coach for the Seattle SuperSonics in 1989-90 followed by head coach in 1990-2. On May 30 the 1955 (39th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Robert Charles "Bob" Sweikert (1926-56) after Bill Vukovich (b. 1918) is killed in a 4-car crash outside the 2nd turn while holding a 17 sec. lead on lap 57, becoming the 2nd defending Indy 500 champ to die during the race after Floyd Roberts in 1939, and the first to be killed while leading; a year later Sweikert is killed in a crash at Salem Speedway in Ind.; after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, the AAA drops out of auto racing, and the United States Auto Club (USAC) is founded to sanction the U.S. Nat. Championship, sanctioning the Indianapolis 500 in 1956-97. On June 11 the 24-hour 1955 Le Mans Grand Prix becomes a disaster when a Mercedez-Benz 300 SLR racing car driven by Pierre Levegh (Pierre Eugene Alfred Bouillin) (b. 1905) (pr. le-VECK) hurtles into the grandstand, killing 83 spectators and injuring 120+, causing many Grand Prix races to be canceled or banned in Europe, becoming the worst accident in motorsport history (until ?) - have trouble getting to work after a car accident? The Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters is founded, incl. the Hambletonian (founded 1926) at Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, N.J., the Yonkers Trot at Yonkers Raceway in Yonkers, N.Y., and the Kentucky Futurity (founded 1893) at the Red Mile in Lexington, K.Y. Right fielder Rocco Domenico "Rocky" Colavito Jr. (1933-) debuts on Sept. 10 with the Cleveland Indians, going on to become the 5th AL player with 11 consecutive 20-homer seasons (1956-66); too bad, he is traded after the 1959 season to the Detroit Tigers, beginning the Cleveland Sports Jinx. 5'9" 350 lb. U.S. amateur weightlifting champ Paul Anderson (1932-94) stuns the Soviets by breaking two world records, besting the press record by 72 lbs., then breaking two more world records before returning to the U.S., where vice-pres. Richard Nixon greets him as a goodwill ambassador for the U.S. in the Cold War; he later becomes a born-again Christian minister. Nashua (1952-82) (jockey Eddie Arcaro) wins the Preakness and Belmont Stakes. The Nev. Gaming Control Board is created, followed in 1959 by the Nev. Gaming Commission, with the intent of ridding casinos of crime and corruption. Sugar Ray Robinson regains the world middleweight boxing title (until 1957) from white boxer Carl "Bobo" Olson (1928-2002). Douglas Alistair Gordon Pirie (1931-91) of England wins the 10K run against Emil Zatopek of Czech. with a time of 29.19; next year he wins the silver in the 5K in the Olympics and breaks the world record in the 3K twice. Tony Trabert wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Doris Hart wins the women's singles title. E. Harvie Ward (1925-2004) wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Jack Fleck (1921-) defeats Ben Hogan to win the U.S. Open. Roberto Clemente (1934-72), from a well-to-do family in Puerto Rico breaks into the major leagues with the league's worst Pittsburgh Pirates (their #1 pick) after a year with the Brooklyn Dodgers' minor league team the Montreal Royals (same as Jackie Robinson eight years earlier), and to counter white racism his name is changed to Bob; he goes on to become the first Latino ballplayer in the Hall of Fame, leading the Pirates to two world championships and earning 3K hits. Calvin Robertson Griffith (1911-99) becomes owner of the ML Washington Senators team after his uncle Clark Griffith dies, moving them to Minneapolis in 1961 and renaming them the Minn. Twins, giving Billy Martin his first mgr. job, with the soundbyte "He'll either be the best manager in baseball, or the worst." Hungarian-born Miklos (Miklós) "Mickey" Hargitay (1926-2006) wins the Mr. Universe title, causing bodybuilding to finally become accepted as something that's not freakish, his all-around athleticism causing coaches to quit telling athletes to eschew lifting weights to avoid becoming "muscle-bound". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame is founded in Stanley Barracks in Toronto, moving in 1961 to a bldg. shared with the Hockey Hall of Fame until 2006; on July 1, 2011 it opens in Canada Olympic Park in Calgary, Alberta. In order to give other players a chance against George Mikan, the NBA widens the free throw lane from 6 ft. to 12 ft. Wilmington, N.C.-born 6'3" George "Meadowlark" Lemon III (1932-) joins the Harlem Globetrotters (#36) (until 1980), becoming known as the "Clown Prince" and playing 16K+ games for them, becoming Wilt Chamberlain's favorite player. Architecture: On Sept. 15 the Hilton Hawaiian Village on Waikiki Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii opens, built on the ruins of the Niumalu (Old Waikiki) Hotel in the former village of Kalia, childhood home of Duke Kahanamku by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser, becoming the largest hotel in the U.S. outside Las Vegas, Nev.; Elvis Presley says there during filming of "Blue Hawaii" (191); in 1968 the Rainbow Tower opens, with a 286'x26' ceramic tile rainbow containing 16K tiles; in 1982 the Tapa Tower opens, followed by the Ali'l Tower in 1987, and the 453-room Kalia (Waikiki) Tower in May 2001, which grows toxic eurotium mold, resulting in a $25M settlement in 2006 after spending $55M to clean it up. On Oct. 18 the $2.5M Winnipeg Arena Manitoba, Canada opens as the home of the WHL Winnipeg Warriors, WCHL Winnipeg Jets, WHA/NHL Winnipeg Jets, AHL Manitoba Moose, and WBL Winnipeg Thunder; it closes on Nov. 7, 2004 after completion of the MTS Centre, and is demolished on Mar. 26, 2006. On Dec. 14 the 16,013-ft. (4,881m) cantilever Tappan Zee Bridge (named after the Tappan tribe and the Dutch word for sea) on the Hudson River at Tarrytown, N.Y. (near Nyack) opens, carrying the New York State Thruway (I-87 and I-287) to South Nyack, Rockland County, and Upstate N.Y. The Canso Causeway across the Strait of Canso is completed, connecting the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island. The Rome Metro B (Blue) Line originally planned by Mussolini opens, becoming plagued with crime and losing out to the A (Red) Line that opens in 1980. Garden-loving Sir Frederick Ernest Gibberd (1908-84) designs bldgs. for the London Airport. The concrete 2,870-unit Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project in St. Louis, Mo. (33 11-story apt. bldgs.), designed by Minoru Yamasaki (1912-86) (begun 1951) is completed, marking the start of postmodern architecture in the U.S.; too bad, after the original plan to put whites in Igoe and blacks in Pruitt is ruled out by "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954), the whites bug out, and the blacks soon turn it into an urban jungle, with the galleries filled with graffiti, and the "skip-stop elevators" (stopping only at floors #1, #4, #7, and #10) used to plan ambushes; after it becomes nearly deserted, it is finally demolished on Mar. 16, 1972 to the glee of critics of public housing, causing architect Charles Jencks to call it "the day modern architecture died". The Moulin Rouge in West Las Vegas opens, becoming the first integrated hotel-casino in Las Vegas, Nev.; it burns down in 2003. The State Street Mosque in New York City is founded by Sheikh Dawood Ahmed Faisal, becoming the center of the fundamentalist Darul Islam movement. Nobel Prizes: Peace: no award; Lit.: Halldor Kiljan Laxness (1902-98) (Iceland); Physics: Polykarp Kusch (1911-93) and Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. (1913-2008) (U.S.) [fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum]; Chem.: Vincent du Vigneaud (1901-78) (U.S.) [structure of oxytocin]; Med.: Axel Hugo Theorell (1903-82) (Sweden) [oxidation enzyme]. Inventions: On Mar. 25 the single-engine supersonic Mach 1.2 carrier-based Vought V-8 Crusader (originally F8U) air superiority jet fighter with variable-incidence wing makes its first test flight, becoming the last U.S. fighter aircraft with guns as the primary weapon, causing it to become known as "the Last of the Gunfighters"; after being introduced in Mar. 1957, it goes on t be used in the Vietnam War; 1,219 are produced by 1976. On June 12 the 4-seat single-engine fixed-wing (high wing) Cessna 172 Skyhawk makes its first flight, selling 44K units in 1956-2019 and becoming the most successful aircraft in history (until ?); on Dec. 4, 1958 Robert Timm and John Cook take off in their Cessna 172 from McCarran Airfield in Lss Vegas, Nev., and land there on Feb. 7, 1959 after 64 days 22 hours 19 min. 5 sec., becoming a world record for refueled flight endurance. Wasson, jive honkeys? On June 29-30 U.S. banker and ethnomycologist Robert Gordon Wasson (1898-1986) and his photgrapher become the first white men to record their ingestion of the "magic" psilocybe mushroom, which Wasson describes as a "soul-shattering experience... Could the divine mushrooms be the secret that lay behind the ancient Mysteries?"; LSD chemist Albert Hofmann of Sandoz Labs in Basel synthesizes psilocybin in 1958. In July Lockheed's single-jet U-2 "Dragon Lady" high-alt. spy plane for the CIA, designed by Ishpeming, Mich.-born engineer Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson (1910-90) is tested at Groom Lake (Area 51) AKA Homey Airport KXTA) in S Nev. (83 mi. NNW of Las Vegas), with a large-format camera by Perkin-Elmer that has a resolution of 2.5 ft. (76cm) at an alt. of 60K ft.; Area 51 becomes known for its top secret activities, spawning UFO/ET conspiracy theories; the CIA finally publicly acknowledges its existence on June 25, 2013. On Oct. 2 the Republic F-105 Thunderchief "Thud" Mach 2 supersonic fighter-bomber makes its first flight, going on to perform strike bombing missions in the Vietnam War until high losses cause it to be removed from combat, after which a 2-seat Wild Weasel version is developed to attack SAM sites. On Nov. 22 the Soviet Union tests its RDS-37 H-Bomb in Kazakhstan, its first multi-stage thermonuclear device, based on Andrei Sakharov's Third Idea", producing a yield of 3 megatons. On Dec. 12 British mechanical engineer Sir Christopher Sydney Cockerell (1910-99) files a patent for the Hovercraft, with an annular ring and skirt to maintain an air cushion; initially it can only handle a 100 lb. payload, but in the 1960s it increases to 1K lb. The CPR doll is created by toymaker Asmund Laerdal and physicians Peter Safar and James Elam from L'Inconnue de la Seine (Unknown Woman of the Seine), a plaster death mask of an anon. woman who drowned in the Seine River in the 1880s, becoming known as Rescue Anne (Resusci Anne), the most kissed-face on Earth. MIT generates the first UHF (ultra high frequency) waves. Forrest M. Bird (1921-) invents the first practical ventilator unit, the Bird Mark 7, followed by the Babybird for infants. Dr. Michael G. Buonocore (1919-81) of the U.S. invents white composite tooth fillings along with a method of bonding resin to repair cracked tooth enamel. Ultrasound is first used to observe the heart by Lars Leksell (1907-86) and Inge Edler (1912-2002) of Sweden. Humberto Fernandez Moran (1924-99) of Venezuela invents the diamond knife (diamond-bladed scalpel); in 1971 it is introduced in Britain, along with the first totally sterile hospital units. The pink Dodge La Femme is introduced, designed for women, complete with a pink handbag, pink umbrella, and lipstick holder; too bad, it flops. The felt-tip pen is invented by R. Esterbrook & Co. in England. English-educated Sikh scientist Narinder Singh Kapany (1926-) of Punjab, India invents Fiber Optics. Am. physician Jonas Edward Salk (1914-95) announces the success of his killed-virus Salk Polio Vaccine, and mass immunization begins; polio claimed 1 out of 5K in the U.S. during the preceding decade. Paul Maurice Zoll (1911-99) et al. invent the Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker, the Electrodyne PM-65, containing an electrical pulse generator and electrocardiograph on a portable cart. Science: Antbiotics are used to control bacterial diseases of plants. Pittsburgh, Penn.-born psychologist Albert Ellis (1913-2007) develops Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), a new more active-directive type of psychotherapy that seeks to help the client understand that his personal philosophy contains beliefs contributing to his own emotional pain, and change them; in 1982 a survey of U.S. and Canadian psychologists ranks him #2 in history after Carl Rogers, with Sigmund Freud #3. Albert Ghiorso (1915-) of Berkeley Radiation Lab produces the element Mendelevium (Md) (#101) by bombarding einsteinium with high-energy alpha particles in a cyclotron. After helping the USAF develop the Stanine (Standard Nine) Scale for evaluating pilots in 1943, Marquette, Neb.-born psychologist Joy Paul Guilford (1897-1987) (student of Louis Leon Thurstone) proposes the Structure of Intellect (SOI) Theory of human intelligence, dividing it into 150 different abilities organized along the dimensions of Operations, Content, and Products; after becoming popular for use by the U.S. military, it is discredited by the 1990s. British X-ray crystallographer Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-94) and Kenneth Nyitray Trueblood (1920-98) discover Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), which can cure pernicious anemia with doses as low as 3 micrograms a day; she receives the 1964 Nobel Chem. Prize. Scottish biochemist Sir Alexander Robertus Todd (1907-97) determines the chemical makeup of nitrogenous bases, synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD); he also determines the structure of Vitamin B12, going on to do ditto for Vitamin B1 and Vitamin E, contributing to the scientific knowledge of nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes and winning the 1957 Nobel Chem. Prize. Spanish-born Am. biochemist Severo Ochoa de Albornoz (1905-93) pioneers RNA synthesis, winning the 1959 Nobel Med. Prize. Romanian-Am. cell biologist George Emil Palade (1912-) first describes Ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum, which perform biological protein synthesis, going on to share the 1974 Nobel Physiology Prize. British microbiologist Frederick Sanger (1918-) determines the molecular structure of insulin, winning the 1958 Nobel Chem. Prize. German physiologist Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883-1970) pub. a theory claiming that cancer originates from irreversible damage to respiration, causing cancer cells to convert to fermentation for their energy. Soviet physicists Alexander M. Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov propose the pumping method for making a ruby laser. Polish-born British economist Tadeusz Rybczynski (1923-98) pub. the Rybczynski Theorem for the Heckscher-Ohlin Model of Internat. Trade, which states that at constant relative goods prices, a rise in the endowment of one factor will lead to a more than proportional expansion of the output in the sector which uses that factor intensively, and an absolute decline of the output of the other good, until ultimately there is factor price equalization. Neurosurgeon Harold Cornelius Voris (1902-80) et al. of Mercy Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago, Ill. perform the first successful separation operation for Siamese (conjoined) twins. Nonfiction: Anon., The Urantia Book (The Fifth Epochal Revelation); pub. in Chicago by the Urantia Foundation, 2,097 pages about the origin and meaning of life, God, Jesus, Thought Adjusters and Mystery Monitors. giving Urantia as the true name of Earth, and espousing a spiritualist philosophy attempting to unite religion, science, and philosophy; "A rich and complex moral narrative, equal parts of Tolkien and St. Paul"; becomes public domain in 1983/2006. Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry; calls him a fraud, causing his friends to try to get it suppressed. Raymond Aron (1905-83), The Opium of the Intellectuals (L'Opium des Intellectuels); Eng. tr. 1957; reverses Marx's famous quotation to describe what Marxism has become; causes a firestorm of controversy. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), Hemoglobin and the Universe (Feb. issue of Astounding Science Fiction); his first serious science essay in a sci-fi mag. James Baldwin (1924-87), Notes of a Native Son (essays); disses Richard Wright's "Native Son" for portraying Bigger Thomas as an angry black man and stigmatizing all black men. Roger Bannister (1929-), The Four-Minute Mile (autobio.); May 6, 1954 (5-6-5-4). Samuel Nathaniel Behrman (1893-1973), The Worcester Account (autobio.). Margarete Bieber (1879-1978), The Sculpture of the Hellenistic Age. Jim Bishop, The Day Lincoln Was Shot. Fernand Braudel (1902-85), Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Centuries (3 vols.) (1955–79); incl. "The Structure of Everyday Life", "The Wheels of Commerce", and "The Perspective of the World". Charles Dunbar Broad (1887-1971), Human Personality and the Possibility of Its Survival. Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship. James Branch Cabell (1879-1958), As I Remember It (autobio.). Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955), The Phenomenon of Man (Le Phenomene Humain) (posth.); written in 1938, but withheld from pub. so he won't have to leave the priesthood; explains his concepts of the Omega Point (mental Second Coming) and the Law of Complexity/Consciousness; coins the term "Noosphere" (the biosphere of the mind); "Just as man, in the eyes of the paleontologist, merges anatomically into the mass of mammals who preceded him, so the cell, in the same descending series... merges into the world of chemical structure and visibly converges towards the molecule" - and the whole Universe merges into a marble that blew up? Caryl Chessman (1921-60), Trial by Ordeal. Noam Chomsky (1928-), The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory; challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational (generative) grammar, consisting of a context-free grammar with transformational rules, positing a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and a Universal Grammar (UG). Alfred Cobban (1901-68), The Myth of the French Revolution. Lee Cronbach (1916-2001), Construct Validity in Psychological Tests; defines Construct Validity. Richard N. Current (1912-2012), Daniel Webster and the Rise of National Conservatism; Lincoln the President: Midstream to the Last Full Measure (Bancroft Prize); 4th and last vol. of the bio. begun by James G. Randall (1881-1953); makes him a recognized authority on Abraham Lincoln, after which he pub. seven more books on him, becoming known as "Dean of Lincoln Scholars". Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970), The Mongol Mission (Mission to Asia): Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Leon Edel (1907-97), The Modern Psychological Novel. Leslie Fiedler (1917-2003), An End to Innocence: Essays on Culture and Politics. Rudolf Flesch (1911-86), Why Johnny Can't Read: And What You Can Do About It; advocates dumping the "see-say" (whole language) (brute force memorization) method of teaching reading for good ole phonics; too bad, the educational community ignores him; this book and a 1954 Time mag. article by John Hersey inspire Dr. Seuss to write "The Cat in the Hat" (1957). John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964), Fifty Million Americans in Search of a Party; Militarism: The New Slavery for America; "a job-making boondoggle"?; causes him to have a falling out with William F. Buckley Jr. Vladimir Fock (1898-1974), The Theory of Space, Time and Gravitation. Henry Wilder Foote (1875-1964), The Religion of an Inquiring Mind. Robert James Forbes (1900-73), Studies in Ancient Technology (9 vols.). Erich Fromm (1900-80), The Sane Society; the modern danger of the "marketing character", who is "well-fed, well-entertained, but passive, unalive, and lacking in feeling", and the solution of "humanistic communitarianism", which feeds our "existential needs". Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), Giornale di Guerra e di Prigionia (autobio.). Pieter Geyl (1887-1966), Use and Abuse of History; how an "awareness of distance" is needed by historians, and "The most we can hope for is a partial rendering, an approximation, of the real truth about the past." Thomas E. Gaddis (1908-84), Birdman of Alcatraz; about Leavenworth murderer Robert Franklin Stroud (1890-1963); "Alcatraz, the federal prison with a name like the blare of a trombone, is a black molar in the jawbone of the nation's prison system." Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), The Greek Myths; becomes a std. work; Adam's Rib: And Other Anomalous Elements in the Hebrew Creation Myth; claims that the rib story gives the Genesis Creation Story away as based on Canaanite icons captured by the Hebrews in battle. George Grosz (1893-1959), Ein Kleines Ja und Ein Grosses Nein (A Small Yes and A Big No) (autobio.). John Gunther (1901-70), Inside Africa. Talbot Faulkner Hamlin (1889-1956), Benjamin Henry Latrobe (Pulitzer Prize). Oscar Handlin (1915-2011), Chance or Destiny: Turning Points in American History; "[History is] a line made up of a succession of points, with every point a turning point", Chance or Destiny: Turning Points in American History. Sir Norman Hartnell (1901-79), Silver and Gold (autobio.); famous London fashion designer who designed Elizabeth II's wedding and coronation gowns is still in the closet. Christopher Hill (1912-2003), Economic Problems of the Church. Richard Hofstadter (1916-70), The Age of Reform (Pulitzer Prize); examining the yeoman ideal in the U.S., from the Populist Movement of the 1890s through the Progressive Era and New Deal, which is behind its sentimental attachment to agrarianism and its belief in the moral superiority of farmers over city slickers; "A kind of homage that Americans have paid to the fancied innocence of their origins, however, to call it a myth does not imply falsity, because it effectively embodies the rural values of the American people, profoundly influencing their perception of the correct values, hence their political behavior"; introduces the idea of "status politics"; The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States. Calvin Hoffman (-1987), The Murder of the Man Who Was Shakespeare; really Kit Marlowe? Sidney Hook (1902-89), Marx and the Marxists: The Ambiguous Legacy. Paul Horgan (1903-95), Great River: The Rio Grande in American History (2 vols.) (Pulitzer Prize); first book to describe the Anasazi pueblo culture. Walter Johnson (1915-85) (ed.), How We Drafted Adlai Stevenson. Helen Keller (1880-1968), Teacher: Anne Sullivan Macy: A Tribute of the Foster-Child of Her Mind. Werner Keller, Und die Bibel Hat Doch Recht. George Kelly (1905-67), The Psychology of Personal Constructs (2 vols.); founds Personal Construct Theory (PCT), which claims that psychology as a science must attempt to set in order the facts of human experience so that psychologists can make good predictions about what patients will do in new situations; "A person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events." Walter Kerr (1913-96), How Not to Write a Play. Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe (1897-1988), The Flying Saucer Conspiracy. Majid Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam. "Thus the jihad may be regarded as Islam's instrument for carrying out its ultimate objective by turning all people into believers, if not in the prophethood of Muhammad, at least in the belief of God. The Prophet Muhammad is reported to have declared 'Some of my people will continue to fight victoriously for the sake of the truth until the last one of them will combat the anti-Christ'. Until that moment is reached the jihad, in one form or another will remain as a permanent obligation upon the entire Muslim community." Lawrence Robert Klein (1920-) and Arthur Stanley Goldberger (1930-2009), An Econometric Model of the United States, 1929-1952; announces the Klein-Goldberger Model of the U.S., which attempts to empirically verify Keynesian theory; too bad, it is subject to sudden wild oscillations. Klein and Goldberger, An Economic Model of the U.S. 1929-52. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), The Trail of the Dinosaur and Other Essays. Hans Kohn (1891-1971), Nationalism: Its Meaning and History. Simon Kuznets (1901-85), Economic Growth and Income Equality. John Frederick Lehmann (1907-87), Whispering Gallery (autobio.); gay English writer. Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009), Tristes Tropiques (A World on the Wane) (autobio.); his masterpiece?; his anthropological travels in Brazil, India et al.; "I hate travelling and explorers" (first line). Anne Morrow Lindbergh (1906-2001), A Gift from the Sea. Ralph Linton (1893-1953), The Tree of Culture (posth.). Walter Lippmann (1889-1974), The Public Philosophy. Walter Lord (1917-2002), A Night to Remember; minute-by-minute depiction of the 1912 sinking of the Titanic, based on interviews with 63 survivors. Dwight Macdonald (1906-82), The Ford Foundation: The Men and the Millions - An Unauthorized Biography. John Macquarrie, An Existentialist Theology: A Comparison of Heidegger and Bultmann. Felicien Marceau (1913-), Balzac et son Monde (Balzac and His World). Jacob Marschak (1898-1977), Elements for a Theory of Teams; founds Team Theory. Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Eros and Civilization; synthesis of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. Garrett Mattingly (1900-62), Renaissance Diplomacy. Alan Ross McWhirter (1925-75) and Norris McWhirter (1925-2004), Guinness Book of Records (Superlatives) (Oct.); written by twin brothers Alan Ross McWhirter (1925-75) and Norris McWhirter (1925-2004); Norris is 20 min. older than Ross; in its many eds. it becomes the best-selling copyrighted work of all time; too bad, Ross ends up getting killed by two IRA gunmen. D'Arcy McNickle (1904-77), The Indian in American Society. James Edward Meade (1907-95), Trade and Welfare; promotes protectionism with the theory of the "second-best", winning him a share of the 1977 Nobel Econ. Prize. Cyril Northcote Parkinson (1909-93), Parkinson's Law (Nov. 19) (The Economist); "Politicians and taxpayers have assumed (with occasional phases of doubt) that a rising total in the number of civil servants must reflect a growing volume of work to be done", proposing Parkinson's Law, along with two sub-laws, The Law of Multiplication of Subordinates, and The Law of Multiplication of Work, purporting to provide scientific proof of their validity complete with mathematical formulas, following it with the bestselling Dec. 1958 book Parkinson's Law, or The Pursuit of Progress. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61), The Adventures of the Dialectic; disses the French Communist Party, causing him to break with Jean-Paul Sartre. Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004), The Issa Valley (autobio.). William L. Moore (1927-63), The Mind in Chains; written by a WWII vet who just spent 18 mo. in a mental hospital, and who later becomes a civil rights martyr. George Soulie de Morant (1955-), Chinese Acupuncture; introduces acupuncture to the West. Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976), Christopher Columbus, Mariner (1955); condensed vers. of "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" (1942). Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), Visions Rise and Change. H.J. Paton, The Modern Predicament. Talcott Parsons (1902-79), Family, Socialization and Interaction Process. Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), Philosophical Writings (posth.); "If anyone has ever maintained that the Universe is a pure throw of the dice, the theologians have abundantly refuted him. 'How often', says Archbishop Tillotson, "might a man, after he had jumbled a set of letters in a bag, fling them out upon the ground before they would fall into an exact poem, yea, or so much as make a good discourse in prose! And may not a little book be as easily made by chance as this great volume of the world?" Charles Petrie (1895-1977), The Carlton Club. Mary Pickford (1892-1979), Sunshine and Shadow (autobio.). John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Visions and Revisions. J.B. Priestley (1894-1984) and Jacquetta Hawkes (1910-96), Journey Down a Rainbow. Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003), An American Policy in Asia. Harrison Evans Salisbury (1908-93), American in Russia; NYT bureau chief in Moscow. Hans F. Sennholz (1922-2007), Divided Europe. K.M. Setton (ed.), A History of the Crusades. Francis Butler Simkins (1897-1966), Tolerating the South's Past. Edmund Ware Sinnott (1888-1968), The Biology of the Spirit. Lillian Smith (1897-1966), Now is the Time; calls for compliance with Brown v. Board of Education, calling it "every child's Magna Charta". Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Ways and Power of Love. William Smyth, The Lessons of History: Lectures on Modern History and the French and American Revolutions. Julian Steward (1902-72), Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution; coins the term Cultural Ecology, for the "ways in which culture change is induced by adaptation to the environment", pissing-off some (mainly Marxist) social scientists, who don't accept any kind of environmental determinism over human actions. Telford Taylor (1908-98), Grand Inquest: The Story of Congressional Investigations; criticizes Joseph McCarthy. Louis Untermeyer (1885-1977), Makers of the Modern World; 92 mini-bios. Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979), Earth in Upheaval; palms in N Greenland, corals in Alaska, unfossilized hippo bones in England, oh my? Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, You May Survive Amageddon into God's New World; pumps up another gen. of believers to keep knocking while waiting for It to happen at any time. Rebecca West (1892-1983), A Train of Powder. Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1890-1976), Still Digging: Adventures in Archaeology. Edmund Wilson (1895-1972), The Dead Sea Scrolls. C. Vann Woodward (1908-99), The Burden of Southern History (essays); 3rd ed. 1993; incl. "The Irony of Southern History". The Strange Career of Jim Crow (Feb.); 2nd ed. Aug. 1965; 3rd ed. 1974; a classic study of segregation in the U.S. based on his Richards Lectures at the U. of Va. soon after the spring 1954 U.S. Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education decision; about how the 1890s saw Southerners "capitulate to racism" to enact Jim Crow laws; "The historical Bible of the civil rights movement." (Martin Luther King Jr.) Babe Didrikson Zaharias (1911-56), This Life I've Led (autobio.). Solomon Zeitlin (1886-1976), Maimonides, a Biography. Art: Pietro Annigoni (1910-88), Portrait of Queen Elizabeth II. Bernard Buffet (1928-99), Circus. Giorgio de Chirico (1888-1978), Italian Square. Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), En Souvenir d'un Peintre. Salvador Dali (1904-89), The Lord's Supper; Laurence Oliver as Richard III; painted on the set. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Liberation (lithogrpah); Three Worlds (lithograph). Tsuguhara Foujita (1886-1968), Fillette a la Robe Rouge, Montmartre (Girl in a Red Dress in Montmartre). Franz Kline (1910-62), White Forms. Joseph Glasco, Salome (Salomé). Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Thermopylae Triptych. Rene Magritte (1898-1967), The Mysteries of the Horizon. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Le Long Pont; Spearing of the Grain; L'Engin dans l'Eminence; Intervision. Joan Miro (1893-1983), Ceramic Murals for the UNESCO Building (1955-9). Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Les Femmes d'Alger (15 paintings); his response to Eugene Delacroix's 1834 "Women of Algiers"; "I thought so much about Les Femmes d'Alger that I bought La California", a Belle-Epoque villa in Cannes, S France, where he returns to peak form, spending his last decades; Version O is sold at auction by Christie's in 2015 for $179.4M. Fairfield Porter (1907-75), Katie and Anne; the modernist Rockwell? Robert Rauschenberg (1925-), Bed. Music: Johnny Ace (1929-54), Pledging My Love (posth.). George Antheil (1900-59), The Wish (opera) (Louisville, Ky.); "A sort of Romeo and Juliet story". Eddy Arnold (1918-2008), Cattle Call; Just Call Me Lonesome; a new U.S. country star is born, singing from the diaphragm not the nose, and yodeling like a real cowboy? Tony Bennett (1926-), Cloud 7 (album) (Feb. 25); jazz-oriented; with guitarist Chuck Wayne. Chuck Berry (1926-2017), Maybellene. Boris Blacher (1903-75), Der Mohr von Venedig (ballet). Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Birthday Greeting for Her Majesty; Meditation on a Theme by John Blow. Pat Boone (1934-), Two Hearts (#16 in the U.S.); Ain't That a Shame (#1 in the U.S.); a cover of the Fats Domino hit that hits even bigger, causing him to make a career of covering R&B songs by black artists for his bigger white audience; sets a record of 220 consecutive weeks on the charts with more than one song by 1959, becoming the #2 best-selling artist of the 1950s behind Elvis Presley; sells a total of 45M albums, incl. 38 top-40 hits, and a 12-movie Hollywood career. Pierre Boulez (1925-), 3rd Piano Sonata (1955-63). The Cadillacs, No Chance (Jan.); Down the Road (June); Window Lady (June); Speedo; big hit, helping to attract white audiences; "They often call me Speedo but my real name is Mister Earl". Johnny Cash (1932-2003), Hey Porter (June 21) (debut); his elation at being allowed to return home from Landsberg, Germany; With His Hot and Blue Guitar (album) (debut) (Oct. 11) (first album issued by Sun Records); incl. Cry! Cry! Cry! (#14), So Doggone Lonesome (#4), Folsom Prison Blues (Dec. 15) (#1) (#32 in the U.S.), I Walk the Line (#1). Ray Charles (1930-2004), I Got a Woman. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Darling Je Vous Aime Beaucoup (#7 in the U.S.). The Crew Cuts, Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine) (#2 in the U.S.). Bo Diddley (1928-2008), Bo Diddley (#1 R&B) (debut); Diddley Daddy (#11 R&B); Pretty Thing (#4 R&B). Fats Domino (1928-2017), Ain't That a Shame; All By Myself; Poor Me; Don't You Know. Lonnie Donegan (1931-2002), Rock Island Line (#8 in the U.S.) (#8 in the U.K.); first of 31 top-30 U.K. hits incl. 24 in a row and 3 #1s, and two top-10 U.S. hits. Wener Egk (1901-83), Irische Legende (opera) (Salzburg). The Flamingos, I'll Be Home (#5 R&B); originally The Swallows, El Flamingos, and The Five Flamingos; from Chicago, Ill., incl. Jacob "Jake" Carey, Ezekial "Zeke" Carey, Paul Wilson, John E. "Johnny" Carter, Sollie McElroy, Tommy Hunt, and Terry "Buzzy" Johnson. Carlisle Floyd (1926-), Susannah (Feb.) (Fla. State U.); stars Phyllis Curti and Mack Harrell. Tennessee Ernie Ford (1919-91),The Ballad of Davy Crockett (#4 country); Sixteen Tons (#1 in the U.S.) (#1 country); written by Merle Travis in 1946 based on the mines of Muhlenberg County, Ky.; "You load 16 tons, whadya get, another day older and deeper in debt. St. Peter don't you call me cause I can't go, I owe my soul to the company store"; a big hit (20M copies), it becomes his signature song, getting him his own NBC-TV show The Ford Show next year (until 1961), which features a gospel song at the end of each show, plus his catchphrase "Bless your pea-pickin' heart". Connie Francis (1938-), Freddy; first of 10 straight flops while she dates Bobby Darin (1936-73), whom her strict Italian daddy runs out of the house with a gun, breaking her heart. Stan Freberg (1926-), The Night Before Christmas/Nuttin' for Christmas. Georgia Gibbs (1919-2006), Twenty-Four Hours a Day; Dance With Me Henry; an answer song to "Work With Me, Annie"; originally called "Roll With Me, Henry", but the word "roll" is considered vulgar. Ferde Grofe (1892-1972), Hudson River Suite. Dick Haymes (1918-80), Rain or Shine (album) (debut). John Lee Hooker (1917-2001), The Syndicator; Hug and Squeeze. Alan Hovhaness (1911-2006), Symphony No. 2 ("Mysterious Mountain") (Houston Symphony); debut by Leopold Stokowski; makes him a celeb composer, even though he's Armenian? Etta James (1938-2012), Etta James (album) (debut); incl. The Wallflower (Dance with Me, Henry), Good Rockin' Daddy. Joni James (1930-), How Important Can It Be? (#2); You Are My Love (#6); Where Is That Someone For Me; Is This the End of Time; The Moment I Saw You. George Jones (1931-2013), Why Baby Why; his first hit. Ernst Krenek (1900-91), Pallas Athene Weint (opera) (Hamburg). The Four Lads, Moments to Remember; No, Not Much. Beau Lanson, The Yellow Rose of Texas (The Three Confederates). Rolf Libermann, School for Wives (opera) (Louisville, Ky.). Gisele MacKenzie (1927-2003), Hard to Get; becomes a hit after her touring partner Jack Benny recommends her for "Your Hit Parade". Bohuslav Martinu (1890-1959), The Epic of Gilamesh. Clyde McPhatter (1932-72), Love Has Joined Us Together (w/Ruth Brown) (solo debut). Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), The Saint of Bleecker Street (opera) (Pulitzer Prize). Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Symphony No. 6 (Boston). Thelonious Monk (1917-82), Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington (album) (debut); his first album for Riverside Records after they buy out his contract for $108.24; too bad, they force him to perform covers out of belief that his own music is too "difficult" for the consumer market. Ruby Murray (1935-96), Softly, Softly (#1 in the U.K.); Happy Days and Lonely Nights (#6 in the U.K.); Let Me Go Lover (#5 in the U.K.); If Anyone Finds This, I Love You (#4 in the U.K.); Evermore (#3 in the U.K.); I'll Come When You Call (#6 in the U.K.). Anthony Newley (1931-99), Cranks (album). Luigi Nono (1924-90), Il Canto Sospeso (1955-6); big hit commemorating the victims of Fascism, incl. farewell letters written by political prisoners before execution, making him an internat. star, hailed as the successor to 12-tone Austrian composer Anton Webern (1883-1945). Fess Parker (1924-2010), The Ballad of Davy Crockett; "Fought single-handed through the Injun war, till the Creeks was whipped and the peace was in store. While he was handling this risky chore, made hisself a legend forever more, Davy, Davy Crockett, the man who don't know fear". Ildebrando Pizzetti (1880-1968), Assassinio Nella Cattedrale (Murder in the Cathedral) (opera). Walter Piston (1894-1976), Symphony No. 5 (Boston). The Platters, Only You (And You Alone) (July) (#8 in the U.S.); The Great Pretender (Nov. 3) (#1 in the U.S.); from Los Angeles, Calif., incl. Tony Williams (1928-92) (vocals), Zoletta Lynn "Zola" Taylor (1938-2007) (vocals). Cole Porter (1891-1964), Silk Stockings (musical) (last) (New York); stars Tony Williams (lead vocalist), David Lynch, Paul Robi, Herb Reed, Zola Taylor; incl. All of You. Elvis Presley (1935-77), Milk Cow Blues Boogie/ You're a Heartbreaker (Jan.); Baby Let's Play House/ I'm Left You're Right She's Gone (Apr.); I Forgot to Remember to Forget (by Stan Kesler and Charlie Feathers) (Aug. 20) (#1 country)/ Mystery Train (#11 country); turns him into a nat. country music star. Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953), Fiery Angel (opera) (Venice). Jim Reeves (1923-64), Yonder Comes a Sucker (#4 country). Little Richard (1932-2020), Tutti-Frutti (#17 in the U.S.) ("Awop-bop-aloop-bop, alop-bam-boom"); Long Tall Sally (#6 in the U.S.); Slippin' and Slidin' (#33 in the U.S.). Marty Robbins (1925-82), Carl, Lefty and Marty; Rock'n Roll'n Robbins. Charlie Ryan (1915-2008), Hot Rod Lincoln; covered in 1960 by Johnny Bond, and in 1972 by Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen. Pete Seeger (1919-2014), Bantu Choral Folk Songs (album). Jean Shepard (1933-), A Satisfied Mind; Beautiful Lies; I Thought of You. Dinah Shore (1916-94), Holding Hands at Midnight (album); I'm Your Girl (album). Frank Sinatra (1915-98), In the Wee Small Hours (album); incl. In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning; the first concept album? Kay Starr (1922-), (The) Rock and Roll Waltz; composed by Shorty Allen and Roy Alfred. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Canticum Sacrum. Michael Tippett (1905-98), The Midsummer Marriage (opera) (London). The Turbans, When You Dance. Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), Too Many Heartaches; Give Me the Moonlight Give Me the Girl; Wildfire; Something's Gotta Give; Seventeen. Sarah Vaughan (1924-90), Whatever Lola Wants. Porter Wagoner (1927-2007), A Satisfied Mind (#1 in the U.S.); in 1957 he joins the Grand Ole Opry, becoming known as "Mr. Grand Ole Opry", starting out with a leisure suit and flat top haircut and evolving into a blonde pompadour and flashy Nudie and Manuel suits. Muddy Waters (1913-83), Mannish Boy. Kitty Wells (1919-2012), Making Believe (#1 country); written by Jimmy Work. Slim Whitman (1924-), Tumbling Tumbleweeds. Otis Williams (1936) and The Charms, Ling Ting Tong (#26 in the U.S.) (#5 R&B); Two Hearts (#8 R&B). John Sturges' Bad Day at Black Rock (Jan. 17), written by Millard Kaufman and Don McGuire based on the short story "Bad Day at Hondo" by Howard Breslin stars Spencer Tracy as mysterious 1-armed war vet John J. Macreedy, who becomes the first to stop at Black Rock in four years, and says he's looking for a Japanese-Am. man named Komoko, bumping into town sheriff Tim Horn (Dean Jagger) and town boss Reno Smith (Robert Ryan) and discovering racism. Joseph H. Lewis' The Big Combo is a film noir starring Cornel Wilde as police det. Leonard Diamond, who crusades to bring down gangster Mr. Brown (Richard Conte) while wooing his moll Susan Lowell (Princess Grace lookalike Jean Wallace); meanwhile Brown's underlings McClure (Brian Donlevy), Fante (Lee Van Cleef), and Mingo (Earl Holliman) plot to overthrow him; cinematography by John Alton. Richard Brooks' Blackboard Jungle (Mar. 25) stars no-stretch Glenn Ford as a square English teacher in a violent U.S. inner-city school; causes the song Rock Around the Clock by Bill Haley and the Comets (released on Apr. 14, 1954) to finally take off, becoming a watershed event that earns Haley the title of Father of Rock and Roll after it becomes the first million-selling record in both Britain and Germany, and he becomes the first major Am. rock singer to tour Europe, although he is soon eclipsed by Elvis the Pelvis. Alfred Hitchcock's To Catch a Thief (Aug. 3), based on the David Dodge novel stars Car Crash, er, Cary Grant as reformed jewel thief "The Cat", who falls in love with wealthy Am. woman Grace Kelly, after which a rash of jewel thefts occur; Kelly meets future hubby Prince Rainer during shooting in Monaco - to catch a prince? George Seaton's The Country Girl (May 17), based on the Clifford Odets play stars Bing Crosby as alcoholic singer Frank Elgin, and Grace Kelly as his unglamorous wife Georgie, who backs him while he tries to make a comback with the help of dir. Bernie Dodd (William Holden). Michael Anderson's The Dam Busters (May 16) (Associated British Picture Corp.), written by Robert Cedric Sherriff based on a book by Paul Brickhill about the RAF 617 Squadron and the Bouncing Bomb in 1943 Operation Chastise, starring Richard Todd as Wing Cmdr. Guy Gibson, Basil Sydney as air chief marshal Sir Arthur Harris, Derek Farr as Group Capt. John Whitworth, Ernest Clark as Air Vice-Marshal Ralph Cochrane, Patrick Barr as test pilot Capt. Joseph "Mutt" Summers, Michael Redgrave as bomb inventor Dr. Barnes Wallis, and Ursula Jeans as his wife Molly Wallis; does £419K box office. Roger Corman's Day the World Ended (Dec.) (B&W) is narrated by Chet Huntley, starring Richard Denning as Rich, and Mike "Touch" Connors as Tony, shown with "The Phantom from 10,000 Leagues", becoming the first double feature of Am. Internat. Pictures (originally Am. Releasing Corp.), which makes them both for $100K. Henri-Georges Clouzot's Diabolique (Nov. 21), based on the Pierre Boileau novel stars Simone Signoret as Nicole Horner, mistress of sadistic schoolmaster Michel Delassalle (Paul Meurisse), who conspires with his wife Christina (Vera Clouzot) to bump him off, then struggles to evade the law after the body disappears. Elia Kazan's East of Eden (Mar. 9) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1952 John Steinbeck novel ripping off the Biblical Cain and Abel story set in Monterey and Salinas, Calif. in 1917 is "new Marlon Brando" James Dean's first starring role as angst-ridden adolescent Caleb "Cal" (Cain) searching for love and acceptance from his ho mother Kate (Eve) (Jo Van Fleet), and his Bible-thumping daddy Adam Trask (Adam) (Raymond Massey), ending up taking it out on his brother Aron (Abel) (Richard Davalos); does $5M box office; Julie Harris plays Aron's babe Catie (Eve); the only one of Dean's three films to be released during his lifetime, making him a teen star. John Ireland's and Edward Sampson's The Fast and the Furious (Feb. 15) (B&W), the first release from AIP stars Frank Webster as an escaped murderer who kidnaps coffee shop babe Connie Adair (Dorothy Malone) and joins a cross-border sports car race to elude police; does $250K box office on a $50K budget. Rene Clair's Les Grandes Manoeuvres stars Gerard Philipe as a soldier and Michele Morgan as a divorce making eyes before WWI, until he falls in love and his rep as a Casanova comes out? Art Clokey's Gumbasia features clay animation set to jazz music, inspiring the green-clay Gumby TV series next year. Joseph L. Mankiewicz's Guys and Dolls (Nov. 3), based on the Frank Loesser musical about 1940s New York gamblers stars Marlon Brando as Sky Masterson, Jean Simmons as Sarah Brown, Frank Sinatra as Nathan Detroit, and Vivian Blaine as Miss Adelaide; Robert Keith plays police lt. Brannigan Jesse Hibbs' To Hell and Back, based on his 1949 autobio. stars Audie Murphy as himself. Nunnally Johnson's How to Be Very, Very Popular, based on the Edward Hope novel stars Betty Grable as Stormy Tornado, and platinum blonde Sheree North (1932-2005) as Curly Flagg, who appears on the cover of Life mag. with the title "Sheree North Takes Over from Marilyn Monroe"; too bad, it flops. Curtis Bernhardt's Interrupted Melody (Mar. 25) (MGM), based on Australian soprano Marjorie Lawrence (1907-79), who got polio in 1941 stars Eleanor Parker, Glenn Ford, Roger Moore, and Cecil Kellaway; singing by Eileen Farrell. Robert Gordon's It Came from Beneath the Sea (July) (B&W) stars Kenneth Tobey as Cmdr. Pete Mathews, and Faith Domergue and Donald Curtis as marine biologists Lesley Joyce and John Carter, who encounter a radioactive octopus from the Mindanao Deep that attacks the Golden Gate Bridge. Robert Aldrich's B&W Kiss Me Deadly (May 18), a film noir based on the Mickey Spillane novel stars Ralph Meeker (Rathgerber) (1920-88) as Mike Hammer, who hooks up with sexy blonde Lily Carver (Gaby Rodgers) and chases a mysterious valise that turns out to contain an A-bomb; the film debuts of Cloris Leachman (1926-) as hitchhiker Christina (who dies early), and Maxine Cooper (Gomberg) (1924-2009) as Hammer's secy. Velda, known for the soundbyte "The great whatsit"; a big hit, it grosses over $1M worldwide; Steven Spielberg steals his melting head scene for "Raiders of the Lost Ark" from the film?; George Lucas steals his Star Wars char. Guido from Nick the car repairman? Clyde Geronimi's and Wilfred Jackson's and Hamilton Luske's animated musical romanceLady and the Tramp (June 22) (produced by Walt Disney), based on the 1945 Cosmopolitanmag. story "Happy Dan: The Cynical Dog" by Ward Greene becomes the first animated film feature using the CinemaScope widescreen process, starring high class Am. Cocker Spaniel Lady and male mutt Tramp, who fall in love over a shared plate of pasta in a Midwestern town (inspired by Disney's home town of Marceline, Mo.) on Christmas eve., 1909; the songs are by Peggy Lee (1920-2002), who ends up suing Disney successfully for royalties in the 1990s; does $187M box office on a $4M budget. Arthur Lubin's Lady Godiva of Coventry(Nov. 2) (Universal-Internat.) stars Maureen O'Hara as Lady Godiva, George Nader as her hubby Lord Leofric, Rex Reason as Harold, Torin Thatcher as Lord Godwin, and Alec Harford as Peeping Tom the Tailor, who dies 8 mo. before the film's release. Henry King's Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing, based on the 1952 Han Suyin novel stars Am. cock, er, Caucasian war correspondent William Holden wooing fake Eurasian doctor Jennifer Jones, while real L.A. Asian actors can't play the leads; the theme song Love is a Many-Splendored Thing by the Four Aces becomes #1 this year, one of the first movie songs to go #1 the same year; "Love is Nature's way of giving, a reason to be living, the golden crown that makes a man a king". Henry Koster's A Man Called Peter (Mar. 31) stars Robert Burton as real-life Scottish-born Am. minister Peter Marshall (1902-49), who becomes pastor of the Church of the Presidents and Washington, D.C., and rises to U.S. Senate chaplain in 1947 before his sudden death. Ronald Neame's The Man Who Never Was (Mar. 15) based on Ewen Montagu's declassified account of the Apr. 1943 MI6 operation to fool the Nazis into thinking that the Allies were going to invade Sardinia instead of Sicily stars Clifton Webb as Lt. Cmdr. Ewen Montague. Otto Preminger's The Man With the Golden Arm (Dec. 14), based on the 1949 Nelson Algren novel stars Frank Sinatra as musician junkie Frankie Machine, proving the old saying about there being no such thing as an ex-junkie; Marlon Brando passed up the role, letting Sinatra revamp his movie career; features the screen credit "A film by Otto Preminger", becoming the first time that a producer or dir. claims authorship of a movie; the novel's author is unamused Nelson Algren. Delbert Mann's Marty (Apr. 11), based on the teleplay by Paddy Chayefsky (1923-81) stars Ernest Borgnine (Ermes Effron Borgnino) (1917-2012) in his best career role as shy bachelor Marty Piletti, who finds love with spinster schoolteacher Clara (Betsy Blair); film dir. debut of Kan.-born Delbert Martin Mann Jr. (1920-2007), who fizzles out in the 1960s and goes back to TV, directing the infamous 1968 "Heidi" made-for-TV movie that preempts Monday Night Football; becomes the first transfer from TV to win a best picture Oscar; too bad, best actor Borgnine ends up sliding into the B-movie morass, going so low as to portray an over-the-hill wrestler in "Magnum: P.I." by the 1980s. John Ford's and Mervyn LeRoy's Mister Roberts (July 30), based on the hit Broadway play by Joshua Logan (based on the Thomas Heggen novel) stars Henry Fonda as the screwloose capt. of a WWII Navy cargo freighter in the South Pacific, and James Cagney as cargo officer Mr. Roberts, who wants to be transferred to a fighting vessel; Jack Lemmon stars as Ensign Pulver; the last film appearance of William Powell; music by Franz Waxman. Charles Laughton's The Night of the Hunter (July 26) (United Artists), a film noir based on a true story and written by James Agee based on the 1953 Davis Grubb novel stars Robert Mitchum as psychotic serial-killer Rev. Harry Powell, who marries lonely widow Willa Harper (Shelley Winters) to find $10K stashed by her executed hubby; Laughton's only dir. effort, influencing dirs. Jim Jarmusch, Spike Lee, David Lynch, Terrence Malick, Martin Scorsese, and the Coen brothers for its lyrical expressionistic style; #2 movie of all time after "Citizen Kane", according to Cahiers du Cinema. Stanley Kramer's Not as a Stranger (June 28), based on the 1954 Morton Thompson novel is Kramer's dir. debut; stars Robert Mitchum as ambition-driven medical student Lucas Marsh, who marries older Kristina Hedvigson (Olivia de Havilland) to pay his way, and climbs to the top only to kill a friend. Fred Zinnemann's Oklahoma! (Oct. 11), based on the 1943 musical by Aaron Copland (1900-90) and Jerome Robbins (1918-98) is the film debut of Shirley Mae Jones (1934-) as Laurey; Gordon MacRae plays Curley, Rod Steiger plays Jud Fry, Eddie Albert plays Ali Hakim, Gene Nelson plays Will Parker, and Gloria Grahame plays Ado Annie; the first film to use the Todd-AO process, invented by Michael "Mike" Todd (Avrom Hirsch Goldbogen) (1909-58), the 3rd of Elizabeth Taylor's seven husbands; on July 8, 1958 the Oklahoma! Soundtrack (#1 in the U.S.) receives the first-ever gold album from the Recording Industry of Am., and on Apr. 1, 1992 it is certified 2x multi-platinum. Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali (The Lament of the Path), about a Bengali boy growing up in impoverished India is Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray's film debut; sequels incl. "Aparajito" (1958), and "World of Apu" (1959). Jack Webb's Pete Kelly's Blues (July 31) about 1927 Kansas City stars Webb as cornetist Pete Kelly, Peggy Lee as alcoholic blues singer Rose Hopkins, and Ella Fitzerald as singer Maggie Jackson; Jayne Mansfield has a bit part. Dan Milner's The Phantom from 10,000 Leagues (Dec.) (B&W) stars Kent Taylor - the things you love the most can stink? Joshua Logan's Picnic (Nov.) (Columbia), based on the 1953 William Inge play stars William Holden (his last film with Columbia, for a miserable $30K fee instead of his usual $250K freelance fee) as hunky freight train bum Hal Carter (his shirt sleeves always rolled up), who stops in a lily-white Kan. town to beg employment from his old college fraternity brother Alan Benson (Cliff Robertson), whose father Mr. Benson (Raymond Bailey) owns grain silos, and ends up turning on every repressed woman in town, esp. 19-y.-o. Alan's babe Marjorie "Madge" Owens, played by Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (1933-) (who becomes a star), breaking their hearts and turning everybody against him; also stars Susan Strasberg (daughter of Lee Strasberg) as Millie Owens (who likes to memorize Shakespeare sonnets), Betty Field as Flo Owens, and Rosalind Russell as Rosemary; Arthur O'Connell plays store owner Howard Bevens; Nick Adams plays Bomber the paperboy, while dating Natalie Wood and palling with James Dean and Elvis Presley. Nicholas Ray's Rebel Without a Cause (Oct. 27) (CinemaScope), written by Stewart Stern and Irving Shulman, with title taken from Robert M. Lindner's 1944 book "Rebel Without a Cause: The Hypnoanalysis of a Criminal Psychopath" stars James "Torreador" Dean in his 2nd of three films as desk-kicking mooing new-to-town outsider Dawson H.S. student Jim Stark, crying father-kissing Natalie Wood (in her first post-child actor film) as Judy, and Sal Mineo as disturbed puppy-shooter John "Plato" Crawford (first gay teenager in a Hollywood film), who turns into a kookaboo with a gun, creating the rebel concept for the U.S. teenager; all three meet with tragic ends in real life; Jim "Mr. Magoo" Backus plays Dean's inept henpecked apron-wearing father; Corey Allen plays gangleader Buzz; Edward C. Platt plays tough-tender juvenile officer ?; also features Nick Adams; no rock music is used in the film; the prudish 1934 Hays Code rules the film; for the first three days the film is shot in B&W until they switch to color-only CinemaScope; the switchblades used in Dean's big knife fight are supplied by the police after being confiscated from hoodlums and dulled; "You're tearing me apart" (Dean); after scenes are filmed at Griffith Observatory on Mt. Hollywood, a memorial to Dean is later erected there; the use of an ice pick in the film causes sales to skyrocket?; bi dir. Ray has an affair with Wood and Dean at the same time? Jack Arnold's Revenge of the Creature (May 11) shows Gill Man being captured and put in a Fla. marine park, only to escape, and features the screen debut of Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr. (1930-) as a lab technician. Laurence Olivier's Richard III (Dec. 13) (London Films), based on the Shakespeare play stars Olivier as humpbacked twisted Richard of Gloucester (1452-85) in an acclaimed performance; Cedrick Hardwicke plays his brother Edward IV (1442-83), and John Gielgud plays doomed Duke George of Clarence (1449-78) of drowned-in-a-butt-of-malmsey fame; Salvador Dali paints Olivier's portrait in costume during filming; Olivier models his raven-hared looks on widely-hated theatrical producer Jed Harris (1900-79), who is later used by Disney as the basis for the Big Bad Wolf in "Three Little Pigs"; does £400K U.K. and $2.6M U.S. box office on a £6M budget; Elizabeth II and Prince Philip attend the debut at Leicester Square Theatre; after being shown on U.S. network TV on Mar. 11, 1956 (Sun.) simultaneous with its cinema release, it tanks at the box office, but after being re-released in 1966 it breaks box office records, ending up doing more to popularize Shakespeare than any other single work? Jules Dassin's Du Rififi Chez les Hommes, based on a novel by Auguste Le Breton is a French jewelry heist film starring Marie Sabouret and Jean Servais, containing an unforgettable 28-min. bank robbery sequence with no dialog or music; the musical nightclub number Rififi, featuring a silhouetted man in a suit pulling a gun is later stolen for the James Bond 007 flicks? Daniel Mann's The Rose Tattoo stars Anna Magnani in her U.S. screen debut as a Southern widow falling for miscast Italian longshoreman Burt Lancaster. G.W. Pabst's Jackboot Mutiny (Es Geschah am 20 Juli) is about the July 20 Plot to kill Hitler. Billy Wilder's The Seven Year Itch (June 3), based on the 1952 George Axelrod play stars Marilyn Monroe as "the Girl", not-so-innocently luring her married downstairs neighbor Richard Sherman (Tom Ewell), and featuring the famous Blown Skirt Scene ("the shot heard around the world") (the movie premiere marquee featuring it is banned by the Am. Legion of Decency) using a steam grating in front of a throng of roped-off fans at 52nd St. and Lexington Ave. in New York City while her hubby Joe DiMaggio watches, and when the crew as a prank makes her skirt go over her head, exposing her entire body, while uttering the soundbyte "Isn't it delicious?", the "Delicatessen remarks" from the onlookers (Norman Mailer) cause him to blow his top, walk off the set, and later hit her?; she was supposed to be on the way to see the movie "Creature from the Black Lagoon", and feels sorry for the monster - I would have just done her pastrami harder with my salami? Ingmar Bergman's Smiles of a Summer Night (Sommamattens Leende) is a comedy about eight Swedish turn-of-the-cent. aristocrats who become romantically involved during a weekend; inspires Stephen Sondheim's 1973 "A Little Night Music" and Woody Allen's 1982 "A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy"; makes Bergman an internat. star. Des Teufels General (The Devil's General), based on the 1946 play by Carl Zuckmayer is the breakthrough role for German-Austrian actor Curt Jurgens (1915-82). Joseph M. Newman's This Island Earth (June 1), based on the 1952 novel by Raymond F. Jones stars Rex Reason as scientist Cal Meachem, who order capacitors and is given instructions to build an Interocitor, and when he does mysterious man Exeter (Jeff Morrow) appears on the screen telling him he's passed the test, and is flown on a remote-controlled DC-3 to the wilds of Georgia, where he learns that Exeter is from planet Metaluna, and that he must help him in his war against the hideous Zagons; also stars Faith Domergue as Cal's babe Dr. Ruth Adams. Alfred Hitchcock's The Trouble with Harry (Oct. 3), based on the 1950 Jack Trevor Story novel about residents of a Vermont village dealing with a corpse is the film debut of Shirley MacLaine (Shirley Maclean Beaty) (1934-) (sister of Warren Beatty), and Bernard Herrmann's first musical score for Hitchcock. Plays: Marcel Achard (1899-1974), Love Sickness (Le Mal d'Amour). Arthur Adamov (1908-70), Ping-Pong; theatre of the absurd. Richard Adler (1921-2012), Jerry Ross (1926-55), George Francis Abbott (1887-1995), and Douglas Wallop (1920-85), Damn Yankees (musical) (46th Street Theatre, New York) (May 5) (Adelphi Theatre, New York, May 17) (1,019 perf); dir. by George Abbott; based on the 1954 Douglass Wallop novel "The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant", about loser Washington Senators fan Joe Boyd, who sells his soul to the Devil (Applegate) to become a baseball star and rescue the team; stars Roy Shafer as Boyd, Ray Walston as Applegate, Gwen Verdon as Lola, and Shannon Bolin as Meg; features the songs Whatever Lola Wants, Shoeless Joe from Hannibal Mo. Robert Woodruff Anderson (1917-), All Summer Long. Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Ornifle ou le Courant d'Air (Ornifle, or It's Later Than You Think). Samuel N. Behrman (1893-1973), Joshua Logan (1908-88), and Harold Jacob Rome (1908-93), Fanny (musical) (Nov. 4) (Majestic Theatre, New York) (Belasco Theatre, New York) (Dec. 4) (888 perf.); based on the Marcel Pagnol trilogy "Marius", "Fanny", and "Cesar", set in old Marseilles, about young babe Fanny (Florence Henderson), whose beau Marius (William Tabbert) leaves her pregnant to go to sea, causing her tavern owner father Cesar to disown him and force her to marry older man Panisse (Walter Slezak), only to see him return; stars Gary Wright as Acolyte, and Ezio Pinza as Cesar. Alice Childress (1920-94), Trouble in Mind. Paul Claudel (1868-1955), L'Annonce Faite a Marie. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), The Reluctant Debutante. Christopher Fry (1907-2005), The Lark; based on Jean Anouilh's "L'Alouette", about Joan of Arc; Tiger at the Gates; based on "La Guerre de Troie n'aura pas Lieu". Michael Vincenzo Gazzo (1923-95), A Hatful of Rain (New York) (389 perf.); Korean War soldier Johnny Pope returns a drug addict; filmed in 1957. Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, The Diary of Anne Frank (Oct. 5) (Cort Theatre, New York) (Pulitzer Prize); discovered in France in 1951 by Jewish-Am. writer Meyer Levin (1905-81), his version of the play is suppressed for being "too Jewish", after which he wins a judgment against the producers for stealing his ideas. Lillian Hellman (1905-84), The Lark; adopted from Jean Anouilh's L'Alouette, about Joan of Arc. William Inge (1913-73), Bus Stop (Music Box Theatre, New York City) (Mar. 2) (478 perf.); based on people he met in a snowstorm in Tonganoxie, Kan. 25 mi. W of Kansas City; boorish naive hick cowboy Bo Decker (Albert Salmi) romances hillbilly dive singer Cherie (Kim Stanley); filmed in 1956 starring Don Murray and Marilyn Monroe. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), Jacques, or the Submission; The New Tenant; Le Tableau. Philip King, Serious Charge; stars Patrick McGoohan as a priest accused of being gay, causing Orson Welles to discover him and invite him to New York City. Jerome Lawrence (1915-2004) and Robert Edwin Lee (1918-94), Inherit the Wind (Nat. Theater, New York) (Apr. 21) (806 perf.); the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial, meant to throw light on McCarthyism, starring Karl Light as teacher Bertram Cates, Paul Muni as his atty. Clarence Darrow, er, Henry Drummond, and Ed Begley as William Jennings Bryan, er, Matthew Harrison Brady; Tony Randall plays infidel reporter E.K. Hornbeck (really H.L. Mencken), who turns it into a laugh riot, after which Drummond tells him "You never pushed a noun against a verb except to blow something up" and "He [Brady] was looking for God too high up and far away"; produced by Herman Shumlin; filmed in 1960. T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935), The Mint (posth.); shocking 1920s barrack room language; "The first to come was the Bosun's wife, and she was dressed in blue,/ And in one corner of her cunt, she'd stowed the cutter's Crew!" Ira Levin (1929-2007), No Time for Sergeants (Oct. 20) (Alvin Theatre, New York) (796 perf.); based on the 1954 Mac Hyman novel; stars Andy Griffith as country bumpkin Pvt. Will Stockdale, Myron McCormick as Sgt. Orville King, Roddy McDowell as Will's budy Ben, and Don Knotts in his Broadway debut as Corp. Manual Dexterity; filmed in 1958 - by the guy who gave us Rosemary's Baby? Arthur Miller (1915-2005), A View from the Bridge (New York); Eddie Carbone of Red Hook, Brooklyn rat finks and goes down for it; an obvious attack on his ex-buddy Elia Kazan?; a flop. Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), The Bishop's Bonfire. Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Pipe Dream (New York) (Nov. 30); based on the 1954 John Steinbeck novel "Sweet Thursday"; a flop. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Nekrassov. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), The Long Sunset. Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), Hoy es Fiesta. Thornton Wilder (1897-1975), The Matchmaker (Royale Theatre, New York) (Dec. 5) (486 perf.); stars Ruth Gordon as Dolly, Arthur Hill as Cornelius, Robert Morse as Barnaby, and Loring B. Smith as Horace Vandergelder; filmed in 1958 starring Shirley Booth and Anthony Perkins; revision of "The Merchant of Yonkers" (1938); made into the 1964 musical Hello, Dolly!, starring Carol Channing. Tennessee Williams (1911-83), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (Pulitzer Prize) (Mar. 24) (Morosco Theatre, New York); dir. by Elia Kazan; alcoholic ex-football star Brick (Jack Lord, who replaces Ben Gazzara) (who lost his football buddy Skipper to suicide, making him go alcoholic) battles Brother Man AKA Gooper (Pat Hingle) in Miss. for Big Daddy's ("the Delta's biggest cotton-planter") (Burl Ives) fortune after he contracts terminal cancer, which is an open secret; Mildred Dunnock plays Big Mama; Madeleine Sherwood plays Gooper's wife Mae; Brick's beautiful estranged wife Margaret "Maggie the Cat" Pollitt (Barbara Bel Geddes) gives a 57-min. monologue in Act 1; at the end she locks Brick's liquor up and promises that she will "make the lie" about being pregnant "true". Sandy Wilson (1924-), The Buccaneer (musical). Poetry: Archie Randolph Ammons (1926-2001), Ommateum, with Doxology (debut). W.H. Auden (1907-73), The Shield of Achilles. Earle Birney (1904-95), Down the Long Table. Elizabeth Bishop (1911-79), Poems: North & South - A Cold Spring (Pulitzer Prize). Paul Blackburn (1926-71), The Dissolving Fabric (debut). Paul Celan (1920-70), From Threshold to Threshold. Rene Char (1907-88), Recherche de la Baset et du Sommet. Robert Creeley (1926-2005), All That is Lovely in Men. Gunter Eich (1907-72), Botschaften des Regens. Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), Nonsense. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Collected Poems 1955. Donald Hall Jr. (1928-), Exiles and Marriages (debut). Philip Larkin (1922-85), The Less Deceived. Irving Layton (1912-2006), The Blue Propeller; The Cold Green Element; "I am again/ a breathless swimmer in that cold green element." Howard Nemerov (1920-91), The Salt Garden. Giorgos Seferis (1900-71), Deck Diary III. Ronald Stuart Thomas (1913-2000), Song at the Year's Turning. Richard Wilbur (1921-2017), A Bestiary; illustrations by Alexander Calder incl. Faulkner on the Dog, Machiavelli on the Centaur, Disraeli on the Ape, Sherwood Anderson on the Horse, T.E. Lawrence on the Camel, Plato on the Grasshopper, and Bertrand Russell on the Unicorn. William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), Journey to Love. Novels: Brian W. Aldiss (1925-), The Brightfount Diaries (first novel); semi-autobio. about an English bookseller. Sir Kingsley Amis (1922-95), That Uncertain Feeling; a librarian is tempted to adultery. Sholem Asch (1880-1957), The Prophet. Nigel Balchin (1908-70), The Fall of the Sparrow. Edward Latimer "Ned" Beach (1918-2002), Run Silent, Run Deep. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Noble in Reason. Alfred Bester (1913-87), The Stars My Destination (Tiger, Tiger); Gully Foyle does "The Count of Monte Cristo" with teleportation; ancestor of cyberpunk? Ugo Betti (1892-1953), The Queen and the Rebels (posth.). Heinrich Boll (1917-85), The Bread of Those Early Years (Das Brot der Fruhen Jahre); filmed in 1962. Arna Bontemps (1902-73), Lonesome Boy. Elizabeth Bowen (1899-1973), A World of Love. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), A Difficult Young Man. Kay Boyle (1902-92), The Seagull on the Step. Leigh Brackett (1915-78), The Big Jump; The Long Tomorrow; a religion-run technophobic society that grows up after a nuclear war. Frederick Buechner (1926-), The Tiger; wins O. Henry Award. Erskine Caldwell (1903-87), Gretta. Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), Tender Victory. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Captain Cut-Throat. Joyce Cary (1888-1957), Not Honor More. Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961), Entretiens Avec le Professeur Y. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Hickory Dickory Dock (Death) (Oct. 31); Hercule Poirot #28; his secy. Miss Felicity Lemon; Dead Man's Folly (Oct.); Hercule Poirot #29; The Burden (Nov. 12); pub. under alias Mary Wesmacott (#6) (last); title taken from Matt. 11:30. John Christopher (1912-2002), The Year of the Comet; alias of Samuel Youd; about a world controlled by the managerials Atomics and Telecoms. Richard Church, Over the Bridge. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), Mother and Son. Madison Alexander Cooper Jr. (1894-1956), The Haunted Hacienda. Patrick Dennis (1921-76), Auntie Mame; NYT bestseller (2M copies) about the adventures of Patrick Dennis, orphaned ward of his father's madcap sister Mame Dennis, based on his real-life aunt Marion Tanner; rejected by 17 pubs. before Vanguard takes a chance on it. Joseph DiMona (1923-99), Husbands Who Love Their Wives Are the Best (short stories) (first book). J.P. Donleavy (1926-), The Ginger Man (first novel); original title "Sebastian Dangerfield"; a critical hit, which it takes him a long time to live up to? Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Les Poisons de la Couronne; L'Hotel de Mondez. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), The Captain's Daughter; Goodbye. James T. Farrell (1904-79), French Girls are Vicious and Other Stories. Jack Finney (1911-95), The Body Snatchers; first pub. in Colliers in 1954; alien invaders in seed-pod form take over sleeping human bodies in Santa Mira, Calif. with emotionless duplicates that only live five years, threatening humanity with extinction; satire of modern conformity?; filmed in 1956, 1978, 1993, and 2007 - there's something about the word snatch that causes them to flock to the theaters? Ian Fleming (1908-64), Moonraker (James Bond #007 #3) (Apr. 5); ex-Nazi industrialist Hugo Drag builds a nuclear-tipped rocket to destroy London; filmed in 1979. Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), I Sogni e la Folgore. William Gaddis (1922-98), The Recognitions (first novel). William Goyen (1915-83), In a Farther Country. Winston Graham (1908-2003), The Little Walls. Shirley Ann Grau (1929-), The Black Prince and Other Stories. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Homer's Daughter. John Green, The Enemy. Graham Greene (1904-91), The Quiet American; if only the U.S. govt. had read it, they might have avoided the Vietnam War? Walter Greenwood (1903-74), What Everybody Wants; three escaped criminals invade the home of a Midwest suburban family; filmed in 1955. Elgin Groseclose (1899-1983), The Carmelite; West Virginian Tom Christopher during the U.S. Civil War. Davis Grubb (1919-80), A Dream of Kings. Elizabeth Hardwick (1916-2007), The Simple Truth. Joseph Hayes (1918-2006), The Desperate Hours. Patricia Highsmith (1921-95), The Talented Mr. Ripley; first of five novels ("the Ripliad") about Tom Ripley, an evil murderous con artist that readers can relate to and even root for; filmed in 1960 by Rene Clement as "Plein Soleil" and 1999 by Anthony Minghella. Chester Himes (1909-84), The End of a Primitive; a black writer and a white party girl hook up and slide toward addiction. Langston Hughes (1902-67) and Roy Decarva, Sweet Flypaper of Life; photos by Roy DeCarava. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), The Genius and the Goddess; 1920s physics student John Rivers hooks up with Katy; "Wallowing in the past may be good literature. As wisdom it is hopeless". Robin Jenkins (1912-2005), The Cone Gatherers; two brothers gather cones on a Scottish estate during WWII. Crockett Johnson (1906-75), Harold and the Purple Crayon; 4-y.-o. Harold can create a world of his own by drawing it. MacKinlay Kantor (1904-77), Andersonville (Pulitzer Prize); the wonderful Confed. POW camp in Jawjaw. Ka-tzetnik 135633, The House of Dolls; about the Joy Divisions, Jewish Nazi concentration camp sex slaves; Ka-Tzetnik means "concentration camper" in Yiddish; later the author is found to be Auschwitz survivor Yehiel De-Nur (Dinur) (Aramaic "of the fire") (Feiner) (1909-2001), AKA Karl Zetinsky. Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957), The Last Temptation of Christ; English trans. pub. in 1960; filmed in 1988; portrays Christ as a little too human, begging an angel to let him down off the cross so he can marry Mary Magdalene and settle down and have pups, getting him excommunicated by the Greek Orthodox Church in 1955; the Roman Catholic Church puts it on its Prohibited Index, making it more popular? Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58), Not This August (Christmas Eve). Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58) and Frederik Pohl (1919-), Gladiator-at-Law; the secretive firm of Green, Charlesworth controls the world. John Frederick Lehmann (1907-87), The Whispering Gallery. Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), Monstre Gai; Malign Fiesta. Carlo Levi (1902-75), Le Parolo sono Pietre (Words are Stones). Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), Sweet Witch. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), Pray for a Brave Heart. Alistair MacLean (1922-87), H.M.S. Ulysses (first novel). Norman Mailer (1923-2007), The Deer Park; rejected by six publishers for sexual content, making it more popular? Charles Eric Maine (1921-81), Escapement (The Man Who Couldn't Sleep). Felicien Marceau (1913-), Les Elans du Coeur. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Two Tickets for Tangier; Silver Leopard; Captain Judas. Carol Matthau (1925-2003), The Secret in the Daisy; an autobio. novel about her cruddy marriage to alcoholic William Saroyan (1908-81), pub. under the alias Carol Grace. Peter Matthiessen (1927-), Partisans. Andre Maurois (1885-1967), Alexandre Dumas. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), A Charmed Life. Brian Moore (1921-99), A Bullet for My Lady; pub. under alias Bernard Mara; The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne. Nicholas Mosley (1923-), The Rainbearers. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), Lolita; pub. in English in Paris, and in Russian in New York City in 1958; filmed in 1962; scandalous novel about Prof. Humbert Humbert (b. 1910), who in 1947 rooms with Charlotte Haze in Ramsdale, New England, and falls for her tempting 12-y.-o. daughter Dolores "Lolita" Haze, whom he causes to have a "definite drop in... morals", marrying her mom to be near her until the latter is killed by a car, after which he does it with his step-daughter until she takes off with porno producer Clare Quilty, causing him to pursue and kill him, then get arrested and die of a heart attack after finishing his ms.; Lolita gives birth to a stillborn girl on Xmas Day 1952; Vivian Darkbloom is an anagram of his name; starts and ends with the word "Lolita"; alt. title is "The Kingdom of the Sea", a ref. to Edgar Allan Poe's "Annabel Lee" and his first love Annabel Leigh, who died of typhus in Corfu in 1923: "Shut her up in a sepulcher/ In the kingdom of the sea"; "Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta; the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta. She was Lo, plain Lo in the morning, standing four feet ten in one sock. She was Lola in slacks. She was Dolly at school. She was Dolores on the dotted line. But in my arms she was always Lolita" (opening); "I am thinking of aurochs and angels, the secret of durable pigments, prophetic sonnets, the refuge of art. And this is the only immortality you and I may share, my Lolita" (ending); filmed in 1962 by Stanley Kubrick, with her age bumped up to 14. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Sir Henry. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), Picnic at Sakkkara. Kathleen Norris (1880-1966), Miss Harriet Townshend. Patrick O'Brian (1914-2000), The Walker and Other Stories. Flannery O'Connor (1925-64), A Good Man is Hard to Find and Other Stories. John O'Hara (1905-70), Ten North Frederick. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), Maid for Murder; A Dame Called Murder; Model for Murder; Sucker Bait. Mario Puzo (1950-), Dark Arena (first novel). Ellery Queen, Queen's Bureau of Investigation (short stories). Vance Randolph (1892-1980), The Devil's Pretty Daughter (short stories). Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), The Black Obelisk; the Russian takeover of Berlin. Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922-2008), Le Voyeur (The Voyeur); watch salesman Mathias returns to his home island to solve a young girl's murder; "It was as if no one had heard" (opening line). Robert Ruark (1915-65), Something of Value; about the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya; his first bestselling novel. Gladys Schmitt (1909-72), The Persistent Image. Mary Lee Settle (1918-2005), The Kiss of Kin. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), Requiem for a Wren (The Breaking Wave). Peter Shaffer (1926-) and Anthony Shaffer (1926-2001), Withered Murder; pub. under the alias "Peter Anthony". Robert Silverberg (1935-), Revolt on Alpha C (first novel); about Space Patrol Academy cadet Larry Stark, who visits Alpha Centauri. Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-91), Satan in Goray (first novel). Cornelia Otis Skinner (1901-79), Bottoms Up!. Howard Spring (1889-1965), These Lovers Fled Away. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Sumner Intrigue. Dylan Thomas (1914-53), A Child's Christmas in Wales; Adventures in the Skin Trade. Jim Thompson (1906-77), Roughneck; A Swell-Looking Babe; A Hell of a Woman; The Nothing Man. Kay Thompson, Eloise. Alexander Trocchi (1925-84), White Thighs; School for Wives; Thongs. Leon Uris (1924-2003), The Angry Hills. Georg von der Vring (1889-1968), Die Wege Tausendundein. Mika Waltari (1908-79), The Etruscan. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), Band of Angels. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Island in the Sun; bestseller. Evelyn Waugh (1903-66), Officers and Gentlemen; #2 in the Sword of Honour Trilogy. Anthony West (1914-87), Heritage; "Richard Savage, the illegitimate son of a famous British author and a prominent stage actress, faces the difficulties of growing up in boarding schools and living with one parent at a time"; by the illegitimate son of famous British author H.G. Wells and prominent stage actress Rebecca West. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Dark Secret of Josephine. Patrick White (1912-90), The Tree of Man; the Parker family and their decades in the Australian bush. Leonard Wibberley (1915-83), The Mouse That Roared; the Duchy of Grand Fenwick, ruled by Duchess Gloriana XII; filmed in 1959. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), A Fox Under My Cloak. Sloan Wilson (1920-2003), The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit; Tom and Betsy Rath; filmed in 1956. Herman Wouk (1915-), Marjorie Morningstar; bestseller about Marjorie Morgenstern, a young Jewish woman in 1930s New York City who aspires to become an actress and hooks up with playwright Noel Airman; filmed in 1958 starring Natalie Wood. John Wyndham (1903-69), The Chrysalids (Re-Birth); a post-nuclear fundamentalist telepath society in Labrador. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), The Treasure of Pleasant Valley; Captain Rebel. Births: Lebanese Muslim Shiite Hezbollah MP (1992-) and bloc leader (2000-) Mohammad (Mohammed) Raad on Jan. 1 in Beirut. English rock drummer Palmolive (Paloma McLardy) (nee Romero) (The Slits) on Jan. 3 in S Spain; emigrates to England in 1972. English singer-songwriter Mark Hollis (Talk Talk) on Jan. 4 in Essex. English "Mr. Bean", "Not the Nine O'Clock News" actor-comedian Rowan Sebastian Atkinson on Jan. 6 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Israeli economist (Jewish) Karnit Flug on Jan. 9 in Poland; emigrates to Israel at age 3; educated at Hebrew U. of Jerusalem, and Columbia U. Am. actor "J. Jonah Jameson in Spider-Man", "Emil Skoda in Law & Order", "Terence Fletcher in Whiplash" Jonathan Kimble "J.K." "Kim" Simmons on Jan. 9 in Grosse Point, Mich.; grows up in Worthington, Ohio; educated at the U. of Mont. Algerian writer (black) Yasmina Khadra (Arab. "Green Jasmine") (Mohammed Moulessehoul) on Jan. 10 in Kenadsa. Am. "Bright Lights, Big City" novelist John Barrett "Jay" McInerney Jr. on Jan. 13 in Hartford, Conn. Am. R&B drummer (black) Fred "Freddy" White on Jan. 13 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "Copperhead Road" alternative country singer-songwriter Stephen Fain "Steve" Earle on Jan. 17 in Hampton, Va.; grows up near San Antonio, Tex. English "Everytime You Go Away" musician Paul Antony Young on Jan. 17 in Luton, Bedfordshire. Am. "Lt. Dunbar in Dances With Wolves", "Frank Farmer in The Bodyguard", "Jim Garrison in JFK", "Ray Kinsella in Field of Dreams", "Crash Davis in Bull Durham" 6'1" actor-dir.-producer (Jewish?) Kevin Michael Costner on Jan. 18 in Lynwood, Calif.; husband (1978-94) of Cindy Costner (1956-). Israeli writer-politician (Jewish) Avraham "Avrum" Burg on Jan. 19 in Jerusalem; educated at Hebrew U. Mexican-Am. "Orlando Castillo in Tortilla Soup" actor-comedian Paul Rodriguez on Jan. 19 in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico; grows up in East Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Balloon Dog (Orange)" artist Jeffrey "Jeff" Koons on Jan. 21 in York, Penn. Am. 6'3" Olympic swimmer James Paul "Jim" Montgomery on Jan. 24 in Madison, Wisc. Am. "Rock the Casbah" rock drummer Terry Chimes (The Clash) on Jan. 25 in Stepney, London; turns chiropractor in 1994. Am. rock singer-musician Edward Lodewijk "Eddie" Van Halen (d. 2020) on Jan. 26 in Amsterdam, Netherlands; emigrates to the U.S. in 1962; brother of Alex Van Halen (b. 1953). U.S. Supreme Court chief justice #17 (2005-) John Glover Roberts Jr. on Jan. 27 in Buffalo, N.Y.; grows up in NW Ind.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Sharon in The Rapture", "Blair Fenton-Harper in Paper Dolls" actress (Scientologist) Mimi Rogers (Miriam Spickler) on Jan. 27 in Coral Gables, Fla.; Jewish father, Episcopalian mother; wife (1987-90) of Tom Cruise; introduces Tom Cruise, Sonny Bono, and John Brodie to Scientology, then leaves it. French pres. (2007-12) Nicolas Sarkozy (Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa) on Jan. 28 in Paris; 2nd of three sons of an aristocratic Hungarian Protestant immigrant father and a French Roman Catholic slash Greek Jewish descent mother; educated at the Paris Inst. of Political Sciences; husband of (1982-96) Marie-Dominique Culioli, (1996-2007) Cecilia Ciganer-Albeniz, and (2008-) Carla Bruni. Am. Mich. State U. basketball coach (1995-) ("Mr. March") Tom Izzo on Jan. 30 in Iron Mountain, Mich.; educated at Northern Mich. U. Bahamanian 6'10" basketball player (black) (Portland Trail Blazers #43, 1978-86) (San Antonio Spurs #43, 1986-7) (Los Angeles Lakers #43, 1987-91) Mychal Thompson on Jan. 30 in Nassau; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "Eye of the Tiger", "Burning Heart" musician-songwriter Frankie M. Sullivan III (Survivor) on Feb. 1 in Chicago, Ill. Am. plant biologist Ulrich Kutschera on Feb. 2 in Freiburg; educated at the U. of Freiburg. Canadian-Am. sports journalist (black) John Peterson Saunders (d. 2016) on Feb. 2 in Ajax, Ont.; educated at Western Mich. U., and Ryerson U. Am. "Neelix in Star Trek: Voyager" actor Ethan Phillips on Feb. 5 in Garden City, N.Y.; educated at Boston U., and Cornell U. Am. "Robocop" actor Miguel Ferrer on Feb. 7; son of actor Jose Ferrer (1912-92) and singer Rosemary Clooney (1928-2002); cousin of actor George Clooney (1961-). Am. football coach (Carolina Panthers, 2002-2010) (Denver Broncos, 2011-) John Fox on Feb. 8 in Virginia Beach, Va.; educated at San Diego State College. Am. "The Firm", "The Pelican Brief", "The Runaway Jury" novelist John Ray Grisham Jr. on Feb. 8 in Jonesboro, Ark.; educated at Miss. State U., and U. of Miss.; sells 275M copies worldwide. Am. prof. wrestler James Henry "Jim the Anvil" Neidhart (d. 2018) on Feb. 8 in Montbello, Calif.; husband (1979-2001, 2010-18) of Elizabeth Hart; brother-in-law of Bret Hart (1957-); father of Natalya Neidhart (1982-). Am. actor-comedian (gay) Jim J. (James Jackson) Bullock on Feb. 9 in Casper, Wyo. English "Shane Donovan in Days of Our Lives", "Maxwell Sheffield in the Nanny" actor Charles George Patrick Shaughnessy, 5th Baron Shaughnessy on Feb. 9 in London; created baron in 2007. Australian 6'0" golfer ("the Great White Shark") Gregory John "Greg" Norman on Feb. 10 in Mount Isa, Queensland; known for wearing black shirts and black hats. Am. 5'10" model-actress-writer-photographer ("World's First Supermodel") Janice Doreen Dickinson on Feb. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Belorussian descent father, Polish descent mother. Am. "Shooter McGavin in Happy Gilmore", "Ward Cleaver in Leave It to Beaver" actor (Roman Catholic) Christopher McDonald on Feb. 15 in New York City; grows up in Romulus, N.Y.; educated at Hobart College. Am. supermodel ("the First Supermodel") Janice Doreen Dickinson on Feb. 16 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Polish descent mother; claims on the Howard Stern Show in 2007 that she has had sex with over 1K men. Am. 6' model-actress (epileptic) (alcoholic) Margaux (Margot) Louise Hemingway (d. 1996) on Feb. 16 in Portland, Ore.; named for Chateau Margaux wine; granddaughter of Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961); sister of Mariel Hemingway (1961-); first $1M cover girl in the U.S. Am. CBS News and CBS Sports pres. Sean J. McManus on Feb. 16; son of Jim McKay (1921-2008). Chinese "Red Sorghum Clan" novelist Mo Yan (Guan Moye) on Feb. 17 in Gaomi, Shandong; 2012 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. "Harry Dunne in Dumb and Dumber", "Flap Horton in Terms of Endearment", "Lt. Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain in Gettysburg" actor Jeffrey Warren "Jeff" Daniels on Feb. 19 in Athens, Ga. Am. "Dr. Frasier Crane in Cheers and Frasier" actor-dir.-producer-writer Allen Kelsey Grammer on Feb. 21 in Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands; raised in N.J. Am. political consultant (Jewish) David Axelrod on Feb. 22 in Manhattan, N.Y. English singer-songwriter John Howard Jones on Feb. 23 in Southampton, Hampshire. Am. Apple co-founder Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (d. 2011) on Feb. 24 in San Francisco, Calif.; Muslim Syrian-born father Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (1931-) (who abandons him); Calvinist adoptive father Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922-93) (who resembles James Dean?), Roman Catholic Swiss-German descent mother Joanne Carole Shieble; brother of Mona Simpson (1957-); grows up in Los Altos, Calif.; educated at Reed College. Am. 6'5" basketball player (black) (Utah Jazz #4, 1979-86) Adrian Delano Dantley on Feb. 28 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Notre Dame U. Am. "Aflac Duck" comedian (Jewish) Gilbert Jeremy Gottfried (d. 2022) on Feb. 28 in New York City; brother of Arlene Gottfried (1950-2017). British vice-adm. Timothy James Hamilton Laurence on Mar. 1 in Camberwell, South London; husband (1992-) of Princess Anne (1950-). Congolese gynecologist and Pentecostal pastor (black) Denis Mukwege on Mar. 1 in Costermansville; educated at the U. of Burundi, and U. Libre de Bruxelles; 2018 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. Aum Shinrikyo founder Shoko Asahara (Chizuo Matsumoto) on Mar. 2 in Yatushiro, Kumamoto. Am. "Fathers & Sons" dir.-producer-writer-actor Paul Mones on Mar. 2 in Newark, N.J. Am. singer (Mormon) Jay Osmond on Mar. 2 in Ogden, Utah; brother of Donny Osmond (1957-) and Marie Osmond (1959-). English rock musician Rowland Charles "Boon" Gould (Level 42) on Mar. 4 in Shanklin, Isle of Wight; brother of Phil Gould (1957-). French Socialist politician (Jewish) Julien Dray on Mar. 5 in Oran, French Algeria. Am. 6'6-1/2" "Penn & Teller" magician (atheist) Penn Fraser Jillette on Mar. 5 in Greenfield, Mass. Burundi pres. #5 (1994) (black) Cyprien Ntaryamira (d. 1994) on Mar. 6 in Mubimbi; educated at the Nat. U of Rwanda. Canadian "Madeline in La Femme Nikita" actress Faith Susan Alberta Watson (d. 2015) on Mar. 6 in Toronto, Ont. Saudi prince ("the Arabian Warren Buffett") (Wahhabi Muslim) Al-Walid (Al-Waleed) bin Talal on Mar. 7 in Jeddah; nephew of King Abdullah (1923-). Italian "Princess Aura in Flash Gorden" actress Ornella Muti (nee Francesca Romana Rivelli) on Mar. 9 in Rome; Neapolitan father, Baltic German mother; Russian maternal grandparents. Am. "Well of Horniness", "Clit Notes" lesbian performance artist Holly Hughes on Mar. 10 in Saginaw, Mich.; educated at Kalamazoo College. German singer (vegetarian) Nina (Catharina) Hagen on Mar. 11 in East Berlin; mother of Cosma Shiva Hagen (1981-). Am. "Tess Trueheart in Dick Tracy", "Janet Colgate in Dirty Rotten Scoundrel" actress Glenne Aimee Headly (d. 2017) on Mar. 13 in New London, Conn.; grows up in San Francisco, Calif.; wife (1982-8) of John Malkovich (1953-). Am. rock singer David Daniel "Dee" Snider (Twisted Sister) on Mar. 15 in Massapequa, N.Y. Brazilian "Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands", "Bossa Nova" dir. Bruno Barreto on Mar. 15 in Rio de Janeiro. Am. musician-actor Daniel "Dee" Snider (Twisted Sister) on Mar. 15 in Astoria, N.Y. French "Ma Mere" actress Isabelle Anne Huppert on Mar. 16 in Ville d'Avray (near Paris). Am. Dem. politician (black) Cynthia Ann McKinney on Mar. 17 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. "Daddy's Come Around", "Forever and Ever, Amen" country singer-songwriter Paul Lester Overstreet on Mar. 17 in Vancleave, Miss. Am. "Maj. Dan in Forrest Gump" actor Gary Sinise on Mar. 17 in Blue Island, Ill. English royal Lady Sarah Lavinia McCorquodale (nee Spencer) on Mar. 19 in ?; sister of Jane Spencer (1957-), Diana Spencer (1961-97), and Charles Spencer (1964-). Am. "David Addison Jr. in Moonlighting", "John McClane in Die Hard", "Korben Dallas in The Fifth Element", "Harry Stamper in Armageddon" actor Walter Bruce Willis on Mar. 19 in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany; husband (1987-2000) of Demi Moore (1962-) and (2009-) Emma Heming (1978-); father of Rumer Willis (1988-). Am. economist Carl Shapiro on Mar. 20 in Austin, Tex.; educated at MIT, and UCB; coiner of the term "essential patent". Brazilian Social Liberty Party (PSL) pres. #38 (2019-) ("the Trump of Brazil/Tropics") Jair Messias Bolsonaro on Mar. 21 in Gilcerio, Sao Paulo. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Golden State Warriors #22, 1976-82) Robert S. "Sonny" Parker on Mar. 22 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Texas A&M U.; father of Jabari Parker (1995-). Am. 6'10" basketball hall-of-fame player (black) (Utah Stars #22, 1974-5) (Houston Rockets #24, 1976-82) (Philadelphia 76ers #2, 1982-6, 1993-4) (Atlanta Hawks #2, 1988-91) (Milwaukee Bucks #8, 1991-3) (San Antonio Spurs #2, 1994-5) Moses Eugene Malone (d. 2015) on Mar. 23 in Petersburg, Va. Am. Merrill Lynch CEO (2003-2009) John Alexander Thain on May 26 in Antioch, Ill.; educated at MIT, and Harvard U. Spanish PM (2011-) Mariano Rajoy Brey on Mar. 27 in Santiago de Compostela; educated at the U. of Santiago. Am. "How Blue", "Somebody Should Leave" country singer-actress ("Queen of Country Music") Reba Nell McEntire on Mar. 28 in McAlester, Okla. Am. 5'11" hall-of-fame football RB (black) ("the Tyler Rose") (Houston Oilers, 1978-84) (New Orleans Saints, 1984-5) Earl Christian Campbell on Mar. 29 in Tyler, Tex.; educated at the U. of Tex. Irish "Hamish Campbell in Braveheart", "Michael Collins in The Treaty", "Walter Monk McGinn in Gangs of New York", "Alastor Mad-Eye Moody in Harry Potter" actor Brendan Gleeson on Mar. 29 in Dublin; educated at Univ. College Dublin. Am. "Charlie Brent in All My Children" actor Christopher Kennedy "Chris" Lawford on Mar. 29 in Santa Monica, Calif.; son of Peter Lawford (1923-84) and Patricia Kennedy Lawford (1924-2006); nephew of U.S. pres. John F. Kennedy; cousin-in-law of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Scottish-Australian rock guitarist Angus McKinnon Young (AC/DC) on Mar. 31 in Glasgow; brother of George Redburn Young (1947-) and Malcolm Young (1953-); likes to wear schoolboy uniforms on stage while playing his Gibson SG. Swedish "Four Shades of Brown" "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" dir. Hans Christian Tomas Alfedson on Apr. 1 in Lidingo. Am. "Henry in Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer", "Bill Broussard in JFK", "Hal Tucker in Cliffhanger" actor Michael Rooker on Apr. 6 in Jasper, Ala. Am. conservative Fox News Channel commentator Gregory Walter "Gregg" Jarrett on Apr. 7 in Los Angeles, Calif.; grows up in San Marino, Calif.; educated at Claremont Men's College, and U. of Calif. Am. football RB (black) (Tampa Bay Buccaneers #42, 1977-81) Ricky Lynn Bell (d. 1984) on Apr. 8 in Houston, Tex.; brother of Archie Bell (1944-) and Jerry Bell. U.S. Sen. (R-Wisc.) (2011-) Ronald Harold "Ron" Johnson on Apr. 8 in Mankato, Minn.; Norwegian descent father, German descent mother; educated at the U. of Minn.; moves to Wisc. in 1979. Australian ex-Scientologist Michael John "Mike" Rinder on Apr. 10 in Adelaide, South Australia. Am. 6'5" basketball player-coach (black) (New York Knicks #20, 1978-82) (New Jersey Nets #20, 1982-6) Micheal Ray "Sugar" Robinson on Apr. 11 in Lubbock, Tex. Ugandan king (kabaka) #36 (1993-) (black) Ronald Edward Frederick Kimera Muwenda Mutebi II on Apr. 13 in Kampala; educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge U. Dutch Olympic swimmer (first black female) Enith Sijtje Maria Brigitha on Apr. 15 in Willemstad, Curacao. Egyptian "Chariots of Fire" film producer Emad El-Din Mohamed Abdel Moneim "Dodi" Fayed (d. 1997) on Apr. 15 in Alexandria, Egypt; son of Mohammed Al-Fayed (1929-) and Samira Kashoggi (1935-86), sister of Adnan Kashoggi. Luxembourger grand duke (2000-) Henri Albert Gabriel Felix Marie Guillaume on Apr. 16; eldest son of grand duke Jean (1921-) and Josephine-Charlotte; maternal grandson of Leopold III (1901-83) and Astrid (1905-35). Luxembourg grand duke (2000-) Henri Albert Gabriel Felix Marie Guillaume) on Apr. 16 in Betzdorf; eldest son of grand duke Jean and princess Josephine-Charlotte of Belgium; 1st cousin of King Philippe. Norwegian "You Raise Me Up" musician-composer Rolf Lovland (Løvland) (Secret Garden) on Apr. 19 in Kristiansand. Swedish evolutionary biologist and paleogeneticist (founder of the field of ancient DNA) (bi) Svante Paabo (Pääbo) on Apr. 20 in Stockholm; educated at Uppsala U.; 2022 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. meteorologist Kerry Andrew Emanuel on Apr. 21; educated at MIT. Australian "Adela Quested in A Passage to India" actress Judy Davis on Apr. 23 in Perth, Western Australia; wife (1984-) of Colin Friels (1952-). English punk rock musician Captain Sensible (Raymond Burns) (The Damned) on Apr. 23 in Balham, London; likes to wear a red beret. Am. "Danny Noonan in Caddyshack", "Ben Meechum in The Great Santini" actor Michael O'Keefe (Raymond Peter O'Keefe Jr.) on Apr. 24 in Mount Vernon, N.Y.; husband (1991-9) of Bonnie Raitt and (2011-) Emily Donahoe. Am. engineer Kim Eric Drexler on Apr. 25 in Alameda, Calif.; educated at MIT. Palestinian PLO leader (Sunni Muslim) Saeb Muhammad Salih Erekat on Apr. 28 in East Jerusalem, Jordan. English rock musician Edwin "Eddie" Jobson (Roxy Music, Jethro Tull) on Apr. 28 in Billingham, Stockton-on-Tees. Am. "Phil in Call Me Kat", "Earl Brother Bay Ingram in Sordid Lives" 5'11" actor-writer-singer (gay) Leslie Allen Jordan (d. 2022) on Apr. 29 in Chattanooga, Tenn. Am. "Mary Ryan in Ryan's Hope", "Capt. Kathryn Janeway in Star Trek: Voyager" actress Katherine Kiernan Maria "Kate" Mulgrew on Apr. 29 in Dubuque, Iowa. Italian fashion designer Donatella Francesca Versace on May 2 in Reggio di Calabria; educated at the U. of Florence; sister of Santo Versace (1944-) and Gianni Versace (1946-97). Am. "Boom! It Was Over" country singer-songwriter-producer Robert Ellis Orrall (Orrall & Wright) on May 4 in Winthrop, Mass. Am. "Amy Amanda Allen in The A-Team" actress-model Melinda Culea on May 5 in Western Springs, Ill. Swedish mezzo-soprano Anne Sofie von Otter on May 9 in Stockholm. Am. sportscaster (Jewish) Christopher James "Chris" "Boomer" Berman on May 10 in May 10 in Greenwich, Conn.; educated at Brown U. Am. travel writer (Lutheran) Rick Steves on May 10 in Barstow, Calif.; of Norwegian descent; educated at the U. of Wash. Canadian "The Shack" novelist (Christian) William Paul Young on May 11 in Grande Prairie, Alberta; missionary parents; grows up in West Papua, New Guinea. Am. country singer Leon Eric "Kix" Brooks III (Brooks and Dunn) on May 12 in Shreveport, La. British rock bassist Sid Vicious (John Simon Ritchie/Beverley) (d. 1979) (The Sex Pistols) on May 10 in London. Am. country singer Leon Eric "Kix" Brooks III (Brooks & Dunn) on May 12 in Shreveport, La. Am. Obama nat. security advisor (2010-13) Thomas E. "Tom" Donilon on May 14 in Providence, R.I.; brother of Mike Donilon; educated at Catholic U., and U. of Va. Am. "Xena: Warrior Princess" film producer Robert Gerard "Rob" "Rip" Tapert on May 14 in Royal Oak, Mich.; educated at Mich. State U.; husband (1998-) of Lucy Lawless. Am. 6'0" 400 lb. prof. wrestler Big Van Vader (Leon Allen White) (d. 2018) (Vader) (Baby Bull) on May 14 in Lynwood, Calif.; educated at the U. of Colo.; wins an 1979 NFC title with the Los Angeles Rams. Am. "Matt Houston" actor Lee Arthur Horsley on May 15 in Muleshoe, Tex. Am. businessman (Jewish) Edgar Miles "Efer" Bronfman Jr. on May 16 in New York City; son of Edgar Bronfman Sr. (1929-2013) and Ann Loeb; brother of Matthew Bronfman (1959-). Chinese "Li Mu-bai in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" actor Chow Yun-Fat on May 18 in Hong Kong; of Hakka descent. Soviet 4'11" Olympic gymnast (the Sparrow from Minsk) Olga Valentinovna Korbut on May 16 in Grodno, Byelorussia. Am. "Sissy in Urban Cowboy", "Paula Pokrifki in An Officer and a Gentleman", "Emma Horton in Terms of Endearment" actress (Jewish) Mary Debra Winger on May 16 in Cleveland Heights, Ohio.; becomes an actress after a paralyzing auto accident. Am. "Chet in Weird Science", "Pvt. William Hudson in Aliens", "Bill Extreme Harding" in Twister" actor William "Bill" Paxton (d. 2017) on May 17 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; lifted above the crowed in front of the Hotel Texas as JFK emerges on the morning of Nov. 22, 1963. Am. rock musician Steve George (Mr. Mister) on May 20 in Phoenix, Ariz. Am. bank run economist Philip Hallen Dybvig on May 22; educated at Indiana U., U. of Penn., and Yale U.; 2022 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. "Seven-Year Ache" singer-songwriter Rosanne Cash on May 24 in Memphis, Tenn.; daughter of Johnny Cash (1932-2003) and 1st wife Vivian Liberto Cash Distin (1934-2005). Am. "Pam Davidson in The Greatest American Hero" actress Connie Sellecca (Concetta Sellecchia) on May 25 in Bronx, N.Y.; Italian immigrant parents; wife (1979-87) of Gil Gerard (1943-) and (1992-) John Tesh (1952-). Japanese "Iron Chef" chef Masaharu Morimoto on May 26 in Hiroshima. Am. "Tony Ziegler in The West Wing" actor Richard Schiff on May 27 in Bethesda, Md. Canadian 5'11" hockey hall-of-fame player (Houston Aeros, Hartford Whalers, Philadelphia Flyers, Detroit Red Wings) Mark Steven Howe on May 28 in Detroit, Mich.; son of Gordie Howe (1928-2016) and Colleen Howe (1933-2009); brother of Marty Howe (1954-). Am. pres. assassin John Warnock Hinckley Jr. on May 29 in Ardmore, Okla.; grows up in Assassintown Dallas, Tex.; class pres. of Highland Park H.S. 2x; educated at Texas Tech U. Am. rock bassist Michael Joseph "Mike" Porcaro (Toto) on May 29 in South Windsor, Conn.; brother of Jeff Porcaro (1954-92). English rock drummer Nicholas Bowen "Nicky" "Topper" Headon (The Cars) on May 30 in Bromley, Kent; nicknamed for resemblance to Mickey the Monkey from the "Topper" comics. Am. physician Brian Kent Kobilka on May 30 in Little Falls, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn., and Yale U.; 2012 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. wrestler Jake the Snake Roberts (Aurelian Smith Jr.) on May 30 in Gainesville, Tex.; known for his pet python Damien and the DDT wrestling move. Am. "Well, isn't that special?" "Wayne's World" actor-comedian Dana Thomas Carvey on June 2 in Missoula, Mont. Am. "Summer of '42" actor Gary Grimes on June 2 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. climate scientist Benjamin David "Ben" Santer on June 3 in Washington, D.C.; educated at the U. of East Anglia. Am. comedian-actress Sandra Bernhard on June 6 in Flint, Mich. Am. "The Simpsons" writer-dir.-producer (Jewish) Samuel Michael "Sam" Simon (d. 2015) on June 6 in Los Angeles, Calif.; of Estonian Jewish descent; educated at Stanford U. Am. country singer Curtis Blaine Wright (Orrall & Wright) on June 6 in Huntingdon, Penn. Am. "Jack Goodman in An American Werewolf in London" actor-dir. Thomas Griffine Dunne on June 8 in New York City; son of Dominick Dunne (1925-2009); nephew of John Gregory Dunne (1932-2003). English computer scientist Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee on June 8 in London; educated at Queen's College, Oxford U.; inventor of the World Wide Web (1989). Am. conservative atty. Jay Alan Sekulow on June 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Mercer U. Am. judge John Edward Jones III on June 13 in Pottsville, Penn.; educated at Dickinson College. Am. "Ginger Ward in Knots Landing" actress Kim Lankford on June 14 in Montebello, Calif. Am. "Airplane II: The Sequel" actress-model Julie Hagerty on June 15 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Jackie Harris in Roseanne" actress Lauren Ophelia "Laurie" Metcalf on June 16 in Carbondale, Ill. Am. "The Internal Enemy" historian Alan Shaw Taylor on June 17 in ?; educated at Colby College, and Brandeis U. Am. "Invisible Life" novelist (gay) (black) Everett Lynn Harris (d. 2009) on June 20 in Flint, Mich. Am. horror rock musician Glenn Danzig (Glenn Allen Anzalone) (The Misfits, Samhain, Danzig) on June 23 in Lodi, N.J. Japanese economist Nobuhiro Kiyotaki in on June 24 in ?; educated at the U. of Tokyo, and Harvard U. English rocker (Jewish) Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones (The Clash, Carbon/Silicon) on June 26 in Brixton; Welsh father, Russian Jewish immigrant mother. Am. physician Steven Macon Greer on June 28 in Charlotte, N.C.; educated at the U. of N.C. Am. "In Living Color" actor-comedian (black) David Alan Grier on June 30 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich., and Yale U. Chinese PM #7 (2013-) Li Keqiang on July 1 in in Dingyuan County, Anhui Province; educated at Peking U. English "Isn't It Time" rock singer John Charles Waite (Babys, Bad English) on July 4 in Lancaster, Lancashire. Am. jazz trumpeter Rick Braun on July 6 in Allentown, Penn. Am. "Victor Sifuentes in L.A. Law", "Matt Santos in The West Wing", "Bail Organa in Star Wars" actor (Roman CAtholic) Jimmy Smits on July 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Dutch Surinamese father, Puerto Rican mother; educated at Cornell U. U.S. Sen. (R-S.C.) (2003-) and U.S. rep. (1995-2003) Lindsey Olin Graham on July 9 in Central, S.C.; educated at the U. of S.C. Am. baseball outfielder (Kansas City Royals, 1976-90) (black) Willie James Wilson on July 9 in Montgomery, Ala. English historian Timothy Garton Ash on July 12; educated at Exeter College, Oxford U. and St. Antony's College, Oxford U. Am. Media Research Center conservative activist Leo Brent Bozell III on July 14 in Washington, D.C. Am. meteorologist Joe Bastardi on July 18 in Providence, R.I.; educated at Penn. State U. Russian geophysicist Sergey Aphanasievich Zimov on July 18 in Cherskii; educated at Far East State U. Am. rock bassist Howard Norman "Howie" Epstein (d. 2003) (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers) on July 21 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Indonesian-Dutch "Puttin' On the Ritz" singer Taco Ockerse on July 21 in Jakarta. Am. "Sgt. Elias K. Grodin in Platoon", "Green Goblin in Spider-Man", "Antichrist" actor Willem (William) J. Dafoe Jr. on July 22 in Appleton, Wisc. Somalian "Martia in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country" 5'9" supermodel-actress (black) (Muslim) Iman (Arab. "faith") Mohamed Abdulmajid on July 25 in Mogadishu; wife (1978-87) of Spencer Haywood (1949-) and (1992-) David Bowie (1947-2016). English musician-composer Jeremy "Jem" Finer (The Pogues) on July 25 in Stoke-on-Trent. Pakistani pres. #11 (2008-) (Sunni Muslim) Asif Ali Zardari on July 26; husband (1987-2007) of Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007). Jamaican world heavyweight boxing champ (1985-6) (black) Tyson Berbick (d. 2006) on Aug. 1 in Norwich, Port Antonio; claims to have a vision from God at age 16. U.S. atty.-gen. #80 (2005-7) (first Hispanic) Alberto R. Gonzales on Aug. 4 in San Antonio, Tex. Am. "Karl Childers in Sling Blade", "Willie in Bad Santa", "Dan Truman in Armageddon" actor-dir.-writer (dyslexic) ("the Hillbilly Orson Welles") ("Hollywood's go-to alpha male") Billy Bob Thornton on Aug. 4 in Hot Springs, Ark.; husband (2000-3) of Angelina Jolie (1975-); afraid of antique furniture, plastic cutlery not coming fresh out of a sealed box, and pictures of Benjamin Disraeli's hair? Am. musician Eddie "Fingers" Ojeda (Twisted Sister) on Aug. 5 in New York City. Am. "Geekasaurus Dennis Nedry in Jurassic Park", "Newman in Seinfeld", "guy who interviews Sharon Stone in Basic Instinct" actor Wayne Knight on Aug. 7 in Cartersville, Ga. Am. 6'4" football QB (Washington Redskins #17, 1986-9) (black) Douglas Lee "Doug" Williams on Aug. 9 in Zachary, La.; first African-Am. QB to win a Super Bowl (1987); educated at Grambling State U. English "Stomp" composer-dir. Steve McNicholas on Aug. 11; collaborator of Luke Cresswell (1963-). English "The Theory of Flight", "Bloody Sunday", "The Bourne Supremacy", "United 93" dir.-writer Paul Greengrass on Aug. 13 in Cheam, Surrey; educated at Queens College, Cambridge U. Tunisian PM (2013-) Ali Laarayedh on Aug. 15 in Medenine. Am. "Richie Petrie in the Dick Van Dyke Show" actor Larry Mathews on Aug. 15 in Burbank, Calif. English "The Link" psychic Matthew Manning on Aug. 17 in Bury St. Edmonds, Suffolk. English "Life Begins at the Hop" rock bassist-songwriter Colin Ivor Moulding (XTC) on Aug. 17 in Swindon, Wiltshire. Am. "Western Beat" country singer-songwriter Kevin Welch on Aug. 17 in Long Beach, Calif.; grows up in Okla. Am. "Sandy Cohen in The O.C." actor (Roman Catholic)Peter Killian Gallagher on Aug. 19 in Manhattan, N.Y.; grows up in Armonk, N.Y.; educated at Tufts U. Am. skier Cindy Nelson on Aug. 19 in Lutsen, Minn. Am. economist John Cavanaugh on Aug. 20; educated at Dartmouth College, and Princeton U. Am. Repub. Ark. gov. #44 (1996-2007) (Baptist) Michael Dale "Mike" Huckabee on Aug. 24 in Hope, Ark.; of English ancestry; Ouachita Baptist U., and Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary; father of Sarah Huckabee Sanders (1982-). Scottish punk musician ("the Jimmy Page of New Wave") John Alexander McGeoch (d. 2004) (Siouxsie and the Banshess, Visage, Public Image Ltd.) on Aug. 25 in Greenock, Renfrewshire. Am. New Age writer Geoffrey Hoppe on Aug. 26 in Appleton, Wisc. U.S. treasury secy. #76 (2013-) (Jewish) Jacob Joseph "Jack" Lew on Aug. 29 in New York City; Polish Jewish immigrant father; educated at Carleton College, Harvard U., and Georgetown U. Polish "Russian Pre. Matveyev in Salt" actor Olek Krupa on Aug. 31 in Rybnuk, Slaskie. Am. Olympic hurdler (black) Edwin Corley Moses on Aug. 31 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. "Charlene Matlock" actress Linda Purl on Sept. 2 in Greenwich, Conn. Am. "The Closer" TV producer-dir.-writer James Duff on Sept. 3 in New Orleans, La. English rock guitarist Stephen Phillip "Steve" Jones (The Sex Pistols) on Sept. 3 in Shepherds Bush, London. Am. philanthropist (Christian) Michael Armand Hammer on Sept. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; grandson of Armand Hammer (1898-1990); father of Armie Hammer (1986-); educated at Columbia U. Canadian "The Ren & Stimpy Show" animator Michael John Kricfalusi (AKA John K.) on Sept. 9 in Chicoutimi, Quebec; Ukrainian descent father, Scottish-English descent mother; educated at Sheridan College. Am. rock drummer Lee Patrick "Pat" Mastoletto (Mr. Mister, King Crimson) on Sept. 10 in Chicago, Calif. Am. rock saxophonist Steve Berlin (Los Lobos) on Sept. 14 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. 6'4" basketball player (Portland Trail Blazers #10, 1978-81) (San Antonio Spurs #34, 1980-1) (Cleveland Cavaliers #10, 1981-2) (Golden State Warriors #17, 1983-4) Ronald Charles "Ron" Brewer on Sept. 16 in Fort Smith, Ark.; educated at the U. of Ark. Am. football RB (black) Billy Sims on Sept. 18 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "You Take My Breath Away" singer-actor Rex Smith on Sept. 19 in Jacksonville, Fla. Israeli Likud Party politician (Jewish) Yisrael Katz on Sept. 21 in Ashkelon; educated at the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. Am. CIA dir. #5 (2013-17) John Owen Brennan on Sept. 22 in North Bergen, N.J.; Irish Roman Catholic immigrant parents from Roscommon; educated at Fordham U., UTA, and Am. U. in Cairo. Am. "The Yellow Rose of Texas", "Over You" country singer-songwriter Lane Brody (Lynne Connie Voorlas) on Sept. 24 in Oak Park, Ill.; grows up in Racine, Wisc. Am. journalist Thomas E. Ricks on Sept. 25 in Beverly, Mass.; educated at Yale U. Am. TV journalist (black) Gwendolyn L. "Gwen" Ifill (d. 2016) on Sept. 29 in New York City; Panamanian immigrant father of Barbadian descent father, Barbadian descent mother; educated at Simmons College. Am. "Pugsley Addams in The Addams Family" actor Kenneth Patrick "Ken" Weatherwax on Sept. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "The Dark Side of the Light Chasers" writer Debbie Ford (d. 2013) on Oct. 1. English singer-songwriter-producer Philip Oakey (Human League) on Oct. 2 in Hinckley, Leicestershire. Chinese-Am. cellist Yo-Yo ("Friendship") Ma on Oct. 7 in Paris; moves to the U.S. at age 8. Am. economist Carmen M. Reinhart (nee Castellanos) on Oct. 7 in Havana, Cuba; emigrates to the U.S. in 1966; educated at Columbia U. Am. auto racer William Clyde "Awesome Bill" "Million Dollar Bill" Elliott on Oct. 8 in Dawsonville, Ga. Am. SNL comedian Darrell Hammond on Oct. 8 in Melbourne, Fla. English Olympic runner Stephen Michael James "Steve" Ovett on Oct. 9 in Brighton, Sussex. Am. rocker "Diamond" David Lee Roth (Van Halen) on Oct. 10 in Bloomington, Ind. Am. singer-songwriter Pat DiNizio (Smithereens) on Oct. 12 in Scotch Plains, N.J. Am. chef Thomas Keller on Oct. 14 in Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, Calif.; grows up in Palm Beach, Fla. Am. artist (black) Kerry James Marshall on Oct. 17 in Birmingham, Ala. Am. "The Fugitive", "Pitch Black", "The Chronicles of Riddick" dir.-writer David Neil Twohy on Oct. 18 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (New York Knicks #8, 1976-8) (Seattle SuperSonics #8, 1978-83) (Cleveland Cavaliers #8, 1983-6) Lonnie Jewel Shelton on Oct. 19 in Bakersfield, Calif.; educated at Oregon State U. Am. "Reckless", "Fried Green Tomatoes", "Scent of a Woman", "The Shawshank Redemption", "Phenomenon" "Passengers" film composer Thomas Montgomery Newman on Oct. 20 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Alfred Newman (1900-70); brother of David Newman and Maria Newman; nephew of Lionel Newman and Emil Newman; cousin of Randy Newman; 1st cousin once removed of Joey Newman. Am. world junior welterweight boxing champ (black) Aaron "the Hawk" Pryor on Oct. 20 in Cincinnati, Ohio. U.S. Sen. (D-R.I.) (2007-) Sheldon Whitehouse on Oct. 20 in New York City; educated at Yale U., and U. of Va. Am. "Twilight" dir. Helen Catherine Hardwicke on Oct. 21 in Cameron, Tex.; educated at UCLA. Am. "Evolutionary Enlightenment" New Age writer (Jewish) Andrew Cohen on Oct. 23 in New York City. Australian murderer Katherine Mary Knight on Oct. 24 in Tenterfield, N.S.W. Am. "The Terminator", "Aliens", "The Abyss" producer-writer Gale Ann Hurd on Oct. 25 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Stanford U.; wife of (1985-9) James Cameron (1954-), (1991-3) Brian de Palma (1940-), and (1995-) Jonathan Hensleigh (1959-). German "Rock You Like a Hurricane" rock guitarist Matthias Jabs (The Scorpions) on Oct. 25 in Hanover. Am. astronaut Stephen Kern Robinson on Oct. 26 in Sacramento, Calif.; educated at UCD, and Stanford U. Am. Microsoft cofounder (Spawn of Hell?) (Antichrist?) William Henry "Bill" Gates III on Oct. 28 [Scorpio not Virgo?] in Seattle, Wash.; son of prominent atty. William Henry Gates II (Sr.) (1925-) (head of Planned Parenthood and a grandfather of the eugenics movement?) and Mary Maxwell Gates (1929-94), first female pres. of the United Way of King County and first woman chmn. of the exec committee of Nat. United Way, where she rubbed shoulders with John Akers, later CEO-chmn. of IBM, and John Roberts Opel (1925-2011), his predecessor in both positions, whom Mary pulls strings with to get her son his first PC operating system contract with IBM that incl. a sweetheart deal allowing his co. to retrain rights to its software; his great-grandfather was a state legislator and mayor; his grandfather was the vice-pres. of a nat. bank - most billionaires are Virgo, and behind every fortune there is a crime? Am. rock singer (Jewish) Kevin Mark DuBrow (d. 2007) (Quiet Riot) on Oct. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. Sen. (D-N.D.) (2013-) (Roman Catholic) Mary Kathryn "Heidi" Heitkamp on Oct. 30 in Breckenridge, Mnn.; educated at the U. of N.D., and Lewis and Clark Law School. Am. "The Orchid Thief" writer-journalist Susan Orlean on Oct. 31 in Cleveland, Ohio. Anglo-Am. "Loaves and Fishes" poet David Whyte on Nov. 2 in Mirfield, Yorkshire, England; English father, Irish mother; educated at Bangor U.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1981, attaining dual citizenship. Am. football QB-announcer (New York Giants #11) Phillip Martin "Phil" Simms on Nov. 3 in Lebanon, Ky. Brazilian "City of God", "The Constant Gardener" dir. Fernando Meirelles on Nov. 9 in Sao Paulo. Am. NBC-TV correspondent and Calif. First Lady Maria Owings Shriver on Nov. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; daughter of R. Sargent Shriver (1915-) and Eunice Kennedy (1921-); wife (1986-) of Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-). Am. "Skyscraperman" office bldg. climber Daniel "Dan" Goodwin on Nov. 7 in Kennebunkport, Maine. Am. endogenous growth theory economist Paul Michael Romer on Nov. 7 in Denver, Colo.; son of Colo. gov. Roy Romer (1928-); educated at Phillips Exter Academy, U. of Chicago, MIT, and Queen's U.; 2018 Nobel Econ. Prize; "A crisis is a terrible thing to waste" (Nov. 2004). German "Independence Day", "Godzilla", "The Patriot", "10,000 B.C." film dir.-writer-producer (gay) Roland Emmerich on Nov. 10 in Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg. Am. "Hildegard in Bosom Buddies" actor Peter Scolari on Nov. 12 in New Rochelle, N.Y. Am. "Celie in The Color Purple", "Oda Mae Brown in Ghost", "Guinan in Star Trek: TNG", "The View" actress-comedian-producer (black) (Jewish) (dyslexic) (aviophobe) Whoopi Goldberg (Caryn Elaine Johnson) on Nov. 13 in New York City; names herself after the whoopee cushion. Scottish pop singer Leslie Richard "Les" McKeown (Bay City Rollers) on Nov. 12 in Edinburgh. Am. 6'11" basketball player-coach (white) (blonde) (Seattle Supersonics #43, 1977-86) (Milwaukee Bucks #43, 1986-91) Jack Wayne Sikma on Nov. 14 in Kankakee, Ill.; educated at Ill. Wesleyan U. English rock bassist (black) Joseph Martin "Joe" Leeway (Thompson Twins) on Nov. 15 in Islington, London; Nigerian father, Irish mother. Am. activist (black) Yolanda Denise "Yoki" King (d. 2007) on Nov. 17 in Montgomery, Ala; eldest child of Martin Luther King. Jr. (1929-68) and Coretta Scott King (1927-2006); sister of Martin Luther King III (1957-), Dexter King (1961-), and Bernice King (1963-); 2 weeks old when Rosa Parks refuses to give up her bus seat, and 10 weeks old when her family's house is firebombed (nobody hurt). Am. 6'8" basketball player (black) (Boston Celtics #31, 1977-85) Cedric Bryan "Cornbread" Maxwell on Nov. 21 in Kinston, N.C.; educated at UNC Charlotte. Armenian mathematical physicist Vahagn "Vahe" Gurzadyan on Nov. 21 in Yerevan; educated at Yerevan State U., and Lebedev Physics Inst.; son of Grigor Gurzadyan (1922-2014). Am. "Fletch", "A Tiger's Tale" film producer-dir. Peter Vincent Douglas on Nov. 23 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Kirk Douglas (1916-) and Anne Buydens; brother of Michael Douglas (1944-), Joel Douglas (1947-), and Eric Douglas (1958-2004). English cricketer Sir Ian Terence "Beefy" Botham (AKA "Guy the Gorilla") on Nov. 24 in Heswall, Cheshire; knighted in 2007. Am. rock drummer Clem Burke (Clement Bozewski) (Blondie, the Romantics) on Nov. 24 in Bayonne, N.J. Lebanese PM (2005, 2011-) (Muslim) Nijab Azmi Mikati (Miqati) on Nov. 24 in Tripoli. British "Dancing with the Stars" dancer-choreographer (gay) Bruno Tonioli on Nov. 25 in Ferrara, Italy. Am. "The Science Guy" TV host William Sanford "Bill" Nye on Nov. 27 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Cornell U. Am. "Pathway to Victory" minister (Southern Baptist) Robert James Jeffress Jr. on Nov. 29 in Tex.; educated at Baylor U., Dallas Theological Seminary, and Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Canadian "Deal or No Deal", "Dr. Wayne Fiscus in St. Elsewhere" actor-comedian (Jewish) Howard Michael "Howie" Mandel on Nov. 29 in Willowdale, Toronto, Ont. Am. "The Conquerors" historian Michael Richard Beschloss on Nov. 30 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in Flossmoor, Ill.; educated at Phillips Academy, Williams College, and Harvard U. U.S. Sen. (R-N.C.) (2005-) Richard Mauze Burr on Nov. 30 in Charlottesville, Va.; educated at Wake Forest U. English "White Wedding", "Rebel Yell" rocker Billy Idol (William Michael Albert Broad) on Nov. 30 in Middlesex; takes his name from a teacher's description of him as "idle". Am. "Charlie Paddock in Chariots of Fire" actor Dennis Christopher (Carrelli) on Dec. 2 in Philadelphia, Penn.; of Italian-Irish descent. Canadian "Dale Arden in Flash Gordon" actress Melody Anderson on Dec. 3 in Edmonton, Alberta; educated at Carleton U. Am. Mormon fundamentalist leader Warren Steed Jeffs on Dec. 4 in Sacramento, Calif. Am. theologian (evangelical Christian Presbyterian) (anti-environmentalist) Ernest Calvin Beisner on Dec. 6 in ?; educated at USC, Internat. College Los Angeles, and U. of St. Andrews. English rock drummer Paul Richard "Rick" Buckler (The Jam) on Dec. 6 in Woking, Surrey. Am. "A Heart Wide Open" folk singer Leticia "Tish" Hinojosa on Dec. 6 in San Antonio, Tex. Am. deadpan comedian-actor-writer Steven Alexander Wright on Dec. 6 in Burlington, Mass.; educated at Emerson College. Am. "Three's Company" actress Priscilla Barnes on Dec. 7 in Ft. Dix, N.J.. German historian Wolfgang Georg Schwanitz on Dec. 8 in Magdeburg; educated at Leipzig U., and Free U. of Berlin. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (Kansas City Kings #10, 1977-81) (New Jersey Nets #10, 1981-8) (Boston Celtics #10, 1988-9) Otis Lee Birdsong on Dec. 9 in Winter Haven, Fla.; educated at the U. of Houston. Am. economist Gene Michael Grossman on Dec. 11 in New York City; educated at Yale U., and MIT. Am. talk show host Christopher "Chris" Plante on Dec. 12 in ?; "Every day is an IQ test". Costa Rican economist (Jewish) Rebeca Grynspan on Dec. 14 in San Jose; educated at the U. of Costa Rica, and Sussex U. Am. "Trevor Lyle in Candyman", "Todd Voight in T2", "Gregory in The Walking Dead" actor Alexander Harper "Xander" Berkeley on Dec. 16 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Hampshire College. Am. 6'3" basketball player (white) (Dallas Mavericks #15, 1980-92) Bradley Ernest "Brad" Davis on Dec. 17 in Monaca, Penn.; educated at the U. of Md. English rock bassist Paul Gustave Simonon (The Clash) on Dec. 15 in London. Am. environmentalist Carol Martha Browner on Dec. 16 in Miami, Fla.; educated at the U. of Fla. Am. meteorologist Roy Warren Spencer on Dec. 20; educated at the U. of Mich., and U. of Wisc. Am. "Lois in Malcolm in the Middle" actress Jane Frances Kaczmarek on Dec. 21 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; educated at the U. of Wisc., and Yale U. Dutch children's writer-poet-playwright-illustrator (gay) Ted van Lieshout on Dec. 21 in Eindhoven. German-Am. biochemist Thomas Christian Sudhof (Südhof) on Dec. 22 in Gottingen, Germany; educated at the U. of Gottingen, and Harvard U.; 2013 Nobel Med. Prize. Scottish poet (bi) Carol Ann Duffy on Dec. 23 in Glasgow; British poet laureate (2009-). Am. "Conrad McMasters in Matlock", "James Jimmy Trivette in Walker, Texas Ranger", "Theo in Die Hard", "Lt. JG Marcus Sundown Williams in Top Gun" actor (black) Clarence Darnell Gilyard Jr. (AKA Clarence A. Gilyard) on Dec. 24 in Moses Lake, Wash. Am. economist James Harold Stock on Dec. 24 in Munich, Germany; educated at Yale U., and UCB. U.S. Dem. Ind. gov. #47 (1989-97) Sen. (D-Ind.) (1999-2011) Birch Evans "Even" Bayh III on Dec. 26 in Shirkieville, Ind.; son of Birch Bayh Jr. (1928-); educated at Indiana U., and U. of Va. Indian Muslim terrorist Sheikh Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar on Dec. 27 in Mumka, Maharashtra. Chinese anti-Communist human rights activist Liu Xiaobo on Dec. 28 in Changchun, Jilin; 2010 Nobel Peace Prize. Grenadan-born Muslim Council of Britain deputy secy.-gen. (2006-) Daud A. Abdullah on ? in St. George's; emigrates to Britain in 1995. Am. "Tyrannosaurus Sue: A Cretaceous Concerto" composer Bruce Adolphe on ? in New York City. Saudi Sunni Muslim cleric (dir. of Islam Today Web site, 2001-) Salman bin Fahd bin Abdullah al-Ouda on ? in al-Basr. Japanese cardiac surgeon Amano Atsushi on ? in ?; educated at Nihon U. Am. economist (Jewish) Jared Bernstein on ? in ?; educasted at Hunter College, and Columbia U. Am. "The Amber Room", "The Romanov Prophecy", "Cotton Malone" novelist-atty. (Roman Catholic) Steve Berry on ? in ?; educated at Mercer U. Australian "A Treatise on Astral Projection" New Age writer Robert Bruce on ? in England. Cuban Santerian priest (founder of Orisha Conscousness Movement) Baba Raul Canizares (Baba Raúl Cañizares) (d. 2002). South African boxer Gerald Christian "Gerrie" Coetzee on ? in ?. English "Aubrey Montague in Chariots of Fire" actor Nicholas Farrell (Frost) on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Nottingham. Am. economist John Genakoplos on ? in ?; educated at Yale U., and Harvard U. Am. "The Dark Side", "Dark Money" journalist Jane Meredith Mayer on ? in New York City; educated at Yale U. Israeli billionaire (Jewish) Idan Ofer on ? in ?; Romanian Jewish immigrant father Sammy Ofer (1922-2011), English Jewish mother Aviva; brother of Eyal Ofer (1950-); educated at the U. of Haifa, and London Business School. Israeli ambassador #17 to the U.S. (2009-13), MK (2015-), and historian (Jewish) Michael B. Oren (Michael Scott Bornstein) on ? in New York City; grows up in West Orange, N.J.; educated at Columbia U., and Princeton U.; emigrates to Irael in 1979. Am. "Outrageous Betrayal" writer-journalist Steven Pressman on ? in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCB. Am. computer scientist Daniel M. "Dan" Russell on ? in ?; educated at UCI, and U. of Rochester. Am. "Beautiful Boy", "Game Over" writer (Jewish) David Sheff on ? in Boston, Mass.; of Russian Jewish descent; educated at UCB; father of Nic Sheff. Am. "Blood Dazzler" poet-playwright (black) Patricia Smith on ? in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Anna and the King", "Hitch" dir.-writer Andy Tennant on ? in Chicago, Ill.; educated at USC. Irish novelist-critic (gay) Colm Toibin (Tóibín) on ? in Enniscorthy, County Wexford; educated at Univ. College, Dublin. Ethiopian "Cutting for Stone" physician-novelist (black) (Syro-Malabar Christian) Abraham Verghese on ?; Indian immigrant parents. Am. economist Michael Dean Woodford on ? in Chicopee, Mass.; educated at the U. of Chicago, and Yale U. Am. conservative columnist Byron York on ? in ?; educasted at the U. of Ala., and U. of Chicago. Deaths: English-born Am. world's oldest living person #1 Betsy Baker (b. 1842) on Oct. 24 in Neb. (first person since Guinness begins its world records book). Canadian jurist Sir Lyman Poore Duff (b. 1865) on Apr. 26. Am. actress Margaret Fealy (b. 1865) on Feb. 11 in Woodland Hills, Calif. Am. Calif. gov. #28 (1934-9) Frank Merriam (b. 1865) on Apr. 25 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. evangelist John Raleigh Mott (b. 1865) on Jan. 31; 1946 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. philologist Carl Darling Buck (b. 1866) on Feb. 8. Am. "A Negro Explorer at the South Pole" Matthew Henson (b. 1866) on Mar. 9 in New York City; in 1988 his body is moved to Arlington Cemetery next to Massuh Peary's. Scottish anthropologist Sir Arthur Keith (b. 1866) on Jan. 7. English Freethinker-Atheist writer Joseph McCabe (b. 1867) on Jan. 10; wrote 240+ books. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher Cy Young (b. 1867) on Nov. 4 in Newcomerstown, Ohio; career record 511 wins and 316 losses (1890-1911); the Cy Young Award for pitchers is created next year. French diplomat-poet Paul Claudel (b. 1868) on Feb. 23: "Why must all the churches be closed at night?" Am. physicist Robert Williams Wood (b. 1868) on Aug. 11 in Amityville, N.Y. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher-mgr.-owner Clark Griffith (b. 1869) on Oct. 27 in Washington, D.C. German crown prince Rupprecht (b. 1869) on May 18 in Munich. Am. Ralston-Purina Co. founder William H. Danforth (b. 1870) on Dec. 24 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. philanthropist Archer Milton Huntington (b. 1870) on Dec. 11. English vacuum cleaner inventor Hubert Cecil Booth (b. 1871) on Jan. 18 in Purley, Surrey. British industrialist-politician Sir Arthur Du Cros (b. 1871) on Oct. 28 in Watford, Hertfordshire. U.S. secy. of state (1933-44) Cordell Hull (b. 1871) on July 23 in Washington, D.C.; 1945 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. League of Women's Voters pres. #1 (1920-) Maud Wood Park (b. 1871) on May 8 in Melrose, Mass. English chess master Henry Ernest Atkins (b. 1872) on Jan. 31 in Hudddersfield. German Prussian PM (1920-32) Otto Braun (b. 1872) on Dec. 14 in Locarno, Switzerland (exile). English writer Lionel Curtis (b. 1872). Am. "Because of You" songwriter Arthur Hammerstein (b. 1872) on Oct. 12 (heart attack). Am. bronze sculptor Bessie Potter Vonnoh (b. 1872) on Mar. 8 in New York City. British politician Leo Amery (b. 1873) on Sept. 16 in London. U.S. Dem. politician John W. Davis (b. 1873) on Mar. 24 in Charleston, S.C. Am. writer-educator Elizabeth Cutter Morrow (b. 1873). Austrian essayist-critic Alfred Polgar (b. 1873) in Zurich, Switzerland. Am. playwright Anne Crawford Flexner (b. 1874) on Jan. 11 in Providence, R.I. Portuguese lobotomy pioneer Dr. Egas Moniz (b. 1874) on Dec. 13. Am. "Wait 'Till the Sun Shines, Nellie" lyricist Andrew B. Sterling (b. 1874) on Aug. 11 in Stamford, Conn. Am. baseball hall-of-fame playr Honus Wagner (b. 1874) on Dec. 6 in Carnegie, Penn. Am. black educator Mary McLeod Bethune (b. 1875) on May 18 in Daytona Beach, Fla.; "She gave out faith and hope as if they were pills and she some sort of doctor" (Louis E. Martin). Indian-born Irish man-eating tiger hunter Jim Corbett (b. 1875) on Apr. 19 in Nyeri, Kenya (heart attack). Austrian archbishop (of Vienna) Theodor Innitzer (b. 1875) on Dec. 9 in Vienna. Hungarian pres. (1918-9) Count Mihaly Karolyi (b. 1875) in Vence, France. German novelist Thomas Mann (b. 1875) on Aug. 12 in Zurich, Switzerland; 1929 Nobel Lit. Prize: "Tolerance becomes a crime when applied to evil"; "Speech is civilization itself. The word, even the most contradictory word, preserves contact; it is silence which isolates." Swedish-Am. sculptor Carl Milles (b. 1875) on Sept. 19 in Millesgarden, Sweden. U.S. Supreme Court justice (1930-45) Owen Josephus Roberts (b. 1875) on May 17 in West Vincent, Penn. Italian baritone Riccardo Stracciari (b. 1875) on Oct. 10 in Rome. Am. Pentagon architect George Bergstrom (b. 1876) on June 17 in Los Angeles, Calif. Canadian-Am. physician (molecular biology pioneer) Oswald Avery Jr. (b. 1877) on Feb. 20 in Nashville, Ten. French composer Charles Cuvillier (b. 1877) on Feb. 14 in Paris. German painter Karl Hofer (b. 1878) on Apr. 3 in West Berlin. Am. "googol" mathematician Edward Kasner (b. 1878). Am. dir. William Churchill de Mille (b. 1878) on Mar. 5 in Playa del Rey, Calif. German-born Am. auto manufacturer August Duesenberg (b. 1879) on Jan. 18 in Indianapolis, Ind. (heart attack). German-Am. physicist Albert Einstein (b. 1879) on Apr. 18 in Princeton, N.J.; 1921 Nobel Physics Prize; dies days before he can give a 7th Israel Independence Day Speech that shows his support for Israel; had as many as 10 girlfriends?; his nurse doesn't understand German and doesn't record his last words?; his ashes are scattered in the Delaware River, and his ever-stoned brain is kept by pathologist Thomas Harvey in a jar for the next 40 years, and discovered in Wichita, Kan. in 1978 by Am. journalist Steve Levy (1951-); leaves 14-y.-o. illegitimate daughter Evelyn Einstein (1941-)?; "All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree"; "Racial separation is not a disease of blacks, but a disease of whites. And I don't want to be silent about it"; "Most people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character"; "Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age 18"; "Raffiniert ist der Herr Gott, Aber Boshaft ist Er nicht" (God is clever/subtle, but he is not malicious); "Relativity is for physics not ethics"; "I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings"; "A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks should be"; "Imagination is more important than knowledge, for knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand"; "I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction. The world will have a generation of idiots"; "Politics is for the present... an equation is... for eternity"; "Only two things are infinite, the Universe and human stupidity, and I'm not so sure about the Universe"; "The illusion that we are separate from one another is an optical delusion of our consciousness"; "The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources"; "Everybody is a genius, but if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid"; "Whoever undertakes to set himself up as a judge of Truth and Knowledge is shipwrecked by the laughter of the gods"; "The world is too dangerous to live in, not because of the people who do evil but because of the people who sit and let it happen" - the real father of Victor Borge? Am. stage actor-mgr. Walter Hampden (b. 1879) on June 11 in Los Angeles, Calif. Russian philosopher Helena Roerich (b. 1879) on Oct. 5 in Kalimpong, India. Am. poet Wallace Stevens (b. 1879) on Aug. 2 in Hartford, Conn. French Jesuit philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (b. 1881) on Apr. 10 in New York City: "Someday after mastering winds, waves, tides and gravity, we shall harness the energies of love, and then, for the second time in the history of the world, man will discover fire"; "Teilhard was one of the first scientists to realize that the human and the universe are inseparable. The only universe we know about is a universe that brought forth the human." (Brian Swimme) Romanian violinist-composer-conductor Georges Enescu (b. 1881) on May 4 in Paris. Scottish penicillin physician-scientist Sir Alexander Fleming (b. 1881) on Mar. 11. French artist Fernand Leger (b. 1881) on Aug. 17: "The object in modern painting must become the main character and overthrow the subject." German painter Max Pechstein (b. 1881) on June 29. English social anthropologist A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (b. 1881) on Oct. 24 in London. British military gov. of Jersualem Sir Ronald Storrs (b. 1881) on Nov. 11 in London. Am. composer Marion Bauer (b. 1882) on Aug. 9 in South Hadley, Mass. (heart attack). Italian gen. Rodolfo Graziani (b. 1882) on Jan. 11 in Rome. German-born English novelist Ludwig Lewisohn (b. 1882) on Dec. 31 in Waltham, Mass.: "There are philosophies which are unendurable not because men are cowards, but because they are men." Am. composer Al Piantadosi (b. 1882) on Apr. 8 in Encino, Calif. Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset (b. 1883) on Oct. 18 in Madrid: "Our firmest convictions are apt to be the most suspect, they mark our limitations and our bounds." Greek PM (1952-5) marshal Alexander Papagos (b. 1883) on Oct. 4 in Athens. Hungarian "Carl the head waiter in Casablanca" actor S.Z. "Cuddles" Sakall (b. 1883) on Feb. 12 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack). French painter Maurice Utrillo (b. 1883) on Nov. 5 in Montmartre. German "Zen in the Art of Archery" writer Eugen Herrigel (b. 1884) on Apr. 18 in Partenkirchen, Bavaria. Am. playwright Jane Murfin (b. 1884) on Aug. 10 in Calif. Azerbaijan pres. #1 (1918-20) Mammad Amin Rasulzade (b. 1884) on Mar. 6 in Ankara, Turkey. Am. auto racer George H. Robertson (b. 1884) on July 3. Am. silent film actress "The Vamp" Theda Bara (b. 1885) on Apr. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif. (abdominal cancer). German soprano Frieda Hempel (b. 1885) on Oct. 7. Bulgarian-born Davidians cult founder Victor Tasho Houteff (b. 1885) on Feb. 5 in Waco, Tex. (heart failure). English feminist eugenics activist Sybil Neville-Rolfe (b. 1885) on Aug. 3 in London. German mathematician Hermann Weyl (b. 1885) on Dec. 8. Am. explorer Matthew Alexander Henson (b. 1886). Am. aircraft manufacturer Glenn L. Martin (b. 1886) on Dec. 5. Am. enzyme-crystallizing biochemist James Batcheller Sumner (b. 1887) on Aug. 12 in Buffalo, N.Y.; 1946 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. psychologist Louis Leon Thurstone (b. 1887) on Sept. 30. Am. writer-speaker Dale Carnegie (b. 1888) on Nov. 1 in Forest Hills, N.Y. Austrian Nazi anatomist Eduard Pernkopf (b. 1888) on Apr. 17 in Vienna. Am. "42nd Street" film dir. Lloyd Bacon (b. 1889) on Nov. 15 in Burbank, Calif. Am. "The Green Goddess" actress Alice Joyce (b. 1890) on Oct. 9 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart disease). Austrian skiing champ-instructor Hannes Schneider (b. 1890). Romanian-born contract bridge champ Ely Culbertson (b. 1891) on Dec. 27. Am. businessman Edward Jacobson (b. 1891) on Oct. 25 in Kansas City, Mo. (heart attack). Am. writer Marquis James (b. 1891) on Nov. 19. German Gen. Helmuth Weidling (b. 1891) on Nov. 17 in Vladimir, Russia; sentenced to 25 years in 1952 for not surrendering Berlin sooner. Am. poet Robert Peter Tristram Coffin (b. 1892) on Jan. 20 in Brunswick, Maine. Swiss composer Arthur Honegger (b. 1892) on Nov. 27 in Paris. Am. actor Philip Loeb (b. 1892) on Sept. 1 in New York City; commits suicide by sleeping pill OD after being put on the Communist blacklist. German novelist Theodor Plievier (b. 1892) on Mar. 12 in Avegno, Switzerland. U.S. labor secy. (1953) Martin Patrick Durkin (b. 1894) on Jan. 19. Am. jazz musician James P. Johnson (b. 1894) on Nov. 17. Am. "Three Stooges" actor Shemp Howard (b. 1895) on Nov. 22. Am. "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" novelist Horace McCoy (b. 1895) on Dec. 15 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (heart attack). Am. "Idiot's Delight" dramatist-biographer Robert E. Sherwood (b. 1896) on Nov. 14 in New York City (heart attack). Am. historian Bernard DeVoto (b. 1897) on Nov. 13 in New York City. French chef Fernand Point (b. 1897) on Mar. 4 in Vienne. Am. writer-producer Wyllis Oswald cooper (b. 1899) on June 22 in High Bridge, N.J. Am. "Joe Palooka" comic strip writr Ham Fisher (b. 1900) on Sept. 7 (suicide). French-born Am. painter Yves Tanguy (b. 1900) on Jan. 15 in Woodbury, Conn. (stroke). Russian harmonica player Borrah Minevitch (b. 1902) on June 26 in Paris, france. Am. "A Death in the Family", "The African Queen" novelist-screenwriter James Agee (b. 1909) on May 16 in New York City (heart attack). French auto racer Pierre Levegh (b. 1905) on June 11 in Le Mans, France (auto accident). Portuguese-born Brazilian "Doll Face" actress-singer Carmen Miranda (b. 1909) on Aug. 5 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (heart attack). German actress Sybille Schmitz (b. 1909) on Apr. 13 in Munich, Bavaria (suicide by OD with sleeping pills). Australian poet Rex Ingamells (b. 1913) on Dec. 20 in Dimboola, Victoria (automobile accident). Portuguese "Down Argentine Way" actress Carmen Miranda (b. 1913). Am. auto racer Bill Vukovich (b. 1918) on May 30 in Indianaplis, Ind. (auto accident). Am. jazz saxophonist Charlie "Bird" Parker (b. 1920) on Mar. 12 in New York City (pneumonia); dies while watching "The Dorsey Brothers' Stage Show" on TV at the Stanhope Hotel suite of Baroness Pannonica de Koenigswarter in New York City. French mountain climber Louis Lachenal (b. 1921) on Nov. 25 in Chamonix (skiing accident). British last woman to be hanged Ruth Ellis (b. 1926) on July 13 in Holloway Prison, London. Am. "The Pajama Game", "Damn Yankees" lyricist-composer Jerry Ross (b. 1926) on Nov. 11 (lung disease). Am. "East of Eden", "Rebel Without a Cause", "Giant" 3-film superstar actor James Dean (b. 1931) on Sept. 30 near Cholame (Paso Robles), Calif.; dies in a high speed 2-car crash in his $7K Porsche 550 Spyder ("130" painted on the side, "Little Bastard" on the rear) on Route 66 with Donald Turnipseed (1932-95), who is driving a Ford, and claims he never saw him; Dean's passenger Rolf Weutherich (1927-81) (a German Porsche mechanic) recovers, then is later killed in a car accident; Dean leaves pet Siamese cat Marcus, given to him by Liz Taylor; on ? he filmed his last scene in "Giant" as an old fart who passes out while being lionized at a Tex. oilmens' convention; at the time of his death only "East of Eden" has been released; on Sept. 23 Dean lunched with English actor Alec Guinness at the Villa Capri in San Diego, and Guinness told him "Please never get in - if you do, you will be dead within a week"; Dean just signed the first-ever $1M Hollywood movie contract ($100K/film x 10 films); he is buried in Fairmont, Ind.; the Little Bastard later allegedly has a curse on it - an entire generation lost in a Star Wars daydream?



1956 - The Black Rock and Roll Allied with White Rockabilly Allied With Yellow Tide Saves the Day April Fool Easter Elvis the Pelvis Year? The year that U.S. blacks can sit in the front of the bus (school or city) playing black rock and roll on their Japanese transistor radios, while whites sit anywhere the blacks ain't, playing ripoffs sung by whites (Elvis et al.) on theirs? Once they get to the school, though, anything goes? Meanwhile, the Soviets make Hungarian goulash, the Egyptians take on Britain, France, and Israel, and the U.S. wields its economic and military power, with nukes at the ready, enjoying its brain magnet status with a big year for Chinese-born scientists? It all comes out swell for America, and Ike is reelected to ride out the decade, while JFK positions himself to change America's course in 1960?

Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union (1894-1971) Wladyslaw Gomulka of Poland (1905-82) William Joseph Brennan Jr. of the U.S. (1906-97) Rab Butler of Britain (1902-82) British Gen. Sir John Bagot Glubb (1897-1986) Guy Mollet of France (1905-75) Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt (1918-70) Miles Copeland Jr. of the U.S. (1916-91) James Strom Thurmond of the U.S. (1902-2003) Richard Brevard Russell Jr. of the U.S. (1897-1971) Iskander Mirza of Pakistan (1899-1969) Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy of Pakistan (1892-1963) Prince Rainier III (1923-2005) and Princess Grace Kelly (1929-82) of Monaco Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira of Brazil (1902-76) Hernan Siles Zuazo of Bolivia (1913-96) Manuel Prado y Ugarteche of Peru (1889-) Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov of the Soviet Union (1905-95) Solomon Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka (1899-1959) Erno Gero of Hungary (1898-1980) Janos Kadar of Hungary (1912-89) Soviet Field Marshal Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897-1973) Benyoucef Ben Khedda of Algeria (1920-2003) Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia (1903-2000) Jose Maria Lemus of El Salvador (1911-93) Lim Yew Hock of Singapore (1914-84) Thomas Anthony 'Tom' Dooley III (1927-61) Helen Joseph of South Africa (1905-92) Thomas B. Stanley of the U.S. (1890-1970) David John Mays (1896-1971) Harry F. Byrd of the U.S. (1887-1966) Tenley Albright of the U.S. (1936-) Toni Sailer of Austria (1935-2009) Lee Harvey Oswald (1939-63) David Galula (1919-67) John Kasper (1929-98) Joy Adamson (1910-80) George Adamson (1906-89) John Larry Kelly Jr. (1923-65) Meyer Levin (1905-81) Victor Riesel (1914-95) Erwin Wilhelm Müller (1911-77) Hans Selye (1907-82) Allen Newell (1927-92) Herbert Alexander Simon (1916-2001) Johnny Dio (1914-79) Floyd Patterson (1935-2006) Archie Moore (1916-) Don Newcombe (1926-) Richard Dale Long (1926-91) Johnny Unitas (1933-2002) Ken Rosewall (1934-) Pat Flaherty (1926-2002) Shirley June Fry Irvin (1927-) John Landy of Australia (1930-) Vladimir Kuts of the Soviet Union (1927-75) Murray Rose of Australia (1939-2012) Bill Russell (1934-2022) K.C. Jones (1932-) Don Larsen (1929-) Mickey Mantle (1931-95) Tommy Heinsohn (1934-) Willie Naulls (1934-) Sam Jones (1933-) Wilt Chamberlain (1936-99) Wilt Chamberlain (1936-99) Don Carter (1926-2012) Jack Nicklaus (1940-) Bill Lillard Sr. (1927-) Frederick Reines (1918-98) Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr. (1919-74) Juan Ramon Jimenez (1881-1958) William Bradford Shockley Jr. (1910-89) Walter Houser Brittain (1902-87) John Bardeen (1908-91) William Jack Baumol (1922-) James Tobin (1918-2002) Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (1897-1967) Nikolay N. Semyonov (1896-1986) Dickinson Woodruff Richards Jr. (1895-1973) Andre Frederic Cournand (1895-1988) Werner Forssmann (1904-79) Kenneth Milton Stampp (1912-2009) Arthur Miller (1915-2005) and Marilyn Monroe (1926-62) Grace Kelly (1929-82) Galina Ulanova (1910-98) Porfirio Rubirosa (1909-65) Odile Rodin (1938-) George W. Romney (1907-95) Carroll Baker (1931-) Rosa Parks Poster, 1956 Elvis the Pelvis (1935-77) Tommy Steele (1936-) Screamin' Jay Hawkins (1929-2000) The Huntley-Brinkley Report, 1956-70 'To Tell the Truth', 1956-68 Reuven Frank (1920-2006) Joe Adonis (1902-71) Morey Bernstein (1920-99) Allen Ginsberg (1926-97) Maj. Donald Edward Keyhoe (1897-1988) Thomas Townsend Brown (1905-85) Brigitte Bardot (1934-) Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000) Edgar Bowers (1924-2000) Asa Earl 'Forrest' Carter (1925-79) Ed McBain (1926-2005) Grace Metalious (1924-64) John Osborne (1929-94) James Purdy (1914-2009) Robert M. Solow (1924-) Trevor Swan (1918-) Charles E. 'Chuck' Williams (1915-) H.L. Mencken (1880-1956) beside his woodpile Dodie Smith (1896-1990) Guido Cantelli (1920-56) Marguerite Monnot (1903-61) Cornelius Ryan (1920-74) Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012) Harry Edmund Martinson (1904-78) Sir Arnold Wesker (1932-) George Armitage Miller (1920-2012) Lindsay Anderson (1923-94) John Barth (1930-) Benjamin Samuel Bloom (1913-99) William Bronk (1918-99) Jeane L. Dixon (1904-97) Duff Cooper of Britain (1890-1954) Fred Gipson (1908-73) Alan Moorehead (1910-83) Sir Robert Rhodes James (1933-99) William Eastlake (1917-97) Jules Feiffer (1929-) Kathryn Hulme (1900-81) Marie-Louise Habets (1905-86) Norman Dello Joio (1913-2008) George Frost Kennan (1904-2005) John Fitzgerald Kennedy of the U.S. (1917-63) 'Profiles in Courage' by John F. Kennedy (1917-63), 1956 Theodore Sorensen (1928-2010) Herbert Sebastian Agar (1897-1980) Allan Nevins (1890-1971) Henry Steele Commager (1902-98) A.J. Liebling (1904-63) 'The Sweet Science' by A.J. Liebling (1904-63), 1956 Hugh Leonard (1926-2009) Charles Mingus (1922-79) Douglas Moore (1893-1969) Edwin Charles Tubb (1919-2010) Chen-Ning Franklin Yang (1922-) and Tsung-Dao Lee (1926-) of the U.S. Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-97) of the U.S. Choh Hao Li (1913-87) Marion King Hubbert (1903-89) Vernon Martin Ingram (1924-2006) Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007) Lobsang Rampa (1910-81) Eric Voegelin (1901-85) William H. Whyte Jr. (1917-99) Richard Wilbur (1921-2017) Jackie Robinson (1919-72) and Frank Robinson (1935-), 1956 Jayne Mansfield (1933-67) Liberace (1919-87) Dick Clark (1929-2012) Robert Joffrey (1930-88) Gerald Arpino (1923-2008) Twyla Tharp (1941-) Bill Evans (1929-80) Charlie Gracie (1936-) Frankie Lymon (1942-68) Guy Mitchell (1927-99) Odettta (1930-) Albert Grossman (1926-86) Johnny Mathis (1935-) Wanda Jackson (1937-) Carl Perkins (1932-98) James Brown (1933-2006) Abbbey Lincoln (1930-2010) Charles Mingus Jr. (1922-79) Sonny Rollins (1930-) The Dells The Four Preps Line Renaud (1928-) and Loulou Gasté (1908-95) Norman Granz (1918-2001) Verve Records Gene Vincent (1935-1971) Joe Williams (1918-99) Ann Jellicoe (1927-) Goddard Lieberson (1911-77) Charles Lee Smith (1887-1964) Frank Tashlin (1913-72) 'Broken Arrow', 1956-1958 'Circus Boy', 1956-1957 'The Edge of Night', 1956-75 'As the World Turns', 1956-2009 Jonathan Winters (1925-2013) Playhouse 90', 1956-1960 John Frankenheimer (1930-2002) Joseph Cotten (1905-94) 'Twenty One', 1956-1958 'Bells Are Ringing', 1956 'Candide', 1956 'Irma La Douce', 1956 'Long Days Journey into Night', 1956 'The Most Happy Fella', 1956 'My Fair Lady', 1956 'Around the World in 80 Days', 1956 Cantinflas (1911-93) 'The Conqueror', 1956 'Somebody Up There Likes Me', 1956 Steve McQueen (1930-80) Robert Loggia (1930-) 'Anastasia', 1956 'The Bad Seed', 1956 'The Benny Goodman Story', 1956 'The Black Tent', 1956 'Bus Stop', 1956 'Forbidden Planet', 1956 'Giant', 1956 'Fire Maidens from Outer Space', 1956 'The Girl Cant Help It' starring Jayne Mansfield (1933-67), 1956 'Bride of the Monster' starring Bella Lugosi (1882-1956), 1956 'Invasion of the Body Snatchers', 1956 'It Conquered the World', 1956 'The King and I', 1956 'Lust for Life', 1956 'Moby Dick', 1956 'The Most Happy Fella', 1956 'Privates Progress', 1956 Terry-Thomas (1911-90) 'The Rainmaker', 1956 'Reach for the Sky', 1956 'Rock Around the Clock', 1956 'The Searchers', 1956 'The She Creature', 1956 James Garner (1928-2014) 'The Ten Commandments', 1956 'Warning from Space', 1956 Anne Bancroft (1932-2005) and Mel Brooks (1926-) Grace Kelly Bag, 1956 IBM 305 RAMAC, 1956 'Just What Is It That Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing?' by Richard Hamilton, 1956 Ben Grauer (1908-77) NBC Peacock, 1956 Capitol Records Bldg., 1956 Victor Gruen (1903-80) Southdale Center, 1956 Dachau Monument, 1968 MiG-21, 1956 Dessault Mirage III PGM-17 Thor Bell UH-1 Iroquois Burroughs B205, 1956 Dove Candy Bar

1956 Doomsday Clock: 2 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Fire Monkey (Feb. 12). Time Mag. Man of the Year: The Hungarian Freedom Fighter. Most popular U.S. baby names: Michael, Mary. The U.S. sails high on a $400B GNP with negligible inflation, and a return to the frivolity of the 1920s, with "big spender" becoming a compliment, causing the consumer debt to increase to $42.5B from $27.4B in 1952 (55% increase). The U.S. drills a record 58,160 oil wells this year; by 1971 only 27.3K are dug, but it rebounds in 1980 to 59,107. On Jan. 1 mainly Sunni Muslim Sudan, largest country in Africa becomes an independent repub., and PM Ismail al-Azhari is deposed; the Christian-animist south begins the First Sudanese Civil War (ends 1972), with Israel backing them. On Jan. 1 South Korea rescinds its 1955 trade ban with Japan. On Jan. 2 Michigan State defeats UCLA by 17-14 to win the 1956 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 3 the Soviets sign an agreement to construct an experimental nuclear reactor in Yugoslavia. On Jan. 5 Ike's Fourth State of the Union Address starts out: "Our country is at peace. Our security posture commands respect. A spiritual vigor marks our national life. Our economy, approaching the 400 billion dollar mark, is at an unparalleled level of prosperity. The national income is more widely and fairly distributed than ever before. The number of Americans at work has reached an all-time high. As a people, we are achieving more, building more and investing more than ever before." On Jan. 5 Egyptian grand mufti Sheikh Hassan Mamoun issues a fatwa to the effect that since Palestine had long been conquered by jihad, it was a permanent possession of the global Muslim Umma and can't be separated from it, hence no Muslim can ever conclude a peace with Israel - no matter how stupid the Yankees are to think they can mediate one? On Jan. 6 Edward R. Murrow interviews 35-y.-o. eternal bachelor (closet gay) entertainer Liberace (1919-87) on Person to Person in his bedroom in Sherman Oaks, Calif., and after Murrow asks him if he'd like to get married one day, Liberace zings him with the soundbyte "Princess Margaret... she's looking for her dream man too"; he later says "I have nothing against old ladies, but I like young ladies too." On Jan. 8 at a Key West press conference Pres. Eisenhower waffles a reply about whether he will run for a 2nd term, but after a favorable X-ray on Feb. 14 shows no heart enlargement, on Feb. 29 at 10:37 a.m. he announces in the Indian Treaty Room of U.S. secy. of State George M. Humphrey's Ga. plantation that if asked to run again "My answer will be positive, that is, affirmative"; at 10:52 the radio networks broadcast a bulletin about it, and immediately Chmn. F. Edward Hebert (La.) of the House Armed Services Committee tells the room about it, saying he had heard the news on his new transistor radio; that evening Ike tells it to 65M viewers on TV from the Oval Office - and square straight white America is safe for another four? On Jan. 23 police in Cleveland, Ohio use a 1931 law to ban rock and roll fans from dancing in public unless accompanied by an adult. On Jan. 26-Feb. 5 the VII (7th)(1956) Winter Olympic Games are held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, with 821 athletes from 32 nations competing in 24 events in 4 sports; the first appearance of the Soviet Union gives the Hungarians their chance to get a little payback when they defeat them in water polo; Tenley Emma Albright (1936-) wins the first U.S. gold in female figure skating, then enrolls in Harvard Medical School, later becoming a surgeon; the Soviet Union wins the games with 16 medals (7 gold, 3 silver, 6 bronze); Anton Engelbert "Toni" Sailer (1935-2009) of Austria becomes the first skier to win all three Olympic alpine skiing events, downhill, slalom, and giant slalom. On Jan. 31 Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (1902-76) becomes pres. #24 of Brazil (until Jan. 31, 1961) after being elected on the slogan "Fifty years of progress in five", and going on to get Brasilia, the new capital of Brasil, er, Brazil built. On Jan. 31 Socialist Guy Mollet (1905-75) becomes PM #145 of France (until June 12, 1957). In Jan. Israel and Jordan accept a U.N. truce proposal, causing violent demonstrations in Jordan in Jan., which on Mar. 1 King Hussein attempts to pacify by dismissing Arab Legion cmdr. Brit. lt. gen. Sir John Bagot Glubb (1897-1986); Israel arranges ceasefires with Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. On Feb. 1 African lioness Elsa is born, then adopted by Joy Adamson (1910-80) and her hubby George Adamson (1906-89) after it is orphaned, the story told in Joy Adamson's hit 1960 book Born Free. On Feb. 5 the Free Cinema documentary film movement in England, eschewing propaganda and deliberate box office appeal is launched by Bangalore, British India-born film critic Lindsay Gordon Anderson (1923-94) with the debut of three short documentary films at the Nat. Film Theatre in London, which are a hit, causing five more showings by Mar. 1959; "These films were not made together; nor with the idea of showing them together. But when they came together, we felt they had an attitude in common. Implicit in this attitude is a belief in freedom, in the importance of people and the significance of the everyday. As filmmakers we believe that: No film can be too personal. The image speaks. Sound amplifies and comments. Size is irrelevant. Perfection is not an aim. An attitude means a style. A style means an attitude." On Feb. 6 the U.N. Security Council votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 112 to admit Sudan; on July 20 it votes 11-0-0 to admit Morocco; on July 26 it votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 116 to admit Tunisia; on Dec. 12 it votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 121 to admit Japan. Speaking of Monkey? Which Old Witch, the Wicked Witch? On Feb. 14 the 20th All-Union Communist Party Congress opens; on Feb. 25 Soviet joy-to-the-world-not Communist Party head St. Nicholas, er, Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) gives his Secret Speech to the 20th Congress of the CPUSA titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", condemning his predecessor Stalin for fostering the "cult of the individual" and one-man rule, the "use of mass terror", making "mass arrests and deportations of many thousands of people, execution without trial and without normal investigation", and charging him with bungling WWII, causing the rupture with Yugoslavia, and with jeopardizing "peaceful relations with other nations"; the full text of the speech isn't pub. until 1989; Khrushy lightens up and declares the new goal of Soviet foreign policy to be coexistence, and permits a relative increase in personal freedom, which backfires, causing immediate anti-Soviet revolts in Berlin and Budapest, followed by brutal crackdowns which consolidate his power, allowing him to grab for internat. power, proving it was all a brilliant gamble?; the congress adopts its 6th Five-Year Plan, then adjourns on Feb. 25; the Secret Speech causes many Brits to abandon the Communist Party of Great Britain and join the Labour Party or various Trotskyist groups, causing the birth of the New Left in the 1960s. On Feb. 19 elections in Greece (first in which women vote) give PM (since last Oct. 6) Constantine Karamanlis (1907-98) of the Nat. Radical Union a narrow V, and he continues as PM (until June 17, 1963). On Feb. 20 Rosa Parks along with 100 Montgomery, Ala. blacks are indicted for violating a local anti-boycott statute and booked at the police station, resulting in a famous booking photo which people mistake for the Dec. 1, 1955 bus arrest. In Feb. Hassan II successfully negotiates with France for Moroccan independence. In Feb. first-class U.S. mail goes from three to four cents, and airmail from six to seven cents in the first postage rate increase in 24 years. On Mar. 1 the federal minimum wage in the U.S. is raised from 75 cents to $1. On Mar. 12 the Dow Jones Industrial Avg. tops 500 for the first time - and the day will come when a drop below 8K is a warning of a coming depression? On Mar. 12 101 members of Congress, 99 Southern Dems. and two Repubs., incl. all but three senators of the former Confederate states, led by U.S. Sen. (D-S.C.) (1956-2003) James Strom Thurmond Sr. (1902-2003) and U.S. Sen. (D-Ga.) (1933-71) Richard Brevard Russell Jr. (1897-1971) pub. the Southern Manifesto on Integration, objecting to the Brown v. Board of Ed. decision by the U.S. Supreme Court; "We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as clear abuse of judicial power... The very Congress which proposed the [14th] amendment subsequently provided for segregated schools in the District of Columbia", promising to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation"; Southern Dem. Sens. Albert Gore Sr., Estes Kefauver, and Lyndon B. Johnson refuse to sign, pissing them off. On Mar. 20 union workers end a 156-day strike at Westinghouse Electric Corp. On Mar. 20 after passing new laws abolishing polygamy and giving women equal rights in marriage, child custody and divorce, Tunisia gains independence from France; on Mar. 25 Habib Bourguiba (1903-2000) of the Neo-Destour Party wins elections, and on Apr. 15 is sworn is as Tunisian PM #1 (until July 25, 1957), going on to put policies in place that make Tunisia far more successful economically than other Islamic nations, making him the Kemal Ataturk of North Africa; the French exodus begins, causing the French pop. to shrink from 180K to 30K by 1962. On Mar. 21 the 28th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1955 to United Artists' (Hecht and Lancaster) Marty, along with best dir. to Delbert Mann, and best actor to Ernest Borgnine; best actress goes to Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo, best supporting actor to Jack Lemmon for Mister Roberts, and best supporting actress to Jo Van Fleet for East of Eden. On Mar. 23 Pakistan becomes the independent Islamic Repub. of Pakistan within the British Commonwealth, with defence secy. #1 (1947-54) and East Bengal gov. (1954) Iskander Ali Mirza (1899-1969) as Pakistani pres. #1 (until Oct. 27, 1958) the first elected pres. of Pakistan; on Sept. 8 Mohammed Ali resigns, and on Sept. 12 Bengali atty. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (1892-1963) becomes PM #5 (until Oct. 17, 1957); too bad, Mirza doesn't believe that Pakistanis are educated enough for democracy, and calls politicians "mostly crooks and scalawags", going on to attempt to centralize the bureaucracy around himself while going populist to get it done, uttering the immortal soundbyte: "Democracy is hypocrisy without limitation." On Mar. 29 Hungarian leader Laszlo Rajk, who had been executed in 1949 for treason and Titoism is cleared by the Commie Hungarian govt. In Mar. the Chinese Communists step up their shelling of Quemoy and Matsu, causing Pres. Eisenhower to respond with a statement that tactical atomic weapons are no different from other weapons in a strictly military situation; by May the shelling stops, and Eisenhower becomes Alexander the Great to a gleeful Congress. In Mar. Afghanistan implements its first Commie-style Five-Year Plan. In Mar. Martin Luther King Jr. becomes the first of 115 black leaders to be put on trial for conspiring to hinder a company in its conduct of business under an 1921 Ala. state anti-labor law enjoining restraint of trade; the grand jury indicment reads: "In this state we are committed to segregation by custom and law; we intend to maintain it"; he is found guilty by a judge and ordered to pay $1K in fines and court costs, which only fuels the bus boycotters, who hold a rally on the courthouse lawn. In Mar. Am. anti-Communist Roman Catholic physician Thomas Anthony "Tom" Dooley III (1927-61), who volunteered for duty in Vietnam in 1954 and ended up in a refugee camp in Haiphong for 8 mo., and pub. the hit anti-Communist book Deliver Us from Evil resigns from the U.S. Navy under pressure after being investigated for homosexual activities, then builds a hospital in Nam Tha, Laos, followed by Muong Sing, Laos, and founds the Medical Internat. Committee (MEDICO) to aid underdeveloped countries; too bad, he has to hang it up early in life after contracting cancer - hang down your head jokes here? The original Shock and Awe? On Apr. 1 Easter (first Sunday after first full moon after first day of spring) falls on April Fool's Day for most Christians for the last time in the cent.; for the 21st cent. it will happen in 2018, 2029, and 2040. On Apr. 1 (Easter) the first protest march against atomic weapons research is held at the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) in Aldermaston in Berkshire, England, a former WWII Spitfire fighter plant which is the only place in Britain where nukes are manufactured; meanwhile the Holy City of Jerusalem, scene of savage riots in Jan., simmers on the verge of Armageddon, the cauldron of the approaching Millennium Fever? On Apr. 2 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 6-3 in Penn. v. Nelson that Penn.'s sedition law is unenforceable because it is superseded by a federal law, the 1940 U.S. Alien Registration (Smith) Act, and that regulation of sedition is "pervasive" and "left no room for the states to supplement it". On Apr. 2 the daytime soap opera The Edge of Night debuts on CBS-TV (until Nov. 28, 1975), switching to ABC-TV on Dec. 1, 1975 (until Dec. 28, 1984) for 7,420 episodes total, about Perry Mason clone Mike Karr (played by John Larkin until 1962, then Laurence Hugo until 1970, then Forrest Compton) of Monticello (really Cincinnati, Ohio, home of sponsor Proctor and Gamble); meanwhile on Apr. 2 the daytime soap opera As the World Turns debuts on CBS-TV for 13,858 episodes (until Dec. 8, 2009), set in fictional Oakdale, Ill.; Helen Wagner utters the words "Good morning, dear" on the first show, and "Goodbye, dear" on the last. On Apr. 4 the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAN) is founded to turn Malaysia into a Muslim Sharia country. On Apr. 5 U.S. labor columnist Victor Riesel (1914-95) is blinded by acid thrown by a gangster; 4 mo. later labor racketeer John "Johnny Dio" Dioguardi (1914-79) is indicted along with six others for conspiracy. On Apr. 17 the Soviet govt. announces the disbanding of the Cominform. On Apr. 17 Premium Savings Bonds are introduced in Britain, with no interest paid, but instead a lottery funded from it open to purchasers; the machine that picks winning numbers is called Ernie (Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment); the first bonds go on sale in Nov., and the first drawing is next June. White is right supposedly democratic America jumps to furnish Euro royalty with a White Princess? On Apr. 18 (Paul Revere's Ride Day) after been seen with fashion designer Oleg Cassini (her secret fiancee) and actor Jean-Paul Aumont, and being arranged to meet him on the French Riviera for a publicity stunt while filming To Catch a Thief, then seeing him only 3x, devout Roman Catholic Am. actress Grace Patricia Kelly (1929-82) marries prince (since 1949) Rainier Grimaldi III (1923-2005) of Central Park-sized tax haven Monaco in a civil ceremony, followed on Apr. 19 a religious wedding, becoming Her Serene Highness Princess Grace of Monaco and ending her short but star-studded acting career; she wears a silk taffeta and antique lace gown by Hollywood designer Helen Rose (1904-85); her rose lace shoes have a hidden copper penny for luck; the groom first spends hours with her daddy, a Philly contractor, politician, and nat. sculling champ before asking for her hand, and is told, "You fadder was a rebel and you'll be one too, and leave my daughter a widdah, so I cannaugh give ya my permission" (oops, that was Sir William Wallace in the movie "Braveheart", strike that), "I certainly hoped he wouldn't run around the way some princes do, and I told him that if he did, he'd lose a mighty fine girl"; Monte Carlo casino king Aristotle Onassis says "I am mad with joy", and gives the Monaco Red Cross 1M francs; on Apr. 12 the American Export liner Constitution puts her on her beau's white yacht Deo Juvante II off the French coast, accompanied by 80 wedding guests, 24 columnists, four trunks, 20 hatboxes, 36 pieces of luggage, and her black French poodle Oliver while Onassis' private squadron bombards them with red and white carnations, and cannon fire 21-gun salutes from the shore, while 1.5K reporters line the dock; ashore the couple drives in the prince's green Chrysler Imperial; Euro royalty snubs the wedding, and Randolph Churchill explains that "I don't come here to meet vulgar people like the Kellys"; hotel king Conrad Hilton represents Pres. Eisenhower, Somerset Maugham leads the literati, and Agha Khan and ex-King Farouk I of Egypt attend the wedding at St. Nicholas Cathedral, where pickpockets make off with $150K, and 20K line the streets; her wedding gifts incl. $250K worth of diamonds; in Aug. it is announced that she is preggers, and the New York Daily Mirror runs the headline "Monaco Weather Forecast: A Little Rainier in February"; the prince takes the princess' advice and begins reducing the dependence of Monaco on gambling revenue, from 95% of total revenue this year to 3% by his death; every Sun. the couple cooks pancakes for their kiddies? On Apr. 18-27 Nikita Khrushchev visits England, and on Apr. 23 announces that the Soviet Union will produce an H-bomb-tipped missile. On Apr. 20 Britain's foremost underwater expert Cmdr. Lionel Crabb (retired) is reported dead "as a result of trials with certain underwater apparatus" by the British Admiralty after he dives near the Russian cruiser Ordzhonikidze and two Russian destroyers anchored in Portsmouth harbor after carrying Soviet PM Bulganin and First Secy. Khrushchev on a state visit to Britain; a House of Commons investigation is stymied by PM Sir Anthony Eden, who says that he had been diving without govt. permission; on June 9, 1957 a headless, handless body in a rubber suit is fished out of the harbor, and the coroner declares it is Crabb's, but later a Russian military mag. carrying a picture of a group of Soviet naval officers incl. a Lt. Lvev Lvovich Korablov is identified by Crabb's wife Margaret as him. On Apr. 21 after the neutralist People's United Front wins a landslide V in parliamentary elections in Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Sirimavo Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike (1899-1959) heads a leftist coalition cabinet of "Sinhala Only" Dem. Socialists, Trotsky-Marxists and orthodox Buddhists; on June 15 parliament makes Sinhalese (Buddhist) the sole official language, despite riots by the Tamil-speaking (Hindu) minority (whose women wear nose and toe rings and whose men are rickshaw coolies in Colombo) in the N. On Apr. 21 Elvis Presley (1935-77) has his first top-10 hit, Heartbreak Hotel, written by Mae Axton (mother of Hoyt Axton) and Tommy Durden, inspired by a newspaper article about a man who left a suicide note that read "I walk a lonely street." On Apr. 23 Italy inaugurates a supreme court modelled after the U.S. On Apr. 23 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules in South Carolina Electric & Gas Co. v. Flemming that Columbia, S.C. African-Am. domestic worker Sarah Mae Flemming (1933-93) has no right to sue a bus co. for kicking her off the bus for trying to sit in the whites-only section and punching her in the stomach when she tried to exit the front door in 1955, causing the NAACP to work to set up another bus co. for a final V in the U.S. Supreme Court. On Apr. 26 after fears of a future Nixon presidency cause a "Dump Nixon" movement in the Repub. party led by Nixon's first political idol Harold Stassen, Nixon gets Ike to publicly state his personal approval, killing the movement along with Stassen's political career. In Apr. after returning from a failed mission to London to negotiate independence, David Saul Marshall resigns, uttering the soundbyte "I have failed in my Merdeka [independence] mission", and Lim Yew Hock (1914-84) becomes chief minister #2 of Singapore (until 1959), going on to suppress anti-colonials and Communists to impress the Brits that they can kiss them and call them sweetheart and allow them to rule themselves. In Apr. Todor Hristov Zhivkov (1911-98) removes "Little Stalin" Vulko Velev Chervenkov (1900-80), becoming sole ruler of Bulgaria (until 1989). On May 2 the first Middle Eastern TV station begins broadcasting in Baghdad, Iraq. On May 7 after France grants Morocco (Mar. 3) and Tunisia (Mar. 20) independence, but holds onto Algeria, a battle in Oran, Algeria kills 300; by mid-year 500K French troops are stationed there; in Oct. the French arrest all FLN political leaders in Algeria. On May 9 the U.S. Bank Holding Act establishes regulations for bank holding cos. purchasing banks, prohibiting interstate bank purchases and non-banking activities. On May 13 Am. psychic Jeane L. Dixon (Lydia Emma Pinckert) (1904-97) pub. an article in Parade Mag. that claims that the 1960 U.S. pres. election will be "dominated by labor and won by a Democrat", and that a U.S. pres. (not necessarily the new one) would "be assassinated or die in office though not necessarily in his first term"; too bad, she also predicts that Nixon will defeat JFK, that the Soviets would put the first man on the Moon, that labor union head Walter Reuther will run for U.S. pres. in 1964, and that the Quemoy-Matsu dispute will start WWIII in 1958; the way she convinces true believers of her powers despite the wishy-washy, hazy, coincidence-laced predictions and tons of misfires becomes known as the Jeane Dixon Effect. On May 14 the Soviet gov. announces a reduction in their armed forces by 1.2M men by May 1, 1957. On May 15 South Korean pres. Syngman Ree is reelected for a 3rd term. On May 15 the Soviet Union and Japan sign a fishing and sea rescue agreement in Moscow; on Sept. 28 peace negotiations temporarily halt over the issue of the Kurile Islands until both parties agree to table that issue and proceed with a peace treaty, which is signed on Oct. 19 after 11 years of war; Japanese sovereigny over Habomai and Shikotan Islands is recognized, Japanese POWs are repatriated, and Japanese reparations are relinquished; the Soviets agree to support Japan's application for U.N. membership. On May 22 NBC-TV begins using the NBC Peacock Logo, with Benjamin Franklin "Ben" Grauer (1908-77) uttering the words: "The following program is brought to you in living color on NBC"; designed by John J. Graham (1923-94) (known for hiring Andy Warhol in the early 1950s); it starts out with 11 tail feathers, is animated on Sept. 7, 1957, is joined by a snake logo in 1959, is revamped on Jan. 1, 1962, and retired in Sept. 1975. On May 23 Sir Saville Garner succeeds Sir Archibald Nye as British high commissioner. On June 1 Molotov resigns, and Pravda ed. Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (1905-95) (who helped write Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" denouncing Stalin last Feb.) becomes Soviet foreign minister (until ?). On June 1-20 Yugoslavian Pres. Tito visits Moscow - those Moscow girls really knock me out, they leave the West behind? On June 5 Elvis Presley (1935-77) appears on The Milton Berle Show (2nd time), performing the song Hound Dog while doing the sexual hip gyrations, which is seen by 40M, pissing-off the conservatives, who begin a campaign to ban him; he then sings it again on July 1 on The Steve Allen Show in a tuxedo while serenading a Basset Hound wearing a top hat, after which Allen (who hates rock and roll) persents him with a large roll of toilet paper with "signatures of eight thousand fans"; on Sept. 9 he performs it again on The Ed Sullivan Show, hosted by Charles Laughton, in front of 60M viewers, then repeats it on Oct. 28; the song goes on to top the charts for a record 11 weeks and sell 4M copies; it iss the B-side of the song "Don't Be Cruel", which also tops the charts, becoming the first single to top the pop, country, and R&B charts; Elvis "the Pelvis" Presley tours the South and West, wearing drape suits, mascara, and tight pants, dying his blonde hair jet black and slicking it down with pomade, and bucking his hips against his guitar, wowing girl teens in pedal pushers who carve his name on their forearms with pen knives, as well as older women (who are more direct), and also scores a hit with Carl Perkins' 1956 song "Blue Suede Shoes" and "Heartbreak Hotel"; when asked in Amarillo, Tex. if he wanted to get married, he replies, "Why buy a cow when you can get the milk through the fence?" On June 9 the U.N. orders all NNSC members to leave South Korea. On June 9 Pres. Eisenhower suffers an attack of ileitis (inflammation of the lower small intestine), which is announced as an "upset stomach", stirring fears of another heart attack; it requires surgery at Walter Reed Army Hospital, and when surgeons announce that he will be back on the job in 4-6 weeks, the headlines read: "Okay for Ike to Run Say Doctors". On June 12 U Nu resigns as PM #1 of Burma (since Jan. 4, 1948). On June 13 the U.S. District Court in Ala. rules in Browder v. Gayle that public bus segregation is unconstitutional. On June 14 John F. Kennedy gives a Harvard Commencement Speech, emphasizing the need for scholars as well as politicians, but warning against giving too much political power to experts "who ignore public opinion. Nor would I adopt from the Belgian constitution of 1893 the provision giving three votes instead of one to college graduates, or give Harvard a seat in the Congress as William and Mary was once represented in the Virginia House of Burgesses." On June 17 MNR candidate Hernan Siles Zuazo (1914-96) is elected pres. of Bolivia (until 1960); he uses U.S. aid to organize a new conservative army to offset the revolutionary civil militias, and passes the Davenport Code, giving concessionary terms to foreign (mainly U.S.) oil cos. On June 17 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche is reelected pres. of Peru (until 1962), and is sworn-in on July 28, immediately releasing political prisoners and instituting liberal reforms, relegalizing the APRA, and allowing its leader Victor de la Torre to return on July 20, 1957. On June 21 after getting wind of his engagement to Marilyn Monroe, and wanting to blackmail him to get publicity photos with her for their campaigns, the House Un-Am. Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaes playwright Arthur Miller regarding his passport to go to London for the debut of his recent play "A View from the Bridge"; when he stands up to their blackmail and refuses the photos, they go through with it, and demand that he do an Elia Kazan and name names, causing him to do a John Proctor and refuse to "protect my sense of myself", with Marilyn's support all the way, incl. letting him publicly announce their engagement to divert the press (which backfires until she does a press conference and loves him up in front of the jealous public); he ends up indicted on July 10 and then convicted next Feb. by the House by a 173-9 vote, and given a $500 fine and 1 mo. suspended jail sentence; undaunted, he wins his appeal on a technicality. On June 23 Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser is elected pres. #2 of Egypt (until Sept. 28, 1970), backed by a military junta, just as Britain, under U.S. pressure (Ike threatens heavily-indebted England with a run on the pound?) withdraws the last of its troops from Suez. On June 29 Marilyn Monroe (too beautiful to stay home studying but smart enough to admire it in others?) goes for brainy nerd writer (U. of Mich. grad) Arthur Miller (1925-2005) and marries him in White Plains, N.Y. after converting to Judaism and getting her name legally changed to Marilyn Monroe; the headline reads "Egghead Weds Hourglass"; they divorce in 1962 - the Mismatch of the Century, or the original Shakespeare in Love? On June 30 a TWA Super Constellation and a United DC-7 collide in midair over the Grand Canyon, killing 128, becoming the first midair collision between two passenger aircraft; the wreck is not removed from the Canyon until the legal suit is finally settled in 1976, but the U.S. air traffic control system is vastly improved as a result of the crash. In June Phyllis Brown (1918-) of the Research Inst. of Am. tells an annual convention of bankers in Wisc. that women are illogical, but never tell them that, as "The avg. woman starts off on the premise that the way she feels about something is itself a most compelling argument", and to remember that women always take things personally so be sure and always praise them. On July 9 American Bandstand, produced in Philadelphia, Penn. announces new host Richard Wagstaff "Dick" Clark (1929-2012), who takes it into nat. syndication. On July 17 East German PM Otto Grotewol meets with Soviet PM Nikolai Bulganin in Moscow, and they declare that German unification must proceed via East German-West German negotiations. On July 17 the Soviet govt. signs an agreement to step up oil deliveries to Israel, pissing-off the Arabs. On July 18 Matyas Rakosi is replaced as first secy. of the Hungarian Communist Workers Party by first deputy PM Erno Gero (Singer) (1898-1980) (until Oct. 25), whose reign is later called the Gero Interregnum. On July 19 the Suez Crisis (ends Nov. 7) begins after ungrateful Egyptian pres. #2 (since June 23) Gen. Gamal ("camel") Abdel Nasser Hussein (1918-70) trades $200M in Egyptian cotton for guns from Czech., causing U.S. secy. of state John Foster Dulles to cancel the U.S. Aswan High Dam loan, causing Nasser on July 20 to nationalize the Suez Canal (which carries 1.5M barrels of oil a day, 1.2M going to W Europe), saying "I look at Americans and say, may you choke to death on your fury!", followed by "We shall build the high dam as we desire. The annual income of the Suez Canal is $100M. Why not take it ourselves?"; in Sept. Egypt takes control of the canal, expelling foreign technicians; at this point the Israelis are pissed-off by Egyptian-backed guerrilla raids from the Gaza Strip, the Brits by the nationalization of the Suez Canal, and the French by Egyptian support of Algerian independence, forming a conspiracy to overthrow Nasser, with British PM Sir Anthony Eden (who sees him as a new Mussolini) hiring CIA man (close friend of Nasser) Miles Axe Copeland Jr. (1916-91) to assassinate him, while planning begins for Operation Musketeer, a French-British plan to recapture the Suez Canal; too bad, Ike opposes the invasion on the grounds that he is an advocate of decolonization, showing Eden and the British up as wusses when they are forced to back down because of their financial dependence on the U.S.; the net result is that Israel moves closer to the U.S. govt., which becomes dominant in the region, and never undertakes any significant military operation without obtaining U.S. consent in advance (until ?); in Sept. French PM Guy Mollete secretly requests to merge France with the U.K. and join the Commonwealth of Nations, but British PM Anthony Eden turns him down, after which in Oct. he meets with Israeli PM David Ben-Gurion and agrees to stage a joint attack on Egypt. On July 20 free unification elections scheduled to be held in Vietnam per the 1954 Geneva agreement are canceled by Diem, who knows that Ho Chi Minh would easily win; thus are created the Viet Cong and a you know what, though at the time nobody notices. On July 24 after escalating ego problems, Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin end their partnership with a late night perf. at the Copacabana in Manhattan, N.Y., 10 years to the day after they make their first formal appearance at an Atlantic City nightclub, and do not speak to each other again for 20 years; "I walked out into the hallway and thought my heart would break" (Lewis); Lewis' career plateaus out by 1964, and is finished by 1974, while Martin's career sails on until his 1995 death? On July 25 the Italian liner SS Andrea Doria (launched June 16, 1950) (Italy's premier passenger ship, largest, fastest, and safest) en route to New York collides with the Swedish liner MS Stockholm off Nantucket Island, Mass.; when the ships are separated the next day, the Andrea Doria sinks into the 200-ft. water (11 hours after the crash), making half of its lifeboats unusuable, killing 51, incl. 46 on the Italian ship (over 1.6K are rescued); Cary Grant's LSD-loving 3rd wife (1949-62) Betsy Drake is a passenger on the Andrea Doria returning from a trip to Italy to visit him, later learning he was hooking up with Sophia Loren, after which they separate in 1958; 14-y.-o. Andrea Doria passenger (stateroom 52) Linda Morgan (1942-), daughter of news commentator Edward Paddock Morgan (1910-93) is dubbed the "Miracle Girl" when she is found alive in the other ship after the separation; an Aerial Photo of the Sinking of the Andrea Doria by Harry A. Trask of the Boston Traveller wins the Pulitzer Prize for best photo of 1956; the last reel of the 1955 film Foxfire (starring Jane Russell and Jeff Chandler) is showing on the Doria in the tourist section theater when the collision occurs. On Aug. 1 Tunisian-born French-Jewish Capt. David Galula (1919-67) is stationed in Kabylia, Algeria (until Apr. 1958), where he experiments with counterinsurgency tactics in the Algerian War, becoming an expert, after which he becomes a Harvard prof. and advises the U.S. and other Western countries, his strategies getting used in the Vietnam War and U.S. Iraq War. On Aug. 7 seven army ammo trucks explode in Cali, Colombia, killing 1.1K. On Aug. 8 263 die in a coal mine fire in Marcinelle, Belgium. On Aug. 14 the U.S. govt. establishes the Middle East Emergency Committee, a cartel of U.S. oil cos. to assure U.S. oil supplies to W Europe in the event of an interruption of flow through the Suez Canal. On Aug. 13-17 the 1956 Dem. Nat. Convention at the Internat. Amphitheatre in South Side, Chicago, Ill. nominates the losing 1952 candidate, erudite Ill. gov. #31 (1949-53) Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (1900-65) for pres. on the 1st ballot; after he declines to choose a running mate, Tenn. Sen. Cary Estes Kefauver (1903-63) is chosen for vice-pres., but John F. Kennedy nearly beats him, with Sen. Lyndon Johnson shouting "Texas proudly casts its vote for the fighting sailor who wears the scars of battle", until Mo. switches from Albert Gore Sr. to Kefauver; Kennedy appears on the rostrum to make a short but charming concession speech, giving the country a look at handsome him; starting with this one, a member of the Kennedy family addresses every Dem. Nat. Convention until the year ?; Harry Truman emerges from retirement in an effort to get N.Y. Gov. W. Averell Harriman nominated, calling Stevenson a "conservative" who lacks "the kind of fighting spirit we need to win", and follows the "counsel of hesitation", succeeding only in making Stevenson all the more sure to lose in Nov.; Ike being untouchable, the Dems. decide to go after vice-pres. Nixon, Stevenson calling him "shifty", "rash", "inexperienced, and a "man of many masks"; after the convention ends, JFK sells his Hickory Hill retreat in McLean, Va. (built in 1840, and purchased in 1955 from Supreme Court justice Robert H. Jackson) to his brother RFK, who raised his family there until his death; on Aug. 20-23 the 1956 Repub. Nat. Convention at the Cow Palace in Daly City (near San Francisco, Calif.) renominates Eisenhower and Nixon; only Terry McGovern Carpenter (1900-78) of Neb. votes against Nixon, casting his vice-pres. vote for a mythical "Joe Smith"; Nat King Cole sings "That's All There Is To That" at the convention to show support for Ike, and later attends the 1960 Dem. Nat. Convention in support of JFK, then attends his inaugural ball; in his acceptance speech Ike berates liberal columnists, bringing the delegates to their feet; the next day newspapers are filled with passionate defenses of freedom of the press, but the Conservative resentment of liberal journalists is finally out in the open; the Repub. campaign slogan is "Peace, Progress, Prosperity", and Stevenson alienates voters by calling for a "new look" at U.S. defenses, incl. nukes, and "ending the draft"; the 1956 Repub. Platform is surprisingly liberal, supporting equal pay for women, the minimum wage, protection for unions, asylum for refugees et al. On Aug. 20 the first full-scale nuclear-fueled electric turbine (90KW) in England goes into operation at Calder Hall Nuclear Station (begun 1953); the CO2-cooled reactor also produces plutonium for use in nuclear weapons. On Aug. 21 U.S. Navy Cmdr. R.W. Winslow sets the speed record for U.S. combat aircraft at 1015 mph over the Mojave Desert. In Aug. Yasser Arafat secures membership for Palestine in the Internat. Student Congress. In Aug. Elvis Presley comes off a canceled 2-week engagement at the new Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, going to Hollywood to film his first movie, tentatively titled "The Reno Brothers" (Love Me Tender), starring him as Clint Reno opposite Debra Paget and Richard Egan. On Sept. 9 Elvis Presley makes the first of his three appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS-TV, followed on Oct. 28 by the 2nd. On Sept. 11 the symbolic cornerstone for the Internat. Dachau Memorial is dedicated by religious delegates from 21 countries; it is formally dedicated in Sept. 1968. On Sept. 12 the quiz show Twenty One debuts on CBS-TV (until Oct. 16, 1958), later becoming notorious for being rigged; basis of the 1994 Robert Redford film Quiz Show. On Sept. 14 Col. Jose Maria Lemus Lopez (1911-93) of the Party of Dem. Unification becomes pres. of El Salvador (until Oct. 26, 1960). On Sept. 14 the anthology series The Joseph Cotten Show (On Trial) debuts on NBC-TV for 31 episodes (until Sept. 13, 1957), starring Joseph Cheshire Cotten Jr. (1905-94). On Sept. 22 after the Gray Commission (1954), chaired by Va. State Sen. Garland Gray recommends it and atty. David John Mays (1896-1971) et al. draft it, the legislature of Va. passes the Stanley Plan, signed on Sept. 29 by Va. Gov. #57 (1954-8) Thomas Bahnson Stanley (1890-1970) (founder of Stanley Furniture in Stanleyville, Va.), which becomes a key element of the Massive Resistance Strategy of U.S. Sen. (D-Va.) (1933-65) Harry Flood Byrd Sr. (1887-1966) (brother of aviator Richard Byrd) to prevent public school desegregation, which the U.S. Supreme Court rules unconstitutional, causing entire school systems to be shut down in 1958-9 until the U.S. Supreme Court rules that unconstitutional too in 1964. On Sept. 23 the B&W TV series Circus Boy debuts on NBC-TV for 49 episodes, switching in 1957 to ABC-TV until Dec. 12, 1957, starring Micky Dolenz (under the name Mickey Braddock) as Corky, water boy to baby elephant Bimbo, Noah Beery Jr. as Uncle Joey the Clown, Robert Lowery as Big Tim Champion, and Gunn Williams as head canvasman Pete. On Sept. 25 the B&W Western series Broken Arrow debuts on ABC-TV for 73 episodes (until Sept. 23, 1958), based on the 1950 film, starring Michael Ansara as Chiricahua Apache chief Cochise, who disses the role with the soundbyte: "Cochise could do one of two things - stand with his arms folded, looking noble; or stand with arms at his sides, looking noble." Davy, Davy Crockett, King of the What? In Sept. 1956 Washington, D.C. white racist bookseller John Kasper (1929-98) stirs up 1K white citizens of Clinton, Tenn. (pop. 4K) to stop 12 black students from enrolling in the high school, then to attack the 8-man police dept., shouting "Let's get the nigger lovers!", causing 100 state troopers, 633 Nat. Guardsmen and seven M-41 tanks to be called in; meanwhile, in Mansfield, Tex. (pop. 1,450), three blacks trying to enroll in a h.s. with 300 whites are scared out by 400 white men waving placards reading "Dead Coons Are the Best Coons" and "$2 A Dozen For Nigger Ears"; "If God wanted us to go to school together He wouldn't have made them black and us white." In Sept. a modified U.S. Jupiter-C reaches a height of 650 mi., then travels 3.5K mi. On Oct. 2 (Tue.) The Jonathan Winters Show debuts on NBC-TV (until June 25, 1957), starring comedian Jonathan Harshman Winters III (1925-2013); on Oct. 23 color video tape is first used in the airing of a program on the show, causing him to experiment with having two characters talking to each other, becoming the first video stunt. On Oct. 3-10 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) 4-3 to win the Fifty-Third (53rd) (1956) World Series; on Oct. 8 New York Yankees pitcher Donald James "Don" Larsen (1929-) pitches the first perfect game in WS history (until ?), a 2-0 win over Brooklyn in Game 5 (no rerun tape is saved); Mickey Charles Mantle (1931-95) becomes the 9th player to win baseball's triple crown (#8 is Ted Williams in 1947). On Oct. 4 (Thur.) the 90-min. anthology drama series Playhouse 90 debuts on CBS-TV for 134 episodes (until May 18, 1960); the first episode is an adaptation of Pat Frank's 1956 Cold War thriller novel "Forbidden Area", starring Charlton Heston and written by Rod Serling; the 2nd episode is "Requiem for a Heavyweight", written by Rod Serling, which wins six Emmy awards, along with the first George Foster Peabody Award for TV writing; on Feb. 14, 1957 it debuts The Comedian, written by Rod Serling based on a novella by Ernest Lehman, starring Mickey Rooney and Edmond O'Brien; too bad, when it is canceled and dir. John Michael Frankenheimer (1930-2002) departs television permanently for film, the Golden Age of TV (begun 1947) is kaput; in Nov. 1960 former NBC pres. (1953-55) Sylvester Laflin "Pat" Weaver Jr. (1908-2002) (father of Sigourney Weaver) utters the soundbyte in The Denver Post: "Television has gone from about a dozen forms to just two - news shows and the Hollywood stories. The blame lies in the management of NBC, CBS and ABC. Management doesn't give the people what they deserve. I don't see any hope in the system as it is." On Oct. 4 (Thur.) The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show (really The Ford Show, named after sponsor Ford Motor Co.) debuts on NBC-TV for 121 episodes (until June 29, 1961), hosted by "Sixteen Tons" singer Ernest Jennings "Tennessee Ernie" Ford (1919-91), switching to color in Sept. 1958; Ford closes each show with a spiritual song or hymn over the objection of the mainly Jewish studio bosses, becoming one of the most popular features of the show; "Bless your pea-pickin' hearts!" On Oct. 13 ex-PM Imre Nagy is readmitted to the Hungarian Communist Party. On Oct. 13 the U.N. Security Council votes 11-0-0 to adopt Resolution 118, requiring any settlement of the Suez question to incl. respect for the sovereignty of Egypt while allowing free and open transit through the canal without any kind of discrimination or political considerations, with future disputes between Egypt and the Suez Canal Co. to be settled by arbitration. On Oct. 15 after being appointed by Pres. Eisenhower, and every senator except Joseph McCarthy of Wisc. voting for him, William Joseph Brennan Jr. (1906-97) of N.J., son of Irish immigrants becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #90 (until July 20, 1990) to fill the vacancy left by Sherman Minton (1949-56), becoming the first Roman Catholic on the court, going against type to become an outspoken liberal, esp. on free speech. On Oct. 20 Esperanza in the Palmer Peninsula sets Antarctica's record high temp. of 58 F (14 C); about the same as a North Am. high that time of year? On Oct. 21 univ. students in Hungary threaten a strike if their demands for freedom are not met, and guess what? On Oct. 22 Algerian FLN leader Ben Bella is arrested by the French, and spends the next 5.5 years in priz while Benyoucef (Ben Youssef) Ben Khedda (1920-2003) takes over in his place. How far is Heaven, Lord can you tell me, is it 10-23-56? On Oct. 23 (Wed.) the Hungarian Rev. (Uprising) of 195 begins with student protests in the afternoon which turn into an armed uprising by nightfall after a harsh speech by Hungarian Communist Party gen. sec. (since July 18) Erno Gero that pisses them off, causing police to open fire; on Oct. 24 anti-Soviet rioters in Budapest reinstate Imre Nagy as PM of Hungary; on Oct. 25 the rioters force the govt. to replace Stalinist Erno Gero with Janos Kadar (1912-89) as first secy. of the Hungarian Communist Party (until 1988); on Oct. 27 the revolt spreads throughout the country, causing the Hungarian Communist Party to promise to work to withdraw Soviet troops, while PM Imre Nagy appoints leaders of the outlawed Smallholders' Party to his cabinet; on Oct. 28 the U.N. votes to discuss the Hungarian problem, while Hungarian Communist PM (since 1955) Andras Hegedus, the most hated man in Hungary makes a quit exit to Moscow; on Oct. 30 Soviet forces withdraw from Budapest, and PM Imre Nagy gives a radio speech promising free elections and an end to 1-party dictatorship; on Nov. 1 Nagy denounces the Warsaw Pact and asks the U.N. for help; on Nov. 4 after regrouping, Soviet forces under Field Marshal Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897-1973) (WWII hero and Stalin's favorite gen., who was entrusted with the 1953 trial of Lavrenti Beria) move back into Budapest, killing 2.8K Hungarians while losing 700 of their own, and crushing the revolt by Nov. 6, causing 15K to flee to N Yugoslavia; PM Imre Nagy is ousted, and replaced by Janos Kadar (until 1958); on Nov. 4 after the U.N. Security Council votes 10-1-0 (U.S.S.R.) to pass the debate to U.N. Gen. Assembly, which calls its 2nd emergency special session, it adopts a resolution condemning the Soviet invasion and calling for an investigation; after being released from his life sentence, Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty (1892-1975) takes refuge in the U.S. embassy, and the Hungarian U.N. delegation begs for U.N. intervention, causing Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. to introduce a resolution calling for it, which the Soviets veto; the Soviet ambassador to Hungary is future Soviet PM Yuri Andropov; on Nov. 14 the Soviets crush the last rebel stronghold on Csepel Island in the Danube River S of Budapest; on Nov. 22 the Soviets seize Imre Nagy as he leaves the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest; on Dec. 12 the U.N. Gen. Assembly condemns Soviet aggression in Hungary, calls for a withdrawal of forces, and uges the reestablishment of Hungarian independence; Cardinal Mindszenty is released from prison, along with Cardinal Wyszynski; Pres. Eisenhower spends $20M in Mutual Security Funds for medical and food aid, and orders 21.5K Hungarian refugees admitted to the U.S. On Oct. 24 the Nat. Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) is founded by Am. physicist Thomas Townsend Brown (1905-85), UFO researcher Maj. Donald Edward Keyhoe (1897-1988) et al., calling for Congressional hearings into UFOs, with membership peaking at 15K in the mid-1960s until the 1968 Condon Committee Report causes it to drop to 5K, then disbanding in 1980 after allegations of CIA infiltration. On Oct. 24 the cartoon strip Feiffer debuts in The Village Voice (ends 1997), by Jules Ralph Feiffer (1929-); on Jan. 1, 1958 the collected strips are pub. as "Sick Sick Sick: A Guide to Non-Confident Living", becoming a bestseller and leading to sequels. On Oct. 29 the Kufr Qasem Massacre sees the Israeli military sandbag some Palestinians with Israeli citizenship by suddenly changing curfew hours while they were trying to return home, killing 47, incl. 15 women and 11 children; Maj. Shmuel Melinki is court-martialed and found guilty of killing 43 civilians, receiving 17 years in prison, and others are given sentences of 7-15 years, although the gen. in charge is only reprimanded and fined one piaster (10 cents); after appeals none of them serve more than three years in prison, and Melinki gets a promotion. The Suez War - it was a moment, does it have to mean everything? On Oct. 29 (Mon.) the Suez War (Crisis) (Tripartite Aggression) ramps up (begins) (ends Nov. 7) when 100K Israeli troops invade Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, giving Britain and France an excuse to issue an ultimatum to Egypt and Israel on Oct. 30 calling for a ceasefire, then citing their right to reoccupy the canal under the 1950 Tripartite Declaration; on Oct. 31 Cyprus-based British bombers bomb Egyptian airfields, causing Ike to go nonlinear, and in the evening he goes on TV, saying "We cannot subscribe to one law for the weak, another for those allied to us"; on Oct. 31 the U.N. Security Council votes 7-2-2 (France against, Australia and Belgium abstaining) in Resolution 119 to pass the debate to the U.N. Gen. Assembly, which holds its first emergency special session; on Nov. 3 John Foster Dulles is taken to Walter Reed Hospital for surgery for an ulcer; on Nov. 5 British paratroopers begin landing on the N end of the canal, causing Soviet PM Nikolai Bulganin to warn that nukes will be used if they don't withdraw, and asking the U.S. for an alliance with the Soviet Union, to which Ike replies "Those British, they're still my right arm", accusing the Soviets of trying to divert attention from Hungary, and deciding to send aid to Israel, also issuing the Washington Declaration with British PM Anthony Eden; on Nov. 6 French infantry seize the E side of the canal, but the U.S. intervenes, arranging a ceasefire on Nov. 7 and demanding full British and French withdrawal, which they cave-in and obey; on Nov. 7 U.N. Gen. Assembly Resolution 1001 establishes the U.N. Emergency Force (UNEF), organized by Lester B. Pearson of Canada (who wins the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize), and in Dec. it supervises withdrawal of French and British forces (ends Jan. 1957), while the U.N. fleet leaves the Suez Canal; which is ordered out of the Sinai on May 16, 1967, and evacuates on June 17 after 15 troops are KIA in the Six Day War of June 5-10; Egypt agrees to pay $81M in reparations to the World Bank; the Sinai is demilitarized, with U.N. troops deployed along the Egyptian-Israeli border, and the U.S. commits to keeping the Straits of Tiran open to Israeli shipping; in Nov. Eden, his health breaking down, goes on vacation on Ian Fleming's 007 estate in Jamaica, allowing Harold Macmillian to work to push him out of office. On Oct. 29 NBC-TV takes advantage of all the news to debut The Huntley-Brinkley Report (until July 31, 1970), with co-anchors Chester Robert "Chet" Huntley (1911-74) and David McClure Brinkley (1920-2003); each show closes with "Good night, Chet. Good night, David. And good night for NBC News", which Jewish-Am. producer (until 1962) Reuven Frank (1920-2006) made them say, although they didn't like it. In Oct. the Polish Oct. sees anti-Russian riots; Russian-born Polish defense minister Marshal Rokossovsky is dismissed, and Stalin-urged Polish Communist leader Wladislaw Gomulka (1905-82), who had been in disgrace for supporting Tito returns to power as the head of the govt. with Khrushchev's backing, and is allowed to pursue a more liberal "Polish road to Communism". On Nov. 3 CBS-TV airs the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz" for the first time, becoming an annual Thanksgiving tradition - gee it's good to be in safe Muslim-free Kansas? On Nov. 5 Adlai Stevenson says that Nixon "has put away his switch-blade and now assumes the aspect of an Eagle Scout", and had recently declared that there would no war in the Middle East; he jars his own followers by predicting that "Nixon would probably be president of the country within the next four years". On Nov. 5 after a kidnap attempt in Birmingham, Ala. by three members of the North Ala. White Citizens Council, led by Asa Earl "Forrest" Carter (1925-79), after which he never again performs in the South, and a bum trip at the Tropicana in Cuba, where he is barred from staying at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba because of his color, Nat King Cole (1919-65) debuts The Nat King Cole Show on NBC-TV for 47 episodes, becoming the first U.S. TV network variety show hosted by an African-Am., airing its last episode on Dec. 17, 1957 after no nat. sponsor is found, causing Cole to utter the soundbyte: "Madison Avenue is afraid of the dark"; Carter goes on to pub. the 1973 novel The Rebel Outlaw: Josie Wales (Gone to Texas), filmed in 1976 by Clint Eastwood, and the 1976 autobio. novel The Education of Little Tree, in which he claims to have Cherokee grandparents, selling millions of copies despite his KKK background. On Nov. 6 with war on everybody's mind, the 1956 U.S. Pres. Election sees tough war hero Gen. Dwight David Eisenhower defeat civilian egghead whimp Muffin Murfley, er, Adlai Stevenson in a landslide; 59.3% of the electorate (61,616,938) vote for president, and Eisenhower receives 35.6M popular votes (57.4%) and 457 electoral votes to Stevenson's 26.0M popular votes (42.0%) and 74 electoral votes (all from 7 Southern states) (he got 89 in his first pres. bid); blacks vote Repub. for the first time in 25 years, and two-thirds of nonunion and 45% of union voters also go Repub., as does Montgomery, Ala., the cradle of the Confederacy; Mo. sides with the loser for the first time until ?; the voters wisely hedge their bets, and the Dems. gain control of both houses of Congress; after the election, John F. Kennedy is told that he will easily win the 1960 vice-pres. nomination, to which he replies "I'm not running for vice-president any more, I'm now running for president." On Nov. 8 M.D. Ross and M.L. Lewis of the U.S. reach the stratosphere (22.8 km) in a balloon. On Nov. 12 the USS Glacier sights a record 208 mi. x 60 mi. iceberg 150 mi. W of Scott Island in the South Pacific. Alabama's stupidity causes segregation to be dealt a major blow? On Nov. 13 the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the Ala. District Court, ruling that segregation of buses and all public transportation is illegal, bringing the Montgomery Bus Boycott to a victorious end on Dec. 21 when the city of Montgomery actually obeys the law; Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68), who had been arrested again in Nov. for running a business enterprise without a franchise (organizing a 200-vehicle carpool) is freed, saying, "We have been going to the back of the bus for so long that there is danger that we will instinctively go straight back there again and perpetuate segregation"; "I would be terribly disappointed if any of you go back to the buses bragging, 'We, the Negroes, won a victory over the white people'. If you do, our struggle will be lost all over the South. Go back with humility and meekness"; he then rides the bus himself, paying 15 cents, up 5 cents from the year before, and takes a front seat, at the end commenting, "It was a great ride"; on Dec. 21 a UPI photographer takes a staged picture of Rosa Parks and UPI reporter Nicholas C. Chriss (1928-90) sitting at the front of the bus in downtown Montgomery; the photo is later used as a poster, and people mistakenly believe the reporter is an Alabama segregationist because of the way he looks away from her, and mistakenly believe it was taken during the original incident, which was on an overcrowded bus; MLK Jr. and others take similar staged photos. On Nov. 15 the Middle East Technical U. is founded in Ankara, Turkey, becoming Turkey's #1 univ. On Nov. 16 wunderkind conductor Guido Cantelli (b. 1920) is named musical dir. of La Scala in Milan; too bad, he dies on Nov. 24 after an airplane crash in Paris; his backer Arturo Toscanini dies less than 2 mo. later on Jan. 16 without being informed. On Nov. 18 Nikita Krushchev utters the soundbyte to Western ambassadors at a reception in the Polish embassy in Moscow: "We will bury you". On Nov. 22-Dec. 8 the XVI (16th) (1956) Summer Olympic Games are held in Melbourne, Australia; the Dutch refuse to attend because of the Soviet Union's repression of Hungarian freedom fighters; 3,314 athletes from 72 nations compete in 145 events in 17 sports; prior to the Olympics (at the Australian nat. championships 1500m final) John Michael Landy (1930-) (2nd man to break the 4 min. mi. barrier on June 21, 1954 in Turku, Finland) stops to help fellow athlete Ron Clarke after he falls, then goes wild in the final two laps to win the race, making him a hero, causing him to be chosen to recite the Olympic Oath; 5'8" Ukrainian-born long distance runner Vladimir Petrovich (Volodymyr Petrovych) Kuts (1927-75) of the Soviet Union wins the 5km in 13 min. 39.6 sec., and the 10km in 28 min. 45.5 sec.; Iain Murray Rose (1939-2012) of Australia wins two solo golds in swimming, first time since Johnny Weismuller of the U.S. in 1940; the almost all-white U.S. basketball team stars black players 6'10" William Felton "Bill" Russell (1934-2022) and 6'1" K.C. Jones (1932-), and stomps the Soviet Union by at least 30 points a game (89-55 in the final) to win the gold; next year Russell and Jones go to the Boston Celtics and create a dynasty, with Russell's 7'4" wingspan making him great at shot-blocking, man-to-man defense, and rebounding; Jack Byham sends thousands of boomerangs to Olympics-goers. On Nov. 23 sheet metal worker Louis Balint is arrested after punching Elvis Presley at a hotel in Toledo, Ont., Canada for causing his marriage to break up; he is fined $19.60 but does the time. On Nov. 26 The Price is Right (a Goodson-Todman Production) debuts on U.S. TV; "Come on down!" On Nov. 28 the U.S. and South Korea sign a treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation. On Dec. 4 John George Diefenbaker (1895-1979) succeeds George Drew as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party in Canada (until 1967). On Dec. 4 (Tue.) the Million Dollar Quartet, incl. Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins holds an impromptu jam session in Sun Record Studios in Memphis, Tenn., becoming the first supergroup; it is not released until 1981. On Dec. 18 Japan is admitted to the U.N. On Dec. 18 the Goodson-Todman Productions game show To Tell the Truth debuts on CBS-TV (until 1968), hosted by Bud Collyer, with a panel of four celebs attempting to guess which of three challengers is whom they claim to be, while only one of them swears to tell the truth; God appears on the Sept. 9, 1958 show. On Dec. 25 Saint, er, Fidel Castro Ruz lands in Cuba with just 12 disciples, er, men, taking to the hills of the Sierra Maestra range and displaying the red-black 26th of July Movement Flag, calling for a rev rev revolution, and founding the Cuban Rev. Armed Forces, which peak at 300K troops in the 1960s (down to 46K by 2005). On Dec. 25 Paddington Bear is found by Michael Bond on a shelf in a London store near Paddington Station, London, and gives him ideas? On Dec. 26 the Soviets finally end their state of war with Japan. In Dec. white anti-apartheid South African activist Helen Beatrice May Joseph (nee Fennell) (1905-92) is arrested for treason, then banned in 1957, becoming the first person to be placed under house arrest in South Africa; she is finally acquitted in 1961 after a 5-year trial, but stays banned for 10 more years. In Dec. New Orleans, La.-born Marine Lee Harvey Oswald (1939-63) scores 212 in a shooting test, earning the designation of marksman; in May 1959 he only scores 1919, falling down to marksman; in July 1957 he is stationed at the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in S Calif, making contact with the Cuban consulate in Los Angeles, causing Cuba to open a dossier on him in 1959; in Sept. he is assigned to the Naval Air Facility in Atsugi, Japan as a member of Marine Air Control Squadron 1; in Nov. 1958 he transfers back to El Toro; in Feb. 1959 he scores "poor" on a Marine proficiency exam in Russian. Fletcher Warren (1896-1992) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Turkey (until 1960). Greek King Paul I and Queen Frederika visit Bonn. Pres. Eisenhower creates the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (originally the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, renamed on May 4, 1961 to President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, then again on Feb. 29, 2008). The U.S. Federal Aid Highway Act is passed, providing $25B of funding to construct 41K mi. of high speed, limited access, nonstop interstate highways through 1969, becoming the biggest public works project in U.S. history; it eventually costs $76B, cuts driving time between Chicago and Indianapolis from six to three hours, and creates a billion-dollar roadside services industry, although it eventually kills romantic Route 66. Tito, Nasser, and Nehru convene a meeting of 25 neutral states and announce the formation of an actively neutral nonaligned bloc of nations under Tito's leadership; Khrushchev meets with Tito in the Crimea. Cambodia establishes gun control. The Restrictive Practices Court in London is created to watch over price-fixing agreements by firms. British PM Sir Anthony Eden leaves London to recuperate in Jamaica; Richard Austin "Rab" Butler (1902-82) (known for a limp handshake after a childhood riding accident) is named deputy PM. The Indian Union absorbs its former French settlements. France and Spain recognize the independence and sovereignty of Morocco, and abolish the Tangier internat. zone created in 1923. The African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde is founded, going on to wage guerrilla warfare against the Portuguese. After Nikita Khrushchev (who grew up in a peasant family on the Ukraine-Russian border) returns Crimea(only region with a majority ethnic Russian pop.) to Ukraine as an autonomous region, the Karelian S.S.R. becomes one of the 20 Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, reducing the "Soviet Union" to 15 republics (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Byelorussia, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Moldavia, Latvia, Kirghizia, Tadzhikisan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Estonia). Willard Leon Beaulac (1899-1990) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Argentina (until 1960). Nepal and Red China settle their differences, and Nepal begins accepting economic aid from them as well as the U.S. and Soviet Union. Archbishop Makarios III is transported from Cyprus to the Seychelles (until 1957). Egyptian pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser abolishes Christian Coptic courts. The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada merges with the Canadian Congress of Labour into the new Canadian Labour Congress (CLC). British bank interest is raised to 5.5%, the highest since 1932. After a request from Pres. Eisenhower for a unified voice for the Am. Jewish community, the Conference of Presidents of Major Am. Jewish Orgs. (CoP) is founded. The U.S. launches Operation Struggle to undermine the govt. of Syria and replace it with a friendlier one. The U.S. begins Operation Overflight, using Lockheed U-2 spy planes to fly over the Soviet Union while photographing a 125-mi.-wide strip of land 3K-mi.-long with seven infrared cameras, producing 4K paired photographic frames with enough detail to read newspaper headlines on the ground 9-10 mi. below; Carmine Vito becomes the first (only?) U-2 pilot to overfly Moscow. The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover launches the COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program) of covert and often illegal projects to infiltrate Communist orgs. and distrupt or subvert them, expanding to women's rights, militant black, non-violent civil rights, Am. Indian, leftist student, and white hate groups incl. the KKK and Nat. States' Rights Party; ends 1971. Thompson, Man. in Canada is founded by Internat. Nickel Co. of Canada (Inco) after a huge nickle ore deposit is discovered, and named after chm. John F. Thompson. Pope Pius XII okays cornea transplants, but prohibits monkey gland rejuvenation. The U.S. Amundsen-Scott Station is set up at the South Pole (1956-7). In Italy a couple married in a civil wedding wins a slander suit against the bishop of Prato for calling them "public concubines", causing Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro (1891-1976) of Bologna to order his cathedral dressed in mourning for a month while church bells toll throughout Italy. The French govt. passes the Loi-Cadre (Fr. "outline law") for use in overseas territories (except Algeria), granting universal suffrage to vote for a single electoral college that selects members of the local legislature and the French parliament. The State U. of New Jersey (created 1766) is renamed to Rutgers U., making N.J. the only state without a state-sponsored college or univ. not named after itself. Charles E. "Chuck" Williams (1915-) founds the Williams-Sonoma French cooking store in Sonoma, Calif. The first closed shopping mall is opened in Edna, Minn. Duke Philip of Edinburgh (Elizabeth II's hubby) visits the Southern Antarctic Islands, and devotes himself to raising public awareness of the need to protect the environment; he is created prince next year. The Nat. Merit Scholarship Corp. of Evanston, Ill. begins awarding the annual Nat. Merit Scholarships. Margaret Truman marries Elbert Clifton Daniel Jr. (1912-2000), managing ed. of the New York Times on Apr. 21. Longtime New York City mobster Joe Adonis (1902-71) is deported back to Italy as an undesirable alien. Dominican playboy diplomat, polo player, and race car driver Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza (1909-65) (known for his 11-in. "pepper grinder"), marries 19-y.-o. French actress Odile Rodin (1938-), his 5th wife after Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo's daughter Flor (1932), Danielle Darrieux (1942-), Doris Duke (1947) (who gave him $500K in cash, a stable of polo ponies, several sports cars, and a converted B-25 bomber, plus a 17th cent. house in Paris), and Woolworth heiress Barbara Hutton (53 days starting on Dec. 30, 1953) (who paid him $3.5M in the divorce settlement after buying him another B-25 and a Dominican coffee plantation) - the real James Bond 0011? The English Stage Co. debuts at the Royal Court Theatre in London. Bertolt Brecht's Berliner Ensemble (founded in East Berlin in Jan. 1949) visits England. Seat belts are first added to cars. John Davison Rockefeller III founds the Asia Society to foster cooperation between the U.S. and Asia. Pres. Eisenhower founds the Sister Cities program, grows into Sister Cities Internat., which incl. 500+ U.S. cities partnering with cities in 145 countries. The Duff Cooper Prize for the best work of history, biography, political science, or poetry pub. in English or French is established in memory of British diplomat Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich (1890-1954); the first prize, presented on Nov. 28 by Sir Winston Churchill goes to Australian WWII war correspondent-turned-historian Alan McCrae Moorehead (1910-83) for Gallipoli (1956), which claims that the British almost defeated the Turks on the night of Mar. 18, 1915, but screwed up via poor communications, which pisses-off British historian Sir Robert Vidal Rhodes James (1933-99), who calls it "deeply flawed and grievously over-praised"; too bad, in Dec. he suffers a major stroke and ends up unable to read, speak or write, causing wife Lucy to begin doing it for him. Robert Welch launches the mag. One Man's Opinion, which is later renamed "American Opinion" and becomes the official pub. of the John Birch Society - his mouth got him to the top? The Silver Age of Am. Comic Books begins (ends 1970), featuring superhero comics created by John Broome, Steve Ditko, Gardner Fox, Jack Kirby, Stan Lee et al. Mike Wallace becomes host of Night Beat, a New York City interview series (until 1957). Rockabilly (hillbilly rock), (a term clung to by whites to differentiate themselves from blacks) is launched in Jan. with the release of three new versions of old songs by white rockers Elvis Presley ("Heartbreak Hotel"), Johnny Cash ("Folsom Prison Blues"), and Carl Perkins ("Blue Suede Shoes"). Ska music is developed in Jamaica. Elektra pioneers the compilation record, combining different artists. Martin Co. of Colo. begins building Titan rockets for the U.S. Air Force in Waterton Canyon, SW of Denver, which are used in ICBM silos (until the early 1980s), as well as 12 Gemini manned space missions, and later for l aunching 82 military and civilian satellites; a total of 526 are eventually built, and 368 launched (the last on 10-19-2005), until replacement by the cheaper Atlas V. DuMont Television Network ceases operation, and is replaced by the Metropolitan Broadcasting Corp. (ends 1986), with German-born John Werner Kluge (1914-2010) becoming the chief stockholder in 1958, and going on to become the richest person in the U.S. in 1989-90 after it is acquired by 20th Cent. Fox in 1986 for $4B to form the Fox TV Network. John Field (1921-91) becomes dir. of the Royal Ballet in England (until 1970). Mary Pickford sells her 33% interest in United Artists a year after Charlie Chaplin sells his 25% interest. By this year 21-y.-o. Sophia Loren has appeared in 36 films. Goddard Lieberson (1911-77) becomes pres. of Columbia Records (until 1971), producing the first series of original cast recordings of musicals; the first was by Decca in 1943 with "Oklahoma!". The Santa Fe Opera in N.M. opens, becoming the 3rd U.S. summer co. after Chautauqua, N.Y. and Central City, Colo. Verve Records is founded by Los Angeles, Calif.-born jazz impresario Norman Granz (1918-2001) as a merger of Clef Records (founded 1946) and Norgram Records (founded 1953) to distribute jazz records, esp. those of Ella Fitzgerald; MGM purchases it in 1961 for $3M, and creates Verve Folkways for folk music in 1964, and later signs some rock acts incl. The Righteous Brothers, Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention, The Velvet Underground, and The Blues Project. The Gate of Horn folk music club in the basement of the Rice Hotel at 755 N. Dearborn St. in Chicago, Ill., owned by folk-rock group mgr. Alfred Bernard Grossman (1926-86) opens, helping launch the careers of Bob Gibson, Roger McGuinn, Odetta et al.; Grossman goes on to represent Bob Dylan, Peter, Paul and Mary, Janis Joplin, The Band, and Gordon Lightfoot, charging 25% instead of the usual 15%. Am. choreographers Robert Joffrey (1930-88) and Gerald Arpino (1923-2008) found the Joffrey Ballet in New York City, inviting experimental choreographers Laura Dean (1945-) and Twyla Tharp (1941-); it moves to Chicago in 1995. The La Leche League is founded to promote breastfeeding, growing to 2,868 groups in 42 countries by 1976; by 1993 56% of U.S. mothers breast-feed their newborns, although hospitals discharge them sooner after delivery, causing many to switch to formula and give their infants insufficient milk syndrome, requiring them to have to be hospitalized - infants only need apply? Archeologists and Bedouin tribesman discover 10 more caves around the Dead Sea containing scrolls and fragments to add to the 11 scrolls found in 1947; the original Qumran library is estimated to have contained at least 500 books, incl. the entire Old Testament except Esther. An 11K-carat emerald (green beryl) is found in South Africa. Mister Donut fast food franchise is founded in the U.S. by former Dunkin' Donuts exmployee Harry Winokur, growing to 275 stores before being acqured by Internat. Multifoods Corp. in 1970 and expanding to Japan in 1971; in Feb. 1990 after expanding to 550 stores it is acquired by Allied Lyons, parent co. of Dunkin' Donuts. The Midas muffler retailing chain is founded in the U.S. by Nate H. Sherman (1898-1980), growing to 100 outlets in one year, and 2.5K by the end of the cent., branching into full auto repair services. French fashion house Hermes (Hermès) (founded 1837) begins marketing the Kelly Bag, named after actress Grace Kelly, who used one to hide her pregnancy in Life mag. Dove brand ice cream bars are introduced by Greek-born Leo Stefanos in South Side, Chicago, Ill., who launches the Galaxy brand in Britain in 1960, and goes nat. in the U.S. in 1985; in 1986 Mars Inc. acquires the co., offering candy bars which feature cute messages in each foil wrapper. Sports: On Mar. 3-May 2 Lakewood, Tex.-born Bill Lillard Sr. (1927-) of the Falstaff Team becomes the first bowler to win four titles at one ABC nat. tournament, incl. regular all-events, regular team, team all-events, and regular doubles (w/partner Stan Gifford); repeated by Ed Lubanski in 1959 and Mike Neumann in 1990; on Mar. 19, 2012 Lillard makes his 65th consecutive USBC Open Championships appearance in Baton Rouge, La. On Mar. 31-Apr. 7 the 1956 NBA Finals sees the Philadelphia Warriors (coach George Senesky) defeat the Fort Wayne Pistons (coach Charles Eckman) by 4-1; first finals with alternating home games (next in 1971). On Mar. 31-Apr. 10 the 1956 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Canadiens defeat the Detroit Red Wings 4-1, becoming the 4th NHL dynasty in 1956-60. On Apr. 8 Nat. Bowling Champions debuts on NBC-TV (until May 1961), broadcast live from Chicago, Ill., paying the winner $1 for every pin knocked down, $10 for every pin in excess of 700 for the series, and $10K for a 300 game; it switches to ABC-TV in Sept. 1957 as "Bowling Stars", with the winner returning the next week as the King of the Hill, then switches back to NBC-TV in Oct. 1960. On Apr. 30 the 1956 NBA Draft sees eight teams select 92 players in 10 rounds; after drafting 6'7" forward-center Thomas William "Tommy" Heinsohn (1934-) (#15) as his territorial pick, Boston Celtics coach Red Auerbach sees the virtue of defensive play and trades 6-time All Star center Ed Macauley and rookie Cliff Hagan for U. of San Francisco teammates, 6'10" center William Felton "Bill" Russell (1934-2022) (#6) (first athletic big man in basketball) (overall pick #2) and 6'1" point guard K.C. Jones (1932-) (#27) (overall pick #13); Heinsohn plays until 1969, helping get the Nat. Basketball Players Assoc. (NBPA) (founded in 1954 by Bob Cousy) official recognition in 1964, then becomes the Celtics coach in 1969-78; 6'6" forward-center William Dean "Willie" Naulls (1934-) of UCLA (Calif. Mr. Basketball of 1952) is selected #9 by the St. Louis Hawks (#33), playing 19 games before being traded to the New York Knicks (#6), becoming the first African-Am. player to be named captain of a major prof. sports team and averaging a double-double each year; in 1962 he moves to the San Francisco Warriors (#71), followed in 1963-6 by the Boston Celtics (#12); 6'4" shooting guard Samuel "Sam the Shooter" Jones (1933-) of N.C. Central U. is selected #58 by the Minneapolis Lakers, but elects to stay in school and graduate, after which he is selected #8 in the 1957 draft by the the Boston Celtics (#24), where he becomes as a clutch scorer with a perfect jump shot form and great bank shot, teaming with K.J. Jones to become the Jones Boys, leading the Celtics in scoring in 1962-3, 1964-5, and 1965-6, scoring 15K points by the time he retires in 1969; forward Elgin Baylor of Seattle U. is selected #90 by the Minneapolis Lakers, electing to stay in college, leading the Chieftains to the NCAA championship (their last appearance in the Final Four until ?) and losing to the U. of Ky. Wildcats; on Nov. 19, 2009 Seattle U. names its basketball court in his honor. On May 14 Jim Bailey (1930-) of Ore. runs the mile in 3:58.6, becoming the first runner to break the 4 min. barrier in the U.S. - a sports trivia question is born? On May 30 the 1956 (40th) Indianapolis 500 (AKA Cagle's Miracle) is the first to be governed by the United States Automobile Club (USAC) after the AAA withdraws in Aug.; the track is paved with asphalt, with only 600 yards of the original brick remaining; after torrential rains, Speedway supt. Clarence Cagle removes hundreds of thousands of gal. of water in a 48-hour nonstop effort; the winner is George Francis "Pat" Flaherty Jr. (1926-2002). On Dec. 3 after being courted by several universities and deciding on the U. of Kansas because of coach Phog Allen, Philly-born 7'1" former Overbrook H.S. center Wilton Norman "Wilt" "the Stilt" "the Big Dipper" "Goliath" "Mister 100" Chamberlain (1936-99) makes his varsity debut with the U. of Kansas Jayhawks (#13), scoring a record 52 points and 31 rebounds in a 87-69 win over Northwestern U.; his team goes 13-1 until losing a game against Oklahoma State U. by 56-54 after they take advantage of no shot clock to hold the ball for the last 3.5 min. Donald "Don" "Newk" Newcombe (1926-) of the Brooklyn Dodgers (1949-51, 1954-8) becomes the first winner of the Cy Young Award for pitchers, also winning the NL MVP; in 1949 he was the rookie of the year and the first African-Am. pitcher to start a WS game, and last year he was the first to win 20 games in one season; on top of that he is often used as a pinch hitter. Richard Dale Long (1926-91) of the Pittsburgh Pirates becomes the first ML player to hit homers in 8 consecutive games (May 19-28), followed by Don Mattingly of the New York Yankees in 1987, and Ken Griffey Jr. of the Seattle Mariners in 1993. E. Harvey Ward wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title for the 2nd straight year, getting suspended next year after his employer is found to have paid his expenses; Cary Middlecoff wins the U.S. Open; 16-y.-o. Jack William Nicklaus (1940-) wins the Ohio Open golf tournament. Kenneth Robert "Ken" Rosewall (1934-) of Australia wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis men's singles title and Wimbledon men's singles title, repeating in 1970; Shirley June Fry Irvin (1927-) wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis women's singles title, and defeats Althea Gibson in a quarterfinal match at Wimbledon. Needles (1953-84) (jockey David Erb) wins the Belmont Stakes and the Kentucky Derby. After starting 1-3 and QB George Shaw getting injured, Baltimore Colts coach Weeb Ewbank decides to give a chance to Swiss-watch-crewcut-loving Pittsburgh, Penn.-born #19 John Constantine "Johnny" Unitas (1933-2002), who had been cut by the Steelers and played semi-pro ball; he goes on to gain the nicknames "Johnny U" and "Golden Arm". Handome black bucks, er, baseball players Jackie Robinson of the Brooklyn Dodgers and Frank Robinson of the Cincinnati Redlegs (Reds) play together in an exhibition game in Tampa, Fla. and pose for a famous photo; in 1972 Jackie calls for the ML to make room for a black mgr., and in 1974 guess who it is? On ? St. Louis, Mo.-born "Mr. Bowling" Donald James "Don" Carter (1926-2012) becomes the first to bowl an 800 series on TV at the Nat. Bowling Championships; on Feb. 17,1964 in Hopkinsville, Ky. he becomes the first athlete to sign a $1M endorsement contract, a multi-year deal with Ebonite Internat. The NFL Players Assoc. (NFPLA) is founded; it is not recognized until 1968. The U.S. Basketball Writers Assoc. (USBWA) is founded for college basketball journalists by NCAA dir. (1951-88) Walter Byers (1922-), establishing the Oscar Robertson Trophy in 1959 for the best men's player of the year, with guess who of the U. of Cincinnati winning the first two years, followed for two years by Jerry Lucas of Ohio State U. The Tall Ships Race in Britain is founded by the Sail Training Assoc. The Uber Cup internat. women's badminton championship is first held. Tee-Ball, baseball for children with no pitcher is invented in Albion, Mich. Watkins Glen Internat. Race Course in Watkins Glen, N.Y. at teh S tip of Lake Seneca opens, becoming home to the Formula One U.S. Grand prix in 1961-80. Architecture: The circular Capitol Records Bldg. at Hollywood and Vine in Los Angeles, Calif. is largely financed by the profits from singer Nat King Cole, becoming known as "the House that Nat Built". Walter Gropius and the Architects Collaborative design the U.S. Embassy in Athens - blast wall to be installed later? Frank Lloyd Wright designs Friedman House in Pleasantville, N.Y. Victor Gruen designs Southdale Center in Edina, Minn., becoming the first enclosed shopping mall in the U.S. Nobel Prizes: Peace: no award; Lit.: Juan Ramon Jimenez (1881-1958) (Spain); Physics: William Bradford Shockley Jr. (1910-89), Walter Houser Brittain (1902-87), and John Bardeen (1908-91) (U.S.) [the transistor]; Chem.: Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897-1967) (U.K.) and Nikolai Nikolayevich Semyonov (1896-1986) (Soviet Union) [mechanism of chemical transformation]; Dickinson Woodruff Richards Jr. (1895-1973), Andre Frederic Cournand (1895-1988) (U.S.), and Werner Theodor Otto Forssmann (1904-79) (Germany) [cardiac catheterization and characterization of cardiac diseases]. Inventions: On Feb. 14 the MiG-21 "Fishbed" "Balalaika" supersonic jet fighter makes its first flight, entering service in 1959, going on to become a hit in the Commie world, with 11,496 produced by 1985, becoming the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in history. In Aug. Douglas Aircraft Co. tests the 65-ft.-long 8-ft.-diam. PGM-17 Thor intermediate range (1.5K mi.) ballistic missile, which is deployed in England in late 1958 (until Aug. 1963), spawning the Douglas Delta missile. On Sept. 13 IBM introduces IBM 305 RAMAC (Random Access Memory Accounting) System, becoming the first computer with a disk drive, the IBM 350 Disk File, with a humongous capacity of 5M 7-bit chars.; it stands 5 ft. 8 in. high, 5 ft. wide, and 29 in. deep; 14 models are introduced before they are discontinued in 1969. On Oct. 20 the 2-blade single turboshaft engine Bell UH-1 Iroquois "Huey" (originally HU-1) military heli makes its first flight, turning the Vietnam War into a Huey war, with 7K seeing service; 16K are built by 1986. On Nov. 17 the single-seat single-engine Dassault Mirage III fighter makes its first flight, entering service in 1961 and becoming known for its maneuverability in close range dogfighting, becoming popular in France, Australia, Israel, South Africa, Argentina, Pakistan et al.; 1,422 are built. Burroughs acquires Electrodata Corp., releasing their first electronic computer, the Burroughs B205, which has a cool funky console that is used in the 1966 film "Batman: The Movie". Chrysler Corp. introduces a Columbia in-dash record player with 7-in. vinyl records in a 16-2/3 rpm ultra-microgroove format, with a 1-hour playing time per side; too bad, the record skips every time a bump is hit, and it flops. English jet engine engineer Sir William Rede Hawthorne (1913-) invents the Dracone, a floating barge made of rubbered cloth that can be filled with crude oil and towed, named after Frank Herbert's 1956 novel "Dragon in the Sea"; too bad, nightmares of it leaking cause it to be slain, er, killed. German physicist Erwin Wilhelm Muller (Müller) (1911-77) develops the Field Ion Microscope. Allen Newell (1927-92) and Herbert Alexander Simon (1916-2001) develop the Logic Theory Machine (Logic Theorist), the first artificial intelligence (AI) program, which proves 38 of the first 52 theorems of Bertrand Russell and Albert North Whitehead's "Principia Mathematica", followed next year by the academically useful but practically useless Gen. Problem Solver (GPS), using the Info. Processing Language (IPL) - it's alive, weird science? The sedative Thalidomide from German pharmaceutical co. Grunenthal begins to be marketed (until 1961) in almost 50 countries until it ends up getting banned for causing birth defects in 10K children. The first nuclear-powered turbojet engine is tested (on the ground). Science: On June 22 the 6-week Dartmouth Workshop on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is attended by future AI researchers Marvin Minsky, Herbert Simon, Allen Newell et al.; host John McCarthy advertises it with the soundbytes: "The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer"; "We will concentrate on a problem of devising a way of programming a calculator to form concepts and to form generalizations." The Dido nuclear research reactor begins operation in Harwell, England. Radioactive chemicals are used to solve problems of soil-plant relationships; Deinococcus radiodurans, the "toughest bacterium in the world" is discovered by Arthur W. Anderson in cans of irradiated meat in Oregon. San Saba, Tex.-born geophysicist Marion King Hubbert (1903-89) pub. his Hubbert Peak Oil Theory, which claims that oil production for any given region will peak and decrease over time via a Bell Curve; in the 1970s U.S. oil production peaks at 10.2M barrels/day; too bad, fracking is discovered, causing it to reach 10M barrels/day in Nov. 2017. On Mar. 29, 2012 George Wuerthner pub. the article The Myth of Peak Oil in counterpunch, with the subtitle: "The Real Problem is Not Too Little Oil, But Too Much", blowing the lid off the Hubbert myth for some, resetting the depletion date foward for others. Vernon Martin Ingram (1924-2006) and John A. Hunt of Cambridge U. determine that a single amino acid exchange in hemoglobin causes the sickle cell disease trait, becoming the first time that such an exchange is proved to cause a disorder, founding the new field of Molecular Medicine. John Larry Kelly Jr. (1923-65) of Bell Labs invents the Kelly System of Wagering (Criterion), based on maximizing the logarithm of capital. Am. biochemist Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007) pioneers DNA synthesis with enzymes and nucleotides, winning him the 1959 Nobel Med. Prize. Chinese-born biochemist Choh Hao Li (1913-87) of the U. of Calif. Medical Center in San Francisco first isolates and purifies Human Growth Hormone (HGH) (Somatotropin), going on to discover its structure in 1966 and synthesize it in 1970 - ask Hao? A team at the Los Alamos Lab led by Am. physicists Frederick Reines (1918-98) and Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr. (1919-74) become the first to detect neutrinos, which were first theoretically predicted by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930; meanwhile Cork, Lambertson, Piccioni, and Wenzel discover the antineutrino. Chinese-born Am. physicists Tsung-Dao Lee (1926-) and Chen-Ning Franklin Yang (Yang Zhenning) (1922-) of the Princeton Inst. for Advanced Study discover that parity is not conserved in nuclear reactions, suggesting that the Universe has a kind of "twist" and is not perfectly symmetrical, winning them the 1957 Nobel Physics Prize; too bad, their female coworker Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-97) ("the Madame Curie of China"), who was instrumental in devising the 1956 Wu Experiment that showed that beta particles emitted by cobalt-60 are more likely to be emitted in a particular direction depending on the spin of the nuclei is snubbed for being you know what - it had to be Siamese twins? The first African Killer Bees are imported from South Africa to Brazil. Amniocentesis is first used for the detection of prenatal genetic disorders by St. Mary's Hospital in England. Nonfiction: Sir Harold Acton (1904-94), The Bourbons of Naples, 1734-1825. Dale Alexander, Arthritis and Common Sense; it's all in the diet?; first bestselling book on arthritis. John Marco Allegro (1923-88), The Dead Sea Scrolls. A.J. Ayer et al., The Revolution in Philosophy. Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook (1879-1964), Men and Power, 1917-1918. Thomas Andrew Bailey (1902-83), The American Pageant; becomes a popular Am. history textbook, going through 16 eds. by 2015. Joe Staten Bain (1912-91), Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing Industries. Clive Bell (1881-1964), Old Friends. Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891-1973), John Quincy Adams and the Union. Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909-97), The Age of Enlightenment: The Eighteenth-Century Philosophers. Morey Bernstein (1920-99), The Search for Bridey Murphy (Jan.); bestseller about how he repeatedly hypnotized Mrs. Ruth Simmons, causing her to regress to a prior life in 1789 Ireland, causing a nat. mania of interest in hypnotism; too bad, her story starts to fall apart under investigation? Romulo Betancourt (1908-81), Venezuela: Oil and Politics; how Venezuela can achieve economic independence only via political independence from the U.S. and British oil cos.; written in exile, it rocks the dictator's boat; trans. into English in 1979. Ray Allen Billington (1903-81), The Far Western Frontier. Bruce Bliven Jr. (1916-2002), Battle for Manhattan. Benjamin S. Bloom (1913-99), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Book 1: Cognitive Domain; becomes the bible for Am. educators, telling them to influence "the ways in which individuals are to act, think, or feel" using B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning methods; that the goal of education is to control "much of the individual's behavior" and to integrate "beliefs, ideas, and attitudes into a total philosophy or world view, with academics becoming secondary, resulting in U.S. education sliding down from its #1 position. Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93), The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. John Randall Bratby (1928-92), A Painter's Credo. Robert Briffault (1874-1948), Marriage: Past and Present. A Debate Between Robert Briffault and Bronislaw Malinowski. Robert Vance Bruce (1923-2008), Lincoln and the Tools of War. James MacGregor Burns (1918-2014), Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox; the first major bio. presenting an unbiased picture, written after he became "very interested in how Machiavellian he was", wrongly dismissing rumors of an affair with his wife's secy. Lucy Mercer, later using him as an example of a combo transactional-transformational leader, "a deeply divided man, divided between the man of principle, of ideals, of faith, crusading for a distant vision, on the one hand; and, on the other, the man of Realpolitik, of prudence, of narrow, manageable, short-run goals, intent always on protecting his power and authority in a world of shifting moods and capricious fortune", going on to blame his failure to cement good relations with the Soviet Union for causing the Cold War; followed by "Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940-1945" (1970). Truman Capote (1924-84), The Muses Are Heard (first book); his cultural mission to the Everyman's Opera in the U.S.S.R. for its production of "Porgy and Bess". Winston Churchill (1874-1965), History of the English-Speaking Peoples (4 vols.) (1956-8); to the year 1900; the cultural and political affinity between the Anglo-Saxon peoples of Europe, America and Oceania. Kenneth Clark (1903-83), The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form; "The English language, with its elaborate generosity, distinguishes between the naked and the nude. To be naked is to be deprived of our clothes, and the word implies some of the embarrassment most of us feel in that condition. The word 'nude', on the other hand, carries, in educated usage, no uncomfortable overtone. The vague image it projects into the mind is not of a huddled and defenseless body, but of a balanced, prosperous, and confident body: the body re-formed. In fact, the word was forced into our vocabulary by critics of the early eighteenth century to persuade the artless islanders [of the UK] that, in countries where painting and sculpture were practiced and valued as they should be, the naked human body was the central subject of art." Arthur H. Compton (1892-1962), Atomic Quest: A Personal Narrative. James Bryant Conant (1893-1978), The Citadel of Learning. Robert J. Donovan (1912-2003), Eisenhower: The Inside Story. Thomas Anthony "Tom" Dooley III (1927-61), Deliver Us from Evil; his experiences in a refugee camp in Haiphong, North Vietnam. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), Tribute to Freud. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), The Forge and the Crucible. St. John Greer Ervine (1883-1971), George Bernard Shaw. Leon Festinger (1919-89), Henry Riecken and Stanley Schachter, When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group That Predicted the Destruction of the World; about a small cult called the Seekers led by Chicago, Ill. housewife (ex-Scientologist) Dorothy Martin (1900-92) that claimed to be receiving messages from the "Guardians" from another planet, who told them that a flood would destroy the world on Dec. 21, 1954; when it failed to materialize, instead of giving up their beliefs they claimed that the "Force of Good and Light" the members spread through the world caused it to be spared, and she changes her name to Sister Thedra and founds the Assoc. of Sananda and Sanat Kumara, which survives her death. Sigmund Freud (1956-1939), Standard Ed. of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (24 vols.) (1956-74); English trans. by James Strachey, Anna Freud et al. Milton Friedman (1912-2006), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money; how printing more money raises prices but doesn't increase production in the long run, although it does so in the short term. Erich Fromm (1900-80), The Art of Loving; internat. bestseller; it all started in the Garden of Eden? Grock the Clown (1880-1959), Die Memoiren des Konigs der Clowns (The Memoirs of Grock, King of Clowns). Talbot F. Hamlin, Benjamin Henry Latrobe (Pulitzer Prize). Billie Holiday (1915-59) and William Duffy (1916-2002), Lady Sings the Blues; filmed in 1972 starring Diana Ross. L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Scientology: The Fundamentals of Thought; claims that life is a game, and that the basic variable is the degree to which an individual knows that games he is playing and the degree to which he can knowingly come up with new ones. William Bradford Huie (1910-86) and Zora Neale Hurston (1896-1960), Ruby McCollum: Woman in the Suwannee Jail. Kathryn Hulme (1900-81), The Nun's Story; story of Belgian nun Marie-Louise Habets (1905-86) of the Sisters of Charity of Jesus and Mary; Sister Luke (Gabrielle Van Der Mal) butts heads with Dr. Fortunati in a Congo hospital, and is torn between remaining a nun or becoming a nurse. Herman Kahn (1922-83), Techniques of System Analysis. George Frost Kennan (1904-2005), Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917-1920 Vol. 1 (Pulitzer Prize) (Bancroft Prize) (Parkman Prize). John F. Kennedy (1917-63), Profiles in Courage (Jan. 1) (Pulitzer Prize); the lives of eight key U.S. Senators (JFK being #9?); (Pulitzer Prize); the lives of eight key U.S. Senators (JFK being #9?); suggested by a passage about John Quincy Adams in The Price of Union: The Influence of the American Temper on the Course of History (1950) by Am. journalist Herbert Sebastian Agar (1897-1980); forward by Columbia U. historian Joseph Allan Nevins (1890-1971), who joins colleague Henry Steele Commager (1902-98) in organizing Professors for Kennedy during the 1960 U.S. pres. election; ghostwritten by his Jewish-Am. advisor Theodore Chaikin "Ted" Sorensen (1928-2010); the jacket photo was taken in 1952 by Philippe Halsman; after lobbying by his daddy's lackey, NYT columnist Arthur Krock, it is awarded the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for biography; later JFK becomes the first U.S. pres. to win a Pulitzer Prize; "Without belittling the courage with which men have died, we should not forget those acts of courage with which men have lived"; "We shall need compromises in the days ahead, to be sure. But these will be, or should be, compromises of issues, not of principles. We can compromise our political positions, but not ourselves. We can resolve the clash of interests without conceding our ideals. And even the necessity for the right kind of compromise does not eliminate the need for those idealists and reformers who keep our compromises moving ahead... Compromise need not mean cowardice. Indeed it is frequently the compromisers and conciliators who are faced with the severest tests of political courage as they oppose the extremist views of their constituents." Russell Amos Kirk (1918-94), Beyond the Dreams of Avarice: Essays of a Social Critic. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), Reflections on Hanging. Hans Kohn (1891-1971), Nationalism and Liberty: The Swiss Example. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), The Great Chain of Life. A.J. Liebling (1904-63), The Sweet Science; essays on boxing; named #1 sports book of all time in 2002 by Sports Illustrated. Walter Lord (1917-2002), Days of Infamy. Curzio Malaparte (1898-1957), Maledetti Toscani; attack on bourgeois culture from the left. Sir Max Mallowan (1904-78), Twenty-Five Years of Mesopotamian Discovery. William Manchester (1922-2004), Shadow of the Monsoon. Karl Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Culture. Rollo May (1909-94), Existence; popularizes Existential Psychotherapy. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), Sights and Spectacles; Venice Observed. George Armitage Miller (1920-2012), The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information; showing an experimental average limit of seven plus or minus two for human short-term memory capacity, which becomes known as Miller's Law; "With binary items the span is about nine and, although it drops to about five with monosyllabic English words, the difference is far less than the hypothesis of constant information would require. The span of immediate memory seems to be almost independent of the number of bits per chunk, at least over the range that has been examined to date"; if info. is recoded into richer-content chunks, great memory feats can be performed; "It is a little dramatic to watch a person get 40 binary digits in a row and then repeat them back without error." Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality; claims that anti-capitalist sentiment is rooted in envy. Jessica Mitford (1917-96), Lifeitselfmanship or How to Become a Precisely-Because Man; describes L and non-L English (left and non-left). Nancy Mitford (1904-73), Noblesse Oblige; describes U and non-U (upper and non-upper-class) English; by the sister of Jessica Mitford. Marianne Moore (1887-1972), Predilections (essays). Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013), The Birth of the Republic, 1763-89 (1956) (4th ed. 2012); rejects the Progressive interpretation of the Am. Rev., regarding the rhetoric of Am. patriots as not mere claptrap but as expressions of genuine "dedication to whiggish principles" (Mark Egnal), showing how the problem of British taxation started Americans on a search for constitutional principles to protect their freedom. Jean Mouroux (1901-73), The Christian Experience: An Introduction to a Theology. George Edwin Mowry (1909-84) and John D. Hicks, A Short History of American Democracy. Pauli Murray (1910-85), Proud Shoes (autobio.). James Roy Newman (1907-66), The World of Mathematics (4 vols.). Roy Franklin Nichols (1896-1973), Advance Agents of American Destiny. Pierre van Paassen (1895-1968), A Pilgrim's Vow. Erwin and Dora Mosse Panofsky, Pandora's Box: The Changing Aspects of a Mystical Symbol. Talcott Parsons (1902-79), Economy and Society. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), The Theme is Freedom. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), Wellington. Merlo John Pusey (1902-85), Eisenhower, the President. Lobsang Rampa (1910-81), The Third Eye; English man Cyril Henry Hoskin claims that his body has been taken over by a Tibetan Buddhist lama after he fell out of a fir tree in his garden in Thames Ditton, Surrey while trying to photograph an owl, causing controversy that just makes him more popular? Joan Robinson (1903-83), The Accumulation of Capital; extends Keynesianism. Mazo de la Roche (1879-1961), Ringing the Changes (autobio.). Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Portraits from Memory and Other Essays; Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901-1950; ed. by Robert C. Marsh. Cornelius Ryan (1920-74), The Longest Day; D-Day in WWII. Nathalie Sarraute (1900-99), L'Ere du Soupcon. Theodore W. Schultz (1902-98), Reflections on Agricultural Production, Output and Supply. Hans Selye (1907-82), The Stress of Life; first work to recognize the endocrinological responses to stress of glucocorticoids, founding the field of stress research. Wallis Warfield Simpson, Duchess of Windsor (1896-1986), The Heart Has Its Reasons (autobio.). Sir William Joseph Slim (1891-1970), Defeat into Victory. Charles Lee Smith (1887-64), Sensism: The Philosophy of the West (2 vols.); a pure atheistic materialist Weltanschauung by the pres. of the Am. Assoc. for the Advancement of Atheism, reducing all supernatural-based religions and thought patterns to rubbish a la Bertrand Russell; "The human mind is capable of infinite self-deception." Norman St. John-Stevas, Obscenity and the Law. Robert Solow (1924-), A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth; proposes the Solow-Swan Exogenous Growth Model, based on productivity, capital accumulation, pop. growth, and technological progress, founding Neoclassical Growth Theory, and receiving the 1987 Nobel Econ. Prize. Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Fads and Foibles in Modern Sociology and Related Sciences. Kenneth Milton Stampp (1912-2009), The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South; how slaves didn't like it but resisted actively and passively; makes him a top U.S. Civil War historian. Trevor Swan (1918-89), Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation; shows that in the long run growth cannot be sustained by capital growth, and proposing the Swan Diagram of the internal-external balance, with relative domestic costs and fiscal deficit as axes, making him a co-founder of the Solow-Swan Exogenous Growth Model; too bad, he is snubbed for the Nobel. William Andrew Swanberg (1907-92), Sickles the Incredible. Studs Terkel (1912-), Giants of Jazz. James Tobin (1918-2002), The Interest-Elasticity of the Transactions Demand for Cash; proposes the Baumol-Tobin Model of the transactions demand for money, based on nominal interest rate, level of real income, and transaction costs, which predicts that interest and income elasticity are both equal to a constant 0.5. Arnold Toynbee, A Historian's Approach to Religion. Barbara W. Tuchman (1912-89), Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour; how England was initially drawn to the Holy Land to translate the Bible into England and to control the road to India and gain access to Middle Eastern oil, leading to the conquering of Palestine in WWI, followed by the 1917 Balfour Declaration, where they graciously gave Israel back to the Jews, not realizing the reaction they would bring from Muslims. Freda Utley (1898-1978), Will the Middle East Go West?; warns that U.S. support of Israel will drive the Arabs into the arms of the Commies. Eric Voegelin (1901-85), Order and History (6 vols.) (1956-87); "Don't immanentize the eschaton." Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), Segregation; "We are the prisoners of history. Or are we?" Anon., Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Donald Whitehead, The F.B.I. Story. Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941), Language, Thought and Reality (posth.); finally makes the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis popular. William H. Whyte Jr. (1917-99), The Organization Man; bestseller (2M copies) about how corporations destroy rugged individualism in favor of collectivism. Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), I Am a Mathematician (autobio.). William S. White (1906-94), The Story of the U.S. Senate. Wilkins and Moore, The Moon. Colin Wilson (1931-), The Outsider (essays); about "social misfits" Van Gogh, Nijinsky et al.; adopted by the Angry Young Men Movement. Thomas Wolfe (1900-38), The Letters of Thomas Wolfe (posth.). Richard Wright (1908-60), The Color Curtain. Art: Bernard Buffet (1928-99), Self-Portrait. Charles Bunnell, No. 13. Lynn Chadwick, Teddy Boy and Girl. Fabrizio Clerici, Complesso di Tre Templi dell' Uovo. Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), Les Taureaumagies. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Print Gallery (lithograph). Richard Hamilton (1922-), Just What Is It That Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing?; one of the first Pop Art works. Barbara Hepworth (1903-75), Orpheus (sculpture). Franz Kline, Mahoning. Norman Lindsay (1879-1969), The Scribblings of an Idle Mind. Richard Lippold (1915-2002), Variation within a Sphere, No. 10: The Sun (sculpture). Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Banale de Venise; Heart Malitte; Fleur de Midi; Le Pianiste. Endre Rozsda (1913-99), Monster. Music: Chet Baker (1929-88), The James Dean. Les Baxter (1922-96), The Poor People of Paris; #1 Billboard single of the year. Harry Belafonte (1927-), Calypso (album #3) (#1 in the U.S.); first LP to sell over 1M copies, causing him to become known as "the King of Calypso"; incl. Mama Look a Boo-Boo (against juvenile delinquency), The Banana Boat Song (Jamaican folk song with new lyrics by Lord Burgess and William Attaway) (#5 in the U.S.); another vers. of The Banana Boat Song (which incl. the chorus from "Hill and Gully Rider") by The Tarriers (incl. Erik Darling and Alan Arkin) (released first) reaches #4, and another vers. of The Banana Boat Song by the Fontane Sisters reaches #13. Chuck Berry (1926-2017), Roll Over Beethoven. Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Edinburgh Overture. Pat Boone (1934-), I'll Be Home (#6 in the U.S., #1 in the U.K.)); Long Tall Sally (#8 in the U.S.); I Almost Lost My Mind (#1 in the U.S.); Friendly Persuasion (#5 in the U.S.). Chester Arthur "Howlin' Wolf" Burnett (1910-76), Smokestack Lightning (#8 in the U.S.); I Asked for Water (She Gave Me Gasoline) (#8 in the U.S.). Teresa Brewer (1931-2007), A Tear Fell; Bo Weevil; Mutual Admiration Society. Teresa Brewer (1931-2007) and Mickey Mantle (1931-95), I Love Mickey. James Brown (1933-2006) and The Flames, Please, Please, Please. Cadillacs, Zoom. Hoagy Carmichael (1899-1981), Rockin' Chair. June Carter (1929-2003), Juke Box Blues. Johnny Cash (1932-2003) and the Tennessee Two, I Walk the Line (May 1) (#1 in the U.S.) (2M copies). Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1895-1968), The Merchant of Venice (opera). Patsy Cline (1932-63), Walkin' After Midnight (#2 country) (#12 in the U.S.). Nat King Cole (1919-65), Love is the Ting (#1 in the U.S.); After Midnight (album) (#13 in the U.S.); all jazz. Perry Como (1912-2001), Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom). Jill Corey, I've Got the World on a String. Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965), Symphony No. 13 "Madras" (1956-8). The Dells, Oh What A Night (debut) (1M copies); from Harvey, Ill., incl. Johnny Carter (-2009) (lead falsetto), Johnny Funches (lead baritone), Mickey McGill, Verne Allison, and Chuck Barksdale; they remake it in 1969 with baritone Marvin Junior as lead singer, selling 1M copies again. Edison Denisov (1929-96), Soldier Ivan (opera) (1956-9). Bo Diddley (1928-2008), Pretty Thing. Fats Domino (1928-2017), Bo Weevil; Don't Blame It On Me; I'm in Love Again; My Blue Heaven; When My Dreamboat Comes Home; So Long; Blueberry Hill (#2 in the U.S., #1 in the U.K.) (written in 1940 by Bobby Cerdeira, Al Lewis and Larry Stock) (5M copies sold); Honey Chile; Blue Monday; What's the Reason I'm Not Pleasing You. Bill Evans (1929-80), New Jazz Conceptions (album) (debut); only white member of Miles Davis' sextet; incl. I Love You, Porgy, Waltz for Debby. Eddie Fisher (1928-2010), On the Street Where You Live. Fontaine Sisters, Still. Tennessee Ernie Ford, Hymns (album); his first gospel album. Connie Francis (1938-), My First Real Love; written by her beau Bobby Darin. Charlie Gracie (1936-), Butterfly (#5 in the U.S.); sells 2M copies; first rock hit from Philly; Fabulous (#16 in the U.S.); Wandering Eyes (#71 in the U.S.); makes the new Cameo Records label a financial success; his 1957-8 tours of Britain make fans of The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Van Morrison, and Joe Cocker; Cameo folds in 1967 after releasing hits by Bobby Rydell, Chubby Checker, and ? and the Mysterians. Bill Haley (1925-81) and the Comets, Rock Around the Clock. Stuart Hamblen (1908-89), Hell Train. Screamin' Jay Hawkins (1929-2000), I Put a Spell on You, pioneers shock rock, playing the African voodoo witch doctor image, complete with a big bone in his nose and a smoking skull; he allegedly leaves 75 illegitimate children. Ronnie Hilton (1926-2001), Young and Foolish; No Other Love; from the 1952 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Me and Juliet"; his only U.K. #1 hit; Two Different Worlds; Who We Are; A Woman in Love. Wanda Jackson (1937-), Rockin' with Wanda (album); incl. I Gotta Know, Hot Dog! That Made Him Mad, Fujiyama Mama, Honey Bop, Rock Your Baby, Mean, Mean Man (#40 in the U.K.); first woman in rock & roll ("Queen of Rockabilly"); too bad, in 1965 she switches to country. Etta James (1938-2012), Etta James Sings (album #2). Norman Dello Joio (1913-2008), Meditations on Ecclesiastes (Apr. 20) (Juilliard School) (Pulitzer Prize). The Four Lads, Standin' on the Corner; from the Broadway musical "The Most Happy Fella"; Who Needs You?; My Little Angel; A House with Love in It; The Bus Stop Song; I'll Never Know. Brenda Lee (1944-), Ten Golden Years (album) (debut); incl. Jambalaya (On the Bayou). Peggy Lee (1920-2002), Black Coffee (album) (Apr. 3); incl. Black Coffee. Abbey Lincoln (1930-2010), Abbey Lincoln's Affair: A Story of a Girl in Love (album) (debut); incl. Love Walked In (by George and Ira Gershwin). Clyde McPhatter (1932-72), Treasure of Love (#16 in the U.S.). Douglas Moore (1893-1969) and John Treville Latouche (1914-56), The Ballad of Baby Doe (opera) (Central City Opera House, Colo.) William Bergama, The Wife of Martin Guerre (opera) (New York). Luigi Dallapiccola (1904-75), Christmas Concerto. Miles Davis (1926-91), Steamin'. Doris Day (1924-), Que Sera, Sera; from "Please Don't Eat the Daisies". George Hamilton IV (1937-), A Rose and a Baby Ruth (debut). Hans Werner Henze (1926-), Konig Hirsch (opera) (Berlin). John Lee Hooker (1917-2001), Dimples (Mar. 17). Burl Ives (1909-95), The Bus Stop Song. Ernst Krenek (1900-91), The Bell Tower, Op. 153. John A. Lewis (1920-2001), Bluesology. Frankie Lymon (1942-68) and the Teenagers, Why Do Fools Fall in Love (#6 in the U.S., #1 in the U.K.). Jean Martinon, Hecube (opera). Johnny Mathis (1935-), Wonderful! Wonderful; It's Not for Me to Say. McGuire Sisters, Endless; Missing; Every Day of My Life. Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), The Unicorn, the Gorgon and the Manticore (opera) (Washington, D.C.). Charles Mingus (1922-79), Pithecanthropus Erectus (album); incl. Pithecanthropus Erectus, A Foggy Day (by George Gershwin). Guy Mitchell (1927-99), Singing the Blues (by Melvin Endsley) (#1 in the U.S.) (#1 in the U.K.) (1M copies). The Modern Jazz Quartet, Django (album); incl. Django; Fontessa (album); incl. Fontessa. Thelonious Monk (1917-82), The Unique Thelonious Monk (album #2); more covers; Brilliant Corners (album #3); incl. Brilliant Corners, his own composition. Douglas Moore (1893-1969), The Ballad of Baby Doe (opera) (Central City, Colo.); Colo. reporter Caroline Bancroft(-1986), author of a bio. of Baby Doe Tabor unsuccessfully sues him to stop production; she later admits she made up the famous dying words "Hang on to the Matchless". Jane Morgan (1924-), Two Different Worlds. Ruby Murray (1935-96), You Are My First Love. Odetta (1930-2008), Odetta Sings Ballads and Blues (album). Roy Orbison (1936-88), Trying to Get to You/ Ooby Dooby (Mar. 19); Rock House/ You're My Baby (Sept. 24). Carl Perkins (1932-98), Blue Suede Shoes (Jan. 1) (#2 in the U.S.); named after military regulation airmen shoes; first million-selling country song to crossover to both the R&B and pop charts. The Platters, The Magic Touch (Feb.); My Prayer (June); Heaven on Earth (June); You'll Never Never Know (Aug.); It Isn't Right (Aug.); On My Word of Honor (Nov.); One in a Million (Nov.). The Four Preps, Dreamy Eyes (debut); from Hollywood High School in Calif., incl. Bruce Belland (1936-), Ed Cobb (1938-99), Glen Larson (1937-), and Marv Ingram (Marvin Inabnett). Elvis Presley (1935-77), Heartbreak Hotel/ I Was the One (by Mae Axton and Tommy Durden) (Jan. 27) (his first #1 pop record, and best-selling U.S. single of 1956); I Want You, I Need You (Mar. 12) (#1 in the U.S.); Elvis Presley (album) (debut) (Mar. 23); incl. Blue Suede Shoes (#20 in the U.S.) (records it as a favor to his friend Carl Perkins, who got into an automobile accident on Mar. 22, causing his version to rise again, while Elvis' stalled at #20); Hound Dog (July 13) (#1 in the U.S.); Don't Be Cruel (July 13) (#1 in the U.S.); I Got a Woman/ I'm Counting on You (Aug.); I'll Never Let You Go (Little Darlin')/ I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (Over You) (Aug.); Trying to Get to You/ I Love You Because (Aug.); Blue Moon/ Just Because (Aug.); Money Honey/ One Sided Love Affair (Aug.); Lawdy Miss Clawdy (Aug.); Shake Rattle and Roll (Sept.) (restores Big Joe Turner's original lyrics); Love Me Tender/ Any Way You Want Me (Oct. 6) (based on the 1861 U.S. Civil War song "Aura Lee")); Elvis Volume 1 (album) (Oct.); Elvis Volume 2 (album) (Dec.). Louis Prima (1910-78), Buona Sera. Johnnie Ray (1927-90), Just Walkin' in the Rain (#1 in the U.K.). Line Renaud (1928-), Pour Toi (For You); written by Louis "Loulou" Gaste (Gasté) (1908-95) for his wife Line; re-recorded in 1975 by Brazilian singer Morris Albert (1951-) under the title "Feelings", becoming a hit. Little Richard (1932-2020), Lucille (#21 in the U.S.). Marty Robbins (1925-82), Singing the Blues (by Melvin Endsley) (#1 country) (#17 in the U.S.), A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation (#1 country) (#2 in the U.S.), Knee Deep in the Blues (#3 country). Sonny Rollins (1930-), Tenor Madness, (album) (Oct.); recorded on May 24; incl. Tenor Madness; a duet with John Coltrane; Saxophone Colossus (album); recorded on June 22, 1956; his quartet incl. pianist Tommy Flanagan, bassist Doug Watkins, and drummer Max Roach; makes him a jazz star; incl. St. Thomas. William Howard Schuman (1920-92), New England Triptych; adapted from melodies by Am. composer William Billings. Humphrey Searle (1915-82), Noctambules (ballet). Pete Seeger (1919-2014), Love Songs for Friends and Foes (album); With Voices Together We Sing (album). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Piano Concerto. Dinah Shore (1916-94), Bouquet of Blues (album). Frank Sinatra (1915-98), Songs for Swinging Lovers (album); incl. Cole Porter's I've Got You Under My Skin. Tommy Steele and the Steelmen, Singing the Blues (by Melvin Endsley) (#1 in the U.K.). Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Canticum Sacrum ad Honorem Sancti Marci Nominis. The Tarriers, Cindy, Oh Cindy (w/Vince Martin) (#10 in the U.S.) (#26 in the U.K.); The Banana Boat Song (#10 in the U.S.) (#15 in the U.K.); from Washington Square in New York City, named after the folk song "Drill, Ye Tarriers, Drill", incl. Erik Darling, Bob Carey, and Alan Arkin. Cecil Taylor (1929-), Jazz Advance (album) (debut) (Transition Records); incl. Bemsha Swing (by Denzil Best and Thelonious Monk), Azure (by Duke Ellington and Irving Mills); receives scathing criticism that later turns into praise, pioneering free jazz. Sir Michael Tippett (1905-98), Symphony No. 2. Ernst Toch (1887-1964), Symphony No. 3 (Pulitzer Prize). Big Joe Turner (1911-85), Boss of the Blues (album). Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), My Boy Flat Top; This Is the Night; Escape in the Sun; Lucky Thirteen; The Green Door. Gene Vincent (1935-71) and His Blue Caps, Be-Bop-A-Lula (June 4) (#7 in the U.S.); sells 2M copies; Race With the Devil (Sept. 10), Blue Jean Bop (Oct.). Kitty Wells (1919-2012), Kitty Wells' Country Hit Parade (album); first female country singer to release an LP album. Lee Wiley (1908-75), West of the Moon (album) (Sept. 9; incl. Moonstruck. Joe Williams (1918-99), Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (album) (debut). Otis Williams (1936) and The Charms, Ivory Tower (#11 in the U.S.) (#5 R&B). Movies: Anatole Litvak's Anastasia (Dec. 13) stars Ingrid Bergman as a babe with amnesia, and Yul Brynner as a White Russian gen. trying to use her in a scam to impersonate the Romanoff Dynasty heiress to get his hands on millions of rubles deposited in a bank by the dead tsar; the movie gets good when she really believes she is the heiress, and so does Helen Hayes, and the audience? Mike Todd's Around the World in 80 Days (Oct. 17) (United Artists) debuts, written by Marx Brothers writer S.J. Perelman based on the 1872 Jules Verne novel, becoming the greatest box office sensation since the arrival of TV, lasting three years in theaters and grossing $25M in the U.S. and $100M worldwide on a $6M budget; features a cast of 40+ stars, incl. David Niven as Phileas Fogg, and Cantinflas as his valet Passepartout; 10K extras are used in the bullfighting scene filmed near Madrid, and 6K buffalo are used in a stampede; Todd coins the word "cameo" after there are 42 of them in this flick; the U.S. debut of Mexican actor Cantinflas (Fortino Mario Alfonso Moreno Reyes) (1911-93), who becomes the world's highest-paid actor; John Farrow (1904-63), father of actress Mia Farrow by wife Maureen O'Sullivan wins an Oscar for the script; the theme song Around the World (#13 in the U.S.) is sung by Harold Adamson and Victor Young, and is speeded-up in the big 1958 hit "The Chipmunk Song". Elia Kazan's Baby Doll (Dec. 18), based on "27 Wagons Full of Cotton" by Tennessee Williams stars blonde sex bomb Carroll Baker (1931-) as Baby Doll Meighan, wife of slow-witted middle-aged Miss. cotton gin owner Archie Lee Meighan (Karl Malden), who torches Sicilian competitor Silva Vacarro's (Eli Wallach) cotton gin amid steamy sexual tension, all sans a single filmed kiss. Mervyn LeRoy's B&W The Bad Seed (Sept. 12) (Warner Bros.), written by John Lee Mahin based on the 1954 Maxwell Anderson play and the 1954 William March novel stars Patty McCormack as 8-y.-o. blonde pigtailed enfant terrible Rhoda Penmark, who is doted upon by her parents Christine (Nancy Kelly) and Col. Kenneth Penmark (William Hopper) while going on a killing spree; does $4.1M box office on a $1M budget; Valentine Davies' The Benny Goodman Story (Feb. 2) (Universal) stars Steve Allen as Benny Goodman, and Donnad Reed as his goy babe Alice Hammond, whom his Jewish mother (Berta Gersten) doesn't want in the family until he makes it to Carnegie Hall in 1938; Sammy Davis Sr. plays Fletcher Henderson; features appearances by Lionel Hampton, Kid Ory, Gene Krupa, Harry James et al.; "Bagels and caviar don't mix." Fritz Lang's Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (Sept. 5), written by Douglas Morrow is a film noir starring Dana Andrews as Tom Garrett, whose newspaper publisher father-in-law tries to expose the ineptness of DA Roy Thompson (Philip Bourneuf) by having Tom frame himself on murder charges, but instead of revealing the hoax, at the last minute, he is killed in an accident, leaving Tom on death row. Michael Curtiz'The Best Things in Life Are Free (Sept. 28) is about the Tin Pan Alley songwriting team of Buddy DeSylva (1895-1950) (played by Gordon MacRae), Lew Brown (1893-1958) (played by Ernest Borgnine), and Ray Henderson (1896-1970) (played by Dan Dailey), who wrote the title song plus a bunch of other hits from 1925-30, incl. "You're the Cream in My Coffee", "Bye Bye Blackbird", "I'm Sitting on Top of the World", and "Button Up Your Overcoat". Brian Desmond Hurst's The Black Tent (Mar.) (Rank Org.), written by Bryan Forbes and Robin Maugham stars Anthony Steel as British Capt. David Holland during WWII, who takes shelter with a Bedouin tribe in Libya and marries Mabrouka (Anna Maria Sandri), daughter of Sheik Salem ben Yussef (Andre Morrell), causing his brother Col. Sir Charles Holland (Donald Sinden) to go searching for him after the war using guide Ali (Donald Pleasance), the desert scenes becoming an eerie preview of David Lean's "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962); music by William Alwyn. Irving Rapper's The Brave One, about a Spanish boy and a bull who saves his life only to be carted off to the bullring wins an Oscar for best screenplay credited to Robert Rich, who is really blacklisted screenwriter Dalton Trumbo in disguise. Edward D. Wood Jr.'s Bride of the Monster (Atom) (May 11) stars Bela Lugosi as mad scientist Dr. Eric Vornoff, who tries to turn 12 kidnapped men into supermen using atomic energy, while feeding unwelcome visitors to a giant octopus; Vornoff's mute asst. is played by giant Swedish wrestler Tor Johnson; so stupid it's brilliant? Joshua Logan's Bus Stop (Aug. 31) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1955 William Inge play stars Marilyn Monroe as Ozarks hillbilly dance hall girl Cherie, who is picked up in Phoenix, Ariz. and rough wooed by Mont. cowboy Beauregard Decker (Don Murray) and his friend Virgil Blessing (Arthur O'Connell) at a you know what; Robert Bray plays bus driver Carl, who Richard Brooks' The Catered Affair (Wedding Party) (June 14) (MGM), written by Gore Vidal and Paddy Chayefsky stars Ernest Borgnine and Bette Davis as Bronx married couple Tom (a taxi driver) and Agnes Hurley, whose beautiful daughter Jane Hurley (Debbie Reynolds) is engaged to Ralph Halloran (Tod Taylor, in his first film for MGM), and Agnes talks Tom into spending his life savings that he was going to start his own taxi co. with for an elaborate wedding; Brooks mistreats Reynolds, once slapping her; does $1.5M box office ($947K in the U.S. and Canada, $520K foreign) on a $1M budget. Dick Powell's The Conqueror (Feb. 21), a bomb written by Oscar Millard and produced by Howard Hughes stars miscast John Wayne as Genghis Khan, along with Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, Pedro Armendariz, and Chief Tahachee; filmed near St. George, SE Utah, 137 mi. downwind of the U.S. govt. Nevada Test Site, 91 of 220 crew members later come down with cancers, incl. Dick Powell (who croaks of lymphoma on Jan. 2, 1963), Hayward, who croaks of brain cancer on Mar. 14, 1975, Moorhead, who croaks of uterine cancer on Apr. 30, 1974, and 6-pack-a-day Wayne, who gets lung cancer in 1964 and croaks of stomach cancer on June 11, 1979, but blames smoking alone. Roger Vadim's Et Dieu Crea la Femme (And God Created Woman) (released next Oct. 21 in the U.S.) launches the career of French sexpot model Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot (1934-), whose May 8, 1950 cover in Elle got Vadim's attention, causing him too look her up, then have to persuade her industrialist father; playing an 18-y.-o. nympho given a home by a local family with three handsome sons, she galavants in a bikini on St. Tropez beach, causing the district atty. of Philly to call it "dirt for dirt's sake", making it more popular? Fred F. Sears' Earth vs. the Flying Saucers (Invasion of the Flying Saucers) (July 1), based on the 1953 book "Flying Saucers from Outer Space" by Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe stars Hugh Marlowe as Dr. Russell A. Marvin, and Joan Taylor as Carol Marin; features SFX by Ray Harryhausen. Cy Roth's Fire Maidens from Outer Space (Sept. 6) is about an expdition to Jupiter's 13th moon, starring Anthony Dexter as the head astronaut, who is befriended by fire maiden Hestia (Susan Shaw), one of 14, and takes on "the man with the head of a beast" (zippers visible); features music from Alexander Borodin's opera "Prince Igor". Fred M. Wilcox's Forbidden Planet (Mar. 3) (MGM), set in the year 2200 C.E. on Altair-4 is based on Shakespeare's "The Tempest", and stars Walter Pidgeon as Krell-haunted Dr. Edward Morbius, Anne Francis as his tempting virginal daughter Altaira, Leslie Nielsen as mister lucky Cmdr. John J. Adams, and Robby the Robot as himself; it is later looted blind by Gene Roddenberry for his "Star Trek" series, who also steals the pure-white Daniel Boone (Fess Parker) and brilliant educated halfbreed sidekick Mingo (Ed Ames) for his Capt. Kirk and Spock?; does $2.765M box office on a $1.968M budget. Alexander Hall's Forever Darling (Feb. 9) stars Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz as Susan and Lorenzo Xavier Vega, whose marriage is on the skids until guardian angel James Mason comes along, whom only she can see, and whom looks like James Mason; he only wants to perfect Insecticide #383 at Finlay Vega Chemical Co. William Wyler's Friendly Persuasion (Nov. 25), based on the 1945 novel by Mary Jessamyn West (2nd cousin of Richard Nixon) stars Gary Cooper as S Ind. Quaker patriarch Jess Birdwell, who is forced to face an urge for violence in the U.S. Civil War with wife Eliza (Dorothy McGuire), eldest son Josh (Anthony Perkins), youngest son Little Jess (Richard Eyer), and daughter Maddie (Phyllis Love). George Stevens' Giant (Oct. 10), based on the 1952 Edna Ferber novel stars Rock Hudson, Elizabeth Taylor, and James Dean as feuding Tex. oil tycoons Jordan "Bick" Benedict, Leslie Lynnton, and Jett Rink. Frank Tashlin's The Girl Can't Help It (Dec. 1) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1955 novel "Do Re Mi" by Garson Kanin is a musical comedy with score by Bobby Troup starring Jayne Mansfield (1933-67) in her first starring role as a no-talent mobster moll, along with Tom Ewell, Edmond O'Brien, Henry Jones, and Julie London, mixing-in a subplot about teenagers and their rock & roll music, featuring the title song performed by Little Richard, with Ray Anthony performing "Big Band Boogie", Eddie Cochran performing "Twenty Flight Rock", also Gene Vincent and His Bluecaps, and the Platters, turning on young Brits incl. John Lennon, and Paul McCartney, who gets an invite to join the Quarrymen after performing "Twenty Flight Rock" for him; Julie London sings Cry Me a River (originally written in 1953 by Arthur Hamilton for Ella Fitzgerald for the 1955 film "Pete Kelly's Blues", but cut after she refuses to drop the word "plebeian" for fear that white audiences would be offended), making her a star, and selling millions of copies; the dir. debut of Frank Tashlin (1913-72). Mark Robison's The Harder They Fall (May 9), based on the Budd Schulberg novel about the scum-infested boxing world is Humphrey Bogart's last movie role, featuring an appearance by ex-heavyweight champ Max Baer; just after its release Bogart goes to the hospital to have a cancerous growth removed from his cigarette-soaked esophagus, which later causes scar tissue, leading to his death in 1957. Charles Waters' High Society (July 17) (MGM), a remake of "The Philadelphia Story" set at the Newport Jazz Festival stars Grace Kelly as about-to-be-remarried divorcee Tracy Amantha Lord, and Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra as the ex C.K. Dexter-Haven and the fiance Mike Connor; features jazz by Louis Armstrong and a score by Cole Porter, incl. his last major hit True Love; in 2006 Kelly's son Prince Albert II of Monaco (b. 1958) attends a 50th anniv. showing - and finds his true love, true love? Donald Siegel's Invasion of the Body Snatchers (Feb. 5), written by Daniel Mainairing based on the 1955 Jack Finney novel about the Pod People stars Kevin McCarthy (brother of writer Mary McCarthy) in a post-McCarthy paranoid sci-fi epic starring a, er, McCarthy? Roger Corman's It Conquered the World (July 15) (B&W) stars Lee Van Cleef as embittered scientist Tom Anderson, who invites an alien from Venus to eliminate human emotions, only to find it wants to you know what by assimilating human minds; also stars Beverly Garland as his wife Claire, and Peter Graves as Dr. Paul Nelson. Walter Lang's The King and I (June 29), based on the 1944 Margaret Landon novel "Anna and the King of Siam" and adapted from the Rodgers and Hammerstein play stars Deborah Kerr as the English governess, and Yuliy Borisovich "Yul" Brynner (Taidje Khan) (1920-85) as the king; Marni Nixon dubs Kerr's voice. Gerd Oswald's A Kiss Before Dying (June 12), based on the 1953 Ira Levin novel about a college student resorting to murder of two heiress sisters in a row stars Robert Wagner as Bud Corliss, Joanne Woodwward as 1st victim Dorothy "Dorie" Kingship, Virginia Leith as 2nd victim Ellen Kingship, and Mary Astor as mother Corliss; refilmed in 1991 starring Matt Dillon and Sean Young. Alexander Mackendrick's The Ladykillers (Dec. 8) (Ealing Studios), written by William Rose from a dream is a black comedy starring Katie Johnson as sweet eccentric old widow Mrs. Louisa Alexandra Wilberforce, who likes to report her neighbors to the police so often that they quit taking her seriously, and rents rooms to Prof. Marcus (Alec Guinness), who is organizing a gang (Cecil Parker, Peter Sellers, Danny Green, and Herbert Lom) to rob an armored van at King's Cross railway station in London, claiming that they are an amateur string quartet, after which she catches them trying to make away with the loot, and they decide to kill her but kill each other instead, leaving her with the loot, which she reports to the police, who don't believe her and let her keep it; Jack Warner plays the police suptd. Vincente Minnelli's Lust for Life (Dec. 26), based on the 1934 Irving Stone novel and produced by John Houseman stars Kirk Douglas as tortured if-it's-not-broke-why-fix-it ear-lopping artist Vincent Van Gogh; Anthony Quinn plays his fellow artist-lover Paul Gaugin. Nunnally Johnson's The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (May 8), based on the 1955 Sloan Wilson novel stars Gregory Peck and Jennifer Jones as Tom and Betsy Rath, a discontented Am. businessman and his wife, to whom he has to break the news that he fathered a boy in Italy in WWII while deciding to sell his soul to the co. or be his own man, despite the need to support wife and kids; Frederic March plays Tom's boss Ralph Hopkins, based on Wilson's Time Inc. boss Roy Larsen. Alfred Hitchcock's The Man Who Knew Too Much (June 1), a remake of the 1934 Alfred Hitchcock film stars James Stewart as Dr. Benjamin "Ben" McKenna, and Doris Day as his wife Joseph Conway "Jo" McKenna, who stumble on an assassination plot in Algeria; features Day singing Que Sera, Sera ("When I was just a little girl I asked my mother, what will I be? Will I be pretty, will I be rich, here's what she said to me"). John Huston's Moby Dick (June 27) (Warner Bros.), written by Huston and Ray Bradbury based on the 1851 Herman Melville novel and shot on location in Youghal, County Cork, Ireland stars Gregory Peck (after Walter Huston dies in 1950) as Capt. Ahab, Richard Basehart as Ishmael, Leo Genn as Starbuck, and Friedrich von Ledebur as Queequeg; does $5.2M box office on a $4.5M budget; "I'll follow him around the Horn, and around the Norway maelstrom, and around perdition's flames before I give him up"; "From Hell's heart I stab at thee; for hate's sake I spit my last breath at thee, ye damned whale"; ripped-off by "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan" (1982). John Boulting's Private's Progress (Feb. 17) (Charter Film Productions) (British Lion Films), filmed at Shepperton Studios and Wantage Hall, U. of Reading stars Ian Carmichael as college undergrad Stanley Windrush, who is drafted into the British army with friend Egan (Peter Jones), becoming a gen. fuckup until his uncle brig. gen. Bertram Tracepurcel (Dennis Price) asks him and Pvt. Cox (Richard Attenborough) to join Operation Hatrack to recover stolen artworks from the Nazis, finding out that the real plan is to sell them to crooked art dealers; gap-toothed Finchley, North London-born stage actor Terry-Thomas (Thomas Terry Hoar Stevens) (1911-90) plays Maj. Hitchcock, ramping up his film career, allowing him to move to Hollywood in 1961 and become a comic icon. Joseph Anthony's The Rainmaker (Dec. 13) (Paramount Pictures), based on the play by N. Richard Nash stars Burt Lancaster as itinerant huckster Bill Starbuck, who woos lonely tomboy ranch girl Lizzy Curry (Katharine Hepburn) while playing off her brothers Noah (Lloyd Bridges) and Jimmy (Earl Holliman). Lewis Gilbert's Reach for the Sky (July 5) (Rank Org.), based on the 1954 bio. of British aviator Douglas Bader by Paul Brickhill stars Kenneth More as an RAF cadet who disobeys orders and tries low-alt. aerobatics, crashing and losing his legs, after which he masters prosthetic legs and resumes flying, working up to group capt.; Bader's brother-in-law composes the musical score; does £1.5M box office on a £365K budget. Fred F. Sears' Rock Around the Clock (Mar. 21) stars Bill Haley and His Comets in a raucous celebration of rock and roll, bringing it to the attention of white America with white musicians, causing a riot in London in Sept. after a young audience of 3K Teddy Boys view it and go on a rampage; that doesn't stop greed machine Hollywood from releasing five more rock and roll movies this year, incl. Fred F. Sears' Don't Knock the Rock (featuring Bill Haley and the Comets singing "Calling All Comets" and "Rip It Up", along with black sax player Grady Gaines) and Robert D. Webb's Love Me Tender (Nov. 15) (film debut of Elvis Presley); meanwhile Tommy Steele (1936-) tries to become the English Elvis, but the British rock and roll invasion is not for this decade, sorry? Will Price's B&W Rock, Rock, Rock stars 13-y.-o. Tuesday Weld as Dori Graham (singing dubbed by Connie Francis), who has to get the money to buy a strapless gown for the prom, and showcases rock acts incl. Chuck Berry, LaVern Baker, Teddy Randazzo, The Moonglows, The Flamingos, and Frank Lymon and The Teenagers; DJ Alan Freed appears as himself; film debut of Jack Collins and Valerie Harper. Ishiro Honda's Rodan (Dec. 26) sees the Japanese movie industry follow its Godzilla success with a flying pterodactyl monster hatched in Osaki mine #8 that feeds on giant prehistoric insects called Meganulon, then switches to humans after they run out. The Bolshoi Theater's Romeo and Juliet, filmed in London stars Galina Ulanova (1910-98); the Bolshoi Ballet's first U.S. tour in 1959 features this ballet, after which she retires in 1960. Gordon Parry's Sailor Beware stars "British dragon" Peggy Mount, Shirley Eaton, Ronald Lewis, Cyril Smith, and other British actors in a comic farce. John Ford's The Searchers (Mar. 13) (Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney), based on the 1954 Alan Le May novel stars John Wayne as white racist Tex. Civil War vet Ethan Edwards, who searches for his Indian-kidnapped niece Debbie (Natalie Wood) and almost kills her to keep her from bearing half-breed kids; also stars Jeffrey Hunter as Martin Pawley, Ward Bond as Rev. Samuel Johnson Clayton, Vera Miles as Laurie Jorgensen, Lana Wood as young Debbie Edwards, and Ken Curtis as Charlie McCorry; the greatest Western of all time, and the classic study of the white Am. psyche?; Wayne's line "That'll be the day" (said 4x) is used by Buddy Holly as a song title. Akira Kurosawa's The Seven Samurai (The Magnificent Seven) (Nov. 19) (206 min.) is the quintessential Japanese samurai flick, later aped by Hollywood with mainly white guys who protect poor Mexican peasants. Budd Boetticher's Seven Men from Now (Aug. 4), produced by John Wayne's Batjac Productions is the first of seven classic Westerns produced by Harry Joe Brown, written by Burt Kennedy, and starring Randolph Scott called the Ranown Cycle (ends 1960); also stars Lee Marvin and Gail Russell. Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal (Det Sjunde Inseglet) (Oct. 13) (title from Rev. 8:1) stars Max von Sydow as 14th cent. Swedish Crusader knight Antonius Block, who plays chess on the beach with Death (Bengt Ekerot) to save himself and his wife Karin (Inga Landgre) from the Plague; Gunnar Bjornstrand plays Jons the squire; makes stars of Bergman and von Sydow; brilliant photography by Gunnar Fischer; "You play chess, don't you?" (Knight); "How did you know that?" (Death); "I have seen it in paintings and heard it sung in ballads" (Knight); "Yes, in fact I am quite a skillful chess player" (Death); "But you can't be better than I am" (Knight); Death plays black, and wins. Edward L. Cahn's B&W The She Creature (Aug.) stars Chester Morris as sleazy carnival hypnotist Dr. Carlo Lombardi, who regresses Andrea Talbott (Marla English) into a prehistoric monster which commits murders. Brian Desmond Hurst's Simba (Rank Org.), shot in Kenya is about a British family in East Africa who get caught up in the Mau Mau Rising; stars Dirk Bogarde (after Jack Hawkins proves unavailable) as Alan Howard, Donald Sinden as Inspector Drummond, Basil Sydney as Mr. Crawford, Marie Ney as Mrs. Crawford, and Marylebone, London-born Virginia Anne McKenna (1931-) as Mary Crawford, whom they like so much they give her a long-term contract. Robert Wise's Somebody Up There Likes Me (July 3), based on his autobio. stars 2nd-time's-the-charm Paul Newman (after first choice James Dean is killed) (his 2nd film after the stinker "The Silver Chalice') as New York City-raised boxer Rocky Graziano (real name Thomas Rocco Barbella) (named after a wine brand), who starts out as a street punk and works his way up to Ft. Leavenworth until he's discovered and wins the middleweight title; Pier Angeli plays his wife Norma; the screen debuts of Terence Steven "Steve" McQueen (1930-80) and Robbert Loggia (1930-). David Lean's Summertime (June 21) (United Artists), based on the Arthur Laurents play "The Time of the Cuckoo" stars Katharine Hepburn as elementary school secy. Jane Hudson from Akron, Ohio, who goes on summer vacation in Venice and watches all the couples loving it up, getting lonely until she hooks up with Renato di Rossi (Rossano Brazzi), but alas, it has to end in a long goodbye; does $2M box office in the U.S. Charles Vidor's The Swan (Apr. 26), based on the 1920 Ferenc Molnar play is Grace Kelly's last movie, playing Princess Alexandra to Alec Guiness' Prince Albert; Agnes Moorehead plays Queen Maria Dominika, Jessie Royce Landis plays Princess Beatrix, and Louis Jordan plays Dr. Nicholas Agi. Jack Arnold's B&W Tarantula (Nov. 23) (Universal Pictures), set in Desert Rock, Ariz. stars John Agar as Dr. Matt Hastings, Leo G. Carroll as Prof. Gerald Deemer, Mara Corday as Stephanie Clayton, and Nestor Paiva as Sheriff Jack Andrews, who fight a giant you know what created by a mad scientist; Clint Eastwood appears uncredited as the jet squadron leader; "Giant spider strikes! Crawling terror 100 feet high!"; does $1.1M box office. Vincente Minnelli's Tea and Sympathy (Sept. 27) (MGM), based on the 1953 Robert Anderson play stars Deborah Kerr as Laura Reynolds, wife of coach Bill Reynolds (Leif Erickson) and John Kerr as h.s. student Tom Robinson Lee, who fights allegations of homosexuality while Laura falls for him; the two aren't related but spur juicy fantasies by critics about incest; does $3.445M box office on a $1.737M budget; filmed in Metrocolor. Cecil B. De Mille's The Ten Commandments (Oct. 5) (MGM) (his last film), a remake of his 1923 silent film stars booming-voice Charlton "Charlie the Talking Horse" Heston as Moses, Yul Brynner as Pharaoh, beauty queen Yvonne De Carlo as Moses' wife Sephora, and Heston's son Fraser as baby Moses; the great scene of the Red Sea parting fills theaters, doing $122.7M box office on a $13M budget; Debra Paget is chosen for the part of Lilia after De Mille tells her "I feel the hand of God has been on you", causing her to become a born-again Christian in the 1970s; "Moses, you splendid, stubborn, admirable fool." Terence Young's That Lady (May 11) (MGM) (Atalanta Film), produced by Sy Bartlett and Ronald Kinnoch based on the 1946 Kate O'Brien novel "For One Sweet Grape", and filmed in Cinemascope debuts, featuring breathtaking footage of the Spanish countryside; stars eyepatch-wearing Olivia de Havilland as sword-toting princess Ana de Mendoza, princess of Eboli, who lost her right eye defending the honor of her workaholic king Philip II of Spain, played by Birmingham-born stage actor David Paul Scofield (1922-2008) in his film debut; Gilbert Roland plays commoner Antonio Perez, whom Philip II wants to be his first secy., giving Ana the job of tutoring him, only to see them hook up and cause a scandal, whipped up by Philip II's other minister Mateo Vasquez (Dennis Price); Christopher Lee has a minor role as capt. of the guard; music by John Addison. Mervyn LeRoy's Toward the Unknown (Brink of Hell) (Oct. 20), written by "Twelve O'Clock" High" novelist Beirne Lay Jr. stars William Holden as USAF Maj. Lincoln Bond, who becomes a Korean War POW for 14 months and cracks, signing a confession before returning to Edwards AFB in Calif. as a test pilot, where Brig. Gen. Banner (Lloyd Nolan) doesn't trust him to fly supersonic jets; the film debut of part-Cherokee James Garner (James Scott Bumgarner) (1928-2014) as Maj. Joe Craven. William Morgan's The Violent Years, written by Ed Wood stars Jean Moorhead as Paula Parkins, the leader of a gang of juvenile delinquent h.s. girls, who like to say "So what?" King Vidor's War and Peace (Aug. 21), the first English adaptation of the 1863-9 Leo Tolstoy novel that took two years of filming features Audrey Hepburn as Natasha Rostov in an attempt to film the unfilmable zillion-character novel, with a confused script worked on by six writers but made up for by lavish production, great battle scenes, and her?; also stars Henry Fonda as Prince Pierre Bezukhov, Anita Ekberg as Princess Helena Kuragin, John Mills as Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, Edward C. Platt as Napoleon, and Oscar Homolka as Russian Gen. Kutuzov. Koji Shima's Warning from Space (Mysterious Satellite) (Jan. 29), based on the novel by Gentaro Nakajima becomes the first Japanese color sci-fi film, about starfish-like ETs disguising themselves as humans to try to warn them of an approaching rogue planet. Hank McCune's Wetbacks stars wet-backed gringo Lloyd Bridges as fishing boat skipper Jim Benson, who helps the INS nab wetback smugglers. Jacques Tourneur's Wichita (July 3) (Allied Artists Pictures) stars Joel McCrea as Wyatt Earp, who reluctantly accepts the job of town marshal then demands all guns be surrendered; Peter Graves plays Morgan Earp; does $2.4M box office. Douglas Sirk's Written on the Wind (Dec.), based on the Robert Wilder novel is a channeling of the 1970s TV series "Dallas", starring Lauren Bacall, Rock Hudson, Dorothy Malone, Robert Stack et al., reveling in the deadly sin side of the Am. Dream. Plays: Jean Anouilh (1910-87), Pauvre Bitoz ou Le Diner de Tetes (Poor Bitos, or The Masked Dinner) (comedy); aristocrats torment a self-made man. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), Act Without Words I/II; All That Fall (Lovely Day at the Races); debuts on BBC radio in Sept. Brendan Behan (1923-64), The Quare Fellow; Irish pronunciation of "queer", meaning a condemned man, not a gay man; original title "The Twisting of Another Rope"; makes him a star; incl. the song The Auld Triangle. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Hershy Kay (1919-81), Lillian Hellman (1905-84), and Richard Wilbur (1921-2017), Candide (musical) (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Dec. 1) (73 perf.) (Saville Theatre, West End, London) (Apr. 30, 1959) (60 perf.); based on the 1759 novel by Voltaire; Broadway production stars Robert Rounseville as Candide, Barbara Cook as Cunegonde, Max Adrian as Pangloss, and Irra Petina as the Old Lady; revised on Broadway in 1974 with a new book by Hugh Wheeler, becoming far more successful (740 perf.); features the songs Overture, The Best of All Possible Worlds, Glitter and Be Gay. Elias Canetti (1905-95), Die Befristeten (Their Days are Numbered) (Oxford). Jule Styne (1905-94), Betty Comden (1917-2006), Adolph Green (1914-2002), Bells Are Ringing (musical) (Shubert Theatre, New York) (Nov. 29) (Alvin Theatre, New York) (924 perf.) (Coliseum, West End, London) (Nov. 14, 1957) (292 perf.); dir. by Jerome Robbins; choreographed by Robbins and Bob Fosse; Brooklyn telephone operator Ella Peterson (Judy Holliday) of Susananswerphone, known for playing games with customers by assuming fake roles falls for handsome playwright Jeffrey Moss (Sydney Chaplain) while pretending to be old woman Mom on the phone; meanwhile the cops suspect it's a front for a call girl service; filmed in 1960; features the songs Bells Are Ringing, Long Before I Knew You, Just in Time, The Party's Over. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), Der Besuch von Alten Dame (The Visit by an Old Woman). Horton Foote (1916-), John Turner Davis; The Midnight Caller. Jean Genet (1910-86), The Balcony (Arts Theatre Club, London) (Apr. 22) (Circle in the Square Theatre, New York) (Mar. 3, 1960); pub. in French in 1956; an upscale brothel ("house of illusions") run by madam Irma (Selma Vaz Dias) in an unnamed city during a rev. in the streets, where patrons play public authority figures (Irma = the Queen); after the rev. ends, they become the real authority figures; filmed in 1963 by Joseph Strick; Genet attempts to obstruct the London opening night performance but is blocked by the police. Lillian Hellman (1905-84), Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), and Richard Wilbur (1921-2017), Candide (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Dec. 1); based on Voltaire's work, starring Robert Rounseville as Candide, Max Adrian as Dr. Pangloss, and Barbara Cook as Cunegonde; a flop. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), Improvisation, or the Shepherd's Chameleon (L'Impromptu de l'Alma). Ann Jellicoe (1927-), The Sport of My Mad Mother (debut); title from the Hindu saying "All creation is the sport of my mad mother Kali". Hugh Leonard (1926-2009), The Big Birthday Suit (first play) (Abbey Theatre, Dublin). Alan Jay Lerner (1918-86) and Frederick Loewe (1901-88), My Fair Lady (musical) (Mark Hellinger Theatre, New York) (Mar. 15) (2,717 perf.); based on George Bernard Shaw's 1913 "Pygmalion"; title comes from the nursery rhyme "London Bridge is Falling Down"; stars Rex Harrison as Prof. Henry Higgins, and Julie Andrews as Eliza Doolittle; features the songs I Could Have Danced All Night, On the Street Where You Live; Andrews is two weeks from going home to England from New York when she is cast for the production?; filmed in 1964, restoring Harrison's Hollywood career, which tanked when Carole Landis committed suicide for him in 1948. Frank Loesser (1910-69), The Most Happy Fella (musical) (Imperial Theatre, New York) (May 3) (676 perf.); based on the 1924 play "They Knew What They Wanted" by Sidney Howard, about a romance between an older man and a younger woman; stars baritone Robert Weede as aging Italian-Am. Calif. farme Tony Esposito, Jo Sullivan as Rosabella, and Art Lund as Joey; featured in the Mar. 25, 1957 episode of "I Love Lucy" ("Lucy's Night in Town"); a step away from an opera?; features the songs Standing on the Corner (Watching All the Girls Go By), Happy to Make Your Acquaintance, Big D, Joey, Joey, Joey, Mamma, Mamma. Felicien Marceau 91913-), L'Oeuf (comedy). Arthur Miller (1915-2005), A Memory of Two Mondays; 1-act play about a Depression-era auto parts factory; another flop - get your head out of your gonads? Marguerite Monnot (1903-61) and Alexandre Breffort (1901-71), Irma La Douce (musical) (Theatre Gramont, Paris) (Nov. 12) (Lyric Theatre, West End, London) (July 17, 1958) (1,512 perf.) (Plymouth Theatre, New York) (Sept. 25, 1960) (Alvin Theatre, New York) (Oct. 30, 1961) (524 perf.); poor Parisian law student Nestor le Fripe (Fripé) falls in love with a hooker with a heart of gold, and disguises himself as rich older man Oscar, keeping her by holding down several jobs, which gets him down, so he pretends to kill Oscar, and is convicted of his murder and sent to Devil's Island, then escapes, returns, and proves his innocence, living happily with her forever; filmed in 1963 starring Shirley MacLaine and Jack Lemmon. Alwin Nikolais (1910-93), Kaleidoscope. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), Long Day's Journey Into Night (semi-autobio.) (posth.) (Royal Dramatic Theatre, Stockholm) (Feb. 2) (Helen Hayes Theatre, New York) (Nov. 7) (Pulitzer Prize); written in 1941; his masterpiece?; a day in Aug. 1912 from 8:30 a.m. to midnight in the seaside Conn. home of the dysfunctional alcohol-morphine-taking Tyrone acting family in Monte Cristo Cottage; James Tyrone Sr. (65) (Fredric March), Mary Cavan Tyrone (54) (Florence Eldridge), James "Jamie" Tyrone Jr. (33) (Jason Robards Jr.), Edmund Tyrone (23) (Bradford Dillman), Cathleen the maid (Katherine Ross); filmed in 1962; "We are such stuff as manure is made on, so let's drink up and forget it." (Edmund) John Osborne (1929-94), Look Back in Anger (May 8) (Royal Court Theatre, London); Jimmy Porter, his upper-middle-class wife Alison, her snooty best friend Helena Charles, and Welsh lodger Cliff, who tries to keep them apart; written in 17 days in a deck chair on Morecambe Pier; ushers in the new era in British theater of "kitchen sink realism", featuring angry-young-man working class Brits who spend their free time in grimy pubs ragging on their problems and questioning the purpose of the monarchy; "I could not love anyone who did not wish to see Look Back in Anger. It is the best young play of its decade" (Harold Hobson). Octavio Paz (1914-98), La Hija de Rappaccini. Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), The Last Station (Die Letzte Station); the fall of the Third Reich. Peter Ustinov (1921-2004), Romanoff and Juliet. Arnold Wesker (1932-), Chicken Soup with Barley (Belgrade Theatre, Coventry); first of the Wesker Trilogy ("Roots", "I'm Talking About Jerusalem") about the Communist Jewish Kahn family in 1936-56 London. John Whiting (1917-63), The Gates of Summer. Poetry: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Roman Inacheve. Edgar Bowers (1924-2000), The Form of Loss (debut). William Bronk (1918-99), Light and Dark (debut); 2nd ed. pub. in 1975. Leonard Cohen (1934-2016), Let Us Compare Mythologies (debut). Robert Creeley (1926-2005), If You. Edwin Denby (1903-83), Mediterranean Cities. Allen Ginsberg (1926-97), Howl and Other Poems (Nov.) (written during a peyote vision); "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness" (opening line); "America I'm putting my queer shoulder to the wheel"; "Hold back the edges of your gowns, Ladies, we are going through hell" (intro. by William Carlos Williams); San Francisco police confiscate it from publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti for obscenity, but on Oct. 3, 1957 Judge Clayton W. Horn finds "redeeming social importance", ruling it not obscene, with the soundbyte: "Would there be any freedom of press or speech if one must reduce his vocabulary to vapid innocuous euphemisms?"; the man "who jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge and walked away unknown and forgotten into the ghostly daze of Chinatown" is New York poet Naphtali "Tuli" Kupferberg (1923-2010) of The Fugs. David Ignatow (1914-97), The Gentle Weightlifter; "Every man to his kind of welcome in the world". Irving Layton (1912-2006), The Bull Calf and Other Poems; The Improved Binoculars: Selected Poems; Music on a Kazoo. Denise Levertov (1923-97), Here and Now. Harry Edmund Martinson (1904-78), Aniara (Oct. 13); 103 poems about a spaceship carrying 8K people away from a nuked Earth. W.S. Merwin (1927-), Green with Beasts. Eugenio Montale (1896-1981), Le Bufera e Altro (The Storm and Other Things). Marianne Moore (1887-1972), Like a Bulwark. Robert Pack (1929-), The Irony of Joy (debut). Octavio Paz (1914-98), La Estacion Violenta. John B. Wain (1925-94), A Word Carved on a Sill. Richard Wilbur (1921-2017), Things of This World (Pulitzer Prize). Louis Zukofsky (1904-78), Some Time: Short Poems. Novels: Edward Paul Abbey (1927-89), The Brave Cowboy. Nelson Algren (1909-81), A Walk on the Wild Side; Dove Linkhorn tries to rescue ho Hallie Gerard; incl. "Algren's Three Rules of Life": "Never play cards with a man called Doc. Never eat at a place called Mom's. Never sleep with a woman whose troubles are worse than your own." Eric Ambler (1909-98), The Night-Comers (State of Siege). Louis Auchincloss (1917-), The Great World and Timothy Colt. James Baldwin (1924-87), Giovanni's Room; shocking gay central chars. John Barth (1930-), The Floating Opera (first novel); bachelor lawyer Todd Andrews decides to end it in June, 1937; written in his Wunderjahr of 1955, along with two more in his "nihilist trilogy". Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000), Cinque Storie Ferraresi (short stories); first in the Romance of Ferrara series, about Italian Jews under Fascism (1956-72). Saul Bellow (1915-2005), Seize the Day; Wilhelm "Tommy" Adler gives up Hollywood for sales, gets forced out, goes to Jew York, is rejected by his wealthy father, loses his money to Dr. Tamkin, and faces the Abyss. Charles F. Blair Jr. (1909-78) and A.J. Wallis, Thunder Above; filed in 1960 as "Beyond the Curtain". Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Eldorado Jane. William Brinkley, Don't Go Near the Water; #1 bestseller comic novel about public relations on Tulura Island (Guam) in the South Pacific in WWII. Brigid Brophy (1929-95), The King of a Rainy Country. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Imperial Woman; dowager empress Cixi (Tzu Hsi). Eugene Burdick (1918-65), The Ninth Wave. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), It's Always Four O'Clock; Pale Moon. Oliver Butterworth (1915-90), The Enormous Egg; 12-y.-o. New England farmboy Nate Twitchell of Freedom, N.H. raises Triceratops Uncle Beasley from a hen's egg; "My name is Nate Twitchell, but I can't help that" (opening line). Alejo Carpentier (1904-80), El Acoso (The Manhunt). John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Fear is the Same; Patrick Butler for the Defense; new detective. Alice Childress (1920-94), Like One of the Family. John Christopher (Samuel Youd) (1922-2012), The Death of Grass (No Blade of Grass; a virus kills the grass and causes a famine; filmed in 1970 by Cornel Wilde. Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008), The City and the Stars; rewrite of his first novel (1948) "Against the Fall of Night"; Alvin of the hi-tech city of Diaspar finds out about the back-to-nature city of Lys. William Cooper (1910-2002), Disquiet and Peace. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), A Thing of Beauty. R.F. Delderfield (1912-72), The Adventures of Ben Gunn. Patrick Dennis (1921-76), Auntie Mama, The Loving Couple: His (and Her) Story; Guestward, Ho!; gives him a record three New York Times bestsellers at the same time. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), La Loi des Males; Tistou les Pouces Verts. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), Die Panne (The Traps). William Eastlake (1917-97), Go in Beauty (first novel); #1 in the Checkerboard Trilogy (1956-63). Ian Fleming (1908-64), Diamonds Are Forever (James Bond 007 #4) (Mar. 26); an investigation of a diamond-smuggling ring in Sierra Leone leads to Las Vegas and hot smuggler babe Tiffany Case; filmed in 1971. Pat Frank (1908-64), Forbidden Area; soviet sleeper agents infiltrate the U.S.; filmed as episode #1 of "Playhouse 90", written by Rod Serling. Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012), La Region Mas Transparente (first novel); main char. is Mexico City. Pat Frank (1908-64), Forbidden Area; about Soviet sleeper agents in the U.S. Shichiro Fuzakawa (1914-87), The Ballad of Narayama. Fred Gipson (1908-73), Old Yeller (Newbery Medal); Tex. teenie Travis Coates takes care of the ranch incl. mother and younger brother Arliss after daddy goes on a cattle drive, and adopts a dog whose bark sounds like a human yell; after Old Yeller rescues the family from several scrapes, it is bitten by a rabid wolf and put down, but leaves some puppies incl. Savage Sam; followed by "Savage Sam" (1962), and "Little Arliss" (1978); filmed in 1957 by Walt Disney. Herbert Gold (1924-), The Man Who Was Not With It. Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), The Malefactors. Winston Graham (1908-2003), The Sleeping Partner. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Catacrok! Mostly Stories, Mostly Funny (short stories). Walter Greenwood (1903-74), Down by the Sea. Elgin Groseclose (1899-1983), The Scimitar of Saladin. A.B. Guthrie Jr. (1901-91), These Thousand Hills. Marion Hargrove (1919-2003), The Girl He Left Behind. Mark Harris (1922-2007), Bang the Drum Slowly, by Henry W. Wiggen: Certain of His Enthusiasms Restrained; Henry Wiggen #2; a dying catcher; best baseball novel of all time?; staged live on the CBS-TV show "The U.S. Steel Hour" starring Paul Newman and Albert Salmi. Willi Heinrich (1920-2005), The Willing Flesh; filmed in 1977 as "Cross of Iron". L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), A Perfect Woman. Frank Herbert (1920-86), Under Pressure (The Dragon in the Sea); inspires Sir W.R. Hawthorne's Dracones. John Hersey (1914-92), A Single Pebble; young Am. engineer and his experiences traveling up the Yantgtze River in China to scout the Three Gorges Dam, ending up reconsidering his Western assumptions. Robert A. Heinlein (1907-88), Double Star. Edward Hoagland (1932-), Cat Man; handler of big cats. Elizabeth Jane Howard (1923-), The Long View. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), La Vase. Clifford Irving (1930-), On a Darkling Plain (first novel); set at Cornell U. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1927-), Nature of Passion. Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), The Last Resort. Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957), God's Pauper: St. Francis of Assisi. Elmore Leonard (1925-2013), Escape from Five Shadows. Carlo Levi (1902-75), Il Futuro ha un Cuore Antico (The Future Has an Ancient Heart. Meyer Levin (1905-81), Compulsion; the Leopold and Loeb case; the first non-fiction novel? Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), The Red Priest (last novel). Eric Linklater (1899-1974), The Dark of Summer. Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), Mr. Hamish Gleave. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), The Towers of Trebizond; her masterpiece?; autobio. novel about Laurie, her Aunt Dot, Laura's mystical Christianity adopted in 1953 after years of secularism, and her hangups over adulterous love during a tour of Turkey with the Rev. the Hon. Father Hugh Chantrey-Pigg, ending in a secret trip to Russia; "'Take my camel, dear', said Aunt Dot, as she climbed down from this animal on her return from High Mass" (opening line); "Adultery is a meanness and a stealing, a taking away from someone what should be theirs, a great selfishness, and surrounded and guarded by lies lest it should be found out. And out of meanness and selfishness and lying flow love and joy and peace beyond anything that can be imagined." Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), Thin Ice. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), The Cairo Trilogy (1956-7); about the Abdal-Jawad clan; incl. Palace Walk, Palace of Desire (1957), Sugar Street. Charles Eric Maine (1921-81), High Vacuum. Curzio Malaparte (1898-1957), Maleditti Toscani. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), Girl in May. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), Our Valiant Few; Lysander. William Keepers Maxwell Jr. (1908-2000), Stories (short stories). Ed McBain (1926-2005), Cop Hater; the first of 55 novels about the 87th Police Precinct and detective hero Steve Carella, the conscience of the squad room, inventing the police procedural. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), Venice Observed. Shepherd Mead (1914-94), How to Get Rich in TV Without Really Trying. Grace Metalious (1924-64), Peyton Place; working title "The Tree and the Blossom"; incest in a New England town, based on Gilmanton, Laconia, and Alton, N.H.; #2 U.S. blockbuster novel after "Gone With the Wind" (1936); sells more copies than any other novel in the U.S. prior to 1960 (Harper Lee), staying #1 for 26 weeks, and on the bestseller list for two years; Puritanical advance publicity calling it "trash" causes it to climb to #4 prior to release; gets her small town school principal hubby George fired?; "If I'm a lousy writer, then an awful lot of people have lousy taste"; "Even Tom Sawyer had a girlfriend, and to talk about adults without talking about their sex drives is like talking about a window without glass". Yukio Mishima (1925-70), The Temple of the Golden Pavilion. Nicholas Monsarrat (1910-79), The Tribe That Lost Its Head; followed by "Richer Than All His Tribe" (1968). Alan Moorehead (1910-83), Gallipoli; claims that the British almost defeated the Turks on the night of Mar. 18, 1915, but screwed up via poor communications; by a WWII war correspondent turned historian. Wright Morris (1910-98), The Field of Vision. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), Spring in Fialta and Other Stories. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Rancho of the Little Loves. Hans Erich Nossack (1901-77), Spirale. Francois Nourissier (1927-), Les Orphelins d'Auteuil, Les Chiens a Fouetter. Patrick O'Brian (1914-2000), The Golden Ocean; Lying in the Sun and Other Stories. Edwin O'Connor (1918-68), The Last Hurrah; Frank Skeffington is based on Boston mayor James Curley. Zoe B. Oldenbourg (1916-2002), Reveilles de la Vie. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), Never Say Die; A Time for Murder. Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), Scherzi di Gioventu. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), A Means of Grace. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), The Black and the Red; Flim Flam. Robert Pinget (1919-97), Graal Flibuste. Frederik Pohl (1919-), Slave Ship; about a low-intensity global war between the U.S. and the Cow-Dyes (Caodai), where the CIA telepaths fall victim to the fatal Glotch caused by a Caodai bioweapon. Dawn Powell (1896-1965), A Man's Affair; rev. of "Angels on Toast" (1940). Richard P. Powell (1908-99), The Philadelphian; bestseller; filmed in 1959 as "The Young Philadelphians". John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), The Brazen Head. V.S. Pritchett (1900-97), Collected Stories; The Sailor, The Sense of Humour and Other Stories. James Purdy (1914-2009), 63: Dream Palace (short stories) (debut); the English ed. censors the word "motherfucker". Ellery Queen, Inspector Queen's Own Case. Mary Renault (1905-83), The Last of the Wine; her first historical novel, about gay buds in ancient Greece. Kenneth Lewis Roberts (1885-1957), Boon Island. Francoise Sagan (1935-2004), A Certain Smile (Un Certain Sourire); about 20-y.-o. Sorbonne law student Dominique, who hooks up with middle-aged businessman Luc. William Sansom (1912-76), A Contest of Ladies; The Loving Eye. Paul Mark Scott (1920-78), A Male Child. Allan Seager (1906-68), Hilda Manning. Mary Lee Settle (1918-2005), O Beulah Land; #1 in the Beulah Quintet about the history of W. Va. (ends 1982). Irwin Shaw (1913-84), Lucy Crown. Dodie Smith (1896-1990), The One Hundred and One Dalmatians; or, The Great Dog Robbery; about the Dearlys, whose 15 Dalmatian puppies are kidnapped by Cruella de Vil to skin them for their fur, and held in Hell Hall in Suffolk; the Dalmatian parents are Pongo and Missis, who use runaway liver-spotted Perdita ("lost") as a wet nurse, while Perdita pines for her lost lover Prince; after the puppies use "Twilight barking" to send a distress message, the adults steal away to rescue them, gaining the aid of old English Sheepdog the Colonel; Cruella holds 97 puppies hostage, the four adult Dalmations making you know what; the nannies are Nanny Cook and Nanny Butler; Mr. Dearly is a "financial wizard" who helped eliminate the govt.'s debt and is given lifetime tax exemption and a house on the Outer Circle in Regent's Park, London; filmed by Disney in 1961 as "One Hundred and One Dalmatians". Vern Sneider (1916-98), A Long Way from Home and other Stories. C.P. Snow (1905-80), Homecomings; Strangers and Brothers #6. Elizabeth Spencer (1921-), The Voice at the Back Door. Edward Streeter (1900-76), Merry Christmas Mr. Baxter. Han Suyin (1917-), And the Rain My Drink. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Adventures of a Manuscript; Authors I Never Met; Background with Chorus. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), The Key. Jim Thompson (1906-77), After Dark, My Sweet. Edwin Charles Tubb (1919-2010), The Space-Born; the 16th gen. of a starship crew enact a law eliminating people when they hit 40. Peter De Vries (1910-93), Comfort Me with Apples. Theodore White (1915-86), The Mountain Road; based on his WWII experience in Asia. Gore Vidal (1925-2012), A Thirsty Evil (short stories). Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Ka of Gifford Hillary. Angus Wilson (1913-91), Anglo-Saxon Attitudes. Births: Russian cosmonaut Sergei Avdeyev on Jan. 1 in Chapayevsk, Samara (Kuybyshev) Oblast. Am. Herbalife founder (1980) Mark Reynolds Hughes (d. 2000) on Jan. 1 in La Mirada, Calif. French IMF dir. (first woman) (2011-) Christine Madeleine Odette Lagarde (nee Lallouette) on Jan. 1 in Paris. Am. 6'7" basketball player (Cleveland Cavaliers #30, 1978-81) (San Antonio Spurs #34, 1981-7, 1990) Michael Anthony "Mike" Mitchell (d. 2011) on Jan. 1 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at Auburn U. Australian-Am. "Braveheart", "Mad Max", "Road Warrior", "Lethal Weapon", "The Passion of the Christ" actor-dir. ("Bong smile") Mel Colm-Cille Gerard Gibson on Jan. 3 in Peekskill, N.Y.; son of Hutton Gibson (1918-); emigrates to Australia at age 12. Am. "Mel Gibson's wife in Tequila Sunrise", "Cigarette Girl in Desperately Seeking Susan" actress-singer Ann Magnuson (Bongwater) on Jan. 4 in Charleston, W. Va. English "Love Will Tear Us Apart", "Getting Away With It" rock musician Bernard Sumner (Dicken) (New Order, Joy Division, Electronic) on Jan. 4 in Lower Broughton, Salford, Lancashire. Am. singer-actress Janis Gaye (Janis Elizabeth Hunter) on Jan. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Slim Gaillard (1916-91); 2nd wife of Marvin Gaye (1939-84); mother of Nona Gaye (1974-); hooks up with Marvin after he records "Let's Get It On". Japanese "Iron Chef" chef Chen (Chin) Kenichi on Jan. 5 in Tokyo. Am. track star Rosalyn Evette Bryant on Jan. 7 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Det. John Kelly in NYPD Blue", "Lt. Horatio Caine in CSI: Miami" actor David Stephen Caruso on Jan. 7 in Forest Hills, Queens, N.Y. German Wagnerian soprano Waltraud Meier on Jan. 9 in Wurzburg. Am. "Sunny Came Home" folk musician Shawn Colvin on Jan. 10 in Vermillions, S.D.; grows up in London, Ont. and Carbondale, Ill. Am. singer Robert Earl Keen Jr. on Jan. 11 in Houston, Tex. Am. "The Lemon Tree", "Children of the Stone" journalist Sandy Tolan on Jan. 15 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Canadian "Ace Ventura", "Dumb and Dumber" "Bruce Almighty" actor-comedian (Jewish) James Eugene "Jim" Carrey on Jan. 17 in Newmarket, Ont.; French Canadian ancestry (Carre). Am. "Horatio Caine in CSI: Miami" actor David Stephen Caruso on Jan. 17 in Forest Hills, N.Y. Am. comedian William "Bill" Maher Jr. on Jan. 20 in New York City; Roman Catholic Irish-Am. father, Jewish mother; educated at Cornell U. Am. Olympic swimmer John Phillips Naber on Jan. 20 in Evanston, Ill. Am. 6'0" "Barbara Maitland in Beetlejuice", "Thelma Dickinson in Thelma and Louise", "Dotti Hinson in A League of Their Own" actress-writer-producer (Jewish) Virginia Elizabeth "Geena" Davis on Jan. 21 in Wareham, Mass.; educated at Boston U.; wife (1982-3) of Richard Emmolo, (1987-90) Jeff Goldblum (1952-), (1993-8) Renny Harlin (1959-), and (2001-) Reza Jarrahy. English rock guitarist Andrew "Andy" Cox (The Beat, Fine Young Cannibals) on Jan. 25 in Birmingham. Australian "The Weather Makers" environmentalist-mammalogist-paleontologist Timothy Fridtjof "Tim" Flannery on Jan. 28 in Melbourne; educated at the U. of Melbourne. Am. country singer Ellen Irlene Mandrell on Jan. 29 in Corpus Christi, Tex.; sister of Barbara Mandrell (1948-) and Louise Mandrell (1954-). Am. "Knock on Wood" R&B singer-actress (black) Amy Paulette "Amii" Stewart on Jan. 29 in Washington, D.C. Am. 6'11" basketball player (white) (Indiana Pacers #53, 1978-9) (Boston Celtics #53, 1979-83) (Phoenix Suns #8, 1983-6) Frederick Robert "Rick" Robey on Jan. 30 in Coral Gables, Fla.; educated at the U. of Ky. English punk rock singer Johnny Rotten (John Joseph Lydon) (Sex Pistols, Public Image Ltd.) on Jan. 31 in London; known for his orange hair and for loudly blowing his nose in a big hanky. Am. musician-actress Exene (Christine) Cervenka (X) on Feb. 1. Am. "Starina in Birdcgage" actor (gay) Nathan (Joseph) Lane on Feb. 3 in Jersey City, N.J.; Roman Catholic Irish-Am. parents; "I'm 40, single and I work a lot in the musical theater - you do the math." Am. 6'7" basketball player (black) (Milwaukee Bucks #8, 1977-84) (Los Angeles Clippers #8, 1984-7) (Golden State Warriors #8, 1989) Marques Kevin Johnson on Feb. 8 in Natchitoches, La.; educated at UCLA. Am. "Adam's babe Peggy Dayton's daughter in Bonanza" actress Katie Sweet on Feb. 8 in Covington, Ky. Am. 6'2" basketball player (white) (Kansas City Kings #1, 1978-82) (New York Nets #18, 1982) (Milwaukee Bucks #12, 1982-3) (Houston Rockets #1, 1984-5) Phil Jackson Ford Jr. on Feb. 9 in Rocky Mount, N.C.; educated at the U. of N.C. UAE Ras Al Khaimah emir (2010-) Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr al Qasimi on Feb. 10 in Dubai; 4th son of Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qassimi (1918-2010). Am. "Lindsay Buchanan in One Life to Live" actress Catherine Hickland on Feb. 11 in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. Am. talk show host and actor (black) Arsenio Hall on Feb. 12 in Cleveland, Ohio: "I don't possess a lot of self confidence. I'm an actor so I simply act confident every time I hit the stage." English rock bassist Peter "Hooky" Hook (Joy Division, New Order) on Feb. 13 in Salford, Greater Manchester. Am. Miracle Mop inventor Joy Mangano on Feb. 15 in New York City; Italian-Am. parents; educated at Pace U. Am. "Al Borland in Home Improvement", "Family Feud" actor-host Richard Karn Wilson on Feb. 17 in Seattle, Wash. Am. biophysicist Roderick MacKinnon on Feb. 19 in Burlington, Mass.; educated at Brandeis U.; 2003 Nobel Chem. Prize. English rock singer-songwriter David "Dave" Wakeling on Feb. 19 (English Beat, General Public) in Birmingham. Am. GE CEO (2000-) Jeffrey Robert "Jim" Immelt on Feb. 19 in Cincinnati, Ohio; educated at Dartmouth College and Harvard U. Chinese-Am. "Waiting" novelist-poet Ha Jin (Jin Xuefei) on Feb. 21 in Lianoning, China; adopts the name Ha from his favorite city Harbin; emigrates to the U.S. in 1984; educated at Brandeis U. Am. TV news anchor (Jewish?) Paula Ann Zahn on Feb. 24 in Omaha, Neb.; educated at Stephens College. Am. "Caitlin O'Shannessy in Airwolf", "Maggie Poole in Magnum, P.I." actress Jean Bruce Scott (Margaret Yvonne Middleton) on Feb. 25 in Monterey, Calif. French "Les Particules Elementaires", "Submission" novelist-poet Michel Houellebecq (Thomas) on Feb. 26 on Reunion Island.; Corsican descent mother; grows up in Algeria; educated at the Inst. Nat. Agronomique Paris. Am. 6'5" basketball small forward (black) (Utah Jazz #4, 1979-86) Adrian Delano Dantley on Feb. 28 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Notre Dame U. Am. serial murderer Aileen Carol Wuornos (nee Pittman) (d. 2002) on Feb. 29 in Rochester, Mich. Am. "Joe Hackett in Wings" actor-dir.-producer James Timothy "Tim" Daly on Mar. 1 in New York City; daughter of James Daly (1918-78); brother of Tyne Daly (1946-). Am. "D.C. Madam" Deborah Jeane Palfrey (d. 2008) on Mar. 18 in Charleroi (near Pittsburgh), Penn.; educated at Rollins College. Am. R&B singer (white) ("Queen of Blue-Eyed Soul") Teena Marie (Lady T) (Mary Christine Brockert) (d. 2010) on Mar. 5 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. "Hal in Malcolm in the Middle" "Walter H. White in Breaking Bad" actor Bryan Cranston on Mar. 7 in San Fernando Valley, Calif. Am. economist David Robert Malpass on Mar. 8 in Petoskey, Mich.; eduated at Colo. College, U. of Denver, and Georgetown U. Am. economist English rock bassist Stephen Percy "Steve" Harris (Iron Maiden) on Mar. 12 in Leytonstone, London. Am. JPMorgan Chase & Co. billionaire CEO (2004-) James L. "Jamie" Dimon (pr. DIE-mun) on Mar. 13 in New York City; of Greek descent; educated at Tufts U., and Harvard U. Swedish Alpine skier Jan Ingemar Stenmark on Mar. 18 in Joesjo, Storumans. Russian Shock Therapy economist and PM (1992) Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (d. 2009) on Mar. 19 in Moscow. Swedish "Sabina in The Unbearable Lightness of Being" actress Lena Maria Jonna Olin on Mar. 22 in Stockholm; 1975 Miss Scandinavia. Portuguese PM #115 (2002-4) Jose Manuel Durao (Durão) Barroso on Mar. 23 in Lisbon; educated at the U. of Lisbon, European Univ. Inst., and U. of Geneva. Am. "Three Junes" novelist Julia Glass on Mar. 23 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Yale U. Am. Microsoft CEO (2000-14) (Jewish) Steven Anthony "Steve" Ballmer on Mar. 24 in Detroit, Mich.; Swiss immigrant father, Jewish Belarus immigrant mother; grows up in Farmington Hills, Mich.; educated at Harvard U.; Microsoft employee #30 (June 11, 1980). Am. "I Know What Boys Like" singer Patricia J. "Patty" Donahue (d. 1996) (Waitresses) on Mar. 29 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "Thomas Flair" Olympic gymnast Kurt Bilteaux Thomas on Mar. 29 in Miami, Fla. Am. military historian (Jewish) (neoconservative) (co-founder of the Project for the New Am. Century) Eliot Asher Cohen on Apr. 3 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. Am. physician-diplomat Deborah Leah Birx on Apr. 4 in Carlisle, Penn; educated at Houghton College, and Penn. State U. Am. "Picket Fences", "Chicago Hope", "The Practice", "Ally McBeal", "Boston Legal" writer-producer ){rptestamt_ David Edward Kelley on Apr. 4 in Waterville, Maine; educated at Princeton U., and Boston U.; husband (1993-) of Michelle Pfeiffer (1958-); likes to write on a yellow legal pad with a Bic ballpoint pen. U.S. Rep. (R-Minn.) (2007-) (Lutheran) Michele Marie Bachmann (nee Amble) on Apr. 6 in Waterloo, Iowa; of Norwegian descent; educated at Oral Roberts U. Am. "The Godfather: Part III" actor Andy Garcia (Andres Arturo Garcia y Menendez) on Apr. 12 in Havana, Cuba; flees Havana to the U.S. with his family at age 5-1/2. Am. "Congressman Fields in The West Wing", "Ghost Pilot in Ghost Whisperer", "Deke Slayton in Apollo 13", "J.T. in My Cousin Vinny" actor Chris Ellis on Apr. 14 in Dallas, Tex. English rock musician Paul Mario Day (Iron Maiden) on Apr. 19 in Whitechapel, East London. Am. "Star 80" actor Eric Anthony "E.R." Roberts on Apr. 18 in Biloxi, Miss.; brother of Julia Roberts (1967-) and Lisa Roberts Gillan (1965-); father of Emma Roberts (1991-). Algerian Islamist politician Abdallah Djaballah on May 2 in Skikda. Am. "Snow Falling on Cedars" writer David Guterson on May 4 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wash. Am. "Ensign Casey Seeger in An Officer and a Gentleman", "Jeannette Jenny Summers in Beverly Hills Cop" actress Lisa Maria Eilbacher on May 5 in Dharan, Saudi Arabia; grows up in France. Russian Novolipetsk Steel billionaire Vladimir Sergeyevich Lisin on May 7 in Ivanovo. Dutch PM (2002-10) Jan Peter (Pieter) Balkenende Jr. on May 7 in Biezelinge. English "The Madness of King George" dir.-producer (Jewish) (gay) Nicholas Robert Hytner on May 7 in Manchester; educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge U. Am. serial murderer Elmer Wayne Henley Jr. on May 9 in Houston, Tex. Am. Rathergate CBS News TV journalist Mary Alice Mapes on May 9 in Burlington, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wash. Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr (Alexander) Yuriyevich "Sasha" Kaleri on May 13 in Jurmala, Latvia. Indian guru Sri Sri Ravi Shankar Ratnam on May 13 in Papanasam, Tamil Nadu. Am. sportscaster Dan Patrick (Daniel Patrick Pugh) on May 15 in Zanesville, Ohio. Czech PM (2006-9) Mirek Topolanek (Topolánek) on May 15 in Vsetin. Am. 6'4" basketball player (black) (San Diego Clippers #20, 1978-82) Freeman Williams on May 15 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Portland State U. Am. boxer (black) Ray Charles "Sugar Ray" Leonard on May 17 in Wilmington, N.C. Am. Dem. Houston, Tex. mayor #61 (2010-6) (lesbian) Annise Danette Parker on May 17 in Houston, Tex.; educated at Jones College, Rice U. Am. "Danny Tanner in Full House" actor-comedian (Jewish) ("America's Dad") Robert Lane "Bob" Saget (d. 2022) on May 17 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Temple U. Australian musician James "Jim" Moginie (Midnight Oil) on May 18 in Sydney, N.S.W. English musician-producer Martyn "Teddy Bear" Ware (Human League, Heaven 17) on May 19 in Sheffield. Am. "Square Rooms", "Steve Carrington in Dynasty" singer-actor-producer Al Corley on May 22 in Wichita, Kan. Am. Muslim convert (black) (co-founder of Zaytuna College) Zaid Salim Shakir (Ricky D. Mitchell) on May 24 in Berkeley, Calif.; educated at Am. U. and Rutgers U. Australian historian (of witchcraft) Lyndal Roper on May 28 in Melbourne; educated at the U. of Melbourne, U. of Tubingen, and King's College London. Am. "Heart Don't Lie", "If you Feel the Funk", "Hot Potato", "Sexbox" singer-songwriter-actress (black) La Toya Yvone Jackson on May 29 in Gary, Ind.; 5th child; sister of Michael Jackson (1958-2009); mother Katherine goes Jehovah's Witness in 1966. Am. actress Lisa Hartman-Black on June 1 in Houston, Tex.; wife (1991-) of Clint Black (1962-). Am. computer programmer (MS-DOS creator) Tim Paterson on June 1; educated at the U. of Wash. Am. guitarist Reeves Gabrels (Tin Machine) on June 4 in Staten Island, N.Y. English "Pretty in Pink" singer Richard Lofthouse "Butler Rep" Butler (Psychedelic Furs) on June 5 in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey; brother of Tim Butler (1958-). Am. "Duotones" saxophonist Kenny G (Kenneth Gorelick) on June 5 in Seattle, Wash.; takes up sax after hearing it on the Ed Sullivan Show. South African "Persuasion", "Notting Hill", "My Cousin Rachel" dir. Roger Michell on June 5 in Pretoria educated at Clifton College, and Queen's College, Cambridge U. Am. football coach (Minn. Vikings, 2014-) Michael "Mike" Zimmer on June 5 in Peoria, Ill.; educated at Ill. State U. Swedish tennis player Bjorn (Björn) Rune Borg on June 6 in Stockholm; wins 11 Grand Slam titles in 1974-81, and is washed-up at age 25. Am. celeb Bonnie Lee Bakley (d. 2001) on June 7 in Morristown, N.J. Am. record producer (black) (co-founder of LaFace Records) Antonio Marquis "L.A." Reid on June 7 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Dr. Kay Scarpetta" crime mystery writer Patricia Cornwell (Patricia Carroll Daniels) on June 9 in Miami, Fla. Am. 6'2" football hall-of-fame QB ("Joe Cool") ("Mister Comeback") ("The Comeback Kid") (San Francisco 49ers #16, 1979-92) (Kansas City Chiefs #19, 1993-4) Joseph Clifford "Joe" Montana Jr. on June 11 in New Eagle, Penn.; educated at Notre Dame U. Am. "In the Heart of the Sea", "Mayflower" writer Nathaniel Philbrick on June 11 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Brown U. and Duke U. Am. physician (founder of Camillus Health Concern) Pedro Jose "Dr. Joe" Greer Jr. on June 15 in Miami, Fla.; Cuban immigrant parents; Irish great-grandfather; educated at the U. of Fla. Am. world's tallest woman (7' 7-1/4") Sandra Elaine "Sandy" Allen on June 18 in Chicago, Ill; 7 lbs. 14 oz. at birth; 6 ft. at age 10, 7 ft. at age 14. Am. Olympic runner Janice Melbourne "Jan" Merrill on June 18 in New London, Conn. Am. Chicago artist Carlos Fresquez on June 19 in Denver, Colo. Austrian "Why Social Preferenes Matter" economist Ernst Fehr on June 21 in Hard; educated at the U. of Vienna. Am. "Lt. Cmdr. Tuvok in Star Trek" Voyager" actor-dir.-writer (black) Timothy Darrell "Tim" Russ on June 22 in Washington, D.C. Am. "American Idol" judge-bassist-singer-producer (black) Randall Darius "Randy" Jackson on June 23 in Baton Rouge, La. South Korean cult leader Choi Soon-sil on June 23. Am. Roman Catholic-turned-Protestant pastor Mark "Blood Moon" Blitz on June 25. Am. "Kitchen Confidential", "No Reservations", "Parts Unknown" TV chef Anthony Michael Bourdain (d. 2018) on June 25 in New York City; educated at Vassar College, and Culinary Inst. of Am. Am. Christian evangelical pastor (bi) Ted Arthur Haggard on June 27 in Yorktown, Ind. Saudi prince (first Arab, first Muslim, and first royal in space) Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud on June 27 in Riyadh; 2nd son of Prince Salman (1939-). Am. Wicca writer Scott Douglas Cunningham (d. 1993) on June 27 in Royal Oak, Mich.; grows up in San Diego, Calif. Israeli leftist journalist Amira Hass on June 28 in Jerusalem. Bosnian pres. (2010-) (Muslim) Bakir Izetbegovic on June 28 in Sarajevo; son of Alija Izetbegovic (1925-2003). Pakistani ambassador (to the U.S.) (2008-11) Husain (Hussain) Haqqani on July 1 in Karachi. Am. "Cameron Frye in Ferris Bueller's Day Off", "Stuart Bondek in Spin City" actor Alan Ruck on July 1 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. 6'0" blonde-blue model-actress Jerry Faye Hall on July 2 in Gonzales, Tex.; wife (1990-99) of Mick Jagger (1943-). Am. talk show host (black) Montel Brian Anthony Williams on July 3 in Baltimore, Md. Praguayan pres. #50 (2013-8) Horacio Manuel Cartes Jara on July 5 in Asuncion. Am. musician John Jorgenson (The Hellecasters, Desert Rose Band) on July 6 in Madison, Wisc. Am. "Forrest Gump", "Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia", "James Lovell in Apollo 13", "Capt. John H. Miller in Saving Private Ryan", "Michael Sullivan in Road to Perdition" actor-dir.-producer-writer Thomas Jeffrey "Tom" Hanks on July 9 in Concord, Calif.; chef father Amos Mefford Hanks (1924-92) is related to Abe Lincoln's mother Nancy Hanks Lincoln; Portuguese-Am. mother Janet Marylyn Frager (1932-); educated at Calif. State U. Sacramento - 3-Hanky Tom? Am. "Little Jackie in A Big Hand for the Little Lady" actor Jean-Michel Michenaud on July 10 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Greg House's ex-wife Stacy Warner on House, M.D.", "Teddy in Sisters" actress Sela Ann Ward on July 11 in Meridian, Miss. Am. Christian singer Sandi Patty on July 12 in Oklahoma City, Okla. Am. physician Gregg Leonard Semenza on July 12 in Flushing, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U., and U. of Penn.; 2019 Nobel Med. Prize. English rocker (epileptic) Ian Kevin Curtis (d. 1980) (Joy Division) on July 15 in Old Trafford, Manchester. Am. heavyweight boxing champ (1985-7) (black) Michael Spinks on July 13 in St. Louis, Mo.; brother of Leon Spinks (1953-). Am. "Always With Me, Always With You" rock musician-teacher Joseph "Joe" Satriani (Chickenfoot) on July 15 in Westbury, N.Y. Am. "Angels in America", "Munich", "Lincoln" playwright (Jewish) (gay) Anthony Robert "Tony" Kushner on July 16 in New York City; educated at Columbia U., and NYU; partner of Mark Harris. Canadian 5'11" hockey player-coach (New York Islanders, Pittsburgh Penguins) Bryan John Trotter on July 17 in Val Marie, Sask. Italian actress Veronica Lario (Miriam Raffaella Bartolini) on July 19 in Bologna; wife (1990-2010) of Silvio Berlusconi. English rock musician Paul Thomas Cook (The Sex Pistols) on July 20 in Hammersmith, London. Am. chemical engineer Frances Hamilton Arnold on July 25 in Edgewood, Penn.; educated at Princeton U., and UCB; 2018 Nobel Chem. Prize. English sculptor-photographer Andy Goldsworthy on July 26 in Cheshire. Am. Olympic figure skater Dorothy Hamill on July 26 in Chicago, Ill. Am. comedian-writer-actor-producer (Jewish) (lesbian) (vegan) Carol Leifer (pr. LEE-fur) on July 27 in Long Island, N.Y.; "I felt that as a Jewish lesbian, I wasn't part of a small enough minority. So now I'm a Jewish lesbian vegan"; "Being a lesbian is like being on The View 24 hours a day". Am. "Suzanne Sugarbaker in Designing Women" actress Delta Ramona Leah Burke on July 30 in Orlando, Fla.; wife (1989-) of Gerald McRaney (1947-). Am. "Sgt. Kyle Reese in The Terminator", "Cpl. Dwayne Hicks in Aliens", "Randall Buttman in Hill Street Blues" actor Michael Connell Biehn on July 31 in Anniston, Ala.; of part-German descent; educated at the U. of Ariz. U.S. Dem. Mass. gov. #71 (2007-15) (first black) Deval Laurdine Patrick on July 31 in South Side Chicago, Ill.; educated at Harvard U. U.S. Adm. Harry Binkley Harris Jr. on Aug. 4 in Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan; Am. father, Japanese mother; grows up in Tenn. and Fla. first Asian-Am. U.S. adm. Am. Olympic high jumper Joni Luann Huntley on Aug. 4 in McMinnville, Ore. Am. eBay CEO (1998-2008) Margaret Cushing "Met" Whitman on Aug. 4 in Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Princeton U., and Harvard U. Canadian matching theory economist Randall D. Wright on Aug. 4 in ?; educated at the U. of Manitoba, U. of Minn., and U. of Penn. Am. "Sgt. Dee Dee McCall in Hunter" Stepfanie Kramer on Aug. 6 in Los Angeles, Calif.; part Native-Am. mother. Costa Rican diplomat Karen Christiana Figueres on Aug. 7 in San Jose; educated at Swarthmore College, and London School of Economics. Canadian "I, Robot", "Thomas Veil in Nowhere Man", "Pierce Lawton in Knots Landing", "Capt. Christopher Pike in Star Trek 2009" actor Bruce Greenwood on Aug. 12 in Noranda, Quebec. Am. "Sandra Clark in 227", "Lisa Landry in Sister, Sister" actress (black) Jackee (Jackée) Harry on Aug. 14 in Winston-Salem, N.C. Am. race car driver Russell William "Rusty" Wallace on Aug. 14 in Fenton, Mo.; father of Steve Wallace (1987-). English economist Paul David Klemperer on Aug. 15 in ?; educated at Cambridge U., and Stanford U. Am. "Dr. Stanley Keyworth in The West Wing", "Adam in Northern Exposure" actor-dir.-writer (Jewish) Adam Arkin on Aug. 19 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; son of Alan Arkin (1934-); brother of Matthew Arkin (1960-). Am. "The Activist's Handbook" activist-writer Randall Merritt "Randy" Shaw on Aug. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. 5'10" "Pat Nixon in Nixon", "Pamela Landy in Bourne Supremacy" actress Joan Allen on Aug. 20 in Rochelle, Ill.; daughter of a gas station owner. Canadian 5'6" "Samantha Jones in Sex in the City", "Miss Honeywell in Porky's" actress Kim Victoria Cattrall on Aug. 21 in Liverpool, England; emigrates at age 1 to Courtenay, B.C. Am. sheriff #64 of Milwaukee County (2002-17) (black) David Alexander Clark Jr. on Aug. 21 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; educated at the U. of Wisc., and Concordia U.; likes to wear cowboy hats and goatees. Am. "Lenny Burrano in Oz" actor-dir. Skip Sudduth on Aug. 23 in Barnstable, Mass.; brother of Kohl Sudduth (1974-). Nigerian Sokoto sultan #20 (2006-) (Sunni Muslim) (black) Shayk as-Sultan Muhammadu Sa'adu Abubakar III on Aug. 24 in Sokoto. Am. "Paris to the Moon" writer Adam Gopnik on Aug. 24 in Philadelphia, Penn.; raised in Montreal, Canada; educated at McGill U. English punk rock bassist Glen Matlock (The Sex Pistols) on Aug. 27 in West London. Am. "Bite It You Scum" punk rocker (heroin addict) Kevin Michael (Jesus Christ) "GG" Allin (d. 1993) (The Jabbers, The Murder Junkies) on Aug. 29 in Lancasteer, N.H. Am. dancer-choreographer (gay) Mark William Morris on Aug. 29 in Seattle, Wash. Taiwan Dem. Progressive Party pres. (2016-) (first woman) (first Hakka and aborgine) (first unmarried) (first non-mayor of Taipei) Tsai Ing-wen on Aug. 31 in Taipei; educated at Nat. Taiwan U., Cornell U., and London School of Economics. Am. Dem. Colo. gov. #41 (2007-11) (Roman Catholic) August William "bill" Ritter on Sept. 6 in Denver, Colo.; educated at Colo. State U., and U. of Colo. Am. pianist-singer (Jewish) (gay) ("Ambassador of the Am. Song Book") Michael Feinstein on Sept. 7 in Columbus, Ohio; husband (2008-) of Terrence Flannery. Am. Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle economist Charles Yuji Horioka on Sept. 7 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Un-Break My Heart", "Because You Loved Me" songwriter (Jewish) Diane Eve Warren on Sept. 7 in Van Nuys, Calif. Am. 6'1" basketball player-coach (black) (Philadelphia 76ers #10, 1978-89) (San Antonio Spurs #1, 1989-90) (New York Knicks #1, 1990-1) (Atlanta Hawks #10, 1991-2) (New Jersey Nets #10, 1993) (Portland Trail Blazers, 2001-5) (Philadelphia 76ers, 2005-8) (Detroit Pistons, 2013-14) Maurice Edward "Mo" Cheeks on Sept. 8 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at West Texas A&M U. Soviet cosmonaut Anatoly Pavlovich Arsebarsky on Sept. 9 in Prosyanaya, Ukraine. Am. "Porcelain", "Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?" electronic musician-songwriter Moby (Richard Melville Hall) on Sept. 11 in Harlem, N.Y. Am. pianist-conductor (Jewish) Jeffrey Alan Kahane on Sept. 12 in Los Angeles, Calif.; father of Gabriel Kahane (1981-). Scottish "Bang Bang" musician-songwriter-actor B.A. (Brian Alexander) Robertson on Sept. 12 in Glasgow. French chef (in Monaco) Alain Ducasse on Sept. 13 in Orthez; teacher of Helene Darroze (1967-); becomes citizen of Monaco on June 17, 2008. Am. medical examiner Jan Carla "Dr. G." Garavaglia on Sept. 14. Am. "Rumble Fish", "The Wrestler" actor Philip Andre "Mickey" Rourke Jr. on Sept. 16 in Schenectady, N.Y. Am. "War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning" writer-journalist and Presbyeterian minister (socialist) Christopher Lynn "Chris" Hedges on Sept. 18 in St. Johnsbury, Vt.; educated at Colgate U., and Harvard U. Am. "Naked Beneath My Clothes" comedian (Jewish) Rita Rudner on Sept. 17 in Miami, Fla. Am. "Neely Pritt in Shock Treatment" actress Betsy Brantley on Sept. 20 in Rutherfordton, N.C. Am. "Vice-Pres. Bob Russell in The West Wing", "Bill Lumbergh in Office Space" actor Gary Michael Cole on Sept. 20 in Park Ridge, Ill. English musician-composer John Harle (Michael Nyman Band) on Sept. 20 in Newcastle upon Tyne. Am. "You Light Up My Life" singer Deborah Anne "Debby" Boone (The Boones) on Sept. 22 in Hackensack, N.J.; daughter of Pat Boone (1934-) and Shirley Lee Foley Boone (daughter of Red Foley); sister of Cherry Boone (1954-), Lindy Boone, and Laury Boone; wife (1979-) of Gabriel Ferrer, son of Jose Ferrer and Rosemary Clooney; mother of Jordan Ferrer (1980-), Gabriel Ferrer (1983), Dustin Ferrer (1983-), and Tessa Ferrer (1986-); granddaughter of Judy Martin (1917-51). Am. Repub. diplomat-businesswoman (Shiite Muslim) Goli Ameri (nee Yazdi) on Sept. 26 in Tehran, Iran; emigrates to the U.S. in 1974; educated at Stanford U., and the Sorbonne; becomes U.S. citizen in 1989. Am. "Catherine Chandler in Beauty and the Beast", "Sarah Connor in The Terminator" actress Linda Carroll Hamilton on Sept. 26 in Salisbury, Md.; 6-min.-older twin sister of Leslie Hamilton. Iranian intel minister (2009-) (Shiite Muslim) Heydar Moslehi on Sept. 29 in Isfahan. Am. "Sugar Hill" actor (black) Vondie Curtis-Hall on Sept. 30 in Detroit, Mich. Am. CIA dir. (2018-) Gina Cheri Haspel (nee Walker) on Oct. 1 in Ashland, Ky.; educated at the U. of Ky., and U. of Louisville. British Conservative PM (2016-) Theresa Mary May (nee Brasier) on Oct. 1 in Eastbourne; educated at St. Hugh's College, Oxford U. Canadian "High School High" actor-dir. Hart Matthew Bochner on Oct. 3 in Toronto, Ont. German "SS Col. Hans Landa in Inglourious Basterds", "Chudnofsky/Bloodnofsky in The Green Hornet" actor (not Jewish) Christoph Waltz on Oct. 4 in Vienna, Austria. Am. "Laura Holt in Remington Steele" actress (Jews for Jesus) Stephanie Zimbalist on Oct. 6 in New York City; daughter of Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (1918-2014). Am. "Animorphs", "The One and Only Ivan" children's writer K.A. (Katherine Alice) Applegate on Oct. 9 in Ann Arbor, Mich. English punk rock musician David "Dave" Vanian (Lett) (The Damned) on Oct. 12 in Newcastle. Am. "The X-Files" producer Christopher Carl "Chris" Carter on Oct. 13 in Bellflower, Calif.; educated at CSU Long Beach. Am. hall-of-fame golfer Beth Daniel on Oct. 14 in Charleston, S.C. Am. "Calliope Jones in Days Of Our Lives", "Harley Quinn in Batman" actress Arleen Sorkin on Oct. 14 in Washington, D.C. Am. conductor Marin Alsop on Oct. 16 in Manhattan, N.Y.; first woman to lead a major U.S. orchestra (Baltimore Symphony Orhcestra, 2005). Am. astronaut-physician Mae Carol Jemison on Oct. 17 in Decatur, Ala.; first female black astronaut in NASA. Czech tennis player (lesbian) Martina Navratilova (Subertova) on Oct. 18 in Prague; retires in 2006. Am. conservative activist (pres. of Ams. for Tax Reform) ("Grand Central Station of Conservatism" - The Nation) Grover Glenn Norquist on Oct. 19 in Sharon, Penn.; educated at Harvard U.; husband (2005-) of Kuwait-born Muslim Samah Alrayyes. Am. "Princess Leia Organa from Alderaan in Star Wars" actress-writer Carrie Frances Fisher (d. 2016) on Oct. 21 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; daughter of Debbie Reynolds (1932-) and Eddie Fisher (1928-); wife (1983-4) of Paul Simon, and (1991-4) Bryan Lourd (1960-); mother of Billie Lourd (1992-). Am. archer Darrell Owen Pace on Oct. 23 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Welcome to My Love" jazz singer (black) Dianne Reeves on Oct. 23 in Detroit, Mich. Am. country musician Dwight David Yoakam on Oct. 23 in Pikeville, Ky.; raised in Columbus, Ohio; educated at Ohio State U. British-Israeli political geographer (Jewish) David Newman on Oct. 25 in London; educated at Queen Mary College, U. of London, and U. of Durham; emigrates to Israel in 1982. Am. physician (black) Regina Marcia Benjamin on Oct. 26 in Mobile, Ala.; first African-Am. woman on the AMA board of trustees (1995). Am. Godwin's Law of Nazi Analogies atty. Michael Wayne "Mike" Godwin on Oct. 26; educated at the U. of Tex. Russian-Am. biologist Eugene Viktorovich Koonin on Oct. 26 in Russia; educated at Moscow State U.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1991. Iranian pres. #6 (2005-13) (Shiite Muslim) Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Sabbaghian) on Oct. 28 in Aradan, Semnan; educated at the Iranian U. of Science and Technology. Am. writer-poet-critic (gay) Bruce Bawer on Oct. 31 in New York City. Am. baseball pitcher (Los Angeles Dodgers, 1978-87) (Oakland Athletics, 1988-94) Robert Lynn "Bob" Welch (d. 2014) on Nov. 3 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Eastern Mich. U. Am. businessman Jean Paul Getty III on Nov. 4; eldest son of Sir John Paul Getty (1932-2003) and Gail Harris; father of Balthazar Getty (1975-). British environmentalist John Ashton on Nov. 7 in London; educated at Cambridge U. British "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Notting Hill", "Bridget Jones's Diary", "Mr. Bean" writer-dir. Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis on Nov. 8 in Welington, New Zealand; Czech immigrant father; emigrates to England in 1967; educated at Harrow School, and Christ Church, Oxford U. Canadian "Disturbia" actor Matt Craven (Matthew John Crnkovich) on Nov. 10 in Port Colborne, Ont. Am. actor-comedian Sinbad (David Adkins) on Nov. 10 in Benton Harbor, Mich. Zambian pres. #6 (2015-) (black) Edgar Chagwa Lungu on Nov. 11 in Ndola, Northern Rhodesia; educated at the U. of Zambia. English "Don't You Want Me Baby" rock musician-songwriter Ian Craig Marsh (Human League, Heaven 17) on Nov. 11 in Sheffield. Canadian "Fantasy" musician Aldo Nova (Caporuscio) on Nov. 13 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. Obama pres. advisor (black) (Sunni Muslim?) Valerie Bowman Jarrett on Nov. 14 in Shiraz, Iran; daughter of James E. Bowman (1923-2011) and Barbara Taylor Bowan (1928-); educated at Stanford U., and Michigan U. Canadian-Am. "American Morning" CNN TV journalist John D. Roberts on Nov. 15 in Toronto, Ont.; becomes U.S. citizen in 2001 (after 9/11). English musician (black) Gilbert Alexander Gabriel (The Dream Academy) on Nov. 16. Am. "Jersey Boys", "Peter and the Starcatcher" writer (Jewish) Rick Elice on Nov. 17; educated at Cornell U., and Yale U. Am. astronaut Eileen Marie Collins on Nov. 19 in Elmira, N.Y.; educated at Syracuse U. Am. "Good Morning America" TV journalist Ann Curry on Nov. 19 in Guam; French-Scottish-German-Irish-Cherokee father, Japanese mother. Am. "10", "Bolero" actress Bo (Chin. "precious") Derek (Mary Cathleen Collins) on Nov. 20 in Long Beach, Calif.; wife (1981-98) of John Derek (1927-98). Am. football defensive end (New York Jets #99) (1979-88) Marcus Dell "Mark" Gastineau on Nov. 20 in Ardmore, Okla.; father of Brittany Gastineau (1983-). Canadian musician Lawrence Gowan (Styx) on Nov. 22 in Glasgow, Scotland. Am. record producer Terry Lewis on Nov. 24 in Omaha, Neb.; collaborator of Jimmy Jam Harris (1959-). Am. "Lackawanna Blues" playwright-actor (black) Ruben Santiago-Hudson on Nov. 24 in Lackawanna, N.Y.; Puerto Rican father, African-Am. mother; educated at Wayne State U. Am. auto racer Dale Arnold Jarrett on Nov. 26 in Conover, N.C.; son of Ned Jarrett (1932-); brother of Glenn Jarrett (1950-); cousin of Todd Jarrett; father of Jason Jarrett (1975-). Am. "Sheriff Tom Underlay in Invasion", "Alexander Mahone in Prison Break", "Col. William Sharp in Armageddon" actor William Edward "Bill" Fichtner on Nov. 27 in Mitchel AFB, Long Island, N.Y.; grows up in Cheektowaga (near Buffalo), N.Y.; of German descent; educated at Farmingdale State College, and SUNY Brockport. English "Hackers", "The Wings of the Dove" dir.-producer Iain Softley on Nov. 30 in London; educated at Queen's College, Cambridge U. Cuban-Am. "Manny Ribera in Scarface" actor Steven Bauer (Esteban Ernesto Echevarria Samson) on Dec. 2 in Havana, Cuba; emigrates to the U.S. in 1960; German Jewish maternal grandparents. Am. Dateline NBC news broadcaster Stone Stockton Phillips on Dec. 2 in Texas City, Tex. Am. 6'7" basketball small forward (black) (New Jersey Nets #22, 1977-9) (Utah Jazz #22, 1979-80) (Golden State Warriors #30, 1980-2) (New York Knicks #30, 1982-7, 1993) (Washington Bullets #30, 1987-91) Bernard King on Dec. 4 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Tenn. Am. "Rat Ratner in Fast Times at Ridgemont High" actor Brian Backer on Dec. 5 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. rock musician Peter Lawrence Buck (R.E.M.) on Dec. 6 in Berkeley, Calif. Am. rock guitarist Randall William "Randy" Rhoads (d. 1982) (Ozzy Osbourne, Quiet Riot) on Dec. 6 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. 6'9" basketball hall-of-fame player-coach (Boston Celtics #33, 1979-92) (Indiana Pacers, 1997-2000) ("Larry Legend") ("Hick from French Lick") ("Basketball Jesus") ("Great White Hope") Larry Joe Bird on Dec. 7 in West Baden, Ind.; educated at Indiana State U. Am. "Ultima" video game designer Robert K. Garriott on Dec. 7; son of Owen Kay Garriott (1930-); brother of Richard Allen Garriott (1961-); educated at MIT, Rice U., and Stanford U. Am. "Monkeys" novelist Susan Minot on Dec. 7 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Columbia U. Am. rock guitarist Warren Bruce Cuccurullo (Duran Duran, Missing Persons) on Dec. 8 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. football defensive end (black) (Detroit Lions #60, 1978-82) Al "Bubba" Baker on Dec. 9 in Jacksonville, Fla.; educated at Colo. State U. Am. Dem. Ill. gov. #40 (2003-9) Milorad R. "Rod" Blagojevich on Dec. 10 in Chicago, Ill.; Serbian immigrant parents; educated at Northwestern U. and Pepperdine U. Am. "There's Something About Mary" film dir.-producer-writer-novelist Peter Farrelly on Dec. 16 in Phoenixville, Penn.; brother of Bobby Farrelly (1958-). German physicist-astronaut Reinhold Ewald on Dec. 18 in Monchengladbach; educated at the U. of Cologne. Am. "Anna Weiss in Holocaust" actress Blanche Baker (Garfein) on Dec. 20 in New York City. Mauritanian pres. (2009-) (Muslim) gen. Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz on Dec. 20 in Akjoujt. Am. "What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am" country singer Lee Roy Parnell on Dec. 21 in Abilene, Tex.; raised in Stephenville, Tex. Am Jim Rose Circus entertainer Jim Rose on Dec. 21. English rock musician David Michael "Dave" Murray (Iron Maiden) on Dec. 23 in Edmonton, London. Am. "Nurse Sandy Miller in Nurses" actress Stephanie Hodge on Dec. 24 in Wilmington, Ohio; not to be confused with actress Stephanie Hodge (1979-). Am. "The Monuments Men" writer Robert Morse Edsel on Dec. 28 in Oak Park, Ill.; grows up in Dallas, Tex. Am. country singer-songwriter Susan Kay "Suzy" Bogguss (pr. BAH-gus) on Dec. 30 in Aledo, Ill.; educated at Ill. State U. English playwright Richard Bean on ? in East Hull. Am. conservative political cartoonist Antonio F. "A.F." Branco on ? in Fort Bragg, Calif. Canadian economist David Edward Card on ? in ?; educated at Queen's U., and Princeton U. English musician James "Jimmy" Cauty (Rockman Rock) (KLF) on ? on Totnes, Devon; collaborator of Bill Drummon (1953-). Am. novelist Carol Higgins Clark on ? in New York City; daughter of Mary Higgins Clark (1927-); educated at Mount Holyoke College. Am. "Real Men Don't Eat Quiche" writer Bruce Feirstein on ? in Maplewood, N.J.; educated at Boston U. Am. "Lick It" performance artist Karen Finley on ? in Chicago, ill.; grows up in Evanston, Ill. Am. environmental scientist Peter H. Gleick on ? in ?; educated at Yale U., and UCB. Palestinian Hamas leader (2004-12) (Sunni Muslim) Khaled Mashaal (Mashal) (Meshal) on ? in Silwad, West Bank. English economist Paul Mosley on ? in ?; educated at Cambridge U. Israeli unified growth theory economist (Jewish) Oded Galor on ? in ?; educated at Hebrew U., and Columbia U. Am. climate journalist and musician Andrew Revkin on ? in R.I.; educated at Brown U, and Columbia U. Am. billionaire NHL Fla. Panthers owner (Roman Catholic) Vincent "Vinnie" Viola on ? in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, N.Y. Israeli leftist political scientist Oren Yiftachel on ? in ?. Deaths: French composer Gustave Charpentier (b. 1860) on Feb. 18. Am. tennis player Joseph Sill Clark Sr. (b. 1861) on Apr. 14 in Germantown, Penn. Am. Philadelphia Athletics baseball mgr. (1901-50) Connie Mack (b. 1862) on Feb. 8. Am. crystal manufacturer Daniel Swarovski (b. 1862) on Jan. 23 in Wattens. Russian composer Alexander Gretchaninoff (b. 1864). Am. botanist Henry Luke Bolley (b. 1865) on Nov. 10 in N.D. Am. film pioneer Edwin Thanhouser (b. 1865) on Mar. 21 in New York City. Belgian-born British artist Sir Frank Brangwyn (b. 1867) on June 11 in Ditchling, Sussex. German painter Emil Nolde (b. 1867) on Apr. 13 in Seebull. Am. psychologist Lightner Witmer (b. 1867) on July 19 in Bryn Mawr, Penn. (heart failure). Am. architect Grosvenor Atterbury (b. 1869) on Oct. 18 in Southampton, N.Y. Austrian architect Josef Hoffmann (b. 1870) on May 7 in Vienna. Irish Northern Ireland PM #2 (1940-3) J.M. Andrews (b. 1871) on Aug. 5 in Comber. Italian PM (1943-4) Gen. Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871) on Nov. 1 in Grazzano Badoglio. French mathematician Emile Borel (b. 1871) on Feb. 3 in Paris. Am. painter Lyonel Feininger (b. 1871) on Jan. 13. English "Dr. Tyrell in Of Human Bondage" actor Henry Stephenson (b. 1871) on Apr. 24 in San Francisco, Calif. English critic-essayist Sir Max Beerbohm (b. 1872) on May 20 in Rapallo, Italy: "History does not repeat itself; the historians repeat one another." French gastronomy writer Curnonsky (b. 1872) on July 22 in Paris. Am. botanist Benjamin Minge Duggar (b. 1872). German philosopher Ludwig Klages (b. 1872) on July 29 in Kilchberg, Zurich. Anglo-Am. poet-violinist Leonora Speyer (b. 1872) on Feb. 10 in New York City. German-Polish rabbi Leo Baeck (b. 1873) on Nov. 2 in London. English poet-novelist Walter de la Mare (b. 1873) on June 22. German minister Konstantin von Neurath (b. 1873) on Aug. 15. British RAF founder Sir Hugh Trenchard (b. 1873) on Feb. 10 in London. Am. playwright Owen Davis Sr. (b. 1874) on Oct. 14 in New York City. U.S. commerce secy. (1940-5) Jesse H. Jones (b. 1874) on June 1. Estonian pres. #1 (1938-40) Konstantin Pats (b. 1874) on Jan. 18 in Tver Oblast, Russia. Am. IBM pres. #1 (1914-56) Thomas J. Watson (b. 1874) on June 19 in New York City: "I think that there is a world market for maybe five computers" (1943). English poet E. Clerihew Bentley (b. 1875). Am. Machu Picchu explorer and U.S. Sen. Hiram Bingham III (b. 1875) on June 6 in Washington, D.C. Am. playwright Percy MacKaye (b. 1875) on Aug. 31. German field marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (b. 1876) on Apr. 29 in Fussen. Am. Sinclair Oil founder Harry Ford Sinclair (b. 1876) on Nov. 10 in Pasadena, Calif. Am. psychobiologist Robert Mearns Yerkes (b. 1876) on Feb. 3. Am. inventor Greenleaf Whittier Pickard (b. 1877) on Jan. 8 in Newton, Mass. U.S. vice-pres. #35 (1949-53) Alben W. Barkley (b. 1877) on Apr. 30 in Lexington, Va. Am. "Parris Mitchell of Kings Row" novelist Katherine Jones Bellamann (b. 1877) on Nov. 8 in Jackson, Miss. English scientist Frederick Soddy (b. 1877) on Sept. 22; 1921 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. psychologist Lewis Madison Terman (b. 1877) on Dec. 21 in Palo Alto, Calif.; author of the Stanford-Binet IQ Test. French historian Lucien Febvre (b. 1878) on Sept. 11 in Jura. French comic book writer Jean de La Hire (b. 1878) in Nice (pulmonary failure from gassing during WWI). Am. composer Edwin Franko Goldman (b. 1878) on Feb. 21 in New York City. French "The Nyctalope" novelist Jean de La Hire (b. 1878). U.S. fleet adm. Ernest Joseph King (b. 1878) on June 25. Polish philosopher Jan Lukasiewicz (b. 1878) on Feb. 13 in Dublin, Ireland. Am. "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" songwriter Albert Von Tilzer (b. 1878) on Oct. 1 in Los Angeles, Calif. French CinemaScope inventor Henri Chretien (b. 1879) on Feb. 6 in Washington, D.C. Am. Reese's Peanut Butter Cups inventor Harry Burnett Reese (b. 1879) on May 16 in West Palm Beach, Fla. (heart attack). Russian grand duke Andrei Vladimirovich (b. 1879) on Oct. 30 in Paris, France. German chancellor Joseph Wirth (b. 1879) on Jan. 3. Am. iconoclast writer H.L. Mencken (b. 1880) on Jan. 29 in Baltimore, Md.; dies after a famous Photo of H.L. Mencken Beside His Woodpile is taken on his 75th birthday (Sept. 12) by A. Aubrey Bodine (1906-70); coined the word "ecdysiast" for stripper: "No one has ever lost money by underestimating the intelligence of the great masses"; "A historian is an unsuccessful novelist"; "One may no more live in the world without picking up the moral prejudices of the world than one will be able to go to hell without perspiring"; "The urge to save humanity is almost always a false-face for the urge to rule it"; "If you are against labor racketeers, then you are against the working man. If you are against demagogues, then you are against democracy. If you are against Christianity, then you are against God. If you are against trying a can of Old Dr. Quack's Cancer Salve, then you are in favor of letting Uncle Julius die"; "The American people, North and South, went into the war as citizens of their respective states, they came out subjects of the United States"; "As democracy is perfected, the office [of president] represents, more and more closely, the inner soul of the people... On some great and glorious day the plain folks of the land will reach their heart's desire at last, and the White House will be adorned by a downright moron." British statesman Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th earl of Bessborough (b. 1880) on Mar. 10 in Stoughton, Essex. Am. country musician Blind Alfred Reed (b. 1880) on Jan. 17 in Mercer County, W. Va. (starvation). Am. aircraft manufacturer William Edward Boeing (b. 1881) on Sept. 28 in Seattle, Wash. (heart attack aboard his yacht). Am. actor George Bancroft (b. 1882) on Oct. 2 in Santa Monica, Calif. Italian-born Am. auto racer Ralph De Palma (b. 1882) on Mar. 31 in South Pasadena, Calif. Am. "Mama Steps Out" actor Guy Kibbee (b. 1882) on May 24 in East Islip, Long Island, N.Y. Romanian-born Am. "Dracula" actor Bela Lugosi (b. 1882) on Aug. 16 in Los Angeles, Calif. English "Winnie the Pooh" writer A.A. Milne (b. 1882) on Jan. 31: "The third-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the majority. The second-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the minority. The first-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking" - coming from a guy with the same birthday as Winslow the Pooh? German actress Lucie Hoflich (b. 1883) on Oct. 9 in Berlin. French painter Marie Laurencin (b. 1883) on June 8. Am. "Hopalong Cassidy" novelist Clarence E. Mulford (b. 1883) on May 10 in Portland, Maine. Am. baseball hall-of-fame umpire Billy Evans (b. 1884) on Jan. 23 in Miami, Fla. Armenian leader (b. 1884) Drastamat Kanayan (b. 1884) on Mar. 8 in Boston, Maxx. Am. architect Edward Buehler Delk (b. 1885) on Sept. 1; dies at sea aboard the USS Excambion en route from Europe. Am. Merrill Lynch founder Charles E. Merrill (b. 1885) on Oct. 6. Welsh poet Robert Williams Parry (b. 1884) on Jan. 4. Am. Jesuit priest Edmund Aloysius Walsh (b. 1885) on Oct. 31. German poet Gottfried Benn (b. 1886) on July 7. Am. frozen food king Clarence Birdseye (b. 1886); 300 patents. Danish "Shirley Temple's grandfather in Heidi" actor Jean Hersholt (b. 1886) on June 2 in Hollywood, Calif.; appeared in 75 silent and 65 sound films; the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award is created as an honorary Academy Award. English novelist Sheila Kaye-Smith (b. 1887) on Jan. 14. Egyptian journalist-politician Muhammad Husayn Haykal (b. 1888). Japanese journalist-politician Taketora Ogata (b. 1888) on Jan. 28 in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Am. architectural historian Talbot Faulkner Hamlin (b. 1889) on Oct. 7 in Beaufort, S.C. Am. composer-bandleader Arthur Lange (b. 1889) on Dec. 7. Am. "The Devil and Daniel Webster" actor Edward Arnold (b. 1890) on Apr. 26 in Encino, Calif. (cerebral hemorrhage); appeared in 150+ films. Am. "Arkansas traveller" actor Bob Burns (b. 1890) on Feb. 2 in Encino, Calif. (cancer). Austrian conductor Erich Kleiber (b. 1890) on Jan. 27. Philippine pres. (1948-53) Elpidio Quirino (b. 1890) on Feb. 29. Indian social reformer B.R. Ambedkar (b. 1891) on Dec. 6 in Delhi. German dir. Ewald Andre Dupont (b. 1891) on Dec. 12 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. "The Plastic Age" novelist Percy Marks (b. 1891) on Dec. 27 in New Haven, Conn. German WWII resistance fighter Johanna Niederhellmann (b. 1891) on Apr. 18 in Duisburg. Am. "Bye Bye Blackbird" lyricist Mort Dixon (b. 1892) on Mar. 23 in Bronxville, N.Y. Spanish PM #67 (1937-9) Juan Negrin (b. 1892) on Nov. 12 in Paris, France. Welsh economist David James Davies (b. 1893) on Oct. 11 in Carmel, Carmarthenshire. Am. sociologist Charles S. Johnson (b. 1893) on Oct. 27. British film dir. Alexander Korda (b. 1893) on Jan. 23. Indian astrophysicist Meghnad Saha (b. 1893) on Feb. 16. Am. "We're Not Married with Ginger Rogers" comedian Fred Allen (b. 1894) on Mar. 17. Am. Bell Aircraft Corp. founder Lawrence Dell Bell (b. 1894) on Oct. 20 in Buffalo, N.Y. Canadian air marshal Billy Bishop (b. 1894) on Sept. 11 in Palm Beach, Fla. Am. bandleader Isham Jones (b. 1894) on Oct. 19 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. sexologist Alfred C. Kinsey (b. 1894) on Aug. 25 in Bloomington, Ind. Armenian writer Michael Arlen (b. 1895) on June 23 in New York City; dies after suffering 10 years of writer's block. Am. actor Louis Calhern (b. 1895) on May 12 in Tokyo, Japan. French-born German pianist Walter Gieseking (b. 1895) on Oct. 26 in London; dies while recording Beethoven's Piano Sonata #15 for HMV. Am. "The Front Page" playwright Charles Gordon MacArthur (b. 1895) on Apr. 21 in New York City. Am. adm. Lynde Dupuy McCormick (b. 1895) on Aug. 16 in Newport, R.I. Am. "Early Autumn" novelist Louis Bromfield (b. 1896) on Mar. 18. Italian-born Am. chef Caesar Cardini (b. 1896) on Nov. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif. (stroke). Am. writer Robert McAlmon (b. 1896) on Feb. 2. French physicist Irene Joliot-Curie (b. 1897) on Mar. 17 in Paris. German (Bavarian) dramatist Bertolt Brecht (b. 1898) on Aug. 14 in East Berlin: "Art is not a mirror but a hammer with which to shape it." Austrian Conservative politician Ernst Rudiger Starhemberg (b. 1899) on Mar. 15 in Schruns. Am. jazz musician Frankie Trumbauer (b. 1901) on June 11. Am. baseball player Al Simmons (b. 1902) on May 26 in Milwaukee, Wisc. (heart attack). English writer Montagu Slater (b. 1902) on Dec. 19 in London. Am. "High Hat, Trumpet, and Rhythm" jazz trumpeter Valaida Snow (b. 1904) on May 30 in New York City (brain hemorrhage); her year in Vestre Faengsel prison in Copenhagen, Denmark (1941-May 1942) tanked her career. Am. bandleader Tommy Dorsey (b. 1905) on Nov. 26. English "Long John Silver in Treasure Island" actor Robert Newton (b. 1905) on Mar. 25 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (alcoholism); dies owing £46K in taxes. Am. country singer Buddy Jones (b. 1906) on Oct. 20. Am. "Flash Gordon" cartoonist Alex Raymond (b. 1909) on Sept. 6 in Westport, Conn. (automobile accident). Am. Swing Street jazz pianist Art Tatum (b. 1909) on Nov. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif. (kidney failure); "I only play the piano, but tonight God is in the house." (Fats Waller) Am. civil rights activist Zilphia Horton (b. 1910) on Apr. 11 (kidney failure after accidentally drinking typewriter cleaning fluid). Am. #1 female athlete Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias (b. 1911) on Sept. 27 in Galveston, Tex.; first Am. to win the British Women's Amateur golf championship; won two 1932 Olympic golds, 82 golf tournaments, and helped found the Ladies Pro Golfers' Assoc.: "The more you practice, the better, but in any case, practice more than you play." Am. abstract painter Jackson Pollock (b. 1912) on Aug. 12 in East Hampton, N.Y. (1-car drunk driving accident); takes his new girlfriend Ruth Kligman with him; friend Edith Metzger survives - the original Action Jackson? Am. "Ballad for Americans", "The Ballad of Baby Doe" librettist John Treville Latouche (b. 1914) on Aug. 7 in Calais, Vt. (heart attack). Italian conductor Guido Cantelli (b. 1920) on Nov. 24 in Paris, France (airplane crash); dies 8 days after being named musical dir. of La Scala in Milan - the good die young?



1957 - The "Eisenhower Siesta" ends when the Soviets jump out to a long lead in the Space Race, and nuclear-tipped ICBMS become a reality, while Ford lays a huge egg with its Edsel? Meanwhile, Little Rock, Ark. focuses the world on America's problem with lily-white Southern Faubus types? Meanwhile the International Geophysical Year tries to rise above nationalism?

Sputnik I, 1957 R-7 Semyorka Sputnuk II, 1957 Sputnik II's Laika, 1957 Soviet Gen. Kerim Kerimov (1917-2003) Willy Brandt of West Germany (1913-92) Harold Macmillan of Britain (1894-1986) Victor Weisz (1913-66) 'Supermac' by Victor Weisz (1936-66) Andrei A. Gromyko of the Soviet Union (1909-89) Nobusuke Kishi of Japan (1896-1987) John George Diefenbaker of Canada (1895-1979) Olav V of Norway (1903-91) Adolf Schärf of Austria (1890-1965) Antonin Novotny of Czechoslovakia (1904-75) Adam Rapacki of Poland (1909-70) V.K. Krishna Menon of India (1896-1974) Abdul Rahman Al-Haj of Malaysia (1903-90) Ralph Yarborough of the U.S. (1903-96) Henry Styles Bridges of the U.S. (1898-1961) Frances Elizabeth Willis of the U.S. (1899-1983) Elbridge Durbrow of the U.S. (1903-97) John Little McClellan of the U.S. (1896-1977) Central High School, Little Rock, Ark., Sept. 25, 1957 Orval Faubus (1910-94) Woodrow Wilson Mann (1916-2002) Harry Scott Ashmore (1916-98) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt of the U.S. (1884-1962) James Riddle 'Jimmy' Hoffa (1913-75) Dr. Albert B. Sabin (1906-93) Papa Doc Duvalier of Haiti (1907-71) Carlos Polistico Garcia of the Philippines (1896-1971) Aga Khan IV of India (1936-) Pietro Nenni of Italy (1891-1980) Guillermo Flores Avendaño of Guatemala (1894-1982) Sarit Thanarat of Thailand (1908-63) Erich Mielke of East Germany (1907-2000) Stephen McNichols of the U.S. (1914-97) Shoghi Effendi (1897-1957) Soviet Col. Rudolf Abel (1903-71) Robert Moses (1888-1981) Dorothy Irene Height (1912-2010) Daniel Schorr (1916-2010) Johnny Dio (1914-79) Hollow Nickel Case Albert Anastasia (1902-57) Vito Genovese (1897-1969) Joe the Barber Barbara (1905-59) Carlo Gambino (1902-76) Charles Evans Whittaker of the U.S. (1901-73) Alan John Villiers (1903-82) Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs of Britain (1908-99) Horace Rowan Gaither Jr. (1909-61) John Bardeen (1908-91), Leon N. Cooper (1930-) and John Robert Schrieffer (1931-) John Henry Faulk (1913-90) Vasily Smyslov (1921-2010) Willie Shoemaker (1931-2003) Lester Bowles Pearson (1897-1972) James Rhyne Killian Jr. (1904-88) Albert Camus (1913-60) Chen-Ning Franklin Yang (1922-) and Tsung-Dao Lee (1926-) of the U.S. Sir Alexander Todd (1907-97) Daniel Bovet (1907-92) Milton Friedman (1912-2006) Herman Northrop Frye (1912-91) Boris Pasternak (1890-1960) Francis Poulenc (1899-1963) Yves Saint Laurent (1936-2008) Matthew Stanley Meselson (1930-) Franklin William Stahl (1929-) George Emil Palade (1912-) Leon Feistinger (1919-89) William Masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson (1925-) Norman Cohn (1915-2007) James Gould Cozzens (1903-78) Anthony Downs (1930-) Jack Kerouac (1922-69) Neal Cassady (1926-68) Jim Irsay (1959-) Eleanor Emmens Maccoby (1916-) Alistair MacLean (1922-87) Nevil Shute (1899-1960) A.J.P. Taylor (1906-90) Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914-2003) Alan W. Watts (1915-73) Brigitte Hesshaimer (1927-2001) Jean Kerr (1922-2003) Walter Kerr (1913-96) Jack Paar (1918-2004) Leonard Bernstein (1918-90) The Supremes, 1957- Thurston Harris (1931-) Carmen Basilio (1927-) James Agee (1909-55) Craig Claiborne (1920-2000) Noam Chomsky (1928-) Zvi Griliches (1930-99) Harold Pinter (1930-2008) Gordon Dobson (1889-1976) Sydney Chapman (1888-1970) Don Edward Fehrenbacher (1920-97) Gordon Gould (1920-2005) Rudolph Ludwig Mössbauer (1929-2011) Roger Revelle (1909-91) Hans Eduard Suess (1909-93) Alick Isaacs (1921-67) Jean Lindenmann (1924-2015) Dame Kathleen Kenyon (1906-78) Bernard Lonergan (1904-84) Vance Packard (1914-96) Cornelius Vanderbilt Wood (1920-92) Bob Costas (1952-) Bobby Fischer of the U.S. (1943-2008) Meyer 'Mickey' Cohen (1913-76) Carlo Gambino (1902-76) Charles Raymond Starkweather (1938-59) John Willard Marriott (1900-85) William H. Parker (1902-66) Kenneth Harry Olsen (1926-) Felix Heinrich Wankel (1902-88) Harlan Anderson (1929-) Gary Stanley Becker (1930-) Lawrence Durrell (1912-90) Loren Eiseley (1907-77) Ketti Frings (1909-81) William Gibson (1914-2008) Bray Hammond (1886-1968) John D. MacDonald (1916-86) V.S. Naipaul (1932-2018), Frank O'Hara (1926-66) Humphry Fortescue Osmond (1917-2004) Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (1927-2001) Stanley Smith Stevens (1906-73) Dr. Seuss (1904-91) 'The Cat in the Hat' by Dr. Seuss (1904-91), 1957 'How the Grinch Stole Christmas!', by Dr. Seuss (1904-91), 1957 John Braine (1922-86) Arvid Carlsson (1923-) William Humphrey (1924-97) Alex 'Sleepy' Stein Lee Remick (1935-91) Jean Seberg (1938-79) Afdera Franchetti (1931-) Ed Gein (1906-84) Billy Barty (1924-2000) Abdul Sattar Edhi (1928-) Jean Genet (1910-86) Meredith Willson (1902-84) Helmut Zacharias (1920-2002) The Everly Brothers Don Everly (1937-) and Phil Everly (1939-2014) Paul Anka (1941-) Bobby Helms (1933-97) Brenda Lee (1944-) Jerry Lee Lewis (1935-) Jane Morgan (1924-) The Diamonds The Four Coins Jimmie Rodgers (1933-) Sam Cooke (1931-64) Sun Ra (1914-93) Jackie Wilson (1934-84) Stax Records Doug Weston (1926-99) Miles Davis (1926-91) Gil Evans (1912-88) Bob Ferguson (1927-2001) Frank Hamilton (1934-) Win Stracke (1908-91) Joe Poovey (1941-98) Frank Martin (1890-1974) Charlie Drake (1925-2006) 'Bachelor Father', 1957-62 'Boots and Saddles', 1957-8 'The Californians', 1957-9 'Have Gun - Will Travel', starring Richard Boone (1917-81), 1957-63 'Leave It to Beaver', 1957-63 'Maverick' starring James Garner (1928-), 1957-62) 'M Squad', 1957-60 'Tombstone Territory' (1957-60), starring Pat Conway (1931-81) 'Perry Mason'', 1957-66 The Real McCoys', 1957-63 'Richard Diamond, Private Detective', 1957-60 'Tales of Wells Fargo', 1957-62 'Wagon Train', 1957-65 'The Music Man', 1957 'West Side Story', 1957 'The Woody Woodpecker Show', 1957-8 'Beginning of the End', 1957 'The Bridge on the River Kwai', 1957 'The Curse of Frankenstein', 1957 'The Deadly Mantis', 1957 'Ill Met by Moonlight', 1957 'Island In the Sun', 1957 'Kronos', 1957 'The Land Unknown', 1957 'Old Yeller', 1957 'Pal Joey', 1957 'Paths of Glory', starring Kirk Douglas (1916-), 1957 'Peyton Place', 1957 'The Pride and the Passion', 1957 'The Prince and the Showgirl', 1957 'The Story of Esther Costello', 1957 'Throne of Blood', 1957 '3:10 to Yuma', 1957 'The Tin Star', 1957 'Twelve Angry Men', 1957 'The Amazing Colossal Man', 1957 'The Incredible Shrinking Man', 1957 'The Brain from Planet Arous', 1957 'Invasion of the Saucer Men', 1957 'I Was a Teenage Werewolf', 1957 'The Monster That Challenged the World', 1957 'Night of the Demon', 1957 'The Night the World Exploded', 1957 'The Pajama Game', 1957 'The Undead', 1957 James Ivory (1928-) Ernie Kovacs (1919-62) Trabant, 1957-91 Mackinac Straits Bridge, 1957 Azzedine Alaia (1940-) Azzedine Alaia Example Don Featherstone 'Draped Reclining Woman' by Henry Moore (1898-1986), 1957-8 '1957 #20' by Mark Rothko (1903-70), 1957 '1957 D1' by Clyfford Still (1904-80), 1957 Sack Dress, 1957 B-70 Valkyrie, 1957 William A. Mitchell (1911-2004) Bissell Shampoo Master, 1957 Hoover Model 65, 1957 Epiphone Casino Cygan Robot, 1957 Atlas ICBM, 1957 Boeing 707, 1957 Bartini A-57 Geoffrey E. Perry (1927-2000) Plesetsk Cosmodrome, 1957 Graceland Lambeau Field, 1957

1957 Doomsday Clock: 2 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Rooster (Jan. 31) - should be booster, as in rocket booster? Time Mag. Man of the Year: Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971). The U.S. baby boom is at its height; beds rock throughout the country, and 4.3M babies are born this year, and the altar is still the big goal for single white women. There are now 71 world cities with 1M pop. (16 in 1914). After a mass exodus of whites since the end of WWII and the Korean War combined with mass black immigration, the city of Washington, D.C. becomes the first major U.S. city with a majority African-Am. pop., with 372K whites and 372K blacks (744K total). The deadly H2N2 influenza virus, known as the Asian flu kills 1M-4M people this year, incl. 69.8K in the U.S., becoming the first flu pandemic since the Spanish flu in 1918. Commonwealth Edison reports that peak electricity usage occurs in the summer instead of winter for the first time due to air conditioner use. Beginning this year large numbers of Hungarians begin immigrating to the U.S. On Jan. 1 Iowa defeats Oregon State by 35-19 to win the 1957 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 the Saarland, with capital at Saarbrucken on the Saar River becomes a state of West Germany. On Jan. 4 Grace Kelly's picture appears on the cover of the last issue of Collier's mag. On Jan. 4 Mrs. Adam and Eve debuts for 66 episodes (until 1958), starring Howard Duff as Howard Adams, and his wife Ida Lupino as Eve Drape, husband-wife film stars, with scripts based on their real-life experiences; Olive Carey, wife of Harry Carey Sr. and mother of Harry Carey Jr. plays housekeeper Elsie. On Jan. 5 Pres. Eisenhower addresses a joint session of Congress to ask for authority to use U.S. troops in the Middle East to protect against Communist aggression, which comes to be called the Eisenhower Doctrine, saying "I just do not believe that we can leave a vacuum" there after the failure of Britain and France in Egypt; after 2 mo. of debate the U.S. Senate approves the resolution 72-19. On Jan. 8 after withdrawing from the Suez Canal to a distance of 50 km last Dec. 3, Israel withdraws to a line E of El Arish, allowing the U.N. Emergency Force to control the canal. On Jan. 9 British PM (since 1955) Sir Anthony Eden resigns, and On Jan. 10 Ike's Fifth State of the Union Address starts out "In the world today, the surging and understandable tide of nationalism is marked by widespread revulsion and revolt against tyranny, injustice, inequality and poverty. As individuals, joined in a common hunger for freedom, men and women and even children pit their spirit against guns and tanks. On a larger scale, in an ever more persistent search for the self-respect of authentic sovereignty and the economic base on which national independence must rest, peoples sever old ties, seek new alliances, experiment, sometimes dangerously in their struggle to satisfy these human aspirations. Particularly, in the past year, this tide has changed the pattern of attitudes and thinking among millions. The changes already accomplished foreshadow a world transformed by the spirit of freedom. This is no faint and pious hope. The forces now at work in the minds and hearts of men will not be spent through many years. In the main, today's expressions of nationalism are, in spirit, echoes of our forefathers' struggle for independence. This republic cannot be aloof to these events heralding a new epoch in the affairs of mankind." On Jan. 10 Conservative Battle of the Somme vet Harold Macmillan (1894-1986) becomes PM of Britain (until Oct. 19, 1963) (Elizabeth II's 3rd PM), going on to champion Keynesian economics; in Mar. he holds the Bermuda Conference with Pres. Eisenhower to strengthen the special U.S.-U.K. relationship after the Suez Crisis; on July 20 he delivers his Bedford Speech, with the soundbyte that "most of our people have never had it so good"; German-born Jewish British cartoonist Vicky (Victor Weisz) (1913-66) caricatures him as Supermac (a spoof on Superman) in the London Evening Standard of Nov. 6, 1958. On Jan. 11 the U.N. Gen. Assembly passes a U.S.-sponsored resolution calling for a unified independent democratic Korea. On Jan. 11 after taking over the responsibilities of gov. Edwin Johnson when he becomes ill, Denver, Colo.-born Dem. lt. gov. #34 (since Jan. 11, 1955) Stephen McNichols (1914-97), brother of future Denver mayor Bill McNichols becomes Colo. gov. #35 (until Jan. 8, 1863), going on to fight corruption at the State Hospital in Pueblo and the State Penitentiary in Canon City, and push the Fryingpan-Arkansas water development project along with the Colo. State Archives, getting reelected for a 2-year term twice in 1958 and 1960 before pissing-off legislators by accepting a new Governor's Mansion from the Boettcher Foundation. On Jan. 17 Israeli foreign minister (since June 18, 1956) Golda Meir (nee Mabovitch) (1898-1978) gives a speech to the U.N. Gen. Assembly on the continuing problem of Egypt, the Sinai, Gulf of Aqaba, and Gaza Strip, ending with the soundbyte: "Mr. President, the General Assembly will surely have no difficulty in concluding that the problem of the Gulf of Aqaba with its broad international perspectives; and the question of the Gaza Strip, with its almost unparalleled complexity, require further clarification in a cooperative spirit." On Jan. 20 U.S. pres. #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower is inaugurated for a 2nd term in the 50th U.S. Pres. Inauguration; Richard M. Nixon continues as the 36th U.S. vice-pres. On Jan. 23 Indian nationalist diplomat V.K. (Vengalil Krishnan) Krishna Menon (1896-1974) gives a speech on Kashmir to the U.N. Gen. Assembly that lasts for 8 hours, becoming the longest U.N. speech until ? On Jan. 23 (Sun.) Walt Disney's TV series Disneyland debuts Our Friend the Atom, hosted by Heinz Haber, publicizing Pres. Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" speech to the U.N. Gen. Assembly in Dec. 1953; "I give you the magic fire of the atom…an almost endless source of heat… Here we are, burning up our coal and oil only to produce power. But now we have a new source of power: clean, silent, plentiful." On Jan. 26 after a whirlwind romance Elizabeth Taylor divorces Michael Wilding and converts to Judaism, and on Feb. 2 marries producer Michael "Mike" Todd (Avrom Hirsch Goldbogen) (1907-58), who is 24 years older (her happiest marriage?); Eddie Fisher is best man at the wedding. On Jan. 30 the U.S. Senate creates the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Managment (until Mar. 31, 1960), focusing on the activities of labor racketeer Johnny Dio (Giovanni Ignazio Dioguardi) (1914-79). In Jan. the Eisenhower admin. introduces the 1957 U.S. Civil Rights Act, which passes the House but is opposed by Southerners in the Senate, causing majority leader Lyndon Baines Johnson to talk them into a restricted version, which the House rejects, causing a 2nd compromise, after which S.C. Dem. Sen. Strom Thurmond filibusters it for 24 hours 18 min., but fails, and Ike signs it on Sept. 9; the final bill is called a sham by civil rights leaders since it has few if any teeth, and only 20% of blacks are registered to vote, but it's the first civil rights legislation enacted by Congress since Reconstruction 80 years earlier. On Feb. 1 Northeast Airlines Flight 823 (DC-6A) crashes on Rikers Island, N.Y. after takeoff from LaGuardia Airport, killing 21 of 101 aboard. On Feb. 10 the Hungarian govt. institutes measures to restore the status quo ante rev., repudiating promised religious education, making Russian language teaching compulsory in schools, and giving workers piecework payment instead of fixed wages. On Feb. 11 Time mag.'s cover story is "Brains Vs. Dollars on Television", about Charles Van Doren. On Feb. 14 Dmitri T. Shepilov becomes gen. secy. of the Soviet Communist Party, and on Feb. 15 Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (1909-89) replaces him as foreign minister (until 1985). On Feb. 19 Khrushchev announces that Yugoslavia cannot expect any more economic favors from its ex-girlfriend the Soviet Union, but they kiss and make up, and on July 29 the Soviets restore $250M in aid, then on Aug. 3 hold a secret meeting in Romania and agree on ever closer cooperation. On Feb. 23 Japanese PM Ishibashi Tanzan (1884-1973) resigns due to poor health, and on Feb. 25 acting foreign minister (since Jan. 31) Nobusuke Kishi (1896-1987) of the Liberal Dems. (a former WWII Class-A war criminal suspect) is elected as the 8th postwar PM (#57) of Japan (until Juy 19, 1960). On Feb. 27 Mao pub. the speech "On the Correct Handling of the Contradictions Among the People", launching the Hundred Flowers Campaign (Movement), based on his statement "The policy of letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend is designed to promote the flourishing of the arts and the progress of science", encouraging intellectuals to freely express their opinions on their Communist regime, which turns out to be a trap to get liberals to expose themselves so that Mao can launch his Anti-Rightist Campaign in July, persecuting 550K by 1959. In Feb. Jim Reeves records Four Walls (#1 country) (#11 in the U.S.), the first Nashville Sound record, a reaction to the honky tonk sound which cuts out the fiddle and steel guitar and adds choruses; "My Grandpa farmed for a livin'/ Content to live the simpler kind of life,/ My Grandma worked in the kitchen,/ Awfully proud to be that farmer's wife./ They used to say that they'd got everything that they need,/ Each mornin' they wake up,/ Four walls, three words, two hearts, one love"; also this year Ferlin Husky releases Gone (by Smokey Rogers) (#1 country), which makes it to #4 on the U.S. pop charts, becoming the first Nashville Sound pop hit; in Dec. 1957 Don Gibson releases Oh Lonesome Me (RCA) (#7 country) (#7 in the U.S.), produced by Chet Atkins, also pioneering the Nashville Sound, with the soundbyte: "It's the sound of money"; meanwhile after his 1958 song "On the Wings of a Dove" becomes a million-seller by Ferlin Husky, whom he met in El Cajon, Calif., becoming his mgr., Willow Springs, Mo.-born Robert Bruce "Bob" Ferguson Sr. (1927-2001) becomes an executive asst. to Chet Atkins at RCA Victor, helping to create the Nashville Sound, developing new talent incl. Porter Wagoner, Dolly Parton, Connie Smith, and Charlie Pride; Nashville Sound evolves into Country Pop; meanwhile the Bakersfield Sound is developed by Ken Nelson of Capital Records in Calif. as a reaction to the Nashville Sound, which produces artists incl. Buck Owens and the Buckaroos, Tommy Collins, Merle Haggard, Jean Shepard, Freddie Hart, Susan Raye, and Wynn Stewart; the 1954 single Louisiana Swing by Buck Owens is the first Bakersfield Sound record; later on Sept. 25, 1997 after Ferguson graduates from Vanderbilt U. with an anthropology degree, the newly-forming NBA Nashville Predators team adopts a saber-toothed cat (Smilodon) logo after the first skeleton E of the Mississippi River was discovered in 1971 during the construction of the First Am. Nat. Bank in downtown Nashville, Tenn. by Ferguson. On Mar. 6 the British West African colony of Gold Coast combines with Togoland and Ashanti (1980-), and achieves independence as the Repub. of Ghana, with capital at Accra, becoming the first Sub-Saharan African country to achieve independence from Britain; the name Ghana ("warrior king") is an attempt to claim kinship to the ancient Ghana (Wagadou) Empire in modern-day Mauritania and Mali of 790-1076 C.E., although there is no real connection; on Mar. 6 the tribal chiefs gather on the lawn of the parliament house in Accra, sitting under cool decorated umbrellas while wearing equally cool decorated robes - can I trade my Indiana Jones hat? On Mar. 7 the U.N. Security Council votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 124 to admit Ghana; on Sept. 5 it votes 11-0-0 for Resolution 125 to admit Malaya (Malaysia). On Mar. 17 the $31M Paucartambo Hydroelectric Project is dedicated in Lima; on Nov. 20 Peru signs an agreement with Brazil to further development of the Amazon River Basin. On Mar. 17 pres. (since 1953) Ramon Magsaysay is killed in a plane crash, and on Mar. 18 Carlos Polistico Garcia (1896-1971) is elected pres. #8 of the Philippines (until Dec. 30, 1961), ending his populist political program in favor of the same old same old economic nationalism and austerity. On Mar. 17 a year after his #1 hit Heartbreak Hotel, after his East Memphis, Tenn. house at 1034 Audubon Dr. is haunted by fans, Elvis Presley buys a 23-room 14-acre estate in South Memphis (3734 Elvis Presley Blvd.) (4 mi. from the Miss. border) (built 1940) for $100K, called Graceland after Grace Toof, daughter of Canadian-born Memphis Daily Appeal publisher S.C. Toof (1834-1910); on Dec. 20 he receives his draft notice. On Mar. 18 the Western series Tales of Wells Fargo debuts on NBC-TV for 200 episodes (until June 2, 1962), starring Harrah, Okla.-born Dale (Dayle Lymoine) Robertson (1923-2013) (whose voice bears an amazing resemblance to that of "Jock Ewing" actor Jim Davis?) as roving 1870s-1880s Wells Fargo agent Jim Hardie, "the left-handed gun". On Mar. 25 after being appointed by Pres. Eisenhower and confirmed by the Senate on Mar. 19, Troy, Kan.-born Charles Evans Whittaker (1901-73) (college classmate of Pres. Harry S. Truman) becomes the 91st U.S. Supreme Court justice (until Mar. 31, 1962) to replace the vacancy left by Stanley Forman Reed (1938-57), who left on Feb. 25. On Mar. 25 the Treaty of Rome, signed by "The Six" (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands) establishes the Common Market, AKA the European Economic Community (EEC), which evolves by the end of the cent. into the European Union (EU), with its four freedoms being freedom from fear, er, freedom of movement of goods, services, capital, and labor, allowing the creation of a Euro-wide police state, causing Illuminati conspiracy theorists, Bible-thumpers et al. to shake their rattles; the original idea came from French businessman Jean Monnet (1888-1979) in 1943, and was developed by Belgian PM Paul-Henri Spaak (1899-1972). On Mar. 27 the 29th Academy Awards gives the best picture Oscar for 1956 to United Artists' (Michael Todd Co.) Around the World in Eighty Days, best actor to Yul Brynner for The King and I (while fooling around with Marlene Dietrich?), best actress to Ingrid Bergman for Anastasia (reviving her career), best supporting actor to Anthony Quinn for Lust for Life, best supporting actress to Dorothy Malone for Written on the Wind, and best dir. to George Stevens for Giant. On Mar. 28 Hungarian PM Janos Kadar signs agreements in Moscow providing for Soviet economic aid and the continued presence of Soviet troops. On Mar. 28-Apr. 5 the Second Composers' Congress in the Soviet Union, presided over by Dmitri T. Shepilov reaffirms the decision of the first congress in Jan. 1948 to denounce modernist composers Dmitri Shostakovich et al., adding jazz ("wild caveman orgies") and rock ("explosions of basic instincts and sexual urges"); too bad, Shepilov picks the wrong side and joins Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich, and other plotters in the pro-Stalin Anti-Party Group Affair, a failed attempt to depose Khrushchev as first secy. of the Communist Party, which gets the Presidium to vote him out only to have the Central Committee back him up in June, after which the "anti-party group" is sacked, along with Shepilov's known friend, defense minister Grigory Zhukov, who had voted to keep Big K; the new era arrives when they are not executed but merely demoted to sideline jobs. In Mar. Elbridge Durbrow (1903-97) becomes U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam (until Mar. 1961). In the spring a revolt by pro-Egyptian army officers causes King Hussein to declare martial law in Jordan, and Ike invokes the Truman Doctrine to send economic aid to Jordan while sending U.S. naval forces into the E Mediterranean to help him; Israeli forces pull out of the Sinai Peninsula and hand over the Gaza Strip to U.N. forces; Dag Hammarskjold visits Nasser and gets the Suez Canal reopened to naviation, after which the U.S. resumes aid to Israel. On Apr. 1 (April Fool's Day) the the BBC-TV program "Panorama" airs the 3-min. Spaghetti Tree Hoax about a family in S Switzerland who grow spaghetti on trees, after which hundreds phone in asking how to grow their own. On Apr. 5 the SW coastal Indian state of Kerala installs a Communist govt. (until 1959); democratically elected and undemocratically removed? On Apr. 8 The Jimmy Dean Show is first aired by CBS-TV under the name "The Morning Show", airing on weekday and Sat. afternoons until June 1959, making Plainview, Tex.-born Jimmy Ray Dean (1928-2010) a star; it switches to ABC-TV on Sept. 19, 1963-Apr. 1, 1966, featuring Dean interacting with animated TV char. Fred Flintstone, and singing duets with Muppet Rowlf the Dog, operated by Jim Henson; in 1973-5 a half-hour version is syndicated. On Apr. 14 a fire in a convalescent home in Pointe aux Trembles in Quebec, Canada kills 17 of 27 patients. On Apr. 20 the Mayflower II, captained by Australian seaman Alan John Villiers (1903-82) leaves Plymouth, England, retracing the Pilgrims' 1620 route and reaching Provincetown, Mass. on June 12 and Plymouth, Mass. on June 13. On Apr. 22 U.S. secy. of state John Foster Dulles announces that the U.S. seeks to liberate Soviet satellites. On Apr. 29 Chandler, Tex.-born "Smilin'" Ralph Webster Yarborough (1903-96) becomes a liberal Dem. U.S. sen. from Tex. (until Jan. 3, 1971), going on to become the only Southern sen. to vote for every civil rights bill from 1957-70, becoming known as "the patron saint of Texas liberals". In Apr. the Suez Canal, blocked for 6 mo. because of war damage reopens. On May 2 Sen. Joseph McCarthy (b. 1908) dies at Bethesda Naval Hospital of "acute hepatic failure" caused by booze; no autopsy is performed, and foul play is suspected; he felt betrayed by Richard Nixon?; Dem. William Proxmire (1915-2005) takes his Senate seat. On May 5 Socialist Party leader and vice-chancellor Adolf Schaerf (Schärf) (1890-1965) (who has a little dirty laundry in his closet of Aryanizing buildings in Vienna in the 1930s) is elected as Austria's postwar pres. #3 (until 1965), and is sworn-in on May 22. On May 15 Britain explodes its first hydrogen bomb (H-bomb), joining the U.S. and Soviet Union in the Megaton Club. On May 17 (3rd anniv. of Brown v. Board of Education) the 3-hour Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. is attended by 25K, and features Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his Give Us the Ballot Speech, establishing King as the "No. 1 leader of 16 million Negroes." (James L. Hicks) On May 19 CBS-TV (producer Don Hewitt) shocks the world by airing Rebels of the Sierra Maestra: The Story of Cuba's Jungle Fighters, featuring hero Fidel Castro (whom Batista had claimed was dead) and his swaggering monologues being interviewed by New York Times journalist Herbert Lionel Matthews (1900-77), incl. the soundbyte: "The truth will always be known because there always brave reporters like you and Herbert Matthews who will always risk their lives for seeking the truth." On May 22 Emile Henriot (1889-1961) pub. an article in Le Monde which coins the term "Nouveau Roman" (New Novel) to mean novelists who try a new style with each novel, esp. Alain Robbe-Grillet. On June 2 German-born Semitic Action leader Uri Avneri (Avnery) ((Helmut Ostermann) (1923-2018) pub. the first detailed plan for an independent Palestinian state; next Sept. 1 he helps write the Hebrew Manifesto, proposing a sovereign Palestinian state next to Israel, with a 2-state federation that gradually increases its jurisdiction. On June 5 a U.S. Army Jupiter missile travels 1.5K mi. from Cape Canaveral in the first successful U.S. test of an intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM). On June 10 in Canada the Progressive Conservatives win the elections for the first time in 22 years, and on June 21 John George Diefenbaker (1895-1979) becomes PM #13 of Canada (until Apr. 22, 1963). On June 10 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 6-2 in Reid v. Covert that U.S. civilians outside U.S. territorial jurisdiction cannot be tried by U.S. military tribunals but retain the right to trial by jury and other Bill of Rights protections, with Justice Hugo Black writing the soundbytes: "The concept that the Bill of Rights and other constitutional protections against arbitrary government are inoperative when they become inconvenient or when expediency dictates otherwise is a very dangerous doctrine and if allowed to flourish would destroy the benefit of a written Constitution and undermine the basis of our government", and: "No agreement with a foreign nation can confer power on the Congress, or on any other branch of Government, which is free from the restraints of the Constitution"; Justice Charles E. Whittaker recuses himself. On June 17 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 6-1 in Yates v. U.S. that the First Amendment protects radical and reactionary speech unless it poses a "clear and present danger", softening Dennis v. U.S. (1951). On June 19 J.B. Rhine of Duke U. founds the Parapsychological Assoc. in Durham, N.C. On June 21 the U.S. agrees to immediate withdrawal of its ground combat forces from Japan. On June 21 English-born German-Russian Soviet spy Col. Rudolf Abel (Vilyam Genrikhovich "Willie" Fisher) (1903-71) is captured in New York City after his asst. Reino Hayhanen defects, causing the Hollow Nickel Case after it is discovered that Abel hides microfilm inside a hollow nickel; on Oct. 25 he is found guilty of espionage and sentenced to 30 years, then is exchanged on Feb. 10, 1962 for U.S. U-2 pilot Gary Powers, and awarded the Order of Lenin. On June 24 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 5-3 in Roth v. U.S. to reverse the 1868 English case of Regina v. Hicklin (material tending to "deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences") and define obscenity as material whose "dominant theme taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest... [to the] average person, applying contemporary community standards"; Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas dissent, claiming that the First Amendment protects obscene materials, while John Marshall Harlan II claims that the states have broad power to prosecute obscenity but the federal govt. doesn't; relaxed considerably in Miller v. Calif. (1973). On June 25-27 Hurricane Audrey strikes La. and Tex., followed by a tidal wave, killing 530, half of whom are under age nine; the lessons learned help minimize fatalities from Hurricane Rita in 2005? On June 28 Pres. Eisenhower dedicates the Islamic Center of Washington, D.C. at 2551 Mass. Ave., N.W. on Embassy Row, build by the Washington Mosque Foundation, whose members incl. reps from every Islamic nation on Earth with the soundbyte: "America would fight with her whole strength for your right to have here your own church and worship according to your own conscience. This concept is indeed a part of America, and without that concept we would be something else than what we are... As I stand beneath these graceful arches, surrounded on every side by friends from far and near, I am convinced that our common goals are both right and promising. Faithful to the demands of justice and of brotherhood, each working according to the lights of his own conscience, our world must advance along the paths of peace"; it goes on to convert 14K to Islam by 2019 - Islamic infiltration of the U.S. begins? On July 1 a 100-mi. section of the infamous Burma Railway is reopened to civilian traffic; the rest is buried in jungle; every morning a special train for widows and orphans of the POWs leaves Bangkok for the Allied cemetery in Kanchanaburi. On July 1 Blake Edwards' detective drama Richard Diamond, Private Detective, based on the CBS Radio show (1949-53) debuts on CBS-TV for 77 episodes (until Sept. 6, 1960 after switching to NBC-TV in 1959), starring David Janssen (David Harold Meyer) (1932-80) as a former NYPD officer turned hard-boiled P.I., whose secy. Sam (Mary Tyler Moore et al.) is shown only from the waist down; in season 2 he moves to Los Angeles, Calif., living in a beautiful ranch house with sunken living room, bar, loveseat, sliding glass doors, and a great view of the Hollywood Hills, driving a 1959 DeSoto Fireflite with big tailfins, complete with car phone, channeling Hugh Hefner; when that doesn't work, in season 3 he moves to an apt., and drives a 1959 Ford Galaxie convertible. On July 1-Dec. 31, 1958 the Internat. Geophysical Year (IGY) is participated in by 67 nations, who cooperate to sponsor research on the year's high solar sunspot activity; the idea was originated in 1950 by scientists James Alfred Van Allen (1914-2006) of the U. of Iowa, and British geophysicist Sydney Chapman (1888-1970) of the U. of Alaska; the Antarctic is the initial focus of activity with Operation Deep Freeze (1955-6) using a network of 60 research stations; on Dec. 16 Vostok (Russ. "East") Station is founded near the South Pole; on Sept. 18, 1958 the ground temp. in the Antarctic reaches a record low of -102.1 F (-74.5 C), followed on July 21, 1983 by a new record low ground level temp of -89.2C (-128.6F) (until ?). On July 2 Mass. Dem. Sen. John F. Kennedy introduces a Senate resolution calling for the U.S. to support the Communist-backed Algerian independence movement. On July 11 Aga Khan III (b. 1875), head of 20M Shiite Muslim Ismailis dies, and is succeeded by his Harvard-educated eldest grandson Prince Karim al Hussaini Shah, with the title Aga Khan IV (1936-) as the Shiite Ismaili imam #49 (unti ?), covering 20% of the world Shiite pop.; his grandaddy had named him in his will as "a young man brought up in the midst of the New Age". On July 16 Japan announces an easing of trade restrictions with Communist China. On July 25 the nat. assembly deposes the Bey, and declares Tunisia a repub. On July 26 Pres. Carlos Castillo Armas of Guatemala is assassinated, and on July 27 vice-pres. Luis Arturo Gonzalez Lopez (1900-65) becomes provisional pres.; on Oct. 24 electoral fraud causes a 3-man junta to seize power, installing Guillermo Flores Avendano (Avendaño) (1894-1982) as provisional pres. (until Mar. 2, 1958). On July 26 the U.S. House of Reps votes 373-9 to cite Pete Seeger, Arthur Miller, and five others with contempt of Congress for failing to cooperate with HUAC. In 1955 the experience causes Seeger to begin writing Where Have All the Flowers Gone? after reading Mikhail Sholokhov's 1928 novel "And Quiet Flows the Don", with verses added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson, who is given 20% of the royalties; in 1961 the Kingston Trio releases their big hit Where Have All the Flowers Gone?, thinking it's an anon. folk song; in 1962 Marlene Dietrich (1901-92) releases Where Have All the Flowers Gone?, a cover of the 1961 Kingston Trio hit, which becomes a big hit in Germany in English and German as "Sag Mir, Wo die Blumen Sind"; she goes on perform it in Israel, breaking the taboo of using German publicly there; Seeger finally releases his own version in 1964. On July 28 La.-born rock star Jerry Lee Lewis (1935-) appears on The Steve Allen Show, performing "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"; this hit plus "Great Balls of Fire" makes him an instant internat. hit, despite misgivings of conservatives like Johnny Cash, who believe that his sexual innuendoes and onstage gyrations are sending his fans straight to Hell. On July 29 the U.N. Internat. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is established. On July 31 Jack Paar (1918-2004) becomes host of NBC's Tonight after several guest hosts fill in for Steve Allen, who departed in Jan. In July the U.S. stock market breaks sharply, signaling the onset of the 1957-8 recession. In July Pres. Eisenhower becomes the first U.S. pres. to be carried in a helicopter, a 3-seat Bell H-13J. In July the U.S. celebrates its first Nat. Hot Dog Month. In July Jewish-Am. CBS News journalist (one of Edward R. Murrow's Boys) Daniel Louis Schorr (1916-2010) (son of Russian Jewish immigrants) obtains an exclusive interview with Soviet Communist Party chief Nikita Khrushchev, which airs on Face the Nation, becoming Schorr's first TV interview; after leaving the Soviet Union he is denied an entry visa until 1962. On Aug. 1 the U.S. and Canada reach an agreement to create the North Am. Air Defense Command (NORAD). On Aug. 5 (Mon.) American Bandstand, a weekly afternoon Philadelphia show hosted by ever-youthful Richard Wagstaff "Dick" Clark (1929-2012) debuts on ABC-TV (until 1989), becoming famous for the soundbyte: "It's got a good beat and you can dance to it." On Aug. 16-22 Lubbock, Tex.-based Charles Hardin Holley (1936-59) and his group Buddy Holly and the Crickets performs at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, N.Y., breaking the color line in music, launching the Lubbock Sound, which influenced the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Lou Reed et al.; his hits incl. That'll Be the Day (1M copies), whose title is based on a line by John Wayne in the 1956 film "The Searchers", and Peggy Sue (#3 in the U.S.). On Aug. 14 Morocco becomes a kingdom under sultan Mohammed (Muhammad) V (1909-61), who rules as king (until 1961). On Aug. 26 the Soviets report successful tests of a multistage ICBM. The Apollo Theater Be Damned, Let's Little Rock Around the Clock? On Aug. 29 Ark. gov. (1955-67) Orval Eugene Faubus (1910-94) (originally elected as a Southern liberal) asks a state court to block mayor Woodrow Wilson Mann (1916-2002) and his model 7-year school integration program in Little Rock, Ark. on the grounds that it would lead to bloodshed; the local judge grants it, but U.S. District Court judge Ronald Norwood Davies (1904-96) overrules him, and nine black pupils called the Little Rock Nine attempt to enroll with 2K whites at Central High School while the 175-man police force makes plans to control demonstrations, but fathead Faubus wants to run for a 3rd term against popular white racists Jim Johnson and Bruce Bennett, so on the evening of Sept. 2 he has Nat. Guardsmen set up a perimeter around the school, and the next day they turn the blacks away, claiming that "Gov. Faubus has placed this school off-limits to Negroes"; after Faubus claims that the city's stores are running out of knives sold "mostly to Negro youths", and the FBI compiles a 500-page report showing otherwise, he is ordered to appear in U.S. court on ' Sept. 20; on Sept. 14 he meets with Pres. Eisenhower in the summer White House in Newport, R.I., but doesn't change his mind; on Sept. 20 he is a no-show in court, having his lawyers tell the judge that "the governor of the state of Arkansas cannot and will not concede that the United States in this court or anywhere else can question his discretion and judgment"; his lawyers then leave with permission, and the judge hears witnesses and orders Faubus and the Nat. Guard to stop interfering with the school, which Faubus agrees to, but that night he gets his prof. strikebreaker friend James "Jimmy the Flash" Karam to round up a gang of bullies, and on Sept. 21 at 8:45 a.m. when the class bell rings, they cry "Here come the niggers!" and chase and beat four black reporters, during which time the black students arrive and made it into the school, but now the mob of almost 1K white racist men begins attacking reporters, police and state troopers, causing Mayor Mann to order the black students withdrawn from the school at 11:50 a.m., and Gov. Faubus tells a press conference in Sea Island, Ga. (where he is conveniently attending a Southern Gov.'s Conference), "The trouble in Little Rock vindicates my good judgment"; on Sept. 22 Pres. Eisenhower orders the military in, and the 327th Battle Group of the 101st Airborne Div. from Ft. Campbell, Ky., under Gen. Maxwell Taylor is flown to Little Rock; under army guard the black children are admitted to the school a 8:45 a.m., nd when the crowd doesn't disperse soldiers with bayonets fixed throat-high clear them out; Missouri Pacific switchman C.E. Blake (1912-) seizes a soldier's rifle barrel and topples him, but another soldier rifle-butts him in the head; meanwhile on Sept. 2 in Birmingham, Ala. a black handyman named Judge Edward Aaron (1923-) is captured by the KKK and castrated with a razor blade because "We just wanted some nigger at random"; the finance minister of Ghana is thrown out of a Howard Johnson restaurant near Dover, Del. by a waitress, who says "Colored people are not allowed to eat in here", embarrassing the State Dept.; Gov. Faubus appears on ABC-TV claiming U.S. govt. atrocities, "bludgeoning innocent bystanders, with bayonets in the backs of schoolgirls", concluding "In the name of God...what is happening in America?"; eight arrests are made, four for loitering; the Army wins the day, and keeps the peace until Nov., when they withdraw all but a token force from the school, and the black kids attend unescorted; the total bill for this federal operation is $4,051,000; Southern political leaders lock ranks behind Faubus, accusing Ike of being another Hitler and/or comparing him to the Soviets in Hungary as rank and file Southerners experience flashbacks to Reconstruction (90% of non-Southerners and only 30% of Southerners support Ike's actions); Faubus wins reelection in a landslide, continuing in office until retirement in 1967; Arkansas Gazette reporter Harry Scott Ashmore (1916-98) wins a Pulitzer Prize for his unbiased coverage of Central High despite a statewide boycott and being called "Public Enemy No. 1" by Little Rock's Capital Citizens Council - the blacks see how the avg. white racist gets away with anything, and how the feds only put up a symbolic show, and go into despair? On Aug. 31 the Federation of Malaya attains sovereignty, with Tunku (Prince) Abdul Rahman Al-Haj (1903-90) ("Father of Malaysia") as PM #1 (until Sept. 22, 1970). On Sept. 1 a train plunges into a ravine near Kendal, Jamaica, killing 175. On Sept. 4 (Wed.) (E-Day) the Ford Edsel, named after Henry Ford I's son (Henry Ford II's father) Edsel Bryant Ford is introduced after the most expensive venture in the history of commerce (according to Business Week; 6.5K sales are made on the first day, but 1 mo. later the Sputnik launch backfires on it, making it seem all the more a symbol of the discredited era of America, and sales sputter; Automotive News reports that dealers of all cars are having the 2nd worst sales season in history; on Sept. 7 an Edsel is stolen in N Philly, but after the news of all the bugs in the early cars (brakes, transmissions, doors, etc.) gets around, few think they're worth stealing; on Oct. 13 Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, and Bob Hope star in a CBS-TV special in a vain effort to launch it again. On Sept. 14 Have Gun - Will Travel debuts on CBS-TV for 225 episodes (until Apr. 20, 1963), starring snazzy black-dressing polyglot opera-loving gourmand former Army officer Richard Allen Boone (1917-81), who lives in the Carlton Hotel in San Francisco, Calif., and wears a holster with chess knight emblems plus a concealed derringer under his belt, and passes out calling cards saying "Have Gun Will Travel/Wire Paladin/San Francisco". On Sept. 15 the sitcom Bachelor Father, based on the General Electric Theatre episode "A New Girl in His Life" (May 26, 1957) debuts on CBS-TV for 157 episodes (until Sept. 25, 1962 after switching to NBC-TV in 1959 and ABC-TV in 1961), starring John Forsythe (Jacob Lincoln Freund) (1918-2010) as wealthy bachelor atty. Bentley Gregg, who lives in Beverly Hills, Calif. and assumes the care of his niece Kelly, played by Noreen M. Corcoran (1943-) after her parents died in an automobile accident; San Francisco, Calif.-born comedian Sammee Tong (1901-64) plays Chinese houseboy Peter Tong, who carries the show with Forsythe. On Sept. 18 Wagon Train debuts on NBC-TV for 284 episodes (switching to ABC-TV in 1962) (until May 2, 1965), based on the 1950 John Ford film "Wagon Master" and the 1930 John Wayne flick "The Big Trail", starring Wardell Edwin "Ward" Bond (1903-60) as wagonmaster Maj. Seth Adams, and Robert Horton (Meade Howard Horton Jr. (1924-) as scout Flint McCullough, with other actors subbing after Bond's death, incl. Robert Fuller (1933-) as scout Cooper Smith. On Sept. 19 Ceylon and Communist China conclude a 5-year trade pact. On Sept. 19 Robert A. Cinader's Western series Boots and Saddles debuts in syndication for 38 episodes (until May 29, 1958), set in 1871 in Ft. Lowell in Arizona Territory, about the 5th Cavalry fighting the fierce Apaches, starring John M. "Jack" Picard (1913-93) as Capt. Shank Adams, Patrick "Pat" McVey (McVeigh) (1910-73) as Lt. Col. Wesley Hayes, and George Cadogan Gardiner McKay (1932-2001) as Lt. Dan Kelley. On Sept. 20 the crime drama series M Squad debuts on NBC-TV for 117 episodes (until June 28, 1960), set in Chicago, Ill., starring Lee Marvin (1924-87) as Det. Lt. Frank Ballinger, who fights organized crime and corruption in his 1957 Ford Fairlaine when not hawking Pall Mall cigarettes, GE, Bulova, and Hazel Bishop, making him a star; Nelson Case is the announcer; Paul Newlan is his boss; the M Squad Theme is by Count Basie; the short-lived 1982 TV series Police Squad! later spoofs it; too bad, an episode showing a police officer in a bad light pisses-off Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, who virtually bans TV and movie location filming until the late 1970s. On Sept. 21 Norwegian king (since 1905) Haakon VII (b. 1872) dies, and his only son Olav V (1903-91) becomes king of Norway (until Jan. 17, 1991), becoming the first heir to the throne to grow up in Norway since medieval times, going on to become popular with the people. On Sept. 21 Perry Mason debuts on CBS-TV for 271 episodes (until May 22, 1966), based on the Erle Stanley Gardner stories, starring Raymond William Stacey Burr (1917-93) as Perry, Barbara Hale (1921-) as Della Street, William Talman (1915-68) as Hamilton Burger, William Joseph "Bill" Hopper (1915-70) as Paul Drake, Ray Collins (1887-1965) as Det. Lt. Arthur Tragg, Connie Cezan (1925-2004) as Gertie, and Kenneth MacDonald (1901-72) as here cum da judge; only the final episode is in color; followed by "The New Perry Mason" (1973-4). On Sept. 24 the Western series The Californians debuts on NBC-TV for 54 episodes (until May 26, 1959), set in 1850s San Francisco, Calif., starring Adam Kennedy (1922-97) as Irish newspaperman Dion Patrick, who helps the local vigilante committee fight the unruly Forty-Niner miners. On Sept. 27 the Western comedy Maverick (B&W) (Warner Bros.) debuts on ABC-TV for 124 episodes (until Apr. 22, 1962), starring Okla.-born James Garner (1928-), Queens, N.Y.-born John Augustus "Jack"Kelly (1927-92), and Long Beach, Calif.-born Robert Colbert (1931-) (season 4), as Tex.-born high-stakes poker-playing travelling Maverick brothers Bret, Bart, and Brent; after season 3 Garner leaves after a winning a lawsuit freeing him to go into movies; no more than two brothers appear in the same episode, often only one; after Sean Connery turns the part down, London-born Roger George Moore (1927-) (season 4) (who suffers from hoblophobia, fear of guns, blinking when he touches on) plays their English cousin Beau; after uttering the soundbyte: "Put me in a dress and call me Brenda, but don't do this to me!", Colbert is deliberately palmed-off as Garner, lasting only two seasons when the voice gives him away. On Sept. 29 the Kyshtym (Mayak) (Ozyorsk) Disaster in the closed city of, Chelyabinsk, Russia sees radioactive contamination from a plutonium nuclear weapons site, spreading over 20K sq. mi. (52K sq. km), causing 10K to be evacuated, becoming the 2nd worst radioactivity released after the Chernobyl Disaster in 1986. On Sept. 29 an express train crashes into a standing oil train near Montgomery, West Pakistan, killing almost 300. In the fall five student activists at the U. of Calif. at Berkeley (UCB) run for student govt. office on a common slate, forming the org. known as SLATE, beginning campus activism in the U.S. In Sept. radio personality John Henry Faulk (1913-90) is fired by CBS-Radio after they are informed by Aware Inc. that he is a Comsymp (Commie sympathizer); he fights back and wins a major libel award in 1962, shutting down the blacklisting org. and ending blacklisting. On Oct. 2 Polish foreign minister Adam Rapacki (1909-70) (pr. ra-PAT-sky) proposes the Rapacki Plan of a European nuclear-free zone consisting of Poland, East and West Germany, and Czech; it is supported by the Soviet Union but rejected by the West. On Oct. 3 (Thur.) The Real McCoys debuts on ABC-TV for 224 episodes (until June 23, 1964) after switching to CBS in 1962), about a hillbilly family from Smokey Corners, W. Va. who moved to the San Fernando Valley of Calif., starring Walter Andrew Brennan (1894-1974) as Grandpa Amos McCoy, Richard Donald "Dick" Crenna (1926-2003) as his grandson Luke, Kathleen "Kathy" Nolan (Jocelyn Schrum) (1933-) as his new bride Kate, Lydia Reed (1944-) as his teenie sister Tallahassee "Hassie"", and Michael L. Winkelman (1946-99) as his 11-y.-o. brother Little Luke; Puerto-Rican bandleader Tony Martinez (1920-2002) plays Mexican farm hand Pepino Garcia, who on the Jan. 8, 1962 episode becomes a U.S. citizen and changes his surname to McCoy, becoming a big breakthrough in casting. On Oct. 3 (Thur.) Walter Lantz's animated series The Woody Woodpecker Show debuts on ABC-TV for ? episodes (until Sept. 25, 1958), featuring Woody Woodpecker, Andy Panda, Chilly Willy, and Inspector Willoughby, going into syndication until 1965, followed by 26 new episodes on NBC-TV on Sept. 12, 1970-Sept. 2, 1972, and replays of old cartoons on Sept. 11, 1976 to Sept. 3, 1977; watch intro. Red Moon Rising, Or, The long Eisenhower Siesta ends, and now the smug Americans become desperate to keep up with the Russkies or be buried? On Oct. 4 the Soviet Union launches the beach ball-sized (22.8 in. diam.), 183.9 lb. Sputnik I, the first manmade satellite on a R-7 Smyorka (Russ. "seven") (SS-6 Sapwood) missile, going on to orbit the Earth every 96.2 min.; Operation Moonwatch, organized by Am. astronomer Fred Lawrence Whipple tracks its movements; on Oct. 4 the Soviet news agency Tass announces it, with the soundbyte: "Artificial earth satellites will pave the way for space travel, and it seems that the present generation will witness how the freed and conscious labor of the people of the new Socialist society turns even the most daring of man's dreams into reality"; Americans, who had believed that all Russians did was steal their inventions are shocked; Khrushchev utters the soundbyte "People of the whole world are pointing to the satellite... saying that the U.S. has been beaten"; Clare Boothe Luce calls the Sputnik's beep an "outer-space raspberry to a decade of American pretensions that the American way of life is a gilt-edge guarantee of our national superiority"; after Pres. Eisenhower's Speech on Science in Nat. Security on TV on Nov. 7, the U.S. launches a massive $100B catch-up effort; Sputnik I is a sphere the size of a beach ball (22.8 in. diam.), weighing 183.9 lbs., and orbiting the Earth once every 96.2 min. (18K mph) at an apogee of 583 mi. to a perigee of 143 mi. while emitting 1 watt A-flat beeping sounds at 20-40 MHz from four radio antennas, launched from a Russian rocket with 200K lbs. of thrust, which is all far better than the planned U.S. Vanguard project, a 21.5 lb. satellite designed to be lifted to a 300 mi. orbit with a 27K lb. thrust rocket; the course of Sputnik takes it over most of the inhabited Earth so that as many people as possible can see it with binoculars, shifting 4 deg. a day, and purposely designed so that Americans are the last to be able to view it (Oct. 20); the batteries wear out after three weeks; no sooner does that happen than on Nov. 3 cone-shaped 1,129.29 lb. Sputnik II is launched, orbiting at 1,056 mi. alt., filled with scientific instruments, along with a female part-Samoyed terrier named Kudryavka (Russian for Little Curly), later changed to Laika (1954-7) (Russian for Barker) (who runs out of oxygen and dies within two days, er, that was the coverstory, she really died of overheating within hours, which isn't revealed until 2002), scaring Americans that the Commies will get to the Moon first and attack Earth from it?; Sputnik II reenters Earth's atmosphere on Apr. 14 after 162 days in orbit; as the news breaks, Ike is returning from a West Point class of 1915 reunion and homecoming football game, and when he refuses to rush into the space program, his public approval plummets from 71% to 57%; the death of Laika pisses-off the Nat. Canine Defence League (founded 1891); the brains behind the Soviet space program is Lt. Gen. Kerim Aliyevich Kerimov (1917-2003), whose identity is kept secret for decades; the U.S. scraps top secret Project A119, to nuke the Moon to intimidate the Soviets; by the year 2000 over 25K objects are put into orbit, of which almost 9K remain orbiting; Sputnik eventually falls onto the middle of 8th St. in Manitowoc, Wisc., where a brass ring is placed. On Oct. 2-10 the Milwaukee Braves (ML) defeat the New York Yankees (AL) 4-3 to win the Fifty-Fourth (54th) (1957) World Series, becoming the first team to win a WS after relocating (from Boston in 1953); on Oct. 6 Nippy Jones of the Braves successfuly argues that he had been hit by a pitch when he shows the umpire shoe polish on the ball, helping the Braves win Game 4 and eventually the series. On Oct. 4 (Fri.) as the Soviets are launching Sputnik I, Leave It to Beaver debuts on CBS-TV (until 1957, then ABC-TV) for 234 episodes (until June 20, 1963), becoming the first primetime U.S. TV series focusing on a child, screwing up the minds of millions of young baby boomers with its thick layers of false innocence as it pretends it's still the uncomplicated lost golden years of childhood before Sputnik; stars chipmunky-cute veteran actor Gerald Patrick "Jerry" Mathers (1948-) (who wears his Cub Scout uniform to the audition) as Theodore "The Beaver" Cleaver, properly straight-white-right-looking Hugh Beaumont (1909-82) (whose son drives the family to L.A. from Minn., and has an accident in which his mother-in-law dies, making him bitter toward the show) as his daddy Ward, equally straight-white-looking Barbara Billingsley (1915-2010) as his mother June, and wannabe Ricky Nelson hearthrob (novice actor) Tony Lee Dow (1945-) as his older big brother-model Wally Cleaver, who all live at 428 Mapleton and 211 Pine St. in lily-white Mayfield (in Wisc.?) (in a house later used by TV's Marcus Welby), experiencing a carnival of neighbors, incl. prankster Eddie Haskell, played by Kenneth Charles "Ken" Osmond (1943-2020), Clarence "Lumpy" Rutherford Jr., played by Frank Bank (1942-2013) (who gets stereotyped and ends up as a stock broker), and nubile teacher Miss Landers, played by Sue Randall (Marion Burnside Randall) (1935-84); invents the grand series finale after Mathers decides to quit to attend h.s., with the show "Family Scrapbook"; the theme song The Toy Parade is by Dave Kahn, Melvyn Leonard, and Mort Greene, which is jazzed-up in 1963 by Sicilian-born Pietro "Pete" Rugolo (1915-2011);; never wins any awards. On Oct. 4 (Fri.) "the thinking man's Western" series (B&W) Trackdown debuts on CBS-TV for 71 episodes (until Sept. 23, 1959), starring Robert Martin Culp (1930-2010) as Texas Ranger Hoby Gilman in 1870s Porter (NE of Houston), Montgomery County, Tex., and Ellen Corby as Porter, Tex. newspaper owner Henrietta Porter, becoming the first (only) Western TV series to be endorsed by the State of Tex. and the Tex. Rangers. On Oct. 5 homo-blackmailing U.S. Sen. (R-N.H.) (1937-61) Henry Styles Bridges (1898-1961) gives a speech in Misery Island (U.S. Senate) about the shock of the Sputnik launch, with the soundbyte: "The time has clearly come to be less concerned about the depth of pile on the new broadloom rug or the height of the tailfin on the new car and to be more prepared to shed blood, sweat, and tears"; Ford Motor Co. watches sales for their new Edsel line hit a brick wall, and Time mag. calls it "a classic case of the wrong car for the wrong market at the wrong time". On Oct. 7 Yugoslavia recognizes East Germany. On Oct. 11 Federico Bigi (1920-96) becomes pres. of San Marino after 12 years of Communist rule (since 1957) - big deal? On Oct. 16 (Wed.) the Western series Tombstone Territory debuts on ABC-TV for 93 episodes (until July 8, 1960), starring Patrick Douglas "Pat" Conway (1931-81) (son of dir. Jack Conway) as Sheriff Clay Hollister of "the Town Too Tough to Die"; theme song is Whistle Me Up a Memory by William M. Backer. On Oct. 20 former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) appears on "Meet the Press" to discuss her recent 3-hour meeting with Nikita Khrushchev in Yalta, saying that he has a likeable personality; they ended up arguing on arms proliferation, Soviet Jewry, and the Yalta agreements, after which she told reporters that their discussion was "friendly", with Khrushchev adding "at least we didn't shoot each other". On Oct. 23 French haute couture king Christian Dior (b. 1905) dies, and his asst. Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent (1936-2008) rises to fashion prominence next Jan. with the trapeze dress, going on to introduce the tuxedo suit for women, use non-white models with non-Euro cultural references, and make ready-to-wear clothing reputable; in 1965 he introduces shift dresses with designs inspired by Piet Mondrian, which becomes a big hit. On Oct. 25 Murder Inc. head Albert "Mad Hatter" "Lord High Executioner" Anastasia (Umberto Anastasio) (b. 1902) is murdered as he sits in a barber's chair in the Park Sheraton Hotel at 56th St. and 7th Ave. in Manhattan, N.Y., providing a cliche for zillions of future gangster movies; on Nov. 14 after Naples, Italy-born Genovese crime family head Vito "Don Vito" Genovese (1897-1969) calls it to recognize him as boss of bosses (capo dei capi), the Apalachin Meeting in Apalachin, N.Y. at the home of Sicilian-born Bufalino crime family boss Joseph "Joe the Barber" Barbara (1905-59), attended by 100 Mafia crime bosses from the U.S., Canada, and Italy is busted up the police after they spot all the expensive cars, causing them to flee into the woods, after which over 60 are detained, forcing the FBI to finally acknowledge the existence of the Mafia; meanwhile Sicilian-born Carlo "Don Carlo" Gambino (1902-76) seizes control over the Cosa Nostra at the convention, causing it to become known as the Gambino crime family. On Oct. 26 the Soviet Union announces that defense minister Marshal Georgi Zhukov has been relieved of his duties. On Nov. 3 Khrushchev gives an interview to James Reston of the New York Times, boasting that since Russia has ICBMs, America's B-52s are "obsolete airplanes"; on Nov. 8 the Soviets announce successful tests on a new H-bomb warhead for their ICBMs, and Soviet rocketry holds a clear lead over the U.S. for the next 15 mo. On Nov. 4 Bahai' guardian #1 (since 1921) Shoghi Effendi Rabbani (b. 1897) dies unexpectedly in London of influenza after failing to appoint a successor, causing the Hands of the Cause to elect nine Custodians; in 1963 the Universal House of Justice is elected. On Nov. 7 the Gaither Report, produced by Ford Foundation chmn. (Rand Corp. founder) Horace Rowan Gaither Jr. (1909-61), with the cooperation of the Nat. Security Council is submitted to Pres. Eisenhower, who finds it so shocking that he decides to suppress it; it endorses a nationwide nuclear bomb shelter program, which is too expensive to implement. On Nov. 7 Pres. Eisenhower appoints MIT pres. (since 1948) James Rhyne Killian Jr. (1904-88) as his special asst. for science and technology (missile czar); he disputes Ike's policy of keeping all rocket programs under the Defense Dept. to avoid costly duplication of effort; when Nixon backs Killian, Ike responds that he'd rather have "one good Redstone nuclear-armed missile than a rocket that could hit the moon", adding, "We have no enemies on the moon" - that we know of? On Nov. 13 Antonin Zapotocky (b. 1884) dies, and on Nov. 19 Antonin Novotny (1904-75) is elected pres. of the Czechoslovak Repub. (until Mar. 22, 1968) - sprinkle a little sugar on them high cheekbones, sourpuss? On Nov. 14 East and West Germany agree to $548M in trade for 1960 - not counting 1-way West-to-East travellers? On Nov. 14 left-wing Italian Socialists led by Pietro Nenni (1891-1980) approve "unity of action" with Communists. On Nov. 16 police search the property of Edward Theodore "Ed" Gein (1906-84) in Plainfield, Wisc., and discover his little habit of murder, grave-robbing, and human taxidermy, incl. "woman suits" made out of tanned skin; he is found not guilty by reason of insanity, and "the Butcher of Plainfield" spends the rest of his life in the Mendota Mental Health Inst. in Madison, Wisc. On Nov. 24 the Commonwealth Trans-Arctic Expedition, led by Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs (1908-99) of Britain departs from Shackleton Base, using Sno-Cat tractors to cross Antarctica in 99 days, ending up at Scott Base next Mar. 2 after travelling 2,158 mi. and proving the existence of a land mass beneath the ice; Sir Edmund Hillary leads the New Zealand party. On Nov. 25 Pres. Eisenhower suffers a "vascular spasm", actually a stroke, causing aphasia, becoming the 3rd time in 26 mo. that he is incapacitated; vice-pres. Nixon takes his place at a state banquet in Washington, D.C. for Moroccan King Mohammed V. On Nov. 28 an Atlas rocket travels 6,325 mi. from Cape Canaveral to Ascension Island in the first full-range test of a U.S. ICBM. In Nov. Iranian shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi declares Bahrain to be Iran's 14th province. On Dec. 1 Charles Raymond Starkweather (1938-59) kills his first of 11 victims in Neb. and Wyo. during a 2-mo. road trip with his teenie babe Caril Ann Fugate; he is executed in the electric chair at Neb. State Pen. on June 25, 1959; Fugate gets life but is paroled in June 1976; budding horror novelist Stephen King obsesses on him and later creates char. Randall Flag in "The Stand" as his schoolmate; the case inspires the 1973 film "Badlands" and the 1994 film "Natural Born Killers". On Dec. 1 the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago, Ill. is founded by folk musicians Frank Hamilton (1934-) and Winfred J. "Uncle Win" Stracke (1908-91), going on to launch the careers of Bob Gibson, Steve Goodman, Fred Holstein, Bonnie Koloc, Roger McGuinn, John Prine et al. On Dec. 4 two commuter trains collide in fog in St. John's, England, killing 92 and injuring 187. On Dec. 4 thousands of Dutch nationals are expelled from Indonesia. On Dec. 6 a bowling ball-sized "American Sputnik" ends up on the ground emitting 108 MHz beeps after the 3-stage Navy Vanguard Martin TV-3 (Test Vehicle 3) (dubbed by the press the "flopnik", "sputternik" "dudnik", etc.) rocket explodes on the launchpad at Cape Canaveral in front of numerous spectators and press, after the U.S. had touted in advance how it was catching up with the Russkies; "It's our worst humiliation since Custer's last stand." On Dec. 17 the U.S. successfully test-fires the General Dynamics SM-65 Atlas ICBM for the first time; it becomes operational in Oct. 1959 with a warhead 100x as power as the one dropped over Nagasaki in 1945. On Dec. 20 the $4.3M Boeing 707 long-range narrow-body 4-engine swept-wing jet airliner with podded engines makes its first flight, becoming the first commercially successful jetliner, dominating the industry in the 1960s and ushering in the Jet Age; it is introduced in Oct. 1958 by Pan Am.; 1,010 are produced by the time it is discontinued in 1979. On Dec. 28 after falling in love on a small boat, Hollywood stars Natalie Wood and Robert Wagner marry despite Wood's mother Maria protesting; they separate in June 1961 and divorce in Apr. 1962, after which Wood marries British producer Richard Gregson on May 30, 1969, and has his daughter Natasha Gregson on Sept. 29, 1970, then separate in Aug. 1971, and divorce in Apr. 1972, after which she remarries Wagner on July 16, 1972, and has his daughter Courtney Wagner on Mar. 9, 1974; she dies in Isthmus Cove in Santa Catalina Island while on another boat (the yacht Splendour) with him on Nov. 29, 1981. In Dec. Desilu Productions, founded in 1950 by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz buys the RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum) (originally the FBO, Film Booking Office) Hollywood movie studios from Gen. Tire and Rubber for $6M; causing its public stock to jump from $10 to $29 a share next year. A coup in Thailand against Phibun Songkhram is led by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat (Dhanarajata) (1908-63), who becomes PM (until Dec. 8, 1963), ruling with an iron hand while lining his pockets. WWII anti-Nazi hero and Socialist Willy Brandt (Herbert Ernst Frahm) (1913-92) is elected mayor of West Berlin; meanwhile Berlin-born longtime Stalinist Erich Mielke (1907-2000) (a non-smoking fitness enthusiast who loves hunting animals) becomes head of the East German Stasi secret police, keeping track of 85K domestic spies and 170K informers who watch every person in the Communist Paradise, weeding out anybody who doesn't tow the line, and torturing, imprisoning, and killing them in an endless war on his imagined little Nazis. James David Zellerbach (1892-1963) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Italy (until 1960). An attempted coup against Nikita Khrushchev by hardline Stalinists Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Georgi Malenkov, and Lazar Kaganovich is crushed. The U.S. passes the 1957 U.S. Civil Rights Act, its first in 82 years in an effort to increase black voter registration, causing the U.S. Justice Dept. to found its Civil Rights Div. - complete with government-issued steel balls? The Chechens exiled by Stalin return home and establish the Chechen-Inguish Repub., AKA Chechnya and Ingushetia. Kashmir is incorporated into the Union of India under a new constitution. The new town of Mirny (Russ. "peaceful") in NE Russia is built for workers, becoming the site of a giant open pit diamond mine. The Internat. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is established to oversee the development and spread of nuclear technology and materials. Dr. Francois Duvalier (1907-71) becomes pres. #32 of hopeless Haiti (until 1971). The Eastern and Western regions of Nigeria receive internal self-governing status. Stanford-educated Frances Elizabeth Willis (1899-1983) becomes the first U.S. ambassador to Switzerland, and the first female U.S. ambassador. The Wolfenden Report on homosexuality and prostitution is pub. in Britain, suggesting that private consensual gay sex should be decriminalized; Irish Unionist MP Harford Montgomery Hyde (1907-89) vigorously supports it, pointing out the "three fallacies", that male homosexuality always involves sodomy, that homosexuals are necessarily effeminate, and that most criminal cases are of male homosexuals practicing in private, causing him to lose his, er, seat in 1959 - the wolf end report? Chou In-law, er, En-lai visits Moscow. Archbishop Makarios III is released from the Seychelles. U Nu returns as PM of Burma. India adopts a decimal currency system. The patriarchate of the Syriac Orthodox church moves to Damascus, Syria (until ?). Richfield Oil establishes the first commercially-viable oil production in Alaska on the Swanson River. A fire in Bldg. 771 of the Colo. Rocky Flats nuclear plant causes $818K damage and releases radioactive waste in the air; the press whitewashes it. Regular air service begins between London and Moscow. Maj. John Glenn Jr. sets an airspeed record from Calif. to New York in a jet (3 hours 23 min. 8.4 sec.). The Shah of Iran creates Savak, a secret police force which uses the whole bag of devil's tools on the Iranian people (until 1979). After a major influenza epidemic hits Karachi, Pakistan, Indian-born Muslim Abdul Sattar Edhi (1928-) gives free immunizations, obtaining donations from all over Pakistan and establishing the Edhi Foundation to provide free volunteer ambulance service. "Lucky Lindy" Charles Lindbergh gets lucky and begins a secret affair with Munich hat maker Brigitte Hesshaimer (1927-2001), which continues to his death in 1974 at age 72; his wife Anne dies in 2001 at age 93 unaware of the affair; Brigitte dies the same year at age 74. The U.S. Senate labor industry McClellan (Valachi) Hearings, chaired by U.S. Sen. (D-Ark.) (1943-77) John Little McClellan (1896-1977) put Teamsters leader James Riddle "Jimmy" Hoffa (1913-75) on trial for corruption and mob connections, with grilling by eager young Robert F. Kennedy; the Teamsters are expelled from the AFL-CIO after Hoffa refuses to expel criminals and the Teamsters refuse to expel Hoffa, who tripled their wages during his tenure and is regarded as a hero. Golda Meir issues the soundbyte: "Peace will come when Arabs love their children more than they hate us." The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is organized by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. after the Montgomery Bus Boycott; after King's 1968 death it fades due to lack of strong leadership? The 1.5M-member United Church of Christ is formed from the union of the Gen. Council of Congregational Christian Churches and the Evangelical and Reformed Churches, which in 1959 pub. a Statement of Faith, sticking to infant baptism and communion. The Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500 (founded 1860) value-weighted index of 500 large-cap common stocks begins to be pub. 1957 to get around Am. objections to an outright subsidy, the Eady Levy, proposed by Board of Trade pres. Harold Wilson and named after Treasury official Sir (Crawfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (1890-1962) is established in Britain as a levy on box office receipts to support the British film industry, allowing overseas firms to write-off production costs by filming in Britain; it is abolished in 1985 amid record low attendance. The U. of Baghdad is founded in Baghdad, Iraq, becoming the biggest in Iraq, and 2nd biggest Arab univ. behind the U. of Cairo. British psychologist Humphry Fortescue Osmond (1917-2004) coins the word "psychedelic" (Gr. "psyche" + "delos" = mind + manifest) at the New York Academy of Science; Aldous Huxley wanted to use the word "phanerothyme" (Gr. "thymos" = spiritedness). 17-y.-o. Am. scholar Whitney Smith (1940-) coins the term "Vexillology" for the study of flags. Dorothy Irene Height (1912-2010) becomes pres. of the Nat. Council of Negro Women (until 1997), organizing "Wednesdays in Mississippi" to bring together black and white women from the South and North. Princess Margaret becomes dir. of the English Royal Ballet (until 2002). English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914-2003) beats out his foe A.J.P. Taylor (1906-90) for Oxford's Regius professorship of modern history, underlying the debate started by Taylor, who claimed that Hitler was not a devil incarnate madman but just a traditional German statesman, with lots of blame for WWII going to Britain and France. The Soviet icebreaker Lenin becomes the first surface ship powered by nuclear energy. Niels Bohr wins the first Atoms for Peace Award. ABC's The Mike Wallace Interview (1957-60) airs a live interview with gangster (Calif. gambling czar) Meyer Harris "Mickey" Cohen (1913-76), who calls L.A. police chief (since 1950) William H. Parker (1902-66) (coiner of the term "Thin Blue Line, and model for Star Trek's Spock) "a thief... an alcoholic... a sadistic degenerate of the worst type"; Parker sues ABC for $2M, and settled out of court for $45K, and Wallace is forced to make an on-air apology, later calling it the most regrettable interview of his career. The city of Batman, Turkey in SE Turkey is founded near oil fields discovered in the 1940s; in 1967 an oil pipeline is built to the port city of Dortyol near the easternmost point on the Mediterranean coast. The Francis Parkman Prize for the best book in Am. history with special regard to lit. distinction is established by the Society of Am. Historians; the first winner is George F. Kennan for Russia Leaves the War. The Colo. Shakespeare Festival in Boulder is founded, becoming the 2nd Shakespeare festival in the U.S. The Supremes, a black female singing group working for Motown Records is founded, with original members Diana Ross (1944-), Mary Wilson (1944-), and Florence Ballard (1943-76); in 1967 Ballard is replaced by Cindy Birdsong (1939-), then the name is changed to Diana Ross and the Supremes, and Ross finally leaves in 1970, leaving Wilson, Birdsong and Jean Terrell (1944-) (sister of boxer Ernie Terrell). Stax Records (originally Satellite Records) is founded in Memphis, Tenn. by white businesspeople Jim Stewart and his siter Estelle Axton, launching the Memphis soul sound, incl. Booker T and the MG's, The Veltones, and Otis Redding, Johnnie Taylor, Isaac Hayes, The Staple Singers, and Wilson Pickett. Alex "Sleepy" Stein founds KNOB radio in Calif., the first all-jazz radio station in the U.S. Donna Douglas follows in Dorothy Lamour's footsteps (1931) and wins the Miss New Orleans title; actress and TV Clairol girl Marian McKnight of S.C. wins the Miss America title. Henry Fonda marries his 4th wife, Italian Jewish countess Afdera Franchetti (1931-) (until 1961). The Errol Flynn Theatre debuts on BBC-TV (until ?); Strange Action debuts on ? for 6 episodes, starring Errol Flynn and his wife Pat. Ernest Hemingway returns to Cuba, staying until July 1960, telling the New York Times that he is "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Batista; he likes to drink mojitos at La Bodeguita del Medio, where he leaves the inscription "My mojito in La Bodeguita, My daiquiri in El Floridita." Sunflower, Miss.-born closet gay foodie Craig Claiborne (1920-2000) becomes food editor of The New York Times, the first male to supervise the food section of a major U.S. newspaper, broadening it past female readership and homemaking, covering new restaurants and chefs, introducing readers to Asian, Mexican, as well as French cuisine, and creating the newspaper's 4-star rating system for restaurants, going on to pub. a series of 20+ cookbooks, pioneering low sodium and low cholesterol diets; in 1975 he wins a contest sponsored by Am. Express for a no-limit dinner for two at any restaurant of his choice, selecting Chez Denis in Paris and fellow chef Pierre Franey and racking up a $4K tab on a 5-hour 31-course meal, causing a firestorm of controversy, with Pope Paul VI calling it "scandalous". 3'9 Hollywood actor Billy Barty (1924-2000) founds Little People of Am.. The Troubadour nightclub at 9081 Santa Monica Blvd. in West Hollywood, Calif. near Beverly Hills, owned by 6'6" Alexander Douglas "Doug" Weston (1926-99) opens, becoming a major venue for folk music acts, and later for rock acts, hosting comedian Lenny Bruce (who is arrested in 1962 for obscenity for using the word "schmuck"), Joni Mitchell, The New Christy Minstrels, The Everly Brothers, Hoyt Axton, Leonard Cohen, Ramblin' Jack Elliot, Arlo Guthrie, Buffalo Springfield, Linda Ronstadt, James Taylor, Carole King, the Eagles, Jackson Browne, Van Morrison et al.; on Aug. 25, 1970 Neil Diamond introduces Elton John in his first U.S. show; in 1974 pals John Lennon and Harry Nilsson are ejected for drunkenly heckling the Smothers Brothers; launches the careers of Randy Newman, Steve Martin, Cheech & Chong, Guns N' Roses et al.; in the late 1970s it switches to heavy metal and glam bands incl. Motley Crue, Poison, and Warrant, later helping launch the careers of Radiohead, Coldplay, Franz Ferdinand, Arctic Monkeys, Papa Roach et al. Hubert Givenchy designs the sack dress, which begins to catch on next year. Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) in Mass. is founded by Kenneth Harry Olsen (1926-) and Harlan Anderson (1929-) of MIT Lincoln Lab. to build minicomputers, the coming thing, starting with the PDP-1 (Programmable Data Processor-1); too bad, Olsen puts his foot in his mouth in 1977 with the immortal soundbyte: "There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home". Toyota Motor Sales USA is founded in Calif. Harry J. Hoenselaar founds the HoneyBaked Ham Co., based on his patented machine that suspends the ham and spins it while slicing it in a spiral pattern. Devout Mormon John Willard Marriott (1900-85), who started out with an A&W Root Beer franchise in 1927 opens the first Marriott Hotel, growing it to 143 hotels and restorts, 1.4K restaurants, and two theme parks by his death, with annual sales of $4.5B and 155K employees; his son John Willard "Bill" Marriott Jr. (1932-) takes over (until ?). The San Francisco Internat. Film Festival is founded, suffering from snubbing by Hollywood; the first Am. film doesn't play there until 1959, Henry King's Beloved Infidel starring Gregory Peck and Deborah Kerr. After getting turned-on to haute couture by his model sister and lying about his age, Tunis, Tunisia-born fashion designer Azzedine Alaia (1940-) gets a job with Christian Dior in Paris, leaving five days later after the Algerian War breaks out and ending up working out of a small apt. in Rue de Bellechasse in Paris in the late 1970s, gaining clients incl. Marie-Helene de Rothschild, Greta Garbo, and Louise de Vilmorin, gaining plugs from Depeche Mode and Elle and opening boutiques in New York City and Beverly Hills, Calif. by 1988, becoming a hit and gaining the nickname "The King of Cling", gaining more fans incl. Grace Jones (who wears his clothes in the 1985 James Bond film "A View to a Kill"), Tina Turner, Raquel Welch, Madonna, Janet Jackson, Naomi Campbell, Brigitte Nielsen et al.; in 2000-July 2007 he goes into partnership with Prada. The pink lawn flamingo, invented by artist Don Featherstone of Leominster, Mass. makes its debut in the U.S. - Florida is now safe for Cubans? The smoky 34 mpg 2-door 4-passenger (2-stroke engine) Trabant (German way of saying Sputnik or fellow traveller) (AKA Trabbi or Trabi) automobile goes into production in Zwickau, Saxony for lucky East Germans and other Communists (until 1991); the body is made from Durooplast, a resin-wool-cotton-strengthened plastic made of recycled material; it takes so long to order one that people keep them running an avg. of 28 years; 3M are produced, and the style never changes. George Mason U. is founded in Fairfax, Va. as a branch of the U. of Va., going independent in 1972, developing a strong program in economics. The U. of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) is founded in Paradise (near Las Vegas), Nev. The U. of Tirana (originally State U. of Tirana) in Tirana, Albania is founded on Sept. 16 from the merger of five other higher ed. institutions, incl. the Inst. of Sciences (founded in 1947); in 1982-92 it is renamed Enver Hoxha U. of Tirana. According to funds left by Australian writer Miles Franklin (1879-1954), the Miles Franklin Award is established for "a novel which is of the highest literary merit and presents Australian life in any of its phases"; the first winner is Patrick White for "Voss". McCann becomes the first U.S. advertising agency to bill $100M in TV and radio sales; in 1973 it becomes McCann-Erickson. Several of William Shockley's associates at Shockley Semiconductor bolt to form Fairchild Semiconductor in San Jose, Calif., leading to the creation of Silicon Valley and the greatest wealth boom since Holland in the 17th cent.; too bad, because of his advocacy of white supremacy, shocked Shockley ends up sharing in none of it? The Epiphone Co., founded in 1873 in Smyrna (Izmir), Turkey by Anastasios Stathopoulos (-1915) to make fiddles and lutes, which moved the U.S. in 1903 and began making guitars in 1928 is acquired by their main rival Gibson, going on to produce the Epiphone Casino guitar, which is made famous by the Beatles. Sports: On Mar. 23 North Carolina U. wins the NCAA basketball championship with the first-ever perfect record (32-0). On Mar. 30-Apr. 13 the 1957 NBA Finals sees the Boston Celtics (coach Red Auerbach) defeat the St. Louis Hawks (coach Alex Hannum) by 4-3; first trip to the finals for both teams; Celtics center Bill Russell sets a rookie record for rebounds with 32 in Game 7, with a rookie record 22.9 per game for the series. On Apr. 6-16 the 1957 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Canadiens defeat the Boston Bruins 4-1, becoming their 2nd straight title. On May 4 (Sat.) the 1957 Kentucky Derby sees #1 jockey William Lee "Willie" Shoemaker (1931-2003) stand up in the stirrups too soon on leader Gallant Man (1954-88), allowing Bill Hartack on Iron Liege (1954-72) to win by a nose. On May 30 the 1957 (41st) Indianapolis 500 is won by Sam Hanks (1914-94) on his 13th try, causing him to retire immediately; he becomes the first driver to win $100K in a single race, with a $103,844 purse. On July 16 Althea Gibson (1927-2003) becomes the first African-Am. tennis player to win the Wimbledon singles title, defeating fellow Am. player Darlene Hard 6-3, 6-2; Gibson also wins the U.S. Open women's singles title; Malcolm Anderson wins the U.S. Open men's singles title. It's just like Lucy and Ricky moving from New York to California? On Sept. 23 Hank Aaron hits an 11th-inning homer to give the Milwaukee Braves their first NL pennant; on Sept. 24 after New York City planning czar Robert Moses (1888-1981) refuses to let owner Walter O'Malley build a new stadium in Brooklyn at the corner of Atlantic Ave. and Flatbush Ave. and tries to force him to build in Flushing Meadows, the Brooklyn Dodgers play their last game at Ebbets Field and head for Los Angeles; on Sept. 29 the New York Giants lose their last game at the Polo Grounds to the Pittsburgh Pirates, then move to San Francisco, Calif., bringing the Dodgers-Giants rivalry to the West coast. On Sept. 23 after losing and regaining the title from Gene Fullmer, middleweight boxing champ (since 1955) Sugar Ray Robinson is defeated by Carmen (Carmine) Basilio (1927-), "the Upstate Onion Farmer" by decision in 15 rounds in Yankee Stadium, with only the referee scoring it for Robinson, drawing loud boos from the crowd of 19K; Robinson regains it from him next Mar. 25 (until 1960). On Nov. 16 Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics grabs a record 32 rebounds in one half in a 111-89 V over the Philadelphia 76ers, finishing the game with 49; on Feb. 5, 1960 he grabs 51 rebounds in a game against Syracuse, which Wilt Chamberlain passes on Nov. 24, 1960 with 55 in a game against the Celtics. On Nov. 23 Yale skunks Harvard in football by 54-0, becoming the worst skunking since their 28-0 win on Dec. 1, 1945, their 28-0 win on Nov. 24, 1900, and their 52-0 win on Nov. 22, 1884; ; in 1897-1912 one team skunks the other, except for 0-0 ties in 1897, 1899, 1910, and 1911. On Dec. 4-12 the First World's Invitational Bowling Tournament at the Chicago Coliseum in Chicago, Ill. sees 160 men and 64 women compete, becoming a rival to the BPAA All-Star Tournament; the winners are Don Carter of St. Louis, Mo. and Marion Ladewig of Grand Rapids, Mich. ML baseball passes Rule 1.11(a), requiring mgrs. to wear uniforms identical to the players. The first CAN (Total) Africa Cup of Nations (CON) is held by the confed. of African Football (CAF); only Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and South Africa compete; starting in 1968 it is held every two years, switching to odd-numbered years in 2013. The Rochester Royals move to Cincinnati, Ohio, becoming the Cincinnati Royals; in 1972 they move to Kansas City, Mo., becoming the Kansas City Kings; in 1985 they move to Sacramento, Calif., becoming the Sacramento Kings, going on to become the only team to never trail in a NBA Finals series in 2013; meanwhile the Fort Wayne Pistons move to Detroit, Mich., becoming the Detroit Pistons. The ABC Open Championships feature the first automatic pinsetters. The Rawlings Golden Glove Award is established by baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings for the top player in each of 9 ML positions; in 1958 separate awards are given for the NL and AL. 5-y.-o. future sportscaster Robert Quinlan "Bob" Costas (1952-) is taken to his first ML baseball game in New York City by his father, who points out Willie Mays "the way someone might point out the Eiffel Tower or the Grand Canyon". Vasily Vasilyevich Smyslov (1921-2010) becomes world chess champ #7 (until 1958). 14-y.-o. Robert James "Bobby" Fischer (1943-2008) gains the spotlight as the youngest-ever U.S. chess champ. 5'10" "world's strongest man" Paul Anderson sets a record by lifting a table loaded with a lead-filled safe and auto parts weighing 6,270 lbs. with his back in Toccoa, Ga. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip attend a UNC v. U. of Md. football game in Oct.; the queen asks the Md. gov. "Where do you get all those enormous players?", to which he replies "Your majesty, that's a very embarrassing question." Architecture: On Nov. 1 26,372-ft.-long (3.8K ft. span) Mackinac Straits Bridge in Mich. opens, becoming the world's longest suspension bridge, connecting the Upper and Lower Michigan peninsulas. In Nov. the 1.2-mi. Baltimore Harbor Tunnel for vehicular traffic in Baltimore, Md. opens., becoming the first major bypass for Baltimore. 777-ft.-high (250 m) Mauvoisin Dam in Drance de Bagnes, Switzerland is begun, becoming the highest dam built to date (finished 1961). The 1.4-mi. Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel for vehicular traffic in Norfolk, Va. opens. Cornelius Vanderbilt "C.V." "Woody" Wood (1920-92), who worked for Walt Disney in 1953 and selected Anaheim, Calif. as the site of Disneyland opens Magic Mountain amusement park in Golden, Colo.; it closes in 1960, then reopens in 1971, becoming Heritage Square. Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Arkhangelsk Oblast 500 mi. N of Moscow (120 mi. S of Arkhangelsk) is begun as a launch site for ICBMs; it becomes operational in Dec. 1959, and is kept secret until British physics teacher Geoffrey E. Perry (1927-2000) and his students figure it in 1966 out from analysis of Cosmos 112 satellite data, which is pub. by the New York Times in Dec. 1966, after which the Soviet Union finally admits its existence in 1983 despite explosions in 1973 and 1980. After having a spiritual experience in Denver, Colo. last year, Oakland, Calif.-born Hinduism (Shaivism) convert Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (Robert Hansen) (1927-2001) AKA Gurudeva founds the Himalayan Academy near Presidio Park in San Francisco, Calif., becoming the first Hindu temple in the U.S. The Dallas Market Center in Tex. opens. Walter Gropius designs the 49-story Pan American (Pan Am) Bldg. (originally Grand Central City), towering over Grand Central Terminal in New York City (finished Mar. 7, 1963); in 1981 it becomes the MetLife Bldg. Le Corbusier designs the Nat. Museum of Western Art in Tokyo, Japan (finished 1960). City Stadium in Green Bay, Wisc. opens on Sept. 29, seeing the Green Bay Packers defeat the Chicago Bears by 21-17 in front of a capacity crowd of 32,132, becoming the home of the Green Bay Packers (until ?); in Sept. 1965 it is renamed Curley Lambeau Field AKA Titletown USA, the Frozen Tundra, and the Shrine of Pro Football. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson (1897-1972) (Canada) [organizing the U.N. Emergency Force in the 1956 Suez Canal crisis]; Lit.: Albert Camus (1913-60) (France); Physics: Tsung-Dao Lee (1926-) and Chen-Ning Franklin Yang (1922-) (U.S.) [parity non-conservation for weak force interactions] (they later get into a feud over who thought of the idea first); Chem.: Sir Alexander Robertus Todd (1907-97) (U.K.) [structure and synthesis of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleotide coenzymes]; Med.: Daniel Bovet (1907-92) (Italy) [curare]. Inventions: On Jan. 3 Hamilton Watch Co. introduces the first Battery-Powered Watch, that doesn't need winding ("the watch of the future"); in development since 1946, it has reliability problems, and is discontinued in 1969. On Feb. 1 German self-taught engineer Felix Heinrich Wankel (1902-88) successfully tests the compact lightweight smooth hi-rpm rotary Wankel Engine. The Soviet delta-wing Bartini A-57 revolutionary VTOL strategic jet bomber is canceled after the launch of Sputnuk 1 and the new R-7 ICBM make it no longer cost-effective. Bissell Co. introduces the Bissell Shampoo Master, a nonelectric device that uses only water and detergent, discontinuing production in 1967 after slack demand; in 1960 they introduce the Bissell Stick Vac. Bubble wrap is invented by Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes in an attempt to create 3-D plastic wallpaper; in 1960 Fielding founds Sealed Air Corp. Hoover Co. introduces the Hoover Model 65 convertible vacuum cleaner, designed by Henry Dreyfuss. Mobile Oil Corp. introduces the Baggie plastic bag made out of petroleum derivatives. Bendix Corp. invents the first commercial Electronic Fuel Injection System, which is first offered on June 15 by Am. Motors (AMC) on its Rambler Rebel muscle car for $395. Norman Bier invents Methacrylate Corneal Contact Lenses. Ing Fioriti of Turin, Italy builds the 8-ft.-tall 1K-lb. Cygan (Gygan) robot, which runs up to 4.5 hours on a 28V battery and can move 10 ft. per min. forwards or backwards, and crush tin cans with its claws. The RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, designed by Harry Ferdinand Olson (1901-82) and Herbert Belar is introduced, becoming the first programmable electronic music synthesizer, and is installed at Columbia U. for the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center. Tang brand powdered orange drink is developed in Brooks City, Tex. for NASA by Am. chemist William A. "Bill" Mitchell (1911-2004) of Gen. Foods Corp.; it is first marketed in 1959; sales are poor until it is used on John Glenn's Mercury flight in Feb. 1962; Mitchell goes on to develop quick-set Jell-O, Cool Whip, powdered egg whites, and Pop Rocks astronauts get all the tang they want on the ground? John Borden invents the 300K rpm Air-Driven Dental Drill, shrinking the time for filling a tooth to mere minutes. The first Wearable External Cardiac Pacemaker is invented by Clarence W. Lillehie and Earl Bakk, the Medtronic, followed by the first reliable long-term implantable system in 1960. Swiss engineer George de Maestral invents Velcro after pulling burdock cockleburs from his dog's fur. The U.S. begins producing the Mach 3 high alt. B-70 Valkyrie nuclear bomber as a replacement for the aging B-52; too bad, it is canceled in 1961 after the Gary Powers incident proves that the Soviets have high-alt. SAMs. Science: The growth hormone Gibberellin is isolated. Imipramine (Melipramine) AKA Tofranil, the first Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) is discovered. French physician Jean Sterne pub. the first clinical trial of Metformin (first synthesized in the 1920s then forgotten) as a treatment for diabetes; after being approved in the U.K. in 1958, Canada in 1972, and the U.S. in 1995, it becomes one of the most popular drugs in the world; in 2012 it is discovered to fight cancer. Am. physicists John Bardeen (1908-91), Leon N. Cooper (1930-), and John Robert Schrieffer (1931-) develop BCS Superconductivity Theory, which explains low temperature (30 Kelvin and under) (Type I) superconductivity as resulting from condensation of electron (Cooper) fermion pairs into bosons, winning them the 1972 Nobel Physics Prize; too bad, in 1986 a new kind of high temperature superconductivity (up to 130 Kelvin) is discovered, which this theory can't explain, and is not understood until ?. Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson (1923-) proves that dopamine is a brain neurotransmitter and not just a precursor to norepinephrine, winning him the 2000 Nobel Med. Prize. Gordon Dobson (1889-1976) of Oxford U. discovers the Ozone Layer. New York City-born social psychologist Leon Festinger (1919-89) pub. his theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Brooklyn, N.Y.-born economist Milton Friedman (1912-2006) pub. the Permanent Income Hypothesis, that consumers make choices regarding consumption patterns based on permanent income. Am. physicist Gordon Gould (1920-2005) proposes the theory of the Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), and coins the name; too bad, as a former Communist the govt. won't give him clearance to work on the development, allowing Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Labs to beat him to it, and his U.S. patent is stolen, although he obtains patents in other countries; in 1977 he finally obtains U.S. patent #4,053,845 on optically-pumped laser amplifiers, freaking out the $400M a year laser industry, which fights him in court, until he wins a big V in 1987 and ends up with 48 patents and makes millions and his name becomes as gordon gould? Scottish virologist Alick Isaacs (1921-67) and Yugoslavian-born Swiss virologist Jean Lindenmann (1924-2015) discover the antiviral protein Interferon. Using an isotope of nitrogen, Am. molecular biologists Matthew Stanley Meselson (1930-) and Franklin William "Frank" Stahl (1929-) perform the Meselson Stahl Experiment, "the most beautiful experiment in biology", which proves that DNA replication is semiconservative, i.e., each daughter cell contains one DNA strand from the original helix. Am. sexologists William H. Masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson (1925-) begin their Lab Testing of Human Sexuality - come in and get nasty with each other while we watch and we all get paid in the name of Science? German physicist Rudolph Moosehair, er, Rudolph Ludwig Mossbauer (Mössbauer) (1929-2011) discovers the Mossbauer Effect, the resonant recoil-free emission and absorption of gamma rays by atoms in solids, winning him the 1961 Nobel Physics Prize. Seattle, Wash.-born geologist-oceanographer Roger Randall Douglas Revelle (1909-91) and Vienna, Austria-born Am. chemist-physicist Hans Eduard Suess (1909-93) pub. the paper "Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades" in Tellus, which suggests that the rate of absorption of excess CO2 by Earth's oceans is lower than previously estimated, threatening a greenhouse effect leading to global warming, and proposing the Revelle Factor, the resistance to absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean surface layer due to bicarbonate chemistry, which is higher in warm waters, leading to more anthropogenic CO2; Revelle goes on to help create the Internat. Geophysical Year in 1958, and the Committee on Climate Change and the Ocean (CCCO), help found the U. of Calif. San Diego (UCSD), and become Al Gore's professor and mentor. The "shotless" live-virus live-virus Sabin Oral Polio Vaccine of Polish-born Dr. Albert Bruce Sabin (1906-93) of the U. of Cincinnati, Ohio is introduced by the World Health Org. (WHO) to worldwide testing; it is endorsed by the Am. Medical Assoc. in 1961, and supplants the Salk vaccine by 1966, ending polio epidemics worldwide - say "bin"? Ogden, Utah-born psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens (1906-73) pub. Stevens' Power Law. The Report of the Committee on Water Fluoridation is pub. by World Health Org. (WHO), reporting on fluoridation programs in 17 countries, and recommending it for everybody; by 1964 2K U.S. communities with 60M inhabitants fluoridate their drinking water. Nonfiction: Herbert Sebastian Agar (1897-1980), The Unquiet Years: U.S.A. 1945-1955; The Price of Power: America Since 1945 (Aug. 15). Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Portrait of a Rebel; about Robert Louis Stevenson. A.J. Ayer (1910-89), The Problem of Knowledge. Paul Alexander Baran (1909-64), The Political Economy of Growth; proposes the concept of Economic Surplus, which he claims is consistent with Karl Marx's labor concept of value and category of surplus value, allowing a "scientific policy of conservation of human and natural resources" by a socialist govt. to keep the planned surplus less than the potential surplus and optimize consumpt Bernard Baruch (1870-1965), Baruch: My Own Story (autobio.). Gary S. Becker (1930-), The Economics of Discrimination; revised ed. 1971. Nicolas Bentley (1907-78), How Can You Bear to Be Human?; intro. by Malcolm Muggeridge. David Bohm (1917-92), Causality and Chance in Modern Physics. John Bourke, Baroque Churches of Central Europe (Dec. 31). Vera Brittain (1893-1970), Testament of Experience (autobio.); covers 1925-50. Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide. James Ramsay Montagu Butler (1889-1975), Grand Strategy, Vol. 2: September 1939-June 1941. Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), George III and the Historians; rev. ed. 1959. Cambridge U. Press, The New Cambridge Modern History (14 vols.) (1957-79). Eddie Cantor (1892-1964) (with Jane K. Ardmore), Take My Life (autobio.). Hereward Carrington (1880-1958), The Case for Psychic Survival (Jan. 1); claims his career investigating them has proved "the existence of mental entities independent of the control of the medium". Caryl Chessman (1921-60), The Face of Justice. Noam Chomsky (1928-), Syntactic Structures; claims that human language is "hard-wired", and that there are only superficial variations among languages, starting a rev. in linguistics and taking it out of the "verbal botany" mindset; "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." Norman Cohen (1915-2007), The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages; becomes an internat. hit. Bosley Crowther (1905-81), The Lion's Share: The Story of an Entertainment Empire; first book on the history of MGM. Edward Dahlberg (1900-77), The Sorrows of Priapus. David Brion Davis (1927-), Homicide in American Fiction. Ralph Henry Carless Davis (1918-91), A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis; 3rd ed. 2005. Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970) and John J. Mulloy, The Dynamics of World History; a collection of Dawson's works by theme. Anthony Downs (1930-), An Economic Theory of Democracy; proposes the Left-Right Axis, with the left being a state-planned economy, and the right being a completely deregulated economy, which becomes a staple in political debate. Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005), America's Next 20 Years. Will Durant (1885-1981), The Story of Civilization, Part VI: The Reformation; from Wycliffe to Calvin, 1300-1564. Leon Edel (1907-97), Literary Biography. Loren Eiseley (1907-77), The Immense Journey: An Imaginative Naturalist Explores the Mysteries of Man and Nature; Am. anthropologist waxes lyrical; sells 1M copies. Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), Shuffled Cards (essays). Mircea Eliade (1907-86), The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Albert Ellis (1913-2007), How to Live with a Neurotic. Don Edward Fehrenbacher (1920-97), Chicago Giant: A Biography of "Long John" Wentworth (first book). Ian Fleming (1908-64), The Diamond Smugglers (Nov.); the Internat. Diamond Security Org. (IDSO), headed by ex-MI5 chief Sir Percy Sillitoe, who really works for De Beers. Milton Friedman (1912-2006), A Theory of the Consumption Function; how a person's annual consumption is based on what they expect to earn over their lifetime not just currently. Herman Northrop Frye (1912-91), Anatomy of Criticism; claims that all works of lit. incorporate the same basic structures, making him the #1 student of Western lit.?; "What if criticism is a science as well as an art?", a "coherent field of study which trains the imagination quite as systematically and efficiently as the sciences train the reason." Erich Gimpel (1910-2010), Spy for Germany (autobio.). Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), How to Read a Novel. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985) and Joshua Podro, Jesus in Rome. Zvi Griliches (1930-99), Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change; his dissertation, demonstrating that the penetration of hybrid corn seeds follows the Logistic Equation; Am. economist Edwin Mansfield (1903-97) goes on to show that the Logistics Equation applies generally to innovation and technological change, causing the development of new technology to be treated by economists as an economic rather than exogenous phenomenon. Ernest van den Haag (b. 1914), The Fabric of Society. Oscar Handlin (1915-2011), Race and Nationality in American Life; Readings in American History (? vols.). Race and Nationality in American Life. W.C. Handy (1873-1958), Father of the Blues: An Autobiography; ed. by Arna Bontemps (1902-73). Samuel P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism, 1885-1914 (first book); 2nd ed. 1995; compares historians who interpreted the events "in terms of a popular attack on corporate wealth" to those who interpreted it as an attempt by elites to control the masses, and chronicling the takeover of U.S. life by cities, incl. extension of automobile roads into rural areas, and the sidelining of religion; "For all of us there is no better way of enlarging our understanding of other nations than to know intimately how we responded to the very forces that millions elsewhere have more recently had to face - and, indeed, continue to face today." Walther Hofer, Der Nationalsozialismus (3 vols.). Richard Hofstadter (1916-70), Daniel Aaron and William Miller, The United States: The History of a Republic; textbook. Herbert Richard Hoggart (1918-), The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working Class Life. Sidney Hook (1902-89), Common Sense and the Fifth Amendment. J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972), Masters of Deceit: The Story of Communism in America and How to Fight It. Walter E. Houghton, Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830-1870; counts word occurrences and concludes that increasing use of "hope", "light" and "sunlight" prove they got more optimistic. Irving Howe (1920-93), Politics and the Novel; "How the passions of ideology twist themselves about, yet also liberate creative energies." Irving Howe (1920-93), Lewis Coser, and Julius Jacobson, The American Communist Party: A Critical History, 1919-1957. Irving Howe (1920-93) and Israel Knox, The Jewish Labor Movement in America: Two Views. Fred Hoyle (1915-2001), Man and Materialism. Trevor Huddleston, Naught for Your Comfort. Samuel Phillips Huntington (1927-2008), The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Julian Huxley (1887-1975), Biological Aspects of Cancer; Towards a New Humanism. Howard Mumford Jones (1892-1980), American Humanism: Its Meaning for World Survival. Helen Keller (1880-1968), The Open Door. Dame Kathleen Kenyon (1906-78), Digging Up Jericho; her excavations in 1952-8; finds that the walls had been repaired 17x, and concludes that it fell long before Joshua's arrival; later excavates Jerusalem (1961-7) et al. and concludes that Solomon's stables at Megiddo couldn't really hold horses; luckily her daddy who spent his life trying to prove the Bible's history true died in 1952?; "At just that stage when archaeology should have linked with the written record, archaeology fails us. This is regrettable. There is no question of the archaeology being needed to prove that the Bible is true but it is needed as a help in interpretation to those older parts of the Old Testament which from the nature of their sources... cannot be read as a straight-forward record." Jean Kerr (1922-2003), Please Don't Eat the Daisies; humorous look at Am. suburban life. Walter Kerr (1913-96), Criticism and Censorship. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), The Grand Canyon: Today and All Its Yesterdays. Bernard Lonergan (1904-84), A Study of Human Understanding; founds the Generalized Empirical Method (GEM) of "transcendental Thomism", dividing human knowing into experience, understanding, and judgement. Walter Lord (1917-2002), Day of Infamy; the 1941 Pearl Harbor attack. Eleanor Emmens Maccoby (1916-) et al., Patterns of Child Rearing. Dwight Macdonald (1906-82), The Responsibility of Peoples, and Other Essays in Political Criticism. Sir Fitzroy MacLean (1911-96), The Life and Times of Josip Broz Tito; by "the real James Bond 007", who fought with Tito and his partisans in WWII. Golo Mann (1909-94), Deutsche Geschichte Des 19 und 20 Jahrhunders. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), Memories of a Catholic Girlhood (autobio.); her loss of faith. Richard McKeon (1900-85), The Freedom to Read: Perspective and Program. V.P. Menon, The Transfer of Power to India. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution. Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013), The American Revolution: Revisions in Need of Revising. George Lachmann Mosse (1918-99), The Holy Pretence: A Study in Christianity and Reason of State from William Perkins to John Winthrop. Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987), Economic Theory and Undeveloped Regions; his theory (co-developed by Nicholas Kaldor) of Circular Cumulative Causation, in which a change in one institution propagates to others. Eliot Ness (1903-57) and Oscar Fraley 91914-94), The Untouchables (autobio.); bestseller (1.5M copies); pub. 1 mo. after his death; basis of the 1959 TV series starring Robert Stack. Russel Blaine Nye (1913-93) and Martin Gardner (1914-2010), The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was; a response to the dir. of the Detroit Public Library, who claimed that the Oz stories have no value, proving otherwise, generating a firestorm of controversy. Sean O'Casey (1890-1964), Mirror in My House (2 vols.) (autobio.). Sean O'Faolain, The Vanishing Hero. Vance Packard (1914-96), The Hidden Persuaders; the Madison Ave. advertising industry and its manipulation of consumers, incl. subliminal messages; launches a new type of pop psych lit. geared to the mass market. Marcel Pagnol (1895-1974), La Gloire de Mon Pere (autobio.); La Chateau de Ma Mere (autobio.). Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), That Crazy American Music. Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955), A Natural Science of Society (posth.). Lennox Robinson (1886-), I Sometimes Think (autobio.). Robert S. de Ropp (1913-87), Drugs and the Mind. Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) and Max F. Millikan, A Proposal: Key to an Effective Foreign Policy. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Why I Am Not a Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects; ed. by Paul Edwards (1923-2004). Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80), Search for a Method (The Problem of Method); Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1917-2007), The Age of Roosevelt (3 vols.), incl. "The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919-1933" (1957), "The Coming of the New Deal: 1933-1935" (1959), "The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936" (1960). Ben Shahn (1898-1969), The Shape of Content; lectures on art. Francis Butler Simkins (1897-1966), Virginia: History, Government, Geography. Edmund Ware Sinnott (1888-1968), Matter, Mind and Man. B.F. Skinner (1904-90), Verbal Behavior; claims that it is subject to the same controlling variables as other operant behavior; in 1959 Noam Chomsky pub. Review: Verbal Behavior by B.F. Skinner, helping launch the Cognitive Rev. in psychology, which tries to overturn Behaviorism. B.F. Skinner (1904-90) and C.B. Ferster, Schedules of Reinforcement. William Andrew Swanberg (1907-92), First Blood: the Story of Ft. Sumter. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1966), Childhood Years: A Memoir. Paul Tillich (1886-1965), Dynamics of Faith. Robert Gordon Wasson (1898-1986), Mushrooms, Russia and History. Alan W. Watts (1915-73), The Way of Zen; bestseller popularizing Zen Buddhism in the West. Ola Elizabeth Winslow (1885-1977), Master Roger Williams. Yvor Winters (1900-68), The Function of Criticism. Richard Wright (1908-60), Pagan Spain. Michael Young (1915-2002) and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London. Art: H.G. Adam, Beacon of the Dead; Auschwitz. Karel Appel (1921-2006), Woman with Ostrich. Jean Dubuffet (1901-85), Topographies; Texturologies series (1957-9). Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Self-Portrait. Warner Drewes, Gloucester (woodcut). M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Mosaic II (lithograph). Philip Guston (1913-80), The Mirror. Carlo Levi (1902-75), Anna Magnani. Morris Louis (1912-62), Veils Series. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Le Point d'Ombre; L'Impencible; The And of Think; Ciel Volante; La Chasse Spirituelle (1957-8). Henry Moore (1898-1986), Draped Reclining Woman, 1957-8 (bronze sculpture). Mark Rothko (1903-70), 1957 #20. Clyfford Still (1904-80), 1957 D1; 1957-J No. 2, 1957 (PH-401). Graham Sutherland (1903-88), Princess Gourielli. Music: The Andrews Sisters, Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen. Paul Anka (1941-), Tell Me That You Love Me; Diana. Eddy Arnold (1918-2008), Gonna Find Me a Bluebird. Tony Bennett (1926-), The Beat of My Heart (album) (Dec. 1); with jazz musicians Ralph Sharon (piano), Al Cohn (tenor sax), Ned Adderley (trumpet), Herbie Mann (flute), Art Blakey (drums), Jo Jones (drums), Candido Camero (drums), Chico Hamiton (drums) et al.; after this he becomes the first male pop vocalist to sing with the Count Basie Orchestra. Chuck Berry (1926-2017), Rock and Roll Music. Richard Berry, Louie Louie; black singer is first with it, but until whites pick it up it doesn't sell much; "Three nights and days I sailed the sea, me think of a girl constantly, and on that ship I dream she there, I smell the rose in her hair, a Louie Louie, oh no, said we gotta go". Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Discourse for Orchestra. Pat Boone (1934-), Don't Forbid Me (#1 in the U.S.); Why Baby Why (#5 in the U.S.); Love Letters in the Sand (#1 in the U.S.); April Love (#1 in the U.S.). Pierre Boulez (1925-), Portrait of Mallarme (Mallarmé) (1957-62). Jacques Brel (1929-78), Quand On n'a Que l'Amour (album). Benjamin Britten (1913-76), The Prince of the Pagodas (ballet) (London); The Turn of the Screw (opera) (Stratford); libretto by Myfanwy Piper; based on the 1898 Henry James novel. The Coasters, Young Blood (#8 in the U.S.); Searchin' (#3 in the U.S., #30 in the U.K.); from Los Angeles, Calif., incl. Carl Gardner (1928-2011), Billy Guy (1936-2002), Will J. "Dub" Jones (1928-2000), and Cornelius E. "Cornell" Gunter (1936-90). Eddie Cochran (1938-60), Sittin' in the Balcony (Feb.) (#18 in the U.S); Drive in Show / I Am Blue (July) (#82 in the U.S.); Twenty Flight Rock (Nov.). The Four Coins, Shangri-La (#11 in the U.S.); most played record of 1957; formerly The Four Keys; from Cannonsburg, Penn., incl. George Mahramas (lead singer), George Mentalis (tenor), Jack Mahramas (baritone), and Jim Gregorakis (bass). Nat King Cole (1919-65), After Midnight; Just One of Those Things; Love is the Thing; When I Fall in Love (#4 in the U.K.). Perry Como (1912-2001), Round and Round; Catch a Falling Star (by Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss); on Mar. 14, 1958 RIAA certifies it as its first-ever gold record. Sam Cooke (1931-64), You Send Me (#1 in the U.S.). Miles Davis (1926-91) and Gil Evans (1912-88), Miles Ahead (album); pioneers Third Stream, a fusion of jazz with European classical and world music. The Diamonds, Why Do Fools Fall in Love (debut) (#12 in the U.S.); cover of Frankie Lymon; from Canada, incl. "Diamond" Dave Somerville (1933-) (lead), Ted Kowalski (tenor), Phil Levitt (baritone), and Bill Reed (bass); Little Darlin' (Feb. 8) (#2 in the U.S.); cover of The Gladiolas' #11 R&B single. Bo Diddley (1928-2008), Hey! Bo Diddley. Fats Domino (1928-2017), I'm Walkin' (#4 in the U.S); The Rooster Song; Valley of Tears; It's You I Love; What Will I Tell My Heart; When I See You; Wait and See; I Still Love You; The Big Beat; I Want You to Know. Charlie Drake (1925-2006), Splish Splash (debut); redhaired English comedian can sing? Billy Eckstine (1914-93) and Sarah Vaughan (1924-90), Passing Strangers. Wener Egk, Der Revisor (comic opera) (Schwetzinger). Duke Ellington (1899-1974), Ellington at Newport (album). The Everly Brothers, Bye Bye Love (#1 country) (#2 in the U.S.); Wake Up Little Suzie (#1 country) (#1 in the U.S.); written by husband-wife team Boudleaux Bryant (1920-87) and Felice Bryant (1925-2003), who also write "Bye Bye Love" and "All I Have to Do is Dream", then go country with "Rocky Top". Wolfgang Fortner, Blood Wedding (opera) (Cologne). John Gardner (1933-82), The Moon and Sixpence (opera) (London); based on the W. Somerset Maugham novel. The Gladiolas, Lil' Darlin. Thurston Harris (1931-90), Little Bitty Pretty One; written by Bobby Day (1928-90). Dick Haymes (1918-80), Moondreams (album). The Heartbeats, A Thousand Miles Away (#53 in the U.S.); originally The Hearts; from Jamaica, Queens, N.Y. Bobby Helms, Jingle Bell Rock (#6 in the U.S.) (#13 country) (Oct.) (100M copies), composed by Joseph Carleton "Joe" Beal (1900-67) and James Ross "Jim" Boothe (1917-76); "Jingle bell, jingle bell, jingle bell rock/ Jingle bells swing and jingle bells ring/ Snowin' and blowin' up bushels of fun/ Now the jingle hop has begun"; "Giddy-up, Jingle Horse, pick up your feet/ Jingle around the clock/ Mix and a-mingle in the jinglin' beat/ That's the Jingle Bell Rock"; the Anita Kerr Quartet sing backup; it goes on to be covered by Max Bygraves (1959), Chubby Checker and Bobby Rydell (1961), Hall & Oates (1983), George Strait (2000), Aaron Tippin (2002), Rascal Flatts (2008), Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert (2012). Hans Werner Henze (1926-), Serenades and Arias. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Harmonie der Welt (opera) (Munich). Buddy Holly (1936-59) and the Crickets, That'll Be The Day; title comes from a line by John Wayne in the 1956 film "The Searchers"; Peggy Sue (July); originally called "Cindy Lou", before she became his ex, after which he names the song after Peggy Sue Gerron (1940-2018), girlfriend of paradiddle-playing Crickets drummer Jerry Allison. Tab Hunter (1931-), Young Love. Joni James (1930-), Summer Love; I Need You So; I'm Sorry for You, My Friend. The Four Lads, Put a Light in the Window; I Just Don't Know. Brenda Lee (1944-), Dynamite (#72 in the U.S.); a 13-y.-o. 4'7" Atlanta, Ga.-born singer with a dynamite voice becomes known as "Little Miss Dynamite"; One Step At a Time. Jerry Lee Lewis (1935-), Great Balls of Fire; Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On. John A. Lewis, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea. Abbey Lincoln (1930-2010), That's Him! (album #2); incl. Happiness Is a Thing Called Joe (by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg). Annunzio Mantovani (1905-80) and His Orchestra, Film Encores (album) (#1 in the U.S.). Frank Martin (1890-1974), The Mystery of the Nativity (1957-9). Charles Mingus (1922-79), The Clown (album). The Modern Jazz Quartet, The Modern Jazz Quartet (album); incl. Bags' Groove. Thelonious Monk (1917-82), Thelonious Himself (album #4); incl. 'Round Midnight (his biggest hit); Monk's Music (album #5); recorded June 26 in New York City; incl. Epistrophy; Mulligan Meets Monk (album #6); incl. Straight, No Chaser; Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall (album #7); recorded on Nov. 29 in Harlem, N.Y.; incl. Sweet and Lovely (by Gus Arnheim, Harry tobias, and Jules LeMare). Jane Morgan (1924-), Fascination (#7 in the U.S.); from the film "Love in the Afternoon". Ricky Nelson (1940-85), Ricky (album) (debut) (Nov.); #1 in the U.S. Love Notes, Tonight. Odetta (1930-2008), Odetta at the Gate of Horn (album). Roy Orbison (1936-88), Sweet and Easy to Love/ Devil Doll (Mar.); Chicken Hearted/ I Like Love (Dec.). Carl Orff (1895-1982), Comedia de Christi Resurrectione (oratorio). Ildebrando Pizetti, Assassinio della Cathedrale (opera) (Milan); based on the T.S. Eliot drama. The Platters, I'm Sorry (Feb.); He's Mine (Feb.); My Dream (Apr.); I Wanna (Apr.); Only Because (Aug.); (I'm So) Helpless (Dec.). Joe Poovey (1941-98), Move Around; switches from country to rockabilly after watching Elvis Presley perform. Francis Poulenc (1899-1963), Dialogues of the Carmelites (Les Dialogues des Carmelites) (opera) (Milan). Elvis Presley (1935-77), Playing for Keeps/ Too Much (Jan.); Strictly Elvis (album) (Jan.); All Shook Up/ That's When Your Heartaches Begin (Mar. 22) (first #1 hit in U.K. - he goes on to rack up 20 #1 hits on the British charts, compared to 17 by the Beatles); Peace in the Valley/ It's No Secret (What God Can Do)/ I Believe/ Take My Hand Precious Lord (Apr.); Just for You (album) (Apr.); Teddy Bear/ Loving You (June); Loving You (album) (July); Jailhouse Rock/ Treat Me Nice (Sept. 24) (#1 in the U.S.); Elvis Christmas Album (Nov.). Johnnie Ray (1924-90), You Don't Owe Me A Thing (#10 in the U.S.). Jim Reeves (1923-64), Am I Losing You (#3 country); Four Walls (#1 country) (#11 in the U.S.) (first Nashville Sound record). Little Richard (1932-2020), Keep A-Knockin' (#8 in the U.S.). Jimmie Rodgers (1933-), Homeycomb (#1 in the U.S.). Hilding Rosenberg, The Portrait (opera) (Stockholm). Pete Seeger (1919-2014), American Ballads (album); Bells of Rhymney; lyrics by Idris Davies (1905-53). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Symphony No. 3. Frank Sinatra (1915-98), A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra (album); his first full-length Christmas album, featuring the Ralph Brewster Singers along with the Gordon Jenkins Orchestra; features Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas. Carl Smith (1927-2010), You Are the One. Jo Stafford (1917-2008) and Paul Weston (1912-96), Jonathan and Darlene Edwards in Paris (album); the first commercially successful parody album. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Agon (ballet) (Paris). Sun Ra (1914-93), Jazz by Sun Ra (Sun Song) (album) (debut); released on his new label El Saturn Records; incl. Brainville; Super-Sonic Jazz (album #2) (Mar.). Call for All Demons. Royal Teens, Short Shorts. Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), The Garden of Eden; These Dangerous Years; What's Behind That Strange Door; Man on Fire; Gotta Have Something in the Bank Frank; Kisses Sweeter Than Wine. Gene Vincent (1935-71) and His Blue Caps, Lotta Lovin'; sells 1.5M copies; Dance to the Bop (Oct. 28) (last hit); has a bad automobile accident in 1960 in England, moves there in 1963, and becomes a hit, then moves back to the U.S. and never revives his career before dying of a stomach ulcer. Sir William Turner Walton (1902-83), Concerto for Cello and Orchestra. Muddy Waters (1913-83), Got My Mojo Working. Lee Wiley (1908-75), A Touch of the Blues (album). Hank Williams Jr. (1949-), Long Gone Lonesome Blues (debut). Joe Williams (1918-99), One O'Clock Jump (album #2). Meredith Willson (1902-84) and Franklin Lacey (1917-88), The Music Man (musical) (Dec. 19) (Majestic Theatre, New York) (Broadway Theatre, New York) (Apr. 15, 1961) (1,375 perf.); set in his home town of River City (really Mason), Iowa; 1912 con man "Professor" Harold Hill (Robert Preston) promises to set up a boys band and plans to skip town until he falls for librarian Marian Paroo (Barbara Cook); features the songs Iowa Stubborn, 76 Trombones, Ya Got Trouble, Till There Was You, Shipoopi, Goodnight, My Someone; introduces barbership harmony to the public consciousness; filmed in 1962. Jackie Wilson (1934-84), Reet Petite (debut) (#6 in the U.K.); To Be Loved. Helmut Zacharias (1920-2002), Magic Violins. Movies: Leo McCarey's An Affair to Remember, a remake of the 1939 film "Love Affair" stars Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr in a 3-hanky flick about a tryst on the top of the Empire State Bldg.; remade in 1993 as "Sleepless in Seattle". Bert I. Gordon's The Amazing Colossal Man (Oct. 25) stars Glenn Langan as Army Lt. Col. Glenn Manning, who is seriously burned by plutonium radiation and grows into a 60-ft. giant whose heart can't hack it, causing him to lose his mind while the govt. races to find a cure and/or kill him; followed by "War of the Colossal Beast" (1958). Bert I. Gordon's Beginning of the End (B&W) stars Peter Graves as mad scientist Ed Wainwright, who uses radiation to grow giant veggies and inadvertenly creates giant locusts that attack Chicago with cheesy SFX; worse sci-fi flick ever? Otto Preminger's Bonjour Tristesse, based on the 1954 Francoise Sagan novel stars Jean Seberg as a loose French girl who tries to break up the marriage of her playboy father David Niven to her frigid godmother Deborah Kerr; Seberg fails to achieve stardom although Preminger tried? Jean Negulesco's Boy On a Dolphin (Apr. 19) is about watching Sophia Loren in a sheer cotton dress soaked taut against her bronze skin surrounded by phallic symbols such as snorkels and scuba tanks? Nathan H. Juran's The Brain from Planet Arous (Oct. 1) is a campy sci-fi flick that later becomes a classic about an alien brain named Gor, who possesses young scientist Steve March (John Agar) to take over the Earth, until another brain named Vol arrives in a dog to take him on, although his Fissure of Rolando is his weakness; "After I'm gone your Earth will be free to live out its miserable span of existence as one of my satellites, and that's how it's going to be." David Lean's The Bridge on the River Kwai (Oct. 2) (Horizon Pictures) (the Mae Khlung or Klong River in real life, which is later renamed in honor of the movie), written by Hollywood Blacklist writers Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson based on the 1952 Pierre Boulle novel stars William Holden as U.S. Navy Cmdr. Shears (first Hollywood star to make $1M for a film), and Alec Guinness as British Lt. Col. Nicholson, who end up in in a kind of menage a trois with Japanese POW cmdr. Col. Saito (Sessue Hayakawa), with Guinness trying to build his bridge while Holden tries to destroy it, until Guinness does the typical British blindly-loyal-then-wakes-up-Christ-act at the last moment; the whistling song Colonel Bogey March by Mitch Miller and His Orchestra gets airtime; Wilson and Foreman are uncredited because of Hollywood blacklisting, causing French novel writer Pierre Boulle to be credited alone; does $30.6M box office on a $2.8M budget. Mikhail Kalatozov's The Cranes Are Flying is about the physical and psychological damage done to the Soviet Union by WWII as seen through the eyes of lovers Boris (Alexei Batalov) and Veronica (Tatiana Samoilova). Terence Fisher's The Curse of Frankenstein (Hammer Film Productions) (Warner Bros.) (May 2) stars Peter Cushing as Baron Victor Frankenstein, Melvyn Hayes as young Frankenstein, Christopher Lee as the creature, Hazel Court as Victor's fiancee Elizabeth, and Robert Urquhart as his tutor Paul Krempe; Hammer's first color horror film ("the first really gory horror film, showing blood and guts in color" - Patricia MacCormac), becoming a big hit that launches their distinctive gothic Hammer Horror film series; does $8M box office on a $270K budget. Nathan H. Juran's The Deadly Mantis (Sept. 2) (B&W) is about a 200-ft. praying mantis unleashed from the melting polar ice caps, which attacks the Washington Monument. Budd Boetticher's Decision at Sundown (Nov. 10) stars Randolph scott as gunman Bart Allison, who tries to kill local boss Tate Kimbrough (John Carroll) by sundown for what he did to his wife. Jack Webb's The D.I. (May 30) stars Webb as Marine drill instructor Sgt. Jim Moore, who is faced with a rebellious recruit; "Dead Marines aren't sorry - they're just dead". Elia Kazan's A Face in the Crowd (May 28) (Warner Bros.) stars "No Time for Sergeants" stage star Andy Griffith in his film debut as alcoholic drifter Larry "Lonesome" Rhodes, who is discovered by producer Marcia Jeffries (Patricial Neal) in small town NE Ark., and becomes a nat. TV star, and gets too big for his britches, followed by a great fall as his off-mike utterances belitting his audience are fed back live; country comedian Rod Brasfield plays Griffith's sidekick Beanie; the film debut of Lee Ann Remick (1935-91) as Griffith's wife; film debuts of Rip Torn, Charles Irving, and Lois Nettleton; features cameos by Walter Winchell and Mike Wallace. Fred Zinnemann's A Hatful of Rain (July 17), based on the play by Michael Vincenzo Gazzo about a soldier who returns from the Korean war a drug addict stars Eva Marie Saint, Anthony Franciosa, Don Murray, and Lloyd Nolan. Nathan (Hertz) Juran's Hellcats of the Navy is the only film in which Ronald and Nancy Davis Reagan star together, and is a box-office flop. Jack Arnold's The Incredible Shrinking Man (Feb. 22), based on a novel by Richard Matheson stars Grant Williams as Scott Carey, who gets doused by radioactive mist, then shrinks by the day, entering a world of horror. Edward Cahn's Invasion of the Saucer Men (Hell Creatures) (June) (B&W) (AIP) is about a flying saucer invading the U.S. countryside and being defeated by a band of teenagers incl. Steven Terrell and Gloria Castillo using their car headlights; released as a double feature with "I Was a Teenage Werewolf". Robert Rossen's Island in the Sun (Aug. 27), based on the 1955 Alec Waugh novel stars Harry Belafonte and Joan Fontaine as mixed-race lovers on a Caribbean island during British rule, who are rumored to be engaging in offscreen hanky-panky; features an interracial screen kiss, causing a ruckus in the U.S., and launches reggae music into the U.S. with Island Records. Gene Fowler Jr.'s I Was a Teenage Werewolf (July 19) (AIP), co-written by Herman Cohen stars Michael Landon as Rockdale H.S. teenie Tony Rivers, and Whit Bissell as pshrink Alfred Brandon; does $2M box office on a $123K budget. Roy Lockwood's (Disc Jockey) Jamboree (B&W) (Warner Bros.) stars Paul Carr and Freda Holloway as Peter Porter and Honey Wynn, who become overnight stars as a singing duo, after which their mgs. Kay Medford and Bob Pastine try to make them go solo; features performances by Fats Domino, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Frankie Avalon, Slim Whitman, The Four Coins, etc. Charlie Chaplin's A King in New York features Chaplin's last starring perf. as the deposed king of a European mini-state who comes to the U.S. and plays yokel in the big city; not released in the U.S. until 1973. Kurt Neumann's Kronos, Destroyer of Worlds (Apr.) (B&W) stars Jeff Morrow as Dr. Leslie Gaskell, and Barbara Lawrence as Vera Hunter, who fight a gigantic robot that lands in the Pacific Ocean near Mexico and begins draining Earth's power, absorbing an A-bomb before they figure how to reverse its polarity and cause it to feed on itself. Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (May 7) (Warner Bros.) (Penn's dir. debut) stars Paul Newman as Billy the Kid, who is portrayed as a well-meaning illiterate Bible-thumping outsider who is pulled down by a hostile society after getting mixed up in a cattle war, and just happens to be a quickdraw gunslinger and murderer; John Dehner plays Pat Garrett; also stars Lita Milan (future wife of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo), James Cogdon, Colin Keith-Johnston, and silly-laughing James Best; "Lost Charlie, lost Tom, can't read, got myself killed." Billy Wilder's Love in the Afternoon stars Audrey Hepburn as the daughter of a Parisian P.I. who falls in love with aging Am. millionaire Gary Cooper, who runs out by night; features the hit song Fascination, based on an old French song with English lyrics, which makes a star out of blonde Doris Day lookalike singer Jane Morgan (1924-). John Sturges' Gunfight at the OK Corral (May 30), written by Leon Uris stars Kirk Douglas as Doc Holliday, and Burt Lancaster as Wyatt Earp, and features a cool title song by Frankie Laine. Virgil W. Vogel's The Land Unknown (Aug.) (B&W) is about a U.S. Navy expedition to Antarctica led by Cmdr. Harold "Hal" Roberts (Jock Mahoney) and reporter Margaret "Maggie" Hathaway (Shirley Patterson), which encounters unusually warm waters and mean dinosaurs. Henry Hathaway's Legend of the Lost (Dec. 17) stars John Wayne as Joe January, Sophia Loren as Dita, and Rossano Brazzi as Paul Bonnard in a love triangle in the thirsty desert in the Wild West. Michael Powell's and Emeric Pressburger's B&W Ill Met by Moonlight (Night Ambush) (Mar. 4) (Rank Org.), based on the 1950 autobio. by Capt. W. Stanley "Bill" Moss about the capture of German Gen. Heinrich Kreipe (Marius Goring) in Crete in Feb.-Apr. 1944 stars Dirk Bogarde as Maj. Patrick Leigh "Paddy" Fermor AKA Philedem, David Oxley as Moss, and Cyril Cusack as Capt. Sandy Rendel. Arnold Laven's The Monster That Challenged the World (June) (B&W), about giant mollusks from Salton Sea, Calif. stars Tim Holt as Lt. Cmdr. John "Twill" Twillinger, Audrey Dalton as Gail MacKenzie, and Hans Conried as Dr. Jess Rogers. Jacques Tourneur's B&W Night (Curse) of the Demon (Nov.) (Columbia), based on the 1911 story "Casting the Runes" by M.R. James, starring Dana Andrews as Am. pshrink Dr. John Holden, who investigates a Satanic cult suspected of murders run by Dr. Julian Karswell (Niall MacGinnis), who ends up mangled by a giant demon on the railroad tracks; shortened version Curse of the Demon debuts in June 1958 - one of TLW's boyhood favorites? Fred F. Sears' The Night the World Exploded (June) stars William Leslie as Dr. David Conway, Tristram Coffin as Dr. Ellis Morton, and Kathryn Grant as Laura Hutchinson, a team of earthquake prediction scientists who predict a wave of earthquakes centered beneath the Carlsbad Caverns in N.M., caused by mysterious Element 112. Federico Fellini's The Nights of Cabiria (May 26) stars Giulietta Masina as waifish hooker with a heart of gold Maria "Cabiria" Ceccarelli, who wanders the streets of Rome; basis of the 1966 Broadway musical "Sweet Charity"; film ed. Leo Cattozo develops the CIR (Costruzione Incollatrici Rapide) self-perforating adhesive tape splicer for the film. Robert Stevenson's Old Yeller (Dec. 25), based on the 1956 Fred Gipson novel is Disney's first boy-dog film, starring 15-y.-o. Tommy Kirk, Fess Parker, Dorothy McGuire et al., who fall in love with a dog and have to put him down when he contracts rabies from a wolf, after which his daddy Jim gives him a horse; Old Yeller is played by yellow Mastador (Lab-Mastiff mix) Spike, trained by Frank Weatherwax. Richard Quine's Operation Madball (Aug. 17), about bored GIs throwing a party and inviting the nurses only to find out they are officers stars Jack Lemmon and Kathryn Grant, and is the film debut of mustachioed comedian Ernest Edward "Ernie" Kovacs (1919-62). Jean Sacha's OSS 117: N'est Pas Pas Mort (OSS 117 Is Not Dead), based on the Jean Bruce novels about French secret agent Hubert Bonisseur de La Bath AKA OSS 117 stars Ivan Desny; followed by seven sequels (until 1971). George Abbott's The Pajama Game (Aug. 29), based on the Richard Bisell novel "7-1/2 Cents" stars Doris Day and John Raitt (father of Bonnie Raitt) in a comedy about Sleeptite Pajama Factory workers demanding a 7.5-cent an hour pay raise. George Sidney's Pal Joey (Oct. 25), based on the 1939 John O'Hara novel stars Frank Sinatra as womanizing singer Joey Evans (who likes to call women "mice") in San Francisco, who goes after rich widow Vera Simpson (Rita Hayworth) to fund his Chez Joey nightclub, while also going after bombshell blonde singer Linda English (Kim Novak). Stanley Kubrick's Paths of Glory (Oct. 25), a WWI anti-war drama based on the 1935 Humphrey Cobb novel stars Kirk Douglas as French Col. Dax, Ralph Meeker as Cpl. Philippe Paris, and Adolphe Menjou as Maj. Gen. George Broulard. Mark Robson's Peyton Place (Dec. 11), based on the 1956 Grace Metalious novel stars Lana Turner as Constance MacKenzie, Hope Lange as Selena Cross, Arthur Kennedy as Lucas Cross, Lee Philips as Michael Rossi, and Diane Varsi as Allison MacKenzie; music by Franz Waxman. Stanley Kramer's The Pride and the Passion (July 10), based on the 1933 C.S. Forester novel "The Gun", set during the Peninsular War stars Cary Grant as British Navy Capt. Anthony Trumbull, who is sent to beat French forces to a giant abandoned Spanish cannon, obtaining the help of French-hating guerrilla leader Miguel (a miscast Frank Sinatra), who makes him transport it first to relieve Avila from mean French Gen. Jouvet (Theodore Bikel) while they fight for bitchin' babe Juana (Sophia Loren); score by George Antheil, his last major work and the only one to be preserved on a commercial soundtrack; does $8.75M ($5.5M?) on a $2.5M ($3.7M?) budget; Grant and Loren fall in love during filming, even though he's married to actress Betsy Drake, but she dumps him for producer Carlo Ponti, causing him to shower her with flowers and phone calls when she visits Los Angeles while he's filming "An Affair to Remember", and after she jilts him again he begins taking prescription LSD with his wife's approval. Laurence Olivier's The Prince and the Showgirl (June 13) (Warner Bros.), based on Terence Rattigan's 1953 play "The Sleeping Prince" stars Laurence Olivier as Charles, Prince Regent of Carpathia, and Marilyn Monroe as Am. showgirl Elsie Marina in 1910 London, complete with a Sylvester the Cat cartoon ("Greedy for Tweedy"), a newsreel, and coming attractions for "Spirit of St. Louis"; Sybil Thorndike plays the dowager queen; Monroe clearly didn't do anything for Olivier?; does $4.3M box office. Edward Dmytryk's Raintree County (Dec. 20), based on the Ross Lockridge Jr. novel about the U.S. Civil War stars Montgomery Clift as teacher John Wickliff Shawnessy, who falls in love with New Orleans belle Susanna Drake Shawnessy (Elizabeth Taylor) and ditches high school sweetheart Nell Gaither (Eva Marie Saint), then finds out that Susanna's nuts and joins the Yankee Army; on May 12, 1956 while filming, Clift smashes his car into a telephone pole after a party with Taylor and her hubby Michael Wilding, messing up his jaw and nose, and causing him to become addicted to alcohol and pain pills, which soon age him at jet speed, causing him to become known as "the longest suicide in Hollywood" although it wasn't the accident itself; meanwhile the news increases the movie's success as fans flock to see if he has changed. Otto Preminger's Saint Joan (May 8), based on the George Bernard Shaw play is the film debut of "St. Jean" Seberg (1838-79), who won the role over 18K others; too bad, she doesn't act as good as she looks? Joshua Logan's Sayonara, based on the 1954 James A. Michener novel stars Marlon Brando as a U.S. Army maj. on a Japanese airbase during the Korean War who gets into Japanese women and experiences bigotry. Rouben Mamoulian's Silk Stockings (July 18), a musical remake of "Ninotchka" about three bumbling Soviet agents trying to return a Soviet composer from Paris stars Fred Astaire as Steve Canfield, and country-bumpking-in-the-big-city Cyd Charisse as Ninotchka Yoschenko; the Silk Stockings and Satin and Silk dance routines become classics. George Blair's Spook Chasers the Bowery Boys get stuck in a haunted mansion. Henry King's The Sun Also Rises (Aug. 23) is based on the 1926 Ernest Hemingway novel, starring Errol Flynn as Hemingway (Mike Campbell), who is billed 4th after Tyrone Power (Jake Barnes), Ava Gardner (Lady Brett Ashley), and Mel Ferrer (Robert Cohn), but steals the movie; newcomer Robert Evans plays bullfighter Pedro Romero after producer Darryl F. Zanuck overrules Hemingway with the line "The kid stays in the picture"; does $3.8M on a $3.5M budget. David Miller's The Story of Esther Costello (Nov. 6) (Romulus Films) (Columbia Pictures), based on the 1952 novel by Nicholas Monsarrat stars Joan Crawford as wealthy childless Margaret Landi, who patronizes 15-y.-o. deaf-dumb-blind Irish girl Esther Costello (Heather Sears), teaching her sign language and Braille, after which her hubby Carlo Landi (Rossano Brazzi) uses her as a way to make money, getting her alone and raping her, causing her sight and hearing to be restored (psychosomatic), after which Margaret kills Carlo and herself; does $1M box office; the novel and film piss-off Helen Keller, who tries to stop them. Alexander Mackendrick's Sweet Smell of Success (June 27), a film noir written by Clifford Odets and Ernest Lehman stars Burt Lancaster as New York City columnist J.J. Hunsecker (really Walter Winchell?), who uses his connections to ruin the relationship of jazz guitarist Steve Dallas (Martin Milner) with his sister Susan (Susan Harrison) by having actor Sidney Falco (Tony Curtis) plant reefers on him, which backfires when she attempts suicide, and Falco tries to save her but rips her clothes, and Hunsecker thinks he raped her, causing Falco to spill the beans to Susan, whereupon she reveals she already broke up with Dallas and walks out on her brother; too bad, the misleading title and the unlikeable roles of Curtis and Lancaster turn fans off, and it's a box office dud - the rotten smell of failure? Budd Boetticher's The Tall T, based on Elmore Leonard's story "The Captives" stars Randolph Scott as Pat Brennan, Richard Boone as bad guy Frank Usher, and Maureen O'Sullivan as love interest Doretta Mims. Nunnally Johnson's The Three Faces of Eve (Sept. 23), based on a real-life story of a "sweet rather backward housewife in Ga." who began behaving strangely in 1951 and was cured on Sept. 17, 1953 by pshrinks Corbett H. Thigpen and Harvey M. Cleckley, stars Joanne Woodward as multiple personality case Chris Costner-Sizemore (Eve White, Eve Black, Jane), and Leo J. Cobb as main pshrink Dr. Luther; David Wayne plays her TV repairman hubby; has the credit "Introducing Alistaire Cooke, distinguished journalist and commentator"; "There's more to her than meets the eye." Akira Kurosawa's Throne of Blood (Kumonosu-jo) (Cobweb Castle) (Jan. 15), based on Shakespeare's "Macbeth" and set in feudal Japan stars Toshiro Mifune as Macbeth, Isuzu Yamada as Lady Macbeth, and Minoru Chiaki as Banquo. Anthony Mann's Western The Tin Star (Oct. 23) (Paramount Pictures) stars Henry Fonda as ex-sheriff bounty hunter Morg Hickman, who schools greenhorn sheriff Ben Owens (Anthony Perkins); "A decent man doesn't want to kill, but if you're going to shoot, shoot to kill." Delmer Daves' B&W Western 3:10 to Yuma (Aug. 7) (Columbia Pictures), based on the 1953 story by Elmore Leonard stars Glenn Flord as 1880s Ariz. outlaw Ben Wade, and Van Heflin as rancher Dan Evans, who is talked into taking him to the you know what so he can be tried in Yuma; Felicia Farr plays barmaid Emmy; theme song by Dmitri Tiomkin and Ned Washington; remade in 2007 by James Mangold starring Russell Crowe and Christian Bale. Sidney Lumet's Twelve Angry Men (Apr. 13), based on the 1954 TV play by Reginald Rose (written for "Studio One"), features a great ensemble "American melting pot" cast (Henry Fonda, Lee J. Cobb, E.G. Marshall, Martin Balsam, Jack Klugman, Robert Webber, Ed Begley Sr., John Fielder, Jack Warden, George Voskovec, Edward Binns, Joseph Sweeney) in a jury room drama, where Juror #8 (Fonda) makes a stand and turns the other 11 toward the poor Hispanic suspect's (John Savoca) innocence; feature film debut of dir. Sidney Lumet (1924-), and whiny-voiced actor John Fiedler (1925-2005). Roger Corman's B&W The Undead (original title "The Trance of Diana Love") (Am. Internat. Pictures), inspired by "The Search for Bridey Murphy" stars Val Dufour as psychic researcher Quintus Ratcliff, who sends the mind of ho Diana Love (Pamela Duncan) back in time to the Middle Ages to share the body of Helene, who is slated to die at dawn for the crimes of witch Livia (Allison Hayes), giving Quintus the idea of going back in time with her to convince her to evade her execution, but she balks, causing Quintus to be stranded in the past, amusing Satan (Richard Devon); Billy Barty plays an imp; "A night filled with 1,000 years of horror!" James Ivory's Venice: Theme and Variations (Mar.) is the dir. debut of James Ivory (1928-). ?'s Wild is the Wind features the song Wild is the Wind by Dimitri Tiomkin and Ned Washington, sung by Johnny Mathis, which becomes the signature song of Nina Simone. Ingmar Bergman's Wild Strawberries (Dec. 26) stars Bibi Anderson picking them; Victor Sjostrom, Sweden's first film dir. and star gives a brilliant perf. as an aging prof. going to accept an degree from Lund U., and facing himself during the trip. Frank Tashlin's Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (July 29), based on the George Axelrod play stars Tony Randall as adman Rockwell P. Hunter, and Jayne Mansfield as Rita Marlow, who models Stay-Put lipstick, and forces Rock to pretend to be her "Loverdoll", making his babe Jenny Wells (Betsy Drake) jealous; also stars her future bodybuilder hubby (1958-64) Miklos "Mickey" Hargitay as Bobo Branigansky. Billy Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution, based on the Agatha Christie play stars Tyrone Power as British WWII vet Leonard Vole, who is accused of murdering a wealthy widow for her inheritance, and whose only alibi is his German wife Christine (Marlene Dietrich), who has her own twisted past, causing her to take away his alibi as a prosecution witness, requiring ailing defense atty. Sir Wilfrid (Charles Laughton) to save his life by exposing her as a perjurer with a secret German lover; too bad, she told the truth to get him off because he's as guilty as sin and the jury wouldn't believe a loving wife; also too bad, he has his own secret lover (Una O'Connor), whom she finds out about only after he gets off, causing her to murder him in front of witnesses, so Laughton takes her case too; Elsa Lanchester plays Laughton's maid; Torin Thatcher plays the prosecutor; a scene exposing one of Dietrich's glam gams requires 145 extras and 38 stunt men, and costs $90K. Plays: Marcel Achard (1899-1974), Spud (Patate) (comedy). Arthur Adamov (1908-70), Paolo Paoli. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), Endgame (1-act play); From an Abandoned Work (radio play). Brendan Behan (1923-64), An Giall (The Hostage); a British soldier is captured by the IRA, and falls in love with Irish babe Teresa, who doesn't have a penis waiting between her legs? Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), Stephen Sondheim (1930-), and Arthur Laurents (1917-2011), West Side Story (musical) (Winter Garden Theatre, New York) (Sept. 26) (732 perf.) (Sept. 25); based on Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", about the Jets (white) and the Sharks (Puerto Rican) in ethnic blue-collar Upper West Side, New York City; Tony of the Jets (Larry Kert), best friend of gang leader Riff (Michael Callan) falls in love with Maria (Carol Lawrence), sister of Bernardo, leader of the Sharks; produced by Harold Prince and Robert E. Griffith; choreographed by Jerome Robbins; filmed in 1961; features the songs Maria, America, Tonight, One Hand, One Heart, Officer Krupke. Somewhere, Tonight, A Boy Like That, I Feel Pretty, Cool. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), The Iron Duchess. Ketti Frings (1909-81), Look Homeward, Angel (Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York) (564 perf.) (Pulitzer Prize); adaptation of the Thomas Wolfe novel; first woman to win the Pulitzer for Drama (next Beth Henley); named Woman of the Year for 1958 by the Los Angeles Times. Jean Genet (1910-86), La Balcon (The Balcony) (Arts Theatre Club, London) (Apr. 22); his first commercially successful play, about a brothel where men play-act roles of powerful men with hos; runs for 672 perf. at Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City starting in Mar. 1960, and debuts in France on May 18, 1960. William Gibson (1914-2008), The Miracle Worker; Helen Keller and her teacher Annie Sullivan; stars Patty McCormack as Keller, and Teresa Wright as Sullivan; opens on Broadway in 1959 starring unknown Anne Bancroft as Sullivan, making her a star; filmed in 1962 by Arthur Penn, starring Patty Duke as Keller, and Bancroft as Sullivan. Graham Greene (1904-91), The Potting Shed; James Callifer's family holds a secret for almost 30 years about what happened you know where when he was 14. Jonathan Griffin, The Hidden King (verse drama). Langston Hughes (1902-67), Simply Heavenly. William Inge (1913-73), The Dark at the Top of the Stairs; expansion of the 1-act play "Farther Off from Heaven". Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), The Future is in Eggs (L'Avenir est Dans les Oeufs). Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), Six Prous Reconstructions. Hugh Leonard (1926-2009), A Leap in the Dark (Dublin). Felicien Marceau (1913-), L'Oeuf. Richard Mason, The World of Suzie Wong. Carson McCullers (1917-67), The Square Root of Wonderful (Oct. 30); Phillip Lovejoy and his ex-wife Mollie on a small apple farm outside New York City; a flop. John Osborne (1929-94), The Entertainer Royal Court Theatre, London) (Apr. 10); a dying music hall represents the dying British Empire along with failing performer Archie Rice (Laurence Olivier); filmed in 1960. Harold Pinter (1930-2008), The Room (debut); The Birthday Party; The Dumb Waiter. Derek Walcott (1930-), Ione. Arnold Wesker (1932-), The Kitchen; founds kitchen sink drama? Tennessee Williams (1911-83), Orpheus Descending (New York) (68 perf.); a rewrite of "Battle of Angels" (1940); filmed in 1959 by Sidney Lumet as "The Fugitive Kind" starring Marlon Brando. Poetry: Richard Brautigan (1935-84), The Return of the Rivers (debut). Robert Creeley (1926-2005), The Whip; "I spent a night turning in bed,/ my love was a feather, a flat/sleeping thing. She was/very whitePalestinian Struggle To Commemorate Mastermind Of 1974 Deadly Attack On Israeli Schoolchildren". Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), Pegasus and Other Poems. Richard Eberhart (1904-2005), Great Praises. George Garrett (1929-2008), The Reverend Ghost (debut). Ted Hughes (1930-98), The Hawk in the Rain (debut). Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Visitations. William Meredith Jr. (1919-2007), The Open Sea and Other Poems. Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004), A Poetical Treatise. Gabriel Mistral (1889-1957), Recados Contando a Chile. Howard Moss (1922-87), A Swimmer in the Air. Frank O'Hara (1926-66), Meditations in an Emergency; title is a play on John Donne's "Devotions upon Emergent Occasions". Kenneth Patchen (1911-72), Hurrah for Anything; When We Were Here Together. Octavio Paz (1914-98), Piedra del Sol (Sunstone); Libertad Bajo Palabra (Liberty Under Oath). F.R. Scott (1899-1985), All the Spikes But the Last; The Eye of the Needle: Satire, Sorties, Sundries. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), The Telescope. Wislawa Szymborska (1923-2012), Calling Out to Yeti. Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), Las Cartas Boca Abajo. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), Promises: Poems 1954-1956 (Pulitzer Prize). James Arlington Wright (1927-80), The Green Wall (debut). Novels: James Agee (1909-55), A Death in the Family (posth.) (Pulitzer Prize); about his father. Brian W. Aldiss (1925-), Space, Time and Nathaniel (short stories); pub. after winning a short story contest by The Observer that had to be set in the year 2500, allowing him to go full-time as a writer. Isaac Asimov (1920-92), The Naked Sun. Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), Montsalvat. Jim Bishop, The Day Christ Died; "The fundamental research was done a long time ago by four fine journalists: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The rest has been added in bits and pieces from many men whose names span the centuries." Heinrich Boll (1917-85), Irisches Tagebuch (Irish Journal); Die Spurlosen (Missing Persons). Robert Bolt (1924-95), The Flowering Cherry; a man spends his life planning to retire to a country cottage, then when the time comes changes his mind. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), Outbreak of Love. John Braine (1922-86), Room at the Top (Mar.) (first novel); bestselling Faustian tale about the rise of ambitious Joe Lampton; filmed in 1959. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Underdog. Michel Butor (1926-), La Modification. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Fire, Burn! Louis-Ferdinand Celine (1894-1961), D'un Chateau l'Autre (Castle to Castle); pt. 1 of a trilogy about his flight with the Vichy govt. to exile in Sigmaringen in 1944. John Cheever (1912-82), The Wapshot Chronicle; Cloverly Wapshot is pursued by a gay male coworker and fights his own gay feelings. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), 4:50 from Paddington (What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw) (Murder, She Said) (Nov. 4); Miss Marple. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), A Father and His Fate. Catherine Cookson (1906-98), Rooney. James Gould Cozzens (1903-78), By Love Possessed; white Am. atty. Arthur Winner defends a young man accused of date rape and reminisces about his late wayward son; filmed in 1961; #1 bestseller of 1957 (most boring bestseller of the decade?), getting him a nomination for a Pulitzer Prize; too bad, he does an interview for the Sept. 2 issue of Time mag. which comes out garbled, making him into an anti-Catholic elitist racist sexist snob, although he is apolitical, areligious and married to a Jewish woman, causing his career to tank; his style does go Baroque frequently, e.g. "In private recital of her troubles to Edna Keating, Arthur Winner could imagine her saying: 'And on top of everything, I have to have the curse.'"; "Christ Church was for those who had always gone there - none of them, colored. For colored people their own church was provided - they attended the church of their choice!... The rule, to them, was a natural rule of self-respect... Paul then, and Alfred now, with the delicacy, the politeness self-respect required of them came last to the altar rail. The good, the just, man had consideration for others. By delaying, he took care that members of the congregation need never hesitate to receive the blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ because a cup from which a Negro had drunk contained it" (p. 518); "Ah, how wise, how sure, how right, was that genius of the language whose instinct detected in the manifold manifestings of the amative appetite (however different-seeming; however apparently opposed) the one same urgent unreason, the one same eager let's-pretend, and so, wisely consented, so, for convenience covenanted, to name all with one same name! Explaining, sweet unreason excused; excusing, sweet let's-pretend explained. The young heart, indentured (O wearisome conditions of humanity!) to reason, pined, starved on the bare bitter diet of thinking. One fine day, that heart (most hearts) must bolt. That heart would be off (could you blame it?) to Loveland, to feeling's feasts." (p. 386) Harold Lenoir Davis (1896-1960), The Distant Music; Kettle of Fire. Mark Van Doren (1894-1972), Home with Hazel, and Other Stories. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), Alexandre le Grand (Alexander the Great). Lawrence Durrell (1912-90), White Eagles Over Serbia; Justine; first in the Alexandria Quartet, about Alexandria, Egypt during WWII, incl. "Balthazar" (1958), "Mountolive" (1958), "Clea" (1960). James T. Farrell (1904-79), A Dangerous Woman and Other Stories; My Baseball Diary. William Faulkner (1897-1962), The Town; #1 in the Snopes Trilogy. Jules Feiffer (1929-), Passionella; chimneysweep Ella becomes a Hollywood star. Ian Fleming (1908-64), From Russia With Love (James Bond 007 #5) (Apr. 8); SMERSH hatches a plot to assassinate Bond and discredit him using a beautiful Russian cipher clerk and the Spektor Soviet decoding machine as bait; filmed in 1963. Oliver La Farge (1901-63), A Pause in the Desert (short stories). Janet Frame (1924-2004), Owls Do Cry (first novel). Pamela Frankau (1908-67), The Bridge. Max Frisch (1911-91), Homo Faber. Rosalie K. Fry, Secret of the Ron Mor Skerry; 10-y.-o. Fiona Coneelly visits her ancestal home on Roan Innish and looks for her lost baby brother Jamie among the Selkies (seal people). Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), Quer Pasticciaccio Brutto de via Merulana. Romain Gary (1914-80), Lady L.. Catherine Gordon (1895-1981), A Good Soldier: A Key to the Novels of Ford Madox Ford. Winston Graham (1908-2003), Greek Fire. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), They Hanged My Saintly Billy. Thom Gunn (1929-2004), The Sense of Movement. Mark Harris (1922-2007), A Ticket for a Seamstitch, by Henry W. Wiggen: But Polished for the Printer; Henry Wiggen #3; Something About a Soldier; WWII muzzy fuckup Jewish draftee Jacob "Chickenshit" Epstein, AKA Also, as in Also Known as Epp, w ho campaigns against armed forces segregation, goes AWOL, and is discharged from the nutward after 121 days in the army; after the war he learns that his entire artillery battery was KIA. Robert A. Heinlein (1907-88), Citizen of the Galaxy, about slave boy Thorby of Jubbulpore and his benign owner Baslim the Cripple; The Door into Summer; time travel. Patricia Highsmith (1921-95), Deep Water. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Simple Stakes a Claim. William Humphrey (1924-97), Home from the Hill (first novel); filmed in 1960. James Jones (1921-77), Some Came Running; Midwest brothers Dave and Frank Hirsch in Parkman, Ind.; filmed in 1958 starring Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1927-), Esmond in India. Mary Margaret Kaye (1908-2004), Shadow of the Moon; revised in 1979 after her bit hit "The Far Pavilions" (1978) gives her a market. The first blogger? Jack Kerouac (1922-69), On the Road (Jan.); typed at 100 wpm, 6K words a day for 20 days on a 120-ft.-long scroll sans paragraphs; after a positive review in the New York Times by Gilbert Millstein (1913-99), it sells 500K copies, coining the term "Beat Generation"; about Dean Moriarty, who is really Beatnik leader Neal Cassady (1926-68); Allen Ginsberg is Carlo Marx, William S. Burroughs is Old Bull Lee, narrator Kerouac is Salvatore "Sal" Paradise; "I first met Dean not long after my wife and I split up" (first line); "With the coming of Dean Moriarty began the part of my life you could call my life on the road"; last line: "I think of Dean Moriarty, I even think of Old Dean Moriarty the father we never found, I think of Dean Moriarty"; having a ragged or missing ending, the end of the scroll contains a penciled note "Dog Ate (Potchky - a dog); "It isn't writing at all - it's typing" (Truman Capote); "A book that dared to show that men too were fed up with traditional roles" (Joyce Johnson AKA Joyce Glassman, whom Kerouac is living off of); "... the only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles"; Moriarty ends up on a dock in N.J. musing about God and Pooh Bear?; in 2001 Indianapolis Colts (NFL) owner James "Jim" Irsay (1959-) buys the original ms. for $2.4M at a Christie's auction in Chicago and sends it on a nat. tour. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), Blue Camellia. John Knittel (1891-1970), Arietta (last novel). Halldor Kiljan Laxness (1902-98), The Fish Can Sing. C.Y. Lee, Flower Drum Song. Siegfried Lenz (1926-), Der Mann im Strom. Elmore Leonard (1925-2013), The Captives. Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), The Flame of Hercules. John D. MacDonald (1916-86), The Executioners; filmed under the title "Cape Fear" in 1962 and 1991. Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), Rockets Galore. Alistair MacLean (1922-87), The Guns of Navarone; South by Java Head. Bernard Malamud (1914-86), The Assistant. Felicien Marceau (1913-), Les Belles Natures. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), The Gracious Lily Affair. Daphne du Maurier (1907-89), The Scapegoat. Alan Le May (1899-1964), The Unforgiven; filmed in 1960. Shepherd Mead (1914-94), How to Succeed With Women Without Really Trying: The Dastard's Guide to the Birds and Bees. James Merrill (1926-95), The Seraglio (first novel). Brian Moore (1921-99), This Gun for Gloria; pub. under alias Bernard Mara; Intent to Kill; pub. under alias Michael Bryan; The Feast of Lupercal (A Moment of Love); Murder in Majorca. Elsa Morante (1912-85), Arturo's Island (L'Isola di Arturo). Alberto Moravia (1907-90), Two Women (La Ciociara). Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), Challenge to Venus. Wright Morris (1910-98), Love Among the Cannibals; two Hollywood songwriters travel to Mexico with their new girlfriends. Nicholas Mosley (1923-), Corruption. Iris Murdoch (1919-99), The Sandcastle. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), Pnin. V.S. Naipaul (1932-2018), The Mystic Masseur (first novel). Howard Nemerov (1920-91), The Homecoming Game. Percy Howard Newby (1918-97), Revolution and Roses. Kathleen Norris (1880-1966), Through a Glass Darkly. Mary Norton, Bed-Knob and Broomstick. Francois Nourissier (1927-), Le Corps de Diane. Kate O'Brien (1897-1974), As Music and Splendour. Frank O'Connor, Domestic Relations (short stories). Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), The Case of the Deadly Kiss; police procedural set in Stillwell, Wisc., about the search for a serial killer of the girlfriends of policemen, giving them a sloppy kiss while strangling them. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960), Doctor Zhivago; bestseller (#2 in 1959); his only novel, finished in 1956 and rejected by Soviet pubs.; appears first in Italian trans. and becomes an internat. hit, going into 17 languages while the Soviet authorities sheet their jodhpurs?; ends with 25 poems by the title char. Dawn Powell (1896-1965), A Cage for Lovers. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Up and Out. Ayn Rand (1905-82), Atlas Shrugged (Mar.) (last novel) (645K words); "The role of the mind in man's existence - and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest", "Mystery Worker" John Galt invents a car that runs on static electricity, then sets out to "stop the motor of the world" after getting pissed-off at corporate communism, leading the strikers against the looters from Galt's Gulch retreat in the Colo. mountains, while Dagny Taggart searches for him always asking "Who is John Galt?", ending up as his lover, after which he gives a 3-hour speech on Rand's "rationally selfish" philosophy of heroes-are-made-born-whatever Objectivism, which boosts her fan base incl. Alan Greenspan, helping her to turn Objectivism into a movement; "Run for your life from any man who tells you that money is evil. That sentence is the leper's bell of an approaching looter" - which reminds me of Madame Something's quote about wealth being a great goal but not a such a great destination? Vance Randolph (1892-1980), The Talking Turtle (short stories). Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922-2008), La Jalousie; a nouveau roman about an "absent" 3rd-person narrator who is jealous of his neighbor Franck. Robert Ruark (1915-65), The Old Man and the Boy. Francoise Sagan (1935-2004), Dans un Mois, Dans un An (Those Without Shadows). Nawal El Saadawi (1931-), I Learned Love (short stories) (first book). James Salter (1925-), The Hunters (first novel); a hot shot fighter pilot self-destructs. William Sansom (1912-76), Among the Dahlias (short stories); Various Temptations (short stories). Jesus Fernandez Santos (1926-88), En la Hoguera. William Saroyan (1908-81), The Cave Dwellers. Gladys Schmitt (1909-72), A Small Fire. Dr. Seuss (1904-91), The Cat in the Hat (Mar. 12) (Random House); 1,626 words long; uses only 236 different words (word with most syllables = "another"); written in anapestic (..-) tetrameter; latch-key kids Sally and her older brother (the narrator) are visited by the tall anthropomorphic Cat in the Hat (who wears a red bow tie and red-white striped tower hat), Thing One and Thing Two, who wreck the house until the mother is about to arrive, when the Cat produces a cleaning machine and cleans up and disappears before she walks in; meanwhile the fish's objections are ignored; How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (Nov. 24) (Random House); about the solitary Grinch, with a heart "two sizes too small" who lives on snowy Mount Crumpit with his dog Max steals all the Christmas presents and decorations from Whoville, and is about to dump them in the abyss when he hears them singing, causing his heart to grow three sizes larger and return them, receiving the honor of carving the Roast Beast; "Maybe Christmas, he thought, means a little bit more"; filmed in 1966 as a TV special, in 2000 starring Jim Carrey, and in 2018. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), On the Beach; about the aftereffects of an atomic war in 1963 in Melbourne, Australia, where the residents succomb to radiation poisoning and commit govt.-sponsored suicide; filmed in 1959. Claude Simon (1913-2005), Le Vent: Tentative de Restitution d'un Retable Baroque (The Wind: Attempted Restoration of a Baroque Altarpiece). Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902-91), Gimpel the Fool (short stories). Robert Paul Smith, Where Did You Go? Out. What Did you Do? Nothing. Muriel Spark (1918-2006), The Comforters. Howard Spring (1889-1965), Time and the Hour. Wallace Stegner (1909-83), The City of the Living and Other Stories. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Woman from Sicily. Rosemary Sutcliff (1920-92), The Silver Branch; Roman Britain Series #2. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), The Real Life of Angel Deverell. Charles Thompson, Halfway Down the Stairs; set at Cornell U. Jim Thompson (1906-77), The Kill-Off; Wild Town. Alexander Trocchi (1925-84), Young Adam; a young Joe who works on the river barges of Glasgow discovers the body of a young woman floating in the canal; "I've shed my own skin and merged into the fog". Roger Vailland, The Law. Evelyn Waugh (1903-66), The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold; autobio. novel about a man plagued with hallucinations. Rebecca West (1892-1983), The Fountain Overflows; autobio. novel; followed by "This Real Night" (1984), and "Cousin Rosamund" (1985). Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), The Prisoner in the Mask. Patrick White (1912-90), Voss (first-ever Miles Franklin Award); based on 19th Prussian explorer Ludwig Leichhardt, who disappeared in the Australian outback. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), The Golden Virgin. John Wyndham (1903-69), The Midwich Cuckoos; an ET gives children telepathic abilities; filmed in 1960 as "Village of the Damned". Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), Fair Oaks. Births: Am. "Honky Tonk Angel" country singer Patty Loveless (Patricia Lee Ramey) on Jan. 4 in Pikeville, Ky.; distant cousin of Loretta Lynn and Crystal Gale. British-Am. astrophysicist-astronaut Colin Michael Foale on Jan. 6 in Louth, Lincolnshire, England; educated at Queens' College, Cambridge U. Am. golfer Nancy Lopez on Jan. 6 in Torrance, Calif. Am. TV journalist (Episcopalian) Katherine Feinstein "Katie" Couric on Jan. 7 in Arlington, Va.; educated at the U. of Va.; Jewish mother; first woman solo anchor of a major U.S. TV network evening news show (CBS, 2006). Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (New Jersey Nets #43, 1979-80) (Portland Trail Blazers #33, 1980-4) (Denver Nuggets #33, 1984-9) Calvin Leon Natt on Jan. 8 in Monroe, La.; educated at the U. of La. Am. 6'11" basketball player (black) (Philadelphia 76ers #53, 1975-82) (New Jersey Nets #45, 1982-7) (Utah Jazz #45, 1987) (Detroit Pistons #50, 1987) Darryl "Double D" "Chocolate Thunder" Dawkins on Jan. 11 in Orlando, Fla. English theater dir.-writer-lyricist and film composer Jeremy Sams on Jan. 12 in London; son of Eric Sams (1926-2004). Am. 6'9" hall-of-fame bowler (lefty) Steve Cook on Jan. 13 in Granite Bay, Calif. Am. poet Claudia Emerson on Jan. 13 in Chatham, Va. Chinese-Am. "Red Azalea" writer-artist Anchee Min on Jan. 14 in Shanghai. Am. Dem. Hawaii gov. #8 (2014-) David Yutaka Ige on Jan. 15 in Pearl City, Hawaii; Okinawan descent parents; educated at the U. of Hawaii. Am. "Cpl. Stitch Jones in Heartbreak Ridge", "Samuel Woods in All My Children" actor-dir.-producer (black) Mario "Chip" Cain Van Peebles on Jan. 15 in Mexico City, Mexico; son of Melvin Van Peebles (1932-) and German actress Maria Marx; educated at Columbia U. Argentine "Benjamin Esposito in The Secret in Their Eyes" actor Ricardo Darin (Darín) on Jan. 16 in Buenos Aires. Am. "The Steve Harvey Show", "Family Feud" actor-comedian (black) Broderick Steven "Steve" Harvey on Jan. 17 in Welch, W. Va.; named after Broderick Crawford; grows up in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Kent State U., and W. Va. U. Libyan Sanussiyyah leader Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi on Jan. 18 in Benghazi; son of "Black Prince" Sayyid Abdullah al-Abid al-Senussi (1919-88). Am. football RB (black) (St. Louis Cardinals) (1979-86) Ottis Jerome "O.J." Anderson on Jan. 19 in West Palm Beach, Fla. English reggie musician Michael "Mickey" Virtue (UB40) on Jan. 19 in Birmingham. Canadian 6'0 hockey hall-of-fame right winger (New York Islanders, 1977-87) Michael Dean "Mike" Bossy on Jan. 22 in Montreal, Quebec. Monaco princess Caroline Grimaldi on Jan. 23; eldest child of Rainier III (1923-2005) and Grace Kelly (1929-82); educated at the Sorbonne. Colombian serial murderer ("the Beast") (Tribilin = Goofy) Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos on Jan. 25 in Genova, Quindio. Zimbabwean 6'0" golfer (white) Nicholas Raymond Leige "Nick" Price on Jan. 28 in Durban; English father, Welsh mother; grows up in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). Am. "Bibbie Glass in Popular" actress Diane A. "Diana" Delano on Jan. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. golfer William Payne Stewart (d. 1999) on Jan. 30 in Springfield, Mo.; educated at Southern Methodist U. Am. Olympic swimmer Shirley Frances Babashoff on Jan. 31 in Whittier, Calif. English "Life in a Northern Town" folk musician Nick Laird-Clowes (The Dream Academy) on Feb. 5 in London. Am. "Dialogues with a Modern Mystic" writer (gay) Mark Matousek on Feb. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCLA. Am. Dem. gov. #72 of Va. (2014-18) (Roman Catholic) Terence Richard "Terry" McAuliffe on Feb. 9 in Syracuse, N.Y.; Irish Roman Catholic descent family; educated at Catholic U. of Am., and Georgetown U. English royal Cynthia Jane Fellowes (nee Spencer), Baroness Fellowes on Feb. 11; sister of Sarah Spencer (1955-), Diana Spencer (1961-97), and Charles Spencer (1964-). Am. "Geordi La Forge in ST: TNG", "Kunta Kinte in Roots" actor (black) LeVar Burton (Levardis Robert Martyn Burton Jr.) on Feb. 16 in Landsthul, Germany. Am. Repub. Ill. gov. #42 (2015-) Bruce Vincent Rauner on Feb. 18 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in Deerfield, Ill.; educated at Dartmouth College, and Harvard U. Am. "Wheel of Fortune" game show goddess Vanna White (Vanna Marie Rosich) on Feb. 18 in Conway, S.C. Austrian "Rock Me Amadeus" musician Falco (Johann "Hans" Hölzel) (d. 1998) on Feb. 19 in Vienna. English "Darius Jedburgh in Thew Edge of Darkness" actor Ray Winstone on Feb. 19 in Hackney, London. Scottish rock bassist Stuart John "Woody" Wood (Bay City Rollers) on Feb. 25 in Edinburgh. Am. sociologist (Jewish?) Paul Root Wolpe on Feb. 26 in Charleston, S.C.; educated at the U. of Penn., and Yale U. English "Peter Pettigrew in Harry Potter", "Winston Churchill in The King's Speech" actor Timothy Leonard Spall on Feb. 17 in Battersea, London. Israeli Likud Party MK (1988-) (Jewish) Yitzhak "Tzachi" Hanegbi on Feb. 26 in Jerusalem; educated at the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. English rock drummer-singer Philip Gabriel "Phil" Gould (Level 42) on Feb. 28 in Hong Kong; brother of Rowland Charles Gould (1955-). Am. Seagate CEO Stephen J. "Steve" Luczo on Feb. 28 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill., and Stanford U. Am. rock singer Cynthia Leigh "Cindy" Wilson (B-52's) on Feb. 28 in Athens, Ga.; brother of Ricky Wilson (1953-85). Am. "Herb Stempel in Quiz Show" actor (Roman Catholic) John Michael Turturro on Feb. 28 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; brother of Nicholas Turturro (1962-). Am. singer-composer Jon Carroll (Starland Vocal Band) on Mar. 1 in Washington, D.C. Tatar pres. #2 (2010-) (Muslim) Rustam Nurgaliyevich Minnikhanov on Mar. 1 in Yana Aris, Rybno-Slobodsky District. English "The Dancer Upstairs" novelist-biographer Nicholas William Richmond Shakespeare on Mar. 3 in Worcester; educated at Winchester College, and Magdalene College, Cambridge U. Am. football RB (Oakland Raiders, 1980-5) Kenneth Leon "Kenny" King on Mar. 7 in Claendon, Tex. Saudi 6'4" Muslim Wahhabi al-Qaida terrorist (lefty) Osama (Arab. "lion") bin Laden (Osama bin Muhammad bin 'Awad bin Laden) (d. 2011) on Mar. 10 in Riyadh; 17th child of Yemen-born Muhammad bin Laden (1908-67), who married 22 different times and had 54+ children, but the only son of his Syrian-born 10th wife (1956-) Hamida al-Attas (Alia Ghanem) (1934-); a math whiz and fluent in English, he earns a civil engineering degree from King Abdul Aziz U. in 1979; forces his family to camp out in the desert to toughen them up, and kills his children's pet monkey, telling them it was "a Jewish person turned into a monkey by Allah" - now that I think about it, this lifestyle is worth fighting for? Canadian actress Shannon Tweed on Mar. 10 in St. John's, Newfoundland. Iranian Maj. Gen. (head of the Quds Force in 1998-) Qasem (Qassem) (Qassim) Soleimani (Suleimani) on Mar. 11 in Qanat-e Malek, Kerman. Am. singer (black) Marlon David Jackson (Jackson Five) on Mar. 12 in Gary, Ind. Am. "Rupert Styles Stilinskin in Teen Wolf" actor Jerry Levine on Mar. 12 in New Brunswick, N.Y. Am. "Lt. Colleen McMurphy in China Beach", "Katherine Mayfair in Desperate Housewives" actress Dana Welles Delaney on Mar. 13 in New York City; mother is related to Lincoln's Navy secy. Gideon Welles. Am. "Laverne Higby Todd Kane in Empty Nest" actress Park Overall on Mar. 15 in Greeneville, Tenn. Am. "Do the Right Thing", "Malcolm X", "Mo' Better Blues" actor-dir.-writer-producer (black) Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee on Mar. 20 in Atlanta, Ga.; grows up in Brookly, N.Y.; educated at Morehouse College, and NYU; likes to set his films in Brooklyn, N.Y., act in cameo parts, incl. something about baseball, and credit films as "A Spike Lee Joint". Am. "Never Knew Love Like This Before" R&B singer (black) Stephanie Mills on Mar. 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Alice Hackett in L.A. Law" actress Amanda Michael Plummer on Mar. 23 in New York City; daughter of Christopher Plummer (1929-) and Tammy Grimes (1934-). Canadian physicist Denis G. Rancourt on Mar. 23 in North Bay, Ont.; educated at the U. of Ottawa, and U. of Toronto. Am. Olympic track star (black) Harvey Edward Glance on Mar. 28 in Phenix City, Ala. Am. "Connor MacLeod in The Highlander", "Tarzan in Greystoke" actor Christophe Guy Denis "Christopher" Lambert on Mar. 29 in Great Neck, N.Y.; French father; grows up in Geneva, Switzerland; husband (1988-94) of Diane Lane (1965-); known for extreme myopia. Russian cosmonaut Yelena Vladimirovna Kondakova on Mar. 30 in Mytishchi. Am. "Paul Buchman in Mad About You" actor (Jewish) Paul Reiser on Mar. 30 in New York City. Am. "Jimmy Olsen in Superman", "Dave McFly in Back to the Future" actor Marc A. McClure on Mar. 31 in San Mateo, Calif. English songwriter Simon Climie on Apr. 7 in Fulham, London. Spanish 6'2" golfer Severiano "Seve" Ballesteros Sota (d. 2011) on Apr. 9 [Aries] in Pedrena (Pedreña), Cantabria. Am. producer-songwriter (black) Daryl Simmons on Apr. 11. Am. country singer Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill (Pure Prairie League) on Apr. 12 in Norman, Okla.; husband (1980-98) of Janis Oliver, and (2000-) Amy Grant. Am. Olympic sprinter (black) Evelyn Ashford on Apr. 15 in Shreveport, La.; first woman to run under 11 sec. in the Olympics (1984). Am. DJ (black) Afrika Bambaataa (Kevin Donovan) on Apr. 17 in South Bronx, N.Y. English "Fever Pitch", "High Fidelity" writer-novelist Nicholas Peter John "Nick" Hornby on Apr. 17 in Redhill, Surrey; grows up in Maidenhead; educated at Jesus College, Cambridge U. Am. "How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life" TV host (speechwrtiter for George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan) Peter Mark Robinson on Apr. 18 in Vestal, N.Y.; educated at Dartmouth College, Christ Church, Oxford U., and Stanford U. English artist-actor Daniel St. George Chatto on Apr. 22; hsuband (1994-) of Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones (1964-). English rock bassist David J (David J. Haskins) (Bauhaus, Love and Rockets) on Apr. 24 in Northampton. Alabanian pres. #5 (2007-) (Catholic) Bamir Myrteza Topi on Apr. 24 in Tirana. French astronaut brig. gen. Leopold Eyharts on Apr. 28 in Biarritz. Italian economist Alberto Francesco Alesina on Apr. 29 in Broni, Pavia; educated at Bocconi U., Harvard U., and Carnegie Mellon U. English "Daniel Plainview in There Will Be Blood", "Hawkeye in The Last of the Mohicans" 6'1-1/2" actor (Jewish) Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis on Apr. 29 in London; son of British poet laureate Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72) and 2nd wife Jill Balcon (1925-), daughter of Sir Michael Balcon (1892-1977); brother of Tamasin Day-Lewis (1953-); grandson of Sir Michael Balcon (1896-1977). English New Age writer Arjuna Ardagh on May 3 in London; educated at Cambridge U.; husband of Chameli Gad Ardagh English "Withnail and I" actor-writer-dir. Richard E. Grant (Richard Grant Esterhuysen) on May 5 in Mbabane, Swaziland; Afrikaner father, South African German mother. Am. "Morning Has Broken" playwright (black) Velina Avisa Hasu Houston on May 5; born at sea en route from the U.S. to Japan; African-Am.-Blackfoot father, Japanese mother; educated at UCLA and USC. Am. football player-coach (Pittsburgh Steelers) (1992-2007) William Laird "Bill" Cowher on May 8 in Crafton, Penn. Am. Olympic skiers Philip "Phil" and Steven "Steve" Mahre on May 10 in Yakima, Wash. French astronaut-physician-politician Claude Haignere (Haigneré) (Andre-Deshays) (André-Deshays) on May 13 in Le Creusot. Am. Olympic marathoner Joan Benoit Samuelson on May 16 in Cape Elizabeth, Maine; educated at Bowdoin College; first female Olympic marathon gold medal winner (1984). Danish "Smilla's Sense of Snow" Peter Hoeg (Høeg) on May 17 in Copenhagen; educated at the U. of Copenhagen. Am. "We Need to Talk About Kevin" novelist-journalist Lionel (Margaret Ann) Shriver on May 18 in Gastonia, N.C.; educated at Barnard College, and Columbia U. English British Petroleum (BP) CEO (2007-) Anthony Bryan "Tony" Hayward on May 21 in Eton, Berkshire; educated at the U. of Edinburgh. Egyptian writer Alaa Al-Aswany on May 26. Am. "Margo Hughes in As the World Turns", "Eleanor Waldorf-Rose in Gossip Girl", "Constance Spano in Independence Day" actress (Roman Catholic) Margaret Colin on May 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Irish Roman Catholic descent; grows up in Baldin, Long Island, N.Y. Am. Olympic swimmer Bruce Furniss on May 27 in Fresno, Calif. Am. 6'9" basketball player (black) (Chicago Bulls #34, 1979-85) (San Antonio Spurs #10, 1985-9, 1990-1) (Denver Nuggets #22, 1989) (Detroit Pistons #33, 1989-90) David Kasim "Dave" Greenwood on May 27 in Lynwood, Calif.; educated at UCLA. English punk rock singer-songwriter Siouxsie Sioux (Susan Janet Ballion) (Siouxsie & the Banshees) on May 27 in Bromley, London. Am. baseball outfielder-mgr. (pinch hitter) (lefty) (Detroit Tigers, 1978-87, 1993-5) (Los Angeles Dodgers, 1988-90) Kirk Harold "Gibby" Gibson on May 27 in Pontiac, Mich.; educated at Mich. State U. (College Football Hall of Fame). Am. "Buffalo Bill in The Silence of the Lambs", "Capt. Leland Stottlemeyer in Monk" actor Frank Theodore "Ted" Levine on May 29 in Bellaire, Ohio; educated at Marlboro College, and the U. of Chicago. Am. actor Scott Valentine on June 3 in Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Israeli billionaire (Israel's wealthiest woman) (Jewish) Shari Arison on June 5 in New York City; grows up in Israel. French "The Three Evangelists" historian-archeologist-novelist Fred Vargas (Frederique Audoin-Rouzeau) on June 7 in Paris; twin sister of Joelle "Joe" Vargas; names herself after Ava Gardner's char. in "The Barefoot Contessa". Am. "Dilbert" cartoonist Scott Raymond Adams on June 8 in Windham, N.Y. Am. Christian Pentecostal pastor (black) Thomas Dexter "T.D." Jakes Sr. on June 9 in South Charleston, W. Va. Am. gay and environmental rights activist atty. (gay) David Stroh Buckel (d. 2018) on June 13 in Batavia, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Rochester. Am. "Anywhere But Here", "The Lost Father" novelist Mona Elizabeth Simpson (nee Jandali) on June 14 in Green Bay, Wisc.; sister of Steve Jobs (1955-2011); educated at UCB, and Columbia U. Irish musician-songwriter Philip "Phil" Chevron (Ryan) (The Pogues) on June 17 in Dublin. English "Mamma Mia!", "The Iron Lady" dir. Phyllida Lloyd on June 17 in Bristol; educated at Birmingham U. Am. "The Gold Bug Variations", "Plowing the Dark" novelist Richard Powers on June 18 in Evanston, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Mexican rev. leader Subcomandante Marcos (Galeano) (Delegate Zero) (Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente) (Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente) on June 19 in Tampico, Tamaulipas; educated at the Nat. Autonomous U. of Mexico. Am. auto racer Phillip "Phil" Parsons on June 21 in Detroit, Mich.; brother of Benny Parsons (1941-2007). Australian rock bassist Garry Gary (William) Beers (INXS) on June 22 in Sydney. English scientist Sir Michael Rudolf Stratton on June 22; educated at Brasenose College, Oxford U.; knighted in 2013. Am. "Fargo" actress Frances Louise McDormand on June 23 in Chicago, Ill.; Canadian parents. Am. "Don't Throw Me in the Briarpatch", "Forgotten but Not Gone" country singer Keith Palmer (d. 1996) on June 23 in Hayti, Mo. Am. "Patrick the Bartender in Return to Me" actor-dir.-laywright Tim O'Malley on June 26 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough" singer-songwriter Patty Smyth (Scandal) on June 26 in New York City. Am. billionaire hedge fund mgr. Thomas Fahr "Tom" Steyer on June 27 in New York City; Jewish father, Episcopalian mother; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, Yale U., and Stanford U. Am. auto racer Sterling Marlin on June 30 in Columbia. Tenn.; son of Coo Coo Marlin (1932-2005). Finnish conductor-composer Esa-Pekka Salonen on June 30 in Helsinki. English rock drummer Doug Sampson (Iron Maiden) on June 30 in Hackney, East London. Turkmenistani pres. #2 (2006-) Gurbanguly Malikgulyyewic Berdimuhamedow on June 29 in Babarab. Am. "Lynette Pomeroy in An Officer and a Gentleman" actress-producer Lisa Suzanne Blount (d. 2010) on July 1 in Fayetteville, Ark.; grows up in Jacksonville, Ark.; educated at San Francisco State U. Canadian-Am. prof. wrestler Bret Sergeant "Hitman" "Buddy" Hart on July 2 in Calgary, Alberta; of Greek and Scots-Irish descent; son of Stu Hart (1915-2003); brother of Smith Hart, Bruce Hart, Keith Hart, Wayne Hart, Dean Hart, Ross Hart, and Owen Hart (1965-99). Am. 6'7" basketball player (black) (Golden State Warriors #, 1978-87) (Houston Rockets #/, 1987-9) (New Jersey Nets #, 1989-90) Purvis "Rainbowman" Short on July 2 in Hattiesburg, Mo.; educated at Jackson State U. Canadian 6'2" hockey player Ronald "Ron" Duguay on July 6 in Sudbury, Ont. Am. rock guitarist Carlos Cavazo (Quiet Riot, Ratt) on July 8 in Mexico City. English "Tainted Love" singer (gay) Marc (Peter Mark Sinclair) Almond (Soft Cell) on July 9 in Southport, Lancashire. Am. "Rachel Lapp in Witness", "Charlotte Charlie Blackwood in Top Gun" actress (lesbian) Kelly Ann McGillis on July 9 in Newport Beach, Calif.; comes out in Apr. 2009; wife of (1979-81) Boyd Black, (1989-2002) Fred Tillman, and (2010-1) Melanie Leis- she likes to lapp Rachels now? Am. 6'2" basketball player (white) (Portland Trail Blazers #4, 1979-88) (Boston Celtics #4, 1988-90) James Joseph "Jim" Paxson on July 9 in Kettering, Ohio; brother of John Paxson (1960-); educated at the U. of Dayton. Am. political activist Cindy Lee Miller Sheehan on July 10 in Calif.; mother of Casey Sheehan (-2004). English singer ("Godfather of Goth") Peter John Murphy (Bauhaus) on July 11 near Northampton; of Irish descent. Am. "Mike Jones in Mayberry R.F.D." actor Lucius Fisher "Buddy" Foster IV on July 12 in Los Angeles, Calif.; brother of Jodie Foster (1962-). Am. "Hope Murdoch Steadman in thirtystomething" actress Mel Harris on July 12 in Bethlehem, Penn. U.S. Navy Capt. Michael Scott Speicher on July 12 in Kansas City, Mo.; educated at Fla. State U. Am. "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", "Jerry Maguire" dir.-writer-producer-actor Cameron Bruce Crowe on July 13 in Palm Springs, Calif.; husband (1986-2010) of Nancy Wilson (1954-). Am. "The Book of Ruth" novelist Jane Hamilton on July 13 in Oak Park, Ill.; educated at Carleton College. English 6'3" golfer Sir Nicholas Alexander "Nick" Faldo on July 18 in Welwyn Garden City, Herts; knighted in 2009. English guitarist-songwriter Julian Keith Levene (The Clash, Public Image Ltd.) on July 18 in London. Am. "Doctor Detroit", "Sonny Lumet in Bosom Buddies" actress Donna Dixon on July 20 in Alexandria, Va.; wife (1983-) of Dan Aykroyd. Am. comedian-actor (Jewish) Jonathan M. "Jon" Lovitz on July 21 in Tarzana, Calif.; Romanian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at UCI. English "Gonna Make You a Star" singer-actor David Essex on July 23 in Plaistow, East London. Dutch "Submission" dir. Theo van Gogh (d. 2004) on July 23 in The Hague; great-grandson of Theo van Gogh (1857-91), brother of Vincent van Gogh (1853-90). Am. country singer-songwriter Pamela Yvonne "Pam" Tillis on July 24 in Plant City, Fla.; daughter of Mel Tillis (1932-). Am. "Curtis" cartoonist Ray Billingsley on July 25 in Wake Forest, N.C. Canadian Olympic downhill skier Stephen Gregory "Steve" Podborski on July 25 in Don Mills, Toronto, Ont. Am. "Jeopardy!" champ Frank Spangenberg on July 26. Am. "Maj. Kira Nerys in Star Trek: DS9", "Jean Ritter in Wildfire" actress Nana Visitor (Tucker) on July 26 in New York City; wife (1997-2001) of Alexander Siddig (1965-). Am. "Here's Your Sign" comedian-actor William Ray "Bill" Engvall Jr. on July 27 in Galveston, Tex. Am. CBS-TV journalist Scott Pelley on July 28 in San Antonio, Tex.; educated at Texas Tech U. Am. 7'1" basketball player-coach (black) (New York Knicks #25, 1979-88) (Chicago Bulls #24, 1988-94) (Chicago Bulls, 1996-2003) James William "Bill" Cartwright on July 30 in Lodi, calif.; educated at the U. of San Francisco. English punk rock drummer Rat Scabies (Christopher "Chris" Millar) (The Damned) on July 30 in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey. English rock singer-guitarist Daniel Ash (Love and Rockets, Bauhaus, Toes on Tail) on July 31 in Northampton. Am. "Det. Michael Hitchcock in Brooklyn Nine-Nine" actor Dennis Dirk Blocker on July 31 in Hollywood, Calif.; son of Dan Blocker (1928-72). Am. hall-of-fame bowler Wayne Webb on Aug. 4. Am. "Tess McGill in Working Girl" actress (Melanie Griffith on Aug. 9 in New York City; daughter of Peter Griffith (1933-2001) and Tippi Hedren (1930-); wife (1976, 1989-96) of Don Johnson and (1996-) Antonio Banderas; mother of Dakota Johnson (1989-). Am. "The Fly", "M. Butterfly" playwright David Henry Hwang on Aug. 11 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Yale U., and Stanford U. Turkish economist (Jewish) Dani Rodrik on Aug. 14 in Istanbul; educated at Harvard U., and Princeton U. Australian rock musician Timothy William "Tim" Farriss (INXS) on Aug. 16 in Perth; brother of Andrew Farriss (1959-) and Jon Farriss (1961-). Australian "Down Under" musician Ron Strykert (Men at Work) on Aug. 17. Am. geologist Richard Blane Alley on Aug. 18; educated at Ohio State U., and U. of Wisc. Am. "Tommy Gavin in Rescue Me" actor-writer-dir. Denis Colin Leary on Aug. 18 in Worcester, Mass.; Irish Catholic immigrant parents; educated at Emerson College. Am. "Israel Boone in Daniel Boone" actor Darby Hinton on Aug. 19 in Santa Monica, Calif. Canadian swimmer-politician Cynthia Maria "Cindy" Nicholas on Aug. 20 in Toronto, Ont. Am. "Daddy's Hands" country singer Holly Dunn on Aug. 22 in San Antonio, Tex. English comedian-actor-writer Stephen Fry on Aug. 24 in London; collaborator of Hugh Laurie (1959-). English "Frank Hawking in The Theory of Everything" actor-writer-dir. Simon Montagu McBurney on Aug. 25 in Cambridge; educated at Cambridge U. Am. "Home Alone" actor Daniel Stern on Aug. 28 in Chevy Chase, Md. Am. jazz saxophonist (black) Gerald Albright on Aug. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. rock drummer Regina Ann "Gina" Schock (The Go-Go's) on Aug. 31 in Baltimore, Md. English rock singer-guitarist Glenn Martin Tilbrook (Squeeze) on Aug. 31 in Woolwich, London. Cuban-Am. "Don't Wanna Lose You" singer ("Queen of Latin Pop") Gloria Estefan (Gloria Maria Fajardo) (Miami Sound Machine) on Sept. 1 in Havana; wife of Emilio Estefan Jr. (1953-); grandmother Consuelo was a chef. Indian guru Sadhguru (nee Jagadish Vasudev) on Sept. 3 in Mysore; educated at the U. of Mysore. Am. "Dr. Alexx Woods in CSI: Miami" actress-dancer-choreographer (black) Khandi Alexander on Sept. 4 in New York City. Am. "Rockets in Flight" actress-singer Margot Chapman (Starland Vocal Band") on Sept. 7 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Am. economist William Russell Easterly on Sept. 7 in Morgantown, W. Va.; grows up in Bowling Green, Ohio; educated at MIT. English musician Adrian Lee (Mike + the Mechanics) on Sept. 9 in London. U.S. Homeland Security secy. #4 (2013-17) (black) Jeh Charles Johnson on Sept. 11 in New York City; educated at Morehouse College, and Columbia U.; grandson of Charles S. Johnson (1893-1956); named after a Liberian chief who saved his grandfathers life in 1930. Am. "The Color of Water", "The Miracle at St. Anna's" novelist (black) (Jewish) James McBride on Sept. 11; African-Am. father, Polish Jewish immigrant mother, who converts to Christianity after marriage; educated at Oberlin College and Columbia U. English drummer Jonathan Aubrey "Jon" Moss (Culture Club) on Sept. 11 in Wandsworth, London. English "Meggie Cleary in The Thorn Birds" actress Rachel Claire Ward on Sept. 12 in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire; granddaughter of William Humble Eric Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley (1894-1969). Am. rock drummer Vincent "Vinny" Appice (Dio, Black Sabbath, Heaven & Hell) on Sept. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; brother of Carmine Appice (1946-). Kiwi musician Alannah Currie (Thompson Twins, Unfuckables) on Sept. 20 in Auckland; emigrated to Britain in 1977. Am. "Raising Arizona", "The Hudsucker Proxy" filmmaker (Jewish) Ethan Coen on Sept. 21 in Minneapolis, Minn.; brother of Joel Coen (1954-). Am. "The Liberty Amendments", "American Marxism" conservative pundit (Jewish) Mark Reed Levin on Sept. 21 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Temple U. Am. 6'4" basketball player-coach (black) (Milwaukee Bucks #4, 1979-90) (Atlanta Hawks #15, 1990-1) Sidney A. Moncrief on Sept. 21 in Little Rock, Ark.; educated at the U. of Ark. Australian Labor PM #26 (2007-10, 2013-) Kevin Michael Rudd on Sept. 21 in Nambour, Queensland; of English-Irish descent; speaks Chinese. Am. computer scientist (pacifist) (libertarian) (vegetarian) Nathaniel S. Borenstein on Sept. 23; educated at Grinnell College, and Carnegie Mellon U.; brother of Eliot Borenstein and Seth Borenstein (1979-). Am. "Ford Fairlane" actor-comedian (Jewish) Andrew "Dice" Clay (Andrew Clay Silverstein) on Sept. 29 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; pretends to be a sexist Italian prick? Am. "Fran Fine in The Nanny" actress (Jewish) Francine Joy "Fran" Drescher on Sept. 30 in Kew Gardens, Queens, N.Y.; educated at Queens College, CUNY; wife (1978-99) of Peter Marc Jacobson (1957-); classmate of Ray Romano. English musician Katharine Elinor Margaret "Kate" St. John (The Dream Academy) on Oct. 2 in London. Am. Def Jam record producer (black) Russell Simmons on Oct. 4 in Queens, N.Y.; founder of Phat Farm clothing line. Am. defense atty. Mark John Geragos on Oct. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif.; of Armenian descent; educated at Haverford College, and Loyola U. Am. comedian-actor (black) Bernie Mac (Bernard Jeffrey McCullough) (d. 2008) on Oct. 5 in South Chicago, Ill. Am. writer (Jewish) Jonathan Alter on Oct. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Phillips Academy and Harvard U. Am. gospel singer Michael Whitaker Smith on Oct. 7 in Kenova, W. Va. Russian cosmonaut Yury Vladimirovich Usachov on Oct. 9 in Donetsk. Am. paleontologist Paul Callistus Soreno on Oct. 11 in Aurora, Ill.; grows up in Napierville, Ill.; educated at Northern Ill. U., and Columbia U Am. "X-Files" TV writer-dir.-producer Christopher Carl "Chris" Carter on Oct. 13 in Bellflower, Calif. Am. basketball player-coach (black) (Chicago Bulls #24, 1978-84) (Kansas City/Sacramento Kings #6, 1984-8) (Atlanta Hawks #24, 1988-9) (Orlando Magic #24, 1989-90) (New Jersey Nets #24, 1990-1) (Sacramento Kings, 2007-8) Reginald Wayne "Rush Street Reggie" Wayne Theus on Oct. 13 in Inglewood, Calif.; educated at UNLV. English "Mamma Mia!" playwright Catherine Johnson on Oct. 14 in Suffolk. Scottish "Rob Roy", "Memphis Belle", "Doc Hollywood", "The Jackal" dir. Michael Caton-Jones on Oct. 15 in Broxburn, Lothian. Indian "Salaam Bombay!", "Amelia" dir.-producer-writer Mira Nair on Oct. 15 in Rourkela, Orissa; educated at Delhi U. and Harvard U. Am. skateboarder and film dir. Stacy Peralta on Oct. 15 in Calif. Welsh "Ship of Fools" singer-musician Karl Wallinger (Waterboys, World Party) on Oct. 19 in Prestatyn. Tunisian jazz musician Anouar Brahem on Oct. 20 in Haifouine, Tunis. Am. "We Got the Beat" musician-songwriter Charlotte Irene Caffey (The Go-Go's) on Oct. 21 in Santa Monica, Calif. English (Welsh) "World Shut Your Mouth" rock musician-poet (New Age) Julian David Cope (The Teardrop Explodes) on Oct. 21 in Deri, Monmouthwire. German Bose-Einstein Condensate physicist Wolfgang Ketterle on Oct. 21 in Heidelberg; educated at the U. of Heidelbert, and Technical U. of Munich; 2001 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Africa", "Rosanna" rock musician-songwriter-producer Steve "Luke" Lukather (Toto) on Oct. 21 in San Fernando Valley, Calif. Rwandan Tutsi pres. (2000-) (black) Paul Kagame on Oct. 23 in Tambwe. Am. "Bart Simpson and Nelson Muntz in The Simpsons" Nancy Cartwright on Oct. 25 in Kettering, Ohio. Am. "The Nanny" writer-dir.-producer-actor (Jewish) (gay) Peter Marc Jacobson on Oct. 27 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y.; husband (1978-99) of Fran Drescher (1957-). English rock musician Stephen Paul David Morris (Joy Division, New Order) on Oct. 28 in Macclesfield, Cheshire. Am. "Homer Simpson and Krusty Clown in The Simpsons" actor-comedian Daniel Louis "Dan" Castellaneta on Oct. 29 in Chicago, Ill. Am. country musician Steve Kellough (Wild Horses) on Oct. 29. Am. Miss Arkansas 1981 (black) (first African-Am.) Orean Lencola Sullivan on Oct. 29 in Morrilton, Ark.; educated at the U. of Central Ark. Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr (Alexander) Ivanovich Lazutkin on Oct. 30 in Moscow. Am. "If I Had a Boat", "Cowboy Man", "Surest Thing" country singer Lyle Pearce Lovett on Nov. 1 in Klein, Tex.; husband (1993-5) of Julia Roberts. Swedish 6'5" "Ivan Drago in Rocky IV" actor-dir. Hans Dolph Lundgren on Nov. 3 in Stockholm; educated at the U. of Sydney. Australian PM #28 (2013-15) Anthony John "Tony" Abbott on Nov. 4 in London, England; emigrates to Australia in 1960; educated at Queen's College, Oxford U. Am. "Voyagers!" actor-model Jon-Erik Hexum (d. 1984) on Nov. 5 in Tenafly, N.J.; son of Norwegian immigrants. English musician Michael "Mike" Score (A Flock of Seagulls) on Nov. 5 in Beverley, East Riding, Yorkshire. Am. football tight end (black) (San Diego Chargers #80, 1979-87) Kellen Boswell Winslow Sr. on Nov. 5 in St. Louis, Mo.; father of Kellen Winslow II (1983-). Am. "Ariel Moore in Footloose" actress-cellist Lori Jacqueline Singer on Nov. 6 in Corpus Christi, Tex.; sister of Marc Singer (1948-). Am. "Peter Brady in The Brady Bunch" actor Christopher Anton Knight on Nov. 7 in New York City; son of Edward Knight (1934-). Am. Olympic long jumper Kathy Laverne McMillan on Nov. 7 in Raeford, N.C. Am. "Peggy Bundy's brother Uncle Irwin in Married... with Children" wrestler-actor ("the Michelin Man", "Shamu", "the Walking Condominium") King Kong Bundy (Christopher Alan "Chris" Pallies) (d. 2019) on Nov. 7 in Atlantic City, N.J. Iranian Rev. Guards CIC (2007-) (Shiite Muslim) Mohammad Ali Jafari on Nov. 11 in Yazd. Am. Repub. Tex. gov. #48 (2015-) Gregory Wayne "Greg" Abbott on Nov. 13 in Wichita Falls, Tex.; educated at UTA, and Vanderbilt U. Am. "Independence Day" singer-songwriter Gretchen Peters on Nov. 14 in Bronxville, N.Y.; raised in Boulder, Colo. Am. "Vernon T. Waldrip in O Brother, Where Art Thou?" actor Ray McKinnon on Nov. 15 in Adel, Ga. Am. musician Jim Babjak (Smithereens) on Nov. 17 in CArteret, N.J. Israeli mezzo-soprano (Jewish) Ofra Haza (d. 2000) on Nov. 19 in Hatikvah, Tel Aviv; Yemenite Jewish ancestry. Nigerian pres. (2010-2015) (black) (Christian) Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan on Nov. 20 in Otueke, Ogbia, Bayelsa State; member of the Ijaw ethnic group; holds a Ph.D. in zoology from the U. of Port Harcourt. Am. "Harmonic Wealth" New Age writer James Arthur Ray on Nov. 22; grows up in Tulsa, Okla. Am. physician William G. Kaelin Jr. on Nov. 23 in New York City; educated at Duke U.; 2019 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. 6'3" basketball player (black) (Philadelphia 76ers #22, 1980-8) Andrew "the Boston Strangler" Toney on Nov. 23 in Birmingham, Ala.; educated at the U. of La. Am. "Tasha Yar in ST:TNG" actress Denise Michelle Crosby on Nov. 24 in Hollywood, Calif.; daughter of Dennis Crosby (1934-91) and Marilyn Miller Scott, who sues him for paternity, causing a sensation; granddaughter of Bing Crosby (1903-77); educated at Hollywood H.S., and Cabrillo College. Am. urban studies economist Richard L. Florida on Nov. 26 in Newark, N.J.; educated at Columbia U. Am. writer-atty. Caroline Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg on Nov. 27 in New York City; daughter of John F. Kennedy (1917-63) and Jacqueline Kennedy (1929-94); sister of John F. Kennedy Jr. (1960-99); educated at Harvard U., and Columbia U.; a photo of her as a girl on a pony inspires Neil Diamond's "Sweet Caroline". Am. "Frank Lapidus in Lost" actor Jeffrey David "Jeff" Fahey on Nov. 29 in Olean, N.Y. U.S. homeland security secy. #3 (2009-) and Ariz. gov. #21 (2003-9) (Methodist) Janet Napolitano on Nov. 29 in New York City; of Italian descent; educated at the U. of Va. English "Love My Way" rock musician John Ashton (Psychedelic Furs) on Nov. 30 in Forest Gate, East London; not to be confused with actor John Ashton (1948-). U.S. education secy. #8 (2005-9) Margaret M. LaMontagne Spellings (nee Dudar) (nee Dudar) on Nov. 30 in Mich.; educated at the U. of Houston. Am. rock guitarist Chris Poland (Megadeth) on Dec. 1 in Dunkirk, N.Y. Am. N.Y. Dem. gov #56 (2011-) Andrew Mark Cuomo on Dec. 6 in Queens, N.Y.; son of Mario Cuomo (1932-2015); educated at Fordham U., and Albany Law School. English writer Ambrose Evans-Pritchard on Dec. 7 in Oxford; educted at Malvern College, Trinity College, Cambridge U., and La Sorbonne. English rock musician Philip Kenneth "Phil" Collen (Def Leppard) on Dec. 8 in Hackney, East London; not to be confused with Phil Collins (1951-). Am. singer-game show host (Mormon) Donald Clark "Donny" Osmond on Dec. 9 in Ogden, Utah; brother of Marie Osmond (1959-); his fans wear purple socks; their brothers Virl and Tom become the first deaf Mormon missionaries. Am. "John Coffey The Green Mile" 6'5" actor Michael Clarke Duncan (d. 2012) on Dec. 10 in Chicago, Ill. Indian Divine Light Mission leader Guru Maharaj Ji (Prem Pal Singh Rawat) (AKA Balyogeshwar) on Dec. 10 in Dehra Dun, Hardiwar; 4th and youngest son of Hans Ji Maharaj (1900-66); brother of Satpal Maharaj (1951-); arrives in the U.S. in 1971. Am. "Mr. Pink in Reservoir Dogs", "Rockhound in Armageddon", "Carl Showalter in Fargo" actor-dir. Steven Vincent "Steve" Buscemi on Dec. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Italian-Am. father, Irish-Am. mother. Am. "Pornstar Pets", "Vic" actor-dir. John Thompson Gulager on Dec. 19 in New York City; son of Clu Glager (1928-). Am. 6'10" hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (white) (Boston Celtics #32, 1980-93) (Minn. Tiberwolves, 2005, 2008-9) (Houston Rockets, 2011-) Kevin Edward McHale on Dec. 19 in Hibbing, Minn.; of Irish and Croatian descent; educated at the U. of Minn. English "Sexuality" rocker Stephen William "Billy" Bragg on Dec. 20 in Barking, Essex. Rock "Jesus and Tequila", "Little Man With a Gun in His Hand" rock bassist-singer Mike David Watt (Minutemen, Iggy Pop & the Stooges) on Dec. 20 in Portsmouth, Va. Am. "Ray Barone in Everybody Loves Raymond" actor-comedian Raymond Albert "Ray" Romano on Dec. 21 in Queens, N.Y.; of Italian descent; high school classmate of Fran Drescher; husband (1987-) of Anna Scarpulla (1963-). Australian "Stop the Insanity!" dietitian (gay) Susan Powter on Dec. 22 in Sydney, N.S.W. English rock musician Ian Burden (Human League) on Dec. 24 in Sheffield. Afghan pres. #12 (2004-) (Pashtun) Hamid Karzai (Karzay) on Dec. 24 in Karz (near Kandahar City). Irish singer-songwriter Shane Patrick Lysaght MacGowan (The Pogues) on Dec. 25 in Pembury, Kent; Irish parents. Am. heavyweight boxing champ (1983-4, 1986) (black) "Terrible" Tim Witherspoon on Dec. 27 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. geneticist Bruce Alan Beutler on Dec. 29 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at UCSD, and the U. of Chicago; 2011 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Georgie in Sisters" actress Patricia Kathryn Kalember on Dec. 20 in Schenectady, N.Y. Am. "The Today Show" TV journalist Matthew Todd "Matt" Lauer on Dec. 30 in New York City; Jewish father; grows up in Greenwich, Conn.; educated at Ohio U. German feminist (Muslim) Necla Kelek on Dec. 31 in Istanbul, Turkey; emigrates to Germany in 1968. Am. writer David Hatcher Childress on ? in France; grows up in Colo. and Mont. Am. Roman Catholic composer David Robert Haas on ? in Bridgeport, Mich.; educated at Central Mich. U., and U. of St. Thomas. Am. "Kira-Kira", "Weedflower" children's writer Cynthia Kadohata in Chicago, Ill. Canadian sociologist Michele () Lamong on ? in Toronto, Ont.; educated at the U. of Ottaway, and the sorbonne. Am. Alphabet (Google) CFO (2015-) (Jewish) Ruth Porat on ? in Sale, Manchester, England; grows up in Cambridge, Mass. and Palo Alto, Calif.; educated at Stanford U., London School of Economics, and Wharton School. Kenyan 4'4" "The Neverending Story", "Oompa-Loomas in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" dwarf actor Deep (Gurdeep) Roy (Mohinder Purba) on ? in Nairobi; of Indian descent. Am. "The Moral Animal" writer-journalist Robert Wright on ? in Lawton, Okla.; educated at Princeton U. German historian Rainer Zitelmann on ? in ?; educated at Darmstadt U. Deaths: Am. Double-Crostic inventor Elizabeth S. Kingsley (b. 1851). English super sleuth Sherlock Holmes (b. 1854) on Jan. 6 (Sun.). Canadian geologist-historian Joseph Burr Tyrrell (b. 1858) on Aug. 26 in Toronto, Ont. French film pioneer Charles Pathe (b. 1863) on Dec. 26 in Monaco. Belgian painter Henry van de Velde (b. 1863) on Oct. 15 in Oberageri, Switzerland. German stereochemist Paul Walden (b. 1863) on Jan. 22 in Gammertingen. Am. dept. store magnate Abraham Lincoln Filene (b. 1865) on Aug. 27 in Marstons Mills, Mass. Finnish #1 composer Jean Sibelius (b. 1865) on Sept. 20 in Jarvenpaa (near Helsinki); his birthdays become nat. celebrations. Australian-born British scholar-statesman Gilbert Murray (b. 1866) on May 20. Am. moron psychologist Henry Herbert Goddard (b. 1866) on June 18 in Santa Barbara, Calif. Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini (b. 1867) on Jan. 16 in Riverdale, Bronx, N.Y. Am. "Little House on the Prairie" novelist Laura Ingalls Wilder (b. 1867) on Feb. 10 in Mansfield, Mo.; On June 25 the Assoc. for Library Service to Children removes in 1954 the Am. Library Assoc. establishes the Laura Ingalls Wilder lifetime achievement award for children's writers, awarding her the first one; too bad, after leftists take over the ALA, on June 25, 2018 they remove Wilder's name from their legacy award for being too white, er, "expressions of stereotypical attitudes inconsistent with ALSC's core values", renaming it the Children's Lit. Legacy Award. Am. athlete-writer James B. Connolly (b. 1868) on Jan. 20 in Brookline, Mass.; first modern Olympics champ (1896); pub. 200+ short stories and 25 novels. Hungarian regent adm. Miklos Horthy (b. 1868) on Feb. 9 in Portugal (exile). Am. "Tess of the Storm Country" novelist Grace Miller White (b. 1868) on ? in Ithaca, N.Y. English novelist Charles Marriott (b. 1869) on July 13. Am. newspaper publisher and Dem. politician James Middleton Cox (b. 1870) on July 15 in Kettering, Ohio. Am. book designer Bruce Rogers (b. 1870) on May 21 in New Fairfield, Conn. Japanese bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga (b. 1871) on Jan. 25. German dir. Frank Kupka (b. 1871). Irish artist Jack Butler Yeats (b. 1871) on Mar. 28 in Dublin. Am. San Francisco banking magnate Herbert Fleishhacker (b. 1872) on Apr. 2 in San Francisco, Calif. - got his pound of flesh? Norwegian king (1905-57) Haakon VII (b. 1872) on Sept. 21 in Oslo. Am. Hearst Castle architect Julia Morgan (b. 1872) on Feb. 2. French PM (1924-5, 1926, 1932) Edouard Herriot (b. 1873) on Mar. 26 in Lyon. Italian historian Gaetano Salvemini (b. 1873) on Sept. 6 in Sorrento. English novelist Dorothy Richardson (b. 1873) on June 17. Czech novelist Anna Maria Tilschova (b. 1873) on June 18 in Dobris. Am. policewoman #1 Alice Stebbins Wells (b. 1873) on Aug. 17 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. actor Grant Mitchell (b. 1874) on May 1. French economist Charles Rist (b. 1874) on Jan. 10 in Versailles. German physicist Johannes Stark (b. 1874) on June 21; 1919 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. economist Edith Abbott (b. 1876) on July 28. Romanian-born Parisian (mainly bronze) sculptor Constantin Brancusi (b. 1876) on Mar. 16. Am. publisher Frank Gannett (b. 1876) on Dec. 3 in Rochester, N.Y. Am. Polish-born pianist-composer Josef Hofmann (b. 1876) on Feb. 16 in Los Angeles, Calif. Danish novelist Thit Jensen (b. 1876) on May 14. Am. author-educator Ralph Barton Perry (b. 1876): "Humanitarianism needs no apology." English horse breeder Judith Blynt-Lytton, 16th baroness Wentworth (b. 1873) on Aug. 8. Am. fashion editor Edna Woolman Chase (b. 1877): "Fashion can be bought; style one must possess." Indian-Pakistani Muslim religious leader Aga Khan III (b. 1877) on July 11. Am. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram astronomer Henry Norris Russell (b. 1877) on Feb. 18 in Princeton, N.J. German chemist Heinrich Otto Wieland (b. 1877) on Aug. 5 in Starnberg, Bavaria; 1927 Nobel Chem. Prize; in 1964 the Heinrich Wieland Prize is founded. London-born Irish playwright-poet Lord Dunsany (b. 1878) on Oct. 25 in Dublin (appendicitis). U.S. First Lady Grace Coolidge (b. 1879) on July 8. French Egyptologist Gustave Lefebre (b. 1879) on Nov. 1. Polish-born Am. Yiddish novelist-dramatist Sholem Asch (b. 1880) on Aug. 1 in Parktown. Am. "The Three Godfathers" novelist Peter B. Kyne (b. 1880) on Nov. 25 in San Francisco, Calif. South African diamond-gold magnate Sir Ernest Oppenheimer (b. 1880) on Nov. 25. British Adm. Edward Evans (b. 1881) on Aug. 20 in Norway. German G-spot physician Ernst Grafenberg (b. 1881) on Oct. 28 in New York City. French poet-novelist Valery Larbaud (b. 1881) on Feb. 2 in Vichy; namesake of the Prix Valery Larbaud (1967). Am. chemist Irving Langmuir (b. 1881) on Aug. 16; 1932 Nobel Chem. Prize. French L'Oreal founder Eugene Schueller (b. 1881) on Aug. 23. British diplomat Robert Vansittart (b. 1881) on Feb. 14. English-born Am. "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" dir. Charles Brabin (b. 1882) on Nov. 3 in Santa Monica, Calif.; hubby of Theda Bara (1885-1955). Am. economist-ambassador (to India) Henry F. Grady (b. 1882) on Sept. 14 in the Pacific Ocean aboard the SS President Wilson (heart failure). Am. painter Wyndham Lewis (b. 1882) on Mar. 7 in London. Am. singer-songwriter Haywire Mac McClintock (b. 1882) on Apr. 24 in San Francisco, Calif. Italian-born Am. mobster Johnny Torrio (b. 1882) on Apr. 16 in Brooklyn, N.Y. (heart attack while waiting for a haircut in a barber's chair). Am. medical researcher Evarts Ambrose Graham (b. 1883) on Mar. 4 in St. Louis, Mo. Crete-born Greek novelist Nikos Kazantzakis (b. 1883) on Oct. 26 in Freiburg, Germany (leukemia); ends up being buried in the city wall of Heraklion, Crete after the Greek Orthodox Church prohibits him from being buried in a cemetery; epitaph: "I hope for nothing. I fear nothing. I am free." Am. anthropologist Robert H. Lowie (b. 1883) on Sept. 21. Austrian composer Ralph Benatzky (b. 1884) on Oct. 16. English journalist Walter Duranty (b. 1884) on Oct. 3 in Fla. Am. silent film actor Harrison Ford (b. 1884) on Dec. 2 in Woodland Hills, Calif.; dies of injures from being hit by a car while walking on Sept. 13, 1951. Russian-born Am. MGM founder Louis B. Mayer (b. 1884) on Oct. 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Czech pres. (1953-7) Antonin Zapotocky (b. 1884) on Nov. 13. Russian-born French actor-dir. Sacha Guitry (b. 1885) on July 24 in Paris: "You can pretend to be serious, but you can't pretend to be witty." Am. "Chronicles of Arundel" novelist Kenneth Lewis Roberts (b. 1885). Am. novelist Kenneth Roberts (b. 1885) on July 21. Austrian actor-dir. Erich von Stroheim (b. 1885) on May 12 in Maurepas, France. Italian aviation pioneer Gianni Caproni (b. 1886) on Oct. 27 in Rome. English composer Eric Coates (b. 1886) on Dec. 21 in Chichester (stroke). Am. "Harvey" actress Josephine Hull (b. 1886) on Mar. 12 in Bronx, N.Y. English physicist Frederick Lindemann, Lord Cherwell (b. 1886) on July 3. Danish illustrator Kay Nielsen (b. 1886) on June 21. Mexican 6' 300 lb. artist Diego Rivera (b. 1886) on Nov. 24 (heart failure) (diagnosed with cancer in 1955): "An artist is above all a human being... If the artist can't feel everything that humanity feels..., if he won't put down his magic brush and head the fight against the oppressor, then he isn't a great artist." Swiss composer Othmar Schoeck (b. 1886) on Mar. 8 in Zurich. Australian film comedian Billy Bevan (b. 1887) on Nov. 26 in Escondido, Calif. English Hammer Film Productions founder William Hinds (b. 1887) in Guildford, Surrey. Japanese diplomat Mamoru Shigemitsu (b. 1887) on Jan. 26 in Yugawara. English geologist-climatologist C.E.P. Brooks (b. 1888) on Dec. 14 in Ferring, Sussex. Am. polar explorer Adm. Richard E. Byrd (b. 1888) on Mar. 11; dies while planning a 6th Antarctic trip. Irish novelist Joyce Cary (b. 1888) on Mar. 29 (MD). Am. "poet lariat of S.D." Charles Badger Clark Jr. (b. 1888) in Sept. in S.D.: "Oh Lord, I've never lived where churches grow./ I love creation better as it stood/ That day You finished it so long ago/ And looked upon Your work and called it good." ("A Cowboy's Prayer") English writer Ronald Knox (b. 1888) on Aug. 24. Am. novelist Anne Parrish (b. 1888) on Sept. 5 in Danbury, Conn. Norwegian oceanographer Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (b. 1888) on Aug. 21; namesake of the sverdrup (Sv) (1M cubic m/sec.). USAF secy. #3 (1953-5) Harold E. Talbott Jr. (b. 1888) on Mar. 2 in Palm Beach, Fla. (cerebral hemorrhage). Am. "High Sierra" actor Donald MacBride (b. 1889) on June 21 in Los Angeles, Calif. Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral (b. 1889) on Jan. 10 in Hempstead, N.Y.; 1945 Nobel Lit. Prize: "We are guilty of many errors and many faults, but our worst crime is abandoning the children, neglecting the fountain of life." British critic John Middleton Murry (b. 1889) on Mar. 13. English Basic English linguist Charles Kay Ogden (b. 1889) on Mar. 21 in London. Indian banker Sir Benegal Rama Rau (b. 1889) on Jan. 11. English "Frankenstein" film dir. James Whale (b. 1889) on May 29 in Hollywood, Calif. English painter David Bomberg (b. 1890) on Aug. 19 in London. German actress Kathe Dorsch (b. 1890) on Dec. 25 in Vienna. Italian tenor Beniamino Gigli (b. 1890) on Nov. 30 in Rome. Am. "Bartlett's Familiar Quotations" ed. Christopher Darlington Morley (b. 1890) on Mar. 28: "Printer's ink has been running a race against gunpowder these many, many years. Ink is handicapped, in a way, because you can blow up a man with gunpowder in half a second, while it may take twenty years to blow him up with a book. But the gunpowder destroys itself along with its victim, while a book can keep on exploding for centuries"; "Read, every day, something no one else is reading. Think, every day, something no one else is thinking. Do, every day, something no one else would be silly enough to do. It is bad for the mind to continually be part of unanimity"; "A man who has never made a woman angry is a failure in life"; "No man is lonely while eating spaghetti as it requires too much attention." German Stalingrad loser gen. Friedrich Paulus (b. 1890) on Feb. 1 in Dresden. Am. country singer Carson Robison (b. 1890) on Mar. 24 in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. German physicist Walther Bothe (b. 1891) on Feb. 8; 1954 Nobel Physics Prize. English entertainer Jack Buchanan (b. 1891) on Oct. 20 in London (spinal cancer). Swedish diplomat Birger Dahlerus (b. 1891) on Mar. 8 in Stockholm. Candadian actor Gene Lockhart (b. 1891) on Mar. 31 in Santa Monica, Calif. (heart attack). Austrian-born British philosopher Walter Stein (b. 1891) on July 7 in London. English actor-dir. Wheeler Dryden (b. 1892) on Sept. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "the fat one in Laurel and Hardy" actor-comedian Oliver Hardy (b. 1892) on Aug. 7 in North Hollywood, Calif. (stroke and cancer). Canadian hockey hall-of-fame player-coach Dick Irvin Jr. (b. 1892) on May 16 (bone cancer). Italian opera bass Ezio Pinza (b. 1892) on May 9 in Stamford, Conn. Am. movie studio exec Benjamin Percival Schulberg (b. 1892) on Feb. 25 in Key Biscayne, Fla. British MP Leslie Hore-Belisha (b. 1893) on Feb. 16 in Rheims, France (cerebral hemorrhage). Am. actress Peggy Hopkins Joyce (b. 1893) on June 12 in New York City (throat cancer). Am. mob boss Bugs Moran (b. 1893) on Feb. 25 in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kan. English "Lord Peter Wimsey" novelist Dorothy L. Sayers (b. 1893) on Dec. 17 in Witham, Essex. Am. actress Norma Talmadge (b. 1893) on Dec. 24 in Las Vegas, Nev. Am. actor Charles King (b. 1895) on May 7. Czech-born Am. biochemist Gerty Cori (b. 1896) on Oct. 26 in St. Louis, Mo.; 1947 Nobel Med. Prize; first U.S. woman to win a Nobel, and 3rd woman (Marie Curie, Irene Juliot-Curie). Sicilian novelist Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (b. 1896) on July 23 in Rome (lung cancer). Palestinian Baha'i leader (1921-57) Shoghi Effendi Rabbani (b. 1897) on Nov. 4 in London (influenza). Austrian composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold (b. 1897) on Nov. 29. German orgone guru Wilhelm Reich (b. 1897) on Nov. 3 in Lewisburg, Penn.; dies of heart failure while in Danbury Federal Prison for distributing bogus medical devices: "No President, Academy, Court of Law, Congress or Senate on this Earth has the knowledge or power to decide what will be the knowledge of tomorrow." German Nazi doctor Carl Clauberg (b. 1898) on Aug. 9 in West Germany; dies of a heart attack in jail while awaiting trial for war crimes. Italian writer Curzio Malaparte (b. 1898) on July 19 in Rome (cancer). Swedish meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Rossby (b. 1898) on Aug. 19 in Stockholm. Am. dir. Pavel Tchelitchev (b. 1898). Am. actor Humphrey "Bogie" Bogart (b. 1899) on Jan. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif. (lung cancer): "He was playing Bogart all the time, but he was really just a big sloppy bowl of mush" (Stanley Kramer); "Off screen, he didn't diminish" (John Crosby). Austrian-born am. psychiatrist Manfred Sakel (b. 1900) on Dec. 2 in New York City (heart attack). Am. evangelist Gerald Burton Winrod (b. 1900) on Nov. 11 in Wichita, Kan. English-born Am. playwright-dir. John Van Druten (b. 1901) on Dec. 19 in Indio, Calif. Italian-born Mafia boss Albert Anastasia (b. 1902) on Oct. 25 in New York City (murdered). Am. "Kitty" novelist Rosamond Marshall (b. 1902) on Nov. 13. German-born French film dir. Max Ophuls (b. 1902) on Mar. 25 in Hamburg, Germany. Am. Prohibition Treasury agent Eliot Ness (b. 1903) on May 16 in Coudersport, Penn. (heart attack). Hungarian-born Am. mathematician and digital computer pioneer John von Neumann (b. 1903) on Feb. 8 in Washington, D.C. - the good die young? Mexican "Gold Hat in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre" actor Alfonso Bedoya (b. 1904) on Dec. 15 in Mexico City (alcoholism). English actor John Brown (b. 1904) on May 16 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack). Mexican artist Miguel Covarrubias (b. 1904) on Feb. 4. Am. bandleader Jimmy Dorsey (b. 1904). French fashion designer Christian Dior (b. 1905) on Oct. 23 in Montecatini, Tuscany, Italy. English "Under the Volcano" novelist Malcolm Lowry (b. 1906) on June 26 in Ripe, East Sussex; "death by misadventure" (OD?). Philippine pres. #3 (1953-7) Ramon Magsaysay (b. 1907) on Mar. 17 (plane crash). U.S. Sen. (R-Wisc.) Joseph R. McCarthy (b. 1908) on May 2 in Bethesda, Md. (hepatic failure) - the good demagogues die young? English polo player Gerald Barnard Balding Sr. (b. 1909) on Sept. 16 in London. Am. jazz musician Serge Chaloff (b. 1923) on July 16 (spinal cancer). Am. mass murderer Jack Gilbert Graham (b. 1932) on Jan. 11 in Canon City, Colo. (executed).



1958 - The Year of the Hula Hoop and the Arrival of TV Football? Racism is still the hot issue in the U.S., while black Africa starts to come loose from whitey?

Charles de Gaulle of France (1890-1970) Pope John XXIII (1881-1963) Cardinal Giuseppe Siri (1906-89) Abdul Karim Kassim (Abd al-Karim Qasim) of Iraq (1914-63) Nuri Pasha al-Said of Iraq (1888-1958) Gen. Fuad Chehab of Lebanon (1902-73) Rashid Karami of Lebanon (1921-87) Gen. Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan (1907-74) Ferenc Münnich of Hungary (1886-1967) Amintore Fanfani of Italy (1908-99) Adm. Americo de Deus Rodrigues Tomas of Portugal (1894-1987) Adolfo Lopez-Mateos of Mexico (1909-69) Gen. Jose Miguel Ramon Ydigoras Fuentes of Guatemala (1895-1982) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd of South Africa (1901-66) Ahmed Sékou Touré of Guinea (1922-84) Potter Stewart of the U.S. (1915-1985) Arthur Sherwood Flemming of the U.S. (1905-96) Harry F. Byrd of the U.S. (1887-1966) Wilton Persons of the U.S. (1896-1977) Charles Starkweather (1938-59) John Tyndall (1934-2005) Robert Welch Jr. (1899-1985) Ernesto 'Che' Guevara (1928-67) Newsboy Moriarty (1910-79) Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1914-2008) Dan Enright (1917-92) and Jack Barry (1918-84) Charles Van Doren (1926-2019) Herbert Stempel (1926-) Edward Hilgemeier Jr. (1934-) Herb Caen (1916-97) Coretta Scott King (1927-2006) Wilma Webb (1944-) Van Cliburn (1934-2013) Eric Edgar Cooke (1931-64) Ludmilla Chiriaeff (1924-96) Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909-97) Chuck Dederich (1913-97) Arnold Palmer (1929-2016) Alan Ameche (1933-88) Weeb Ewbank (1907-98) Stirling Moss (1929-) Jim Bunning (1931-) Roy Campanella (1921-93) Pelé (1940-2022) Willie O'Ree (1935-) Elgin Baylor (1934-) Hal Greer (1936-) Frank Truitt (1925-2014) Jerry Lucas (1940-) Jimmy Bryan (1926-60) Pat O'Connor (1928-58) PBA Tour Logo Eddie Elias (1928-98) Glenn Allison (1930-) Buzz Fazio (1908-93) Carmen Salvino (1933-) Dick Hoover (1929-2009) Billy Welu (1932-74) Dick Weber (1929-2005) Don Carter (1926-2012) Louis Mortimer Bloomfield (1906-84) Harry Harlow (1905-81) Fred Charles Iklé (1924-2011) Sviatoslav Richter (1915-97) Dominique Pire (1910-69) Boris Pasternak (1890-1960) Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904-90) Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (1908-90) Charles David Keeling (1928-2005) Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895-1971) Frederick Sanger (1918-) Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) George Wells Beadle (1903-89) Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909-75) Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923-2005) Robert Noyce (1927-90) Charles Hard Townes (1915-) and Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921-99) Aaron Bunsen Lerner (1920-2007) James Alfred Van Allen (1914-2006) Lew Wasserman (1913-2002) Joseph Wolpe (1915-97) Bruce Redd McConkie (1915-85) Sir James Whyte Black (1924-) Samuel Theodore Cohen (1921-2010) Marcel L. DeRudder (1901-66) and Michael Ellis DeBakey (1908-2008) Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-87) Franco Modigliani (1918-2003) Merton Howard Miller (1923-2000) Simon Oakland (1915-83) William Phillips (1914-75) Coccinelle (1931-2006) Sidney Poitier (1927-) Steve McQueen (1930-80) Lana Turner (1921-95) and Johnny Stampanato (1925-58) Cheryl Crane (1943-) and Lana Turner (1921-95) Sir Cecil Beaton (1904-80) John Kenneth Galbraith (1908-2006) B.F. Skinner (1904-90) John Wilder Tukey (1915-2000) Isaac Asimov (1920-92) Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) Thomas Berger (1924-) Paul Blanshard (1892-1980) Truman Capote (1924-84) Harlan Ellison (1934-) Edna Ferber (1885-1968) Graham Greene (1904-91) Lorraine Hansberry (1930-65) Albert Otto Hirschman (1915-2012) Syd Hoff (1912-2004) John Hollander (1929-) Rona Jaffe (1931-2005) Elizabeth Jenkins (1905-2010) Giuseppe Tomasi Di Lampedusa (1896-1957) Stanley Middleton (1919-2009) Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013) Jean Raspail (1925-) Nawal El Saadawi (1931-) Huston Cummings Smith (1919-) Leon Uris (1924-2003) Terence Hanbury White (1906-64) Dominique Pire (1910-69) Jorge Amado (1912-2001) Ethel Percy Andrus (1884-1967) William Christopher Barrett (1913-92) Eugene Burdick (1918-65) William Lederer (1912-) Grenville Clark (1882-1967) James Leo Herlihy (1927-93) Jack Schwarz (1924-2000) and Lois Schwarz Louis B. Sohn (1914-2006) Arthur Walworth (1903-2005) Leonard Dupee White (1891-1958) Terence Hanbury White (1906-64) Elie Wiesel (1928-2016) Harry Winston (1896-1978) Shelby Foote (1916-2005) Stanley Kunitz (1905-2006) Chinua Achebe (1930-) Milton Byron Babbitt (1916-) Chuck Berry (1926-2017) Jerry Butler (1939-) The Coasters Bobby Darin (1936-73) Bill Evans (1929-80) Frances Farmer (1913-70) Connie Francis (1938-) Tito Puente (1923-2000) Phil Ramone (1934-2013) Bobby Day (1928-90) Tommy Edwards (1922-69) Mitzi Gaynor (1931-) and Rossano Brazzi (1916-94) The Kingston Trio The Poni-Tails The Teddy Bears The Tielman Brothers Domenico Modugno (1928-94) Lady Stella Reading of Britain (1894-1971) Brendan Behan (1923-64) Mildred Loving (1939-2008) and Richard Loving (1933-75) Robert Earl Hughes (1926-58) Shohei Imamura (1926-2006) Richard Knerr (1926-2008) and Arthur Melin (1925-2002) Alan Sillitoe (1928-2010) Brooks Stevens (1911-95) Raymond Henry Williams (1921-88) Johnny Otis (1921-2002) Little Anthony and the Imperials The Champs Jimmy Clanton (1938-) The Crests The Monotones Cozy Cole (1909-81) Duane Eddy (1938-) Dave Van Ronk (1936-2002) Mel Tillis (1932-) Conway Twitty (1933-93) William Gargan (1905-79) Louis Malle (1932-95) Jeanne Moreau (1928-) Louis Prima (1910-78) and Keely Smith (1932-) Sonny Terry (1911-86) and Brownie McGhee (1915-96) Sidney Weintraub (1914-83) Link Wray (1929-2005) Marisol (1930-) Marisol Example Cliff Hillegass (1919-2001) Cliffs Notes Toru Kumon (1914-95) Gerald Holtom (1912-85) Peace Symbol, 1958 Cliff Richard (1940-) and the Shadows David Rose (1910-90) 'Girls on the Loose', 1958 Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (1919-72) The Chipmunks (Alvin, Simon, Theodore) 'Bat Masterson', 1958-61 'Blue Peter', 1958- Yvette Fielding (1968-) 'The Donna Reed Show', 1958-66 'Lawman', 1958-62 'Naked City', 1958-63 'Stirling Silliphant (1918-96) 'Bronco', starring Ty Hardin (1930-2017), 1958-62 'Peter Gunn', starring Craig Stevens (1918-2000) and Lola Albright (1924-), 1958-61 'The Rifleman', starring Chuck Connors (1921-92), 1958-63 'Sea Hunt, 1958-61 The Lucky Liz 'Huckleberry Hound', 1958-61 'Say, Darling', 1958 'Two for the Seesaw', 1958 Joe Cino (1931-67) 'Les Amants', 1958 'Attack of the 50 Ft. Woman', 1958 'Auntie Mame', 1958 'The Badlanders', 1958 'Claire Kelly (1934-98) 'The Big Country', 1958 'The Blob', 1958 'Carry On Sergeant', 1958 'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof', 1958 'Christine', 1958 'The Crawling Eye', 1958 'The Fly', 1958 'From the Earth to the Moon', 1958 'Gigi', 1958 'Indiscreet', 1958 'The Inn of the Sixth Happiness', 1958 'Night of the Blood Beast', 1958 'Some Came Running', 1958 'The Space Children', 1958 'Terror from the Year 5000', 1958 'The Wind Cannot Read', 1958 The Atomium, 1958 Scopitone, 1958 Sadako Sasaki (1943-55) Children's Peace Monument, 1955 Yves Klein (1928-62) Jasper Johns (1930-) 'Three Flags' by Jasper Johns (1930-), 1958 'Martyr Children in Paradise' by Endre Rozsda (1913-99), 1958 'Memorial to the Idea of Man' by H.C. Westermann (1922-81) NASA Meatball Logo NASA Worm Logo Fred Morrison (1920-2010) Hollywood Walk of Fame Four Ladies of Hollywood, 1994 Bill Hanna (1910-2001) and Joe Barbera (1911-2006) 'Tom and Jerry', 1940- 'The Unchained Goddess', 1958 Hula Hoop, 1958 Lego, 1958 Chengdu Logo F-4 Phantom II Sukhoi Su-11 CF-105 Arrow Momofuko Ando (1920-2007) Instant Ramen, 1958 Mr. Clean, 1958 IHOP, 1958 Frank Carney (1938-) and Dan Carney (1931-) Pizza Hut, 1958 Seagram Bldg., 1958 Vince DeDomenico Sr. (1915-2007) King's Hawaiian Bread Rice-A-Roni, 1958 Juan Valdez

1958 Doomsday Clock: 2 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Dog (Feb. 18). Time Mag. Man of the Year: Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970). Total "coloured" pop. of Great Britain: 180K (140K in 1957). U.S. industry invests $57.5B this year in overseas plants. This year 2M U.S. tourists abroad spend $2B, spreading the image of the Ugly American; Jean-Paul Sartre utters the immortal soundbyte: "Les Americains ne comprendront jamais rien a existentialism." Red China begins its Second Five-Year Plan AKA Great Leap Forward (ends 1962), a disastrous attempt by Chairman. Mao to turn China from an agrarian capitalist farmer economy into a Communist collective farm economy run by people's communes, resulting in vast inefficiencies covered-up with false progress reports while famine kills 15M-55M, becoming the largest famine in human history (until ?). On Jan. 1 Ohio State defeats Oregon by 10-7 to win the 1958 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 3 Edmund Hillary and his teach reach the South Pole after a 1.2K mi. overland trek. On Jan. 3 Barbados, Montserrat et al. of the Leeward Islands, Dominica et al. of the Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago et al. become members of the new West Indies Federation (pop. 3M-4M) (ends May 31, 1962). On Jan. 8 former Kashmiri PM (1947-53) Sheik Muhammad Abdullah is released from prison after 4.5 years, and on Jan. 10 he charges India with setting up an illegal regime in Kashmir; on Jan. 13 he asks for a plebiscite to settle the dispute. On Jan. 9 Ike's Sixth State of the Union Address contains the soundbyte: "The threat to our safety, and to the hope of a peaceful world, can be simply stated. It is Communist imperialism. This threat is not something imagined by critics of the Soviets. Soviet spokesmen, from the beginning, have publicly and frequently declared their aim to expand their power, one way or another, throughout the world. The threat has become increasingly serious as this expansionist aim has been reinforced by an advancing industrial, military and scientific establishment. But what makes the Soviet threat unique in history is its all-inclusiveness. Every human activity is pressed into service as a weapon of expansion. Trade, economic development, military power, arts, science, education, the whole world of ideas - all are harnessed to this same chariot of expansion. The Soviets are, in short, waging total cold war. The only answer to a regime that wages total cold war is to wage total peace. This means bringing to bear every asset of our personal and national lives upon the task of building the conditions in which security and peace can grow." On Jan. 13 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 5-4 in One Inc. v. Olesen that pro-homosexual writing is not obscene per se, freeing gay mags. from govt. censorship. On Jan. 13 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 7-2 in Staub v. City of Baxley that a city ordinance requiring a permit for union soliciting is unconstitutional. On Jan. 14 after the Edsel loses $400M, Ford merges its Edsel and Lincoln-Mercury depts. On Jan. 16 Lester B. Pearson succeeds Louis S. St. Laurent as leader of the opposition Liberal Party in Canada. On Jan. 18 Leonard Bernstein conducts his first Young People's Concert on CBS-TV (until 1972). On Jan. 21 Sierra Leone adopts a new 1958 Sierra Leonean Constitution, with a parliamentary system within the British Commonwealth. On Jan. 22 Pres. Eisenhower creates the civilian agency ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) within the DoD to beat off the Soviet threat (anti-missile research); their greatest prof. faux pas is the first version of the Internet? On Jan. 27 Hungarian PM (since 1956) Janos Kadar resigns, and on Jan. 28 first deputy Ferenc Muennich (Münnich) (1886-1967) becomes PM (until 1961), becoming known for his abject Soviet loyalism; Kadar remains first secy. of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, and takes a post in the cabinet as minister without portfolio. On Jan. 28 Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (B&W) debuts on CBS-TV for 78 episodes (until 1960), starring Darren McGavin (1922-2006). On Jan. 28 Pacific Ocean Park (AKA POP) in Santa Monica, Calif. opens as a complement to Disneyland; too bad, an urban renewal project starting in 1965 kills traffic and attendance, and it falls into ruin, anchoring the Dogtown area of the city. On Jan. 29 Hollywood actors Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward are married in El Rancho, Nev. On Jan. 29 19-y.-o. Lincoln, Neb.-born garbage collector Charles Raymond "Charlie" Starkweather (1938-1959) is arrested after a murder spree that killed 11 people in Neb. and Wyo. since Dec. 1957, while accompanied by his 14-y.-o. girlfriend Caril Ann Fugate (1943-), who becomes the youngest female in U.S. history to be tried for 1st degree murder (until ?), receiving a life sentence until being released on parole in 1976; Starkweather is electrocuted on June 25, 1959, becoming the last Neb. execution until 1994; later glamorized in the films "Badlands" (1973), "Kalifornia" (1993), and "Natural Born Killers" (1994). In Jan. Pres. Eisenhower's secret Special Committee on Weather Modification, chaired by Navy Capt. Howard T. Orville submits its final reeport, urging research to weaponize the weather, ranking it head of H-bombs and satellites in military importance. On Feb. 1 Egypt and Syria form a loose pan-Arab affiliation under the name United Arab Repub. (ends 1971), with Gamal Abdal Nasser as pres. #1; on Mar. 8 North Yemen joins, creating the United Arab States. On Feb. 3 the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) implement an economic as well as a customs union. On Feb. 4 Pres. Eisenhower creates the Killian Committee to reorganize America's ballistic missile and space program; U.S. Sen. (D-Tex.) Lyndon Johnson leads the Congressional effort to establish the Nat. Aeronautics and Space Admin. (NASA) (big bucks for Texas) on July 16, signed by Ike on July 29; the 1959 NASA Logo is known as the "meatball"; it is replaced in 1975-2 by the NASA "Worm" Logo. On Feb. 8 the French stage an air strike on the village of Saqiet Sidi Youssef in Sudan, killing 69, claiming they were chasing FLN guerrillas from Algeria; on June 17 France agrees to withdraw its troops from Tunisia, except Bizerte. On Feb. 28 the Prestonburg Bus Disaster sees a school bus hit a wrecker truck in Floyd County, Ky. near Prestonburg and plunge into the rain-swollen Levisa Fork River, killing the driver and 26 children, becoming the worst school bus accident in U.S. history (until ?). On Mar. 2 Gen. Jose Miguel Ramon Ydigoras Fuentes (1895-1982) is elected pres. of Guatemala for a 6-year term (until Mar. 31, 1963), and constitutional govt. is restored. On Mar. 3 after Constantine Karamanlis resigns, and on Mar. 5 Paul I names former ed. minister Constantine (Konstantinos) Georgakopoulos (1890-1978) as PM of a Greek caretaker govt., but on May 17 Karamanlis becomes PM again after his Nat. Radical Union scores a V in the chamber of deputies. On Mar. 6 U.S. Pres. Eisenhower creates the Eisenhower Ten (E-10), a secret group to act as govt. administrators in case of a nat. emergency, headed by U.S. labor secy. James P. Mitchell. On Mar. 8-9 (2nd weekend) the town of Sweetwater, Tex. (181 mi. W of Fort Worth) holds its first annual Rattlesnake Roundup, combined with the Sweetwater Rifle and Pistol Club's gun and coin show. On Mar. 17 the U.S. Navy launches the Vanguard I satellite. On Mar. 22 twin-engine Lockheed Lodestar aircraft Lucky Liz, headed to New York City from Los Angeles for a Friars club dinner in his honor explodes in midair near Grants, N.M. and crashes, killing "Around the World in Eighty Days" producer Michael "Mike" Todd (b. 1909) (husband of Elizabeth Taylor), pilot Bill Verner, co-pilot Tom Barclay, and screenwriter Art Cohn, who was writing the bio. "The Nine Lives of Mike Todd"; Liz suffers from bronchitis so her doctor forbid her to go on the flight; Todd's best friend Eddie Fisher rushes to console widow Taylor, and ends up dumping his wife Debbie Reynolds for her; Kirk Douglas, Joe E. Lewis, and Joseph Mankiewicz also begged off because of bad weather? On Mar. 24 Elvis Presley is inducted into the U.S. Army in Memphis, Tenn., and is sent to the U.S. Army base in Bad Nauheim-Friedberg, Hesse, West Germany, spending 17 mo. (until 1960); in Dec. 2011 the Elvis Museum in Dusseldorf opens, becoming the biggest outside the U.S. On Mar. 26 the 30th Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1957 to Columbia's (Horizon Films) The Bridge on the River Kwai, along with best actor to Alec Guinness (who is knighted in 1959), and best dir. to David Lean; best actress goes to Joanne Woodward for The Three Faces of Eve, best supporting actor and best supporting actress to Red Buttons and Miyoshi Umeki for Sayonara; the first Oscar is awarded for best foreign language film, causing a flurry of subtitled films in theaters. On Mar. 27 Nikita Khrushchev ousts Nikolai Bulganin and becomes Soviet PM in addition to First Secy. of the Communist Party (chmn. of the council of Soviet ministers), unifying control of party and state in one big country clod. On Mar. 31 Canadian elections see he Conservative Party win 202 of 265 seats in the House of Commons. On Mar. 31 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 5-4 in Trop v. Dulles that "evolving standards of decency" and the Eighth Amendment make it unconstitutional for the govt. to revoke U.S. citizenship as a punishment because it is "a form of punishment more primitive than tortue", inflicting the "total destruction of the individual's status in organized society"; "The punishment strips the citizen of his status in the national and international political community. His very existence is at the sufferance of the country in which he happens to find himself." In Mar. the U.S. halts all arms deliveries to the corrupt despotic Batista regime in Cuba, dooming it. On Apr. 2 San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herbert Eugene "Herb" Caen (1916-97) coins the term "beatnik" in his column. On Apr. 4 the Peace Symbol (three lines an an embracing circle) is introduced at the British ban-the-bomb Alderston March (Apr. 4-7) in London's Trafalgar Square by graphic designer and WWII conscientious objector Gerald Herbert Holtom (1912-85), who calls it "myself... a man in despair... a circle around it to represent the world", with downstretched arms, and designed it on Feb. 21 as a combo of the flag semaphore alphabet letters N and D (nuclear disarmament); it is never legally protected, and ends up being used on commercial products like Ben & Jerry's ice cream; the march is sponsored by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and on Apr. 6 (Easter) they march from London to Aldermaston. On Apr. 4 the Pan-Malaysian Islam Party is founded to turn Malaysia Islamist. On Apr. 4 Cheryl Christina Crane (1943-), daughter of actress Lana Turner and Stephen Crane stabs Lana's Italian mobster beau John "Johnny Stomp" Stampanato Jr. (b. 1925) (known for his foot-long Oscar) to death after overhearing him threaten her for trying to break up with him; since he had previously pointed a gun at future James Bond 007 actor Sean Connery (who took it from him, beat him, and kicked him off the set), it is ruled justifiable homicide, but she is sent to a home for problem girls, and after they lick her problems she becomes a lesbian; the publicity helps Lana's career. On Apr. 9 a Cubana Vickers Viscount is hijacked en route from Havana, and lands in Merida, Mexico. On Apr. 13 Harvey Lavan "Van" Cliburn Jr. (1934-2013) becomes the first Americansky to win the Tchaikovsky Internat. Piano Contest in Moscow, shocking the world; when he returns he receives a ticker tape parade in New York City; his recording of Tchaikovsky's First Concerto becomes the first million-selling piano record. On Apr. 17-Oct. 19 41.45M visit the Brussels World's Fair (Expo '58) in the Heysel Plateau in Brussels, Belgium, becoming the first major world's fair since WWII, participated in by 44 countries, featuring a Congolese Village, Atomium, a giant model of an iron crystal unit cell; and the cool cable-hung Philips Pavilion, designed by Le Corbusier, consisting of nine hyperbolic parabolics in which Edgar Varese's Poeme Electronique is played on 425 loudspeakers; film critics Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Goddard award the top prize to Orson Welles' "Touch of Evil", even though Universal Studios treats it as a B-movie. The Ugly American in South America slips on a banana peel? On Apr. 28 U.S. vice-pres. Richard Nixon and wife Pat begin an 18-day goodwill tour of Latin Am. to Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela; at first the protestors shout "Fuera" (go home), "Go back to the U.S., where you enjoy the lynchings of Negroes and massacres of Indians", but as he visits one country after another, they get more violent, shouting "Muera" (death); on May 8 hostile mobs in Lima, Peru throw rocks at Nixon and his party, causing the Peruvian govt. to send a note to the U.S. State Dept. on May 9 apologizing; on May 13 mobs in Caracas, Venezuela spit on them as they go to the limos, and throw vile stuff as well as rocks at the windows at three ambush points planned by the Communists, with Nixon almost being killed at the last one before making a miraculous escape, causing Ike to send 1K Marines and paratroopers on six destroyers, a guided-missile cruiser, and an aircraft carrier to rescue him, even though they aren't needed by then? In Apr. the Gordon Commission Report is released, expressing concern over the growing level of U.S. investment in Canada since WWII. On May 1 the U.S. celebrates its first Loyalty Day, "a special day for the reaffirmation of loyalty to the United States and for the recognition of the heritage of American freedom"; by the end of the cent. it is hijacked by advocates of legalization of illegal Mexican immigrants. On May 5 Japanese Children's Day sees thousands of child victims of the 1945 Hiroshima atomic bombing unveil the Children's Peace Monument commemorating Sadako Sasaki (1943-55) and all the other victims; she holds a sacred crane of Japan, after which people around the world begin offering origami cranes as a symbol of peace and disarmament, complete with an ancient Japanese tradition that anybody folding 1K cranes can have one wish granted. On May 5-June 20 the London Bus Strike gums up the city, causing people to turn to ahem, automobiles; on July 10 the first parking meters are installed in London. On May 12 a union between Jordan and Iraq modeled on the UAR (union of Egypt and Syria) is ratified. On May 13 the Algiers Putsch (May 1958 Crisis) (Thirteen Plots of May 13) sees French colonial gens. fed-up with the Algerian war stage a putsch on Paris, causing WWII hero Gen. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) to return from exile to become PM of the Fifth (5th) French Repub., whose constitution is adopted June 1, with de Gaulle receiving a 6-mo. license to rule by decree while a new constitution giving the executive branch increased powers is drafted. On May 22 in Japan the govt. of PM Nobusuke Kishi and his Liberal Dem. Party win the nat. elections. On May 25-26 elections in Italy give the center parties, led by the Christian Dems. a V, and on June 25 Christian Dem. Party secy. Amintore Fanfani (1908-99) becomes PM of Italy (until Feb. 2, 1962), going on to push social and agrarian reforms. On May 30 the U.S. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of WWII and the Korean War in Arlington Cemetery in Va. is dedicated. In May elections in South Korea give Pres. Rhee's Liberal Party 125 of 233 seats in the nat. assembly; in Dec. the opposition Dem. Party goes on a sit-down strike over a proposed rev. of the nat. security law, causing all of them to be evicted on Dec. 24, and the remaining members to pass a law providing for penalties for criticizing the Dear Leader, er, pres. In May while on tour in Britain, it leaks out that Am. rock star Jerry Lee Lewis (1935-) married his 13-y.-o. cousin once removed Myra Gale Brown (1944-), causing him to be blacklisted in the U.S., ruining his career. On June 16 Hungarian PM Imre Nagy (b. 1896) is executed after a secret trial, along with Gen. Pal Malater and two other 1956 revolt leaders; others luck out and only receive prison terms. On June 16 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules 5-4 in Kent v. Dulles that the right to travel cannot be deprived by the govt. without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment, while not deciding the extent to which this right can legally be curtailed. On June 17 after attending the London debut of Medea at Covent Garden starring his new love interest Maria Callas, and meeting her on Sept. 3, 1957 in Venice at a party given by Am. gadfly Elsa Maxwell and getting turned on, Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Socrates "Ari" Onassis (1906-75) holds an elaborate reception at the Dorchester Hotel, with guests incl. Winston Churchill, Gary Cooper, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and the Duchess of Kent; too bad, she snubs him, which only turns him on more, and 1 mo. later she and her Italian millionaire hubby (since 1949) Giovanni Battista Meneghini accept an invitation to cruise with him aboard his yacht Christina, allowing him to woo and win her in late-night trysts; after the cruise ends on Aug. 12, the couple return to Milan, and she tells him off, and on Aug. 15 they separate; on Sept. 3 journalists spot Onassis and Callas dining in Milan, and it becomes a news item; too bad, although she neglects her career for him, he never gets around to marrying her, string her along while he waits for his next score. On June 30 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules unanimously in NAACP v. Ala. that a state can't subpoena an org.'s membership lists because "Immunity from state scrutiny of petitioner's membership lists is here so related to the right of petitioner's members to pursue their lawful private interests privately and to associate freely with others in doing so as to come within the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment", adding that freedom to associate with organizations dedicated to the "advancement of beliefs and ideas" is an inseparable part of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Ik's Hairless Vicuna Scandal? In June an improper relation is disclosed between Ike's personal asst. and right hand man, former Repub. N.H. gov. (1949-53) Llewelyn Sherman Adams (1899-1968) and vicuna coat manufacturer Bernard Goldfine, incl. a $500 coat given to him along with $3.5K in gifts; meanwhile, Goldfine is discovered mislabelling his coats, not disclosing that they contain nylon (not just vicuna and wool) and a U.S. House subcommittee begins investigations, which lead to Goldfine being cited on Aug. 13 for contempt of Congress, but Ike resists attempts to get Adams removed, causing Repubs. to split ranks with him in this election year. In June a Gallup poll shows Richard Nixon leading Adlai Stevenson for the first time in popularity, and in a dead heat with Kennedy; Nixon's high point of popularity for the entire decade? In June after CIA chief Robert Weicha and U.S. consul Park Wollam smuggle him radio transmitters to found Radio Rebelda so that he can broadcast "guerrilla victories", Fidel Castro utters the soundbyte "War against the United States is my true destiny", but it never gets broadcast. On July 2 Stardust Resort and Casino opens in Las Vegas, Nev. on the Strip, becoming the world's largest hotel (1,552 rooms), offering $6 room rates and many amenities incl. a wedding chapel; it is demolished on Mar. 13, 2007, and is replaced by the $4B Echelon Place resort. On July 7 Pres. Eisenhower signs the Alaska statehood bill. On July 7 Internat. House of Pancakes (IHOP) breakfast chain is founded in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, Calif. by Albert Kallis, Jerry Lapin, and Al Lapin, growing to 1,650 restaurants in the U.S. and Canada by 2015, with the slogan "Everything you love about breakfast". On July 10 Pres. Ike and PM Diefenbaker agree in Ottawa to establish the Canada-U.S. Committee on Joint Defense. On July 14 the pro-Western (British-backed) Hashemite monarchy of Iraq is overthrown in the bloody July 14 Iraqi Army Coup headed by pro-Nasser Arab nationalist Gen. Abdul Karim (Abd Al-Karim) Qasim (Kassim) (1914-63), who veers Iraq pro-Communist with his Iraqi Communist Party; after surrending on the promise of safe passage abroad, the royal family incl. 23-y.-o. King Faisal II and his uncle Crown Prince Abdul-Illah are massacred by troops in the Massacre of Al-Zuhoor Palace in Baghdad, followed by execution of other prominent Iraqis incl. former PM Nuri Pasha al-Said (as-Sa'id) (b. 1888) (founder of the Constitutional Union Party in 1949) on July 15; land and social reform programs are put in place, shifting govt. expenditures away from agricultural projects to urban programs, while imposing rent and price controls; land is redistributed, bringing the percentage of the pop. owning land from 15% this year (2% of landowners controlling 68% of the land) to 95% by 1971; the 6-mo.-old Baghdad Pact falls apart; the Iraq pop. doubles from 7M to 14M by 1983, while the percentage residing in towns rises from 37% to 75%, with Baghdad growing from 1M to 4M pop., and Mosul and Basra topping 1M each; elementary school students grow from 500K this year to 2.6M in 1983; literacy goes from 15% this year to 50% in 1977; the army grows from 50K this year to 200K in 1988, with military spending going from 7% to 19% of GNP. On July 15 the cedarless Lebanese Crisis (ends Oct. 25) begins after the corrupt elections of 1957 and dismissal of Arab ministers stir violent Muslim Nat. Front protests, and pres. (since Sept. 23, 1952) Camille Chamoun panics at the Iraqi coup, calling on the Lebanese army to intervene, but its CIC, Christian Marionite Gen. Fuad (Fouad) Chehab (Shihab) (1902-73) refuses to intercede just like in 1952, forcing him to call the U.S. in; Ike responds with Operation Blue Bat, sending 9K Marines and 70 Sixth Fleet warships to prevent pro-Nasser Arabs from leading a rev. under cover of protecting 2.5K Americans in Lebanon, becoming the greatest concentration of U.S. armed might assembled in peacetime (until ?); Congress balks at his acting without consulting them first; it is later revealed that Israel secretly supplied Chamoun with arms; Chamoun is replaced as pres. by popular (to both sides) neutralist Shish Kebab, er, Fuad Chehab on July 31 (until 1964), and Sunni Muslim leader Rashid Abdul Hamid Karami (1921-87) of the Nat. Front becomes Lebanese PM #21 (until June 1, 1987), after which the Marines are withdrawn; the Eisenhower Doctrine is dead, and the new imperialism of the U.S. stirs European fears? - the wedding bells are over, baldy? On July 25 the Tunisian Repub. is proclaimed within the French Community, abolishing the monarchy, with Habib Bourguiba as pres. #1 (until Nov. 7, 1987). On July 31-Aug. 3 Khrushchev visits Beijing, and is given a lukewarm reception by Mao, then invited to his private residence known as the Zonghanhai on Aug. 3, and made to join him in a swimming pool, knowing that K-baby can't swim, causing him to don big green trunks and water wings and dog-paddle while Mao swims circles around him lecturing him like an emperor does a peasant, er, cementing the Sino-Soviet aplit - take your shoes off before going inside? On July 31-Aug. 3 Khrushchev visits Beijing, and encourages them to take Quemoy and Matsu Islands, then writes a letter to Pres. Eisenhower warning that any U.S. attack on Red China would be viewed as an attack on the Soviet Union; on Aug. 23 the Second Taiwan Strait (Formosa) (Offshore Islands) Crisis begins when the Great Leaping Chinese PRC resumes massive bombardment of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and threatens invasion, blocking the islands against Nationalist Chinese resupply efforts and waging a propaganda campaign against the U.S., threatening U.S. ships and promising the "liberation" of Taiwan; this doesn't stop Ike from sending a large naval force to the Taiwan Straits to escort the Nationalist ships, while U.S. secy. of state John Foster Dulles tells the Commies that the U.S. will take "timely and effective action" to defend Taiwan, meaning a U.S. plan to nuke China; once they get over the shock, on Sept. 6 Zhou Enlou proposes a resumption of diplomatic talks with the U.S, and on Oct. 6 defense minister Peng Dehuai announces suspension of the bombardment for 1 week while making diplomatic overtures to the nationalists, resulting in a ceasefire on Sept. 22; meanwhile the Soviets abrogate their 1957 agreement to supply the PRC with nukes, and the whole affair convinces the Commie Chinese that they are pawns of the nuked-up U.S. and Soviet Union and have to develop their own nukes to change the rules in the future. In July Lady Stella Reading (1894-1971), founder of the Women's Voluntary Service in WWII becomes the first woman to sit in the British House of Lords, as Baroness Swanborough. On Aug. 1 Arthur Sherwood Flemming (1905-96) becomes U.S. HEW secy. #3 (until Jan. 19, 1961). On Aug. 3 the nuclear sub Nautilus becomes the first vessel to pass under the North Pole icecap underwater - there is no continent of Arctica? On Aug. 4 Billboard begins pub. the Billboard Hot 100, combining single sales and radio airplay; the first #1 song is "Poor Little Fool" by Ricky Nelson. On Aug. 9 after a rigged election, adm. Americo de Deus Rodrigues Tomas (Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás) (1894-1987), puppet of dictator Antonio de Oliveira Salazar becomes pres. of Portugal (until Apr. 25, 1974). On Aug. 23 the U.S. Federal Aviation Act of 1958 goes into effect, establishing the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate civil aviation. In Aug. a U.S. first class postage stamp jumps to 4 cents, the first increase since 1932. In Aug. Ark. Gov. Orval Faubus attempts to get around the U.S. Supreme Court by closing public schools in Little Rock and reopening them as private segregated schools for the entire 1958-9 school year; next year the public schools reopen after white "moderates" revolt. The adorable brain vs. the pimple brain ends up causing all brains to lose hero status at the end of the 1950s, proving the Boob Tube concept out? In Aug. the 1958 TV Quiz Show Scandal begins after nerdy CCNY student Herbert Milton "Herb" Stempel (1926-), who had won $49.5K on the TV game show (which debut Sept. 12, 1956) Twenty One tells the New York World-Telegram and Sun and Manhattan District Atty. Frank Hogan that the show is a fake, that the answers are given in advance, and that he had been ordered to take a dive and lose to handsome, well-heeled Columbia U. prof. Charles Lincoln Van Doren (1926-2019) (son of Columbia prof. Mark Van Doren) in front of 25M TV viewers because the latter brings in bigger audiences; after testimony in front of a New York grand jury by Stemple and Edward H. "Ed" Hilgemeier Jr. (1933-75) (contestant in July 1958), Van Doren testifies, denying everything, causing Judge Mitchell Schweitzer to impound the record on the ground that it contains unproven accusations against an Am. hero; outside the jury room Van Doren tells the press that he played "honestly... At no time was I coached or tutored"; meanwhile contestant James Snodgrass produces registered letters mailed before the programs were aired containing the questions and answers, causing the House Committee on Legislative Oversight to become interested, and the show to air its last episode on Oct. 16, ruining the careers of producer Daniel "Dan" Enright (Ehrenreich) (1917-92) and host Jack Barry (Barasch) (1918-84), who finally make a comeback in 1972 with "The Joker's Wild". In Aug. the first eight of 1,558 stars are installed on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at Hollywood Blvd. and Vine St., incl. Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, Ernest Torrence, and Joanne Woodward (first to pose with her star); after a lawsuit by Charles Chaplin Jr. seeking damages for the exclusion of his father is dismissed, official groundbreaking takes place on Feb. 8, 1960, and on Mar. 28 the first permanent star, for dir. Stanley Kramer is completed; Chaplin finally gets his star in 1972; in 1978 Mickey Mouse becomes the first animated char. to receive a star; Oscar winners' stars are placed near the Dolby Theatre, and the rest in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre; in 1993 the Four Ladies of Hollywood Gazebo (Hollywood and La Brea Gateway) at the confluence of Hollywood Blvd., Marshfield Way, and N La Brea Ave. is commissioned, and dedicated on Feb. 1, 1994. On Sept. 1 (midnight) after colder sea temps cause cod to migrate S and Iceland to expand its fishery zone from 4 to 12 nmi., the Cod Wars begin between Iceland and Britain over fishing rights in the North Atlantic (ends Mar. 11, 1961); followed by the Second Cod War (Sept. 1972-Nov. 1973), Third Cod War (Nov. 1975-June 1976), ending with a V for Iceland, with Britain conceding their 200-nmi. exclusive economic zone, which is adopted by the U.N. in 1982. On Sept. 2 Dutch-born psychologist-sociologist Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (1901-66) becomes PM of South Africa (until Sept. 6, 1966), going on to become the #1 architect of apartheid and preside over the Sharpeville Massacre as well as the banning of the African Nat. Congress and Pan Africanist Congress, then lead South Africa to independence from Britain in 1960-1. On Sept. 2 the U.S. Nat. Defense Education Act (NDEA) is signed by Ike, provides $47.5M in federal aid for improved teaching in science, math, and foreign languages, becoming the first sign that the Sputnik scare is getting through? On Sept. 6 the CBS-TV Western series Wanted: Dead or Alive debuts (until Mar. 20, 1961), launching the career of cigarette-sucking king-of-cool Steve McQueen (1930-80) in the role of bounty hunter Josh Randall; a spinoff of Trackdown (1957-9), featuring Robert Culp as a Texas Ranger. On Sept. 8 Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie (1914-96) becomes Maine's first popularly elected Dem. gov., and the Dems. trounce the Repubs., capturing the statehouse and two of three congressional seats, all because of the Sherman Adams issue; Ike is forced to fire him, which he calls "the most hurtful, the hardest, the most heartbreaking decision" of his entire presidency - lookee here, I got my wife a fur coat? On Sept. 15 a Central Railroad of New Jersey train goes through an open drawbridge on the Newark Bay Bridge near Bayonne, N.J. killing 47 and injuring 48 of 200 passengers; after the number 932 shows on an AP photo, numbers racket bookies take a large number of bets on it, and when it comes up on the next drawing, Irish-Am. N.J. bookie (since age 13) Joseph Vincent "Newsboy" Moriarty (1910-79) pays them all off, lending money to other bookies, pissing-off Harlem mob boss Mike Coppola, who gets him arrested and imprisoned in N.J. State Prison; on July 2, 1962 a 1947 Plymouth is found abandoned in a garage in Jersey City with $2.6M in cash in it, which is later traced to Moriarty. On Sept. 18 FLN leaders in Cairo form a provisional govt. for the Algerian Repub., with imprisoned Ben Bella as vice-PM. On Sept. 19 NBC-TV airs the musical Roberta, adapted from the Broadway show that jump-started Bob Hope's career; it also stars Anna Maria Alberghetti, Howard Keel and Janis Paige. On Sept. 20 Martin Luther King Jr. is seriously wounded by a deranged woman stabbing him in the chest during an appearance at a New York City dept. store. On Sept. 22 (Mon.) the B&W detective series Peter Gunn, created by Blake Edwards debuts on NBC-TV for 114 episodes (until Sept. 18, 1961), starring Craig Stevens (1918-2000) (husband of Alexis Smith since 1944) as the dapper-dressing jazz-and-gun-loving hipster peter, er, dick, er, P.I., Lola Albright (1924-) as his blonde babe Edie Hart, who sings at Mother's wharfside jazz club, and Herschel Bernardi (1923-86) as Lt. Jacoby; the super-cool Peter Gunn Theme is by Henry Mancini. On Sept. 23 (Tues.) after Clint Walker er, walks out of Warner Bros over his contract, causing them to hire him, the B&W Western series Bronco debuts on ABC-TV for 68 episodes (until Apr. 30, 1962), starring Ty Hardin (Orison Whipple Hungerford Jr.) (930-2017) as ex-Confed. officer Bronco Layne, who roams the Wild West meeting celebs incl. Wild Bill Hickock, Jesse James, Billy the Kidd, Belle Starr, Cole Younger, John Wesley Hardin, and Theodore Roosevelt. On Sept. 23 (Tues.) the action adventure series Sea Hunt debuts in Syndication for 155 episodes (until Sept. 23, 1961), filmed at Marineland of the Pacific in Palos Vedes, Los Angeles, Calif., starring sea hung, er, Lloyd Vernet Bridges Jr. (1913-98) as freelance scuba diver and ex-Navy frogman Mike Nelson, who uses his boat The Argonaut to fight bad guys and rescue helpless children, adults, and animals. On Sept. 24 The Donna Reed Show debuts on ABC-TV for 275 episodes (until Mar. 19, 1966), starring Donna Reed (Donna Belle Mullenger) (1921-86) as corny white middle class housewife and sometime-nurse Donna Stone, Carl Betz (1921-78) as her pediatrician hubby Dr. Alex Stone, and Shelley Fabares (1944-) and Paul Petersen (1945-) as their children Mary and Jeff; after Mary leaves for college, they adopt runaway child Trisha, played by Patty Petersen (1954-); in 1963 Bob Crane and Ann McCrea apear as their friends Dr. Dave and Midge Kelsey. On Sept. 27 all members of the French Union except French Guinea approve the new French constitution; on Nov. 23 Guinea and Ghana form the Union of African States. On Sept. 30 the police drama series Naked City, created by Detroit, Mich.-born Stirling Dale Silliphant (1918-96) based on the 1948 film and copying its semi-documentary format debuts on ABC-TV for 138 episodes (until May 29, 1963), about the New York Police Dept. 65th Precinct, with plots focusing on criminals and victims portrayed by guest stars; each episode concludes with the spoken line: On Sept. 30 the B&W Western series The Rifleman debuts on ABC-TV for 168 episodes (until Apr. 8, 1963), starring tall, lanky lefty Irish-faced former cavalry lt. (8th Indiana Infantry Regiment) Chuck Connors (1921-92) as widower Lucas McCain (whose wife Margaret died in 1875 in Enid, Okla.), and 10-y.-o. (b. 1869) former Mousketeer John Ernest "Johnny" Crawford (1946-) as his angel-voiced son Mark (born in 1869), who move to North Fork, N.M. from Claypool, Wyo., a town where there seems to be a gunfight every day?; the great Rifleman Theme by Herschel Burke Gilbert sets the mood; the opening scene shows him pumping off 13 straight shots with his trick rifle; the debut episode "The Sharpshooter" features a story by Sam Peckinpah, who also directs; another early episode stars Michael Landon quitting a bank robbing gang; later episodes introduce Paul Fix (1901-83) as on-again off-again sheriff-drunk (bad right arm) Micah Torrance, and Patricia Blair (1931-) as his feisty babe Lou Mallory; Sammy Davis Jr. stars in one episode as a famed gunfighter who's really a big-mouthed phony, and is saved by guess who's trick shooting - the original Barack Obama? In Sept. the U.S. Export-Import Bank extends a $40M credit to ass-kissing Peru to combat the runaway inflation of 1958-9. On Oct. 1 Sudan joins the Arab League. On Oct. 1 American Express begins issuing credit cards, becoming the first widely accepted plastic credit card. On Oct. 1-9 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Milwaukee Braves (NL) 4-3 after coming back from a 3-1 deficit (2nd team since the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates) to win the 1958 (Fifty-Fifth) (55th) World Series, becoming the 7th win for the Yankees in 10 years (18 total). On Oct. 2 the former French colony of Guinea in West Africa rejects the new French Constitution and proclaims independence, with Ahmed Sekou Toure (Ahmed Sékou Touré) (1922-84) as pres. #1 (until Mar. 26, 1984), who leads it into becoming the first avowedly 1-party Marxist state in Africa, telling Charles de Gaulle: "We have told you bluntly, Mr President, what the demands of the people are... We have one prime and essential need: our dignity, but there is no dignity without freedom... We prefer freedom in poverty to opulence in slavery" ("Nous preferons la liberte dans la pauvrete a l'opulence dans l'esclavage"), pissing-off de Gaulle, who orders all French citizens to leave the country after destroying everything they couldn't take with them, incl. schools, hospitals and medicines, agricultural equipment and automobiles, even farm animals and food stores. On Oct. 4 British Overseas Airways Corp. (BOAC) begins the first transatlantic passenger jetliner service, with Boeing 707 flights between London and New York City. On Oct. 5 the Western series Lawman debuts on ABC-TV for 156 episodes (until June 24, 1962), starring John Lawrence Russell (1921-91) as marshal Dan Troop, and Peter Brown (Pierre Linde de Lappe) (1935-) as deputy marshal Johnny McKay in 1879 Laramie, Wyo.; in season 2 Peggie Castle (Peggy Blair) (1927-73) joins the cast as Dan's babe Lily Merrill, owner of the Birdcage Saloon; the two main stars do spots endorsing sponsors Camel cigarettes and Cheerios breakfast cereal. On Oct. 7 Pakistani pres. #1 (since Mar. 23, 1956) Iskander Mirza dismisses PM Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy, annuls the constitution, and declares martial law, appointing army CIC Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan (1907-74) as admin. of martial law; guess what, on Oct. 27 Khan forces Mirza to resign, and becomes pres. #2 of Pakistan (until Mar. 25, 1969). On Oct. 7 vicuna-free Wilton Burton "Jerry" Persons (1896-1977) becomes White House chief of staff #3 (until Jan. 20, 1961). On Oct. 8 the Western series Bat Masterson debuts on NBC-TV for 107 episodes (until June 1, 1961), starring Gene Barry (Eugene Klass) (1919-2009) as the Wild West gambler dandy marshal who dresses in expensive East Coast clothing and often uses his cane instead of his gun. On Oct. 9 (the day that the Yankees defeat the Braves by 4-3 in Game 6 of the World Series) Pope (since 1939) Pius XII (b. 1876) dies at Castel Gandolfo, becoming the last pope to be tested for death with a silver hammer, and on Oct. 28 Cardinal (since 1953) Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, patriarch of Venice (a sgt. in the Italian army in WWI) is elected Pope (#261) John XXIII (1881-1963), and is crowned on Nov. 4, shocking the Roman Catholic world by selecting a name not used since Avignon Antipope John XXIII (1370-1419), who preached aberrant doctrines on Purgatory and the Final Judgment, and allegedly recanted on his deathbed (although he did canonize St. Thomas Aquinas, ain't that enough?); the tiny grayish puff of smoke from the chimney of the Conclave in the Sistine Chapel (it's supposed to be white to signal a decision, black to signal no decision, and was also jumbled in the 1938 election of Pope Pius XIII) causes grumbling, with some claiming that the pope really elected was conservative cardinal (since 1953) Giuseppe Siri (1906-89) of Genoa, who was forced to resign under duress for modernist Roncalli, who went on to allow Catholics to become Freemasons, write an apostolic letter in June 1960 on the "Precious Blood of Jesus", making it more important than the Crucifixion or Resurrection, and convene the Second Vatican Council in 1962, sparking the Sedevacantist Movement (Lat. "sede vacante" = the see is vacant), which claims that all popes from him until ? are illegitimate anti-pope imposters, and/or are controlled by a OWG Zionist/Jewish conspiracy; meanwhile the rockin' new pope has a bowling alley built in the Vatican. On Oct. 10 77 Sunset Strip (B&W) debuts on ABC-TV for 205 episodes (until Feb. 7, 1964), starring Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (1918-2004) as ex-secret agent detective Stuart "Stu" Bailey, Roger LaVerne Smith (1932-) (who marries Ann-Margaret in 1967 after Myasthenia gravis ends his acting career in 1965, becoming her mgr.) as his ex-secret agent partner Jeff Spencer, who operate out of a posh office in West Hollywood, Calif. between La Cienega Blvd. and Alta Loma Rd. on the S side of the Strip next door to Dino's Lodge; Jacqueline Beer plays the French switchboard operator; also stars Edd "Kookie" Byrnes (Edward Byrne Breitenberger) (1933-) as Dino's hair-combing parking attendant Gerald Lloyd "Kookie" Kookson III, who popularizes the expressions "ginchy" and "piling up Zs"; features the 77 Sunset Strip Theme by Mack David and Jerry Livingston; in May 1960 Kookie becomes a partner of the detective firm, and Robert Logan becomes the parking lot attendant. On Oct. 13 after she is released from the psycho wards of Western State Hospital in Wash. state in 1950 after five years, and tells Modern Screen mag. "I blame nobody for my fall... I think I have won the fight to control myself", actress Frances Farmer (1913-70) begins hosting Frances Farmer Presents on NBC-TV in color (until Sept. 1964), showcasing vintage films and becoming the #1 show in its time slot throughout most of its run, after which her career fizzles, helped by her alcoholism and drunk driving arrests. On Oct. 14 the Malagasy Repub. (formerly Madagascar) is proclaimed an autonomous repub. within the French Community (successor of the 1946 French Union), a political union of France and several former African territories, incl. Central African Repub. (CAR), Chad, Congo, Gabon, Madagascar, Senegal and the French Territory of the Afars and Issas (French Somaliland); followed on Nov. 28 by Chad, on Dec. 4 by Dahomey (Benin), and on Dec. 19 by French-speaking Niger (capital Niamey). On Oct. 14 after he is confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a 70-17 vote, with all 17 no votes coming from Southern Dems., Jackson, Mich.-born Potter Stewart (1915-85) becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #92 (until July 3, 1981) to fill the vacancy created by Harold H. Burton (1945-58), going on to become a swing vote, dissenting in school-sponsored prayer and Bible reading cases, and denying that there is a right of privacy in the 14th Amendment's due process clause; he later asks Pres. Nixon to remove him from consideration to replace chief justice Warren Burger for fear of the publicity. On Oct. 16 the British children's show Blue Peter debuts on BBC-TV (until ?), named after the British Navy's Blue Peter flag, which is raised when a ship is about to leave; presenters incl. Yvette Paula Fielding (1968-), who becomes their youngest presenter at age 17. On Oct. 23 Edward R. Murrow addresses the Radio-Television News Dirs. Assoc. (RTNDA) (who expected just to give him a gold watch), and raises the bar on TV journalism, with the soundbyte: "Unless we get up off our fat surpluses and recognize that television... is being used to distract, delude, amuse and insulate us, then television and those who finance it, those who look at it and those who work at it, may see a totally different picture too late." On Oct. 26 Pan Am flies its first Boeing 707 jetliner from New York to Paris in 8 hours 41 min. On Oct. 29 a military coup led by Gen. Ne Win (Shu Maung) (1911-2002) removes PM U Nu from power in Burma, and he becomes PM #3 of Burma (until Apr. 4, 1960). In Oct. First Ladie Mamie Eisenhower puts up decorations in the White House, making Ike the first U.S. pres. to celebrate Halloween there and starting a tradition. On Nov. 1 the first known hijacking of a plane to Cuba takes place on a Cubana Vickers Viscount en route from Miami to Veradero, Cuba as rebels working for Raul Castro try to reach E Cuba to deliver weapons, but runs out of fuel and crashes in the ocean in Nipe Bay in E Cuba, killing 17 of 20 aboard. On Nov. 4 despite Richard Nixon stumping more than 25K mi. in 25 states, the 1958 U.S. Nat. Elections are a disaster for the Repubs., who lose 12 Senate and 48 House seats, plus 13 of 21 governor contests; John Bricker is defeated in the Ohio Senate race, along with majority leader William F. Knowland in the Calif. Senator's race; Vt. elects a Dem. congressman for the first time in 106 years; "It was the worst defeat in history ever suffered by a party having control of the White House" (Richard Nixon); Dem. John F. Kennedy wins the U.S. Senate race by a margin of 874,608 votes, the largest in any senate race this year; Repub. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908-79) rigs, er, beats the odds and defeats incumbent W. Averell Harriman for gov. of N.Y. by 500K votes after New York Post owner (since 1939) Dorothy Schiff (1903-89) suddenly drops her support for Harriman on the day before the election (she and Rockefeller are Jews, but Harriman is Skull & Bones?), resigning as dir. of Rockefeller Center (he is reelected 3x, resigning in Dec. 1973); "The big winner in this election is Nelson Rockefeller; the big loser, Richard Nixon"; GOP candidates nationwide get 43% of the votes cast, down from 49% in 1950 and 47% in 1958; the GOP farmer vote sinks from 28% in 1950 to 18% in 1960. I lost in China, but I'll win in Berlin? Hello, hell no? On Nov. 10 Khrushchev issues an Ultimatum to Berlin, insisting that it become a "free" (demilitarized) city. On Dec. 1 Adolfo Lopez Mateos (1909-69) becomes pres. of Mexico (until Nov. 30, 1964), going on to promote education and museums while nationalizing electric cos. On Dec. 6 the U.S. launches Pioneer 3, which is aimed at the Moon but only makes it to 102.36km alt. before falling back to Earth. On Dec. 9 the U.N. Security Council votes 10-0-1 (France) for Resolution 131 to admit Guinea. On Dec. 9 rich Am. Sugar Babies and Junior Mints candy manufacturer Robert Winborne Welch Jr. (1899-1985) founds the John Birch Society in Indianapolis, Ind., and changes the name of his mag. to American Opinion; within 10 years becomes is the leading anti-Communist org. in the U.S. On Dec. 10 National Airlines first uses jetliners on a domestic flight from New York City to Miami. On Dec. 19 Pres. Eisenhower delivers his taped Christmas Peace Message to the world on shortwave via the Project SCORE (Signal Communications Orbit Relay Equipment) satellite (launched Dec. 18) (world's first comm satellite), becoming the first voice beamed in from space. On Dec. 22 Yugoslavia agrees to purchase $95M in surplus U.S. agricultural goods. On Dec. 31 the foreign ministers of Britain, France and the U.S. call for talks on Berlin and maintaining free access to it. In late Dec. Fidel Castro's 2K barbudos (bearded rebels), led by former Argentine physician Maj. Ernesto "Che" Guevara (1928-67) rout 3K Cuban govt. troops in Las Villas province, 150 mi. from Havana, "Paris of the Antilles", and capture the provincial capital of Santa Clara; a trainload of troops sent by Batista refuses to get on the cars, and the regime collapses. Great leaping lizards in Maoland? In Red China never-wrong Chmn. Mao begins the disastrous Great Leap Forward, attempting to industrialize the villages and establish rural communes using Communist strong-arm tactics; too bad, the effort fails, causing him to lose face - just don't tell him to his face? Mao launches the Four Pests (Great Sparrow) Campaign (ends 1962) as one of the first actions of his Great Leap Forward, calling for the extermination of sparrows, flies, mosquitoes, and rats, only to find that elimination of sparrows upsets the ecological balance, causing him to switch to bedbugs. The military dictatorship in Venezuela is finally overthrown by pro-democracy forces. The West Indies Federation is formed (until 1962), incl. Antigua-Barbuda-Redonda, Trinidad-Tobago, and St. Kitts-Nevis. Howard Palfrey Jones (1899-1973) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Indonesia (until 1965). Donald Read Heath (1894-1981) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia (until 1961) - pass the sheep eyes? Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (b. 1937), who joined the underground Ba'ath Socialist Party in 1957 is arrested for killing his Communist brother-in-law, and spends 6 mo. in prison. Eric Edward Cooke (1931-64), AKA the Night Caller begins a serial murder spree in Perth, Western Australia, incl. 8 murders and 14 attempted murders by the time he is captured in 1963, after which he is executed in 1964 right before capital punishment is abolished. The U.S. helps General Atomic build a Triga Mark II research reactor in Kinshasa, Zaire. The first life peerages are created in Britain, and the last debutantes are presented at the British court; Prince Charles is created Prince of Wales. Shell Oil Co. starts drilling in Ogoni land in Nigeria. In Bangkok the PM has the Coca-Cola franchise while the police chief has the Pepsi-Cola franchise, which Adlai Stevenson calls "the ice cold war"; Coke wins worldwide, selling 50B bottles a year. British bank interest is raised to 7%. Nathan Leopold, jailed since 1924 for the kidnapping-murder of Bobby Franks is paroled; his partner Richard Loeb was killed in prison - have I something in me dangerous? A fire at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City causes $320K in damage. Mount Weather, a secret U.S. govt. facility NW of Washington, D.C. for govt. officials in the event of a nuclear war is completed; its first full-scale activation is on Nov. 9, 1965 during the Great Northeastern Power Blackout; its existence is exposed after a 1974 airplane crash nearby. The far-right Nazi-friendly Nat. Labour Party in Britain is formed by John Hutchyns Tyndall (1934-2005) and John Edward Bean (1927-) to fight immigration; in 1960 it changes its name to the British Nat. Party. Virginia is for lovers, call 1-800-law-help? In June Central Point (near Richmond), Va. white man Richard Perry Loving (1933-75) and black-Amerindian Va. woman Mildred Delores "Bean" Jeter (1939-2008), who met seven years earlier and fell in love, resulting in her becoming pregnant, drive 80 mi. to Washington, D.C. and get married, only to be arrested in bed and charged with illegal cohabitation under the 1924 Va. Racial Integrity Act, convicted, then given a 1-year 1959 jail sentence, which they avoid by agreeing to leave the state for 25 years, but get around the stupid redneck wording of the agreement ("both accused leave Caroline County and the State of Virginia at once, and do not return together or at the same time to said county and state for a period of 25 years") by riding back in separate cars (should have said don't return separately or together, or reside together at the same time in said county or state, but the racially superior whiteys popped a head gasket?); they then write to U.S. atty.-gen. Robert F. Kennedy, who refers them to the ACLU, and anti-miscegenation (mixed-race marriage) laws are put on their hit list, with Jewish atty. Bernard S. Cohen filing a motion to vacate the sentence, only to see the courts show themselves up as frauds run by puppetmasters by failing to even respond, which just makes him madder, and after the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed, he gets it taken up by the U.S. Supreme Court as a test case, and they strike down anti-miscegenation laws as unconstitutional on June 12, 1967 (6/6+6/7), causing it to be known as Loving Day; too bad, a drunk driver hits their car in 1975, killing Richard and costing Mildred her right eye. British "Lord of the Rings" author J.R.R. Tolkiens gives a speech in Rotterdam, warning of the coming NWO, with the soundbyte: "I look East and West, I look North and South, and I do not see a Sauron; but I see very many descendants of Saruman! And I think we Hobbits now have no magic weapons against them. And yet, dear gentle-hobbits, my I conclude by giving you this toast: To the Hobbits! And may they outlast all the wizards!" War-scarred German expatriate "All Quiet on the Western Front" writer Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970) marries actress Paulette Goddard, who remains with him, making his life bliss until his death do them part. The term "conventional wisdom" is coined. Toledo, Ohio-born recovering alcoholic Charles E. "Chuck" Dederich Sr. (1913-97) founds Synanon (symposium + seminar) in Santa Monica, Calif. for treating heroin addition through group psychotherapy without physicians (first no-doctor program ever), with the #1 rule being no violence; too bad, by 1968 of the 6K-10K residents of Synanon, only 65 are rehabiliated enough to live independently, causing Dederich to end the concept of graduation in favor of a closed lifetime utopian society, and after banning cig smoking in 1971 and causing a mass defection, he declares it a religion in 1974, descending into abuse of members, then ends up getting caught ordering members to kill pesky atty. Paul Morantz on Oct. 10, 1978 by putting a de-rattled rattlesnake in his mailbox, and is forced to resign - then came crystal meth? The U.S.-U.K. Mutual Defense Agreement (MDA) provides for cooperation in nuclear weapons research. Pope John XXIII dedicates the Supreme Religious Center for World Jewry in Jerusalem. Boeing Aircraft introduces the Boeing 707, the first U.S. production jet airliner, causing rival Douglas Aircraft to rush to introduce their DC-8 on Sept. 18, 1959. Qantas (Queensland Northern Territory Aerial Services) airlines in Australia begins offering round-the-world service. The non-profit MITRE Corp. is founded to oversee the USAF Sage Project, staffed mainly by employees of the MIT Lincoln Lab, growing to 7.6K employees by 2014. Leonard Bernstein (1918-90) becomes conductor of the New York Philharmonic (ends 1969). 26 Africanized "killer" queen bees from Tanzania escape from the research lab of Brazilian biologist Warwick Estevam Kerr (1922-) near Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil, making their way to the U.S. at Hidalgo, Tex. in 1990, then reaching Tex. and SW Ark in June 2005, followed by New Orleans, La. in Sept. 2007. Am. jeweler ("the King of Diamonds") Harry Winston (1896-1978) (of Winston's Jewelry at 718-8th Ave., New York City) donates the fabled 44.5-carat $200M deep blue Hope Diamond (hopeless diamond?) to the Smithsonian Inst., sending it in a plain wrapper and apparently escaping its curse, only to see the Smithsonian warned by concerned citizens not to accept it lest the U.S. itself suffer the curse?; 6M-7M people end up visiting it each year by the end of the cent. The Am. Assoc. of Retired Persons (AARP) is founded by retired Calif. teacher Ethel Percy Andrus (1884-1967), who started by founding the Nat. Retired Teachers Assoc. in 1947 and spent 10 years finding cos. willing to offer health insurance; the min. age is lowered from 55 to 50 in 1984. 2nd-generation Russian Jewish immigrant Louis Robert "Lew" Wasserman (1913-2002), chmn. of Music Corp. of America (MCA) buys small, money-losing Universal Studios and its 367-acre site for $11.25M, and with his wife Edie (daughter of a Jewish front man for the Jewish Mafia?) builds it into a $375B a year entertainment empire. Belgian Dominican monk Dominique (Georges Charles Clement Ghislain) Pire (1910-69) wins the Nobel Peace Prize for helping post-WWII refugees. The Lewis Carroll Shelf Awards are established by the U. of Wisc.-Madison for books that "belong on the same shelf" with Carroll's "Through the Looking-Glass" and "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"; 17 books are awarded this year; the last seven awards are given in 1979. The annual Patsy Awards are extended to animal performers in TV. Some children are harmed by razor blades put in Halloween apples, starting a perennial scare going through the 1980s even though no more serious injuries are reported? The Chicago Daily News complains: "Things are in an uproar. But what is Eisenhower doing? All you read about is that he's playing golf. Who's running the country?" The 150K Euro annual Erasmus Prize, named after Dutch Renaissance humanist Desiderius Erasmus is founded by the Praemium Erasmianum Foundation to recognize exceptional contributions to culture, society, or social science; the first award (1958) goes to the people of Austria; the 2015 award goes to the Wikipedia community. Dutch-born holistic health practitioner Jack Schwarz (1924-2000) founds Aletheia Foundation in Grants Pass, Ore. to combine science and spirituality, with the soundbyte: "All of your body is in your mind, but not all of your mind is in your body"; when he dies his wife Lois takes over. Martin Luther King Jr.'s wife Coretta Scott King (1927-2006) makes her first public speaking appearance at a Woman's Day celebration in Denver, Colo., meeting black teenie Wilma J. Webb (1944-), organist for the New Hope Baptist Church, who becomes a state lawmaker and wife of Denver's first African-Am. mayor (1991-2003) Wellington Webb, and leads the state fight to have MLK Jr.'s birthday become a nat. holiday. Johnny Carson sits in for Tonight show host Jack Paar; when Paar leaves the show in 1962, Carson takes over as its third host; meanwhile future (1962) announcer Ed McMahon hosts the TV show "Who Do You Trust?" (until 1962). Gracie Allen (d. 1964) retires from show business. Edward M. Kennedy (b. 1932) marries "the dish" (JFK) Virginia Joan Bennett (1936-) on Nov. 29 in Bronxville, N.Y. (until 1982); they have two sons and one daughter, Kara Kennedy Allen (1960-), Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy Jr. (1961-), and Patrick Joseph Kennedy (1967-) (R.I. rep.). Ukrainian pianist Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter (1915-97) tours the West. Am. poet Ezra Pound returns to Italy. Indian guru (former disciple of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati) Maharishi ("great seer") Mahesh Yogi (nee Mahesh Prasad Varma) (1918-2008) begins a series of world tours to teach Transcendental Meditation (ends 1965), which catches on and becomes popular with celebs incl. The Beatles, The Beach Boys et al. Retired gay dancer Joseph "Joe" Cino (1931-67) founds Caffe Chino at 31 Cornelia St. in Greenwich Village, N.Y., debuting James Howard's "Flyspray" in summer 1960, introducing acts with the phrase "It's magic time!", founding the Off-Off-Broadway movement consisting of theaters with less than 100 seats and often using non-union actors; in May 1964 Lanford Wilson debuts his play "The Madness of Lady Bright" (205 perf.), becoming Cino's breakthrough hit; he goes on to launch the careers of Doric Wilson, William Hoffman, Robert Patrick, John Guare, Tom Eyen, Sam Shepard, Robert Heide, Paul Foster, Jean-Claude van Italie, Lanford Wilson, Tom O'Horgan, Marshall W. Mason, Al Pacino, and Bernadette Peters. Latvian-born Canadian dancer Ludmilla Chiriaeff (1924-96) founds Les Grands Ballets Canadiens in Quebec. French transvestite nightclub singer Coccinelle (1931-2006) (Fr. "ladybug") (Jacques Charles Dufresnoy) travels to Casablanca for a sex change operation, becoming an instant media hit. Paris-born Venezuelan-Am. sculptor Marisol (1958-) debuts in the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City. Whisky a Go Go in Chicago, Ill. at Rush and Chestnut Sts. opens, becoming the first discotheque in the U.S.; on Jan. 11, 1963 another one opens on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, Calif., becoming the most famous. The Andy Williams Show debuts (until 1971); each year the Christmas Show features his three singing brothers. The musical comedy Aladdin, by S.J. Perelman and Cole Porter debuts on CBS-TV, and is presented on stage next Dec. 7 in London, becoming Porter's final score as his right leg is amputated after 34 operations, combined with his mother's death in 1952 and his wife's death from emphysema in 1954; he spends the rest of his life in seclusion until dying of kidney failure on Oct. 16, 1964. The (CIA front co.?) Permindex (Permanent Industrial Expositions) trade org. is founded by Canadian Jewish atty. Louis Mortimer Bloomfield (1906-84); it ends up implicated in the 1962 assassination attempt on Charles de Gaulle and the 1963 assassination of JFK. Philip "Phil" Ramone (1934-2013) et al. found A&R Recording in New York City, going on to produce Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Bob Dylan, Peter Paul and mary, Paul Simon, Carly Simon, James Taylor, Rod Stewart, The Guess Who, Stevie Wonder, Dionne Warwick, Marilyn Monroe's "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" et al. An article by Am. electronic music composer Milton Byron Babbitt (1916-) for the Feb. issue of High Fidelity mag. titled "The Composer as Specialist" has its title changed to "Who Cares If You Listen?" without his approval, haunting him for life as the composer who doesn't you know what? Isaac Asimov (1920-92), who received a Ph.D. in Chem. in 1948 for enzyme research ("The Kinetics of the Reaction Inactivation of Tyrosinase During Its Catalysis of the Aerobic Oxidation of Catechol"), but proved no good at research is fired from his job at a small medical school for wanting to teach instead, leaving him to pursue his real love of cranking out writing? Am. "Martin Kate, Private Eye", "Barrie Craig, Confidential Investigator" actor William Gargan (1905-79) contracts cancer of the larynx, ending his acting career, after which he masters esophageal speech and becomes an anti-smoking spokesman for the Am. Cancer Society. Wichita State U. student brothers Dan Carney (1931-) and Frank Carney (1938-) found Pizza Hut in Wichita, Kan. with $600, growing to 6K restaurants in the U.S. and 5K in 94 other countries by 2015 - in that boring town, going there would be the highlight of the month? Clifford Brooks Stevens (1911-95) designs a bun on the VW "wienermobile". Crayola Crayons comes out with a 64-crayon box with built-in sharpener. Gambler's Anonymous is founded in Los Angeles, Calif. The 1.1K-y.-o. Aleppo Codex is smuggled from Aleppo, Syria to Jerusalem by a Jewish cheese merchant who hid it in his washing machine, causing the Bible Project to be launched to prepare an authoritative ed. of the Old Testament, which takes until ? to finish. The Prix Medicis (Médicis) is founded in France by Gala Barbisan and Jean-Pierre Giraudox for a work of French fiction by an author whose "fame does not yet match his talent"; the first award goes to Claude Ollier (1922-2014) for "La Mise en scène"; in 1970 the Prix Medicis Etranger (Prix Médicis Étranger) is added to recognize a book pub. in translation; in 1985 the Prix Medicis Essai (Prix Médicis Essai) is added for nonfiction works. The Country Music Assoc. (CMA) is founded in Nashville, Tenn., becoming the first trade org. formed to promote country music; in 1967 the first CMA Awards are held, hosted by Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry; the winners are Eddy Arnold, Jack Greene, and Loretta Lynn; the 1968 awards are hosted by Roy Rogers and Dale Evans; the first live telecast is in 1969. Club Passim (originally Club 45) in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass. is founded by Joyce Kalina and Paula Kelley as a jazz-blues club, soon hosting folk music acts incl. Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, and Joni Mitchell, helping launch the career of Lovin' Spoonful. The (Village) Gaslight Cafe in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, N.Y. opens, becoming a leading venue for folk music acts; meanwhile folk-blues musician David Kenneth Ritz "Dave" Van Ronk (1936-2002) becomes a celeb in Greenwich Village, N.Y., becoming known as "the Mayor of MacDougal Street", becoming friends with Bob Dylan, Tom Paxton, Phil Ochs, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, and Joni Mitchell; in the late 1960s former Highwaymen member Gilbert Lee "Gil" Robbins (1931-2011), father of actor Tim Robbins becomes owner of the Gaslight Cafe, which closes in 1971. Milan Fashion Week is held by the Nat. Chamber for Italian Fashion (founded June 11), joining a circuit beginning in New York City, followed by London, Milan, and Paris. Neb.-born Cliff Hillegass (1919-2001) begins pub. Cliffs Notes in Aug., "cheater books" for classics, known for their yellow-black covers; every schoolteacher soon becomes an expert on them to detect student plagiarism. Kumon is founded in Osaka, Japan by h.s. math teacher Toru Kumon (1914-95), going on to become the #1 math-reading tutoring services franchise. Cracked mag. is founded as a rival to Mad mag., with mascot Sylvester P. Smythe; in 1987 cartoonist Don Martin jumps ship to it from Mad; it ceases pub. in Feb. 2007. An aquarium is moved from Battery Park to Coney Island; speaking of orcas, on July 10 6'-1/2" 1,069-lb. Robert Earl Hughes (b. 1926) of Fish Hook, Ill., the fattest human (BMI 139.4) ever known dies; his chest measuring 124 in., he is buried in a piano case-sized casket and transported to the cemetery in a moving van. Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group (originally the Chengdu State Aircraft Factory No. 132 Aircraft Plant) in Pandaland Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China is founded to supply military aircraft. Reebok athletic shoe co. is founded in Britain. Nissan Motor Corp. of Japan introduces the Datsun, which reaches #6 in U.S. imported car sales in 1966, and #3 in 1970. Mr. Clean cleaning solution, invented by Am. businessman Linwood Burton and Sri Lankan entrepreneur Mathusan Chandramohan as a less caustic solution for ship cleaning is acquired by Procter & Gamble, who airs TV commercials starring House Peters Jr., "the Genie in a bottle" (really a Navy sailor from Pensacola, Fla.?), becoming the best-selling household cleaner product in the U.S. within 6 mo.; in May 1963 a contest gives him the first name Veritably; in summer 1963 it becomes the first liquid household cleaner in a plastic bottle. After MGM shuts down its cartoon studio, where they produced 114 episodes of Tom and Jerry since 1940, William Denby "Bill" Hanna (1910-2001) and Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera (1911-2006) set up their own film studio to produce TV cartoon series hits, starting with Huckleberry Hound and Friends (1958-61), Quick Draw McGraw (1959-62), The Flintstones (1960-66), Yogi Bear (1961-88), The Jetsons (1962-3), and Scooby-Doo (1969-). After seeing bamboo hoops from Australia at the New York Toy Fair in Mar., Wham-O (named after the sound made by their first product, a slingshot) introduces the 3-ft. gaudy polyethylene Hula Hoop (invented by Arthur K. "Spud" Melin and Richard Knerr) to the U.S. public at $.93 each for a 16% profit, and ups the price to $1.98 after a craze begins and it becomes America's most popular toy, used by adults for calisthenics; by Labor Day they sell 2M units for a net profit of $300K, but knockoffs appear which sell tens of millions more, and the fad suddenly dies off by the summer of 1959. Juan Valdez is introduced as a marketing gimmick by the Nat. Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia, portrayed by actor Jose F. Duval until 1969, then real-life Colombian coffee grower Carlos Sanchez until 2006, competing with Mrs. Olsen and her "Mountain Grown Folger's" commercials (purchased by Procter & Gamble in 1963); his trusty mule is named Conchita. Architecture: The Negev Nuclear Research Center in the Negev Desert 13 km. SE of Dimona, Israel begins construction with French assistance, and goes online in 1962-4, allegedly producing nukes. The 515' (157m) 38-story functionalist Seagram Bldg. at 375 Park Ave. in midtown Manhattan, N.Y. is completed, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, becoming the HQ for Canadian distillers Joseph E. Seagram & Sons; in 1979 it is sold to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Assoc for $70.5M, then resold in 2000 for $375M to Aby Rosen; featured in the final scene of the 1961 film "Breakfast At Tiffany's" and the credits of the TV series "That Girl". Sports: On Jan. 18 5'10" Fredericton, New Brunswick-born winger Willie Eldon O'Ree (1935-) becomes the first black player in the NHL in a game playing for the Boston Bruins against the Montreal Canadiens; after only playing one more game this season, he plays 43 games in 1961, scoring four goals and 10 assists. On Jan. 28 famed Los Angeles Dodgers catcher Roy Campanella (1921-93) becomes paralyzed after an icy auto accident in Harlem, N.Y.; he is inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969, becoming the 2nd black after Jackie Robinson. On Mar. 12 the Budweiser Bowling Team of St. Louis, Mo., incl. Ray Bluth, Don Carter, Ray haefner, Tom Hennessey, Pat Patterson, and Dick Weber wins the Nat. Team Match Games at Floriss Lanes in St. Louis, Mo. for its 3rd straight year, breaking a 1937 ABC record for a 5-man team with 3,858 pins and 138 strikes, which isn't broken until 1994; it wins again in 1959 for a 4-peat. On Mar. 26 after winning 76 straight games and two straight state titles, the 24-0 Middletown Middies are upset 63-62 by the 24-0 Columbus North H.S. Polar Bears, coached by Frank Wilson Truitt Jr. (1925-2014) at the Div. AA state semifinals after North's Eddie Clark drives past 6'8" Middleton star Jerry Ray Lucas (1940-) ("best high school player in the nation") ("most heavily recruited high school player with the possible exception of Wilt Chamberlain"), becoming "the biggest upset in Ohio high school basketball history"; too bad, the Polar Bears lose the state championship to East Tech by 50-48 in double OT; Truitt goes on to become asst. basketball coach at Ohio State U. in 1958-65, helping coach them to the 1960 NCA championship. On Mar. 29-Apr. 12 the 1958 NBA Finals sees the St. Louis Hawks (coach Alex Hannum) defeat the Boston Celtics (coach Red Auerbach) by 4-2 for their first title; in Game 3 Bill Russell of the Celtics blocks a shot by Bob Pettit and badly sprains his right ankle, causing him to withdraw from the series; Game 6 sees Bob Pettit score 50 points (19 of their last 21 points) in a 110-109 win; on Nov. 13, 1964 Pettit becomes the first NBA player to score 20K points. On Apr. 8-20 the 1958 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Canadiens defeat the Boston Bruins 4-2, becoming a 3-peat (10 total). On Apr. 22 the 1958 NBA Draft sees eight teams select 88 players in 17 rounds; 6'0" point guard Guy William Rodgers (1935-2001) of Temple U. (#5) is the territorial pick of the Philadelphia Warriors (#25), going on to score 20 assists in Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game, lead the NBA in assists in 1962-3 (10.4 per game), and tie Bob Cousy's record of 28 assists in a single game on Mar. 14, 1963; in 1966-7 he plays for the Chicago Bulls (#5), with an NBA record 908 assists; the Minneapolis Lakers (who finished the season at 19-53) use their #1 overall pick to draft 6'5" Washington, D.C.-born small forward Elgin Gay "Rabbit" Baylor (1934-) (#22), known for using his running bank shot to score over taller opponents, who skips his senior year at Seattle U., signing for $20K a year, with Lakers owner Bob Short uttering the soundbyte: "If he had turned me down then, I would have been out of business. The club would have gone bankrupt"; he goes on to win rookie of the year and score 55 points in a single game (3rd highest in NBA history behind Joe Fulks's 63 and George Mikan's 61) and save the franchise; too bad, he injures his knee in the 1965 Western Div. playoffs, and never again averages over 30 points per game; he retires 9 games into the 1971-2 season right before the first of their 33 consecutive win streak and an NBA title, but is given a championship ring anyway; in 1986-2008 he is vice-pres. of operations for the Los Angeles Clippers; 6'2" Huntington, W. Va.-born guard-forward Harold Everett "Hal" Greer (1936-) of Marshall U. is drafted #13 (round 2) by the Syracuse Nationals (#15) (until 1973), going on to become a teammate of Wilt Chamberlain and a star on the 1966-7 team that ends the 8-year reign of the Bill Russell-led Boston Celtics; he becomes known for shooting free throws as a jump shot from the charity stripe, becoming the #3 top guard of the 1960s afer Oscar Robertson and Jerry West; 6'8" forward-center Wayne Richard Embry (1937-) of Miami U. is selected #22 by the St. Louis Hawks, who trade him to the Cincinnati Royals (#34) in exchange for center Clyde Lovellette and four others, going on to become known for his pick and roll play with Oscar Robertson and become team captain in 1963, moving to the Boston Celtics (#32) in 1966-8, and the Milwaukee Bucks (#15) in 1968-9, retiring to become the first African-Am. gen. mgr. in the NBA for the Milwaukee Bucks (1972-9), Cleveland Cavaliers (1986-99), and Toronto Raptors (2006); 6'3" guard Donald Jay "Don" "Waxie" Ohl (1936-) of the U. of Ill., known for his distance shooting is selected #36 by the Philadelphia Warriors, electing to play for the Peoria Cats of the AAU in 1959-60 before moving to the Detroit Pistons (#10) in 1960-4, followed by the Baltimore Bullets (#30) after an 8-player deal that also incl. Bailey Howell, finishing with the St. Louis Hawks in 1968-70; 6'1" guard Adrian Howard "Odie" Smith (1936-) of the U. of Ky. (#50) is selected #85 (15th round) by the Cincinnati Royals, electing to join the U.S. Army, playing for the 1960 U.S. men's Olympic basketball team in Rome before joining the Cincinnati Royals (#10) in 1961-9, playing backup behind Oscar Robertson and Bucky Bockhorn. On May 30 the 1958 (42nd) Indianapolis 500 starts with a massive 1st lap 15-car pileup that kills fan favorite Pat O'Connor (b. 1928); the debut of rookie A.J. Foyt, who spins in an oil slick on lap 148 and drops out; the winner is James Ernest "Jimmy" Bryan (1926-60), who is later killed in a race at Langhorne Speedway in Penn. On June 8-2 17-y.-o. Brazilian soccer player (inside forward) Pele (Pelé) (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) (1940-2022) (who scored his first goal on July 7, 1957 in his first internat. match against Argentina at age 16 years 9 mo., setting a record) rises to fame in the 6th FIFA World Cup of Soccer, scoring the goal that defeats Wales 1-0 in the quarterfinal, scoring 3x in defeating France 5-2 in the semifinal, then scoring 2x to defeat Sweden 5-2 in the final; he repeats in 1962 and 1970, becoming the first soccer player to be on three World Cup teams; he is christened "O Rei" (the King). On July 20 Jim Bunning (1931-), #14 of the Detroit Tigers pitches a perfect game against the Boston Red Sox, doing it again in 1964. On Dec. 28 the 9-3 Baltimore Colts (QB Johnny Unitas) defeat the 9-3 New York Giants 23-17 in OT at Yankee Stadium in the nationally-televised 1958 NFL championship, "the greatest game ever played", credited with establishing pro football as a major sport in the U.S.; after leading 14-3, Baltimore falls behind 17-14 until QB Johnny Unitas produces a late drive and Steve Myhra (1934-94) kicks a 20-yd. field goal to force OT, then FB Lino Dante "Alan the Iron Horse" Ameche (1933-88) scores the winning TD on a 1-yard run; the Colts defeat the Giants again next year 31-16, after which in 1962 coach Wilbur "Weeb" Ewbank (1907-98) is booted out, and scooped up by the New York Titans, who are renamed the New York Jets. Former Coast Guard member Arnold Daniel Palmer (1929-2016) wins his first Master's golf tournament, with a score of 284; he also wins in 1960 (282), 1962 (280), and 1964 (276), plus the U.S. Open in 1960, the British Open in 1961 and 1962, and the PGA Championship in 1964, 1968, and 1970, gaining him the title "the King"; Charlie Coe wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Tommy Bolt wins the U.S. Open. Sugar Ray Robinson regains the middleweight boxing title for the 5th time by defeating Carmen Basilio. The Pakistani cricket team tours the U.S. The World Amateur Golf Council is founded, later becoming the Internat. Golf Federation (IGF). Eddie Arcaro becomes the 3rd jockey to reach 4K wins (Sir Gordon Richards, Johnny Longden). The Columbia defeats the Sceptre to win the 1958 America's Cup for the U.S. over England. English driver Stirling Craufurd Moss (1929-) wins the first Formula One race in a rear-engine car, causing all F1 cars to feature this design within two years; too bad, he defends rival Ferrari driver John Michael "Mike" Hawthorn (1929-59) at the Portuguese Grand Prix for reversing on the track to jump-start his car, gaining him 6 points that helps him beat Moss for the Formula One World Title (first British winner), causing Moss to become known as "the greatest driver never to win the world championship"; after rival Ferrari driver Luigi Musso (1924-58) is killed at the 1958 French Grand Prix on July 6, and his Ferrari-driving teammate Peter John Collins (1931-58) is killed in the German Grand Prix on Aug. 3, Hawthorn freaks at the thought of all them rolling coffin Ferraris and resigns after winning the world title, then is killed in a road accident 6 mo. later on Jan. 22, 1959. Ashley Cooper wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Althea Gibson wins the women's singles title. Tim Tam (jockey Ismael Valenzuela) wins the Preakness Stakes and the Kentucky Derby; in 1964 Ross Arnott of Australia founds Tim Tam Biscuits, which go on to become Australia's favorite chocolate biscuit (cookie). The Prof. Bowlers Assoc. (PBA) is founded at the ABC Tournament in Syracuse, N.Y. by Ohio-born atty. Edward G. "Eddie" Elias (1928-98) and 33 bowlers incl. Glenn Richard Allison (1930-), Basil "Buzz" Fazio (1908-93), Carmen Salvino (1933-), Richard Lee "Dick" Hoover (1929-2009), William Joseph "Billy" Welu (1932-74), Richard Anthony "Dick" Weber (1929-2005), and Donald James "Don" Carter (1926-2012), who becomes pres. #1., and wins the first PBA Nat. Championship in 1960; the 1959 (first) PBA Tour (Empire State Open, Paramus Eastern open, Dayton Open) has a prize fund of $49.5K, growing to $7M by the early 1980s, causing the era of team bowling to be replaced by the era of star bowlers; in 1975 the PBA Hall of Fame is founded; in 2002 it becomes the PBA World Championship; in 2000 the HQ is moved to Seattle, Wash. The U. of Buffalo Bulls reject a chance to play in the Tangerine Bowl when their two black players are banned from participation, incl. RB Willie R. Evans (1937-) and DE Mike Wilson, becoming their first and only bowl bid until Jan. 3, 2009, when they play Connecticut U. in the Internat. Bowl in Toronto, Ont.; East Texas State defeats Missouri Valley 26-7; Evans is drafted by Ralph Wilson for the inaugural season of the AFL Buffalo Bills. Mikhail Botvinnik regains the world chess title (until 1960). The Budweisers Bowling Team incl. Ray Bluth, Don Carter, Tom Hennessey, Pat Patterson, and Dick Weber wins the Nat. Team Match Games for its 3rd straight year, setting an ABC record for a 5-man team of 3,858 pins, which isn't broken until 1993; it wins again in 1959 for a 4-peat. Wilt Chamberlain leaves the U. of Kansas after his junior year, with a 2-year average of 29.9 points and 18.3 rebounds per game, and a total of 1,433 points and 877 rebounds, along with one Big Seven title, selling his story "Why I Am Leaving College" to Look mag. for $10K; after the NBA bans him for a year for not finishing, he joins the Harlem Globetrotters (#13) for $50K - this is the old me, this is the new me? After his college basketball career sends shockwaves, the Wilt Chamberlain Rule bans offensive goaltending (touching the ball inside the basket); after he regularly upchucks a free throw then slam dunks it, or leaps from the free-throw line to dunk it, the Wilt Chamberlain Free Throw Plane Rule bans players from crossing the plane of the free-throw line when shooting a free throw. Architecture: Arthur Ling designs the Belgrade Theater in Coventry, England. Oscar Niemeyer (1907-) designs the Presidential Palace in Brasilia, Brazil. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Dominican friar Dominique Pire (1910-69) (Belgium) [helping WWII refugees]; Lit.: Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) (Soviet Union) (declined after he first accepts, gets accused of being a traitor and threatened with exile, then changes his mind); Physics: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904-90), Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (1908-90), and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895-1971) (Soviet Union) [Cherenkov-Vavilov Effect]; Chem.: Frederick Sanger (1918-) (U.K.) [insulin amino acid sequence]; Medicine: Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) [bacterial mating with gene exchange], George Wells Beadle (1903-89) (U.S.) and Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909-75) (U.S.) [gene control of metabolism]. Inventions: On Jan. 30 the first 2-way moving sidewalk (1,435 ft.) opens at Dallas Love Field Airport in Tex. On Mar. 25 after the first unit is rolled out on Oct. 4, 1957 (Sputnik I launch day), the $3.5M delta-winged Mach 1.98 Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow interceptor makes its first flight; too bad, on Feb. 20, 1959 (Black Fri.) it is canceled after only five are built, and Avro goes out of biz in 1962. On May 27 the tandem 2-seat twin-engine all-weather long-range supersonic Mach 2.2 McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II interceptor-fighter-bomber makes its first flight, being adopted by the U.S. Navy in 1960, later by the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force. On Dec. 25 the delta wing cigar-shaped Sukhoi Su-11 "Fishpot-C" interceptor aircraft with circular nose intake and powerful Oryol (Eagle) (Skip Spin) radar makes its first flight; too bad, after being introduced in 1964, it proves unable to combat low-flying aicraft, and only 108 are built by 1983. Bell Labs introduces the Bell 101 Modem (modulator-demodulator) for transmitting computer data along analog lines at 110 bps (baud) using frequency shift keying (FSK), and the Baudot Code patented in 1874 by French telegraph engineer Jean Maurice Emile Baudot (1845-1903); in 1962 it introduces the 300 baud Bell 103 Modem, the 2nd commercial modem. Hawaii Brewing Co. introduces the first aluminum beer can, the all-aluminum flat top for its Primo brand beer; Alcoa and Reynolds Aluminum counter with steel cans with aluminum tops and church keys, which are adopted by Coors (1959) and Schlitz, but don't catch on until Alcoa introduces the aluminum pull-top can in 1962 (originally called Zip Tabs), initially mounted on steel cans before going all-aluminum in the 1970s. Taiwan-born Japanese Nissin Foods founder Momofuko Ando (1920-2007) invents instant wheat noodle Ramen (Jap. "pull noodles") as "student noodles", becoming the greatest Japanese invention of the 20th cent.? Lego, founded in 1932 in Denmark patents its stud-and-tube coupling system for its plastic bricks, going on to become the world's biggest toy co., with $4.6B sales in 2014 vs. $4B for Mattel. The U.S. govt. establishes Project Orion to develop a spaceship powered by atomic bombs; the Aug. 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty kills it. David Paul Gregg of MCA invents the transparent mode Laserdisc, and patents it in 1961, then sells it to MCA in 1968; after Philips develops a reflective mode version, the two cos. join efforts and demonstrate the first videodisc in 1972. Am. statistician John Wilder Tukey (1915-2000) coins the term "software" in a Jan. 9 article in the Am. Mathematical Monthly, with the soundbyte that it is "at least as important to the modern electronic calculator as its 'hardware' of tubes, transistors, wire, tapes and the like"; the term hardware was coined by Paul Niquette in 1953, but this is the first time it's used in print. Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923-2005) of Texas Instruments demonstrates the first Integrated Circuit (IC) chip on Sept. 12; 6 mo. later Robert Noyce (1927-90) of Fairchild independently develops a better one. The Rotocycle aerial motor scooter is invented. The ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) 58 computer language is developed in Zurich, Switzerland by an internat. committee to avoid perceived problems with FORTRAN, becoming the first with nested function definitions and lexical scope, and the first with a formal language definition, the Algol 60 Report, which introduces the Backus-Naur Forms; ALGOL 58 is followed by ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68. New Orleans-born Donald C. "Don" Wetzel (1929-) invents the idea of the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) while waiting in line at a bank. Cadillac introduces cruise control. The first fully-reclining dental chair is introduced, allowing dental assistants to help with procedures. The Scopitone, a jukebox with embedded 16mm film viewer and magnetic soundtrack is invented in France, and spreads to the U.S. by the early 1960s, becoming a mild fad, with 500 installed in the U.S. by 1964; the last Scopitone film is made in 1978. Science: On Jan. 31 the U.S. enters the Space Age by successfully launching its first satellite into orbit, 31-lb. Explorer (Futura) 1, followed on Mar. 5 by Explorer 2 (which fails to reach Earth orbit), and on Mar. 26 by Explorer 3 (Gamma 1) (launched in conjuction with the IGY); meanwhile on May 15 the Soviets launch the 7K-lb. Sputnik III, but the U.S. follows on July 26 with Explorer 4, allowing Am. physicist James Alfred Van Allen (1914-2006) of the U. of Iowa to discover the two doughnut-shaped Van Allen Radiation Belts around Earth using Geiger counters placed aboard; in Sept. 2012 a third ring between the other two briefly appears; the Van Allen Radiation Belts of highly-charged particles will turn into X-rays when they hit metal, making it impossible for humans to travel through it, leading to the conclusion that the Apollo lunar landings were faked? In Mar. Am. chemist Charles David Keeling (1928-2005) begins measuring atmospheric CO2 on Mauna Loa, Hawaii for the Internat. Geophysical Year, obtaining an initial reading of 314 ppm, which grows to 387 ppm in 50 years, becoming known as the Keeling Curve. On Aug. 31 Fairfield, Iowa-born psychologist Harry Harlow (Israel) (1905-81) of the U. of Wisc. gives the address "The Nature of Love" at the 66th Annual Am. Psychological Assoc. Convention in Washington, D.C., reporting on his cruel isolation experiments on infant macaque and rhesus monkeys, showing how they attach to cloth-wire mothers etc., creating a firestorm of controversy that helps spawn the animal liberation movement - have a nice life, dick? Am. physicist James Alfred Van Allen (1914-2006) of the U. of Iowa discovers the two doughnut-shaped Van Allen Radiation Belts around Earth using Geiger counters placed aboard; in Sept. 2012 a third ring between the other two briefly appears. Am. physicist Philip Warren Anderson (1923-) proposes Anderson Localization, a novel containment of electrons in a highly disordered medium, winning him the 1977 Nobel Physics Prize. Scottish scientist Sir James Whyte Black (1924-) develops Inderal (Propranolol), the first successful beta blocker for treatment of hypertension, winning him the 1988 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. physicist ("the Father of the Neutron Bomb")_ Samuel Theodore Cohen (1921-2010) of Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab develops the concept of the infrastructure-saving Neutron Bomb enhanced radiation weapon, which releases its energy as neutron radiation rather than feeding it back to create more explosive power; in 1963 it begins underground tests in Nevada, is shelved by Pres. Carter in 1978 after news that it will be deployed in Europe causes protests, and is reinstated by Pres. Reagan in 1981, after which Pres. G.W. Bush starts dismantling them, completed in 2003; meanwhile France tests its first neutron bomb on June 24, 1980, but also dismantles them. Am. surgeon Michael Ellis DeBakey (1908-2008) performs the first Patch-Graft Angioplasty using Dacron grafts. Albert Ghiorso (1915-) produces the chemical element Nobelium (No) (#102) by the radioactive bombardment of curium in Stockholm. Bronxville, N.Y.-born psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-87) pub. his U. of Chicago doctoral dissertation, describing Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, identifying six developmental stages from obedience and punishment orientation to universal ethical principles or principled conscience. Aaron Bunsen Lerner (1920-2007) et al. at Yale U. isolate the hormone Melatonin from the pineal glands of rats, which turns out to regulate the Circadian Rhythm. Rome, Italy-born Am. economist Franco Modigliani (1938-2003) and Boston, Mass.-born economist Merton Howard Miller (1923-2000) of the Carnegie Inst. of Tech. pub. The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment, proposing the Modigliani-Miller Theorem, that the value of a firm is the same whether it is financed by debt or equity; Modigliani wins the 1985 Nobel Econ. Prize, and Miller the 1990 Nobel Econ. Prize. Eggplant-headed Burrhus Frederic "B.F." Skinner (1904-90) becomes prof. of psychology at Harvard U., going on to become the most influential psychologist of the 20th cent., promoting his Radical Behaviorism philosophy of science, with the soundbyte "Behave is what organisms do." Am. researcher F.S. Steward grows complete carrot plants from differentiated carrot cells, proving the possibility of cloning people? The Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is invented at Bell Labs by Charles Hard Townes (1915-) and Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921-99); they receive a patent on Mar. 22, 1960. Champaign, Ill.-born economist James Tobin (1918-2002) proposes the Tobit Modelfor censored endogenous variables. South African psychologist Joseph Wolpe (1915-97) pub. the paper "Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition", presenting his theory of Reciprocal Inhibition, leading to his theory of Systematic Desensitization for anxieties and phobias. Nonfiction: Mortimer Adler (1902-2001), The Idea of Freedom: A Dialectic Examination of the Conceptions of Freedom. Mortimer Adler (1902-2001) and Louis O. Kelso (1913-91), The Capitalist Manifesto. Mortimer Adler (1902-2001) and Milton Mayer, The Revolution in Education. Uell Stanley Andersen (1917-86), The Secret of Secrets: Your Key to Subconscious Power; "Universal Mind is a vast and all-encompassing mental and spiritual being in whom all things and events exist. The principal quality of this Mind is that it is just one, infinite in size, eternal in scope, and nothing exists outside It. It is an enormous sea of consciousness, pervading all, supporting all, and individual consciousness grows out of It. All things are made from It; It is rock, sea, bird, beast, man. All things in their true essence, then, are mental, or spiritual, and the rock itself is not a rock at all but merely an example of enclosed or restricted consciousness. Awareness is in the rock. Universal Mind is there." Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962), The Poetics of Space. William Christopher Barrett (1913-92), Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy; big hit, introducing Existentialism to the English-speaking world; dissed by critics for endorsing irrationality and distorting the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Simone Beauvoir (1908-86), Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (autobio.). Ludwig Bemelmans (1898-), My Life in Art (autobio.). Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888-1972), Mon Ami, Le Theatre (autobio.). Theodore Besterman (1904-76) (ed./tr.), The Love Letters of Voltaire to His Niece. Ray Allen Billington (1903-81), How the Frontier Shaped the American Character; pub. in Apr. ed. of American Heritage Mag.; defends Frederick Jackson's 60+-y.-o. Frontier Thesis, Paul Blanshard (1892-1980), American Freedom and Catholic Power, 2nd Ed.; read by JFK to prepare for his U.S. pres. run. Alain Bombard (1924-2005), Naufrage Volontaire; his 1952 boat trip where he allegedly proves that people can live on seawater. Daniel Boorstin, The Americans (1958-1973). Medard Boss (1903-90), The Analysis of Dreams. Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910-93), The Skills of the Economist; Principles of Economic Policy. Charles Dunbar Broad (1887-1971), Personal Identity and Survival. John F. Byrnes (1879-), All in One Lifetime (autobio.). Alfred H. Conrad (1924-70) and John R. Meyer (1927-2009), The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South; uses statistical methods and neoclassical economic theory to conclude that the notion that slavery would have disappeared without the U.S. Civil War is "a romantic hypothesis which will not stand against the facts", founding Cliometrics (New Economic History), which catches on at Purdue U., spreading through academia and causing economic historians to disappear from history depts. Grenville Clark (1882-1967) and Louis B. Sohn (1914-2006)), World Peace Through World Law; proposes expanding the U.N. into a OWG with complete disarmament, a world police force and world court system - some sohnny day? Padraic and Molly Colum, Our Friend James Joyce. Fred James Cook (1911-2003), The Unfinished Story of Alger Hiss; claims he was innocent. Carleton Stevens Coon (1904-81), Caravan: The Story of the Middle East. Richard N. Current (1912-2012), The Lincoln Nobody Knows; claims that Lincoln started out thinking like racist backwoods hicks from Ky. and Ind. then evolved; "He grew in sympathy, in the breadth of his humaneness, as he grew in other aspects of the mind and spirit. In more ways than one he succeeded in breaking through the narrow bounds of his early environment", excusing any shortcoming in his analysis with the soundbyte: "The awful fact of the assassination falls between us and the man. It is like a garish, bloodstained glass, in which all perspectives are distorted." Jonathan Worth Daniels (1902-81), Prince of Carpetbaggers. David James Davies (1893-1956), Towards Welsh Freedom (posth.); Plaid Cymru leader calls for a constitutional Welsh monarchy. Tom Dooley, The Edge of Tomorrow. William Eastlake (1917-97), The Bronc People; Checkerboard Trilogy #2. Loren Eiseley (1907-77), Darwin's Century. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Rites and Symbols of Initiation (Birth and Rebirth); Patterns in Comparative Religion. Charles Elton, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants; founds the field of invasion biology. Oriana Fallaci (1929-2006), The Seven Sins of Hollywood; preface by Orson Welles. Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) and Henri-Jean Martin, The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450-1800. Jules Feiffer (1929-), Sick Sick Sick: A Gudie to Non-Confident Living; his comic strips from the Village Voice (1956-7). Ruth Fischer, The Re-formation of Soviet Society. Shelby Foote (1916-2005), The Civil War: A Narrative (3 vols.) (1958-74); becomes std. work, albeit sympathetic to the Confed. side; incl. "Fort Sumter to Perryville" (1958), "Fredericksburg to Meridian" (1963), "Red River to Appomattox" (1974); the Ken Burns PBS-TV documentary The Civil War (Sept. 23-27, 1990), narrated by David McCullough, based on the photographs of Mathew Brady and his work makes him famous after it becomes the most-watched program in the network's history. John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), The Generalship of Alexander the Great. John Kenneth Galbraith (1908-2006), The Affluent Society; Adlai Stevenson's Keynesian economics tutor in 1952 and 1956 coins the terms "affluent society", "conventional wisdom", and "countervailing power", claiming that Americans have their basic needs met, allowing advertisers to set up "machinery for consumer-demand creation" that robs public spending and investment, calling for the elimination of poverty, govt. investment in public schools, and the creation of a New Class, with the soundbyte "The basic demand on America will be on its resources of intelligence and education"; in the intro. to the 2nd ed. he writes "The Soviets sent up the first Sputnik. No action was ever so admirably timed. Had I been younger and less formed in my political views, I would have been carried away by my gratitude and found a final resting place beneath the Kremlin Wall. I knew my book was home." Ralph Ginzburg (1929-2006), An Unhurried View of Erotica; from Bishop Leofric of Exeter in 1070 to the present. Dagmar Godowsky (1897-1975), First Person Plural (autobio.); silent film vamp. Harry Golden, Only in America. George Peabody Gooch (1873-1968), Under Six Reigns. John Gunther (1901-70), Inside Russia Today. Bray Hammond (1886-1968), Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Pulitzer Prize). Oscar Handlin (1915-2011), Al Smith and His America. Christopher Hill (1912-2003), Puritanism and Revolution. Christopher Hills (1926-97), The Power of Increased Perception. Sir Edmund Hillary (1919-) and Sir Vivian Fuchs (1908-99), The Crossing of Antarctica. Albert Otto Hirschman (1915-2012), The Strategy of Economic Development; aruges for the need for unbalanced growth in developing countries that are short of decision-making skills, which can be stimulated by disequilibria, mobilizing resources, and encouraging industries with a large number of linkages to other firms. L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86), Have You Lived Before This Life? (Dec.); "Forty-one actual case histories" of reincarnation and past-life experiences, gleaned from auditing with an e-meter at the Church of Scientology's Fifth London Advanced Clinical Course held in Oct.-Nov., exploring the questions: "How does a thetan behave when the body dies?", "When and how does a thetan pick up a new body?", and "What causes someone to have a 'famous person' fixation?" Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), Anatomy of Me: A Wonderer in Search of Herself (autobio.). Julian Huxley (1887-1975), New Bottles for New Wine. Fred Charles Ikle (1924-2011), The Social Impact of Bomb Destruction (first book); his U. of Chicago doctorate, about Dresden and Nagasaki, launching his career as a U.S. defense expert, getting him a meeting with Henry Kissinger that cuiminates in in a job as dir. of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1973-7 and U.S. under-secy. of defense for policy in 1981-8. Elizabeth Jenkins (1905-2010), Elizabeth the Great; Elizabeth I of England. Franz Kafka (1883-1924), Letters 1902-1924 (posth.). Morton Keller (1929-), In Defense of Yesterday: James M. Beck and the Politics of Conservatism, 1861-1936 (first book). George Frost Kennan (1904-2005), Russia, the Atom, and the West; The Decision to Intervene: Soviet-American Relations, 1917-1920 Vol. 2. John F. Kennedy Jr. (1917-63), A Nation of Immigrants; coins the term "a nation of immigrants" for the U.S., and calls for liberalization of immigration laws; rev. in 1964; becomes the anthem of the open borders set. Margaret Kennedy (1896-1967), The Outlaws on Parnassus; her theory of fiction writing. Jack Kerouac (1922-69), Essentials of Spontaneous Prose; compares his writing technique to jazz; "Time being of the essence in the purity of speech, sketching language is undisturbed flow from the mind of personal secret idea-words, blowing (as per jazz musician) on subject of image." Walter Kerr (1913-96), Pieces at Eight. David S. Landes (1924-2013), Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (first book). William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity; gushes over FDR and disses Harding. Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009), Structural Anthropology. Gyorgy Lukacs (1885-1971), Realism in Our Time: The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. Sir Fitzroy MacLean (1911-96), A Person from England. Curzio Malaparte (1898-1957), Io in Russia e in Cina (Me in Russia and China) (posth.). Golo Mann (1909-94), German History in the 19th and 20th Century. Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis. Bruce Redd McConkie (1915-85), Mormon Doctrine: A Compendium of the Gospel; "The first major attempt to digest, explain, and analyze all of the important doctrines of the kingdom" and "the first extensive compendium of the whole gospel - the first attempt to publish an encyclopedic commentary covering the whole field of revealed religion", which becomes a std. work for Mormons, going through three eds. by 1978; too bad, it is full of errors, and was never authorized by the LDS Church, which disses it for its authoritative tone incl. calling the Roman Catholic Church "the church of the devil" and "the great and abominable church", claiming that the "falsity of the theory of organic evolution" is the "official doctrine of the Church", dissing psychiatrity as "in many instances... a form of apostate religion which keeps sinners from repenting", and its claims that those who use contraceptives are "in rebellion against God and are guilty of gross wickedness", and that "Suicide is murder, pure and simple, and murderers are damned", and in Jan. 1960 it bans further pub. of the book, even if the 1,067 errors are corrected, then flops in 1966, allowing a rev. ed. to be pub. with a more moderate tone; in 1978 the book is changed to accomodate black priesthood, which since 1958 has defended the church's "Negro doctrine", that people of black African descent had been less valiant in the premortal life than white people, with the soundbyte: "In the pre-existent eternity various degrees of valiance and devotion to the truth were exhibited by different groups of our Father's spirit offspring. One-third of the spirit hosts of heaven came out in open rebellion and were cast out without bodies, becoming the devil and his angels. The other two-thirds stood affirmatively for Christ: there were no neutrals. To stand neutral in the midst of war is a philosophical impossibility. Of the two-thirds who followed Christ, however, some were more valiant than others. Those who were less valiant in pre-existence and who thereby had certain spiritual restrictions imposed upon them during mortality are known to us as the negroes. Negroes in this life are denied the priesthood; under no circumstances can they hold this delegation of authority from the Almighty. The present status of the negro rests purely and simply on the foundation of pre-existence. Along with all races and peoples he is receiving here what he merits as a result of the long pre-mortal probation in the presence of the Lord. The principle is the same as will apply when all men are judged according to their mortal works and are awarded varying statuses in the life hereafter"; this prohibit interracial marriage: "In a broad general sense, caste systems have their root and origin in the gospel itself, and when they operate according to the divine decree, the resultant restrictions and segregation are right and proper and have the approval of the Lord. To illustrate: Cain, Ham, and the whole negro race have been cursed with a black skin, the mark of Cain, so they can be identified as a caste apart, a people with whom the other descendants of Adam should not intermarry"; after the First Presidency and the Twelve receive their revelation on June 1, 1978 allowing blacks into the priesthood, he instantly falls in line, with the soundbyte: "It doesn't make a particle of difference what anybody ever said about the Negro matter before the first day of June 1978. It is a new day and a new arrangement, and the Lord has now given the revelation that sheds light out into the world on this subject. As to any slivers of light or any particles of darkness of the past, we forget about them. We now do what meridian Israel did when the Lord said the gospel should go to the Gentiles. We forget all the statements that limited the gospel to the house of Israel, and we start going to the Gentiles." George Mikes (1912-87), The Hungarian Revolution. Agnes de Mille (1905-93), And Promenade Home (autobio.). Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013), The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop; makes him a star, becoming the most-assigned book in U.S. history survey courses, documenting the change in understanding among Puritans of what it means to be a member of a church, "doing right in a world that does wrong", with the soundbyte: "Caught between the ideals of God's Law and the practical needs of the people, John Winthrop walked a line few could tread"; The American Revolution: A Review of Changing Interpretations; The Mirror of the Indian. Elting Elmore Morison (1909-95) (ed.), The American Style: Essays in Value and Performance. James Roy Newman (1907-66), Godel's Proof; inspires Douglas Hofstadter. John von Neumann (1903-57), The Computer and the Brain (Jan. 1) (posth.) (unfinished); trying to pinpoint similarities and differences; "The most immediate observation regarding the nervous system is that its functioning is prima facie digital"; Thus the outward forms of our mathematics are not absolutely relevant from the point of view of evaluating what the mathematical or logical language truly used by the central nervous system is. However, the above remarks about reliability and logical and arithmetical depth prove that whatever the system is, it cannot fail to differ considerably from what we consciously and explicitly consider as mathematics." Philip Noel-Baker (1889-1982), The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament. Charles Norman (1904-96), The Magic-Maker: E.E. Cummings. De Lacy O'Leary (1872-1957), Arabic Thought and Its Place in History (posth.). Harry Allen Overstreet (1875-1970) and Bonaro Wilkinson Overstreet (1902-85), What We Must Know About Communism; bestseller. Gustavus S. Paine, The Learned Men; former ed. of the Christian Science Monitor writes about the King James Bible translators; Ward Allen of Auburn U. discovers that he used a lost set of notes by the original translators in the Bodleian Library, exposing the backstage shenanigans and debates. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960), I Remember (autobio.). Raphael Patai (1910-96), Sex and the Family in the Bible and the Middle East. R.S. Peters, The Concept of Motivation. The Pontifical Biblical Inst. pub. "the first complete Catholic translation" of the Bible "from the original texts", restoring the divine name in the form "Jahve". Charles Petrie (1895-1977), The Powers Behind the Prime Ministers; Daniel O'Conor: His Family and His Times; The Spanish Royal House. William Phillips (1914-75), The Relation Between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957; reports an inverse historical relationship between money wage rates (or inflation) and unemployment, becoming known as the Phillips Curve. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Barbel Inhelder (1913-97), The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. Laurens van der Post (1906-96), The Lost World of the Kalahari. Roger Price (1918-90), Mad Libs; starts a craze with stories filled with blanks that you fill in yourself. Joan Robinson (1903-83), China: An Economic Perspective. Sir Steven Runciman (1903-2000), The Sicilian Vespers. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Understanding History and Other Essays. W. Cleon Skousen, The Naked Commnist; Communist goals to subvert the U.S.; read into the Congressional Record in 1963. Huston Smith (1919-), The World's Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions (The Religions of Man); bestseller (2M copies); popular intro. to comparative religion. J.D. Stewart, British Pressure Groups: Their Role in Relation to the House of Commons. Telford Taylor (1908-98), The March of Conquest: The German Victories in Western Europe, 1940. Edward Teller (1908-2003) and Albert L. Latter, Our Nuclear Future: Facts, Dangers, and Opportunities; nukes can be used with minimal side-effects? Philip Toynbee (1916-81), The Fearful Choice: A Debate on Nuclear Policy. Barbara W. Tuchman (1912-89), The Zimmermann Telegram. Alan W. Watts (1915-73), The New Alchemy; explores human consciousness; Alan W. Watts (1915-73), Nature, Man, and Woman. Rebecca West (1892-1983), The Court and the Castle: Some Treatments of a Recurring Theme. Sir John W. Wheeler-Bennett (1902-75), King George VI: His Life and Reign; official bio. Leonard Dupee White (1891-1958), The Republican Era: 1869-1901 (Pulitzer Prize); pt. 4 of 4 of "A Study in Administrative History" (1948, 1951, 1954). Arthur Walworth (1903-2005), Woodrow Wilson, Vol. 1: American Prophet (Pulitzer Prize); Woodrow Wilson, Vol. 2: World Prophet; biased in Wilson's favor? Simone Weil (1909-43), Intimations of Christianity Among the Ancient Greeks (posth.). Sidney Weintraub (1914-83), An Approach to the Theory of Income Distribution (Jan. 1). Arnold Wesker (1932-), I'm Talking about Jerusalem. Elie Wiesel (1928-2016), Night (autobio.); in 1944 he arrives at Birkenau, entry point for Auschwitz after a little hanky panky on the train?; Moshe the Beadle; "To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive; to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time." Raymond Henry Williams (1921-88), Culture and Society, 1780-1950; the notion of culture developed in response to the Industrial Rev.? William Appleman Williams (1921-90), America and the Middle East: Open Door Imperialism or Enlightened Leadership?; uses John Hay's 1899 Open Door Note to claim that the U.S. has gone imperialistic ever since the closing of the internal frontier, with the central goal of diplomacy being to avoid facing domestic problems of race and class by escaping through world politics to expand and protect their global capitalist frontier, with the aim "to establish the conditions under which America's preponderant economic power would extend the American system throughout the world without the embarrassment and inefficiency of traditional colonialism." Richard Wright (1908-60), The Long Dream. Michael Young (1915-2002), The Rise of the Meritocracy; writes it for the Fabian Society, who refuse to pub. it.; coins the term "meritocracy", using it with negative connotations, only to see it become a desirable goal with the New Labour govt. Vladimir Zworykin (1889-1982), Television in Science and Industry. Art: Milton Avery (1885-1965), Dark Forest; Sea Grasses and Blue Sea; Green Sea. Angelo de Benedetto, Time and Light and Space. James Brooks, Acanda. Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), Les Oiseaux Fleuris; Les Personnages-Poissons. Jasper Johns (1930-), Three Flags; in 1980 the Whitney Museum of Am. Art pays a record $1M for it, highest price paid for the work of a living artist (until ?); in 1988 Sotheby's auctions it for $17.05M; in 2006 it is sold by David Geffen for $80M; on Nov. 11, 2014 a 1983 vers. is auctioned by Sotheby's for $36M. Yves Klein (1928-62), RE 1; uses his new Internat. Klein Blue paint; sells for $6.7M at Christie's in New York in Nov. 2000. Franz Kline, C and O. Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Etre Cible Nous Monde; L'Etang de No; The Infancy of Concentration; Les Eviteurs; Le Courier. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Reclining Figure (UNESCO Bldg., Paris). Louise Nevelson (1900-88), Sky Cathedral (sculpture). Isamu Noguchi (1904-88), Sculpture Garden for the Paris UNESCO Building. Serge Poliakoff, Composition in Blue-Yellow-Red-Brown. Larry Rivers (1923-2002), V-8 (abstract). Endre Rozsda (1913-99), Martyr Children in Paradise; Planet. Dieter Roth (1930-98), Bok (Book); a book with holes cut in the pages which the reader can rearrange as desired. Jawad Salim, Monument of Freedom (sculpture) (Baghdad, Iraq). H.C. Westermann (1922-81), The Mysteriously Abandoned New Home; Memorial to the Idea of Man, If He Was an Idea (a pine chest with bottle caps, cast tin toys, etc.). Music: Roy Acuff (1903-92), Once More (#8 country). Paul Anka (1941-), Let the Bells Keep Ringing; Verboten. Jan and Arnie, Jennie Lee. Little Anthony and the Imperials, Tears on My Pillow (#4 in the U.S.) (1M copies); Two People in the World; from New York City, incl. Jerome Anthony Gourdine. Frankie Avalon (1939-), Dede Dinah; holds his nose while recording it. Chet Baker (1929-88), It Could Happen to You (album) (Oct. 1958); incl. It Could Happen to You, I'm Old Fashioned, My Heart Stood Still. Samuel Barber (1910-81), Vanessa (opera) (Pulitzer Prize); written for Maria Callas, who bows out, making a star of Eleanor Steber; incl. Must The Winter Come So Soon? The Teddy Bears, To Know Him is To Love Him (Aug.) (#1 in the U.S.); written and sung by Harvey Philip "Phil" Spector (1939-), about his late father; incl. Marshall Leib, Harvey Goldstein, Annette Kleinbard (Carol Connors) (1940-), Sander L. "Sandy" Nelson (1938-) (drums); when it goes #1, Elvis Presley contacts Kleinbard and hooks up with her in Mar. 1960 when he returns to the U.S. Chuck Berry (1926-2017), Sweet Little Sixteen; Beautiful Delilah; Carol; Sweet Little Rock and Roller/ Jo Jo Gunne; Merry Christmas Baby/ Run Rudolph Run; Johnny B. Goode; "Way down in Louisiana down in New Orleans"; chosen as one of the top achievements of humanity for the Voyager I payload. Boots Brown and His Blockbusters, Cerveza. Pat Boone (1934-), A Wonderful Time Up There (#4 in the U.S.); Sugar Moon (#5 in the U.S.); If Dreams Came True (#7 in the U.S.); Cherie, I Love You (#63 in the U.S.). Pierre Boulez (1925-), Le Visage Nuptial (cantata). Jacques Brel (1929-78), Au Printemps. Benjamin Britten (1913-76), Noye's Fludde (Noah's Flood) (opera). Chester Arthur "Howlin' Wolf" Burnett (1910-76), Moanin' in the Moonlight (album). Jerry Butler (1939-), For Your Precious Love (debut) (#11 in the U.S.). The Champs, Tequila (#1 in the U.S.); from Santa Paula, Calif., incl. Daniel "Danny" Flores (1929-2006) AKA Chuck Rio (vocals, sax) ("Godfather of Latino Rock"); starts the rock and roll instrumental craze; produced by Challenge Records, owned by cowboy star Gene Autry. David Seville and The Chipmunks, The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late) (#1 in the U.S.) (4.5M copies); a speeded-up version of "Around the World" (1956), created by Fresno, Calif.-born Rostom Sipan "Ross" Bagdasarian (1919-1972), who goes under the stage name David Seville, and voices the singing chipmunks Alvin (black spectacles), Simon, and Theodore, becoming the first Christmas song to reach #1 in the U.S. (until ?), winning three Grammys. The Chordettes, Lollipop (written by Julius Dixson and Beverly Ross) (#2 in the U.S.) (#6 in the U.K.). Van Cliburn (1934-), Tchaikovsky: Concerto No. 1 in B Flat Minor, Op. 23 (album). Jimmy Clanton (1938-), Just a Dream (#4 in the U.S.) (1M copies); makes him the "swamp pop R&B teenage idol". The Coasters, Yakety Yak (#1 in the U.S.). Eddie Cochran (1938-60), Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie (Jan.) (#94 in the U.S.); Pretty Girl (May); Summertime Blues / Love Again (July) (#8 in the U.S.); C'mon Everybody (Oct.) (#35 in the U.S.). Cozy Cole (1909-81), Topsy Part 1; Topsy Part 2; sells 1M copies; the 1938 Benny Goodman hit. Nat King Cole (1919-65), Cole Espanol (album); St. Louis Blues; The Very Thought of You; To Whom It May Concern. Perry Como (1912-2001), Catch A Falling Star; Kewpie Doll. The Crests, 16 Candles (#2 in the U.S.) (1M copies); from New York City; fronted by Italian-Am. singer Johnny Maestro (Mastrangelo) (1939-2010), along with two male blacks (J.T. Carter, Talmoudge Gough), one female black (Patricia Van Dross, elder sister of Luther Vandross), and a Puerto Rican (Harold Torres). Bobby Darin (1936-73), Splish Splash (#3 in the U.S., #18 in the U.K.); written by Darin and DJ Murray "the K" Kaufman; features the sound of him taking a bath; the first 8-track recording on vinyl. Katherine K. Davis, Henry V. Onorati, and Harry Simeone, Little Drummer Boy. Robert Dhery and Gerard Calvi, La Plume de ma Tante. Bobby Day (1928-90), Rockin' Robbin. The Diamonds, The Stroll (by Clyde Otis and Nancy Lee) (#4 in the U.S.); starts a dance craze. Bo Diddley (1928-2008), Bo Diddley (album) (debut). Dion (1939-) and The Belmonts, I Wonder Why (debut) (#22 in the U.S.); Fred Milano, Carlo Mastroangelo; No One Knows (#19 in the U.S.); Dion Francis DeMucci (1939-). Fats Domino (1928-2017), Yes My Darling; Sick and Tired; No, No; Little Mary; Young School Girl; Whole Lotta Loving (#6 in the U.S., #10 in the U.K.); Coquette. Duane Eddy (1938-) and The Rebels, Movin' N' Groovin' (#27 in the U.S.) (Jamie Records); incl. Steve Douglas, Jim Horn, and Larry Knechtel (keyboards); co-written by producer Lee Hazlewood; recorded in Phoenix, Ariz. with a 2K gal. water storage tanks as an echo chamber; opening riff is lifted from Chuck Berry's "Brown Eyed Handsome Man", which is later copied by the Beach Boys in "Surfin' U.S.A."; Rebel Rouser (#6 in the U.S.) (#19 in the U.K.) (1M copies); saxophone by Gil Bernal; yells and hand claps by the Rivingtons; Ramrod (#27 in the U.S.), Cannonball (#15 in the U.S.) (#22 in the U.K.). Tommy Edwards (1922-69), It's All in the Game (#1 in the U.S. and U.K.) (3.5M copies); composed by U.S. vice-pres. Charles Gates Dawes in 1912 as "Melody in A Major", with lyrics written in 1951 by Carl Sigman (1909-2000). Bill Evans (1929-80), Everybody Digs Bill Evans (album #2); incl. Young and Foolish (with Tony Bennett), Night and Day. The Everly Brothers, All I Have to Do Is Dream (#1 country) (#1 in the U.S.), Bird Dog (#1 country) (#3 in the U.S.), Devoted to You (#7 country) (#10 in the U.S.). Ella Fitzgerald (1917-96), Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Songbook (album). Connie Francis (1938-), You Were Only Fooling; Who's Sorry Now?; written in 1923 by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby; sells 1M copies, making her an instant star. Ferde Grofe (1892-1972), Al Gallordo's Serenade for Saxophone and Piano. Alexei Haieff (1914-94), Symphony No. 2 (Boston) (Apr. 11). Roy Hamilton, Don't Let Go. Hans Werner Henze (1926-), Ondine (ballet) (London); Der Prinz von Homburg (opera); revised in 1992. Billie Holiday (1915-59), Lady in Satin (June) (last album); incl. I'm a Fool to Want You. John Lee Hooker (1917-2001), I Love You Honey (June 10). Robert John (1946-), White Bucks and Saddle Shoes (#74 in the U.S.). The Kingston Trio, The Kingston Trio (album) (debut) (June 2) (#1 in the U.S.); helps make LPs popular; based in Palo Alto, Calif., incl. Donald David "Dave" Guard (1934-91), Robert Castle "Bob" Shane (Shoen) (1934-), and Nicholas Wells "Nick" Reynolds (1933-2008), who is later replaced by John Coburn Stewart (1939-2008); incl. Tom Dooley (#1 in the U.S.) (3M copies); based on Confed. soldier Thomas C. "Tom" Dula (1845-68), who was hanged in Statesville, N.C. for murdering Laura Foster. The Four Lads, There's Only One of You; Enchanted Island; The Girl on Page 44. Brenda Lee (1944-), Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree (Oct. 19) (#14 in the U.S., #6 in the U.K.); written by Johnny Marks; sells only 5K copies the first year, but goes viral in 1960 and sells 25M copies by 2008. Peggy Lee (1920-2002), Fever; adds her own lyrics "Romeo loved Juliet... Captain Smith and Pocahontas had a very mad affair" (see 1608 C.E.). Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006), Apparitions (1958-9). Abbey Lincoln (1930-2010), It's Magic (album #3); incl. I Am in Love (by Cole Porter). Kathy Linden, Billy (#7 in the U.S.) (written is founded); married woman pretends to be a girl; Why Oh Why; You'd Be Surprised; married and in her 20s, the Felsted Record Co. portrays her as a child? Bill Mack, Blue; "Blue/Oh, so lonesome for you/Why can't you be blue over me?"; Patsy Cline dies in a plane crash before her hubby Charlie Dick can review it for her. J. Marks, Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree. Henry Mancini (1924-94), Music from Peter Gunn (album); wins the first album of the year Grammy (for 1959). Johnny Mathis (1935-), Johnny's Greatest Hits (album) (first greatest hits album in music history, it spends 490 weeks on the Billboard album chart, setting a record not broken until Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon"); incl. A Certain Smile. Olivier Messiaen (1908-92), Catalogue d'Oiseaux; 13 pieces for piano, each imitating a different bird's song. The McGuire Sisters, Ding Dong; Volare (Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu). Clyde McPhatter (1932-72), A Lover's Question (#6 in the U.S.). Gian Carlo Menotti (1911-2007), Maria Golovin (opera) (Brussels). Thelonious Monk (1917-82), Thelonious in Action (album #8); recorded on Aug. 7; Misterioso (album #9); recorded on Aug. 7; incl. Misterioso, In Walked Bud. The Monotones, The Book of Love (#5 in the U.S.); 1-hit wonder African-Am. doowop group from Newark, N.J. Bill Monroe (1911-96) and His Blue Grass Boys, Knee Deep in Bluegrass (album) (debut) (Decca). Domenico Modugno (1928-94), Volare (Nel Blu di Pinto di Blu); summer hit in the U.S. Douglas Moore (1893-1969), Gallantry (opera). Jane Morgan (1924-), The Day the Rains Came Down. Ruby Murray (1935-96), Real Love. Ricky Nelson (1940-85), Ricky Nelson (album #2) (July). Luigi Nono (1924-90), Diario Polacoo, Composition No. 2 (1958-9). Roy Orbison (1936-88), Seems to Me (Sept.); Sweet and Innocent (Sept.). Johnny Otis (1921-2012), Hand Jive (#9 in the U.S.). Oscar Peterson (1925-2007), On the Town with the Oscar Peterson Trio (album); A Jazz Portrait of Frank Sinatra (album). The Platters, Twilight Time (Apr.); You're Making a Mistake (June); I Wish (Sept.); It's Raining Outside (Sept.); Smoke Gets in Your Eyes (Oct.). The Poni-Tails, Born Too Late (#7 in the U.S.); from Cleveland, Ohio, incl. Toni Cistone, Karen Topinka, and Patti McCabe. Joe Poovey (1941-98), Ten Long Fingers; next year he switches back to country music under the name Johnny Dallas. The Four Preps, Big Man (#3 in the U.S.), 26 Miles (Santa Catalina) (#2 in the U.S.) (1M copies). Elvis Presley (1935-77), Don't/ I Beg of You (Jan.); Elvis Golden Records Vol. 1 (Mar.); Wear My Ring Around Your Neck/ Doncha Think It's Time (Apr.); Hard-Headed Woman/ Don't Ask Me Why (June); King Creole (album) (Aug.); incl. King Creole; One Night With You/ I Got Stung (Oct.); Elvis' Christmas Album (It's Christmas Time) (Oct. 15) (#1 in the U.S.); incl. Blue Christmas; Elvis Sails (album) (Dec.); Christmas with Elvis (album) (Dec.). Andre Previn (1929-) and Dory Previn (1925-), The Leprechauns Are Upon Me (album). Louis Prima (1910-78) and Keely Smith (1932-), That Old Black Magic. Tito Puente (1923-2000), Dance Mania (album). Jim Reeves (1923-64), Billy Bayou (#1 country) (#95 in the U.S.). Cliff Richard (1940-) and The Shadows, Move It (debut) (Aug. 29) (#2 in the U.K.); first genuine British rock record?; "Before Cliff and the Shadows, there had been nothing worth listening to in British music" (John Lennon); written by Ian Samwell; pioneers the 4-member rock group format; members incl. Ken Pavey, Harry Webb, Ian "Sammy" Samwell (1937-2003), Terry Smart (drums), John Farrar (1946-), Norman Mitham, Jet Harris (1939-)/Brian Locking (1940-)/John Rostill (1942-73), and Alan Hawkshaw, some of whom later hook up with Olivia Newton-John; High Class Baby (#7 in the U.K.). Little Richard (1932-2020), Good Golly, Miss Molly (#10 in the U.S.); too bad, on Oct. 12 after becoming a born-again Christian, he quits rock & roll. J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson (1930-59), Chantilly Lace (#6 in the U.S.). Marty Robbins (1925-82), The Story of My Life (#1 country) (#15 in the U.S.), Just Married (#1 country) (#26 in the U.S.). Jimmie Rodgers (1933-), Kisses Sweeter than Wine; Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again; Secretly; Are You Really Mind. Rodgers and Hammerstein, Flower Drum Song (musical) (Dec. 1) (New York); baed on the 1957 C.Y. Lee novel. David Rose (1910-90), The Stripper; by Judy Garland's 1st hubby (1941-4); becomes famous for its lascivious trombone tones, being used as a stripsease song in many movies and a famous Noxzema shave cream TV ad featuring Swedish model Gunilla Knutson telling men to "Take it off, take it all off". William Howard Schuman, When Jesus Wept. Neil Sedaka (1939-), The Diary; No Vacancy. Pete Seeger (1919-2014), Gazette, Vol. 1 (album). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Symphony No. 4; String Quintet. Dinah Shore (1916-94), Moments Like These (album). The Silhouettes, Get a Job; Sha Na Na later takes its name from the chorus. Frank Sinatra (1915-98), Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely (album); incl. Only the Lonely; Come Fly with Me (album); incl. Come Fly with Me. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Threni-id est Lamentationes Jeremiae Prophetae. Sonny Terry (1911-86) and Brownie McGhee (1915-96), record Folk Songs of Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee (Folkways Records); incl. Cornbread, Peas and Black Molasses, Southern Train, Sitting on Top of the World. The Tielman Brothers, Rock Little Baby of Mine; Dutch-Indonesian rock & roll band pioneers Elvis-type Indorock in the Netherlands. Mel Tillis (1932-) and the Statesiders, The Violet and a Rose; Sawmill; his first Billboard country charters. Sir Michael Tippett (1905-98), Crown of the Year (cantata); King Priam (opera) (1958-61). Art and Dotty Todd, Chanson d'Amour (Song of Love); written by Wayne Shanklin; in Apr. it competes with a vers. by the Fontane Sisters. Conway Twitty (1933-93), It's Only Make Believe (MGM Records), the B-side of "I'll Try", which was discovered by an Ohio radio station, becoming his first of 40 #1 Billboard country hits; at first his voice is confused with Elvis Presley's. Edgar Varese (1883-1965), Poeme Electronique. Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), We're Not Alone; Kewpie Doll; Wonderful Things; Am I Wasting My Time On You. Billy Vaughn (1919-91) and His Orchestra, Sail Along (album). Gene Vincent (1935-71) and His Blue Caps, Rip It Up. Jackie Wilson (1934-84), Lonely Teardrops. Sheb Wooley (1921-2003), The Purple People Eater (June) (#1 in the U.S.). Link Wray (1929-2005), Rumble (Apr.) (debut) (#16 in the U.S.); invents the power chord, making heavy rock possible. Movies: Louis Malle's Les Amants (The Lovers) (Sept. 30), an adultery flick based on the novel "Point de Lendemain" by Dominique Vivant stars Jeanne Moreau as Jeanne Tournier; results in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court obscenity case "Jacobellis v. Ohio". Jodie Copelan's Ambush at Cimarron Pass (Mar.) stars Scott Brady as Sgt. Matt Blake, and Clint Eastwood as Keith Williams, whom Brady beats up for the first (last?) time ever onscreen?; "Probably the lousiest Western ever made." (Eastwood) Louis Malle's Ascenseur pour L'Echafaud (Elevator to the Gallows) (Jan. 28), the dir. debut of Louis Malle (1932-95) makes an internat. star of Jeanne Moreau (1928-), "the new Bardot", and features a score by Miles Davis. Andrzej Wajda's Ashes and Diamonds (Popiol i Diament), based on a novel by Jerzy Andrzewski stars Zbigniew Cybulski as a WWII Polish resistance fighter; released in the U.S. on May 29, 1961. Nathan H. Juran's Attack of the 50 Ft. Woman (May 19) stars Allison Hayes as wealthy Calif. woman Nancy Fowler Archer, who has an encounter with an ET and grows you know how tall; an excuse to let the audience look up a woman's skirt?; refilmed in 1993 starring Darryl Hannah, in 1995 as "Attack of the 50 foot Centerfold" starring J.J. North, and in 2012 as "Attack of the 50 Foot Cheerleader" in 3-D starring Jena Sims. Morton DaCosta's Auntie Mame (Dec. 27) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1955 novel by Patrick Dennis stars Rosalind Russell as Mame Dennis, Jan Handzlik and Roger Smith as Patrick Dennis, Forrest Tucker as Beauregard Jackson Pickett Burnside, and Coral Browne as Vera Charles. Delmer Daves' The Badlanders (Sept. 3), based on the novel "The Asphalt Jungle" by W.R. Burnett stars Alan Ladd and Ernest Borgnine, and makes a star of hot recently-divorced Claire Kelly (Claire Ann Green) (1934-98) as Ada Winton; in 1959 Kelly is called "the screen's most exciting discovery since Rita Hayworth", preferring wealthy playboys and once calling Prince Aly Khan "gauche" and Elvis Presley "a mere child" before marrying wealthy banking heir Robert Alan Kenaston Jr. (-1995) (son of actress Billie Dove), followed by wealthy Robert Murphy. Keisuke Kinoshita's The Ballad of Narayama (June 1), based on the 1956 novel by Shichiro Fukuzawa tells the tale of 19th cent. Japanese grandmother Orin (Kinuyo Tanaka), who must be carted up to Mt. Narayama to die since she's approaching 70; refilmed in 1983. Richard Quine's Bell, Book and Candle (Dec. 19) stars James Stewart, Kim Novak, and Jack Lemmon in a love triangle complicated by the fact that the dame (Gillian Holroyd) is a witch. William Wyler's The Big Country (Oct. 1) (United Artists), a sprawling Western saga based on the 1958 Donald Hamilton novel stars Gregory Peck as retired sea Capt. James McKay, who heads west to marry Patricia Terrill (Carroll Baker) on the ranch of her daddy Maj. Terrill (Charles Bickford), then clashes with ranch foreman Steve Leech (Charlton Heston) and joins in a water rights feud with neighbor Rufus Hannassey (Burl Ives); meanwhile Patricia's best friend Julie Maragon (Jean Simmons) owns the Big Muddy, a ranch with the key source of water, allowing her to play peacemaker; Chuck Connors plays eldest son Buck Hannessey, who lusts after Julie; Mexican actor Alfonso Bedoya (Gold Hat in "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre") plays Ramon Guiteras, and dies after filming; a favorite of Ike because it's all really a fable about the Cold War, and how diplomacy beats mutually-assured destruction (MAD)? Irvin S. Yeaworth Jr.'s The Blob (Sept. 12) (Fairview Productions) (Paramount Pictures) stars Steve McQueen in his first starring role as teen rebel Steve Andrews, who saves a small rural Penn. town from an aggressive ET jello; Aneta Corsau plays Steve's girl Jane Martin; "It's indescribable, it's indestructible, it's insatiable"; does $4M box office on a $110K budget. Henry King's The Bravados (June 25), based on the Frank O'Rourke novel stars Gregory Peck as Jim Douglass, who pursues four outlaws who murdered his wife, only to find them in jail, after which they break out, and he chases them; also stars Joan Collins as Josefa Velarde, and Stephen Boyd as Bill Zachary. Budd Boetticher's Buchanan Rides Alone (Aug. 1) is a Western starring Randolph Scott as Tom Buchanan, who gets in a feud with the Agry family in the Calif. border town of Agry. Lewis Gilbert's Carve Her Name with Pride (Sept. 8) stars Virginna McKenna as French Resistance agent Violette Szabo, who is exposed, captured, tortured and executed in Ravensbrook Camp; she uses the 1943 poem "The Life That I Have" by British cryptographer Leo Marks (1920-2001) as her code key. Gerald Thomas' Carry On Sergeant (Anglo-Amalgamated) (Aug. 1), produced by Peter Rogers and written by Norman Hudis and John Antrobus based on the play "The Bull Boys" by R.F. Delderfield; about retiring Sgt. Grimshaw (William Hartnell) receives new recruits Charlie (Bob Monkhouse), hypochondriac Horace Strong (Kenneth Connor), failure Herbert Brown (Norman Rossington), upper-class cadet Miles Heywood (Terence Longdon), rocker Andy Galloway (Gerald Campion), dainty whimp Peter Golightly (Charles Hawtry), and superior univ. graduate James Bailey (Kenneth Williams), and makes a bet with Sgt. O'Brien (Terry Scott) that he will turn them into a champion platoon, deciding to use kindness rather than shouting; Hattie Jacques plays medical officer Capt. Clark; music by the Coldstream Guards Band; a hit, becoming the first of 31 low-budget Carry On Films (1958-78, 1992). Richard Brooks' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (Sept. 20) (MGM), based on the 1955 Tennessee Williams play stars Elizabeth Taylor as Margaret "Maggie the Cat" Pollitt, Burl Ives as dying Harvey "Big Daddy" Pollitt, and Paul Newman as her alcoholic ex-football player skirt chaser hubby Brick Pollitt; "Mendacity is a system that we live in" (Brick); does $11.28M box office on a $2.35M budget. Pierre Gaspard-Huit's Christine, based on the novel "Liebelei" by Arthur Schnitzler stars Romy Schneider and her partner (1958-63) Alain Delon. Quentin Lawrence's The Crawling Eye (Trollenberg Terror) (Oct. 7) stars Laurence Payne as journalist Philip Truscott, and Forrest Tucker as U.N. troubleshooter Alan Brooks, who deal with ET monsters with Molotov cocktails and bombing raids. George Francis Abbott's Damn Yankees (Sept. 26) is a film adaptation of the Richard Adler and Jerry Ross musical, starring Tab Hunter as Joe Hardy, red-headed Gwen Verdon as his babe Lola, and Ray Walston as the devil Mr. Applegate. Stanley Kramer's The Defiant Ones (Sept. 27) stars Sidney Poitier (1927-), who becomes the first black Hollywood actor to achieve leading man status and be accepted by a white audience for his performance chained to Tony Curtis; it takes six more years for him to earn an Oscar. Kurt Neumann's The Fly (Aug. 29) (20th Cent. Fox) stars Vincent Price as Francois, the brother of mad scientist Andre Delambre (David Hedison), who turns himself into a fly, but not quite, only his head, while his human head gets transplanted to a white-headed fly in the most shocking and sensational horror scene in 1950s film history?; Patricia Owens plays Andre's wife Helen; does $3M box office on a $495K budget; followed by "Return of the Fly" (1959) and "Curse of the Fly" (1965); remade in 1986 by David Cronenberg; "Once it was human - even as you and I." Byron Haskin's From the Earth to the Moon (Nov. 26), based on the 1865 Jules Verne novel stars Joseph Cotten, George Sanders, Debra Paget, and Don Dubbins. Vincente Minnelli's Gigi (May 15) (MGM), written by Alan Jay Lerner based on the 1944 Colette novel stars Leslie Caron as the courtesan of wealthy Gaston (Louis Jordan), who prefers her to his wife, although he also snacks at Eva Gabor's vapid Y; Maurice Chevalier plays Gaston's uncle, and Hermione Gingold plays Gigi's grandmother; one of the first MGM films to be shot on location, it becomes MGM's last great musical, and last produced by Arthur Freed; music by Frederick Loewe and Andre Previn; wins all nine of its Oscar nominations; Chevalier sings "Thank Heaven for Little Girls"; Sir Cecil Beaton (1904-80) wins an Oscar for costume design; does $13.2M box office on a $3.3M budget. Paul Henreid's Girls on the Loose (Apr.), written by Alan Friedman is about girl gangs, featuring Mara Corday and Barbara Bostock, who give male voyeurs an eyeful with their big-breasted catfights. Gene Fowler Jr.'s I Married a Monster from Outer Space (Oct. 1) stars Tom Tryon as an alien, and Gloria Talbott as a human babe he tries to mate with after all the alien babes on his home planet die out. Stanley Donen's Indiscreet (June 26) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1594 Norman Krasna play "Kind Sir" stars Cary Grant as handsome bachelor economist Philip Adams, who hooks up with Anna Kalman (Ingrid Berman), and pretends to be married until she finds out; does $8M box office in the U.S. Mark Robson's The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (Nov. 23) (20th Cent. Fox), based on the 1957 Alan Burgess novel "The Small Woman" about 1930s English missionary Gladys Aylward (1902-70), played by Ingrid Bergman leading a group of children (from Liverpool) through war-torn China (filmed in Snowdonia, North Wales); Robert Donat's last film (his last words in the film: "We shall not see each other again, I think. Farewell"); introduces the children's marching song This Old Man; "This old man he played drum (shoe, tree, door, hive, sticks, oven, gate, line, hen), he played nick-nack on my ..." Robert Wise's I Want to Live! (Nov. 18), based on a true story stars Susan Hayward as ho Barbara Graham, who claims she was framed for murdering an elderly woman and sentenced to the gas chamber; produced by Walter Wanger; the screen debut of tough guy Simon Oakland (1915-83) as the "tough but compassionate" journalist who speaks up for Barbara. Martin Ritt's The Long Hot Summer (May 18), based on the William Faulkner story stars Paul Newman as a wanderer who latches onto a tyrannical Miss. family; his first film with wife Joanne Woodward, as Clara Varner; sexiest men's underwear scene ever? Roger Corman's B&W Machine-Gun Kelly (Am. Internat. Pictures) (Allied Artists) is a film noir starring Charles Bronson in his first film lead role, earning critical praise; features Morey Amsterdam as his traitor partner Michael Fandango. Irving Rapper's Marjorie Morningstar (Oct. 24), based on the 1955 Herman Wouk novel stars Natalie Wood as a failed actress who ends up a housewife; also stars Gene Kelly. Peter Glenville's Me and the Colonel (Oct.), based on the Franz Werfel play "Jacobowsky and the Colonel" stars Danny Kaye as Jewish refugee S.L. Jacobowsky, who finds himself stuck with anti-Semitic Polish Col. Prokoszny (Curt Jurgens) on a trip out of Paris to evade the Nazis. Frank Capra's Meteora: The Unchained Goddess (Feb. 12); debuts on the Bell Science Hour, starring Richard Carlson and Dr. Frank C. Baxter, warning of CO2-driven global warming and melting of the polar ice caps, with the soundbyte: "An inland sea would fill a good portion of the Mississippi Valley. Tourists in glass-bottomed boats would be viewing the drowned towers of Miami through 150 feet of tropical water"; it goes on to be shown in U.S. middle school science classrooms for decades. Jacques Tati's Mon Oncle (My Uncle) (Nov. 3) is about Luddite Monsieur Hulot helping his nephew fight his automation-loving parents. Bernard L. Kowalski's Night of the Blood Beast (original title "Creature from Galaxy 27") (B&W), produced by Roger Corman and his brother Gene Corman debuts, about a cheesy-looking alien creature who implants embryos in the body of astronaut John Corcoran (Michael Emmet) in orbit then stalks him on Earth. Roy Ward Baker's A Night to Remember (July 1), written by Eric Ambler based on the book by Walter Lord and filmed in Britain capitalizes on the 1953 hit "Titanic". Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest (July 28) (MGM) stars Cary Grant (after Jimmy Stewart is dumped when "Vertigo" flops at the box office) as Madison Ave. ad exec Roger O. Thornhill, who is taken for a govt. spy and has to flee across country with babe Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint); Leo G. Carroll plays the Professor, and James Mason plays real spy Phillip Vandamm; does $9.8M box office on a $4.3M budget; the film debut of Bruce MacLeish Dern (1936-) in an uncredited role. Seth Holt's Nowhere to Go (Dec. 2) (Ealing Films) (MGM) stars George Nader as escaped criminal Paul Gregory, who is shunned by the criminal community, throwing him in the arms of Bridget Howard, played by Margaret Natalie "Maggie" Smith (1934-) in her first credited film role; Bernard Lee plays Victor Sloan alias Lee Henderson; does $460K box office on a $468K budget. Nicholas Ray's Party Girl (Oct. 28) stars Robert Taylor as a mob lawyer who is forced to testify against them, only to have them kidnap his steamy nightclub dancer babe Cyd Charisse. Edward Bernds' Queen of Outer Space (Sept. 7) stars Laurie Mitchell as Venusian Queen Yllana, and Zsa Zsa Gabor as courtier Talleah, who get lucky when the first men they've seen land incl. Capt. Patterson (Eric Fleming) and his crew, but have to fight the man-hating queen first. Vincente Minnelli's The Reluctant Debutante (Aug. 14), based on the 1955 play by William Douglas-Home stars Rex Harrison and Kay Kendall as Jimmy and Sheila Broadbent, who welcome Jimmy's 17-y.-o. daughter (from a previous marriage to a Yank) Jane (Sandra Dee) to London, and Sheila decides to make her into a you know what, after which Jane has eyes for Am. drummer David Parkson (John Saxon), who plays in the orchestra. Delbert Mann's Separate Tables (Dec. 18), based on the Terence Rattigan play examines the secrets of guests of a British seaside hotel, incl. Burt Lancaster, David Niven, Rita Hayworth, and Deborah Kerr. Nathan Juran's The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (Dec. 23) ("the 8th wonder of the screen"), another Ray Harryhausen SFX extravaganza stars Kerwin Matthews as Sinbad, Kathryn Grant as Princess Parisa, Torin Thatcher as Sokurah the Magician, and Richard Eyer as the Genie; features Dynamation, which makes use of a "Technicolor optical printer in London". Vincente Minnelli's Some Came Running (Dec. 18) (MGM), based on the 1957 James Jones novel and filmed in Mason, Ind. stars Frank Sinatra as Army veteran Dave Hirsh, who returns to his home town of Parkman, Ind. after his writing career tanks, hooking up with gambler Bama Dillert (Dean Martin) and loose woman Ginny Moorehead (Shirley MacLaine); does $6.3M box office on a $3.1M budget. Joshua Logan's South Pacific (Mar. 19), based on the Oscar-Hammerstein-Logan play stars Mitzi Gaynor (1931-) as Ensign Nellie Forbush from Little Rock, Ark., Rossano Brazzi (1916-94) as mature French planter Emile de Becque, John Kerr as Lt. Joseph Cable, and Ray Walston as Luther Billis. Jack Arnold's The Space Children (June 18) (B&W) is about a space brain that teaches the children of scientists to stop a nuclear war; features Michael Crawford before being selected for "The Rifleman", Russell Johnson before being selected for "Gilligan's Island", and Jackie Coogan before being selected for "The Addams Family". Shohei Imamura's Stolen Desire, about a group of itinerant actors is the dir. debut of Japanese dir. Shohei Imamura (1926-2006). Robert J. Gurney Jr.'s Terror from the Year 5000 stars Salome Jens as a deformed woman brought back from the year you know what where her world has been devastated by radioactivity, causing her to seek healthy males to bring back with her. Arthur Ripley's Thunder Road (May 10), written, produced and starred in by Robert Mitchum is about a Korean vet coming home to Tenn. and running a moonshine biz, ending up in an exciting chase with the feds, which becomes a favorite drive-in movie; features his song Whippoorwill, which becomes a hit; the movie debuts his actor-son Jim Mitchum. Orson Welles' Touch of Evil (June 8) stars Welles as a corrupt police chief in a Mexican border town. Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (July 21) stars James Stewart as a man obsessed with the death of Kim Novak, who finds another woman (Kim Novak), and dresses her up as Kim Novak?; great haunting music by Bernard Hermann; even though Hitchcock doesn't get along with her, Novak gets the part when original pick Vera Miles gets pregnant with son Michael by husband Gordon Scott. Ralph Thomas' The Wind Cannot Read (Rank Org.), based on the Richard Mason novel is a 3-hanky film filmed on location in India starring Dirk Bogarde (after Glenn Ford and Kenneth More pass) as British Flt. Lt. Michael Quinn in 1943 Burma, who falls for his Japanese instructor Sabbi (Yoko Tani), fighting discrimination until he is captured by the Japs in India, and escapes to discover that his babe is suffering from a terminal brain tumor; Ronald Lewis plays Fenwick, and John Fraser play Peter Munroe; the The Wind Cannot Read Theme Song is performed by Vera Lynn; Edward Dmytryk's The Young Lions (Apr. 2), based on a novel by Irwin Shaw about three young WWII soldiers stars Marlon Brando as German Lt. Christian Diestl, Montgomery Clift as Jewish GI Noah Ackerman, and Dean Martin as entertainer playboy coward-turned-killer GI Michael Whiteacre. Plays: Robert Ardrey (1908-80), Shadow of Heroes. Djuna Barnes (1892-1982), The Antiphon (verse play); set in England in 1939; Jeremy Hobbs pretends to be Jack Blow and brings his family to the ruined ancestral home of Burley Hall, incl. sister Miranda, brothers Elisha and Dudley, and parents Titus and Augusta Hobbs; debuts in 1962 in Stockholm with a trans. by Dag Hammarskjold and Karl Ragnar Gierow. Abe Burrows (1910-85), Russell Bissell (1913-77), and Marian Bissell, Say, Darling (comedy) (ANTA Theatre, New York) (Apr. 3) (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (332 perf.); about the creation of a Broadway musical, with nine original songs by Jule Styne, with lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, starring David Wayne (later Eddie Albert) as bestselling novelist Jack Jordan, who develops his novel into a musical for leading lady Irene Lovelle (Vivian Blaine), dir. Richard Hackett (Jerome Cowan), and producer Ted Snow (Robert Morse); choreographed by Matt Mattox. Marc Camoletti (1923-2003), La Bonne Anna (first play) (Paris) (1,300 perf.). Aime Cesaire (1913-2008), Et les Chiens se Taisaient. Noel Coward (1899-1973), Nude with Violin (Nov. 14) (New York); big flop. William Gibson (1914-2008), Two for the Seesaw (Booth Theatre, New York) (Jan. 16) (750 perf.); stars Henry Fonda as Jewish atty. Jerry, who lives next door to young Jewish babe Gittel (Anne Bancroft), who utters the soundbyte: "He may have slept with me, but I didn't sleep with him"; filmed in 1962 by Robert Wise, starring Robert Mitchum and Shirley MacLaine. Rumer Godden, The Greengage Summer. Harry Golden, Only in America. Walter Greenwood (1903-74), Saturday Night at the Crown. James Leo Herlihy (1927-93), Blue Denim (New York) (Feb. 27) (166 perf.); stars Carl Lynley, Burt Brinckerhoff, and Warren Berlinger; filmed in 1959 starring Brandon De Wilde. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), The Killer (Tueur sans Gages); Rhinoceros; all the inhabitants of a town become you know whats, except one freethinker who won't join the herd. Jean Kerr (1922-2003) and Walter Kerr (1913-96), Goldilocks: A Musical. Archibald MacLeish (1892-1982), J.B. (verse play) (Pulitzer Prize); the Book of Job set in a circus tent. Howard Moss (1922-87), The Folding Green; richest woman on Earth Elena plays dead to spy on possible heirs. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), A Touch of the Poet (posth.) (Helen Hayes Theatre, New York) (Oct. 2) (284 perf.); Maj. Cornelius "Con" Melody (Eric Portman) in Melody's Tavern in 1828 Mass.; co-stars Helen Hayes, Betty Field, and Kim Stanley; intented to be part 1 of the 9-play cycle "A Tale of Possessors Self-Dispossessed". John Osborne (1929-94) and Anthony Creighton (1922-2005), Epitaph for George Dillon (Oxford) (Royal Court Theatre, London); Kate Elliot adopts George Dillon as her surrogate son, pissing-off her unhappy suburban South London family. Terence Rattigan (1911-77), Variation on a Theme. Elmer Rice (1892-1967), Cue for Passion. Mazo de la Roche (1879-1961), Centenary at Jalna. Dore Schary, Sunrise at Campobello. Peter Shaffer (1926-), Five Finger Exercise (London); dir. by John Gielgud. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), The Rainbow and the Rose. Georges Soria, L'Etrangere Dans une Ile. Antonio Buero Vallejo (1916-2000), Un Sonador Para un Pueblo. Derek Walcott (1930-), Drums and Colours: An Epic Drama; Ti-Jean and His Brothers. Arnold Wesker (1932-), Roots; I'm Talking About Jerusalem. Sandy Wilson (1924-), Valmouth (musical); based on the novel by Ronald Firbank. Poetry: Thomas Bernhard (1931-89), In Hora Mortis; Unter dem Eisen des Mondes. Richard Brautigan (1935-84), The Galilee Hitch-Hiker. E.E. Cummings (1894-1961), 95 Poems. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Elder Statesman. Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1919-), A Coney Island of the Mind; sells 1M copies. George Garrett (1929-2008), The Sleeping Gypsy and Other Poems. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), The Poems of Robert Ranke Graves. Donald Hall Jr. (1928-), The Dark Houses. John Hollander (1929-), A Crackling of Thorns (debut). Patrick Kavanagh (1904-67), Recent Poems. Stanley Kunitz (1905-2006), Selected Poems, 1928-1958 (Pulitzer Prize). Denise Levertov (1923-97), Overland to the Islands. Phyllis McGinley (1905-78), Merry Christmas, Happy New Year. Elsa Morante (1912-85), Alibi (debut). Howard Nemerov (1920-91), Mirrors and Windows. Theodore Roethke, Words for the Wind. Nelly Sachs (1891-1970), Und Niemand Weiss Weiter. May Swenson (1913-89), A Cage of Spines. David Wagoner (1926-), A Place to Stand. Louis Zukofsky (1904-78), Statements for Poetry; Barely & Widely. Novels: Chinua Achebe (1930-), Things Fall Apart (first novel); becomes most widely read book in Africa. Brian W. Aldiss (1925-), Non-Stop (Starship); a member of a primordial tribe investigates the jungle corridors, uncovering the true nature of his universe. Jorge Amado (1912-2001), Gabriella, Cloves and Cinnamon (Gabriela, Cravo e Canela); switches to a sophisticated satirical style to avoid being exiled again for Marxist sympathies like in 1937-52. Sir Kingsley Amis (1922-95), I Like It Here. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Semaine Sainte (Holy Week). Louis Auchincloss (1917-), Venus in Sparta. Jacques Audiberti (1899-1965), Infanticide Preconise. Francisco Ayala (1906-2009), Dog Deaths (Muertes de Perro); denounces dictatorship. John Barth (1930-), The End of the Road; grammar teacher Jacob Horner gets extreme psychological paralysis at Wicomico State Teachers College; revised in 1967. Giorgio Bassani (1916-2000), Gli Occhiali d'Oro. H.E. Bates (1905-74), The Darling Buds of May. Brendan Behan (1923-64), Borstal Boy; autobio. novel about his time in Hollesley Bay Borstal, Suffolk, England after being caught in 1939 at age 16 carrying a suitcase full of explosives in Liverpool. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), From the Earth to the Moon (posth.). Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Crescendo. John Peter Berger (1926-), A Painter of Our Time. Thomas Berger (1924-), Crazy in Love (first novel). Robert Bloch (1917-94), Shooting Star. Heinrich Boll (1917-85), Doctor Murkes Gesammeltes Schweigen (Dr. Murke's Collected Silence). Michael Bond (1926-2017), A Bear Called Paddington (Oct. 13); polite spectacled bear from Darkest Peru who wears an old red or yellow bush hat and battered blue coat and carries a battered suitcase with marmalade sandwiches; bestseller (30M copies); in 1994 a Paddington Bear soft toy becomes the first item to pass through the Chunnel. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Walls of Glass. Kay Boyle (1902-92), Three Short Novels (The Crazy Hunter, The Bridgroom's Body, Decision). John Brooks, The Man Who Broke Things. Bryher (1894-1983), Gate to the Sea. Frederick Buechner (1926-), The Return of Ansel Gibbs. Eugene Burdick (1918-65) and William Lederer (1912-2009), The Ugly American; bestseller; the SE Asian country of Sarkhan is afraid of the Commies and calls in the Yankees, who stink themselves up; U.S. officials should learn local languages and customs to win hearts and minds in Indochina? W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Bitter Ground. Michel Butor (1926-), Le Genie du Lieu. Truman Capote (1924-84), Breakfast at Tiffany's; first pub. in Esquire; filmed in 1961; Upper East Manhattan call girl Holly Golightly (based on Am. supermodel Dorian Leigh and "How to Marry a Millionaire" author Doris Lilly) and her young writer admirer Fred "Buster"; she goes to Tiffany's when she gets the "mean reds"; "It's tacky to wear pearls before you're forty"; Capote later tells Walter Matthau's wife Carol Matthau (1925-2003) that Golightly was modelled after her. Clancy Carlile (1930-98), As I Was Young and Easy (first novel); written in 17 days; his next novel is pub. in 1979. Alejo Carpentier (1904-80), The War of Time (short stories). John Dickson Carr (1906-77), The Dead Man's Knock; Dr. Gideon Fell solves another locked room mystery. Raymond Chandler (1888-1959), Playback (last novel); Philip Marlowe follows Betty Mayfield to the coastal resort town of Esmeralda. John Cheever (1912-82), The Housebreaker of Shady Hill and Other Stories. Brainard Cheney (1900-90), This Is Adam. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Ordeal by Innocence (Nov. 3); her personal favorite along with "Crooked House". Richard Condon (1915-96), The Oldest Confession (first novel). Catherine Cookson (1906-98), The Menagerie. William Cooper (1910-2002), Young People. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), The Northern Light; The Innkeeper's Wife. Robertson Davies (1913-95), A Mixture of Frailties. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), The Private Wound; pub. under alias Nicholas Blake. R.F. Delderfield (1912-72), The Dreaming Suburb; The Avenue Goes to War. Maurice Druon (1918-2009), La Louve de France (The She-Wolf of France). Lawrence Durrell (1912-90), Balthazar; Mountolive; #2, #3 in the Alexandria Quartet. Friedrich Durrenmatt (1921-90), The Pledge: Requiem for the Detective Novel; a detective tries to catch a pedophile killer by laying a trap, which fails, causing him to go insane, never knowing that he didn't make it because he died in an auto accident; filmed in 1958 as "It Happened in Broad Daylight"; refilmed in 2001 by Sean Penn as "The Pledge". E.R. Eddison (1882-1945), The Mezentian Gate (posth.). George P. Elliott (1918-80), Parktilden Village. Harlan Ellison (1934-), Web of the City (first novel); A Touch of Infinity (short stories); The Deadly Streets. James T. Farrell (1904-79), It Has Come to Pass. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), The Ice Palace; filmed in 1960; helps the Alaskan statehood effort. Ian Fleming (1908-64), Dr. No (original title "The Wound Man") (James Bond 007 #6) (Mar. 31); based on the failed TV adventure series "Commander Jamaica", which was based on the Fu Manchu stories of Sax Rohmer; a mysterious Chinese genius lives on Crab Key Island in Jamaica along with Honeychile Rider; filmed in 1962. Pamela Frankau (1908-67), Ask Me No More. Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893-1973), I Viaggi de la Morte. Herb Gardner (1934-2003), A Piece of the Action (first novel). Louis Golding (1895-1958), The Little Old Admiral. Julien Gracq (1910-2007), A Balcony in the Forest (Un Balcon en Forêt); about French Lt. Grange, who guards a bldg. in the Ardennes Forest waiting for the outbreak of WWII in fall 1939. Shirley Ann Grau (1929-), The Hard Blue Sky (first novel). Graham Greene (1904-91), Our Man in Havana; vacuum cleaner salesman James Wormold (based on WWI Lisbon-based double agent Garcia) is recruited by Hawthorne for MI6, and invents a network of agents in order to support his teen daughter Milly, sending a sketch of a vaccum cleaner to London and telling them it's a rocket launcher; too bad, the enemy think he's for real; when they figure it out, his superiors give him a medal to cover up their own stupidity; predicts or causes the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis?; filmed in 1959 starring Alec Guinness. Robert Gutwillig, After Long Silence; set at Cornell U. Arthur Hailey (1920-2004), Runway Zero-Eight (first novel). L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), The Hireling. Robert A. Heinlein (1907-88), Have Space Suit - Will Travel; h.s. senior Clifford "Kip" Russell wins a used spacesuit in a jingle-writing contest. James Leo Herlihy (1927-93), The Sleep of Baby Filbertson and Other Stories. Patricia Highsmith (1921-95), A Game for the Living. Syd Hoff (1912-2004), Danny and the Dinosaur; sells 10M copies. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Tambourines to Glory; Essie Belle Johnson and Laura Reed open a storefront church in Harlem. Clifford Irving (1930-), The Losers - what makes him an expert, duh? Rona Jaffe (1931-2005), The Best of Everything (first novel); the Sex and the City of the 1950s? Maxwell Kenton (Terry Southern and Mason Hoffenberg), Candy; a satire of Voltaire's "Candide" about sweet Am. nympho Candy Christian. Jack Kerouac (1922-69), The Dharma Bums; Ray Smith (him) and Japhy Ryder (Gary Snyder) do Matterhorn Peak in Calif., the 1955 Six Gallery reading, some Yab-Yum, and Desolation Peak in N.C. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), The Golden Slippers (Victorine). Giuseppe Tomasi Di Lampedusa (1896-1957), The Leopard (Il Gattopardo) (posth.) (first novel); the noble Sicilian family of Prince Fabrizio of Salina and its reaction to Garibaldi's appropriation of Sicily in 1860; the "Gone With the Wind" of Italian novels?; discovered by Giorgio Bassani after being rejected by other publishers, becoming the Italian novel of the cent.?; "The daily recital of the Rosary was over" (first line). Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), Warden of the Smoke and Bells. Helen MacInnes (1907-85), North from Rome. Charles Eric Maine (1921-81), The Tide Went Out (Thirst!): A Novel for Adult Minds Only; Alph (World Without Men); the first male baby in 500 years is created by cloning, shaking up the entire lesbian society; "They had forgotten what men looked like." Bernard Malamud (1914-86), The Magic Barrel (short stories); incl. "Angel Levine". Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), The Bank Audit (Accounting). Shepherd Mead (1914-94), Admen; his masterpiece? Stanley Middleton (1919-2009), A Short Answer (first novel). Iris Murdoch (1919-99), The Sandcastle; Bill and Nan Mor, and their children Don and Felicity almost break up when Rain Carter hooks up with Bill. John Middleton Murry (1929-2002) (AKA Richard Cowper), The Golden Valley. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), Nabokov's Dozen: A Collection of Thirteen Stories. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), So Love Returns. Hans Erich Nossack (1901-77), Begegnung im Vorraum; Der Jungere Bruder. Francois Nourissier (1927-), Bleu Comme la Nuit. Kate O'Brien (1897-1974), As Music and Splendour (last novel); two Irish girls, Rose and Clare are sent to Rome to train for the opera. Kenzaburo Oe (1935-), Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids (Memeushin Kouchi). John O'Hara (1905-70), From the Terrace; the sex-and-power-filled rise of banking tycoon Alfred Eaton (b. 1897). Zoe B. Oldenbourg (1916-2002), Les Irreductibles. Claude Ollier (1922-2014), La Mise en scène (The Staging) (first novel) (first-ever Prix Medicis). John Osborne (1929-94), The World of Paul Slickey. Martha Ostenso (1900-63), A Man Had Tall Sons. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), The Case of the Cop's Wife. Edith Pargeter (1913-95), The Assize of the Dying (short stories). John Dos Passos (1896-1970), The Great Days. Robert Pinget (1919-97), Baga. Harold Pinter (1930-2008), The Birthday Party. Vance Randolph (1892-1980), Sticks in the Knapsack (short stories). Jean Raspail (1925-), The Wind of the Pines (Le Vent des Pins) (first novel). Mary Renault (1905-83), The King Must Die; Theseus. Ellery Queen, Finishing Stroke. Paul Mark Scott (1920-78), The Mark of the Warrior. Dr. Seuss (1904-91), The Cat in the Hat Comes Back (Random House); the Cat in the Hat returns, bringing Little Cat A nested inside his hat, which doffs its hat to reveal Little Cat B, which does ditto to reveal Little Cat C, etc., down to Little Cat Z, and together they work to get rid of a pink ring that started in the bathtub and spread to a dress, a well, some shoes, and out onto the snow; Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories (Apr. 12) (Random House); King Yertle commands his turtles to stack themselves to make a throne so he can see farther; girl-birds Gertrude McFuzz and Lolla-Lee-Lou; a rabbit and a bear argue who is the "best of the beasts". Alan Sillitoe (1928-2010), Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (first novel); young machinist Arthur Seaton of Nottingham detests his "dead from the neck up" parents and blows off steam during the weekends drinking and partying, hooking up with married woman Brenda, knocking her up and getting beaten and chased off by her hubby Jack, his co-worker, causing him to tame down and get married to virgin Doreen and turn into a clone of his parents; filmed in 1960 starring Albert Finney; "Whatever people say I am, that's what I am not." Claude Simon (1913-2005), L'Herbe (The Grass). Terry Southern (1924-95) and Mason Hoffenberg, Candy; sexually explicit novel; pub. in France in 1958 and suppressed by Charles de Gaulle; pub. in the U.S. in 1964, creating a sensation and raising the bar for obscenity prosecution. C.P. Snow (1905-80), The Conscience of the Rich; Strangers and Brothers #7. Terry Southern (1924-95), Flash and Filigree. Muriel Spark (1918-2006), Robinson. Theodore Sturgeon (1918-65), The Cosmic Rape (To Marry Medusa) (Aug.); alcoholic Dan Gurlicko ingests a spore from the hive mind Medusa, and is used to absorb Earth. Han Suyin (1917-), The Mountain is Young. Elizabeth Taylor (1912-75), The Blush and Other Stories. Robert Lewis Taylor (1912-), The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters (Pulitzer Prize). Leon Uris (1924-2003), Exodus; bestseller; the number 359195 is tattooed onto Dov Landau's forearm; filmed in 1960. Peter De Vries (1910-93), The Mackerel Plaza. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), The Sugar Islands: A Collection of Pieces Written About the West Indies Between 1928 and 1953. Jerome Weidman (1913-98), The Enemy Camp. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), Traitors' Gate. Terence Hanbury White (1906-64), The Once and Future King; series of novels about King Arthur and Camelot. Leonard Wibberley (1915-83), Beware of the Mouse. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), Love and the Loveless. Angus Wilson (1913-91), The Middle Age of Mrs. Eliot. Sloan Wilson (1920-2003), A Summer Place; filmed in 1959. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), The Serpent and the Staff. Births: Am. mass murderer (black) Colin Ferguson on Jan. 1 in Kingston, Jamaica; wealthy pharmaceutical dir. father; emigrates to the U.S. in 1982; educated at Adelphi U. Iranian politician (Shiite Muslim) Ali Ardashir Larijani on Jan. 1 in Najaf. Am. Dem. politician (mayor #5 of New Orleans, 1994-2002) (black) Marc Haydel Morial on Jan. 3 in New Orleans; son of Dutch Morial (1929-89); educated at the U. of Penn., and Georgetown U. Canadian-Am. "Max Headroom", "Moloch the Mystic in Watchmen" actor Matthew George "Matt" Frewer on Jan. 4 in Washington, D.C.; raised in Peterborough, Ont. Am. "Sue Charlton in Crocodile Dundee" actress Linda Kozlowski on Jan. 7 in Fairfield, Conn.; of Polish descent; educated at Juilliard School; wife (1990-2014) of Paul Hogan (1939-). Am. billionaire Repub. politician and U.S. education secy. #11 (2017-) Elisabeth "Betsy" DeVos (nee Prince) on Jan. 8; grows up in Holland, Mich.; son of Edgar D. Prince, founder of the Prince Corp. (known for introducing lighted vanity mirrors for cars) and a Dutch descent mother; sister of Erik Prince (1969-); wife of Dick DeVos (1955-); educated at Calvin College. Turkish Kurdish papal assassin (Muslim) Mehmet Ali Agca on Jan. 9 in Hekimhan. Am. auto racer Edward McKay "Eddie" Cheever Jr. on Jan. 10 in Phoenix, Ariz. Am. "Sunny Came Home" singer Shawn Colvin on Jan. 10 in Vermillion, S.D. Am. musician Victoria Anne Theresa "Vicki" Peterson (Bangles) on Jan. 11 in Northridge, Los Angeles, Calif.; sister of Debbi Peterson (1961-). Am. prosperity theology Christian pastor Randy Alan White on Jan. 11 in Frederick, Md.; husband (1990-2007) of Paula White (1966-). Am. CNN/ABC broadcast journalist (Christian) Christiane Amanpour on Jan. 12 in London (Tehran, Iran?); Iranian Muslim father, British mother; spends childhood in Tehran; educated at the U. of R.I. Serbian pres. (2004) (Orthodox Christian) Boris Tadic on Jan. 15 in Sarajevo. Am. artist Thomas Kinkade on Jan. 19 in Sacramento, Calif. Am. "Lance Cumson in Falcon Crest" actor Lorenzo Lamas y de Santos on Jan. 20 in Santa Monica, Calif.; Argentine father Fernando Lamas (1915-82), Am. mother Arlene Dahl (1925-). Am. conservative-libertarian Heartland Inst. pres.-CEO Joseph Lee Bast on Jan. 22 in Kimberly, Wisc.; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. hall-of-fame bowler Mark Williams on Jan. 23 in Beaumont, Tex. English bandleader-musician Jools Holland (Squeeze) on Jan. 24. Am. "Carol Weston in Empty Nest", "Elaine Lefkowitz-Dalls in Soap" actress (Jewish) Dinah Beth Manoff on Jan. 25 in New York City; daughter of Lee Grant (1927-) and Arnold Manoff (1914-65). Am. "Sweet Love" R&B singer (black) Anita Baker on Jan. 26 in Toledo, Ohio. Am. actress-comedian (lesbian) Ellen DeGeneres on Jan. 26 near New Orleans in Jefferson Parish, La.; comes out in 1997. Am. "Mary Ellin in The Waltons" actress Judy Norton Taylor on Jan. 29 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. "Grace Under Fire" actress-comedian Brett Butler (Anderson) on Jan. 30 in Montgomery, Ala. Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader (Sunni Muslim) Ramadan Abdullah Mohammad Shalah on Feb. 1 in Shujaiyya, Gaza; educated at the U. of Durham. Am. "Bullets over Broadway" screenwriter-dir.-actor Douglas Geoffrey McGrath on Feb. 2 in New York City; educated at Princeton U. Am. economist Nicholas Gregory Mankiw on Feb. 3 in Trenton, N.J.; educated at Princeton U., MIT, and Harvard U. British "The Rational Optimist" journalist (libertarian) Sir Mathew White "Matt" Ridley, 5th Viscount Ridley on Feb. 7; son of Matthew White Ridley, 4th viscount Ridley (1925-2012) and Lady Anne Katharine Gabrielle Lumley (1928-2006); educated at Eton College, and Magdalen College, Oxford U. Am. heavyweight boxing champ (1985-6) (black) Tony "TNT" Tubbs on Feb. 15 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Wednesday Addams in The Addams Family", "Cricket Montgomery in As the World Turns" actress Lisa Loring (nee Lisa Ann DeCinces) (d. 2023) on Feb. 16 in Kwajalein, Marshall Islands. Am. "Det. Odafin Fin Tutuola in Law & Order: SVU" rapper-actor (black) Ice-T (Tracy Marrow) on Feb. 16 in Newark, N.J.; Creole father, African-Am. mother; husband (2005-) of Nicole "Coco Marie" Austin ( 1979-). Am. rock drummer Gary C. "Gar" Samuelson (d. 1999) (Megadeth) on Feb. 18 in Dunkirk, N.Y. Am. "Stanley Hudson in The Office" actor (black) Leslie David Baker on Feb. 19 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Loyola U. English musician Steve Nieve (Steven Nason) on Feb. 19 in London; educated at the Royal College of Music; collaborator of Elvis Costello (1954-). Am. "Stephen Carrington in Dynasty", "Noah Bennett in Heroes" actor (gay) John MacDonald "Jack" Coleman on Feb. 21 in Easton, Penn. Am. "He Thinks He'll Keep Her" hall-of-fame country singer Mary Chapin Carpenter on Feb. 21 in Princeton, N.J.; 5th cousin of Hary Chapin 1942-81). Am. "She Don't Know She's Beautiful" country singer-songwriter Sammy Paul Kershaw on Feb. 24 in Kaplan, La.; 3rd cousin of Doug Kershaw (1936-). Am. "Richard Fish in Ally McBeal" actor Greg Andrew Germann on Feb. 26 in Houston, Tex.; raised near Golden, Colo. U.S. Sen. (D-Va.) (2013-) and Va. gov. #70 (2006-10) (Roman Catholic) Timothy Michael "Tim" Kaine on Feb. 26 in St. Paul, Minn.; educated at Jesuit Rockhurst H.S. (Kansas City, Mo.), the U. of Mo., and Harvard U. Am. Dem. politician Margaret "Maggie" Hassan (nee Wood) on Feb. 27 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Brown U., and Northeastern U; wife of Thomas Hassan. Am. celeb Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (d. 1997) on Feb. 27 in Washington, D.C.; 6th of 11 children of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel; educated at Harvard U., and U. of Va. Am. imam (Sunni) (Sharon, Mass. Mosque) Hafiz Muhammed Masood on Mar. 1 in Sargodha, Pakistan; educated at the U. of Faisalabad; emigrates to the U.S. in 1987; educated at Boston U. English "The Crying Game", "Rita Skeeter in Harry Potter" actress Miranda Jane Richardson on Mar. 3 in Southport, Mersevside. Am. "Debra Barone in Everybody Loves Raymond", "Frances Frankie Heck in The Middle" actress (Roman Catholic) Patricia Helen Heaton on Mar. 4 in Bay Village, Ohio; wife (1990-) of David Hunt (1954-). Australian "Bee Gees" singer Andrew Roy "Andy" Gibb (d. 1988) on Mar. 5 in Manchester, England; parents Hugh and Barbara Gibb soon move to Redcliffe (near Brisbane), Queensland, Australia; youngest brother of Barry Gibb (1946-), Robin Gibb (1949-2012), and Maurice Gibb (1949-) of the Bee Gees. Am. "Eugene Felnic in Grease", "Malvin in WarGames", "Lenny in The Polar Express" actor-comedian (Jewish) Edward Harry "Eddie" Deezen on Mar. 6 in Cumberland, Md. Am. scholar Flynt Leverett on Mar. 6 in Memphis, Tenn.; educated at Tex. Christian U., and Princeton U. Am. astronomer Alan Hale on Mar. 7 in Tachikawa, Japan; educated at N.M. State U. English "Saturday Live" "Drop Dead Fred" actor-comedian Richard Michael "Rik" Mayall on Mar. 7 in Harlow, Essex. English "Cars" singer Gary Numan (Gary Anthony James Webb) on Mar. 8 in Hammersmith, West London. Am. "Bethany Sloane in Dogma", "Dr. Laurel Weaver in Men in Black" actress Linda (Clorinda) Fiorentino on Mar. 9 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Catherine Tramell in Basic Instinct" actress (Tibetan Buddhist) Sharon Yvonne Stone on Mar. 10 in Meadville, Penn. Am. "Buffy in Family Affair" actress Mary Anissa Jones (d. 1976) on Mar. 11 in West Lafayette, Ind. Am. economist David Romer on Mar. 13; educated at Princeton U., and MIT; husband of Christina Romer (1958-). Am. "Jeopardy!" game show champ Jerome Vered on Mar. 13 in Studio City, Calif. Monaco prince (2005-) Albert II Grimaldi on Mar. 14 in Palais Princier; son of Rainier III (1923-2005) and Princess Grace (1929-82); brother of Caroline (1957-) and Stephanie (1965-); husband (2011-) of Charlene Wittstock (1978-). Mexican TV journalist Jorge Ramos on Mar. 17; moves to the U.S. in 1983. Am. football coach (Green Bay Packers 1992-8, Philadelphia Eagles 1999-) Andrew Walter "Andy" Reid on Mar. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif. English "Dracula", "Lee Harvey Oswald in JFK", "The Fifth Element", "Sirius Black in Harry Potter" actor-writer-dir. Gary Oldman on Mar. 21 in New Cross, London. Am. "Ada McGrath in The Piano" actress-producer Holly Hunter on Mar. 20 in Conyers, Ga.; plays Helen Keller in a 5th-grade play; wife (1995-2001) of Janusz Kaminski. Am. football hall-of-fame linebacker (New Orleans Saints #57, 1981-93) (San Francisco 49ers, 1994-5) (black) Rickey Anderson Jackson on Mar. 20 in Pahokee, Fla.; educated at the U. of Pittsburgh. Am. "Sondra Huxtable in The Cosby Show" (black) Sabrina Le Beauf on Mar. 21 in New Orleans, La.; of La. Creole descent; educated at UCLA and Yale U. Am. "Lt. Arthur Fancy in NYPD Blue" actor James McDaniel on Mar. 25 in Washington, D.C. Am. prof. wrestler Curtis Michael "Curt" Hennig (d. 2003) on Mar. 28 in Robbinsdale, Minn. Am. economist ("Dr. Doom") ("Permabear") Nouriel Roubini on Mar. 29 in Istanbul, Turkey; Iranian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Harvard U.; student of Jeffrey Sachs. Canadian "The Brain in Animaniacs", "Buddy's Burp in Elf" voice actor Maurice LaMarche on Mar. 30 in Toronto, Ont.; grows up in Timmins, Ont. Am. 3'6" "Limo driver in Me, Myself and Irene", "Little Helper Marcus in Bad Santa" actor (black) (vegetarian) Joseph Anthony "Tony" Cox on Mar. 31 in Manhattan, N.Y.; grows up in Uniontown, Ala.; educated at the U. of Ala. Am. investor (black) John Washington Rogers Jr. on Mar. 31 in Chicago, Ill.; son of Jewel Lafontant (1922-97); educated at Princeton U. U.S. Repub. deputy atty. gen. (2019-) Jeffrey Adam Rosen on Apr. 2 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Northwestern U., and Harvard U. French chef Michel Troisgros on Apr. 2 in Roanne; son of Pierre Troisgros Am. "Jack Ryan in The Hunt for Red October", "Jack Donaghy in 30 Rock" actor (vegetarian) Alexander Rae "Alec" Baldwin III on Apr. 3 in Massapequah, Long Island, N.Y.; brother of Daniel Baldwin (1960-), Billy Baldwin (1963-), and Stephen Baldwin (1967-); husband (1993-2002) of Kim Basinger (1953-) and (2012-) Hilaria Thomas (1984-). Am. R&B singer-songwriter-producer (black) (co-founder of LaFace Records) Kenneth Brian "Babyface" Edmonds on Apr. 10 in Indianapolis, Ind. Israeli politician (Arab Muslim) (first Arab women in the Knesset, 1999-2003) Hussniya Jabara on Apr. 11 in Tayibe. English musician Will Sergeant (Echo and the Bunnymen) on Apr. 12 in Liverpool. Egyptian Islamist cleric (in London) Mustafa Kamel Mustafa (Abu Hamza al-Masri) on Apr. 15 in Alexandria. English rock bassist Leslie "Les" Pattinson (Echo and the Bunnymen) on Apr. 18 in Ormskirk, Lancashire. Am. "Carrie in Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Dorothy Winters in Michael" actress Rosalie Anderson "Andie" MacDowell on Apr. 21 in Gaffney, S.C.; of part Scottish descent; educated at Winthrop College. Am. "Gustavo Gus Fring in Breaking Bad" actor-dir.-producer (black) Giancarlo Giuseppe Alessandro Esposito on Apr. 26 in Copenhagen, Denmark; Italian father, African-Am. mother. Am. Netflix co-founder Marc Bernays Randolph on Apr. 29 in Chappaqua, N.Y.; educated at Hamilton College. Am. "Catwoman/Selina Kyle in Batman Returns", "The Fabulous Baker Boys" actress Michelle Marie Pfeiffer on Apr. 29 in Santa Ana, Calif.; of German, Swiss, Swedish, English, Welsh, French, Irish, and Dutch descent; grows up in Midway City, Calif.; wife (1993-) of David E. Kelly (1956-). Am. "Angel Visions" New Age psychologist Doreen Virtue on Apr. 29 in Calif. Am. "Harley Tucker in Pure Country" actress Isabel Glasser on May 15. Am. chef Nick Stellino on May 1 in Palermo, Sicily. Am. broadcast journalist John Miller on May 5; not to be confused with sportscaster Jon Miller (1951-) or roller-coaster designer John Miller (1872-1941). Irish "The Commitments" novelist-dramatist Roddy Doyle on May 8 in Dublin; educated at Univ. College Dublin. Am. "More Guns, Less Crime", "Freedomnomics" economist ("the Gun Crowd's Guru" - Newsweek) John Richard Lott Jr. on May 8; educated at UCLA. Am. football coach (black) (Chicago Bears, 2004-12) Lovie Lee Smith on May 8 in Gladewater, Tex.; educated at the U. of Tulsa. Canadian Olympic gold medal speedskater Gaetan Boucher on May 10 in Charlesbourg, Quebec. U.S. Sen. (R-Penn.) (1991-5) Richard John "Rick" Santorum on May 10 in Winchester, Va.; educated at Penn. State U., and U. of Pittsburgh. Am. celeb Christian Brando (d. 2008) on May 11 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Marlon Brando (1924-2004). Am. rock drummer Eric Singer (Eric Doyle Mensinger) (Kiss) on May 12 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "Dozer in The Matrix" actor (black) Anthony Ray Parker on May 13 in Saginaw, Mich. Am. celeb (atheist) Ronald Prescott Reagan Jr. on May 20 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Pres. Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan. Am. musician-songwriter Jane Wiedlin (The Go-Go's) on May 20 in Oconomowoc, Wisc. Am. "Tuesdays with Morrie" novelist (Jewish) Mitchell David "Mitch" Albom on May 23 in Passaic, N.J.; educated at Brandeis U. and Columbia U. Am. actor-comedian Drew Allison Carey on May 23 in Cleveland, Ohio; 6 toes on right foot; educated at Kent State U. Am. comedian-actress (lesbian) Lee DeLaria on May 23 in Belleview, Ill.; "I'm a big dyke." German astronaut brig. gen. Thomas Arthur Reiter on May 23 in Frankfurt. Am. "Constance Spano in Independence Day" actress (Roman Catholic) Margaret Colin on May 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Irish descent; educated at Hofstra U. Kiwi musician-singer Cornelius Mullane "Neil" Finn (Crowded House, Split Enz) on May 27 in Te Awamutu; brother of Tim Finn (1952-). Am. Atlanta Child Murderer (black) Wayne Bertram Williams on May 27 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. "Virginia Hill in Bugsy", "Barbara Land in Mars Attacks!" actress Annette Francine Bening on May 29 in Topeka, Kan.; wife (1992-) of Warren Beatty (1937-). Swedish musician-songwriter Marie (Gun-Marie) Fredriksson (Roxette) on May 30 in Ossjo. Am. "Jefferson D'Arcy in Married With Children", "Charley Shanowski in Hope & Faith" actor Theodore Martin "Ted" McGinley on May 30 in Newport Beach, Calif.; husband of Gigi Rice (1965-). Am. prof. wrestler Lex Luger (Lawrence Wendell Pfohl) on June 2 in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at Penn. State U., and U. of Miami. Kenyan marathoner (black) Ibrahim Hussein on June 3. Austrian psychologist Stephan Lewandowsky on June 3 in Berlin, Germany; educated at Washington College, and U. of Toronto. Am. "Nick Moore in Family Ties" actor Scott Valentine on June 3 in Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Am. "Purple Rain" 5'2" pop musician (vegan) (Jehovah's Witness) (black) Prince Rogers Nelson (d. 2016) (AKA the Artist Formerly Known as Prince) on June 7 in Minneapolis, Minn.; son of jazz musician John L. Nelson of the Prince Rogers Trio. Am. "In Living Color", "Scary Movie" actor-comedian-dir.-writer (black) (vegetarian) Keenen Ivory Wayans Sr. on June 8 in New York City; brother of Damon Wayans (1960-), Kim Wayans (1961-), Shawn Wayans (1971-), and Marlon Wayans (1972-); Jehovah's Witness parents. Mexican economist Augustin (Agustín) Guillermo Carstens Carstens on June 9 in Mexico City; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. "Bitch" singer Meredith Ann Brooks on June 12 in Oregon City, Ore. Am. Olympic speedskater Eric Heiden on June 14 in Madison, Wisc. Am. baseball 3B player (Boston Red Sox, 1982-92) (New York Yankees, 1993-7) (Tampa Bay Devil Rays, 1998-9) Wade Anthony Boggs on June 15 in Omaha, Neb. Am. 6'4" basketball player (black) (Utah Jazz #35, 1980-91) Darrell Steven "Dr. Dunkenstein" "Golden Griff" Griffith on June 16 in Louisville, Ky.; educated at Louisville U. Am. singer-activist Jello Biafra (Eric Reed Boucher) (Dead Kennedys) on June 17 in Boulder, Colo. Am. "Dumb and Dumber" film producer-dir.-writer Bobby Farrelly on June 17 in Cumberland, R.I.; brother of Peter Farrelly (1956-). Am. comedian-actor Eric Anthony Douglas (d. 2004) on June 21 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Kirk Douglas (1916-) and Anne Buydens; brother of Michael Douglas (1944-), Joel Douglas (1947-), and Peter Douglas (1955-); the black sheep of the family? Russian cosmonaut Gennady Ivanovich Padalka on June 21 in Krasnodar. Am. "Ash in Evil Dead" actor-producer-writer Bruce Lorne Campbell on June 22 in Royal Oak, Mich. Am. "James Cross in Scrooged" actor John Murray on June 22 in Wilmette, Ill.; brother of Brian Doyle-Murray (1945-), Bill Murray (1950-), and Joel Murray (1963-). Canadian economist Campbell Russell "Cam" Harvey on June 23 in ?; educated at the U. of Toronto, York U., and U. of Chicago; student of Eugene Fama and Wayne Ferson. Am. "Deebo in Friday" "Pres. Lindberg in The Fifth Element", "Zeus in No Holds Barred" 6'5" actor-wrestler (black) (evangelical Christian) Thomas "Tom" "Tiny" Lister Jr. (AKA Z-Gangsta) on June 24 in Compton, Calif.; blind in the right eye; educated at Long Beach City College. Am. "Charley in Sisters" actress Jo Anderson on June 29 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "You've Got to Stand for Something" country singer-songwriter Aaron Dupree Tippin on July 3 in Pensacola, Fla.; grows up in Travelers Rest, S.C. Australian rock musician Kirk Pengilly (INXS) on July 4 in Kew, Victoria. Israeli politician (Jewish) Avigdor Lieberman (Evet Lvovich Liberman) on July 5 in Kishinev, Soviet Untion (Chisinau, Moldova); emigrates to Israel in 1978; educated at the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. Am. "Calvin and Hobbes" cartoonist William Boyd "Bill" Watterson II on July 5 in Washington, D.C. Am. "Chip Diller in Animal House", "Ren McCormack in Footloose", "Willie O'Keefe in JFK", "Jack Swigert in Apollo 13", "Balto", "Five Degrees of Separation King" actor Kevin Norwood Bacon on July 8 in Philadelphia, Penn.; husband (1988-) of Kyra Sedgwick (1965-). Israeli politician (Jewish) Tziporah Malka "Tzipi" Livni on July 8 in Tel Aviv; educated at Bar-Ilan U. Am. banjo player Bela Anton Leos Fleck on July 10 in New York City; named after composers Bela Bartok, Anton Webern, and Leos Janacek. Irish "Petunia Dursley in Harry Potter", "Marnie Stonebrook in True Blood" actress (lesbian) Fiona Shaw (Fiona Mary Wilson) on July 10 in County Cork. English "Oliver!" child actor Mark Lester (Mark A. Letzer) on July 11 in Richmond. Am. film-theater producer Scott Rudin on July 14 in New York City. U.S. Rep. (R-Tex.) (1995-) William McClellan "Mac" Thornberry on July 15 in Clarendon, Tex.; educated at Texas Tech U., and U. of Tex. Am. "Riverdance" Irish step dancer Michael Ryan Flatley on July 16 in Chicago, Ill.; Irish immigrant parents. Am. TV pitchman William D. "Billy" Mays Jr. (d. 2009) on July 20 in McKees Rocks, Penn. Am. 7'0" basketball player (black) (Golden State Warriors #2, 1980-3, 1985-7) Joe Barry Carroll on July 24 in Pine Bluff, Ark.; grows up in Denver, Colo.; educated at Purdue U. Am. rock musician Thurston Joseph Moore (Sonic Youth) on July 25 in Coral Gables, Fla. Am. "Amy Brenneman's husband in Judging Amy", "Teri Hatcher's husband in Desperate Housewives" actor Richard William Burgi on July 30 in Montclair, N.J. English "Running Up That Hill" singer-songwriter Catherine "Kate" Bush on July 30 in Bexleyheath, Kent. Am. "No Doubt About It", "Wink" country singer Neal McCoy (Hubert Neal McGaughey Jr.) on July 30 in Jacksonville, Tex.; Irish-Am. father, Filipino-Am. mother. Am. rock drummer William Thomas "Bill" Berry (R.E.M.) on July 31 in Duluth, Minn. Am. molecular biologist Jeremy Nathans on July 31 in New York City; educated at MIT, and Stanford U. Am. Broadcast.com founder and Dallas Mavericks owner (2000-) (Jewish) Mark Cuban on July 31 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; Russian Jewish immigrant grandparents named Chabenisky. Am. singer-songwriter Michael Penn on Aug. 1 in Greenwich Village, N.Y.; son of Leo Penn and Eileen Ryan; brother of Sean Penn (1960-) and Chris Penn (1965-2006); husband (1997-) of Aimee Mann (1960-). Iranian cleric (Twelver Shiite Muslim) Ayatollah Hossein Kazemeyni (Hosein Kazemaini) Boroujerdi on Aug. 2 in Qom. Kiwi 6'3" rugby player (Muslim convert) Sonny William "Bill" Williams on Aug. 3 in Auckland. French "The Merovingian in The Matrix" actor Lambert Wilson on Aug. 3 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Am. Olympic track star Mary Teresa Decker Slaney on Aug. 4 in Bunnvale, N.J. Israeli Likud Party politician (Jewish) Yuli-Yoel Edelstein on Aug. 5 in Chernivtsi, Soviet Union (Ukraine); emigrates to Israel in 1987. Am. R&B singer (black) William Randall "Randy" De Barge on Aug. 6 in Grand Rapids, Mich. Canadian-Am. jockey Russell A. Baze on Aug. 7 in Vancouver, B.C., Canada; Am. parents and jockey father. English rock musician Paul Bruce Dickinson (Iron Maiden) on Aug. 7 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire; cousin of Rob Dickinson (1965-). Cuban track star Alberto Salazar on Aug. 7 in Havana. Am. breakfast blonde TV host Deborah Norville on Aug. 8 in Dalton, Ga.; educated at the U. of Ga. Am. "Marcy D'Arcy/Rhoades in Married With Children" actress (lesbian) Amanda Bearse on Aug. 9 in Winter Park, Fla. Palestinian PM (2013-) (Sunni Muslim) Rami Hamdallah (Abu Walid) on Aug. 10 in Anabta, West Bank; educated at the U. of Jordan, U. of manchester, and Lancaster U. Austrian beer writer ("the Pope of Beer" ) ("His Beerness") Conrad Seidl on Aug. 11 in Vienna. English rock bassist-composer Jah Wobble (John Joseph Wardle) (Public Image Ltd.) on Aug. 11 in Stepney; father of Hayley Angel Wardle (1983-). Irish punk singer Sean Feargal Sharkey (The Undertones) on Aug. 13 in Derry, Northern Ireland. Am. "Tina Turner in What's Love Got to Do With It", "Queen Ramonda in Black Panther" actress (black) Angela Evelyn Bassett on Aug. 16 in Harlem, N.Y. Am. "Material Girl", "Like a Virgin", "Vogue" 5'4-1/2" pop singer ("the Queen of Pop") Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone on Aug. 16 [Leo] in Bay City, Mich.; wife (1985-9) of Sean Penn (1960-) and (2000-8) of Guy Ritchie (1968-). Am. "We Got the Beat", "Our Lips Are Sealed" singer Belinda Jo Carlisle (The Go-Go's) on Aug. 17 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. "Cora Munro in The Last of the Mohicans" actress Madeleine Mora Stowe on Aug. 18 in Eagle Rock (near Los Angeles), Calif.; Costa Rican immigrant mother; studies to become a concert pianist; educated at USC. Am. "American Hustle", "Silver Linings Playbook" dir. David Owen Russell on Aug. 20 in Manhattan, N.Y.; Russian Jewish descent father, Italian Am. descent mother; educated at Amherst College. Am. AOL CEO Stephen McConnell "Steve" Case on Aug. 21 in Honolulu, Hawaii; educated at Williams College. Am. football coach (Denver Broncos, 2019-) Victor John "Vic" Fangio on Aug. 22 in Dunmore, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn. Am. "Ghost Whisperer" psychic medium and producer James Van Praagh on Aug. 23 in Bayside, N.Y.; educated at San Francisco State U. Am. 6' "Barry Kohler in The Boys from Brazil", "Carey Mahoney in Police Academy", "Jack Bonner in Cocoon" actor-dir.-producer-writer (Jewish) Steven Robert Guttenberg on Aug. 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Batman", "Edward Scissorhands" dir.-writer Timothy William "Tim" Burton on Aug. 25 in Burbank, Calif. Soviet cosmonaut Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev (Krikalyov) on Aug. 27 in Leningrad. Am. Olympic gold medal figure skater Scott Scovell Hamilton on Aug. 28 in Toledo, Ohio; raised in Bowling Green, Ohio. Am. "Thriller", "Billy Jean" aviophobe pop superstar (black) ("Whacko Jacko") ("The King of Pop") (original 7 of 9?) (suffers from vitiligo?) Michael Joseph Jackson (d. 2009) (Jackson Five) on Aug. 29 [Virgo] in Gary, Ind.; son of Joseph Walter Jackson and Katherine Esther Scruse Jackson, who live on Jackson St., Katherine goes Jehovah's Witness in 1966; #7 of nine children, incl. Rebbie (1950-), Jackie (1951-), Jermaine (1954-), Tito (1953-), LaToya (1956-), Marlon (1957-), Randy (1961-), Janet (1966-). French "The French Suicide" rightist journalist (Jewish) Eric Justin Leon (Éric Justin Léon) Zemmour on Aug. 31 in Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis; Algerian immigrant parents. Am. economist Robert Glenn Hubbard on Sept. 4 in Orlando, Fla.; educated at the U. of Central Fla., and Harvard U. Am. celeb physician David Drew "Dr. Drew" Pinsky on Sept. 4 in Pasadena, Calif.; educated at Amherst College, and USC. Am. "Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader?" comedian Jeffrey Marshall "Jeff" Foxworthy on Sept. 6 in Hapeville, Ga. Am. "Home Alone", "Mrs. Doubtfire", "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" filmmaker Chris Joseph Columbus on Sept. 10 in Spangler, Penn.; educated at NYU. Irish pop singer Siobhan Maire Deirdre Fahey (Bananarama) on Sept. 10 in Dunshaughlin, County Meath; wife (1987-96) of Dave Stewart (1952-). Am. "Luke Danes in Gilmore Girls" actor Scott Gordon Patterson on Sept. 11 in Philadelphia, Penn. English rock musician Michael "Mick" Talbot (Dexys Midnight Runners, The Style Council) on Sept. 11 in Wimbledon, London. Italian Dolce & Gabbana fashion designer (gay) Domenico Dolce on Sept. 13 near Palermo, Sicily; partner of Stefano Gabbana (1962-). Am. rock drummer-songwriter Gary Holland (Great White) on Sept. 14 in Syracuse, N.Y. Am. baseball pitcher (Los Angeles Dodgers, 1983-94) Orel Leonard "Bulldog" Hershiser IV on Sept. 16 in Buffalo, N.Y. Am. "Olive Neal in Bullets Over Broadway", "Violet in Bound", "Tiffany Ray in Child's Play" actress and poker player Jennifer Tilly (Jennifer E. Chan) on Sept. 16 in Harbor City, Los Angeles, Calif.; Chinese-Am. father, white mother; sister of Meg Tilly (1960-); educated at Stephens College. Am. "Close My Eyes Forever" rock musician Carmelita Rosanna "Lita" Ford (The Runaways) on Sept. 19 in London, England; British father, Italian mother; emigrates to the U.S. in 1962. Am. "Morris Thorpe in The White Shadow" actor Kevin Hooks on Sept. 19 in Philadelphia, Penn. Syrian "Saladin in Kingdom of Heaven" actor Ghassan Massoud on Sept. 20 in Damascus. Italian "Sacred Arias" tenor (blind) Andrea Angel Bocelli on Sept. 22 in Lajatico; goes blind in a football accident at age 12. Am. business journalist Neil Patrick Cavuto on Sept. 22 in Westbury, N.Y.; educated at St. Bonaventure U., and Am. U. Am. "I Love Rock n' Roll" rocker (vegan) (bi?) Joan Jett (Joan Marie Larkin) on Sept. 22 in Philadelphia, Calif. Am. football coach (Cincinnati Bengals, 2003-) (black) Marvin Ronald Lewis on Sept. 23 in McDonald (near Pittsburgh), Penn.; educated at Idaho State U. Am. "Hercules" actor Kevin David Sorbo on Sept. 24 in Mound, Minn. Am. "Mr. Blonde in Reservoir Dogs" actor Michael Soren Madsen on Sept. 25 in Chicago, Ill.; brother of Virginia Madsen (1961-). Am. conservative historian (Jewish) (founder of the Project for the New Am. Century) Robert Kagan on Sept. 26 in Athens, Greece; son of Donald Kagan (1932-); brother of Frederick W. Kagan (1970-); husband of Victoria Nuland (1961-); educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones), Harvard U., and Am. U. Am. "Joe Hardy in The Hardy Boys Mysteries" actor-singer-producer Shaun Paul Cassidy on Sept. 27 in Los Angeles, Calif.; eldest son of Jack Cassidy (1927-76) and Shirley Jones (1934-); half-brother brother of David Cassidy (1950-). Scottish "Trainspotting" novelist Irvine Welsh on Sept. 27 in Leith, Edinburgh. Italian actress-model Loredana "Lory" Del Santo on Sept. 28 in Povegliano Veronese. Am. actor-comedian (Jewish) ("Undisputed Heavyweight Comedy King") Andrew Dice Clay (Andrew Clay Silverstein) on Sept. 29 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; gets a lifetime ban after a live appearance on the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards. English rock singer John Payne Jr. (Asia) on Sept. 29 in Luton, Bedfordshire. English "Alien Autopsy" film producer Ray Santilli on Sept. 30 in London; Italian immigrant parents. Am. "Arlene" country singer-songwriter John Martin "Marty" Stuart on Sept. 30 in Philadelphia, Miss.; of French, English, Choctaw, and Colombian descent; husband (1992-) of Connie Smith (1941-). Am. "C'est la Vie" singer-songwriter Robert S. "Robbie" Nevil on Oct. 2 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "The Future's So Bright I Gotta Wear Shades" singer-songwriter Barbara K. MacDonald (nee Kooyman) (Timbuk3) on Oct. 4 in Wasau, Wisc.; wife of Pat MacDonald (1952-). Dutch physician-astronaut Andre Kuipers on Oct. 5 in Amsterdam. Am. astrophysicist (black) Neil deGrasse Tyson on Oct. 5 in New York City (within a week of the founding of NASA?); educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, Harvard U. and Columbia U.; dir. of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City (1996-); dancing and wrestling champ. Am. "Ghost Wars" journalist Steve Coll on Oct. 8 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Occidental College, and U. of Sussex; husband of Eliza Griswold (1973-). Am. physicist-astronaut John Mace Grunsfeld on Oct. 10 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at MIT, and U. of Chicago. Am. "Delta Dawn" country singer Tanya Denise Tucker on Oct. 10 in Seminole, Tex. Israeli ambassador ("King of the Diplomatic Quip") Ron Prosor on Oct. 11 in Kfar Saba; educated at the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. English "She Blinded Me With Science" singer-musician Thomas Dolby (Thomas Morgan Robertson) on Oct. 14 in London. Am. conservative writer Steven F. Hayward on Oct. 16; educated at Lewis and Clark College, and Claremont College. Am. "Andy Dufresne in The Shawshank Redemption", "Lt. Sam Merlin Wells in Top Gun", "Ebby Calvin Nuke LaLoosh in Bull Durham" 6'5" actor-dir.-producer-musician and liberal activist (lapsed Roman Catholic) Timothy Francis "Tim" Robbins on Oct. 16 in West Covina, Calif.; raised in New York City; cousin of Timothy Robbins; partner (1988-2009) of Susan Sarandon (1946-). Am. "Don't Rock the Jukebox" country singer Alan Eugene Jackson on Oct. 17 in Newnan, Ga. Am. boxer (black) Thomas "Hitman" Hearns on Oct. 18 in Grand Junction, Tenn. English singer-bassist Mark King (Level 42) on Oct. 20 in Cowes, Isle of Wight. Am. "G.I. Jane", "Lord of the Rings" actor Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr. on Oct. 20 in New York City; Danish father, Am. mother. British-Dutch physicist Sir Andre Konstantin Geim on Oct. 21 in Sochi, Russia; Russian German parents; 2010 Nobel Physics prize. Am. auto racer Johnny Unser on Oct. 22 in Long Beach, Calif.; son of Jerry Unser (1932-); nephew of Al Unser (1939-) and Bobby Unser (1934-); cousin of Al Unser Jr. and Robby Unser. Am. "Seinfeld" composer Jonathan Wolff on Oct. 23 in Louisville, Ky. German Olympic (drugstore?) swimmer Kornelia Ender on Oct. 25 in Plauen (East Germany). Chinese activist Wang Wenyi on Oct. 26 in Changchung, Jilin. Am. "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" actress Rita Wilson (Margarita Ibrahimoff) on Oct. 26 in Los Angeles, Calif.; Greek parents, who rename themselves after a local street in S Calif.; wife (1988-) of Tom Hanks. English "Girls On Film" singer Simon John Charles Le Bon (Duran Duran) on Oct. 27 in Bushey, Hertfordshire. Scottish rock singer-musician William Reid (Jesus & Mary Chain) on Oct. 28 in Glasgow, Strathclyde. Am. "Lt. Sam Weinberg in A Few Good Men" actor-comedian (Jewish) Kevin Elliot Pollak on Oct. 30 in San Francisco, Calif. Am. auto racer Derrike Cope on Nov. 3 in Spanaway, Wash. Am. "T-1000 in T2", "John Doggett in The X-Files" actor Robert Hammond Patrick Jr. on Nov. 5 in Marietta, Ga.; not to be confused with writer Robert Patrick (1937-). Israeli politician (Jewish) maj. gen. Yoav Galant on Nov. 8 in Jaffa. Am. "Salieri's valet in Amadeus", "Frederickson in Cuckoo's Nest" actor ("the man with the sad eyes") Vincent Andrew Schiavelli (d. 2005) on Nov. 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "squeaky Karen Walker on Will & Grace" actress Megan Mullally on Nov. 12 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Catherine Willows in CSI" actress Mary Marg Helgenberger on Nov. 16 in Fremont, Neb. South African physicist Neil Geoffrey Turok on Nov. 16 in Johannesburg; educated at Churchill College, Cambridge U. Am. "Capt. Zoe Callas in Law and Order: Criminal Intent", "Maid Marian in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves", "Carmen in The Color of Money" actress Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio on Nov. 17 in Lombard, Ill. Am. musician East Bay Ray (Raymond John Pepperell) (Dead Kennedys) on Nov. 17 in Oakland, Calif. Am. Second Lady (2017-) Karen Sue Pence (nee Batten) on Nov. 18 in Kan.; grows up in Broad Ripple Village (near Indianapolis), Inc.; educated at Butler U.; wife (1985-) of Mike Pence (1959-). English fashion ed. Isabella "Issie" Blow (Isabella Delves Broughton) (d. 2007) on Nov. 19 in Marleybone, London; known for weird hats and blood red lipstick. Am. "The Hemingses of Monticello" historian (black) Annette Gordon-Reed on Nov. 19 in Livingston, Tex.; educated at Darmouth U. ,and Harvard U. Am. "Laurie Strode in Halloween", "Helen in True Lies" actress ("the Body") Jamie Lee Curtis, Lady Haden-Guest on Nov. 22 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Tony Curtis (1925-2010) and Janet Leigh (1927-2004); wife (1984-) of Christopher Guest (1948-). Am. historian of science Naomi Oreskes on Nov. 25 in ?; educated at Imperial College, U. of London, and Stanford U. Am. baseball player-mgr. (Los Angeles Dodgers, 1980-92, Anaheim Angels, 2000-2018) Michael Lorri "Mike" "Sosh" Scioscia on Nov. 27 in Morton, Penn.; educated at Penn State U. Am. "Det. Diane Russell in NYPD Blue", "Jenny Gardner in All My Children", "Alex Devlin in Tour of Duty" actress Kim Delaney on Nov. 29 in Yaounde, Cameroon; of Irish descent; grows up in Roxborough, Penn. Ghanaian pres. (2012-) (black) John Dramani Mahama on Nov. 29 in Damono; of the Gonja ethnic group. Am. 4'11" "Lucy Ewing in Dallas" actress Charlene L. Tilton on Dec. 1 in San Diego, Calif. English prof. wrestler Dynamite Kid (Thomas Billington) (d. 2018) on Dec. 5 in Golborne, Lancashire. English "Pretty in Pink" rock bassist Timothy George "Tim" Butler (Psychedelic Furs) on Dec. 7 in Teddington, Middlesex; brother of Richard Butler (1956-). Australian rock bassist Nicholas More "Nick" Seymour (Crowded House) on Dec. 9 in Benalla, Victoria. German "Inkheart" children's novelist ("the J.K. Rowling of Germany") Cornelia Maria Funke on Dec. 10 in Dorsten, North Rhine-Westphalia;e ducated at the U. of Hamburg. Am. rock musician Nikki Sixx (Frank Carlton Serafino Feranna Jr.) (Motley Crue) on Dec. 11 in San Jose, Calif. Am. "April Stevens in Dallas", "Alex Cahill in Walker, Texas Ranger" actress Sheree J. Wilson on Dec. 12 in Rochester, Mass. Am. "Twist of Fate" country singer-songwriter Melissa Carol "Cee Cee" Chapman on Dec. 13 in Portsmouth, Va. Scottish rock singer-musician-songwriter Michael "Mike" Scott (Waterboys) on Dec. 14 in Edinburgh. English singer-musician Peter "Spider" Stacy (The Pogues) on Dec. 14 in Eastbourne; of Irish descent. Am. 6'10" basketball player-coach (white) (Washington Bullets #43, 1981-6) Jeffrey Alan "Jeff" Ruland on Dec. 16 in Bayshore, N.Y.; educated at Iona College. Am. rock bassist Michael Edward "Mike" Mills (R.E.M.) on Dec. 17 in Orange County, Calif.; grows up in Macon, Ga. U.S. rep. (D-N.J.) (2012-) (black) Donald Milford Payne Jr. on Dec. 17 in Newark, N.J.; son of Donald Milford Payne Sr. (1934-2012); educated Kean U. English singer-producer (gay) Limahl (Christopher Hamill) (Kajagoogoo) on Dec. 19 in Wigan, Lancashire. Israeli politician (Arab Muslim) Ahmad (Ahmed) Tibi on Dec. 19 in Tayibe; educated at Hebrew U. Am. biologist ("Father of Stem Cell Research") James Alexander "Jamie" Thomson on Dec. 20 in Oak Park, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) dir. (2012-4) and nat. security advisor #25 (1017) Lt. Gen. Michael Thomas Flynn on Dec. 24 in Middletown, R.I.; educated at the U. of R.I. Am. economist (Jewish) Eugene B. "Gene" Sperling on Dec. 24 in Ann Arbor, Mich.; educated at the U. of Minn., Yale U., and Wharton School. Am. baseball hall-of-fame outfielder (stolen bases leader) (black) ("the Man of Steal") Rickey Henley Henderson (Rickey Nelson Henley) on Dec. 25 in Chicago, Ill.; record 130 stolen bases in the 1982 season; only AL player to steal 100 bases in a season (3x); record career 1,406 steals. Canadian "Black Velvet" singer-songwriter Alannah Myles on Dec. 25 in Toronto, Ont. Am. 6'3" football linebacker (gay) (Dallas Cowboys #50, 1982-9) Jeffrey Charles "Jeff" Rohrer on Dec. 25 in Inglewood, Calif.; grows up in Manhattan Beach, Calif. educated at Yale U.; husband (2018-) of Joshua Ross (first NFL player in a same-sex marriage). Am. economist Christina D. Romer (nee Duckworth) on Dec. 25 in Alton, Ill.; educated at the College of William and Mary, and MIT; wife of David Romer (1958-). Am. "Home" country singer Joe Logan Diffie on Dec. 28 in Tulsa, Okla. Am. "Solid Gold" dancer (gay) Tony Fields (Anthony Dean Campos) (d. 1995) on Dec. 28 in Stafford, Kan. Am. country musician Mike McGuire (Shenandoah) on Dec. 28 in Haleyville, Ala. Am. "Dr. Lilith Sternin in Cheers" actress (Jewish) Beatrice "Bebe" Neuwirth on Dec. 31 in Princeton, N.J.; mathematician father, artist mother. U.S. nat. security advisor #25 (2017) and defense intel agency dir. (2012-4) Army lt. gen. Michael Thomas "Mike" Flynn in Dec. in Middletown, R.I.; educated at the U. of Rhode Island, and Golden Gate U. British Labour politician (Muslim) (first Muslim life peer, 1998) Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed on ? in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan; emigrates to Britain at age 7. Israeli philosopher (Jewish) Moshe Halbertal on ? in Uruguay; educated at Hebrew U.; co-author of the Israeli Army Code of Ethics. British "The English National Character" historian Peter Mandler on ? in the U.S.; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford U., and Harvard U. Am. intelligent design scientist Stephen C. Meyer on ? in ?; educated at Whitworth College, and Cambridge U. Am. film critic (black) Elvis Mitchell on ? in Detroit, Mich. British Islamist militant leader Omar Bakri Muhammad (Fostock) on ? in Syria. Am. economist Kevin Miles Murphy on ? in ?; educated at UCLA, and the U. of Chicago. Australian composer Ian "Ollie" Olsen on ? in Melbourne. Am. historian Kenneth Pomeranz on ? in ?; educated at Cornell U., and Yale U.; student of Jonathan Spence (1936-). Palestinian activist (Sunni Muslim) Raed Salah on ? in Umm al-Fahm. Am. "Bobby Baccalieri in The Sopranos" actor Steven R. Schirripa on ? in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Watts Up With That?" meteorologist Willard Anthony Watts on ? in Ind.; educated at Purdue U. Canadian "Blindsight" sci-fi novelist Peter Watts on ? in ?. Iraqi pres. (2004-5) and vice-pres. (2005-6) Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (al-Yawar) on ? in Mosul; member of the House of Yawar, head of the 1.5M-member Shammar tribe in Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia; educated at King Fahd U., Am. U., and George Washington U. Deaths: English politician-diplomat Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (b. 1864) on Nov. 24 in Danehill; 1937 Nobel Peace Prize. English Conservative MP Charles Bathurst, 1st viscount Bledisoe (b. 1867) on July 3 in Lydney. Czech poet Petr Bezruc (b. 1867). Am. architect Louis A. Simon (b. 1867). Am. "Moody's Magazine" writer John Moody (b. 1868). German sociologist-economist Alfred Weber (b. 1868) on May 2 in Heidelberg. Irish-born Am. baseball player John Joseph "Dirty Jack" Doyle (b. 1869) on Dec. 31. French composer Florent Schmitt (b. 1870) on Aug. 17 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. U.S. rep. (R-N.Y.) (1915-39) Bertrand Hollis Snell (b. 1870) on Feb. 2 in Potsdam, N.Y. Canadian lyricist Alfred Bryan (b. 1871) on Apr. 1 in Gladstone, N.J. French Expressionist painter Georges Rouault (b. 1871) on Feb. 13 in Paris. British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams (b. 1872) on Aug. 26. Am. "The Old Rugged Cross" hymnodist George Bennard (b. 1873) on Oct. 10 in Reed City, Mich. Norwegian painter-caricaturist Olaf Gulbransson (b. 1873) on Sept. 18 in Tergensee, Germany. Am. "Father of the Blues" W.C. Handy (b. 1873) on Mar. 28 in New York City. English ethical theorist George Edward Moore (b. 1873) on Oct. 24. English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams (b. 1873). French aviator Henri Farman (b. 1874) on July 18 in Paris. English-born Canadian "Bard of the Yukon" poet Robert W. Service (b. 1874) on Sept. 11. English-born Am. film producer Albert Edward Smith (b. 1875) on Aug. 1. English "Mr. Gower the Druggist in It's a Wonderful Life", "Chang in Lost Horizon" actor H.B. Warner (b. 1875) on Dec. 21 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, Calif. (heart failure). Am. historian Mary Ritter Beard (b. 1876) on Aug. 14 in Hartsdale, N.Y. Am. ambassador (to the Soviet Union) Joseph E. Davies (b. 1876) on May 9. Am. industrialist-inventor Charles F. Kettering (b. 1876) on Nov. 25. Dutch artist Bart van der Leck (b. 1876) on Nov. 13 in Blaricum. Italian pope (1939-58) Pius XII (b. 1876) on Oct. 9. Am. mystery writer Mary Roberts Rinehart (b. 1876) on Sept. 22. French painter Maurice de Vlaminck (b. 1876) on Oct. 11 in Rueil-la-Gadeliere. Am. Pineapple King James Drummond Dole (b. 1877) in May. Am. diplomat-historian Claude Gernade Bowers (b. 1878) on Jan. 21 in New York City (leukemia). Am. dramatist Rachel Crothers (b. 1878) on July 5. Am. Behaviorist psychologist John Broadus Watson (b. 1878) on Sept. 25 in New York City. Danish chemist Niels Bjerrum (b. 1879) on Sept. 30. Am. Poictesme novelist James Branch Cabell (b. 1879) on May 5. Am. author-essayist Dorothy Canfield Fisher (b. 1879) on Nov. 9: "If we would only give, just once, the same amount of reflection to what we want to get out of life that we give to the question of what to do with a two weeks' vacation, we would be startled at our false standards and the aimless procession of our busy days." English psychoanalyst Ernest Jones (b. 1879) on Feb. 11 in London. Serbian scientist Milutin Milankvoc (b. 1879) on Dec. 12 in Belgrade. English-born Am. psychical researcher Hereward Carrington (b. 1880) on Dec. 26. English "The Highwayman" poet Alfred Noyes (b. 1880) on June 28 in the Isle of Wight. English suffragette Dame Christabel Pankhurst (b. 1880) on Feb. 13. Scottish birth control writer Marie Stopes (b. 1880) on Oct. 2 in Dorking, Surrey, England (breast cancer). Am. oilman William F. Buckley Sr. (b. 1881) on Oct. 5 aboard the SS United States en route from Paris to New York City (stroke). Am. physicist Clinton Davisson (b. 1881) on Feb. 1 in Charlottesville, Va.; 1937 Nobel Physics Prize. French novelist Roger Martin du Gard (b. 1881) on Aug. 22 in Serigny, Orne; 1937 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. economist Walton Hale Hamilton (b. 1881) on Oct. 27 in Washington, D.C. Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez (b. 1881) on May 29 in Santurce, Puerto Rico; 1956 Nobel Lit. Priz. English poet-novelist-essayist Dame Rose Macaulay (b. 1881) on Oct. 30: "Is rabbit fur disgusting because it's cheap, or is it cheap because it's disgusting?"; "The only agreeable existence is one of idleness, and that is not, unfortunately, always compatible with continuing to exist at all" - ask the Buddha? Polish-born Warner Bros. Studio exec Harry Warner (b. 1881) on July 27 in Los Angeles, Calif. Austrian philosopher Leopold Ziegler (b. 1881). Australian geologist-explorer Sir Douglas Mawson (b. 1882) on Oct. 14. Am. "American Mercury" mag. ed. George Jean Nathan (b. 1882) on Apr. 8. Am. Life Savers and Am. Broadcasting Co. magnate Edward John Noble (b. 1882) on Dec. 28. U.S. adm. Robert Lee Ghormley (b. 1883) on June 21. Welsh suffragette Lady Margaret Rhondda (b. 1883) on July 20. Am. painter-critic Guy Pene du Bois (b. 1884). German novelist-dramatist Lion Feuchtwanger (b. 1884) on Dec. 21 in Pacific Palisades, Calif. Am. jurist John Johnston Parker (b. 1885) on Mar. 17 in Washington, D.C. (heart attack). Austrian naturalist-inventor Viktor Schauberger (b. 1885) on Sept. 25 in Linz (heart attack): "A man who lives 100 years ahead of his time doesn't understand the present, and the present doesn't understand him. One sees things completely differently, one speaks a language that is foreign to today's scientists. Now after so many years we have an alternative that is going to have such an immense impact: economically, politically, socially and more. I would even say that this will initiate a new age of evolution." Irish dramatist Esme Stuart Lennox Robinson (b. 1886) on Oct. 15. Am. photographer Edward Weston (b. 1886) on Jan. 1 in Carmel Highlands, Calif.: "Anything more than 500 yards from the car just isn't photogenic." Am. "Perry White in Superman" actor John Hamilton (b. 1887) on Oct. 15 in Glendale, Calif. (heart attack). Egyptian writer Salama Musa (b. 1887). Austrian-born Jewish chemist Friedrich Adolf Paneth (b. 1887) on Sept. 17 in Mainz, Germany. English "The Amazing Mrs. Holliday" actress Elisabeth Risdon (b. 1887) on Dec. 20 in Santa Monica, Calif. German aircraft magnate Ernst Heinkel (b. 1888) on Jan. 30 in Stuttgart, Western Germany. Am. actor Franklin Pangborn (b. 1888) on July 20 in Santa Monica, Calif. Iraqi PM #7 Nuri al-Said (b. 1888) on July 15 in Baghdad; captured while trying to escape dressed as a women with men's shoes, then shot and killed, after which an angry mob disinters his corpse and drags it through the streets of Baghdad before hanging, mutilating, and burning it. Am. baseball player Tris(tram) Speaker (b. 1888) on Dec. 8. Australian polar explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins (b. 1888) on Nov. 30 in the U.S.; his ashes are taken to the North Pole on U.S. sub USS Skate on Mar. 17, 1959. British Gen. Giffard Le Quesne Martel (b. 1889) on Sept. 3 in Camberley, Surrey. Am. WWI cryptographer Herbert Osborne Yardley (b. 1889) on Aug. 7. Am. journalist Elmer Davis (b. 1890) on May 18. Am. psychologist Karl Lashley (b. 1890) on Aug. 7 in Poitiers, France. German Communist poet-politician Johannes R. Becher (b. 1891) on Oct. 11 in East Berlin (cancer). Austrian dramatist Ferdinand Bruckner (b. 1891) on Dec. 5 in Berlin. Am. movie mogul Harry Cohn (b. 1891) on Feb. 27 in Los Angeles, Calif.: "He was a great showman, and he was a son of a bitch" (George Jessel); "You had to stand in line to hate him" (Hedda Hopper); "It's better than being a pimp"; "All I need to make pictures is an office." English actor Ronald Colman (b. 1891) on May 19 in Santa Barbara, Calif. (lung infection). Am. writer Elliot Harold Paul (b. 1891) on Apr. 7 in Providence, R.I. Am. historian Leonard Dupee White (b. 1891) on Feb. 23 in Chicago, Ill. English film dir.-writer Adrian Brunel (b. 1892) on Feb. 18 in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. German Gen. Ludwig Cruewell (b. 1892) on Sept. 25 in Essen. British spy Guy Liddell (b. 1892) on Dec. 2. Am. blues singer Big Bill Broonzy (b. 1893) on Aug. 14/15 in Chicago, Ill. Russian-born Am. lyricist Lew Brown (b. 1893) on Feb. 5 in New York City. Am. "Flying Tigers" aviator Lt. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault (b. 1893) on July 27 (lung cancer). Am. theatrical designer Norman Bel Geddes (b. 1893) on May 9; Gerry Beckley writes the song "Norman" in tribute. Polish diplomat Jozef Lipski (b. 1894) on Nov. 1. English novelist-playwright Charles Langbridge Morgan (b. 1894) on Feb. 6: "One cannot shut one's eyes to things not seen with eyes"; "There is no surprise more magical than the surprise of being loved. It is God's finger on man's shoulder"; "Sense of humour by which we are ruled avoids emotion and vision and grandeur of spirit as a weevil avoids the sun. It has banished tragedy from our theatre, eloquence from our debates, glory from our years of peace, splendour from our wars." Am. actress Edith Taliaferro (b. 1894) on Mar. 2 in Newton, Conn. English novelist Louis Golding (b. 1895) on Aug. 9. Am. silent film actress Edna Purviance (b. 1895) on Jan. 11 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. brig. gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf Sr. (b. 1895) on Nov. 25. Russian writer Mikhail Zoshchenko (b. 1895) on July 22 in Leningrad. German sulfonamide chemist Fritz Mietzsch (b. 1896). Hungarian PM (1953-5, 1956) Imre Nagy (b. 1896) on June 16 (executed); arrested after being given written safe conduct from the Yugoslav embassy, nyuk nyuk. Am. screenwriter Herbert Fields (b. 1897) on Mar. 24. Am. writer Henry Fowles Pringle (b. 1897) on Apr. 7 in Washington, D.C. Am.-born British shipping exec Ernest Aldrich Simpson (b. 1897) on Nov. 30 in London. German anti-Nazi activist Walter Kreiser (b. 1898) on ? in Maringa, Brazil. French physicist Jean Frederic Joliot-Curie (b. 1900) on Aug. 14 in Paris. Cuban entertainer Rita Montaner (b. 1900) on Apr. 17 in Havana. Czech writer Vitezslav Nezval (b. 1900) on Apr. 6 in Prague. Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli (b. 1900) on Dec. 15 in Zurich; 1945 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. physicist Ernest Orlando Lawrence (b. 1901) on Aug. 27 in Palo Alto, Calif.; 1939 Nobel Physics Prize. German chemist Kurt Alder (b. 1902) on June 20 in Cologne; 1950 Nobel Chem. Prize. German ambassador Otto Abetz (b. 1903) on May 5 in Dusseldorf (auto accident). Am. comedian Harry Einstein (b. 1904) on Nov. 23 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack at a Friar's Club roast in honor of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz). English "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" actor Robert Donat (b. 1905) on June 9 in London (cerebral thrombosis after a duck egg-sized brain tumor is discovered). Am. actress Barbara Bennett (b. 1906) on Aug. 8 in Montreal, Quebec (heart attack). Am. Xerox inventor Chester F. Carlson (b. 1906); dies in a movie theater. Am. "Around the World in 80 Days" film producer Michael "Mike" Todd (b. 1909) on Mar. 22 near Grants, N.M. (airplane crash). Am. country comedian Rod Brasfield (b. 1910) on Sept. 12 in Martin, Tenn. (heart failure and alcoholism). Am. "Prince of Foxes" actor Tyrone Power (b. 1914) on Nov. 15 in Madrid, Spain (heart attack). French film critic Andre Bazin (b. 1918) on Nov. 11 in Nogent-sur-Marne. Am. baseball player Snuffy Stirnweiss (b. 1918) on Sept. 15 in Newark Bay, N.J. (train derailed and landed in bay). English scientist (DNA co-discoverer) Rosalind Elsie Franklin (b. 1920) on Apr. 16 in London (cancer) - the good die young? Am. sci-fi writer Cyril Kornbluth (b. 1923) on Mar. 21 in Waverly, N.Y. Italian auto racer Luigi Musso (b. 1924) on July 6 in Reims-Gueux (accident at the 1958 French Grand Prix). Am. auto racer Pat O'Connor (b. 1928) on May 30 in Indianapolis, Ind. (auto accident). English auto racer Peter Collins (b. 1931) on Aug. 3 in in Nurburgring, Germany (auto accident at the 1958 German Grand Prix). Iraqi king (1939-58) Faisal II (b. 1935) on July 14 in Baghdad (assassinated).



1959 - The Year the Music Died and Castro Set Up Shop on America's Doorstep With Its Own Help? The Grammy Year?

Fidel Castro of Cuba (1926-2016) Fulgencio Batista of Cuba (1901-73) Raul Castro of Cuba (1931-) Jose Miró Cardona of Cuba (1902-74) Herbert Matthews (1900-77) Romuló Betancourt of Venezuela (1908-81) Christian Archibald Herter Sr. of the U.S. (1895-1966) Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-) Liu Shaoqi of China (1898-1969) Lin Biao of China (1907-71) Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (1935-) Luna 1, 1959 The Day the Music Died, Feb. 3, 1959 Buddy Holly (1936-59) Buddy Holly (1935-59) and Maria Elena Holly (1935-) The Big Bopper (1930-59) Ritchie Valens (1941-59) Karl Heinrich Lübke of Germany (1894-1972) Sean Francis Lemass of Ireland (1899-1971) Wijayananda Dahanayake of Ceylon (1902-97) Sisavang Vathana of Laos (1907-80) Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia (1903-2000) Robert Carlyle Bird of the U.S. (1917-2010) Ernest Gruening of the U.S. (1887-1974) Edmund Gerald 'Pat' Brown Sr. of the U.S. (1905-96) William Henry Meyer of the U.S. (1914-83) Gaylor Nelson of the U.S. (1916-2005) Roswell Garst (1898-1977) Billy Graham (1918-2018) Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011) and Eddie Fisher (1928-2010) Lenny Bruce (1926-66) The Kitchen Debate, July 24, 1959 Frol Romanovich Kozlov of the Soviet Union (1908-65) William Francis Quinn of the U.S. (1919-2006) Hiram Leong Fong of the U.S. (1906-2004) Daniel Ken Inouye of the U.S. (1924-2012) Oren Ethelbirt Long of the U.S. (1889-1965) Robert Paul Griffin of the U.S. (1923-) Philibert Tsiranana of Malagasy Republic (1912-78) Modibo Keita of Mali (1915-77) Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore (1923-) Naziha Dulaymi of Iraq (?-?) Ingemar Johannson (1932-) Akiko Kojima of Japan (1936-) Delbert E. Wong of the U.S. (1920-2006) Lamar Hunt (1932-2006) Jacques Plante (1929-86) Grantly Dick-Read (1890-1959) Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis (1906-88) and the Mini-Cooper Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914-2001) Sir John Cowdery Kendrew (1917-97) John Cooper (1923-2000 Barrie Chase (1933-) and Fred Astaire (1899-1987) Maria Bueno (1939-) Chuck Essegian Jr. (1931-) Billy Casper (1931-) Pumpsie Green (1933-) Pinky Higgins (1909-69) Tom Yawkey (1903-76) Harvey Haddix Jr. (1925-94) Central Hockey League Logo Lee Petty (1914-2000) Johnny Beauchamp (1923-81) Rodger Ward (1921-2004) Fireball Roberts (1929-64) Daytona Speedway, 1959 Therman Gibson Loui Campi (1905-89) Eddie Lubanski (1929-) Tony Hinkle (1899-1992) Wilt Chamberlain (1936-99) Bob Ferry (1937-) Bob Boozer (1937-2012) Bailey E. Howell (1937-) Dick Barnett (1936-) Johnny Green (1933-) Rudy LaRusso (1937-2004) Vince Lombardi (1913-70) Jay Van Andel (1924-2004) and Richard M. DeVos Sr. (1926-) Jorge Diaz Serrano Benny Benson (1946-) George Woodcock (1912-95) Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005) Juno II with Pioneer IV, 1959 Robert Bloch (1917-94) U.S. Adm. Grace Murray Hopper (1906-92) George Kistiakowsky (1900-82) Johnny Longden (1907-2003) John Knowles (1926-2001) Walter M. Miller Jr. (1923-96) Thomas Pynchon (1937-) in 1957 Philip Noel-Baker (1889-1982) Salvatore Quasimodo (1901-68) Emilio Gino Segre (1905-89) Owen Chamberlain (1920-) Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890-1967) Severo Ochoa (1905-93) Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007) Louis Leakey (1903-72) Mary Leakey (1913-96) Louis Leakey (1903-72) and Mary Leakey (1913-96) Giuseppe Cocconi (1914-2008) Philip Morrison (1915-2005) George Mandler (1924-) Jean Anouilh (1910-87) Marie-Claire Blais (1939-) Ben Bova (1932-) Peter Carey Nowell (1928-2016) and David A. Hungerford (1927-93) Richard Condon (1915-96) Evan S. Connell Jr. (1924-) Ralf Dahrendorf (1929-2009) Shelagh Delaney (1939-2011) Allen Drury (1918-98) Armand Salacrou (1899-1989) Stanley M. Elkins (1925-2013) Dario Fo (1926-) Peter Gay (1923-2015) Günter Grass (1927-) Dorothy Hewett (1923-2002) William Bradford Huie (1910-86) Shirley Jackson (1916-65) Sue Kaufman (1926-77) Arthur Koestler (1905-83) Martin A. Larson (1897-1994) Robert Duncan Luce (1925-2012) Paule Marshall (1929-) James A. Michener (1907-97) Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976) Philip Noel-Baker (1889-1982) Yoshikazu Okada (1901-74) Grace Paley (1922-2007) Raymond Queneau (1903-76) Rock Hudson (1925-85) William Lawrence Shirer (1904-93) Mordecai Richler (1931-2001) Philip Roth (1933-2018) Frithjof Schuon (1907-98) Delmore Schwartz (1913-66) Martin Shubik (1926-) W.D. Snodgrass (1926-2009) C.P. Snow (1905-80) George Rippey Stewart (1895-1980) Leo Strauss (1899-1973) 'Walter Tevis (1928-84) Richard Clement Wade (1921-2008) Leslie White (1900-75) William Appleman Williams (1921-90) Evelyn Wood (1909-95) Louis Zukofsky (1904-78) William Strunk Jr. (1869-1946) E.B. White (1899-1985) 'The Elements of Style' by William Strunk Jr. (1869-1946) and E.B. White (1899-1985), 1919-59 Colin MacInnes (1914-76) Anita Bryant (1940-) Mary Ann Mobley (1939-) Jean Louis Barrault (1910-94) Stephen Boyd (1931-77) Joan Crawford (1905-77) Ethel Merman (1908-84) Johnny Preston (1939-2011) George Reeves (1914-59) Eddie Mannix (1892-1963) George Reeves (1914-59) and Leonore Lemmon (1923-89) Brook Benton (1931-88) Fabian (1943-) Kirby James Hensley (1911-99) Lilly Pulitzer (1931-2013) Lilly Pulitzer Example Frankie Avalon (1939-) Berry Gordy Jr. (1929-) Tamla Motown Records Wes Montgomery (1925-68) Harry Belafonte (1927-) Ornette Coleman (1930-2015) Frankie Laine (1913-2007) William Jan Berry (1941-2004) and Dean Ormsby Torrence (1940-) Island Records Chris Blackwell (1937-) The Browns Frankie Ford (1939-) Eddie Floyd (1937-) Neville Goddard (1905-72) Sir Mack Rice (1933-) Johnny Horton (1925-60) Johnny Horton (1925-60) Dion DiMucci (1939-) Craig Douglas (1941-) Billy Fury (1940-83) Adam Faith (1940-2003) Gillian Hills (1944-) Skip and Flip Jimmy Gilmer (1940-) and The Fireballs The Mystics The Isley Brothers Sandy Nelson (1938-) Anthony Newley (1931-99) Hargus 'Pig' Robbins (1938-) April Stevens (1936-) Bob Gibson (1931-96) Manny Roth (1919-2014) Miles Davis (1926-91) Bill Evans (1929-80) Barrett Strong (1941-) and Norman Whitfield (1940-2008) 'Sweet Bird of Youth', 1959 Jean-Paul Belmondo (1933-) 'Ben-Hur' starring Charleton Heston (1923-2008), 1959 Boris Aronson (1898-1980) 'The Diary of Anne Frank', 1959 William Castle (1914-77) 'The Tingler' starring Vincent Price (1911-93), 1959 'The Immoral Mr. Teas', 1959 Russ Meyer (1922-2004) Judith Evelyn (1913-67) Philip Coolidge (1908-67) 'Adventures in Paradise', starring Gardner McKay (1932-2001), 1959-62 'Border Patrol', 1959 'Bourbon Street Beat', 1959-60 Dennis the Menace, 1959-1963 Hennesey', 1959-62 'Manhunt', 1959-61' The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis Cast, 1959-63 'One Step Beyond', 1959-61 'Bonanza', 1959-73 'Laramie', 1959-63 'Rawhide', 1959-66 'The Twilight Zone', with Rod Serling (1924-75), 1959-64 '77 Sunset Strip, 1959-64 'The Untouchables', 1959-63 Marius Constant (1925-2004) George Greeley (1917-2007) Pat Frank (1908-64) Daniel Keyes (1927-2014) Sam Levenson (1911-80) Oscar Lewis (1914-70) Kenneth Anger (1927-) Michael Flanders (1922-75) and Donald Swann (1923-94) Harry Mark Petrakis (1923-) Victor Vasarely (1906-97) Keith Waterhouse (1929-2009) Alicia Alonso (1920-) E.R. Braithwaite (1920-) 'The Sound of Music', 1959 Nagisa Oshima (1932-) Grady Gammage Auditorium, 1959-64 'The Two Sisters' by Tsuguharu Foujita, 1959 'Angry Young Machine' by H.C. Westermann (1922-81), 1959 Etch-a-Sketch, 1959 Ruth Handler (1916-2002) 1959 Barbie Doll 'Law of the Plainsman', 1959-60) 'The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show', 1959-64 'NBC Sunday Showcase', 1959-60 'Fiorello!', 1959 'The 400 Blows' by Francois Truffaut (1932-84), 1959 '4D Man, 1959 'Alive and Kicking', 1959 Richard Harris (1930-2002) 'Anatomy of a Murder', 1959 'Attack of the Giant Leeches', 1959 'Behemoth, the Sea Monster', 1959 'A Bucket of Blood', 1959 'Gidget', 1959 'Have Rocket, Will Travel', 1959 'Hiroshima Mon Amour', 1959 'Im All Right Jack', 1959 'Imitation of Life', 1959 'Look Back in Anger', 1959 Mary Ure (1933-75) Tony Richardson (1928-91) Nigel Davenport (1928-2013) 'Men into Space' starring William Lundigan (1914-75), 1959-60 'The Mouse That Roared', 1959 'On the Beach', 1959 'Our Man in Havana', 1959 'Plan 9 from Outer Space', 1959 'North by Northwest', 1959 'Operation Petticoat', 1959 'Pillow Talk', 1959 Bruce Dern (1936-) 'Rio Bravo', 1959 'Room at the Top', 1959 'Sleeping Beauty', 1959 'Some Like It Hot', 1959 'Suddenly Last Summer', 1959 'Warlock', 1959 'The Young Philadelphians', 1959 James Coburn (1928-2002) 'Clutch Cargo', 1959 Henry Dreyfuss (1904-72) Princess Phone, 1959 The Harlem Globetrotters and Nikita Khrushshev, 1959 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, 1959- 'Departing', by George Cohen (1919-99) VZ-9 Avrocar SR.N1 SNECMA C.450 Coléoptère Sikorsky S-61R North American X-15, 1959 Chatty Cathy, 1959 Michael Illitch (1929-) and Marian Illitch Little Caesars Pizza, 1959 Sonic Drive-In, 1959 Troy Nuel Smith Sr. (1922-2009) Swedish Fish Jørn Utzon (1918-2008) Sydney Opera House, 1959-73 Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1959

1959 Doomsday Clock: 2 min. to midnight. Chinese Year: Pig (Feb. 8) - pig, Castro, get it? Time Mag. Man of the Year: Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) (first time 1944). This is the U.N. World Year of the Refugee. The Great Chinese Famine begins after massive crop failures and floods, killing 15M-30M by 1961 - no homes, no land, no TVs, no gin? On Jan. 1 "U.S.-backed" (actually, they cut him loose a year earlier, with an arms embargo and diplomatic pressure to resign) Cuban dictator (since 1952) Fulgencio Batista flees after killing 20K of his own people, and is denied entry into the U.S., and after a 25-mo. guerrilla war Faithful Chaste Beaver, er, Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (1926-2016) becomes ruler (until 2008) of Cuba, "the Paris of the Caribbean", marching into Havana on Jan. 8 after a 7-day 600 mi. triumphal march down Central Highway, where his adoring subjects salute him as "El Caballo" (the Horse); on Feb. 6 as his regime kills hundreds, Fidel Castro is interviewed by Edward R. Murrow in the Havana Hilton on CBS-TV's "See It Now", in which he sits with his son and his son's pet dog and claims he will shave his beard when Cuba gets a good govt.; on Jan. 5 Castro's old chum Jose Miro (Miró) Cardona (1902-74) becomes PM of Cuba, but on Feb. 13 he unexpectedly resigns, and is replaced by Castro, who appoints him Cuban ambassador to Spain; after rejecting Castro's policies he resigns in July, flees to the Argentine embassy, then flees to the U.S. in late 1960; on Jan. 7 the U.S. recognizes Castro in record time, touting the handsome, likeable, cigar-chomping (Montecristo brand, 50 cents each) commandante as the George Washington of Cuba, and undoubtedly anti-Communist when he utters the soundbyte "Power does not interest me, and I will not take it. From now on the people are entirely free"; too bad, on Jan. 21 he names his hardline Communist younger brother Raul Castro (1931-) as his successor, saying "Behind me are others more radical than I"; in July New York Times journalist Herbert Lionel Matthews (1900-77) writes "This is not a Communist revolution in any sense of the word. In Cuba there are no Communists in positions of control", and "Fidel Castro is not only not a Communist, he's decidedly anti-Communist"; Matthews has close connections with the Fourth Floor of the U.S. State Dept., which was instrumental in withdrawing U.S. support for Batista and paving the way for Castro, causing U.S. ambassador Earl E.T. Smith to convince his friends the Kennedy that they are to blame for Castro's takeover; the Feb. issue of the John Birch Society's American Opinion exposes him as a "vicious, lying, brutal, murdering Communist", which later gains them credibility when Castro comes out of the closet and makes a monkey out of the Eisenhower admin., despite a confidential memo from vice-pres. Nixon (who was sent to visit him after Ike refused) that he was "incredibly naive about Communism or under Communist discipline"; Commie or not, Castro is loved by the majority of the people, who could overthrow him if he went bad, and he gives the people universal literacy for the first time ever, making the gobs of demonizing anti-Castro propaganda churned out by Cuban exiles in Miami a little unbelievable? On Jan. 1 Iowa defeats Calif. by 38-12 to win the 1959 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 2 the Soviets launch the 3,245-lb. spherical Luna (Lunik) I (AKA Mechta = "dream") which comes within 5K mi. of the Moon; when the press asks Edward Teller what Americans can expect when they reach the Moon, he replies "Russians". On Jan. 3 "Last Frontier", "Land of the Midnight Sun" Alaska (Aleut. "great land", "that which the sea breaks against") is admitted as the 49th U.S. state, becoming the 4th state whose name begins and ends with a vowel (Alabama, Arizona, Ohio), and the only one whose name can be typed with letters on the same row of the QWERTY keyboard; its flag is designed by 13-y.-o. Benny Benson (1946-), complete with the Big Dipper; Dem. Harvard Medical School grad. Ernest Henry Gruening (1887-1974) becomes its first U.S. Sen. (until 1969). On Jan. 3 orphan-born violin-playing former KKK member (who repudiated them) Robert Carlyle Byrd (1917-2010) becomes U.S. Dem. Sen. from W. Va., going on to serve till death and become the longest-serving member in history and the first to serve uninterrupted for half a cent.; he ends up endorsing Barack Obama. On Jan. 3 Philly-born William Henry Meyer (1914-83) becomes U.S. Dem. Sen. from Vt., the first Dem. to win a statewide election in Vt. since the founding of the Repub. Party in 1855, becoming the most leftist member of the U.S. Congress in 1937-2002. On Jan. 4 Gaylord Anton Nelson (1916-2005) becomes Dem. gov. #35 of Wisc. (until Jan. 4, 1963), the first Dem. gov. since 1932; he goes on to become a U.S. Sen. in 1963-81, founding Earth Day in 1970. On Jan. 4 (Sun.) (p.m.) the series GE College Bowl debuts on CBS-TV (until 1963, then on NBC-TV until June 14, 1970), presented by Allen Ludden (1959-62) and Robert Earle (1962-70), featuring college student teams competing for scholarships; Northwestern beats Brown. On Jan. 5 after Gov. Goodwin Knight is talked by Pres. Eisenhower, Vice-Pres. Nixon, and Senate Majority Leader William Knowland into running for Knowland's Senate seat while Knowland runs for Knight's governorship in the "Big Switch", and Knowland makes the mistake of supporting unpopular Proposition 18 (a right-to-work law), losing by 59%-40%, San Francisco, Calif.-born Repub.-turned-Dem. Calif. atty. gen. #23 (since Jan. 8, 1851) Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr. (1905-96) (nicknamed Pat after giving Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech at street corners at age 12 to sell Liberty Bonds) becomes Dem. gov. #32 of Calif. (until Jan. 2, 1967), going on to sponsor the Edmund G. Brown Calif. Aqueduct and oppose the death sentence, commuting 23 death sentences except railroad case Caryl Chessman and Elizabeth Duncan, last female executed before the nat. moratorium; in 1963 he defeats Richard Nixon by 52%-47% to win reelection, then loses in 1966 to upstart actor Ronald Reagan by 58%-42%; meanwhile the 1958 election sees many Calif. Repubs. defeated by Dems., incl. Knight, who loses 55%-45$ to Clair Engle, leaving Nixon in control of the Calif. Repub. Party and in line for the U.S. pres. election ahead of Knowland and Knight. On Jan. 8 Michel Debre (Debré) (1912-96) becomes PM #1 of the French Fifth Repub. (until Apr. 14, 1962), and Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) becomes pres. #1 (pres. #18 of the French Repub.) (until Apr. 28, 1969). On Jan. 9 Ike's Seventh State of the Union Address ends with the soundbyte: "By moving steadily toward the goal of greater freedom under law, for our own people, we shall be the better prepared to work for the cause of freedom under law throughout the world. All peoples are sorely tired of the fear, destruction, and the waste of war. As never before, the world knows the human and material costs of war and seeks to replace force with a genuine rule of law among nations. It is my purpose to intensify efforts during the coming two years in seeking ways to supplement the procedures of the United Nations and other bodies with similar objectives, to the end that the rule of law may replace the rule of force in the affairs of nations. Measures toward this end will be proposed later, including a reexamination of our own relation to the International Court of Justice. Finally, let us remind ourselves that Marxist scripture is not new, it is not the gospel of the future. Its basic objective is dictatorship, old as history. What is new is the shining prospect that man can build a world where all can live in dignity. We seek victory, not over any nation or people, but over the ancient enemies of us all, victory over ignorance, poverty, disease, and human degradation wherever they may be found. We march in the noblest of causes, human freedom. If we make ourselves worthy of America's ideals, if we do not forget that our nation was founded on the premise that all men are creatures of God's making, the world will come to know that it is free men who carry forward the true promise of human progress and dignity." On Jan. 9 (Fri.) the hour-long B&W series Rawhide debuts on CBS-TV for 217 episodes (until Jan. 4, 1966), starring Eric Fleming (1925-66) as Gil Favor, and launching the career of Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr. (1930-) as Rowdy Yates; the theme song by Dimitri Tiomkin (1894-1979) and Ned Washington (1901-76) is sung by Italian-Am. crooner Frankie Laine (1913-2007). On Jan. 9 Jackpot Bowling debuts on NBC-TV (until June 24, 1960, then Sept. 19, 1960-Mar. 13, 1961), hosted at the Hollywood Legion Lanes by Leo Durocher followed by Mel Allen, Bud Palmer, Milton Berle, and Chick Hearn; bowlers compete for "television's biggest sports jackpot", $25K to $75K; on Jan. 2, 1961 Therman Gibson of Detroit, Mich. rolls six straight strikes to win the $75K jackpot. On Jan. 10 the Soviets reject the Allied proposal of Dec. 31 and instead submit a draft peace treaty providing for a demilitarized Germany with East German control over all access points to a free Berlin, and propose a 28-nation conference within 2 mo. in Prague or Warsaw; the conference is set for May 11 in Geneva. On Jan. 11 Ed Sullivan of CBS-TV scoops everybody with a TV Interview of Fidel Castro; Castro utters the soundbyte: "We can be sure that Batista will be the last dictator of Cuba... because now there will be a democratic institution." On Jan. 12 the U.S. Supreme (Warren) Court rules unanimously in Williams v. Lee that state courts do not have jurisdication on Indian reservations without authorization of Congress. On Jan. 18 NBC-TV airs a TV-movie version of Agatha Christie's Ten Little Indians, starring Nina Foch and Kenneth Haigh. On Jan. 20 (Tues.) (10:00 p.m.) Merwin Gerard's anthology documentary series Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond debuts on ABC-TV for 96 episodes (until July 4, 1961), hosted by John Newland (1917-2000), "your guide to the supernatural", "our guide into the world of the unknown", telling allegedly true stories of the supernatural; in Jan. 1961 the episode "The Sacred Mushroom" airs, featuring Newland ingesting psychedelic mushrooms on camera and noting the effects, becoming their most popular episode; in 1978-9 he hosts "The Next Step Beyond" for 25 episodes - the breakfast of champions? On Jan. 25 Pope John XXIII announces plans for the Second Vatican Council. On Jan. 25 American Airlines makes the first scheduled transcontinental flight of a Boeing 707, opening the jet age in the U.S. On Jan. 26 in welcoming deputy PM Anastas Mikoyan home from a U.S. Tour, Khrushchev says that "the possibility of a thaw" in Soviet-U.S. relations is "not excluded", and that "everything possible" must be done to improve them - if going home doesn't feel safe to you? On Jan. 27 NASA selects 110 candidates for the first U.S. space flight. In Jan. PM Phoui Sananikone of Laos with U.S. backing begins an attempt to wipe out the Pathet Lao. Small planes in Iowa in the winter, or an all-new ER? On Feb. 3 (Tues.) the Day the Music Died saw Lubbock, Tex.-born "Peggy Sue" star Buddy Holly (Charles Hardin Holley) (b. 1936), Pacoima, Calif.-born "La Bamba" star Ritchie Valens (Ricardo Esteban Valenzuela Reyes) (b. 1941), and Sabine Pass, Tex.-born "Chantilly Lace" star The Big Bopper (Jiles Perry "J.P." "Jape" Richardson Jr.) (b. 1930) kills shortly after takeoff in an airplane crash near Clear Lake (outside Mason City), Iowa in a chartered Beech Bonanza N3749N headed for their next engagement in Moorhead, Minn. (sister city of Fargo, N.D.); after leaving the Crickets, Holly hired a new band consisting of bassist Waylon Arnold Jennings (1937-2002), guitarist Tommy Allsup (1931-) (who leaves his wallet onboard, which is later recovered), and drummer Carl Bunch (1939-2011) to play the Winter Dance Party Tour; Jennings and Allsup relinquished their seats at the last minute as Jennings give up his seat to the Big Bopper and Valens won a coin toss with Allsup; on Feb. 4 the audience in Fargo expecting to see them saw Bobby Vee and the Shadows for the first time instead; Holly leaves Puerto Rico-born widow Maria Elena Holly (nee Santiago) (1935-), and Valens' girlfriend Donna Ludwig already kicked off. On Feb. 3 Am. Airlines Flight 320 (Lockheed L-188A) crashes in the East River in New York City on approach to LaGuardia Airport, killing 65 of 73 aboard. On Feb. 6 the U.S. successfully test-fires a Titan ICBM from Cape Canaveral. On Feb. 10 after receiving a letter from a WWII vet telling him that he "felt from your recent speeches the feeling of hedging and a little uncertainty" Pres. Eisenhower writes a Letter to Robert Biggs, telling him to beware the danger posed by those seeking freedom from the "mental stress and burden" of democracy, and recommending Eric Hoffer's "The True Believer". On Feb. 12 (150th anniv. of the birth of Abraham Lincoln) Congress meets in joint session to hear actor Fredric March deliver Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address", followed by an address by Lincoln biographer Carl Sandburg, who becomes the first-only Am. poet invited to address a joint session of Congress (until ?). On Feb. 13 after spendthrift dictator Perez Jimenez is ousted, former pres. (1945-8) Romulo (Romuló) Betancourt (1908-81) ("Father of Venezeulan Democracy") returns from exile and becomes pres. of Venezuela again (until Mar. 13, 1964), going on to turn the country around from bankruptcy despite low oil prices, and promulgate the Betancourt Doctrine, which denies diplomatic recognition to any regime that came to power by force, later making him a favorite of JFK, who consults him during the Cuban Missile Crisis via a hot line from the White House to Miraflores. On Feb. 16 Fidel Castro becomes PM of Cuba (until Feb. 23, 2008). On Feb. 17 the U.S. launches Vanguard II "Weather Eye", its first weather satellite. On Feb. 19 an internat. agreement in London sets a timetable for the independence of Cyprus. On Feb. 20 the FCC applies the equal time rule to newscasts of political candidates. On Feb. 27 (his birthday) the Mahikari (Jap. "true light") cult in Japan (1M members by 1978) is founded when founder Yoshikazu Okada (1901-74) allegedly receives a revelation that he has been appointed to save humanity from destruction; it relies on the Takenouchi Documents, unveiled in 1928, which claim that all religions trace to Japan, and that all the religious leaders of the past either visited or died there incl. Lao Tzu, Moses, and Jesus; too bad, the Japanese govt. confiscates them during WWII, and they are lost in air raids. In Feb. Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal hold an exploratory meeting to form the European Free Trade Assoc. (EFTA) as a counterpart to the European Common Market, which comes into being this year; on Nov. 20 the EFTA Convention is installed, to be signed next year. On Mar. 1 in Uruguay the Blanco (Nationalist) Party defeats the Colorado Party after 93 straight years in power, veering the country right toward support of large landholders and the private sector with IMF backing. On Mar. 5 Charles de Gaulle gives a Speech on French Immigration, with the soundbyte: "It is very good that there are yellow French, black French, brown French. They show that France is open to all races and has a universal vocation, but on condition that they remain a small minority. Otherwise, France would no longer be France. We are still primarily a European people of the white race, Greek and Latin culture, and the Christian religion. Don't tell me stories. Muslims, have you gone to see them? Have you watched them with their turbans and jellabiyas? You can see that they are not French. Those who advocate integration have the brain of a hummingbird. Try to mix oil and vinegar. Shake the bottle. After a second, they will separate again. Arabs are Arabs, the French are French. Do you think the French body politic can absorb 10 million Muslims, who tomorrow will be 20 million, after tomorrow forty? If we integrated, if all the Arabs and Berbers of Algeria were considered French, would you prevent from settling in France, where the standard of living is so much higher? My village would no longer be called Colombey-the-Two-Churches but Colombey-the-Two-Mosques." On Mar. 9 the animated syndicated TV series Clutch Cargo ("television's first comic strip") debuts for 52 episodes, becoming a surprise U.S. hit, starring the voice of Richard Cotting as writer-pilot Clutch Cargo, who travels around the world in a 1929 Bellanca C-27 Airbus on dangerous assignments with his young ward Spinner and pet dachshund Paddlefoot; Hal Smith voices Clutch's friend Swampy; features Syncro-Vox, which superimises real human mouths on the cartoon chars.; the last episode features the soundbyte "I still see Big X." On Mar. 10 the 1959 Tibetan Uprising (Rebellion) sees a revolt erupt in Lhasa, causing the Red Chinese army to move in on Mar. 12 and order 24-y.-o. Tibetan Dalai Lama #14 (1940-) "His Holiness" Tenzin Gyatso (Lhamo Thondup) (1935-) to report to their military camp in Lhasa, pissing-off Tibetan Buddhists, who on Mar. 17 stage a march of 5K Tibetan women carrying banners reading "Tibet for Tibetans", presenting an appeal at the Indian consulate; on Mar. 17 Chinese troops fire two mortar shells at the Dalai Lama's Potala Palace, and six hours later under cover of darkness he sneaks out wearing a soldier's uniform carrying a gun, and flees Tibet for N India through a pass in the Himlayas, arriving on Mar. 31; on Mar. 18 protests in Lhasa lead to violence, after which the Chinese conquer Tibet in Mar., killing 57K by the end of the year; in India the Dalai Lama espouses the "Middle Way", a policy of peacefully working with China for autonomy rather than independence; too bad, China closes Tibet off from the world for the next quarter of a cent., instituting a genocide that kills 15% of the pop., importing masses of Chinese to displace the Tibetans and destroying all traces of Tibetan culture incl. art, writings, and 6K monasteries, while making any resistance or even ownership of a photo of the Dalai Lama a crime; the CIA supports Tibetan freedom fighters until Nixon's 1972 visit to China, then cuts them loose; the Dalai Lama is later discovered to be on the payroll of the CIA. On Mar. 10 the syndicated TV series Border Patrol debuts for 34 episodes (until Nov 17), starring Richard Webb (1915-93) as Deputy Chief Don Jagger. On Mar. 11-12 a coup attempt is discovered in Portugal by several junior officers supported by progressive Roman Catholics. On Mar. 12 the U.S. Congress approves Hawaiian statehood; on Mar. 18 Pres. Eisenhower signs the Hawaii Admission Act, and on Aug. 21 after a popular referendum votes 93# in favor of statehood, 132-island "Aloha State", "Youngest State", "Paradise of the Pacific" Hawaii (Hawai'i) (only state with a diacritical mark in its official name) (named after Havaiki, ancient home of the Polynesians) is admitted as the 50th U.S. state, becoming the 5th state to have an official motto that is not in English or Latin (Calif., Minn., Mont., Wash.): "Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono" (The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness); on Aug. 21 the 1959 Hawaiian Constitution goes into effect; the eight main inhabited islands (at the SE end, out of hundreds spread over 1.5K mi.) are (E to W): Hawai'i (Hawaii) ("the big island"), Maui ("the valley isle") (2nd largest), Kaho'olawe (Kahoolawe) (smallest), Lana'i (Lanai) ("the secluded isle", "the pineapple island"), Molokai'i (Molokai) ("the friendly isle"), O'ahu (Oahu) ("the gathering place") (home of state capital Honolulu), Kaua'i (Kauai) ("the garden isle"), and Ni'ihau (Niihau) ("the distant isle", "the forbidden isle"); on Aug. 21 Rochester, N.Y.-born St Louis, Mo.-raised Repub. Pres. Eisenhower appointee (since 1957) William Francis Quinn (1919-2006) (Roman Catholic) becomes Hawaii gov. #1 (until Dec. 3, 1962), going on to become pres. of the Dole Pineapple Co. in 1965-72. On Mar. 17 USS Skate (SSN-578) becomes the first submarine to surface at the North Pole, committing the ashes of famed explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins (1888-1958) to the Arctic Ocean. In Mar. the U.S. begins a mandatory oil import quota system (until 1973), with a 4 cents/gal. federal gasoline tax. In Mar. Christian evangelist William Franklin "Billy" Graham Jr. (1918-2018) makes his first tour of Russia; on June 16 he visits Moscow, where he is prohibited from preaching, causing him to utter the soundbyte that the people have "moral purity" as well as a "great spiritual hunger" for God - the sound of one hand clapping? On Apr. 3 Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru announces that his govt. has granted asylum to the Dalai Lama. On Apr. 4 Barbara Walters' father Lou Walters brings Les Folies Bergere to the Las Vegas Tropicana. On Apr. 5 Socialist Modibo Keita (1915-77) becomes PM of the Mali Federation (French Sudan and Senegal) (until 1965), steering it on a Socialist course while trying to keep friendly relations with the U.S. On Apr. 6 the 31st Academy Awards awards the best picture Oscar for 1958 to MGM's (Arthur Freed Productions) Gigi, along with best dir. to Vincente Minnelli; best actor goes to David Niven for Separate Tables, best actress to Susan Hayward for I Want to Live, best supporting actor to Burl Ives for The Big Country, and best supporting actress to Wendy Hiller for Separate Tables. On Apr. 9 NASA announces the selection of America's first seven Mercury astronauts, all veteran test pilots aged 32-37, and all white, Protestant, small town natives, and fathers, incl. Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John H. Glenn Jr., Gus Grissom, Wally (Walter M.) Schirra Jr., Alan Shepard, and Donald "Deke" Slayton; all except ? have crew cuts. On Apr. 10 Japan's Crown Prince Akihito marries commoner Michiko Shoda (1934-). On Apr. 14 the Robert A. Taft Memorial and Carillon in Washington, D.C. between New Jersey Ave. and First St. N.W. is dedicated. On Apr. 15 at the invitation of the Am. Society of Newpaper Editors, Cuban leader Fidel Castro arrives in Washington, D.C. to begin a goodwill tour of the U.S., bringing a hundred cases of goodwill Cuban rum with him; he tells the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that "The July 26 movement is not a Communist movement. Its members are Roman Catholics, mostly... We have no intention of expropriating United States property, and any property we take we'll pay for." On Apr. 15 U.S. secy. of state John Foster Dulles (b. 1888) resigns after contracting cancer, then dies on May 24. On Apr. 15 four members of Batista's army hijack a plane from Cuba to Miami - don't let the door hit your ass on the way out? On Apr. 15 the detective series Manhunt debuts in syndication for 78 episodes (until 1961), set in San Diego, Calif., starring Victor Jory (1902-82) as Lt. Howard Finucane, and Patrick "Pat" McVey (McVeigh) (1910-73) as police reporter Ben Andrews. On Apr. 16 Ike avoids Castro by going golfing, making the cigar-smoking dude settle for meeting with new U.S. secy. of state designate Christian Archibald Herter Sr., followed by vice-pres. Richard Nixon on Apr. 21, after which Nixon utters the soundbyte that Castro is "either incredibly naive about Communism or under Comunist discipline", adding that he guesses the former. On Apr. 20 Desilu's B&W The Untouchables debuts on ABC-TV for 118 episodes (until May 21, 1963), based on the bestelling 1957 memoir of Elliot Ness and Oscar Fraley, starring Robert (Charles Langford Midini) Stack (1919-2003) as Chicago Prohibition U.S. Treasury agent Eliot Ness (1903-57), with Walter Winchell as narrator, about a special federal govt. elite squad formed after the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre; both J. Edgar Hoover and Frank Sinatra object to it for different reasons, Sinatra because it defames Italian-Ams, Hoover because it confuses Treasury cases with FBI cases. No fish is safe anymore on the ever-shrinking Earth? On Apr. 21 Alf Dean catches a white shark 16'10" long and weighing a record 2,664 lbs. by rod and reel near Ceduna, South Australia. On Apr. 27 Liu Shaoqi (1898-1969) becomes chmn. #2 of the People's Repub. of China (until Oct. 31, 1968), and Mao loses influence to him, as well as PM Zhou Enlai and party secy. Deng Xiaoping. On Apr. 27 The Sam Levenson Show debuts on CBS-TV, starring Jewish comedian Samuel "Sam" Levenson (1911-80); too bad, it bombs and last airs on Sept. 25. On Apr. 30 the U.S. announces the halting of flights to Berlin above a 10K-ft. ceiling to comply with Soviet requests. In Apr. the South Korean govt. shuts down the opposition newspaper Kyung Hyang Shinmun. On May 2 Scotland's first nuclear power station opens in Chapelcross in Dumfriesshire in SW Scotland. On May 4 the first Grammy (Gramophone) Award ceremony is held. On May 6 Icelandic gunboats shoot at British fishing boats. On May 6 the Diem regime in South Vietnam proclaims Law 10/59, which enacts draconian penalties incl. death and confiscation of property for subversive activities, backfiring and spawning uprisings in Quang Ngai Province in the N, where 16K rebels seize 16 villages in Tra Bong district and establish a liberated zone of 50 villages; these uprisings were not directly supported by by Hanoi, just local Viet Minh with the Mission: Impossible of pushing the inevitable Communist rev. along, but now Hanoi sees it chance, and on May 19 North Vietnamese Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap establishes Group 559 to begin building the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On May 8 Little Caesars Pizza is founded in Garden City, Mich. by Detroit Tigers farm team shortstop Michael "Mike" Ilitch (Illitch) (Illievski) Sr. (1929-) and his wife (since 1955) Marian Bayoff Ilitch (1933-), becoming the world's largest carry-out pizza chain, and 3rd largest pizza chain in the U.S. behind Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza, with the slogan "Pizza! Pizza" (1979); the name is her pet name for him; he buys the Detroit Red Wings NHL team in 1982 for $8M, followed by the ML Detroit Tigers in 1990; the chain expands to all 50 states by 1987. On May 11-Aug. 5 the Foreign Ministers Conference in Geneva on Berlin makes no progress. On May 12 movie superstar Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011) double-shocks the public by converting to Reform Judaism then marrying Jewish singer Eddie Fisher (1928-2010), stealing him from devoted wife Debbie Reynolds and leaving her with children Carrie and Todd, becoming known to them as "the Other Woman". On May 17 back in Cuba, Castro signs the Agrarian Reform Act, confiscating all private land holdings larger than 3.2K acres and banning land ownership by foreigners, giving land titles to 200K peasants. On May 19 the Peoples' Army of Vietnam's Military Transportation Group 559 is formed on the 69th birthday of Ho Chi Minh, resulting in the creation of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On May 19 Atlanta, Ga. joins the tail of the caravan and desegregates its public libraries. On May 20 the U.S. Justice Dept. restores the U.S. citizenship of 4,978 Japanese-Ams. who had renounced it during WWII. On May 22 Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. (1912-2002), cmdr. of the WWII Tuskegee Airmen becomes the first black U.S. Maj. Gen., followed by Lt. Gen. in May 1965; on Dec. 9, 1998 Pres. Clinton makes him a full 4-star gen. On May 24 hardliner U.S. secy. of state John Foster Dulles (b. 1888) dies, and on Apr. 21 6'4 Paris-born Harvard-educated undersecy. of state (since 1957) (Mass. gov. in 1953-6) Christian Archibald Herter Sr. (1895-1966) (whose portrait bears a striking resemblance to Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-)?) is approved by the Senate by 93-0 as the new U.S. secy. of state (until 1961) without the usual 6-day waiting period because of his long diplomatic experience going back to 1918, plus the fact that his wife Maria, er, Mary Caroline Pratt (1895-1980) is a granddaughter of a founder of the Standard Oil Co. (plus he co-founds the Council on Foreign Relations in 1919, giving fodder to conspiracy theorists. On May 24 in Britain, Empire Day becomes Commonwealth Day. On May 28 U.S. chimponauts Abel (-1959) (rhesus monkey) and Miss Baker (-1984) (squirrel monkey) blast off from Cape Canaveral, becoming the first living beings to successfully return to space from Earth (50 mi. alt. min.). In May Khrushchev issues an ultimatu to the West to clear out of Berlin in 6 mo. or the Red Army will throw them out; Eisenhower issues an ultimatum, saying "We are not saying that we are going to shoot our way into Berlin. We say we are just going to go and continue carrying out our responsibilities to those people. So that if we are stopped, it will be somebody else using force"; the matter is dropped after the Kitchen Debate and an invite from Ike to visit the U.S., Khrushchev uttering the soundbyte "I am prepared to turn out my pockets to show that I am harmless." On June 1 Tunisia proclaims a new 1959 Tunisian Constitution, switching from a parliamentary to a pres. system of govt., with pro-Western Kemal Ataturk pres. (since July 25, 1957) Habib Bourgiba (1903-2000) becoming pres. #1 on July 25 (until Nov. 7, 1987); he goes on to promote education and women's rights, prohibiting polygamy, giving women access to divorce, and raising the age of consent for girls to 17, but prohibits women's rights groups and institutionalizes the role of the father as the head of the family; he also engages in an anti-Semitic program incl. abolishing the Tunisian Jewish community council and destroying Jewish areas and bldgs. for "urban renewal". On June 1 the patriotic song The Battle Of New Orleans by Johnny Horton peaks at #1 on the U.S. pop singles chart and stays there for six weeks. On June 3 Singapore becomes an independent state, with Lee Kuan Yew (1923-) as PM #1 (until 1990). On June 4 Greece rejects a Soviet note urging that they not allow any missile bases on their soil. On June 8 the hypersonic rocket-powered North Am. X-15 rocket plane makes its first flight, and goes on to achieve speeds as high as Mach 6.72 (4,520 mph) in Oct. 1967 before being retired after 199 flights in Dec. 1968, becoming a manned powered aircraft speed record (until ?). On June 9 the first ballistic missile-carrying submarine, the $110M USS George Washington is launched into the Thames River at Groton, Conn. carrying 16 Polaris missiles, becoming the world's largest submarine; the threat of losing all U.S. nukes in a sneak attack is ended - so if Satan can control just one sub crew? On June 11 Turkish pres. Celal Bayar visits newly-elected Pope John XXIII, preparing the way for establishing diplomatic relations on Jan. 21, 1961. On June 18 a U.S. federal court annuls an Ark. law that allows school closings to dodge integration. On June 20 a crowded bus collides with a train in Lauffen, West Germany, killing 45, becoming the worst bus accident in German history (until ?) - the day der musik died? On June 25 Irish PM (since 1957) Eamon de Valera is succeeded by Sean Francis Lemass (1899-1971) (until Nov. 10, 1966); New York City-born Eamon de Valera (George de Valero) (Edward de Valera) (1882-1975) becomes pres. #3 of Eire (until June 24, 1973), succeeding Sean Thomas O'Kelly; when he retires at age 90, Valera is the world's oldest head of state. On June 25 the Cuban govt. seizes 2.35M acres under the Agrarian Reform Law; in the spring and summer Castro becomes a dictator, suspending habeas corpus, establishing military tribunals, and ending the right of criminal appeals - that's outrageous, yes, it is? On June 26 after opening to shipping on Apr. 25. the St. Lawrence Seaway linking the Atlantic and Great Lakes is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II and Pres. Eisenhower. On June 26-27, 1959 (night) a group of Anglican missionary students led by Father Gill in Boainai, Papua, New Guinea witness UFOs, one with humanoid figures on top. On June 28 Soviet deputy PM Frol Romanovich Kozlov (1908-65) (an alcoholic Boris N. Yeltsin clone who is being groomed by Khrushchev as his replacement) opens the Soviet Exhibition of Science, Technology and Culture in New York City. On June 30 the govt. of India refuses to recognize the Dalai Lama as head of a "separate" Tibetan govt. in India. In June Britain's worst printing strike in over 30 years shuts down Fleet St. and lasts six weeks. On July 4 the 49th star is added to the U.S. flag for Alaska by Congress (design #26) (the first new star since 1912); Hawaii follows next year. On July 4 Pres. Eisenhower gives a speech and lays the third cornerstone of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. as the 49-star U.S. flag (incl. Alaska) waves for the first time. On July 8 U.S. military advisors Maj. Dale R. Ruis and MSgt. Chester M. Ovnand are killed and a 3rd wounded by terrorists in Bien Hoa, Vietnam (20 mi. N of Saigon) while watching the Jeanne Crain film The Tattered Dress in a mess hall, after they open fire when a sgt. switches on the lights, becoming the first Americans killed in the Am. phase of the Vietname War. On July 11 Pres. Eisenhower invites Khrushchev to visit the U.S. - keep your friends close, your enemies even closer? On July 11-12 the first Newport Folk Festival in Newport, in R.I. is held, featuring new performer Joan Chandos Baez (1941-), introduced by folk singer Samuel Robert "Bob" Gibson (1931-96); at the 1963 festival Joan Baez introduces Bob Dylan. The July 13 issue of Time mag. labels Lenny Bruce (1925-66) a "sick comic". On July 15 the 1959 U.S. Steel Strike (ends Jan. 15) begins with 500K steelworkers (85% of the industry) going on strike, virtually halting steel production and causing the U.S. Defense Dept. to grow concerned, going to federal court seeking an injunction ordering them back to work; on Nov. 7 the U.S. Supreme Court rules 8-1 in Steelworkers v. U.S. that the U.S. Taft Hartley Act is constitutional, and affirms the injunction. On July 17 China abolishes serfdom in Tibet, and takes away the monopoly control of land and livestock from the ruling 5%. On July 18 after abrogating the treaty with China promising to provide military technology, Soviet PM Khrushchev denounces Chinese communes, saying that their leaders "don't properly understand what Communism is or how it is to be built" - never wear black without the blue, Soviet blue? On July 21 the first atomic-powered merchant ship, the NS Savannah is christened in Camden, N.J. by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower (a pretty lady with a dirty face, Savannah, Ga. that is?); the USS Wisconsin, the last U.S. Navy battleship is put in mothballs. On July 23 U.S. vice-pres. Richard Nixon arrives in Moscow to open an American Nat. Exhibition in Sokolniki Park as a "return courtesy" for the June 28 Soviet Exhibition in New York City; on July 24 (Fri.) the Kitchen Debate (Skolniki Summit) on the merits of Communism vs. Capitalism takes place between Nixon and Khrushchev over a display of a 6-room model ranch house with central viewing corridor, nice furnishings, and gadget-filled kitchen, when Nixon tells him that this is a typical Amerikanski house that almost any American workman could afford; after a heated argument about capitalism vs. communism, the vice-pres. of Pepsi-Cola Co. offers Big K some Pepsi-Cola, which he loves, leading to an agreement to trade it for vodka until the late 1980s, when the agreement expires and they give Pepsi a fleet of 17 subs, a cruiser, frigate, and destroyer in return for a large shipment; after repartees on both sides, incl. some banter about which kind of shit smells worse, horse or pig (Big K having been a pig herder once), they toast each other at a table of Calif. wines, to which Nixon utters the soundbyte "I am for peace. We will drink to talking. As long as we're talking we're not fighting"; after this all summits are pre-scripted media events - you got satellites, we got refrigerators and tail-fin Cadillacs? On July 23 Mao Tse-tung holds a conference where he admits that his backyard steel-making campaign is a "catastrophe". On July 24 5'7" 37-23-38 Akiko Kojima (1936-) of Japan becomes the first Miss Universe from Asia (#2 is Riyo Mori in 2007). On July 28 in preparation for statehood, Hawaii votes to send the first Chinese-Am., Hiram (Yau) Leong Fong (1906-2004 (Repub.) to the U.S. Senate (until Jan. 3, 1977), and the first Japanese-Am., Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (1924-2012) (Medal of Honor winner) (Dem.) to the U.S. House of Reps. (until Jan. 3, 1963), along with comforably white Oren Ethelbirt Long (1889-1965) (Dem.) to the U.S. Senate (until Jan. 3, 1963). In July after the Progress of Party Incident, South Korean opposition leader Cho Bong Am (who received 2M votes for pres. in 1956) is hanged as a Communist agent. In July-Sept. the NBC panel show Who Pays? is hosted by CBS journalist Mike Wallace, with the panel having to figure out what celeb employs each set of two contestants. On Aug. 1 U.S. vice-pres. Richard Nixon speaks on Soviet TV, criticizing Communism and warning against any attempt to spread Communist ideology beyond Soviet borders. On Aug. 1 after starting W of Baja Calif., 150 mph Hurricane Dot hits SE Hawaii Island, making landfall on Aug. 8 before dissipating W of the Hawaiian Islands on Aug. 8, killing two and causing $6M damage, becoming the costliest tropical cyclone so far in Hawaiian history until Hurricane Iniki in 1992. On Aug. 7 the Chinese send 200 troops into disputed territory E of Bhutan, while claiming Aksai Chin at the China-Pakistan-Indian border as a site for a road; on Aug. 25 the troops capture an Indian outpost and 10 Indian soldiers. On Aug. 7 the U.S. launches Explorer 6, which sends its first pictures of the Earth on Sept. 28. On Aug. 18 after Iraq drops out, the Baghdad Pact Org. is officially changed to the Central Treaty Org. (CENTO), with HQ in Ankara, Turkey. On Aug. 21 Pres. Eisenhower signs an executive order proclaiming Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state - and from then on every American bureaucrat looks for a way to get a taxpayer-paid boondoggle there? In Aug. Pres. Eisenhower flies to Europe for two weeks of talks with Konrad Adenauer, Harold Macmillan, and Charles de Gaulle to reassure them that the upcoming summit with the Soviet Union will not cause him to abandon them; huge crowds greet him as a hero; at the Hotel de Ville Ike tells the French "Je vous aime tous" (I luv y'all funny-talking frogs); he returns to the U.S. on Sept. 7, telling a crowd "I am quite certain that for the moment, at least, everything is going splendidly." In Aug. Peru introduces a comprehensive inflation-fighting program, restricting the outflow of dollars while facilitation importation of capital goods, causing the economy to improve by 1960. On Sept. 2 after the agreement between the royal govt. of Laos and the Communist Pathet Lao breaks down and civil war resumes, with rebel soldiers led by Capt. Kong Lee trying to overturn the pro-Western govt. of PM Tiao Samsonith, Pathet Lao rebels aided by North Vietnam regulars open a major offensive in Laos, capturing 80 villages in the N, causing the govt. to ask the U.N. to send an emergency force to stop "aggression" by North Vietnam; on Sept. 16 a U.N. subcommittee on Laos begins an investigation in Vientiane, which concludes on Nov. 6 that it finds no clear evidence of direct participation by North Vietnamese troops. On Sept. 6 Cardinal Francis Spellman calls on Roman Catholics in his New York archdiocese to participate in an hour of prayer "for our beloved country", expressing concern about the upcoming visit of atheist Khrushchev. On Sept. 9 the African-Am. Students Foundation airlifts 81 students from Kenya on an airplane chartered by Jackie Robinson, Harry Belafonte, and Sidney Poitier to study in Hawaii; U.S. pres. Barack Obama later falsely claims that his father Barack Obama Sr. was one of them. On Sept. 11 the U.S. Congress passes a bill authorizing food stamps for the poor. On Sept. 12 (Sat.) the TV series Bonanza debuts on NBC-TV for a whopping 430 episodes (until Jan. 16, 1973), becoming the first network TV series in color and first color Western on TV, reaching #1 in 1964-7 after it switches to Sun. nights in 1961; its plot echoes real events in Nevada exactly 100 years earlier, and stars Lorne Greene (1915-87) as rich trice-widowed Swedish immigrant landowner Ben "Pa" Cartwright, who owns the 600K acre Ponderosa ranch situated between Lake Tahoe, Virginia City, and Carson City S of Reno, Pernell Roberts (1928-2010) (last to die) as eldest son Adam Cartwright, Dan Blocker (1928-72) as middle son Eric "Hoss" Cartwright, and Michael Landon (1936-91) as youngest son Joseph "Little Joe" Cartwright (after the role is turned down by Robert Blake), going on to experiment with social injustice themes as far as sponsors would allow; San Francisco, Calif.-born Victor Sen Yung (1915-80) plays Chinese cook Hop Sing. The decade isn't over and already man is littering the serene Moon with Triple A junk? On Sept. 12 the spherical Soviet space probe Luna (Lunik) 2 is launched, and on Sept. 14 it becomes the first manmade object to reach the Moon, crashing on the surface W of Mare Serenitatis near the craters Aristides, Archimedes, and Autolycus. On Sept. 13 agriculture minister (since 1953) Karl Heinrich Luebke (Lübke) (1894-1972) of the Christian Dem. Union becomes pres. #4 of West Germany (until June 30, 1969), succeeding Theodor Heuss, and becoming known for his ludicrously poor speeches. Breathe in, breathe out, spin on the wheel, slide to the right? On Sept. 14 the Landrum-Griffin (U.S. Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act), sponsored by Ike fronts Phillip Mitchell Landrum (1907-90) (D-Ga.) and Robert Paul Griffin (1923-) (R-Mich.) is passed by Congress, heading Kennedy and Johnson off at the pass with anti-corruption labor union legislation, requiring the NLRB to referee internal union affairs while circumscribing boycotts and other forms of picketing, having the effect of diluting union power while satisfying big business; convicted felons and members of the Communist Party are barred from holding office in a labor union. On Sept. 15 Soviet PM Nikita Khrushchev arrives in the U.S. for a 13-day visit, stepping off the plane at Andrews Field in Md. wearing three small medals on his black suit, accompanied by his shy wife Nina Petrovna, daughters Julia and Rada, son Sergei, and 63 Soviet bureaucrats, as Soviet ambassador Mikhail Menshikov announces "Nikita Sergeyevich, I salute you on American soil"; he meets with the Eisenhowers, saying that he arrives "with open heart and good intentions - the Soviet people want to live in friendship with the American people"; meanwhile demonstrators keep out-of-sight carrying signs calling him "the Butcher of Budapest"; Khrushchev later wins an argument with 20th Cent.-Fox pres. Sypros P. Skouras, then loses one to Walter Reuter and his union vice-presidents, calling them "agents for capitalists", which draws a laugh from Reuter; after watching Juliet Prowse (1936-96) dancing on the movie set of Can-Can, he calls the dancers "immoral", "depraved", and "pornographic" saying "A person's face is more beautiful than their ass"; on Sept. 19 he is barred from Disneyland, and throws a tantrum, uttering the soundbyte "Is there an epidemic there? Have gangsters taken over the place?" On Sept. 15 the Western TV series Laramie debuts on NBC-TV for 124 episodes (until Sept. 1963), set in 1870s Wyoming Territory, starring Robert "Bob" Fuller (1933-) as Jess Harper, and John Smith (Robert Errol Van Orden) (1931-95) as Slim Sherman, who run a stagecoach stop for the Great Central Overland Mail; the show is used to introduce the NBC peacock "living color" logo on Jan. 1, 1962. On Sept. 17 after calling the Great Leap Forward a disaster, Peng Duhua is replaced as defense minister by marshal (hero of the Chinese Civil War) Lin Biao (Piao) (Yurong) (1907-71) (until Sept. 13, 1971). On Sept. 20 the hour-long color anthology series NBC Sunday Showcase debuts on NBC-TV (until 1960), a series of specials incl. comedies, historical dramas, musicals, and sci-fi, making use of newfangled videotape to air repeats; the debut episode is S. Lee Pogostin's "People Kill People Sometimes", dir. by John Frankenheimer, starring Zina Bethune, Geraldine Page, Jason Robards, and George C. Scott; it follows with Budd Schulberg's 1941 novel "What Makes Sammy Run?" (2 parts), starring Larry Blyden and dir. by Delbert Mann; on Oct. 11, 1959 it presents "A Tribute to Eleanor Roosevelt on Her Diamond Jubilee"; on Nov. 29, 1959 it presents the first annual Grammy Awards; the theme is "Sunday Drive" by Richard Adler. On Sept. 21 Nikita Khrushchev is applauded by the crowds in San Francisco, Calif., and breaks away from security to shake hands. On Sept. 22 the first underwater telephone cable linking Europe and the U.S. is inaugurated. On Sept. 23 Nikita Khrushchev visits hybrid corn farming pioneer Roswell Garst (1898-1977), and is cheered by students at Iowa State College, causing Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey to utter the soundbyte that Americans must not be lulled into accepting a "live and let live" arrangement with the Commies - life is about good vs. evil? On Sept. 25 the "Spirit of Camp David" is born as Khrushchev meets with Eisenhower in Camp David (named after Ike's son) for talks, and enjoys chatting with Ike's grandkids. On Sept. 25 Ceylon PM (since 1956) Solomon Bandaranaike (Bandaranaika) (b. 1899) is assassinated, and dies on Sept. 26 in Colombo; education minister Wijayananda Dahanayake (1902-97) succeeds as PM (until Apr. 1960). On Sept. 26 Indian PM Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi (pres. of the Congress Party) criticize Communists for resorting to violence in Tibet and elsewhere. On Sept. 27 a typhoon batters the main Japanese island of Honshu, killing 4K. On Sept. 28 Khrushchev ends his tour of the U.S. with a report from Ike that Big K has promised not to set a deadline for the solution to the Berlin problem. On Sept. 28 (Mon.) the sitcom Hennesey debuts on CBS-TV for 95 episodes (until Sept. 17, 1962), starring John "Jackie" Cooper Jr. (1922-2011) as U.S. Navy physician Lt. Charles J. "Chick" Hennesey, and Abby Dalton (Marlene Wasden) (1935-) as nurse Lt. martha Hale, who work at the U.S. Naval Station hospital in San Diego, Calif. On Sept. 29 (Tues.) the CBS-TV series The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis debuts for 147 episodes (until June 9, 1963), based on the short stories by Max Shulman, becoming the first major U.S. TV series featuring teenies as leading chars., starring Dwayne Hickman (1934-), and making a star of Bob Denver (1935-2005), who plays work-hating bongo-banging beatnik Maynard G. Krebs; Dwayne's brother Darryl Hickman (1931-) plays his brother Davey Gillis, Frank Faylen (1905-85) plays his dad Herbert T. Gillis, Florida Friebus (1909-88) plays his mom Winnie Gillis, Tuesday Weld (1943-) plays his babe Thalia Menninger, openly lesbian Sheila James Kuehl (1941-) (later U.S. Dem. Sen. from Calif.) plays Zelda Gilroy, and Warren Beatty occasionally appears as romantic rival Milton Armitage. On Sept. 30 Men into Space debuts on CBS-TV for 38 episodes (until 1960), starring William Lundigan (1914-75) as Col. Edward McCauley, who goes everywhere incl. the Moon. In Sept. Robert F. Kennedy quits the Senate Rackets Committee to become the pres. campaign chmn. for his bro' John F. Kennedy. In Sept. Castro recognizes Red China, renounces Cuba's 1952 military pact with the U.S., and calls the U.S. a "vulture... feeding on humanity"; Havana underground cmdr. Manuel Ray, pres. Manuel Urrutia and PM Jose Mio Cardona, along with other heroes of the 26th of July (1953) movement are either jailed or flee to Fla., creating a "cane curtain"; Oriente province manager Dr. Manuel Francisco Artime escapes dressed as a priest, smuggled out in a Honduran freighter by the CIA, who organizes the young exiles into La Brigada and the old exiles into El Frente in hopes of ousting Castro, but the fighting force never exceeds 1.2K, although Castro believes there are 20K; to fool him the serial numbers begin with 2500, and later the brigade calls itself 2506 after recruit #6 dies in training. In Sept. the Hanna-Barbera animated series The Quick Draw McGraw Show debuts in syndication for 45 episodes (until 1962), starring the voice of Daws Butler, who also voices his sidekick debuty Baba Looey (a Mexican burro) and his bloodhound Snuffles; another segment features Butler voicing the dachshund Augie Doggie, and Doug Young voicing his father Doggie Daddy, and a 3rd segment features cat and mouse detectives Super Snooper and Blabber Mouse, both voiced by Butler. In the fall a U.S. U-2 crash-lands near Tokyo, and is exposed as a spy plane in a Japanese mag. On Oct. 1 the B&W Western TV series Law of the Plainsman debuts on NBC-TV for 30 episodes (until May 5, 1960), starring Michael Ansara as U.S. Deputy Marshal Sam Buckhart, an Apache who saved the life of a U.S. Cavalry officer, who left him money to go to Harvard U. On Oct. 1-8 the Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) defeat the Chicago White Sox (AL) 4-2 to win the Fifty-Sixth (56th) World Series; the last time the White Sox won was 1917, and the next time they are in the WS is 2005; the first WS in which no pitcher pitches a complete game; the first WS since 1948 in which no games are played in "Capital of Baseball" New York City; Charles Abraham "Chuck" Essegian Jr. (1931-) of the Dodgers sets a WS record with two pinch hit homers, even though he only hit one homer in 1959 and six in his career till then. On Oct. 2 (Fri.) U.S. commercial TV deviates from its usual vapidity with the debut of The Twilight Zone (B&W), narrated by sterling silver genius Rod Serling (1924-75) for 156 episodes (until June 19, 1964); the cool Twilight Zone Theme was composed by Romanian-born French composer Marius Constant (1925-2004); the first episode is Where Is Everybody?, starring Earl Holliman; on Nov. 20 episode #8 Time Enough At Last debuts, based on a 1953 short story by Lyn Venable, starring Burgess Meredith as nearsighted bookworm Henry Bemis; on Jan. 22, 1960 episode #16 The Hitch-Hiker debuts, starring Inger Stevens as Nan Adams, and creepy Leonard Strong as the hitchhiker. On Oct. 2 the Hanna-Barbera animated series The Huckleberry Hound Show debuts for 69 episodes in syndication (until Dec. 1, 1961), introducing Yogi Bear and Boo Boo (voiced by Daws Butler), and Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, after which Yogi Bear spins-off on Jan. 30, 1961 and is replaced by Hokey Wolf and Ding-A-Ling; in 1960 it becomes the first animated program to receive an Emmy Award. On Oct. 3 Egyptian ministers accuse the Chinese of deliberately delaying cables that they were sending to their embassy in Beijing. On Oct. 4 (Sun.) the Western series The Alaskans debuts on ABC-TV for 37 episodes (until June 19, 1960), starring Roger George Moore (1927-) in his first U.S. TV role as Silky Harris, who with buddy Reno McKee (Jeff York) tries to swindle travellers bound for the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush in Skagway, Alaska, while hooking up with Rocky Shaw (Dorothy Provine) (whom he hooks up with off-camera). On Oct. 4 (Sun.) the sitcom Dennis the Menace, based on the Hank Ketcham comic strip debuts for 146 episodes (until July 7, 1963), starring Jay Waverly North (1951-) as Dennis Mitchell, Herbert Anderson (1917-94) as his father Henry Mitchell, Gloria Henry (McEniry) (1923-) as his mother alice Mitchell, William Allen "Billy" Booth (1949-2006) as Dennis' friend Tommy Anderson, and Joseph Sherrard Kearns (1907-62) (voice of the Doorknob in the 1951 film "Alice in Wonderland) as their dour neighbor George Wilson. On Oct. 4 (Sun.) the B&W Goodson-Todman Western TV series The Rebel debuts on ABC-TV for 76 episodes (until June 18, 1961), starring Nick Adams (1931-68) as Confed. Army vet Johnny Yuma, who roams the Am. West esp. Tex. to fight injustice with his dead daddy's sawed-off double-barreled shotgun while keeping a journal. On Oct. 5 (Mon.) Adventures in Paradise debuts on ABC-TV for 49 episodes (until Apr. 1, 1962), starring George Cadogan Gardner McKay (1932-2001) as Korean War vet Adam Troy, Capt. of the roving South Pacific schooner Tiki III, becoming a "Route 66 on the sea"; dark-haired curvy Linda Lawson (1936-) plays tavern proprietor Renee; James Michener created the idea; after the series ends, he does it for real, then quits acting to be a writer, while she records an album in 1960 and goes into movies. On Oct. 5 (Mon.) the detective series Bourbon Street Beat debuts on ABC-TV for 39 episodes (until July 4, 1960), starring Richard Long (1927-74) as Rex Randolph, Andrew Duggan (1923-88) as Cal Calhoun, Van Zandt Jarvis Williams (1934-) as Kenny Madison, and Arlene Howell (1939-) (Miss USA 1958) as their secy. Melody Lee Mercer. On Oct. 7 a Ba'ath assassination team incl. Saddam Hussein attempts to assassinate Gen. Abdul-Karim Kassim (Kassem) in Baghdad, only wounding him; Saddam is wounded in the leg and flees Iraq to Syria then Cairo, Egypt (until 1963) while being sentenced to death in absentia; as Sunni rebels close in on the hated British RAF base at Habaniyah, the B+ritish finally pull out of Iraq, which they have occupied since 1922, at a total cost of 18K men, leaving their bases to the new Iraq govt. - by 2003 the U.S. will be filling their shoes? On Oct. 7 the Soviet space probe Luna 3 takes the first photos of the dark side of the Moon. On Oct. 7, 1959 (Wed) the detective series Hawaiian Eye debuts on ABC-TV for 134 episodes (until Apr. 1963), starring Anthony (Frederick Glendinning) Eisley (1925-2003) as P.I. Tracy Steele, and Robert "Bob" Conrad (Conrad Robert Norton Falk) (1935-) as his half-Hawaiian partner Thomas Jefferson "Tom" Lopaka, who run the Hawaiian Eye Detective Agency in Honolulu, which provides security services for the Hawaiian Village Hotel with the help of photographer Chryseis "Cricket Blake"", played by Connie Stevens (Concetta Rosalie Ann Ingoglia (1938-) and ukelele-playing cab driver Kazuo "Kim" Quisado, played by Poncie Ponce (Ponciano Hernandez0 (1933-2013)); later Greg McKenzie, played by "The Incredible Shrinking Man" John Grant Williams (1931-85) joins the agency, and hotel social dir. Philip Barton, played by Troy Donahue (Merle Johnson Jr.) (1936-2001) lends his aid; the Hawaiian Eye Theme is by Jerry Livingston and Mack David; launched to coincide with Hawaiian statehood and the advent of mass tourism brought about by the introduction of commercial passenger jetliner service, along with the backing of Henry J. Kaiser to promote his Kaiser's Hawaiian Village '(later the Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel); the first of the ABC-Warner Bros. exotic location detective series, all filmed on the same backlot in Los Angeles, incl. "77 Sunset Strip", '"Bourbon Street Beat", and "Surfside Six". On Oct. 10 Pan Am begins offering regular commercial jet flights around the world. On Oct. 11 Chiang Kai-shek predicts an uprising in China that will give him a V in 1960. On Oct. 15 a 163K lb. 4-engine Convair B-58A Hustler (first supersonic bomber, test-flown in 1956) flies 1,680 mi.from Seattle, Wash. to Carswell AFB in Tex. with one subsonic air refueling in 70 min. at an avg. speed of 1,320 mph, becoming the first sustained Mach 2 flight. On Oct. 17 NBC-TV airs big hit An Evening with Fred Astaire, dir. by Alan David "Bud" Yorkin (1926-), Astaire's first TV special and first starring role on TV, and the first major TV show to be pre-recorded on color videotape; his dance partner is young very chaseable Barrie Chase (1933-); on Nov. 4 NBC-TV airs Another Evening with Fred Astaire. On Oct. 21 anti-Castro exiles drop leaflets from a small airplane on Havana; the Cuban govt. accuses them of dropping bombs and killing or wounding 45. On Oct. 23 India announces that Red Chinese troops have clashed with Indian troops in Kashmir; on Oct. 26 Indian border police clash with Chinese troops in Ladakh; on Oct. 24 Chinese PM Zhou Enlai first uses the phrase "Line of Actual Control" in a letter to Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru, which gains legal recognition in agreements signed in 1993 and 1996. On Oct. 26 Nikita Khrushchev begins his Six-Day Vacation in Romania, hyping it as the only "Latin" country in the Soviet block to help recruit Latin-Am. leaders into his "war of liberation"; the KGB creates Liberation Theology for this purpose? On Oct. 29 Laotian king (since 1905) Sisavang Vong (b. 1885) dies, and Paris-educated prince regent Sisavang (Savang) Vathana (Vatthana) (1907-80) becomes king of Laos (until 1975), becoming the last king of the Khun Lo Dynasty. On Oct. 15 former U.S. Marine (since Oct. 1956) Lee Harvey Oswald (1939-63), who spent his boyhood in La., New York City, and Tex. with his widowed mother Marguerite Claverie Oswald (1907-81), and allegedly became a Marxist at age 15 before (non-sequitur?) joining the Marines at age 17 and attaining a sharpshooter rating on the M1, then got assigned to Atsugi Naval Air Facility in Japan, a CIA base for U-2 spy planes flying over the Soviet Union (where he was known as Ozzie Rabbit for being undersized and Oswaldskovich for his Communism), then suddenly got a hardship discharge to take care of his mother, visited her for three days in Ft. Worth, Tex., then took off to Back to the U.S.S.R., arrives in Moscow as a tourist, describes himself as "Communist to the marrow", and applies the next day for political asylum, announcing that he will never return to the U.S; after they allegedly refuse to grant him Soviet citizenship on Oct. 21, he allegedly slices his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub, then on Oct. 31 goes to the U.S. embassy and renounces his U.S. citizenship, handing them his passport, after which in Nov. they flip-flop and give him an entry-level job in Minsk, Belarus at the Gorizont (Horizon) Electronics Factory, along with a nice subsidized heavily-bugged studio apt. and extra rubles as a propaganda ploy, assigning 20 KGB agents to his case, all causing the Marines to change his discharge from hardship/honorable to undesirable. In Oct. the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight subpoenas Charles Van Doren after he wires them with a denial of all charges but refuses to appear voluntarily; he hides for six days, then on Oct. 14 accepts a subpoena in New York City's Roosevelt Hotel in front of a packed news conference; on Nov. 2 he comes clean in front of the House Committee on Foreign and Interstate Commerce, admitting that he had been given answers in advance to win $129K in 14 weeks, but that he went along "because it was having such a good effect on the national attitude toward teachers, education, and the intellectual life"; Van Doren is dismissed from Columbia U., and fired from NBC, but 75% of the Am. people back him up, and chmn. Oren Harris compliments him on his candor; Van Doren and 13 other celebs. are indicted in New York City for perjury; disc jockey Dick Clark admits that he chooses records based on "payola", claiming that any attempted regulation would "tamper with our cherished freedom of speech"; he is backed up by FCC chmn. John C. Doerfer, but when it is revealed that he also accepted payola from a big broadcaster he resigns. On Nov. 14-15 in wheat-and-sunflowerland Holcomb, Kan. (Finney County) farmers Herb and Bonnie Clutter and their two children are murdered by traveling ex-cons Richard Eugene "Dick" Hickock (1931-65) and Perry Edward Smith (1928-65), who had a wrong tip that the family had $10K in cash in a safe; Time mag. of Nov. 30 titles the incident "In Cold Blood"; Truman Capote, accompanied by childhood friend Harper Lee rides a train from New York City to Garden City, Kan., then to Holcomb to interview the killers and KBI agent Alvin Dewey Jr. (1912-87), then attends the trial sitting in the front row of the 3rd floor courtroom in Garden City taking notes and keeping friendly with the killers. then writes the bestselling Jan. 1966 "non-fiction novel" In Cold Blood; both killers are hung on Apr. 14, 1965 long after Capote abandons them? - and exposes their popsicle toes, with all your faults I love you still, it had to be you, wonderful you? On Nov. 19 Ford Motor Co. discontinues production of the unpopular Edsel (all models, Corsair, Citation, Pacer, Ranger) after selling less than 110K cars (1% of the market); 3K of the 1960 model have already been produced; the TV show Wagon Train, sponsored by Edsel decides to run a promotional contest offering prizes of ponies. On Nov. 19 the animated TV series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show (Rocky and His Friends), created by J. Troplong "Jay" Ward (1920-89) and his childhood friend Alexander Hume "Alex" Anderson Jr. (1920-2010) (nephew of Terrytoons creator Paul Terry), and writer William John "Bill" Scott (1920-85) (voice of Mr. Peabody the supergenius dog and George of the Jungle) debuts on ABC-TV (until June 27, 1964 after switching to NBC-TV in 1961), starring Rocky the Flying Squirrel and Bullwinkle the Moose, who fight bad spies Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale; supporting segments incl. "Dudley Do-Right", "Fractured Fairy Tales", and "Peabody's Improbable History" (by "Hazel" creator Ted Key); it switches to color in 1961; after moving back to ABC-TV in 1964, it is canceled within a year, then goes into syndication, becoming a perennial hit. On Nov. 20 the U.S. Gen. Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, based on the "World Child Welfare Charter" endorsed by the League of Nations on Nov. 26, 1924, causing Nov. 20 (first proclaimed by the U.K. in 1954) to be recognized as Universal Children's Day, leading to the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) on Nov. 20, 1989. On Nov. 27 demonstrators march in Tokyo to protest a defense treaty with the U.S. On Nov. 30 Hungarian Communist Party secy. Janos Kadar announces that Soviet troops will remain in Hungary as long as required. In Nov. the Roman Catholic bishops of the U.S. oppose the use of federal money to promote artificial birth control, ridiculing the claim that U.S. Catholics would gradually come to accept contraception. On Dec. 1 the Internat. Antarctic Treaty is signed by 12 nations in Washington, D.C.; it says the continent (S of 60 deg.) "shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes", with territorial claim disputes suspended for 30 years; it takes effect on June 23, 1961. On Dec. 4 Beijing pardons Aisingyoro Henry Puyi (1906-67), the puny ass last emperor of China (1908-12) and of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo; he settles down as a gardener. On Dec. 9-14 Pres. Eisenhower visits India, and addresses parliament, issuing the soundbyte: "We who are free and we who prize our freedom above all other gifts of God and Nature must know each other better, trust each other more, and support each other." On Dec. 10 the TV special Tonight with Belafonte airs, starring Harlem-born "King of Calypso" Harold George "Harry" Belafonte (Belafonete) Jr. (1927-), winning him an Emmy, the first awarded to an African-Am. On Dec. 14 Archbishop Makarios III is overwhelmingly elected pres. of Cyprus; Turkish Cypriot Fazil Kutchuk is elected vice-pres. On Dec. 15 the SW Nigerian province of Abeokuta begins to be ruled by a regional PM, replacing the Yoruba chiefs (since 1914). On Dec. 18 Swedish opera star Birgit Nilsson (1918-2005) sings Isolde in Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde" in a sensational debut at New York's Metropolitan Opera. On Dec. 19 Walter Williams (b. 1842) the last U.S. Civil War veteran dies at age 117 in Houston, Tex.; it is later revealed that his real date of birth was Nov. 14, 1854; the last soldier KIA in the war was John J. Williams - did he get free checking? On Dec. 21 the Western Summit between Eisenhower, Macmillan, Adenauer, and de Gaulle is held in Paris, followed by a 19-day 19.5K-mi. trip by Ike to Italy, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Iran, Greece, Tunisia, Spain, and Morocco, where he is greeted by huge cheering crowds shouting "Peace", showing how many people are still pro-U.S. despite all the headline grabbers; he returns to the U.S. on Dec. 22, and on Dec. 25 gives a Christmas Day address to the nation, saying "My purpose was to improve the climate in which diplomacy might work more sucessfully; a diplomacy that seeks... peace with justice for all men" - which, after translation by radicals, comes out "Screw you, pig"? On Dec. 28 Yugoslavia announces completion of its first nuclear reactor. On Dec. 30 Iraq enacts the Personal Status Code, improving the status of women (from zero to one-tenth?); Iraqi feminist Naziha Jawdet Ashgah al-Dulaimi (1923-2007) improving the status of women (from zero to one-tenth?); is appointed minister of municipalities in Iraq, becoming the first Arab deficient human, er, woman to hold a gov. ministerial position; from now on most Arab countries attempt to have a token woman in their cabinet, usually in a HEW-type job? On Dec. 30 Super Typhoon Harriet hits the Phillipines, killing five and leaving 12K homeless, after which a record typhoon season rages all throughout 1960. On Dec. 31 King Savangvathana accepts the resignation of PM Phoui Sananikone and places the country under army control, with CIA-backed gen. Phoumi Nosavan (1920-85) heading the new govt. In Dec. North Koreans held in Japan since WWII begin to be repatriated. The N region of Nigeria receives internal self-governing status. French-speaking Niger adopts a constitution - pronounced nee-jay, not you know what? The Central African Repub. (CAR) adopts a constitution. Indonesia rescinds its constitution of 1950 and returns to the 1945 constitution. The Wyandot Tribe in NE Okla. is officially terminated, and its members become U.S. citizens - and why not? Peruvian economist Pedro Gerado Beltran (1897-1979), publisher since 1934 of "La Prensa" (The Press) becomes finance minister of Peru (until 1961), helping to stabilize the economy. "Father of Independence" Philibert Tsiranana (1912-78) becomes pres. #1 of the Malagasy Repub. (Madgascar) (until 1972), promoting "Malagasy Socialism", with his Social Dem. Party becoming the only political party. Carl W. Strom (1899-1969) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Bolivia (until 1961). After the Honest John rocket system is deployed at Incirlik AFB in Adana, Turkey in 1957, the U.S. and Turkey sign the Agreement for Cooperation on the Use of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purpsoes, after which the U.S. starts building up its nuclear assets in Turkey. The U.S. FAA requires commercial airline pilots to retire at age 60. Jorge Diaz Serrano founds Pemargo, a Mexican govt. monopoly to drill for offshore oil. The Lincoln Memorial is added to the reverse of the U.S. penny, marking the first and only U.S. coin to have the same person on both sides. Research Triangle Park in wonderful wooded N.C. is founded. The British gen. elections are covered by British TV for the first time. U.S. Postmaster-Gen. Gummerfield bans D.H. Lawrence's "Lady Chatterly's Lover" from the mails for obsenity; the case goes to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Britain passes the Obscene Pubs. Act (introduced by Roy Jenkins), permitting sexually-explicit works as long as they have "literary merit" - how many years until they're picking up women on the Internet? Islamabad is designated as the new capital of Pakistan, replacing Karachi; new govt. offices are built in the 1960s. The Soviet Union tests Albert Sabin's polio vaccine on 77M Russians. The Afghan govt. issues a decree making veiling optional for women, and pretty much bans it among female state employees and female relatives of high govt. officials; meanwhile E Afghanistan is rocked by tribal revolts. Islam becomes the official religion of Brunei. Pres. Eisenhower invokes the Taft-Hartley Act to halt a steelworkers' strike after 116 days; he then does ditto with a longshoremen's strike. The New York City Council proposes the city becoming the 51st state. After urging by the PLO so that Palestinian refugees in Arab countries won't be assimilated and forget their problem, the Arab League promulgates Decision Number 1457, to wit: "Arab states will reject the giving of citizenship to applicants of Palestinian origin in order to prevent their integration into the host countries." Ukrainian-born physical chemist George Bogdan Kistiakowsky (1900-82), a veteran of the Manhattan Project becomes Pres. Eisenhower's science advisor, going on next Jan. to propose the "threshold concept" for nuclear monitoring, banning all nuclear tests above the level of seismic detection technology, which is introduced at the Jan. 1960 Geneva arms control conference, but goes nowhere after the May 1960 Gary Powers crisis, causing him in 1968 to leave the govt. and become a Vietnam War protester and advocate of banning all nuclear weapons, joining the Council for a Livable World. Stanford Law School grad. Delbert E. Wong (1920-2006) becomes the first Chinese-Am. to be named to a judicial bench in the continental U.S. after Calif. gov. Pat Brown names him to the Los Angeles municipal court; in 1961 he is elevated to the Calif. supreme court; he is cubmaster of Cub Scout Pack 527, and one of his scouts Lance A. Ito becomes judge in the O.J. Simpson murder case, appointing Wong to retrieve a switchblade from the Simpson residence. The British Parliament finally revokes a 300-y.-o. law that made it a crime punishable by burning at the stake to forecast the weather. The Internat. Peace Inst. (Peace Research Inst. Oslo) (PRIO) in Oslo, Norway is founded. New U. of Calif. pres. (1958-67) Clark Kerr (1911-2003) utters the immortal soundbyte: "The employers will love this generation [of college students]... They are going to be easy to handle. There aren't going to be any riots." The word "bit" comes in vogue in the U.S.: "the protest bit", "the love bit", etc; nothing about 1s and 0s yet, although this year Austrian-born Am. business expert Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005) coins the term "knowledge worker". The First Internat. Congress of Oceanography is held in Sept. in New York City. After studying Esoteric Christianity with Ethiopian Jew Abdullah and giving lectures in Los Angeles, Calif., Barbados-born Am. Metaphysics teacher Neville Lancelot Goddard (1905-72) begins experiencing The Promise, which he claims supersedes The Law, promising a future union with the godhead after death; "You pass through a door, that's all that death is, and you are restored to life instantly in a world like this, just this world... [and] you go on there with the same problems you had here with no loss of identity, not old, not blind, not crippled, if you depart this life that way, but young." In the new world "They grow, and they marry, and they die there, too, with all the fear of death that we have here. And if they die there without experiencing The Promise, they are restored to life again and again in a place best suited to the work yet to be done in them. And it continues until 'Christ be formed in You' and as 'Sons of The Resurrection' you leave this world of death never to enter it again"; after being asked about Hell, he quotes the Bible "Not one shall be lost in all my holy mountain", explaining "You are God, and how could God eternally condemn Himself?"; "Imagining creates reality." In Britain the first cute, fun little Mini Cooper automobile, designed by John Cooper (1923-2000) is built. Foreign cars now account for 10% of U.S. auto sales, led by the VW (100K), the Renault (48K), the Fiat (23K), and Britain's Hillman (19K); Japan, Sweden and Holland have not entered the market yet. Ater marrying wealthy Herbert "Peter" Pulitzer Jr., grandson of Joseph Pulitzer, and moving to Palm Beach, Fla. and buying several orange groves, setting up a juice stand and designing a sleeveless shift dress made of bright colorful printed cotton to hide the stains, Roslyn, N.Y.-born socialite Lillian "Lilly" Pulitzer Rousseau (nee Lillian Lee McKim) (1931-2013) (classmate of Jackie Kennedy) founds Lilly Pulitzer Inc. to manufacture them, making fans of Jackie Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, and members of the wealthy Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Whitney families, with a photo of Jackie in one of her shifts made of kitchen curtains making the cover of Life mag. in 1962, boosting her popularity, causing her to become known as "the Queen of Prep"; in 1982 she suspends operations, and in 1993 the rights are acquired by Sugartown Worldwide Inc. Am. actress Joan Crawford (1905-77), who did ads for Coca-Cola in the 1930s becomes a member of Pepsi Cola's board of dirs. (until 1973), replacing her late hubby (since 1955) Alfred Nu Steele (1901-59) - that rocks the Coke-Pepsi wars? Turkish army Capt. Llhan Durupinar claims to discover Noah's Ark. Lowgap, N.C.-born former carpenter Kirby James Hensley (1911-99) founds the Universal Life Church in Modesto Calif.; in 1962 it offers $5 mail order ordinations, which become popular with atheists and skeptics (12M by 1991, 18M by 2009); too bad, after men begin using the ordinations to avoid the draft or taxes, the federal govt. comes down on him, and in 1984 the IRS revokes its tax-exempt status, causing it to settle in 2000 for $1.5M. Just another manic Monday, wish it was Sunday, that's my Funday? Good safe mass-middle-class easy-transporation no-internal-borders U.S. finally gets a positive-thinking grassroots Commie-free capitalist movement going, revealing all of capitalism's strengths and weaknesses while keeping everybody clean and sweet smelling? After being influenced by Napoleon Hill et al., Amway (American Way) Corp. is founded by Richard M. DeVos Sr. (1926-) and Jay Van Andel (1924-2004) in Ada, Mich. on a single product, LOC (liquid organic cleanser), sold door-to-door, then steadily expanding to 450+ products doing $6.4B a year in 80 nations in 2005 and $11.3B in 2012; after the clever Amway Multi-Level Marketing Plan is developed (where each distributor splits his kickback from the distributor above with the distributors below based on a global formula that rewards the amount of volume done on a sliding scale, but also rewards having a set of balanced subdealers rather than just one subdealer so they can't become parasites) it quickly evolves into a uniquely Am. pseudo-religion as distributors sign up more distributors, who sign up more, who sign up more, without any theoretical limit, until the lucky few that end up with the biggest orgs. become Moses-like prophets holding huge pep rally conventions and living the life of Croesus without guilt under the coverstory of motivating their people, but in reality are faced with a religious struggle if they're nominally Christian, and the result by the late 1980s is to back the Repub. Party and Reaganomics?; unfortunately it ends up getting oversold to zillions of suckas without explaining the time and overhead expenses required to make it profitable, while others set up their own independent distribution networks for different products based on the Amway plan, giving it a bad name as they try to make their profit on the start-up kits and then vanish; the truth eventually outs that almost all the sales are to the distributors themselves, buying and using home care products at wholesale to generate some volume, so that it amounts to little more than a grassroots network to take away soap sales from supermarkets while filling people with false hope. Island Records is founded in Jamaica by Christopher Percy Gordon "Chris" Blackwell (1937-), and named after the 1955 Alec Waugh novel; in May 1962 it moves to the U.K., and sells out to PolyGram in 1989, becoming the largest indie record label, turning the world on to reggae music. The FBI learns that MCA represents 75% of the top entertainment talent (TV, movies, radio), most of whom were obtained through "predatory practices"; during his 60 years ruling MCA, Lew Wasserman is investigated by the feds 10x. Bill Maudlin wins the Pulitzer Prize for his cartoons for the 2nd time (first 1945). Trix brand breakfast cereal introduces the "silly rabbit". The Disneyland Monorail is inaugurated by vice-pres. Richard Nixon. The roomy sporty $790 Mini, designed by Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis (1906-88) is introduced in Britain, becoming a big hit. The Bank of Am. issues its first BankAmericard bank credit cards, changing the U.S. consumer's lifestyle as well as the economy with the ability to pay back balances over time; it changes its name to Visa in 1977. Volkswagen creates the "Think Small" ad campaign for their VW Beetle, becoming the ad campaign of the cent.? Canadian anarchist George Woodcock (1912-95) founds Canadian Literature, the first review solely for Canadian writers. Pro-Castro Cuban ballerina Alicia Alonso (1920-) founds the Ballet Nacional de Cuba in Mar., enjoying the Cuban Rev. by wearing a Vietnamese worker's hat and helping harvest crops, becoming the #1 world ballerina despite being nearly blind, and not performing in the U.S. until 1975-6. The Antipodeans, a group of Australian modern artists who eschew abstract expressionism and embrace figurative art hold an exhibition in Melbourne in Aug. Anita Jane Bryant (1940-) wins the Miss Oklahoma title, but is only runner-up in the Miss America contest, which is won by Mary Ann Mobley (1939-) of Miss. (first time for Miss.). Former featherweight boxer and failed record store owner Berry Gordy Jr. (1929-), son of immigrants from Milledgeville, Ga. founds Tamla Motown Records in "Motor Town" Detroit, Mich. w Barnwell, S.C.-born funk music swinger ("the Godfather of Soul") James Joseph Brown (1933-2006) makes his debut at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, N.Y., admitting that the theater made him a "nervous wreck", and he could barely go onstage. French mime artist Jean-Louis Barrault (1910-94) becomes head of the Theatre de France in Paris. Cafe Wha? opens in Greenwich Village, N.Y. at 115 MacDougal St. between Bleecker and West 3rd St., owned by Manuel Lee "Manny" Roth (1919-2014), uncle of David Lee Roth, helping launch the careers of folk singers Bob Dylan, Peter, Paul and Mary, rocker Jimi Hendrix, and comedians Woody Allen, Lenny Bruce, Bill Cosby, Richard Pryor, and Joan Rivers; it closes in the late 1960s. N.J.-born Jewish writer Thomas Pynchon (1937-) graduates from Cornell U., where one of his profs. was Vladimir Nabokov. This year is the annivs. of Handel (d. 1759), Haydn (d. 1809) and Purcell (d. 1659). A fire on Santa Barbara Island in Calif. destroys most of the habitat of the Santa Barbara Song Sparrow, and it is last obseved in 1967, then declared extinct in 1983. Jewish-Am. industrialist Henry Crown (Krinsky) (1896-1990) becomes the majority shareholder of Gen. Dynamics. Logan, Utah-born Evelyn Nielsen Wood (1909-95) founds Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics to teach speed-reading (a term she coined), making fans of TLW et al. After seeing the idea in use at a fast food restaurant near the Tex.-La. border, Sonic Drive-In fast food restaurants is founded in Shawnee, Okla. by Troy Nuel Smith Sr. (1922-2009), featuring angled car stalls with intercoms to place orders that are filled by carhops on roller skates within 3 min., with the mottos "Service with the Speed of Sound" and "America's Drive-In", moving corporate HQ to Oklahoma City, Okla. in 1987; by 2009 it has 3.6K restaurants in 42 U.S. states; in 2004 the Two Guys, incl. Thomas James "T.J." Jagodowski (1971-) and Peter Grosz (1974-) begin starring in commercials. Late in this decade Swedish Fish fish-shaped chewy wine gum candy is introduced in the U.S. by Malaco of Sweden; the slogan is "A friend you can eat". The Chatty Cathy pull-string talking doll with lifelike decal eyes and 11 phrases is introduced by Mattel, becoming the 2nd most popular doll of the 1960s after their Barbie; in 1962 they introduce Chatty Baby, followed in 1963 by Charmin' Cathy et al., and in 1965 by Singin' Chatty; starting out a 5-y.-o. white blonde-blue girl with short bobbed hair, it morphs into brunette, auburn, and African-Am. versions, introducing long twin ponytails in 1963. Sports: On Feb. 22 Lee Arnold Petty (1914-2000) beats Johnny Beauchamp (1923-81) by 2 ft. in the first 1959 (1st) Daytona 500 auto race in Daytona Beach, Fla., whose grand marshal starts it with "Gentlemen, start your engines"; Beauchamp is declared the winner until photos are viewed three days later; the winner's check is $19,050; the new $3M 2.5 mi. Daytona Internat. Speedway is designed by NASCAR founder William France Sr., featuring his 5-turn tri-oval (triangle-oval) design with banked roadways to permit higher speeds and give fans better views. On Mar. 3 after a contest, Candlestick Park on Candlestick Point in San Francisco, Calif. is officially named. On Mar. 31 the 1959 NBA Draft sees eight NBA teams draft 85 players in 14 rounds; Philly-born 7'1" center Wilton Norman "Wilt" "the Stilt" "the Big Dipper" "Goliath" "Mister 100" Chamberlain (1936-99) of the U. of Kansas is a territorial pick of the Philadelphia Warriors (#13), moving to the Philadelphia 76ers (#13) in 1965-8, and the Los Angeles Lakers (#13) in 1968-73 before coaching the ABA San Diego Conquistadors in 1973-4; 6'8" forward-center Robert Dean "Bob" Ferry (1937-) of Saint Louis U. is a territorial pick of the St. Louis Hawks (#20), moving to the Detroit Pistons (#16) in 1960-4, and the Baltimore Bullets (#22) in 1964-8, then becoming an asst. coach followed by gen. mgr. of the Bullets; forward Robert Louis "Bob" Boozer (1937-2012) of Kansas State U. is selected #1 by the Cincinnati Royals (#13), moving to the New York Knicks (#14) in 1963-5, Los Angeles Lakers (#15) in 1965-6, Chicago Bulls (#19) in 1966-9, Seattle SuperSonics (#20) in 1969-70, and Milwaukee Bucks (#20) in 1970-1; 6'7" forward Bailey E. Howell (1937-) of Miss. State U. (#52) (a junior) is selected #2 by the Detroit Pistons (#52), moving to the Baltimore Bullets (#18) in 1964-6, the Boston Celtics (#15) in 1966-70, and the Philadelphia 76ers (#16) in 1970-1; on Feb. 7, 2009 Howell's jersey #52 is retired, and the Bailey Howell Award is established for the best collegiate basketball player in Miss.; 6'4" guard-forward Richard "Dick" "the Skull" "Fall Back Baby" Barnett (1936-) of Tenn. State U., known for kicking his legs back while taking a jump shot is selected #4 by the Syracuse Nationals (#5), jumping ship to play for the ABL Cleveland Pipers (#54) in 1961-2, leading them to the ABL championship in 1961-2, then returning to the Los Angeles Lakers (#12) in 1962-5), followed by the New York Knicks (#12) in 1965-73; 6'5" forward John M. "Jumpin' Johnny" Green (1933-) of Mich. State U. is selected #5 by the New York Knicks (#11), setting a Knicks rookie record of 25 rebounds, followed by a Feb. 1962 record of three straight games with 20+ rebounds; 6'7" forward-center Rudolph A. "Roughhouse Rudy" LaRusso (1937-2004) of Dartmouth College (where he set an Ivy League record of 32 rebounds in a game against Columbia U. in 1958) is selected #10 by the Minneapolis Lakers (#35), going on to score 50 points in 1962 against the St. Louis Hawks, a record for a Jewish NBA player. On Apr. 4-9 the 1959 NBA Finals sees the Boston Celtics (coach Red Auerbach) defeat the Minneapolis Lakers (coach John Kundla) by 4-0, becoming the first of eight titles in a row; first team from Minn. in the finals, and first with a losing record. On Apr. 9-18 the 1959 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Canadiens defeat the Toronto Maple Leafs 4-1, becoming a 4-peat. On May 22-24 the Empire State PBA Open at Schade's Academy in Albany, N.Y. is the first PBA tournament, won by Verona, Italy-born Lou "Wrongfoot Louie" Campi (1905-89) On May 22-24 the Empire State PBA Open at Schade's Academy in Albany, N.Y. is the first PBA tournament, won by Verona, Italy-born Lou "Wrongfoot Louie" Campi (1905-89) of Dumont, N.J., who wins $2.5K; on May 28-30 the Paramus Eastern PBA Open in Paramus, N.J. is the 2nd PBA tournament, won by Richard Anthony "Dick" Weber (1929-2005), who wins $2.5K; on Sept. 10-13 Weber wins the 3rd and last 1959 PBA tournament, the Dayton PBA Open in Dayton, Ohio ($4.1K). On May 26 Pittsburgh Pirates lefty pitcher (1959-63) Harvey "the Kitten" Haddix Jr. (1925-94) pitches 12 perfect innings against the Milwaukee Braves, becoming the first pitcher in ML history to take a perfect game beyond 9 innings; too bad, he ends up losing in the 13th. On May 30 the 1959 (43rd) Indianapolis 500 is won by Rodger Ward (1921-2004). On June 10 Cleveland Indians' Rocky Colavito hits four consecutive homers in Baltimore against the Orioles. On June 22 Eddie Lubanski (1929-) of Detroit, Mich. bowls two consecutive 300 televised games in Miami, Fla., going on to score 700 pins for his 5-man bowling team in the ABC all-counts; next year he scores 768, teaming with fellow Detroiter Bob Kwolek (814) to set a world record doubles total of 1,582. On June 26 in New York City underdog Ingemar Johansson (1932-) of Sweden KOs Floyd Patterson in round 3 to become world heavyweight boxing champ #20 (until 1960). On June 30 the Pacific Coast Conference (founded Dec. 2, 1915) is disbanded after a slush fund scandal, after which the Pac-12 Conference is founded, growing to 12 members participating in 24 sports in NCAA Div. I incl. U. of Ariz., Ariz. State U., UCB, UCLA, U. of Colo. Boulder, U. of Ore., Ore. State U., USC, Stanford U., U. of Utah, U. of Wash., and Wash. State U. On July 4 the first Firecracker 250 is held in Daytona Beach, Fla. in front of 12,900 spectators; the winner is Edward Glenn "Fireball" Roberts Jr. (1929-64), who leads 84 of 100 laps, and wins again in 1962; in 1963 it is expanded to 160 laps, becoming known as the Firecracker 400, and is again won by Fireball Roberts, who dies on July 2, 1964 after a fiery crash at the World 600 in Charlotte, N.C. on May 24. On July 9 the Harlem Globetrotters visit the Lenin Central Stadium in Moscow for the first of nine exhibition games against the Chinese Basketeers of San Francisco with a total attendance of 135K, receiving $4K each for each game; they are greeted before the first game by Nikita Khrushchev, who met them earlier on their sightseeing tour of Moscow, posing for pictures; the program incl. seven vaudeville acts incl. bicyclist Kim Yohoi, "A Scottish monocyclist who balanced cups and saucers, a German brother and sister act in which she twirls head down on her brother's head, an Argentine youth doing flamenco dancing on roller skates, and a table tennis match"; Wilt Chamberlain and Meadowlark Lemon perform a skit where Lemon collapses to the ground and Chamberlain throws him up in the air and catches him like a doll, causing Lemon to call him "the strongest athlete who ever lived." In Oct. Philly-born former Harlem Globetrotter (since 1958) Wilton Norman "Wilt" "the Stilt" "the Big Dipper" "Goliath" "Mister 100" Chamberlain (1936-99) signs a record $30K rookie contract with the Philadelphia Warriors, $5K more than previous highest earner Bob Cousy of the Celtics; on Oct. 24 he makes his debut as an NBA player in a 118-109 win over the New York Knicks; he goes on to become the first basketball player to earn $100K a year, earning a record $1.5M in his years with the Los Angeles Lakers (1968-73); in his Philly years his lifestyle incl. living in an apt. in New York City, staying out all night, sleeping until noon, then commuting to work; in his Lakers years he builds the Ursa Major (Big Dipper) Mansion in Bel-Air Calif. for his playboy lifestyle, complete with mirrored walls and fur-covered waterbed in his bedroom, living with two cats named Zip and Zap and several Great Danes, driving a Ferrari, Bentley, and a Le Mans racer called Searcher One that is built for $750K in 1996; at his death his estate is valued at $25M. On Nov. 1 after being hit in the face by a puck, 6'0" goalie Joseph Jacques Omer "Jake the Snake" Plante (1929-86) of the Montreal Canadiens (NHL) bucks his coach and becomes the first goalie to wear a protective goaltender mask in a game, and after an 18-game winning streak followed by a losing game in which the coach forced him to not wear it, he gets to keep it, starting a trend - plant one on my kisser? The Harlem Globetrotters visit the Soviet Union, going on a sold-out tour, and are greeted before a game at Lenin Central Stadium in Moscow by Nikita Khrushchev; Wilt Chamberlain and Meadowlark Lemon perform a skit where Lemon collapses to the ground and Chamberlain throws him up in the air and catches him like a doll, causing Lemon to call him "the strongest athlete who ever lived"; after returning, Philly-born former Harlem Globetrotter (since 1958) Wilton Norman "Wilt" "the Stilt" "the Big Dipper" "Goliath" "Mister 100" Chamberlain (1936-99) signs a record $30K rookie contract with the Philadelphia Warriors, $5K more than previous highest earner Bob Cousy of the Celtics; on Oct. 24 he makes his debut as an NBA player;he goes on to become the first basketball player to earn $100K a year, earning a record $1.5M in his years with the Los Angeles Lakers (1968-73); in his Philly years his lifestyle incl. living in an apt. in New York City, staying out all night, sleeping until noon, then commuting to work; in his Lakers years he builds the Ursa Major (Big Dipper) Mansion in Bel-Air Calif. for his playboy lifestyle, complete with mirrored walls and fur-covered waterbed in his bedroom, living with two cats named Zip and Zap and several Great Danes, driving a Ferrari, Bentley, and a Le Mans racer called Searcher One that is built for $750K in 1996; at his death his estate is valued at $25M. The Pac-12 Conference is established for NCAA Div. 1 college football teams from the breakup of the Pacific Coast Conference into the Big Five, Big Six, and Pacific-10, which incl. the U. of Ariz., Arizona State U., UCB, UCLA, USC, U. of Ore., Ore. State U., Stanford U., U. of Wash., and Washington State U.; in 2011 after adding the U. of Colo. and U. of Utah it becomes the Pac-12. The Boston Red Sox sign African-Am. player Pumpsie Green (1933-), becoming the last ML baseball team to break the color line; they had earlier passed up a chance at Jackie Robinson and Willie Mays, but racist owner Thomas Austin "Tom" Yawkey (1903-76) and mgr. Pinky Higgins (1909-69) held out as long as they could? Jack Nicklaus wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and William Earl "Billy" Casper Jr. (1931-) wins the U.S. Open. Australia defeats the U.S. to win the Davis Cup of tennis; Neale Fraser of Australia wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Maria Esther Andion Bueno (1939-) of Brazil wins the women's singles title, along with the Wimbledon singles title, going on to win Wimbledon again in 1960 and 1964-6. Surrey wins the cricket title for a record 7th straight time. English-born Am. jockey Johnny Longden (1907-2003) retires with a record 6,032 victories from 32,413 mounts. Brooklyn, N.Y.-born devout Roman Catholic Vincent Thomas "Vince" Lombardi (1913-70) becomes head coach of the Green Bay Packers, going on to win NFL championships in 1961-2 and 1965-7, plus the 1966 and 1967 Super Bowls. Dallas businessman Lamar Hunt (1932-2006), son of Tex. oil tycoon H.L. Hunt calls on Aug. 14 for the formation of the Am. Football League (AFL), and is turned down, but he prevails next year after talking seven other wealthy guys into forming the "Foolish Club", and founds the Dallas Texans, which in 1963 becomes the Kansas City Chiefs. The Scotch Cup internat. curling championship is first held. The Eastern Prof. Hockey League (EPHL) minor prof. ice hockey league is founded as the NHL's first farm league; in 1963 after poor attendance reduces it to four teams, the Central Professional Hockey League (CPHL) is founded as its successor, with Red Wings gen. mgr. Jack Adams as pres. #1 (until 1968); teams incl. the reduces it to four teams, the Indianapolis Capitals (Detroit Red Wings), Minneapolis Bruins (Boston Bruins), Omaha Knights (Montreal Canadiens), St. Louis Braves (Chicago Black Hawks), and St. Paul Rangers (New York Rangers); in Aug. 1968 the league drops the word "Professional" from its title becoming the CHL; in 1964 the Adams Cup is created for the CPHL champion team; the first winner is the Omaha Knights; in 1964 the Tommy Ivan Trophy is created for the league MVP, the Phil Esposito Trophy for the leading scorer, the Bobby Orr Trophy for the most valuable defenseman, and the Ken McKenzie Trophy for rookie of the year; in 1977 the Terry Sawchuck Trophy is created for the top goaltenders, and the Max McNab Trophy for playoffs MVP; in 1978 the Bob Gassoff Trophy is created for the most improved defenseman, the Don Ashby Memorial Trophy for iron man, the Jake Milford Trophy for coach of the year, and the Clarence Campbell Trophy for the team that best exemplifies professionalism in hockey; in 1974 the Denver Spurs, Salt Lake Golden Eagles, and Seattle Totems join from the defunct Western Hockey League (WHL); the league folds in 1984 after the Tulsa Oilers win the Adams Cup. In the late 1950s Logansport, Ind.-born Butler U. basketball coach (1926-70) Paul D. "Tony" Hinkle (1899-1992) introduces the orange (instead of brown) basketball, along with the Hinkle Offensive System. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is founded by former Colby Colege athletic dir. Lee Williams; the basketball-shaped bldg. at 1000 Hall of Fame Ave. in Springfield, Mass. opens on Feb. 17, 1968. The Polyester bowling ball is introduced, providing more hooking action than rubber balls and replacing them on the PBA Tour in the 1970s. Architecture: On Mar. 1 the Australian $102M 600 ft.-tall Sydney Opera House on Bennelong Point in Australia, designed by Danish architect Jorn (Jørn) Utzon (1918-) is begun (finished Oct. 20, 1973). On Oct. 21 the controversial $3M cone-shaped top-to-bottom Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City at 1071 Fifth Ave. and East 89th St., designed by the late (died Apr. 9 in Phoenix, Ariz.) Frank Lloyd Wright (b. 1867) opens to the public, becoming the only bldg. in New York City designed by Wright, which is praised as "one of the great architectural spaces of the 20th century"; "We are not building a cellular composition of compartments, but one where all is one great space on a continuous floor... no meeting of the eye with angular or abrupt changes of form." On Nov. 2 the first section of the 80-mi. London-Birmingham Motorway (M1) opens for fast motor traffic. On Nov. 3 Pres. Eisenhower lays the cornerstone for the CIA HQ Bldg. in Langley, Va.; renamed the George Bush Center for Intelligence in 1998. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Philip Noel-Baker (1889-1982) (U.K.) [nuclear disarmament]; Lit.: Salvatore Quasimodo (1901-68) (Italy); Physics: Emilio Gino Segre (Segrè)(1905-89) and Owen Chamberlain (1920-) (U.S.) [antiprotons]; Chem.: Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890-1967) (Czech.) [polarography]; Med.: Severo Ochoa de Albornoz (1905-93) and Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007) (U.S.) [RNA-DNA synthesis]. Inventions: Good year for Baby Boomer toys and gadgets? On Mar. 2 Hungarian-born French painter Victor Vasarely (1906-97) patents the method of Unites (Unités) Plastiques, cutting permutations of geometric forms out of a colored square and rearranging them. On Mar. 3 the U.S. launches Pioneer 4 at Woomera on a Juno II rocket vehicle, becoming the first successful U.S. probe, eventually going into orbit around the Sun - the total eclipse of my heart? On Mar. 9 (her official birthday) the 11-1/2"-tall Barbie Doll ("Teen-age Fashion Model"), invented by Ruth Marianna Handler (nee Mosko) (1916-2002) of Mattel, Inc. (named after her daughter Barbara and based on the German doll Bild Lilli) debuts at the Internat. Toy Fair in New York City; her full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts; her adult figure proportions incl. breasts are a little tough to attain in real life; the sideways glance is replaced with a forward glance in 1971; it sells 350K units the first year, and goes on to become the most successful toy line of all time (until ?), with 1B+ sold. On May 6 the Nord Aviation SNECMA C.450 Coleoptere (Coléoptère) (Fr. "beetle") VTOL aircraft with an annular wing makes its first flight; too bad, it crashes on its 9th flight on July 25 and the project is canceled. On July 25 the Saunders-Roe SR.N1, the first civilian hovercraft crosses the English Channel in 20 min.; in Dec. the Duke of Edinburgh talks them into letting him fly it, and he flies it too fast, dishing in the bow, creating the "Royal Dent". On Sept. 16 the 650 lb. $29.5K Xerox 914 Copier is introduced at a televised demonstration at the Sherry-Netherland Hotel in New York City, making six plain paper 9 in. x 14 in. copies per min. (1 each 26.4 sec.) (136 copies an hour) (100K copies per mo.), creating a rev. in paper reproduction with the first successful commercial plain paper copier; Haloid Xerox leases them for $75 a mo. plus 5 cents a copy (over 2K), quickly grabbing 97% of the market, and changing the co. name to Xerox in 1961. On Nov. 12 the secret flying saucer-like Coanda Effect Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar VTOL aircraft makes its first flight; too bad, after it fails to deliver expected performance, Project Y is canceled in Sept. 1961. The twin-engine Sikorsky S-61R (HH-3E Jolly Green Giant) (HH-3F Pelican) transport and search and rescue heli makes its first flight, entering service in 1961 (until ?). Am. industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss (1904-72) designs the Princess Phone, with a petite size to appeal to teenie girls. The aluminum-dust-filled Etch A Sketch (originally L'Ecran Magique) is invented by Andre Cassagnes (1926-2013) of France, and purchased by the Ohio Art Co. of the U.S., where it is introduced next July 12 for $2.99 and becomes a Baby Boomer for Xmas, the #1 seller of the season (600K units); by 2013 100M are sold. De Beers of Johannesburg manufactures their first synthetic diamond. As an alternative to FORTRAN, Grace Murray Hopper (1906-92) of the U.S. Navy inflicts, er, invents the gawd-awful COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) computer language for business programming; the first official specs are pub. in Apr. 1960. The giant hay baler is invented, along with the mechanical tomato harvester. Pantyhose made of spandex, and girdles made of lycra are first marketed commercially. Science: Britain and the U.S. agree to set 1 in. equal to exactly 2.54 centimeters. Enough to make good racists of us all? On July 17 after leading expeditions to 30 mi.-long Olduvai Gorge on the E Seregeti Plains in the Great Rift Valley 25 mi. N of Laetoli, Tanganyika since Nov. 1931, On Sept. 19 Nature pub. the paper Searching for Interstellar Communications by Giuseppe Cocconi (1914-2008) and Philip Morrison (1915-2005) at Cornell U., claiming that terrestrial radiotelescopes are sensitive enough to detect radio signals from other stars, with the soundbyte: "The probability of success is difficult to estimate, but if we never search, the chance of success is zero"; the SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) program is born. Kenyan-born British archeologist Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903-72) (former British missionary, who tries to cling to Christianity and Darwinism at the same time), and his wife (since 1936) Mary Leakey (1913-96) discover the skull of 1.7M-y.-o. Nutcracker Man (Olduvai Hominid 5) (Paranthropus boisei) (Zinjanthropus in Tanganyika, which becomes the first hominin to be dated using K-Ar dating; tools found nearby are later traced to Homo habilis (announced in 1961), our "clearly subhuman ancestor" in Tanganyika, dated to -2.1M to -1.5M, which has a larger brain; the big discovery makes them famous, allowing them to finally get good funding; the Zinjanthropus cranium ends up in the Hall of Man at the Nat. Museum of Tanzania in Dar es Salaam. Watch video. Am. physicist Luis Walter Alvarez discovers the neutral Xi Particle (Baryon). Dmitry Belyaev of SW Siberia begins a breeding experiment with foxes, breeding one group to be tame and another to be aggressive; the former group become more dog-like incl. barking sounds. Am. psychologist Allen L. Edwards (1914-) (disciple of Henry Alexander Murray) develops the 15-category Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS). Philly-born cancer researcher Peter Carey Nowell (1928-201) and Brockton, Mass.-born researcher David A. Hungerford (1927-93) independently discover the Philadelphia Chromosome (Translocation), an easy-to-detect genetic abnormality of chromosome 22 of lukemia patients, which aids diagnosis. Vienna-born Cambridge U. I-smell-a-Nobel molecular biologist Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914-2001) and his asst. Sir John Cowdery Kendrew (1917-97) develop the first atomic model of a protein, hemoglobin, using blood from a sample of whale meat from Peru , sharing the 1962 Nobel Chem. Prize- Peru, Perutz, can do? Chemists develop synthetic pheromones to control insect pests. Nonfiction: Theodor W. Adorno (1903-69), Klangfiguren (Theory of Modern Music). Kenneth Anger (1927-), Hollywood Babylon; pub. in France; full of salacious gossip about Hollywood stars to the 1950s, becoming a hit despite its lack of documentation for many wild claims; U.S. ed. pub. in 1965, then banned after 10 days and not repub. until 1975; full of "mental telepathy, mostly" (Kevin Brownlow); claims that Clara Bow slept with the entire USC football team incl. John Wayne, and that Raymon Novarro died with a black lead Arc Deco dildo rammed down his throat that was a gift from his gay bud Rudolph Valentino; the sequel "Hollywood Babylon II" is pub. in 1984; "A gossip gourmet's delight" (Rex Reed); "If a book such as this can be said to have charm, it lies in the fact that here is a book without one single redeeming merit." (New York Times). Fred Astaire (1899-1987), Steps in Time (autobio.). Joe Staten Bain (1912-91), Industrial Organization: A Treatise; his magnum opus. Karl Barth (1886-1968), Dogmatics in Outline. Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909-97), Two Concepts of Liberty; negative (sans state interference) vs. positive liberty (state-regulated). Margarete Bieber (1879-1978), Autobiography of a Female Scholar (autobio.). John Birch Society, There Goes Christmas (pamphlet); claims the existence of an atheistic Communist plot to "take the Christ out of Christmas" and replace Christmas decorations with U.N. icons, part of a plot to stamp out all religion and destroy U.S. sovereignty. Ray Allen Billington (1903-81), Westward Movement in the United States. Ernst Bloch (1885-1977), Religion im Erbe (Man On His Own). John Morton Blum (1921-2011), From the Morgenthau Diaries (3 vols.) (1959-67); rev. condensed vers. pub. in 1970. Kees Boeke, Cosmic View: The Universe in 40 Jumps. Crane Brinton (1898-1968), A History of Western Morals. Norman Oliver Brown (1913-2002), Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History. Robert Vance Bruce (1923-2008), 1877: Year of Violence. Sir Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), Moral Judgments in History. Joseph Campbell (1904-87), The Masks of God (1959-68). William Chavat, Literary Publishing in America, 1790-1850 (May 31). Frank Chodorov (1877-1966), The Rise and Fall of Society: An Essay on the Economic Forces That Underlie Social Institutions; Flight to Russia. James Bryant Conant (1893-1978), The American High School Today; The Child, the Parent and the State; the results of a 2-year study financed by the Carnegie Corp. Deryck Cooke, The Language of Music. Ralf Dahrendorf (1929-2009), Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Jonathan Worth Daniels (1902-81), Stonewall Jackson. Isaac Deutscher (1900-67), The Prophet Unarmed; #2 in Trotsky trilogy. Grantly Dick-Read (1890-1959), Childbirth Without Fear: The Principles and Practice of Natural Childbirth; starts a movement - his name isn't a hard, er, put-on? Lovat Dickson (1902-87), The Ante-Room (autobio.). Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005), Landmarks of Tomorrow: A Report on the New 'Post-Modern' World. Katherine Dunham (1912-), A Touch of Innocence (autobio.). Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities. Stanley M. Elkins (1925-2013), Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life; uses recent research by Bruno Bettelheim on Nazi concentration camp inmates to compare them to Southern slaves, whom he claims suffered from a "Sambo" complex that kept them unable to effectively resist, claiming it might persist to the present, which is later used by Daniel Patrick Moynihan as a justification for affirmative action programs; too bad, ultimately the African-Am. and Jewish communities consider the comparison offensive. Richard Ellmann (1918-87), James Joyce; "the greatest literary biography of the 20th century" (Anthony Burgess). Fritz Fanon (1925-61), A Dying Colonialism; about the Algerian War. Oliver La Farge (1901-63) and Arthur N. Morgan, Sante Fe: The Autobiography of a Southwestern Town. Leslie Fiedler (1917-2003), The Jew in the American Novel. Leslie Fiedler (1917-2003) (ed.), Whitman. Errol Flynn (1909-59), My Wicked, Wicked Ways (autobio.) (posth.); he wanted the title "In Like Me" (in like Flynn). Erich Fromm (1900-80), Sigmund Freud's Mission: An Analysis of His Personality and Influence; Freud saw himself as a Moses figure, no wonder his theories suck? Gerald Gardner (1884-1964), The Meaning of Witchcraft. Peter Gay (1923-2015), Voltaire's Politics: The Poet as Realist; shows how liberal and practical he was as a political thinker, becoming a hit. Kahlil Gibran (1883-1931), A Self-Portrait (posth.). Harry Golden, For 2 Cents Plain. Sir Tyrone Guthrie (1900-71), A Life in the Theatre (autobio.). Philippe Halsman (1906-79), Philippe Halsman's Jump Book; photographs celebs while jumping because "the mask falls so that the real person appears", which he calls jumpology. Oscar Handlin (1915-2011), The Newcomers: Negroes and Puerto Ricans in a Changing Metropolis. Moss Hart (1904-61), Act One: An Autobiography. Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920; a history of the origins of the Am. conservation movement, incl. the conflict between centralized scientific mgt. and grassroots mgt.. Christopher Hills (1926-97), Kingdom of Desire. Eric Hobsbawm (1917-2012), Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Social Bandits and Primitive Rebels); coins the term "social bandit (crime)" for pirates, gangsters, street gangs etc. Sidney Hook (1902-89), Political Power and Personal Freedom. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), Discours sur l'Avant-Garde. Robert Rhodes James (1933-99), Lord Randolph Churchill. Howard Mumford Jones (1892-1980), One Great Society: Humane Learning in the United States. Marjorie Karmel, Thank You, Dr. Lamaze; natural childbirth expert Fernand Lamaze helps her give birth in Paris using breathing techniques, and she writes this bestseller and founds Lamaze Internat. (Am. Society for Psychoprophylaxis in Obstetrics) next year in New York City. Walter Kaufmann, From Shakespeare to Existentialism; disses English historian Arnold J. Toynbee for emphasizing groups of religions as the most important world demarcations, incl. lumping Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Communism together as a group and contrasting them with Buddhism. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), Mother Cabrini. Alexander King (1899-1965), May This House Be Safe from Tigers. Arthur Koestler (1905-83), The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe; the march of scientific paradigms and visions of cosmology. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), Human Nature and the Human Condition. Martin A. Larson (1897-1994), The Religion of the Occident; Or, The Origin and Development of the Essene-Christian Faith; shows how Christianity arose from a synthesis of pagan religions and Judaism rather than full-blown from the mind of a prophet, based on a lifetime study, becoming a rabble-rousing Freethinker hit; rev. in 1977 as "The Story of Christian Origins". Alfred Lansing (1921-75), Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage; bestseller about the 1914-5 Antarctic voyage of Sir Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922) aboard the super-strong Endurance, which ends up crushed by ice. Oscar Lewis (1914-70), Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty; introduces the concept of the culture of poverty. Henry Longhurst, Adventure in Oil: The Story of British Petroleum. Robert Duncan Luce (1925-2012), Individual Choice Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis; introduces Luce's Choice Axiom, which states that the probability of selecting one item over another is not affected by the presence or absence of other items in the pool, which becomes important in psychology and economics. Sir Fitzroy MacLean (1911-96), Back to Bokhara. Norman Mailer (1923-), Advertisements for Myself (essays); establishes his rep. for mean-spirited criticism of fellow writers; incl. "The White Negro: Superficial Reflections on the Hipster", "The Time of Her Time" - thanks for the memories not? William Manchester (1922-2004), A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson. George Mandler (1924-) and William Kessen (1925-99), The Language of Psychology; argues that psychology still doesn't have a precise enough language to formulate the essentials of the science. Garrett Mattingly (1900-62), The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Mary McCarthy (1912-89), The Stones of Florence. Phyllis McGinley (1905-78), Province of the Heart. John R. Meyer (1927-2009) et al., The Economics of Competition in the Transportation Industries; founds Transportation Economics, which works with engineers. George Mikes (1912-87), A Study in Infamy: The Operations of the Hungarian Secret Police. C. Wright Mills, The Causes of World War III. Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004), Native Realm (autobio.). Kenneth More (1914-82), Happy Go Lucky (autobio.). Edmund Sears Morgan (1916-2013), Prologue to the Revolution: Sources and Documents on the Stamp Act Crisis, 1764-1766. Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976), John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (1959) (Pulitzer Prize); becomes a std. work. Joseph Laffan Morse (ed.), Funk & Wagnall's Standard Reference Encyclopedia (25 vols.); replaces their Universal Std. Encyclopedia. G.M. Mure, Retreat from Truth. Roy Franklin Nichols (1896-1973), Religion and American Democracy. Kathleen Norris (1880-1966), Family Gathering (autobio.). Philip Noel-Baker (1889-1982) and Sir Anthony Buzzard, Disarmament and Defence. Zoe B. Oldenbourg (1916-2002), Massacre at Montsegur: A History of the Albigensian Crusade. Vance Packard (1914-96), The Status Seekers: An Explosive Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, and Your Future (Apr.); Am. social stratification; "The upper-classes live in a house... use the toilet, the porch, library or play-room. The middle classes reside in a home... use the lavatory, the veranda, the den or rumpus room"; emphasizes the barriers erected against Jews. Marcel Pagnol (1895-1974), Les Temps des Secrets (autobio.). Raphael Patai (1910-96), Sex and the Family in the Bible and the Middle East. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Barbel Inhelder (1913-97), The Early Growth of Logic in the Child. Margaret Leech Pulitzer (1893-1974), In the Days of McKinley (Pulitzer Prize) (first in 1942); concentrates on his last five years, attempting to revive his reputation. Sir Herbert Edward Read (1893-1968), A Concise History of Modern Painting. Kenneth Rexroth (1905-82), Bird in the Bush: Obvious Essays. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), My Philosophical Development; Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare; Wisdom of the West: A Historical Survey of Western Philosophy in Its Social and Political Setting. Nawal El Saadawi (1931-), Memoirs of a Woman Doctor (first novel); Egyptian feminist campaigns against female circumcision et al. Francoise Sagan (1935-2004), Amez-vous Brahms?; filmed in 1961 as "Goodbye Again" starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Perkins. Frithjof Schuon (1907-98), Language of the Self. William L. Shirer (1904-93), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany; 1,245-page bestseller based on his reporter years in Germany through Dec. 1940, and written while under the blacklist - no animals were harmed during the making of this book? Martin Shubik (1926-), Strategy and Market Structure: Competition, Oligopoly, and the Theory of Games; Edgeworth Market Games; establishes game theory as an essential component of economic theory. Alan Sillitoe (1928-2010), The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner; poor Nottingham borstal boy Colin Smith has one talent; filmed in 1962, starring Tom Courtenay - silly toe? Sir William Joseph Slim (1891-1970), Unofficial History (autobio.). C.P. Snow (1905-80), The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (May 7); speech delivered in the Senate House, Cambridge U.; claims that literary intellectuals and scientists don't understand or trust each other, and that there is an impassable gulf based on the problem that "the scientific mind was progressive and the literary mind was reactionary"; "A good many times I have been present at gatherings of people who, by the standards of the traditional culture, are thought highly educated and who have with considerable gusto been expressing their incredulity at the illiteracy of scientists. Once or twice I have been provoked and have asked the company how many of them could describe the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The response was cold: it was also negative. Yet I was asking something which is the scientific equivalent of: Have you read a work of Shakespeare's? I now believe that if I had asked an even simpler question – such as, What do you mean by mass, or acceleration, which is the scientific equivalent of saying, Can you read? – not more than one in ten of the highly educated would have felt that I was speaking the same language. So the great edifice of modern physics goes up, and the majority of the cleverest people in the western world have about as much insight into it as their Neolithic ancestors would have had" - is there a way to reunite them with a 21st cent. historyscoping education, or did I get ahead of myself? George R. Stewart (1895-1980), Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Charge at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863 (rev. 1963); becomes a std. reference, coining the term Microhistory (called Microstoria in Italy), which aspires to ask "large questions in small places" via an intensive historical investigation of a single event, community, village, etc. Leo Strauss (1899-1973), What Is Liberal Education?; "Liberal education is education in culture or toward culture. The finished product of a liberal education is a cultured human being"; "Liberal education is literate education of a certain kind: some sort of education in letters or through letters. There is no need to make a case for literacy. Every voter knows that modern democracy stands or falls by literacy"; "Liberal education consists in listening to the conversation among the greatest minds"; "Liberal education is liberation from vulgarity. The Greeks had a beautiful word for vulgarity; they called it apeirokalia, lack of experience in things beautiful. Liberal education supplies us with experience in things beautiful." William Strunk Jr. (1869-1946) and E.B. White (1899-1985), The Elements of Style (AKA The Little Book) (AKA Strunk & White); original 1919 ed. by Strunk alone; rev. 1935 ed. by Edward A. Tenny; 1959 ed. by White sells 2M copies in 1959, and 10M by 2010; becomes std. manual on writing style, incl. eight elementary rules of usage, 10 elementary principles of composition, 49 commonly misused words and expressions, and 57 often-misspelled words; "Unlike most such manuals, a book as well as a tool." (The New Yorker) William Andrew Swanberg (1907-92), Jim Fisk: The Career of an Improbable Rascal. Paul Tabori (1908-74), The Natural Science of Stupidity. Elizabeth Marshall Thomas (1931-), The Harmless People; the Kalahari San bushmen of the SW African savannah and their Stone Age hunter-gatherer culture, which survives until the 1980s. James Thurber (1894-1961), My Years with Ross; his career on the New Yorker staff. Helen Traubel (1899-1972), St. Louis Woman (autobio.). Louis Untermeyer (1885-1977), Lives of the Poets: The Story of One Thousand Years of English and American Poetry. Richard Clement Wade (1921-2008), The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790-1830 (first book); challenges Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis, claiming that Western cities incl. Pittsburgh, Louisville, and Cincinnati were the mainspring of Western expansion, not clodhopping pioneer farmers. Ezra J. Warner (1910-74), Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders; all 452 of them; the Blues follow in 1964, followed by "More Generals in Gray" in 1995. Alan W. Watts (1915-73), Beat Zen, Square Zen, and Zen. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), In Praise of Wine & Certain Noble Spirits; by the 1920s inventor of the cocktail party. Walter Prescott Webb (1888-1963),An Honest Preface and Other Essays. Simone Weil (1909-43), The Notebooks of Simone Weil (2 vols.) (posth.). Sidney Weintraub (1914-83), A General Theory of the Price Level, Output, Income Distribution, and Economic Growth; advocates control of the money wage level to combat inflation, proposing the Wage-Cost Markup Equation (WCME), which regards the avg. markup of prices over unit wage costs to be stable, making price level a relation between wage rate and labor productivity. Mae West (1893-1980), Goodness Had Nothing to Do With It (autobio.). Paul West (1930-), The Growth of the Novel. Leslie White (1900-75), The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome (Jan. 1); his masterpiece?; revitalizes social evolutionism with its theory of universal cultural evolution that sees technology as driving all cultures to become ever-more complex and use ever-more energy. William Appleton Williams (1921-90), The Tragedy of American Diplomacy; 2nd ed. 1962; claims that the U.S. is more responsible for the Cold War than the Soviet Union, which the U.S. uses as a whipping boy to take the spotlight off its own world domination moves incl. the Bay of Pigs and Vietnam, and this policy, which "worked brilliantly" has become "impossible to sustain", and must be changed to avoid facing "literal isolation", the solution being to "help other peoples achieve their own aspirations in their own way" and "do much to sustain and extend man's creativity", making him "the favorite historian of the Middle American New Left", founding the Wisconsin School of History along with William B. Hesseltine and Merrill Jensen, and inspiring a generation of historians incl. Gar Alperovitz, Lloyd Gardner, Patrick J. Hearden, Gabriel Kolko, Walter LeFeber, and Thomas J. McCormick. Frances Amelia Yates (1899-1981), The Valois Tapestries. Lin Yutang (1885-1976), From Pagan to Christian (autobio.). Art: Milton Avery (1885-1965), Black Sea; Spring Orchard. Andre Beaudin, La Lune de Mai. Norman Bluhm (1921-99), Northern Light. John Randall Bratby (1928-92), Coach-House Door. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Le Champ de Mars. William Christenberry, Let the Dreadful Engines...". George Cohen (1919-99), Departing (1959-60). Lucien Coutaud (1904-77), Les Femmes-Fleurs; Les Cathares. M.C. Escher (1898-1972), Fish and Scales (woodcut). Tsuguharu Foujita (1886-1968), Les Deux Soeurs (The Two Sisters). Barbara Hepworth (1903-75), Meridian (State House, London). Hans Hofmann, The Gate. Yuichi Inoue, Fish. The Isley Brothers, Shout (Sept. 21) (#47 in the U.S.); from Cincinnati, Ohio, incl. O'Kelly Isley Jr. (1937-86), Rudolph Bernard "Rudy" Isley (1939-), Ronald Isley (1941-), and Vernon Isley. Jasper Johns (1930-), Shade. Ellsworth Kelly (1923-), Block Island I. Franz Kline, Henry H II (1959-60). Lee Krasner (1908-84), Cool White. Morris Louis (1912-62), Terranean. Ben Nicholson, February 1959 (abstract). Roberto Matta (1911-2002), Un Soleil a Qui Sait Reunir; Les Faiseurs du Neant; The Clan; L'Impensable (Grand Personage); Couple IV (1959-60). David Park, Torso. Mervyn Peake (1911-68), Titus Alone. Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008), Monogram. James Rosenquist (1933-), Astor Victoria. David Smith (1906-65), Cubi Series (1959-65) (sculptures). H.C. Westermann (1922-81), Angry Young Machine. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009), Albert's Son. Music: Ghigo Agosti (1936-), Coccinella (Mar.); dedicated to Coccinelle. Paul Anka (1941-), I Miss You So; Lonely Boy; Put Your Head On My Shoulder. Frankie Avalon (1939-), Venus (#1 in the U.S., #16 in the U.K.), Why (#1 in the U.S., #20 in the U.K.); Bobby Sox to Stockings (#8 in the U.S.); A Boy Without A Girl (#10 in the U.S.); Just Ask Your Heart (#7 in the U.S.). The Atmospheres, Kabalo. Harry Belafonte (1927-), Belafonte at Carnegie Hall (album). Robert Russell Bennett, Victory at Sea, Vol. 1 (album). Tony Bennett (1926-), In Person! (album) (Mar.); incl. Pennies from Heaven (by Johnny Burke and Arthur Johnson), Basie Swings, Bennett Sings (Strike Up the Band) (album) (May); incl. Chicago (by Fred Fisher). Brook Benton (1931-88), It's Just a Matter of Time. Alban Berg (1885-1935), Wozzeck (opera) (New York); written in 1925; original debut 1934 in Berlin. Chuck Berry (1926-2017), Anthony Boy; Almost Grown/ Little Queenie; Back in the U.S.A./ Memphis, Tennessee; Broken Arrow. Karl-Birger Blomdahl (1916-68), Aniara (space opera); libretto by Erik Lindegren based on the 1956 poem by Harry Edmund Martinson; a spaceship leaves the poisoned Earth for Mars, but ends up on a doomed 20-year journey to the constellation Lyra. Pat Boone (1934-), The Wang Dang Taffy-Apple Tango (#62 in the U.S.). Twixt Twelve and Twenty. Jacques Brel (1929-78), La Valse a Mille Temps (album); incl. Ne Me Quitte Pas. Teresa Brewer (1931-2007), Mexicali Rose. The Browns, The Three Bells (#1 country) (#1 in the U.S.); Scarlet Ribbons (For Her Hair) (#7 country) (#13 in the U.S.). Dave Brubeck Quartet, Time Out (album #28) (Dec. 14) (#2 in the U.S.) (1M copies); recorded at Columbia Records 30th St. Studio in New York City; features weird time signatures; incl. Take Five (5/4 time), Blue Rondo a la Turk" (9/8 time), Pick Up Sticks (6/4 time). Anita Bryant (1940-), Anita Bryant (album) (debut); incl. Till There Was You. The Coasters, Charlie Brown (#2 in the U.S., #6 in the U.K.); Along Came Jones (#9 in the U.S.); Poison Ivy (#7 in the U.S., #15 in the U.K.). Ray Charles (1930-2004), What'd I Say; his first top-10 pop chart hit; The Genius of Ray Charles (album) (Nov.); announces his breakout from R&B to the pop-rock stage, landing him a deal with ABC-Paramount, where he becomes the first to own his own masters. Van Cliburn (1934-), Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3 (album). Eddie Cochran (1938-60), Teenage Heaven (Feb.) (#99 in the U.S.); Somethin' Else / Boll Weevil Song (July) (#58 in the U.S.); Hallelujah I Love Her So (Nov.). Nat King Cole (1919-65), Welcome to the Club (album); A Mis Amigos (album); incl. Ansiedad. Ornette Coleman (1930-2015), The Shape of Jazz to Come (album #3) (Oct.) (Atlantic Records); becomes one of the top jazz albums of all time?; incl. Lonely Woman, Focus on Sanity. Marius Constant (1925-2007), 24 Preludes for Ochestra (debut) (Paris); debut conducted by Leonard Bernstein. John Corigliano (1938-), Kaleidoscope (for two pianos). Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965), Homage to Iran. Bobby Darin (1936-73), Dream Lover (#2 in the U.S., #1 in the U.K.); Mack the Knife (#1 in the U.S. and U.K.) (based on the song "Moritat" in the 1928 Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill "Threepenny Opera"); Personality. Miles Davis (1926-91) and Bill Evans (1929-80), Kind of Blue (album) (Aug. 17) (Columbia Records); his magnum opus; the best-selling jazz record of all time (4M copies by Oct. 7, 2008); on Dec. 15, 2009 the U.S. House of Reps passes a resolution recognizing the album's 50th anniv., "honoring the masterpiece and reaffirming jazz as a national treasure." Miles Davis (1926-91) and Gil Evans (1912-88), Porgy and Bess (album) (Mar. 9); based on the 1934 George Gershwin opera. Jan and Dean, Baby Talk; William Jan Berry and Dean Ormsby Terrence. Bo Diddley (1928-2008), Say Man. Dion DiMucci (1939-) (1939-) and the Belmonts, A Teenager in Love (#5 in the U.S.). Carl Dobkins Jr., Raining in My Heart. Fats Domino (1928-2017), I'm Ready; Margie; I Want to Walk You Home; Be My Guest; I'm Gonna Be a Wheel Someday; When the Saints Go Marching In; I've Been Around. Craig Douglas (1941-), Only Sixteen (#1 in the U.K.); A Teenager in Love; his clean neat Pat Boone-like cover-singing career is downhill from here, incl. heading the bill at the Beatles' first major stage show. The Drifters, There Goes My Baby (by Ben E. King) (#2 in the U.S.). Duane Eddy (1938-) and The Rebels, Have 'Twangy' Guitar Will Travel (album) (debut) (Jan. 9) (#5 in the U.S.) (#6 in the U.K.); incl. The Lonely One (#23 in the U.S.); Especially for You (album #2) (#24 in the U.S.) (#6 in the U.K.); incl. Yep! (#30 in the U.S.) (#17 in the U.K.), Peter Gunn (by Henry Mancini) (#27 in the U.S.) (#6 in the U.K.), $1,000,000 Worth of Twang (album #3) (#10 in the U.S.) (#5 in the U.K.); incl. Forty Miles of Bad Road (#9 in the U.S.) (#11 in the U.K.), Bonnie Came Back (#26 in the U.S.) (#12 in the U.K.), Some Kind-A Earthquake (#37 in the U.S.) (#12 in the U.S.), Because They're Young Theme (#4 in the U.S.) (#2 in the U.K.) (1M copies), Kommotion (#78 in the U.S.) (#13 in the U.K.). Tommy Edwards (1922-69), My Melancholy Baby; his last single to chart. Bill Evans (1929-80), On Green Dolphin Street (album #3); Portrait In Jazz (album #4). Fabian (1943-), Turn Me Loose (#9 in the U.S.); Hound Dog Man (#9 in the U.S.) (#46 in the U.K.); Tiger (#3 in the U.S.) (1M copies) (his biggest hit); discovered in 1957 by Chancellor Records owners Bob Marcucci and Peter DeAngelis sitting on his South Philly porch crying over his father's heart attack? Adam Faith (1940-2003) and The Roulettes, What Do You Want? (#1 in the U.K.); first #1 hit for Parlophone Records, becoming the first in the U.K. to have his first seven singles go top-5. The Falcons, You're So Fine; from Detroit, Mich., incl. Eddie Floyd (1937-) and "Sir" Mack Rice (1933-); first true soul song? Freddy Fender (1937-2006), Wasted Days and Wasted Nights; too bad, next May he is arrested for marijuana possession in La., and does three years in a prison farm, ending his music career until the 1970s. Connie Francis (1937), Christmas in My Heart (album); her only Christmas album; recorded in Aug. at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London dir. by Geoff Love, then repepackaged and re-released by MGM Records in Oct. 1962. Jimmy Gilmer (1940-) and The Fireballs, Torquay; from Raton, N.M., incl. Chuck Tharp (-2006) (vocals), George Tomsco (guitar), Dan Trammell (guitar), Stan Lark (bass), and Eric Budd/Doug Roberts (-1981) (drums); record at Norman Petty's Studio in Clovis, N.M., where Buddy Holly got his start. The Flamingos, I Only Have Eyes for You (#1 in the U.S.) (cover of a song from the 1934 film "Dames"); Mio Amore (#74 in the U.S.); I Was Such A Fool. Skip and Flip, It Was I; Clyde "Skip" Battin (1934-) and Gary "Flip" Paxton (1938-); record in Norman Petty's studio in Clovis, N.M., famous for launching Buddy Holly. Clinton Ford (1931-), Old Shep. Frankie Ford (1939-), Sea Cruise; written by Huey Smith. Jean Francaix (1912-97), L'Horloge de Flore. Connie Francis (1938-), Lipstick On Your Collar. Billy Fury (1940-83) and the Blue Flames, Maybe Tomorrow (debut) (#18 in the U.K.); from Liverpool; an Elvis clone sans the black hair dye. Rosco Gordon (1928-2002), Just A Little Bit. Ferde Grofe (1892-1972), San Francisco Suite. Thurston Harris, Runk Bunk. Ronnie Hilton (1926-2001), The Wonder of You; made into a U.S. hit by Elvis Presley in 1970. Billie Holiday (1915-59), Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone. John Lee Hooker (1917-2001), I'm John Lee Hooker (album). Johnny Horton (1925-60), When It's Springtime in Alaska (It's Forty Below) (#1 country); The Battle of New Orleans (#1 country) (#1 in the U.S.); #1 for 6 weeks even though it's totally anachronistic (coded message for Southern white supremacists fighting the feds on integration?); "In 1814 we took a little trip/ Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip/ We took a little bacon and we took a little beans/ And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans"; (chorus) "We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin/ There wasn't near as many as there was awhile ago/ We fired once more and they began a runnin'/ Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico." Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000), Symphony No. 7 ("Nanga Parvat"), Op. 178. Stonewall Jackson, Waterloo. Joni James (1930-), Little Things Mean a Lot; There Must Be a Way. Homer and Jethro, The Battle of Kookamonga; takeoff on Johnny Horton's "The Battle of New Orleans". George Jones (1931-2013), White Lightning (Feb. 9) (#1 in the U.S.); written by J.P. "the Big Bopper" Richardson. Kitty Kallen, If I Give My Heart to You. The Kingston Trio, Wimoweh/ The Lion Sleeps Tonight. The Four Lads, Happy Anniversary; The Fountain of Youth; Got a Locket in My Pocket. Steve Lawrence (1935-), Swing Softly With Me. Brenda Lee (1944-), Sweet Nothin's (#4 in the U.S., #4 in the U.K.); her first top 10 hit; Let's Jump the Broomstick (#12 in the U.K.). Abbey Lincoln (1930-2010), Abbey Is Blue (album #4); incl. Afro Blue. Abbey Lincoln (1930-2010) and Max Roach (1924-2007), Moon Faced and Starry Eyed (album). Kathy Linden, Goodbye Jimmy, Goodbye (#11 in the U.S.); Oh Johnny Oh Johnny Oh. Henry Mancini (1924-94), More Music from Peter Gunn (album). Dean Martin (1917-95), Sleep Warm (album); incl. Sleep Warm (by Alan and Marilyn Bergman) (Frank Sanatra is the "guest conductor"). Wink Martindale (1934-), Deck of Cards (#7 in the U.S.) (1M copies). The McGuire Sisters, Summer Dreams. Ethel Merman (1908-84), Everything's Coming Up Roses; He's Got the Whole World in His Hands. Charlie Mingus (1922-79), Mingus Ah Um (album) (Sept. 14) (first with Columbia Records); incl. Better Git It in Your Soul, Goodbye Pork Pie Hat (tribute to Lester Young), Fables of Faubus, Boogie Stop Shuffle. John La Montaine, Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (Pulitzer Prize). Thelonious Monk (1917-82), The Thelonious Monk Orchestra at Town Hall (album #10); 5 by Monk by 5 (album #11); Thelonious Alone in San Francisco (album #12); record on Oct. 21-22 at Fugazi Hall in San Francisco, Calif. Wes Montgomery (1925-68), The Wes Montgomery Trio (album). Jane Morgan (1924-), To Each His Own; With Open Arms. Mormon Tabernacle Choir, The Battle Hymn of the Republic; bestseller (1M copies). Ruby Murray (1935-96), Goodbye Jimmy, Goodbye (#10 in the U.K.). The Mystics, Hushabye (May); AKA the Overons; from Brooklyn, N.Y., incl. Phil Cracolici (1937-), Albee Cracolici (1936-), George Galfo (1939-), Bob Ferrante (1936-), Al Contrera (1940-). Ricky Nelson (1940-85), Ricky Sings Again (album #3) (Jan.). Sandy Nelson (1938-), Teen Beat (#4 in the U.S.); Let There Be Drums (#7 in the U.S.); Drums Are My Beat. Anthony Newley (1931-99), I've Waited So Long; Idle on Parade (from the film "Idle on Parade"); Personality; Someone to Love; allows him to stop having to be kept by a gay old man and become a big hit in England and the U.S. despite his Jewish cockney accent, and swing with hot women like Barbra Streisand and Diana Dors, becoming the model for David Bowie? Phil Phillips (1931-), Sea of Love. Edith Piaf (1915-63), Milord. The Platters, Where (Sept.); Wish It Were Me (Sept.). Elvis Presley (1935-77), For LP Fans Only (album) (Feb.); I Need Your Love Tonight/ Fool Such As I (Mar.); A Touch of Gold (2 vols.) (album) (Apr./Oct.); Big Hunk O'Love/ My Wish Came True (June); Date with Elvis (album) (Aug.); 500,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong (album) (Dec.). Johnny Preston (1939-2011), Running Bear (album); incl. Running Bear (#1 in the U.S.); 1-hit wonder. Sun Ra (1914-93), Jazz in Silhouette (album #6) (May). Della Reese (1932-), Don't You Know; launches her singing career. Jim Reeves (1923-64), Home (#2 country). Cliff Richard (1940-) and The Shadows, Livin' Lovin' Doll; Mean Streak; Living Doll (written by Lionel Bart); A Voice in the Wilderness; The Shrine on the Second Floor; Travellin' Light; I Love You; Theme for a Dream. Cliff Richard (1940-) and Marty Wilde (1939-), Early in the Morning. Marty Robbins (1925-82), El Paso (1959) (#1 country) (#1 in the U.S.), The Hanging Tree (#15 country) (#38 in the U.S.). Hargus Melvin "Pig" Robbins (1938), Save It (debut). Richard Rodgers (1902-79), Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Howard Lindsay (1889-1968), and Russel Crouse (1893-1966), The Sound of Music (last Rogers and Hammerstein musical) (New York) (Nov. 16); based on "The Story of the Trapp Family Singers" by Maria von Trapp; set in Austria in 1938; young abbey novice Maria (Mary Martin) takes a job as a governess to a large family, and falls in love with widowed father Capt. von Trapp (Theodore Bikel), fleeing with him from the Nazis with the children; filmed in 1965 starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer; songs incl. The Sound of Music (recorded by Patti Page), My Favorite Things, Do-Re-Mi, Climb Ev'ry Mountain, Edelweiss (last song composed by Hammerstein II). Bobby Rydell (1942-), Kissin' Time (debut); We Got Love. Neil Sedaka (1939-), Stupid Cupid; Fallin'; The Girl for Me; Another Sleepless Night; As Long As I Live; I Belong to You; Crying My Heart Out for You; Going Home to Mary Lou; I Ain't Hurtin' No More; Moon of Gold; You Gotta Learn Your Rhythm and Blues; What Am I Gonna Do. Pete Seeger (1919-2014), American Play Parties (album). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Divertimento for Orchestra. Dinah Shore (1916-94), Dinah, Yes Indeed! (album). Frank Sinatra (1915-98), Come Dance with Me! (album); incl. Come Dance with Me, High Hopes. Memphis Slim (1926-88), Memphis Slim at the Gate of the Horn (album); incl. Steppin' Out, Mother Earth, and Gotta Find My Baby. Carl Smith (1927-2010), Ten Thousand Drums. Terry Snyder and the All Stars, Persuasive Percussion (album); first use of the gatefold cover; pub. by Command Records, run by Enoch Light (1905-78), becoming the first huge hit based on retail sales with no airplay because the stereo effects don't show up on AM radio; stereo nuts use the album to test their stereo sets. Kay Starr (1922-), Riders in the Sky. April Stevens (1936-), Teach Me Tiger!; its open sexuality causes it to be banned by radio stations, and it peaks at #86, often getting mistakenly attributed to Marilyn Monroe. Barrett Strong (1941-), Money (That's What I Want); the first Motown Records hit (#23 in the U.S.), after which he gives up singing for songwriting, teaming up with songwriter Norman Whitfield (1940-2008), and going on to crank out Motown hits incl. "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "Psychedelic Shack", and "War". Jule Styne (1905-94), Stephen Sondheim (1930-) and Arthur Laurnents, Gypsy (musical) (May 21) (New York); about stripper Gypsy Rose Lee (1911-70). Randall Thompson (1899-1984) and Robert Frost (1874-1963), Frostiana: Seven Country Songs. Ritchie Valens (1941-59), Donna. La Bamba (#22 in the U.S.); becomes a crossover hit with U.S. gringos. Frankie Vaughan (1928-99), That's My Doll; Honey Bunny Baby; Give Me the Moonlight Give Me the Girl; Come Softly to Me; The Heart of a Man, Walkin' Tall. Bobby Vee (1943-), Suzie Baby (debut); tribute to Buddy Holly's "Peggy Sue". Jerry Wallace, Primrose Lane. Warner Bros. orchestra conducted by Ted Dale, The 22 Best Loved Christmas Piano Concerts (album); features Westerly, R.I.-born pianist George Greeley (Georgio Guariglia) (1917-2007). Hugo Weisgall, Six Characters in Search of an Author (musical). Jackie Wilson (1934-84), That's Why (I Love You So); I'll Be Satisfied; You Better Know It; Talk That Talk. Helmut Zacharias (1920-2002), Makin' Whoopee. Movies: Irvin Yeaworth's 4D Man (The Evil Force) (Oct. 7) stars James Congdon as scientist Tony Nelson, who develops a machine that puts objects into a state where they can pass through other objects, and uses it on himself, becoming an arch criminal; Robert Lansing plays his brother Scott, who invents cargonite, a material that is so dense it becomes impenetrable; Lee Meriwether plays Tony's babe; too bad, in his 4-D state Scott ages at jet speed, which he can reverse only by draining people's lifeforce. Cyril Frankel's B&W Alive and Kicking (Warner-Pathe Distributors) (Seven Arts) is a British musical comedy film starring Sybil Thorndike, Kathleen Harrison, and Estelle Winwood as little old ladies Dora, Rosie, and Mabel, who decide to chuck their retirement home and search for adventure, ending up with their own successful sweater business in Ireland; the film debut of Limerick, Ireland-born actor (teenie rugby star) Richard St. John Harris (1930-2002) as the Lover. Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder (July 1), based on the John D. Voelker novel stars James Stewart and George C. Scott as defense and prosecuting attys. battling over a murder case in a small town in N Mich.; best courtroom drama ever made?; makes a star of Lee Ann Remick (1935-91), who won the role of Laura Manion after Lana Turner was fired. Bernard L. Kowalski's Attack of the Giant Leeches (Oct.) (B&W) is written by Leo Gordon, about atomic radiation from Cape Canaveral creating you know what in the Everglades. Roger Corman's B&W A Bucket of Blood (Oct.) (Am. Internat. Pictures) is a black comedy horror film (Corman's first), starring Dick Miller as young busboy and aspiring sculptor Walter Paisley at the Bohemian beatnik Yellow Door Cafe in Southern Calif. who accidentally kills his landlady's cat and covers it in clay, titling it "Dead Cat", going on to add people to his gallery, starting with "Murdered Man", becoming a local celeb but going too far until the police close in him and he turns himself into "Hanging Man"; does $180K box office on a $50K budget. Guy Hamilton's The Devil's Disciple (Aug. 20) (United Artists), based on the 1897 George Bernard Shaw, set in 1977 during the Saratoga Campaign stars Kirk Douglas as Richard "Dick" Dudgeon, who becomes an apostate and rebel and is saved from hanging by Anthony Anderson, who gives up being a minister to become a rebel too; Laurence Olivier plays Gen. John Burgoyne. Eugene Lourie's The Giant Behemoth (Behemoth, the Sea Monster) (Mar. 3) (B&W) is about a mutated monster in England, with SFX by "King Kong" creator Willis O'Brien, complete with screams from the 1933 movie; "The biggest thing since creation." William Wyler's Ben-Hur (Nov. 18) (MGM), written by Karl Tunberg based on the 1880 Lew Wallace novel stars Charlton Heston (after Rock Hudson and Paul Newman turn down the part, and Kirk Douglas is passed-over, pissing him off so much that he decides to star in his own costume drama, which becomes "Spartacus") as Judah Ben-Hur, who gets betrayed by Roman soldier Messala, played by dimpled Irish-born Stephen Boyd (1931-77), ending up as a slave, then fighting his way back up the food chain, defeating Messala, only to throw it all away for Christ; wins a record 11 Oscars; as Boyd's char. is dragged behind his chariot in the fabulous Roman chariot race (cut down 260-to-1 for dramatic effect), the camera cuts away, then a dummy is run over by another chariot, starting rumors that his stunt double was killed during filming; Gore Vidal is an uncredited screenwriter. Marcel Camus' Black Orpheus (Orfeu Negro) (Dec. 21), based on the play "Orfeu da Conceica", based on the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is set in Rio de Janeiro's black section. Barry Mahon's Cuban Rebel Girls, about a group of mercenaries helping Fidel Castro against Fulgencio Batista is 48-y.-o. Errol Flynn's last film, portraying an Am. correspondent; co-stars his 15-y.-o. blonde babe Beverly Aadland (1943-); Flynn is at first wowed by Castro, until he takes over Cuba and he witnesses executions and is roughed up by his men. George Stevens' The Diary of Anne Frank (Mar. 18), based on the play by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett stars Millie Perkins as Anne Frank, Joseph Schildkraut as Otto Frank, and Shelley Winters as Mrs. Petronella Van Daan; Yiddish-speaking Russian-born Boris Aronson (1898-1980), known for the 1953 film "The Crucible" does the set design. Mervyn LeRoy's The FBI Story (Oct.), based on a book by Don Whitehead and starring James Stewart as John Michael "Chip" Hardesty features J. Edgar Hoover acting as virtual co-producer in order to launder them as white as Tide and Cheer, even appearing personally. James Clavell's Five Gates to Hell (Sept. 23) stars Dolores Michaels, Patricia Owens, Shirley Knight, Gerry Gaylor, Nancy Kulp et al. as killer nuns in Vietnam. Francois Truffaut's The 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cents Coups) (May 4) (Truffaud's dir. debut) stars Jean-Pierre Leaud (Léaud) (1944-) as 12-y.-o. schoolboy Antoine Daniel, who delves into petty crime and experiences the unjust French juvenile delinquent system, becoming the first of Truffaut's autobio. Antoine Doinel series, introducing the New Wave (Nouvelle Vogue) movement in French cinema, rejecting the classical cinematic form to emphasize relationships and humane stories. Roberto Rossellini's Generale Della Rovere (Sept.) stars Vittorio De Sica as swindler Grimaldi in 1943 Genoa, who pretends to be an Italian army col. to swindle money from victims of the Nazis. Sidney Lumet's The Fugitive Kind (Dec. 1) (United Artists, based on the 1957 Tennessee Williams play "Orpheus Descending", set in the Deep Am. South and filmed in Milton, N.Y., starring Marlon Brando as Valentine "Val" "Snakeskin" Xavier, a guitar-playing drifter who flees New Orleans to avoid arrest, ending up in a small town working at a five-and-dime owned by Lady Torrance (Anna Magriani), and is moved on by alcoholic nympho Carol Cutrere (Joanne Woodward) and housewife Vee Talbot (Maureen Stapleton), but falls for Lady Torrance after she promises to set him up with his own bar; meanwhile Sheriff Jordan Talbot (R.G. Armstrong) tries to run him out of town, and Jabe Torrance (Victor Jory) gets jealous. Paul Wendkos' Gidget ("girl midget") (Apr. 10) (Columbia Pictures), based on the 1957 Frederick Kohner novel "Gidget, the Little Girl with Big Ideas" about summer surfing stars Sandra Dee (Alexandra Zuck) (1942-2005) as 17-y.-o. Frances Lawrence AKA Gidget,who chases surfer Moondoggie (James Darren), mainstreaming the white Southern Calif. surfing culture and becoming so popular that it spawns two movie sequels, two TV sequels, and a TV series starring Sally Field, who uses surfboards designed by Dale Velzy; the Gidget Theme is performed by The Four Preps; Gidget Goes Hawaiian (1961) stars Deborah Walley, with James Darren continuing as her beau Moondoggie, and has a bit part for "Jeopardy!" announcer Johnny Gilbert; Gidget Goes to Rome (1963) stars Cindy Carol and James Darren. David Lowell Rich's Have Rocket, Will Travel (Aug. 1) signals the comeback of the Three Stooges in their first full-length feature film, sans Curly, with Moe, Larry, and "6th Stooge" Curly Joe DeRita in his debut. Alain Resnais' B&W Hiroshima Mon Amour (June 10), written by Marguerite Duras stars Emmanuelle Riva as a lonely French actress in Tokyo having an affair with Japanese architect Elji Okada in the shadow of you know what; helps launch the Nouvelle Vague (French New Wave), which uses mini-flashbacks to create a unique nonlinear storyline. Douglas Sirk's Imitation of Life (Apr. 17) stars blonde white Lana Turner as Lora Meredith, whose black housekeeper Annie Johnson (Juanita Moore) looks after her daughter Susie (Terry Burnham/Sandra Dee), while her own daughter Sarah Jane (Karin Dicker/Susan Kohner) passes for white, and is beaten by beau Frankie (Troy Donahue) when he finds out, all the rejection finally getting to Annie, who dies of a broken heart, after which her wayward daughter begs forgiveness at her funeral, woo woo woo; the film signals the end of white supremacy in America in a sea of white guilt? William Castle's House on Haunted Hill (Feb. 17) is a B-horror film starring Vincent Price as eccentric millionaire Fredrick Loren, who invites five people to his haunted house for a party with his wife Annabelle, with a $10K reward for staying one night; gimmick-loving dir. William Castle (1914-77) rigs some theaters with an inflated glow-in-the-dark skeleton on a wire that floats over the audience at the end. Russ Meyer's The Immoral Mr. Teas about a straw hat-wearing voyeur, launching the career of soft porno producer-dir. Russell Albion "Russ" Meyer (1922-2004) after it grosses $1M on a $24K budget, giving him the title "King of the Nudies"; his films become known for satire and fixation on big breasts. John Boulting's B&W I'm All Right Jack (Aug. 18) (Charter Film Productions) (British Lion Films), based on Alan Hackney's novel "Private Life" is a sequel to "Private's Progress" (1956), set in Stanley Windrush's uncle Bertram Tracepurcel's missile factory, featuring Peter Sellers as union shop steward Fred Kite. Tony Richardson's B&W Look Back in Anger (Sept. 15) (Warner Bros.) is a British New Wave (kitchen sink realism) movie based on the 1956 John Osborne play, starring Richard Burton as disaffected young jazz trumpet player and sweet stall owner Jimmy Porter, Eileen Mary Ure (1933-75) (real wife of John Osborne in 1929-94, who got him to divorce his wife to marry her in 1957, then begins an affair this year with Robert Shaw in London while co-starring in "The Changeling"), and lives with her and his Welsh biz partner and lodger Cliff Lewis (Gary Raymond); when Alison gets preggers, she is afraid to tell Jimmy, and asks her actress friend Helena Charles (Claire Bloom) to move in with them, who asks Alison's daddy Col. Redfern (Glen Byam Shaw) to take Alison in, after which Helena breaks the news to Jimmy, who calls her an evil-minded virgin and says he doesn't care about the baby, after which they make love, locking Cliff out, causing him to decide to leave, and Jimmy to quit working with him; Edith Evans plays Ma Tanner; the film debut of Cambridgeshire-born hook-nosed Nigel Davenport (1928-2013) as a walk-on; the dir. debut of Cecil Antonio "Tony" Richardson (1928-91); "They all want to escape from the pain of being alive"; "The audience was jolted as if they'd been sitting for 2 hours in an electric chair"; first release from the British co. Woodfall Film Productions, founded by Tony Richardson, John Osborne, and Harry Saltzman, followed by "The Entertainer" (1960), "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning" (1960), "A Taste of Honey" (1961), "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner" (1962), "Tom Jones" (1963), "Girl with Green Eyes" (1964), "One Way Pendulum" (1964), "The Knack... and How to Get It" (1965), "Mademoiselle" (1966), "The Sailor from Gibraltar" (1967), "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968), "Inadmissible Evidence" (1968), "Laughter in the Dark" (1969), "Hamlet" (1969), "Ned Kelly" (1970), "Dead Cert" (1974), "Joseph Andrews" (1977), and "The Hotel New Hampshire" (1984). Nunnally Johnson's The Man Who Understood Women (Oct. 2), based on the Romain Gary novel stars Henry Fonda as Hollywood producer Willie Bauche, who becomes obsessed with turning his wife Ann Garantier (Leslie Caron) into a #1 star, turning her off and causing her to flee to France, where she hooks up with handsome pilot Marco Ranieri (Cesare Danova), pissing-off Willie, who hires assassins to kill him, who decide the two are so much in love that both should die together, causing Willie to rush to France to save her. Jack Arnold's The Mouse That Roared (July 17) (Highroad Productions) (Columbia Pictures), written by Roger MacDougall and Stanley Mann based on the 1955 Leonard Wibberly novel about the European Duchy of Grand Fenwick declaring war on the U.S. in order to get foreign aid stars Peter Sellers in three roles, Duchess Gloriana XII, PM Count Rupert Mountjoy, and Gen. Tully Bascomb; co-stars Jean Seberg as the eye candy Helen Kokintz; does $2M box office U.S. and Canada; "All is fair in laughs and war"; "They're taking over the country in invasion of laughs." Roger Corman's Not of This Earth (Feb. 10) (B&W) is about strange sunglasses-wearing Paul Johnson (Paul Birch), survivor of the dying planet Davanna, who comes to Earth to check out human blood for transport; part of a double feature with "Attack of the Crab Monsters". Fred Zinnemann's The Nun's Story (July 18), based on the Kathryn Hulme book with music by Franz Waxman stars Audrey Hepburn as a young nun working in the Congo and Belgium in WWII while struggling to reconcile her free spirit with the order's frigg, er, rigors. Robert Wise's Odds Against Tomorrow (Oct. 15), based on a novel by William P. McGivern stars producer Harry Belafonte as a black bank robber teamed with white racist partner Robert Ryan. Stanley Kramer's B&W On the Beach (Dec. 17), based on the 1957 Nevil Shute novel stars Gregory Peck, Ava Gardner, and Fred Astaire; does $2.2M box office on a $2.9M budget. Blake Edwards' Operation Petticoat (Dec. 5) (Universal Pictures) is a comedy film starring Cary Grant (as Lt. Cmdr. Matthew T. "Matt" Sherman) and Tony Curtis (as Lt. JG Nicholas "Nick" Holden) aboard the WWI sub USS Sea Tiger, which is being sent to the scrapyard with five female Army nurses aboard incl. Dina Merrill, Virginia Gregg, Madlyn Rhue, nad Marion Ross, causing ridiculous situations; does $6.8M box office (#3 in 1960). Carol Reed's B&W Our Man in Havana (Dec. 30) (Kingsmead Productions) (Columbia Pictures), based on the 1958 Graham Greene novel stars Alec Guinness as English expatriate Jim Wormold, who runs a vacuum cleaner shop and is recruited by Hawthorne (Noel Coward) to work for MI6 supervisor C (Ralph Richardson), then starts a fake spy service with fake agents to pay for his daughter Milly's (Jo Morrow) expensive habits, which backfires when enemy agents think its real; Maureen O'Hara plays his secy. Beatrice; Burl Ives plays Dr. Haselbacher; Ernie Kovacs plays Capt. Segura; does $2M box office in the U.S.; Fidel Castro visits the set at Cathedral Square in Havana on May 13, 1959; features the Tropicana Scene. Michael Gordon's Pillow Talk (Oct. 7) is the first of three pairings of Doris Day and Rock Hudson as interior decorator Jan Morrow and playboy Broadway composer Brad Allen, who get into a feud over the use of a party line, and end up getting married, with four pillows (pink, blue, pink, blue) appearing on the screen to indicate their children; she never knew he was gay?; does $18.75M box office, reviving Hudson's career. Edward D. Wood Jr.'s Plan 9 from Outer Space (July 22) (Valiant Pictures) (original title "Grave Robbers from Outer Space") stars Gregory Walcott, Tor Johnson, Maila "Vampira" Nurmi, Mona McKinnon, and Bela Lugosi; so bad it's good?; enjoys a resurgence in 1980 when Michael Medved and Harry Medved call it the "worst movie ever made". Robert Frank's Pull My Daisy (Nov. 11), based on Jack Kerouac's play "The Beat Generation" features Allen Ginsberg (1926-97), poet Gregory Corso (1930-2001), artist Larry Rivers, and Kerouac himself, with score by David Amram. Budd Boetticher's Ride Lonesome stars Randolph Scott and Karen Steele, and is the film debut of James Coburn Jr. (1928-2002). Howard Hawks' Rio Bravo (Mar. 18) (Warner Bros.), shot in Tucson, Ariz. stars John Wayne as Presidio County, Tex. sheriff John T. Chance, Dean Martin as his drunken deputy Dude, John Russell and Claude Akins as ranchers Nathan and Joe Burdette, Ward Bond as wagon train boss Pat Wheeler, Walter Brennan as gimpy deputy Stumpy, Angie Dickinson as Feathers, and Ricky Nelson as Colorado Ryan, who performs the song "Get Along Home, Cindy". Jack Clayton's B&W Room at the Top (Jan. 22) (British Lion Films), based on the 1957 novel by John Braine stars Laurence Harvey as young climber Joe Lampton in 1940s factory town Dufton, who moves to Warnley, Yorkshire to take up a bureaucratic job, then hooks up with Susan Brown (Heather Sears), daughter of the local big man, who gets pissed-off and sends her abroad, after which he hooks up with married Alice Aisgill (Simone Signoret); too bad, Susan returns, is seduced by Joe and gets preggers, causing daddy to force him to marry her, after which Alice goes bonkers and gets in a drunk driving accident; does $2.4M box office on a £280K budget. Basil Dearden's Sapphire (Apr. 21) written by Janet Green and produced by Earl St. John stars Yvonne Mitchell as a West Indian immigrant who is black and passing for white, running into bigotry; Earl Cameron plays her brother Dr. Robbins; Nigel Patrick plays Police Suptd. Robert Hazard; "The sensational story of a girl who didn't belong." Terence Young's Serious Charge, based on the 1955 Philip King play about a priest accused of molesting a teenage boy is the screen debut of Cliff Richard (1940-), who sings with his group The Drifters (Shadows). John Cassavetes' Shadows (Nov. 11) is Cassavetes dir. debut, exploring interracial friendships in Beat Era 1950s New York City. Clyde Geronimi's animated Sleeping Beauty (Walt Disney Productions), based on the 1697 Charles Perrault fairy tale features the voices of Mary Costa as Princess Aurora (Greek goddess of Dawn), and Bill Shirley as Prince Philip, who awakens her with a kiss to the music of the 1890 Tchaikovsky ballet; also features the voices of Eleanor Audley as Maleficent, Taylor Holmes as King Stefan, Bill Thompson as King Hubert, Verna Felton as Flora, Barbara Jo Allen as Fauna, and Barbara Luddy as Merryweather; does $51.6M box office on a $6M budget. King Vidor's Solomon and Sheba (Dec. 24), filmed in Madrid is Vidor's last film, starring Yul Brynner (who replaces Tyrone Power after he dies from a heart attack while doing a dueling scene with George Sanders), and Gina Lollobrigida, who appears topless in a risque orgy scene - they're doing the twist? Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot (Mar. 29) (Mirisch Co.) (United Artists); stars Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon as cross-dressing musicians Joe/Josephine and Jerry/Gerald/Daphne, who hook up with ukelele player Sugar "Kane" Kowalczyk (Marilyn Monroe) on a train in 1929 Chicago while fleeing the mob after witnessing the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre; greatest Am. comedy of all time?; Joe E. Brown plays Osgood Fielding III, who is in love with Daphne, causing her to remove his wig and admit, "I'm a man", to which he replies: "Well, nobody's perfect"; does $40M box office on a $2.9M budget. Joseph L. Mankiewicz's Suddenly Last Summer (Dec. 22), adapted by Gore Vidal from the Tennessee Williams play stars Katharine Hepburn as rich New Orleans matron Violet Venable, who summons Dr. John Cukrowicz (Montgomery Clift) (who remains half-recovered from his May 1956 auto accident near Taylor's home and can only work a few hours a day) to lobotomize her niece Catherine Holly (Elizabeth Taylor), who went nuts after her gay pedophile cousin Sebastian was killed and eaten by Euro boys after he made passes at them; since Clift is really gay and he and Taylor get too much attention, Hepburn spits in Mankiewicz's face after her work wraps? Delmer Daves' A Summer Place (Nov. 18), based on the 1958 Sloan Wilson novel stars Richard Egan and Dorothy McGuire as teenie lovers Ken Jorgenson and Sylvia Hunter in the exclusive Pine Island, Maine summer resort; too bad, she thinks she's too good for the lifeguard because she's rich; they meet later in life and now he's a rich chemist and she's bankrupt, and they begin cheating on their spouses then discover that their kids Johnny Hunter and Molly Jorgenson (Troy Donahue and Sandra Dee) begin incestuously hooking up; features the hit song Theme from A Summer Place. James Ivory's The Sword and the Flute is a documentary about schools of art accompanied to music by Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan. Jean Cocteau's The Testament of Orpheus (Le Testament d'Orphee) is Cocteau's last film, and is autobiographical and hallucinogenic at the same time? William Castle's The Tingler (July 29), filmed in "Percepto" stars Vincent Price as Dr. Warren Chapin, who fights a pesky slug-like spinal parasite that is activated by fright and can only be killed by screaming; gimmick-loving dir. William Castle rigs some theaters with joy buzzers under the seats; Judith Evelyn (1913-67) plays mute Mrs. Martha Ryerson Higgins, who is scared to death by her theater mgr. hubby Ollie Higgins, played by Philip Coolidge (1908-67), after which Price removes it from her spine and it escapes, causing mayhem. Nagisa Oshima's A Town of Love and Hope is the dir. debut of Japanese dir. Nagisa Oshima (1932-). Michael Keatering's Traveling Light, filmed in Corsica and billed as an "underwater ballet" becomes a landmark nudist (naturist) film, the first released in the U.S.; the dir.'s real name is Edward Craven Walker, who later invents the Lava Lamp. Mikhail Kalatozov's The Unsent Letter. Edward Dmytryk's Warlock (The Man with the Golden Colts) (Apr. 1) (20th Cent. Fox), a Western based on the 1958 novel by Oakley Hall about a town called Warlock in early 1880s Utah (really Tombstone, Ariz.), which Hollywood Ten member Dmytryk turns into a commentary on the witch-hunting of HUAC stars Richard Widmark, Henry Fonda, Anthony Quinn, and DeForest Kelley. Budd Boetticher's Westbound (Apr. 25), based on a novel by Berne Giler stars Randolph Scott as Capt. John Hayes, who plans vengeance for redhead Norma Putnam (Virginia Mayo). Michael Anderson's The Wreck of the Mary Deare (Nov. 6), based on the novel by Hammond Innes stars Charlton Heston as salvage man John Sands, who finds the you know what drifting in the English Channel, along with first officer Gideon Patch (Gary Cooper), who convinces him to help him wreck it in the Minkies (Les Minquiers) 9 mi. S of Jersey to prove that the owners deliberately scuttled it; Alfred Hitchcock bowed out, claiming it would be like a "boring courtroom drama", and was right? Vincent Sherman's The Young Philadelphians (May 30) (Warner Bros.) (B&W), based on the 1956 Richard P. Powell novel stars Paul Newman as rising atty. Anthony Judson Lawrence, Barbara Rush as his fiancee Joan Dickinson, and Robert Vaughn as his self-pitying murder client-friend Chester A. "Chet" Gwynn. Plays: Aleksei Arbuzov (1908-86), Twelfth Hour; Irkutsk Story. Samuel Beckett (1906-89), Embers (radio play); Rough for Theatre I/II. Jerry Bock (1928-), Sheldon Harnick (1924-), George Abbott (1887-1995), and Jerome Weidman (1913-98), Fiorello! (musical) (Broadhurst Theatre, New York) (Nov. 23) (Broadway Theatre, New York) (May 9, 1961) (795 perf.); dir. by George Abbott; choreography by Peter Gennaro; stars Tom Bosley as LaGuardia, and Howard Da Silva as Repub. machine boss Ben Marino; about New York City mayor (1934-45) Fiorello Henry LaGuardia (1882-1947) and how he broke the Tammany Hall machine. William Douglas-Home (1912-92), Aunt Edwina. Jerry Bock (1928-), George Abbott (1887-1995), Jerome Weidman (1913-98), Sheldon Harnick (1924-), and Robert Woodruff Anderson (1917-), Silent Night, Lonely Night (musical). Michael Flanders (1922-75) and Donald Swann (1923-94) At the Drop of a Hat (Golden Theatre, New York City) (Oct. 8) (215 perf.); "An After-Dinner Farrago"; first performed in West End, London in 1956; followed in 1963 by "At the Drop of Another Hat". Edward Albee (1928-2016), The Zoo Story; The Sandbox (1-act play); Mommy, Daddy, Grandma, and the Angel of Death. Jean Anouilh (1910-87), La Petite Moliere; Becket, or The Honor of God (Becket ou l'Honneur de Dieu) (Paris) (Oct. 8); Henry II of England vs. Thomas Becket (1118-70); debuts on Broadway next Oct. 5 at the St. James Theatre, starring Laurence Olivier as Becket and Anthony Quinn as Henry II; too bad, Anhouil bases his play on an innacurate book about Becket which says he's a Saxon instead of a Norman from Rouen. Jacques Audibert, L'Effet Glapion. Brendan Behan (1923-64), The Hostage. Shelagh Delaney (1939-2011), A Taste of Honey (first play) (Theatre Royal Stratford East) (May 27) (Wyndham's Theatre, London) (Feb. 10, 1959) (368 perf.); alcoholic Helen leaves her 17-y.-o. white daughter Jo alone in their flat in Salford, Lancashire, and she hooks up with black sailor Jimmy, getting pregnant, after which he ships out and she takes white gay boarder Geoffrey, who becomes a surrogate father; filmed in 1961 starring Rita Tushingham as Jo. Dario Fo (1926-), Archangels Don't Play Pinball (debut). Jean Genet (1910-86), The Blacks: A Clown Show. Paul Eliot Green (1894-1981), Stephen Foster. Albert Hague (1920-2001) and Dorothy Fields (1905-74), Redhead (46th St. Theater, New York) (455 perf.); a young woman (Lesley Hamilton) who works in a Victorian-era waxworks has visions of a killer who stalks actresses in London. Lorraine Hansberry (1930-65), A Raisin in the Sun (Mar. 11) (Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York); title taken from the Langston Hughes 1951 poem "Montage of a Dream Deferred"; first Broadway play written by a black playwright. Moss Hart (1904-61), Act One. James Leo Herlihy (1927-93), Crazy October. Eugene Ionesco (1909-94), Les Rhinoceros (Rhinocéros); Bergenger's friends begin turning into rhinos (conformists); Foursome (Scene a Quatre). Felicien Marceau (1913-), La Bonne Soupe. Joe Masteroff (1919-), The Warm Peninsula (first play); stars Julie Harris, June Havoc, Farley Granger and Larry Hagman. Robert Pinget (1919-97), Lettre Morte; Le Fiston. Harold Pinter (1930-2008), The Caretaker; a bum shacks up in an abandoned house. Mary Rodgers, Marshall Barer, Jay Thompson, and Dean Fuller, Once Upon a Mattress (musical comedy) (New York) (May 11); based on the Princess and the Pea; debut of Carol Burnett (1933-) as Princess Winnifred; Jane White plays Queen Aggravain, becoming the first black actress to play a white char. on Broadway; King Sextimus (Jack Sydow) has a curse that can only be reversed "when the mouse devours the hawk". Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Boulevard Durand. Mark Van Doren (1894-1972), The Last Days of Lincoln. Tennessee Williams (1911-83), Sweet Bird of Youth (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (Mar. 10) (375 perf.); gigolo drifter Chance Wayne (Paul Newman) and faded movie star Alexandra Del Lago (Geraldine Page), who is traveling incognito as Princess Kosmonopolis, and whom Wayne hopes to use to help him break into the movies while trying to get back his youthful girlfriend he lost when her father ran him out of town; written for Williams' good friend Tallulah Bankhead. Sandy Wilson (1924-), Pieces of Eight (musical). Charles Wood (1932-), Prisoner and Escort (debut). Poetry: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Elsa. Richard Brautigan (1935-84), Lay the Marble Tea; title taken from an Emily Dickinson poem. Paul Celan (1920-70), There Was Earth Inside Them; "There was inside them, and/ they dug./ They dug and dug, and so their day went past, their night. And they did not praise God,/ who, so they heard, wanted all this,/ who, so they heard, witnessed all this." Robert Creeley (1926-2005), A Form of Women; A Form of Women, Air: The Love of a Woman; "The love of a woman/ Is the possibility which/ surrounds her as hair/ her head, as the love of her/ follows and describes her. But what if/ they die, then there is/ still the aura"; Gunnar Ekelof (1907-68), Opus Incertum. Odysseus Elytis (1911-96), To Axion Esti - It is Worthy. William Everson (1912-94), The Crooked Lines of God; pub. under alias Brother Antoninus. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Collected Poems 1959. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Selected Poems; withholds his Communist-leaning poems after a brush with Joseph McCarthy in 1953? Jack Kerouac (1922-69), Mexico City Blues (debut); "Everything/ Is Ignorant of its own emptiness --/ Anger/ Doesnt like to be reminded of fits --". Stanley Kunitz (1905-2006), Selected Poems: 1928-1958 (Pulitzer Prize). Irving Layton (1912-2006), A Laughter in the Mind; A Red Carper for the Sun. Denise Levertov (1923-97), With Eyes at the Back of Our Heads. Phyllis McGinley (1905-78), The Honor of Being a Woman; "We have not owned our freedom long enough to know exactly how to use it." James Merrill (1926-95), The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace. Marianne Moore (1887-1972), O To Be a Dragon; ""O to be a dragon a symbol of the power of Heaven - of silkworm size or immense; at times invisible. Felicitous phenomenon!" Robert Pack (1929-), A Stranger's Privilege (debut). Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Thrones 96-109 De Los Cantares. Nelly Sachs (1891-1970), Flucht und Verwandlung. Delmore Schwartz (1913-66), Summer Knowledge: New and Selected Poems. W.D. Snodgrass (1926-2009), Heart's Needle (Pulitzer Prize). James Arlington Wright (1927-80), Saint Judas. Louis Zukofsky (1904-78), It Was; "A", 1-12; long poem with 24 sections, one for each hour of the day, that he continues to work on for life. Novels: Brian W. Aldiss (1925-), No Time Like Tomorrow (short stories), incl. "Outside". Jorge Amado (1912-2001), The Two Deaths of Quincas Wateryell. Eric Ambler (1909-98), Passage of Arms. Louis Auchincloss (1917-), Pursuit of the Prodigal. H.E. Bates (1905-74), A Breath of French Air; The Watercress Girl. Saul Bellow (1915-2005), Henderson the Rain King; Eugene Henderson goes to Africa, hires native guide Romilayu, who takes him to the village of Arnewi, then Wariri, where he wows king Dahfu and becomes the rain king, going on to have deep philosophical discussions with him. Marie-Claire Blais (1939-), La Belle Bete (Bête) (Mad Shadows) (first novel); a Quebec hit about the Patrice family, who inhabit an amoral universe, launching a new era in Quebec fiction. Robert Bloch (1917-94), Psycho; based on an actual murder; filmed in 1960 by Alfred Hitchcock. Heinrich Boll (1957-85), Billiards at Half-Past Nine (Billard um Halbzehn); the Faehmel family from the end of the 19th cent. until Sept. 6, 1958. Ben Bova (1932-), The Star Conquerors; first in the Watchmen series (1959-72), about how man has spread throughout the stars and must unite to fight ancient enemies. John Braine (1922-86), The Vodi. Edward Ricardo Braithwaite (1920-), To Sir, With Love (first novel); autobio. novel set in East End, London; filmed in 1967. W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Mi Amigo: A Novel of the Southwest. William S. Burroughs (1914-97), Naked Lunch (The Naked Lunch) (Paris); first U.S. ed. in 1962; total degeneracy turned into art?; "The Man is never on time. This is no accident. There are no accidents in the junk world." Michel Butor (1926-), Passing Time (L'Emploi du Temps); Jacques Revel in Bleston in N England from Oct. 2, 1951 thru Sept. 30, 1952; "Any detective story is constructed on two murders of which the first, committed by the criminal, is only the occasion of the second, in which he is the victim of the pure, unpunishable murderer, the detective, who kills him, not only by one of those despicable means he was himself reduced to using, poison, the knife, a silent shot or twist of a silk stocking, but by the explosion of truth." Taylor Caldwell (1900-85), Dear and Glorious Physician; about St. Luke the Evangelist. John Dickson Carr (1906-77), Scandal at High Chimneys: A Victorian Melodrama. Joyce Cary (1888-1957), The Captive and the Free (posth.). David Caute (1936-), At Fever Pitch (first novel). Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Cat Among the Pigeons (Nov. 2); Hercule Poirot #30. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), A Heritage and Its History. Richard Condon (1915-96), The Manchurian Candidate; dedicated to Max E. Youngstein, his former boss at United Artists, who helped him get set up in a house in Mexico to become a novelist; filmed in 1962. Evan S. Connell Jr. (1924-), Mrs. Bridge. Catherine Cookson (1906-98), Fanny McBride. A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), The Native Doctor (An Apple in Eden). Philip K. Dick (1928-82), Time Out of Joint. Allen Drury (1918-98), Advise and Consent (Pulitzer Prize); bestseller about the Senate fight to nominate a controversial secy. of state; launches the Washington, D.C. novel genre; filmed in 1962. Harlan Ellison (1934-), Sex Gang (short stories). Howard Fast (1914-2003), The Winston Affair. William Faulkner (1897-1962), The Mansion; about the de Spain home in Jefferson, Miss.; #2 in Snopes Trilogy. Ian Fleming (1908-64), Goldfinger (original title: The Richest Man in the World) (James Bond 007 #7) (Mar. 23); gold smuggler Auric Goldfinger plans to rob Fort Knox; "James Bond, with two double bourbons inside him, sat in the final departure lounge of Miami Airport and thought about life and death." (first sentence) Pat Frank (1908-64), Alas, Babylon; bestseller about the anarchic post-nuclear war world of lucky Ft. Repose, Fla. Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012), Las Buenas Conciencias; middle-class life in Guanajuato; La Region Mas Transparente. Herbert Gold (1924-), The Optimist. Sir William Golding (1911-93), Free Fall. Paul Goodman (1911-72), The Empire City (3 vols.). Winston Graham (1908-2003), The Tumbled House. Gunter Grass (1927-), The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel) (first novel); Danzig mental asylum inmate narrator Oskar Matzerath (1924-), who willed himself to stop growing at age 3 revisits the uncomfortable Nazi past, showing how the little people helped the Holocaust; #1 in the Danzig Trilogy ("Cat and Mouse", "Dog Years"). Graham Greene (1904-91), The Complaisant Lover. Arthur Hailey (1920-2004), The Final Diagnosis. Robert A. Heinlein (1907-88), Starship Troopers; a political treatise about how only those doing military service should have the right to become full citizens and vote - how about becoming grand marshal in Disney parks around the world? John Hersey (1914-93), The Wall (novel); the Warsaw Ghetto. Dorothy Hewett (1923-2002), Bobbin Up (first novel); socialist realist novel by an Australian Communist, given the honor of translation into Russian by the Soviets. Syd Hoff (1912-2004), Sammy the Seal. Elizabeth Jane Howard (1923-), The Sea Change. William Bradford Huie (1910-86), The Americanization of Emily; the U.S. Navy decides it will be scrapped until the first soldier to die on Omaha Beach is a sailor; filmed in 1964 starring James Garner and Julie Andrews; Wolf Whistle and Other Stories; adapted as the 1961 film "The Outsider", starring Tony Curtis as Ira Hayes of WWII Iwo Jima fame. Shirley Jackson (1916-65), The Haunting of Hill House; about an 80-y.-o. mansion built by deceased Hugh Crain, where Dr. John Montague hopes to find scientific evidence of the supernatural, renting it for the summer and invisting guests Eleanor Vance, Theodora, and Luke Sanderson, the young heir to the house; filmed in 1963 and 1999; "No live organism can continue for long to exist sanely under conditions of absolute reality; even larks and katydids are supposed, by some, to dream. Hill House, not sane, stood by itself against its hills, holding darkness within; it had stood so for eighty years and might stand for eighty more. Within, walls continued upright, bricks met neatly, floors were firm, and doors were sensibly shut; silence lay steadily against the wood and stone of Hill House, and whatever walked there, walked alone." Pamela Hansford Johnson (1912-81), The Unspeakable Skipton. Uwe Johnson (1934-84), Mutmassungen Uber Jakob (Speculations About Jakob). Yasunari Kawabata (1899-1972), Thousand Cranes (Senbazuru). Sue Kaufman (1926-77), The Happy Summer Days (first novel). Daniel Keyes (1927-2014), Flowers for Algernon (Apr.) (The Mag. of Fantasy & Science Fiction)); novel version pub. in 1966; about mentally disabled man Charlie, who is changed by experimental surgery into a genius until it wears off; novel version pub. in 1966; filmed in 1968 as "Charly" starring Cliff Robertson. Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885-1970), Station Wagon in Spain. Damon Knight (1922-2002), A is for Anything (The People Maker); Masters of Evolution. John Knowles (1926-2001), A Separate Peace (first novel); fun and tragedy at Devon (really Phillips Exeter) Academy in Conn. in 1942-3; Gene Forrester and Phineas (Finny), Brinker Hadley, Elwin "Leper" Lepellier, the Sarcastic Summer of 1942, the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session, blitzball et al. Cyril Michael Kornbluth (1923-58) and Frederik Pohl (1919-), Wolfbane; set in 2203 after a rogue planet populated by the Pyramids steals Earth, sends it into interstellar space, and turns the Moon into a sun. Gavin Lambert (1924-2005), The Slide Area: Scenes of Hollywood Life (short stories); on the same shelf with F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Last Tycoon" and Nathaniel West's "The Day of the Locust". Siegfried Lenz (1926-), Brot und Spiele. Elmore Leonard (1925-2013), Last Stand at Saber River. Meyer Levin (1905-81), Eva; a Jewish girl in a WWII concentration camp. Janet Lewis (1899-1998), The Ghost of Monsieur Scarron. Richard Llewellyn (1906-83), Chez Pavan. Colin MacInnes (1914-76), Absolute Beginners. Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), The Lunatic Republic. Alistair MacLean (1922-87), The Last Frontier (The Secret Ways); Night Without End. Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), Children of Gebelawi (the Alley). Charles Eric Maine (1921-81), Count-Down (Fire Past the Future); Crisis 2000. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), Satan and Cardinal Campbell; A Thread of Scarlet. Paule Marshall (1929-), Brown Girl, Brownstones. Francis Van Wyck Mason (1901-78), The Young Titan. Horace McCoy (1897-1955), Corruption City (posth.). Shepherd Mead (1914-94), Four Window Girl; or, How to Make More Money Than Men. Grace Metalious (1924-64), Return to Peyton Place. James A. Michener (1907-97), Hawaii; #3 bestseller of 1959 because of Hawaii statehood; "Millions upon millions of years ago, when the continents were already formed and the principal features of the earth had been decided, there existed, then as now, one aspect of the world that dwarfed all others... a mighty ocean, resting uneasily to the east of the largest continent, a restless ever-changing, gigantic body of water that would later be described as Pacific"; "Before the missonaries came to Hawaii, there were four hundred thousand happy, naked natives in the mountains killing each other, practicing incest, and eating well. After the missionaries had been there awhile, there were thirty thousand fully clothed, miserable natives, huddled along the shore, paying lip service to Christianity and owning nothing" (Ch. 5); "Why is it, Reverend Hale, that we must always laugh at our book, but always revere yours?"; "Therefore, men of Polynesia and Boston and China and Mount Fuji and the barrios of the Philippines, do not come to these islands empty-handed, or craven in spirit, or afraid to starve. There is no food here. In these islands there is no certainty. Bring your own food, your own gods, your own flowers and fruits and concepts. For if you come without resources to these islands you will perish... On these harsh terms the islands waited." Walter M. Miller Jr. (1923-96), A Canticle for Leibowitz; 600 years after the world nukes itself in the Flame Deluge, the Albertian Order of Leibowitz between Salt Lake City and El Paso tries to revive man's scientific knowledge, and succeeds in 3174, only to guess what all over again in 3781?; the author helped bomb the Monte Cassino Monastery in WWII, and this is his atonement? Nicholas Monsarrat (1910-79), The Ship That Died of Shame and Other Stories; originally pub. in 1952, and filmed in 1955. Elsa Morante (1912-85), The Extraordinary Adventure of Caterina (Le Straordinarie Avventure di Caterina). Patricia Moyes (1923-2000), Dead Men Don't Ski. V.S. Naipaul (1932-2018), Muguel Street. Anais Nin (1903-77), Cities of the Interior five autobio. novels in one, incl. "Ladders to Fire", "Children of the Albatross", "The Four-Chambered Heart", "A Spy in the House of Love", "Seduction of the Minotaur (Solar Barque)". Patrick O'Brian (1914-2000), The Unknown Shore. Milton K. Ozaki (1913-89), Wake Up and Scream. Grace Paley (1922-2007), The Little Disturbances of Man (short stories) (debut). Edith Pargeter (1913-95), Death Mask. Mervyn Peake (1911-68), Titus Alone; #3 of 3 in the Gormenghast series. William Pearson, A Fever in the Blood; ruthless DA Dan Callahan tries to win a murder conviction at all costs to run for gov.; filmed in 1961 by Vincent Sherman, starring Jack Kelly as Dan Callahan, and Efrem Zimbalist Jr. as Judge Leland Hoffman. Harry Mark Petrakis (1923-), Lion At My Heart (first novel). Roger Peyrefitte (1907-2000), L'Exile de Capri; Baron Jacques d'Adelsward-Fersen (1880-1923) and his gay exile in Capri. Richard P. Powell (1908-99), Pioneer, Go Home!; a N.J. family squats on the side of a highway in Fla., declaring the new state of Columbiana; turned into a play by Herman Raucher; filmed in 1962 starring Elvis Presley. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Homer and the Aether. James Purdy (1914-2009), Malcolm (first novel); becomes an undergrad favorite in the U.S. Raymond Queneau (1903-76), Zazie in the Metro (Zazie dans le Métro); his biggest hit; pre-teenie Zazie who stays in Paris with female impersonator Uncle Gabriel, then runs away to explore the city; explores the difference between colloquial and written French; filmed in 1960 by Louis Malle. Mordecai Richler (1931-2001), The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz; a Jewish social climber in Montreal; filmed in 1959 starring Richard Dreyfuss. Philip Roth (1933-2018), Goodbye, Columbus (first pub.) (novella and five short stories); wins the Nat. Book Award, giving him instant fame, making him "the golden boy of American literature" (N.Y. Times Book Review, Sept. 1959); filmed in 1969. Robert Ruark (1915-65), Poor No More. Francoise Sagan (1935-2004), Amez-Vous Brahms? (Do You Love Brahms?) (Goodbye Again). Nathalie Sarraute (1900-99), The Planetarium. Peter Shaffer (1926-), Five Finger Exercise. Robert Silverberg (1935-) and Randall Garrett, The Dawning Light; pub. under the collective alias Robert Randall. Lillian Smith (1897-1966), One Hour; attack on McCarthyism. C.P. Snow (1905-80), The Affair; Strangers and Brothers #8. Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Power and Morality. Terry Southern (1924-95), The Magic Christian; eccentric billionaire Guy Grand likes to stage elaborate practical jokes to prove that everyone has their price; the final adventure takes place on board SS Magic Christian; "It was an incredible influence on me" (Hunter S. Thompson). Muriel Spark (1918-2006), Memento Mori. Howard Spring (1889-1965), All Day Long. Rosemary Sutcliff (1920-92), The Lantern Bearers; Roman Britain Series #3. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), A Tigress in Prothero. Peter Hillsman Taylor (1917-94), Happy Families Are All Alike. Walter Tevis (1928-84), The Hustler (first novel); based on his short story "The Big Hustle", pub. in Collier's on Aug. 5, 1955; Fast Eddie Felson is based on real pool shark Fast Eddie Parker (1931-2001); filmed in 1961 starring Paul Newman; followed by "The Color of Money" (1984). Jim Thompson (1906-77), The Getaway. Alexander Trocchi (1925-84), My Lifes and Loves. John Updike (1932-2009), The Poorhouse Fair (first novel). Peter Ustinov (1921-2004), Add a Dash of Pity (short stories). Eugene Vale (-1997), The 13th Apostle (first novel). Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (1922-2007), The Sirens of Titan; a Martian invasion of Earth. Peter De Vries (1910-93), The Tents of Wickedness. Per Wahloo (1926-75), Himmelsgeten (first novel). Mika Waltari (1908-79), The Secret of the Kingdom. Robert Penn Warren (1905-89), The Cave. Keith Waterhouse (1929-2009), Billy Liar; 19-y.-o. English clerk fantasizes about the kingdom of Ambrosia; filmed in 1963. Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), The Tempter. Arnold Wesker (1932-), Roots. Morris L. West (1916-99), The Devil's Advocate. Dennis Wheatley (1897-1977), Stranger than Fiction; The Rape of Venice. Frank Garvin Yerby (1916-91), Jarrett's Jade. Births: English porno actress Linzi Drew on Jan. 1 in Bristol. Turkish top Islamic cleric (Sunni Muslim) Mehmet Gormez (Görmez) on Jan. 1 in Nizip, Gaziantep. Soviet cosmonaut (first Afghan in space) Abdul Ahad Mohmand on Jan. 1 in Sardah, Afghanistan; of Pashtun descent. Am. "Capt. Byron Hadley in The Shawshank Redemption", "Sgt. Zim in Starship Troopers" 6'3-1/2" actor Clarence J. "Clancy" Brown III on Jan. 5 in Urbana, Ohio; son of Brown Pub. Co. chmn. and Ohio Rep. Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr. (1927-); educated at Northwestern U. Am. "Dust on the Bottle", "Everything's Gonna Be Alright" country musician David Lee Murphy on Jan. 7 in Herrin, Ill. Am. rock bassist Kathryn "Kathy" Valentine (The Go-Go's) on Jan. 7 in Austin, Tex. Australian rock drummer Paul Newell Hester (d. 2005) (Crowded House, Split Enz) on Jan. 8 in Melbourne, Victoria. Am. auto racer Mark Anthony Martin on Jan 9 in Batesville, Ark. Guatemalan human rights feminist activist Rigoberta Menchu (Menchú) Tum on Jan. 9 in Chimel, Quiche; 1992 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. auto racer Brett Bodine on Jan. 11 in Chemung, N.Y.; brother of Geoff Bodine (1949-). Swedish pop singer Per Hakan Gessle (Roxette) on Jan. 12 in Halmstad. Am. auto racer Virgin Earnest "Ernie" Irvan on Jan. 13 in Salinas, Calif. Am. rock singer Geoffrey Wayne "Geoff" Tate (Queensryche) on Jan. 14 in Stuttgart, West Germany; grows up in Tacoma, Wash. Anglo-Canadian "Why Catholics Are Right" journalist (Roman Catholic) (bald) Michael Coren on Jan. 15 in Essex, England; Polish Jewish immigrant father; educated at Nottingham U. Am. football hall-of-fame strong safety (Seattle Seahawks #45, 1981-7) Kenneth Mason "Kenny" Easley Jr. on Jan. 15 in Chesapeake, Va.; educated at UCLA. English "Smooth Operator" singer-songwriter-producer (black) Helen Folasade "Sade" Adu (pr. "shah-DAY") on Jan. 16 in Ibadan, Nigeria; Nigerian father, English mother. Am. singer (Jewish) Susanna Lee Hoffs (Bangles) on Jan. 17 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. rock bassist Jeff Pilson (Dokken, Dio, War and Peace) on Jan. 19 in Lake Forest, Ill. Am. "Regan in Exorcist" actress Linda Denise Blair on Jan. 22 in St. Louis, Mo. English reggae musician Earl Falconer (UB40) on Jan. 23 in Birmingham. Am. Area 51 whistleblower enginner Robert "Bob" Lazar on Jan. 26 in Coral Gables, Fla. Am. "Countdown with Keith Olbermann" political commentator (Unitarian) Keith Theodore Olbermann on Jan. 27 in New York City; of German descent; educated at Cornell U.; "I'm not a liberal, I'm an American." Am. rock bassist Johnny Spampinato (NRBQ) on Jan. 29. Am. rock singer Steve Augeri (Journey) on Jan. 30 in Brooklyn, N.Y. English "David Morse in Pretty Woman" actor Alex Hyde-White on Jan. 30 in London; grows up in Palm Springs, Calif. Australian "Jack Malone in Without a Trace" actor Anthony LaPaglia on Jan. 31 in Adelaide, South Australia. Am. "Tess Monaghan" detective novelist Laura Lippman on Jan. 31 in Atlanta, Ga.; grows up in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Northeastern U. Am. "Elizabeth Doc Clay in Road House" actress Kelly Lynch on Aug. 31 in Golden Valley, Min. Am. actor-dancer Matt Lattanzi on Feb. 1 in Portland, Ore.; husband (1984-95) of Olivia Newton-John (1948-). Israeli politician (Arab Muslim) Sheikh Ibrahim Sarsur (Sarsour) on Feb. 2 in Kafr Qasim. Am. Dem. Mich. gov. #47 (2003-11) and U.S. Energy Secy. #16 (2021-)Jennifer Mulhern Granholm on Feb. 5 in Vancouver, B.C., Canada; emigrates to Calif. at age 4; educated at UCB, and Harvard U. English reggae musician Brian Travers (UB40) on Feb. 7 in Birmingham. Argentine center-right politician Mauricio Macri on Feb. 8 in Tandil, Buenos Aires; son of Italian-born tycoon Francesco Macri and a Spanish descent mother; educated at Catholic U. of Argentina, Columbia U., Wharton School, and U. del CEMA. Am. basketball coach (U. of Mass. 1988-96) (New Jersey Nets, 1996-9) (U. of Memphis, 2000-9) (U. of Ky., 2009-) John Vincent Calipari on Feb. 10 in Moon Township, Penn.; of Italian descent; educated at U.N.C. Wilmington, and Clarion U. U.S. Maj. Gen. Harold J. "Harry" Greene (d. 2014) on Feb. 11 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Am. music exec (Jewish) Barry Weiss on Feb. 11 in Demarest, N.J.; son of Hy Weiss (1923-2007); of Romanian Jewish descent. Am. operatic diva Renee Fleming on Feb. 14 in Indiana, Penn. Am. "You are the pits of the world" "Mac the Strife" tennis player John Patrick McEnroe Jr. on Feb. 16 in Wiesbaden, Germany. Am. NFL commissioner #6 (2006-) Roger Stokoe Goodell on Feb. 19 in Jamestown, N.Y.; son of U.S. Sen. Charles Ellsworth Goodell (1926-87); educated at Washington and Jefferson College. Am. "Jeffrey Beaumont in Blue Velvet", "Paul Atreides in Dune", "Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks" actor Kyle Merritt MacLachlan on Feb. 22 in Yakima, Wash. Welsh musician Michael Leslie "Mike" Peters (The Alarm) on Feb. 25 in Prestatyn, North Wales. Am. sport journalist Andrea Kremer on Feb. 25 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Dallas Mavericks #22, 1981-92) (New York Knicks, 1992-4) Rolando Antonio Blackman on Feb. 26 in Panama City, Panama; grows up in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Kansas State U. Turkish foreign affairs minister (2009-) (Sunni Muslim) Ahmet Davutoglu on Feb. 26 in Konya. Am. Southern rock singer Johnny Van Zant on Feb. 27 (Lynyrd Skynyrd) in Jacksonville, Fla.; brother of Ronnie Van Zant (1948-) and Donnie Van Zant (1952-). Am. law professor (Jewish) (bi) Pamela Susan Karlan on Feb. ?; educated at Yale U. British Nat. Party leader Nicholas John "Nick" Griffin on Mar. 1 in Barnet, London; educated at Cambridge U. Am. radio host Ira Glass on Mar. 3 in Baltimore, Md. Am. "Anthony LaPlaglia's wife in Without a Trace" actress Talia Balsam on Mar. 5 in New York City; daughter of Martin Balsam (1919-96) and Joyce Van Patten (1934-); wife (1989-93) of George Clooney (1961-). Am. "Arnie Thomas in Roseanne", "Albert Gib Gibson in True Lies" actor-comedian (Jewish) Thomas Duane "Tom" Arnold on Mar. 6 in Ottumwa, Iowa; husband of Roseanne Barr (1990-4). Am. TV journalist (black) Lester Don Holt Jr. on Mar 8 in Marin County, Calif.; educated at Cal State U. Sacramento. Irish-Am. "Reckless", "The Book of Daniel" actor Aidan Quinn on Mar. 8 in Rockford, Ill.; raised in the U.S. and Ireland. Japanese physicist Takaaki Kajita on Mar. 9 in Highashimatsuyama, Satama; educated at Saitama U., and U. of Tokyo; 2015 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. actor-dir.-writer Lonny Price on Mar. 9 in New York City. Am. rock bassist Gregory James "Greg" Norton (Husker Du) on Mar. 13 in Rock Island, Ill. Finnish-Am. "Die Hard 2", "Cliffhanger", "Cutthroat Island", "The Adventures of Ford Fairlane" dir.-producer Renny Harlin (Lauri Mauritz Harjola) on Mar. 15 in Riihimaki; husband (1993-8) of Geena Davis (1956-). Italian model-actor Fabio Lanzoni on Mar. 15 in Milan. Am. rapper (black) Flavor Flav (William Jonathan Drayton Jr.) (Public Enemy) on Mar. 16 in Roosevelt, Long Island, N.Y. English rock musician Michael "Mike" Lindup (Level 42) on Mar. 17 in London. French "The Fifth Element", "The Transporter", "Point of No Return" dir.-producer-writer Luc Besson on Mar. 18 in Paris. Am. "Fame", "Flashdance... What a Feeling" singer (black) Irene Cara Escalera on Mar. 18 in Bronx, N.Y; African-Am. and Puerto-Rican father, French-Cuban descent mother. Mexican-Am. "El Gordo y La Flaca" TV show host Raul (Raúl ) De Molina on Mar. 29 in Havana, Cuba; emitrates to Spain at age 10, and the U.S. at age 15. Am. 5'8" wrestler Sting (Steve Borden) on Mar. 20 in Omaha, Neb. Am. "William Shaw in Cutthroat Island", "Billy in Streamers" actor Matthew Modine on Mar. 22 in Loma Linda, Calif. Am. "Harper Lee in Capote", "Connie in Where the Wild Things Are" actress Catherine Keener on Mar. 23 in Miami, Fla. Am. singer-producer Ritchard "Ric" Ocasek (Cars) on Mar. 23 in Baltimore, Md.; husband of Paulina Porizkova (1989-). Am. Olympic hurdler and football WR (black) Renaldo "Skeets" Nehemiah on Mar. 24 in Newark, N.J.; first to run the high hurdles in under 13 sec. Australian musician Andrew Charles Farriss (INXS) on Mar. 27 in Perth; brother of Tim Farriss (1957-) and Jon Farriss (1961-). Am. "Jane Says" rock musician (Jewish)Perry Farrell (Peretz Bernstein) (Porno for Pyros, Jane's Addiction) on Mar. 29 in Queens, New York City. British-Am. "Counselor Deanna Troi in Star Trek: TNG" actress Marina Sirtis on Mar. 29 in London; Greek parents; emigrates to the U.S. in 1986. Am. "The Devil Wears Prada" dir.-writer-producer (Jewish) David "Cicek" Frankel on Apr. 2 in New York City; son of New York Times exec ed. Max Frankel. Am. Olympic gold medal swimmer Brian Stuart Goodell on Apr. 2 in Stockton, Calif. Am. "Dr. Niles Crane in Frasier" actor (gay) David Hyde Pierce on Apr. 3 in Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Am. "Afterburner" conservative commentator William Alfred "Bill" Whittle on Apr. 7 in New York City; educated at the U. of Fla. British Col. Richard Justin Kemp on Apr. 14 in Maldon, Essex. English "Miss Sarah Sally Kenton in The Remains of the Day", "P.L. Travers in Saving Mr. Banks" actress-comedian-writer (atheist) Dame Emma Thompson on Apr. 15 in Paddington, London; English father, Scottish mother; educated at Newnham College, Cambridge U.; wife of (1989-95) Kenneth Branagh (1960-) and (2003-) Greg Wise (1966-); created dame in 2018. Am. "Biff, Griff, and Buford Mad Dog Tannen in Back to the Future" actor-comedian Thomas Francis "Tom" Wilson Jr. on Apr. 15 in Philadelphia, Penn.; "What are you looking at, Butthead?" English "Alec Trevelyan/Janus in GoldenEye", "Boromir in The Lord of the Rings", "Ian Howe in National Treasure" actor Sean (Shaun Mark) Bean on Apr. 17 in Handsworth, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. Am. "The Terror Dream", "Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man" feminist writer-journalist (Jewish) Susan Charlotte Faludi on Apr. 18 in Queens, N.Y.; Hungarian Jewish immigrant father; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Balok in Star Trek: TOS episode 'The Corbomite Maneuver'" actor Clinton E. "Clint" Howard on Apr. 20 in Burbank, Calif.; brother of Ron Howard (1954-); appears in almost all of his brother's movies. Am. rock bassist Jerry Only (Gerald Caiafa) (The Misfits) on Apr. 21 in Lodi, N.J.; inventor of the devilock. English "Just Like Heaven", "Boys Don't Cry" rock musician Robert James Smith (The Cure) on Apr. 21 in Blackpool, Lancashire. Canadian "Maggie Gordon in The Last Starfighter" actress Catherine Mary Stewart on Apr. 22 in Edmonton, Alberta. Am. "Arvid Engen in Head of the Class" actor (Jewish) Dan Frischman on Apr. 23 in Whippany, N.J. Canadian guitarist Michael Timmins (Cowboy Junkies) on Apr. 21. Chechen PM (2007-) Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev on Apr. 26 in Kazakhstan. Am. "History Detectives" sociologist-filmmaker (black) Tukufu Zuberi (Swahili "beyond praise", "strength") (Antonio McDaniel) on Apr. 26 in Oakland, Calif.; educated at San Jose State U., Sacramento State U., and U. of Chicago. Scottish "Morning Train" pop singer Sheena Easton on Apr. 27 in Bellshill. Am. biologist Andrew Zachary Fire on Apr. 27 in Palo Alto, Calif.; educated at UCB, and MIT; student of Phillip Allen Sharp; 2006 Nobel Med. Prize. Canadian Conservative PM #22 (2006-15) Stephen Joseph Harper on Apr. 30 in Toronto, Ont.; educated at the U. of Toronto, and U. of Calgary. French "God of Carnage" playwright-screenwriter Evelyne Agnes Yasmina Reza on May 1 in Paris; Iranian Russian-descent Iranian father, Jewish Hungarian mother; educated at the U. of Paris X, Nanterre. Am. football hall-of fame guard-coach (Washington Redskins, 1981-91) Russell Scott "Russ" Grimm on May 2 in Scottsdale,Penn. U.S. commerce secy. #? (2013-) Penny Sue Pritzker on May 2 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Harvard U., and Stanford U. English "Tainted Love" musician-producer (gay) David James "Dave" Ball (Soft Cell, The Grid) on May 3 in Blackpool, Lancashire. English comedian-playwright-writer-dir. Benjamin Charles "Ben" Elton on May 3 in Fitzrovia, London; educated at the U. of Manchester. Am. "Forever and Ever, Amen" country singer-actor (alcoholic) Randy Bruce Travis (Traywick) on May 4 in Marshville, N.C. English musician Ian Stephen McCulloch (Echo and the Bunnymen) on May 5 in Liverpool. Am. NBC News anchor Brian Douglas Williams on May 5 in Elmira, N.Y. - looks like Fred Gwynne? U.S. Rep. (D-Ohio) (1993-5) (Jewish) Eric David Fingerhut on May 6 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Northwestern U., and Stanfard U. Am. "Drucilla Winters in The Young and the Restless", "Dr. Amanda Bentley in Diagnosis: Murder", "athletic FBI agent in Dumb and Dumber" actress (black) Vicki "Victoria" Lynn Rowell on May 10 in Portland, Maine; black father, white mother (Mayflower descendant). Australian "Ghost in The Matrix" actor Anthony Wong on May 12 in Sydney, N.S.W. Am. "The 48 Laws of Power" writer (Jewish) Robert Greene on May 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at the U. of Wisc. Am. "St. Elmo's Fire" Brat Pack actress-singer Mary Megan "Mare" Winningham on May 16 in Phoenix, Ariz. Am. musician-songwriter Susan Claire Cowsill on May 20 in Canton, Ohio. Am. 6'2" 750 lb. "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" musician Israel Ka'ano'i Kamakawiwo'ole (Hawaiian "the fearless-eyed") (d. 1997) (AKA Bruddah Iz) on May 20 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Am. "Balki Bartokomous in Perfect Strangers" actor Bronson Alcott Pinchot on May 20 in New York City; Russian descent father, Italian-Am. mother; educated at Yale U. Am. "Face/Off", "My Sister's Keeper" actor-writer Nicholas David Rowland "Nick" Cassavetes on May 21 in New York City; son of John Cassavetes (1929-89) and Gena Rowlands (1930-). U.S. Dem. atty. gen. #83 (2015-) (black) (first African-Am. woman) Loretta Elizabeth Lynch on May 21 in Greensboro, N.C.; Baptist minister father, school librarian mother; educated at Harvard U. Am. 6'3" basketball player-coach (Jewish) (Cleveland Cavaliers, 2014-16) David Michael Blatt on May 22 in Boston, Mass.; educated at princeton U. English singer (gay) (vegetarian) Steven Patrick Morrissey (The Smiths) on May 22 in Davyhulme, Lancashire. Indian Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Dem. Party leader Mehbooba Mufti on May 22 in Anantnag; daughter of Mufti Muhammad Sayeed (1936-). Am. country singer-songwriter Dave Robbins (BlackHawk) on May 26 in Atlanta, Ga. Canadian optical pulsed laser physicist Donna Theo Strickland on May 27 in Guelph, Ont.; educated at McMaster U., and U. of Rochester; 2018 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "The Wife" novelist (Jewish) Meg Wolitzer on May 28 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in Syosset, N.Y.; educated at Smith College, and Brown U. English "Christopher Marlowe in Shakespeare in Love", "My Best Friend's Wedding" 6'4" actor-musician (gay) Rupert James Hector Everett on May 29 in Norfolk; educated at Ampleforth College; face of Dellamorte Dellamore in "Dylan Dog"; publicly comes out in 1989, boosting his career? Lebanese PM (2020-) (Sunni Muslim) Hassan Diab on June 1 in Beirut; Syrian immigrant parents; educated at Leeds Metropolitan U., U. of Surrey, and U. of Bath. English rock musician Alan Charles Wilder (Depeche Mode) on June 1 in Hammersmith, London; raised in Acton, West London. Am. R&B record producer James Samuel "Jimmy Jam" Harris III on June 6 in Minneapolis, Minn.; collaborator of Terry Steven Lewis (1956-). English "John Wesley Shipp's girlfriend Christina Tina McGee in The Flash" actress Amanda Pays on June 6 in Berkshire. U.S. vice-pres. #48 (2017-) and Repub. gov. #50 of Ind. (2013-17) (Roman Catholic) Michael Richard "Mike" Pence on June 7 in Columbus, Ind.; of Irish Roman Catholic descent educated at Hanover College, and Indiana U.; husband (1985-) of Karen Pence (1958-). Sri Lankan "Rama-Kandra in The Matrix" actor Bernard White on June 8 in Colombo. Palestinian Fatah leader (leader of the First and Second Intifadas) Marwan Hasib Ibrahim Barghouti on June 6 in Kobar, West Bank. Am. N.Y. gov. (2006-) (Jewish) ("the Sheriff of Wall Street") Eliot Laurence Spitzer on June 10 in Riverdale, The Bronx, N.Y.; Austrian Jewish immigrant parents. Am. 6'7" basketball player (black) (Dallas Mavericks #31, 1981-6) Jay Fletcher Vincent on June 10 in Kalamazoo, Mich.; educated at Michigan State U.; brother of Sam Vincent (1963-). English "Dr. Gregory House in House, MD", "Fry and Laurie" actor-comedian-writer-dir.-musician James Hugh Calum Laurie on June 11 in Oxford; educated at Egon School, and Selwyn College, Cambridge U. Am. musician John Sidney Linnell (They Might Be Giants) on June 12 in New York City. Am. Indianapolis Colts team owner (1997-) James "Jim" Irsay on June 13 in Lincolnwood, Ill.; Jewish father, Roman Catholic Polish mother; educated at Loyola Academy; son of Robert Irsay (Israel) (1923-97), who buys the Colts in 1972. Am. businessman-philanthropist (Jewish) Matthew Bronfman on June 15 in New York City; son of Edgar Bronfman Sr. (1929-2013) and Ann Loeb; educated at Williams College, and Harvard U.; son of Edgar Bronfman Sr. (1929-2013); brother of Edgar Bronfman Jr. (1955-). Am. prof. wrestler The (Ultimate) Warrior (James Brian Hellwig) (d. 2014) on June 16 in Crawfordsville, Ind. Am. "Goin' gone", "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses" country-bluegrass singer Kathleen Alice "Kathy" Mattea on June 21 in South Charleston, W. Va.; grows up in Cross Lanes, W. Va. Am. rock musician Alan Anton (Cowboy Junkies) on June 22. Am. "Maynard in Pulp Fiction" actor-writer Duane Whitaker on June 23 in Abilene, Tex. English singer-songwriter George Andrew "Andy" McCluskey (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark) on June 24 in Heswall, Wirral. Am. "Train Wreck of Emotion" country singer Loretta Lynn "Lorrie" Morgan on June 27 in Nashville, Tenn; daughter of George Morgan (1924-75); wife (1986-9) of Keith Whitley (1954-89). Am. "Pvt. Leonard Gomer Pyle Lawrence in Full Metal Jacket", "Det. Robert Goren in Law & Order: Criminal Intent", "Vic Hoskins in Jurassic World" actor Vincent Phillp D'Onofrio on June 30 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Hitler's Willing Executioners" writer (Jewish) Daniel Jonah Goldhagen on June 30 in Boston, Mass.; Romanian Jewish immigrant father Erich Goldhagen; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Jock Ewing in Dallas: The Early Years", "Louis Creed in Pet Sematary", "Capt. Darien Lambert in Time Trax" actor Dale Alan Midkiff on July 1 in Chance, Md. Am. astronaut Navy Capt. Wendy Barrien Lawrence on July 2 in Jacksonville, Fla.; daughter of Vice Adm. William P. Lawrence (1930-2005); educated at MIT. Am. heavy metal musician Stephen Eric Pearcy (Ratt, Arcade, Vicious Delite, Vertex) on July 3 in San Diego, Calif. Am. "Walking in Memphis" singer-songwriter Marc Cohn on July 5 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "Nancy Drew", "Cookie Nash in Falcon Cres" actress Janet Louise Johnson (Janet Julian) on July 10 in Evanston, Ill. Am. rock singer-songwriter drummer Sandy West (d. 2006) (The Runaways) on July 10 in Long Beach, Calif.; grows up in Huntington Beach, Calif. Am. rock guitarist-singer-songwriter-producer Richard Steven "Richie" Sambora (Bon Jovi) on July 11 in Perth Amboy, N.J. Am. "Luka", "Tom's Diner" singer Suzanne Nadine Vega on July 11 in Santa Monica, Calif.; grows up in Spanish Harlem and Upper West Side, New York City; educated at Barnard College. Scottish rock bassist Malcolm Jones (Blues Image, Runrig) on July 12 in Inverness. English "Rational Spirituality" writer Ian Lawton on July 15 in Southampton; educated at Univ. College, London. British Labour politician (first female Muslim in the House of Lords) Manzila Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin on July 17 in Rajshahi, Bangladesh; emigrates to Britain in 1972; created baroness in 1998. Am. "Just Call Me Lonesome" country singer-songwriter Radney Foster on July 20 in Del Rio, Tex. British journalist (Jewish) David Rose on July 21 in London; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford U. Belgian-Am. vaccine researcher (GlaxoSmithKline)(Sunni Muslim) Moncef Mohamed Slaoui on July 22 in Agadir, Morocco; grows up in Casablanca; educated at the Free U. of Brusels. Armenian-Am. chef Geoffrey Zakarian on July 25 in Worcester, Mass.; Armenian-Am. father, Polish-Am. mother. Am. "Roger Verbal Kint in The Usual Suspects", "Lester Burnham in American Beauty", "John Williamson in Glengarry Glen Ross", "Quoyle in The Shipping News" actor Kevin Spacey (Fowler) (heaven spaced-out?) on July 26 in South Orange, N.J.; of English, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry; good at impressions. U.S. Repub. White House chief of staff #29 (2020-1) Mark Randall Meadows on July 28 in Verdun, France; educated at the U. of South Fla. Scottish political commentator Andrew William Stevenson Marr on July 31 in Glasgow, Scotland; educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge U.; starts out as a Maoist nicknamed Red Andy. English rocker Joseph Thomas "Joe" Elliott (Def Leppard) on Aug. 1 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Mexican "The Railroad/Railway/Railcar Killer" 5'4" serial killer (mestizo) Angel Maturino Resendiz (Ángel Maturino Reséndiz) (Angel Leoncio Reyes Recendis) (d. 2006) (AKA Rafael Resendez-Ramirez, Angel Leoncio Reyes Recendis) on Aug. 1 in Izucar de Matamoros, Puebla. Am. "Finding Fish" actor-writer-producer (black) Antwone Quenton Fisher on Aug. 3 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "Perry Cox in Scrubs", "Sgt. Red O'Neill in Platoon" actor-comedian-writer John Christopher McGinley on Aug. 3 in New York City; educated at Syracuse U., and NYU. Japanese chemist Koichi Tanaka on Aug. 3 in Toyama; 2002 Nobel Chem. Prize; first person without a postgrad degree to win a scientific Nobel Prize. Am. fashion designer (Jewish) (gay) Michael Kors (Karl Anderson Jr.) on Aug. 9 in Long Island, N.Y. Am. "Desperately Seeking Susan" actress-dir.-producer (Jewish) Rosanna Lauren Arquette on Aug. 10 in New York City; granddaughter of "Charley Weaver" Cliff Arquette (1905-74); Muslim convert father, Jewish mother; descendant of explorer Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809); sister of Patricia Arquette (1968-). Argentine rocker Gustavo Adrian Cerati Clark (d. 2014) (Soda Stereo) on Aug. 11 in Buenos Aires. Am. basketball player-coach (black) (Harlem Globetrotters, 1985) (Cleveland Rockers, 1997) (Detroit Shock, 1998) Lynette Woodard on Aug. 12 in Wichita, Kan.; educated at the U. of Kan. Am. "Danny in The Partridge Family" actor Dante Daniel "Danny" Bonaduce on Aug. 13 in Broomall, Penn.; son of Joseph Bonaduce. Am. "Meet Joe Black" actress Marcia Gay Harden on Aug. 14 in La Jolla, Calif. Am. 6'9" basketball hall-of-fame player-coach (black) (tallest point guard in NBA history) (Los Angeles Lakers #32, 1979-1991, 1996) (Los Angeles Lakers, 1994) Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. on Aug. 14 in East Lansing, Mich.; educated at Mich. State U.; given his nickname by Lansing State Journal sportswriter Fred Stabley Jr. after a game as a 15-y.-o. h.s. sophomore at Everett H.S. where he scores a triple-double of 36 points, 18 rebounds, and 16 assists. Am. mathematician Peter Williston Shor on Aug. 14 in New York City; educated at Caltech Am. "Dr. Kerry Weaver in ER" actress-dir. Laura Elizabeth Innes on Aug. 16 in Pontiac, Mich. Am. "The Corrections" novelist Jonathan Franzen on Aug. 17 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Swarthmore College. Am. Branch Davidian cult leader David Koresh (Vernon Wayne Howell) (d. 1993) on Aug. 17 in Houston, Tex. Am. football QB (Chicago Bears #9, 1982-8) (Green Bay Packers #9, 1995-6) James Robert "Jim" McMahon Jr. on Aug. 21 Jersey City, N.J.; grows up in San Jose, Calif.; educated at BYU. Am. rock bassist Juan Croucier (Dokken) on Aug. 22 in Santiago de Las Vegas, Cuba. Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield on Aug. 22 in Sarnia, Ont.; recorder of first music video in space in 2013. Am. "It's a Book", "Madam President" children's writer-illustrator Lane Smith on Aug. 25 in Tulsa, Okla.; grows up in Corona, Calif.; collaborator of Jon Scieszka (1954-). Scottish singer Sadenia "Eddie" Reader (Fairground Attraction) on Aug. 29 in Glasgow. English "A New Kind of Science" physicist Stephen Wolfram on Aug. 29 in London; educated at Eton and St. John's College, Oxford U. Saudi deputy interior minister prince Muhammad bin Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud on Aug. 30 in Jeddah; 2nd son of Prince Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz (1933-). Am. "House of Sand and Fog" novelist Andre G. Dubus III on Sept. 11 in Oceanside, Calif.; son of Andre Dubus (1936-99). Am. "Sol Star in Deadwood" actor John Hawkes on Sept. 11 in Alexandria, Minn.; not to be confused with writer John Hawkes (1925-98). U.S. Sen. (R-Mass.) (2010-13) Scott Philip Brown on Sept. 12 in Kittery, Maine; educated at Tufts U., and Boston College. Am. Dem. Va. gov. (2018-) Ralph Shearer Northam on Sept. 13 in Nassawadox, Va.; educated at VMI, and Eastern Va. Medical School. Am. "Charlene Frazier Stillfield in Designing Women" actress Jean Smart on Sept. 13 in Seattle, Wash. Am. "Officer Marvin Nash in Reservoir Dogs" actor William Kirk Baltz on Sept. 14 in New York City. Am. "Kristen Shepard who shot J.R. in Dallas" actress Mary Frances Crosby on Sept. 14 in Los Angeles, Calif.; daughter of Bing Crosby (1903-77) and 2nd wife Kathryn Grant (1933-); sister of Harry Crosby and Nathaniel Crosby; niece of Bob Crosby; aunt of Denise Crosby (1957-) and L. Chip Crosby Jr.; cousin of Chris Crosby and Cathy Crosby; graduates from high school at age 15. Norwegian "Take on Me" singer Morten Harket (a-ha) on Sept. 14 in Kongsberg. Am. "Joey Gladstone on Full House" comedian David Lee "Dave" Coulier on Sept. 21 in St. Clair Shores, Mich. Am. historian Elizabeth Anne Fenn on Sept. 22; educated at Duke U., and Yale U. Am. astrophysicist (Jewish) Saul Perlmutter on Sept. 22 in Champaign-Urbana, Ill.; educated at Harvard U., and UCB; 2011 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "George Costanza in Seinfeld" actor-comedian-singer-magician (Jewish) Jason Alexander (Jay Scott Greenspan) on Sept. 23 in Newark, N.J.; educated at Boston U. Australian conservative commentator Andrew Bolt on Sept. 26 in Adelaide, South Australia; Dutch immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Adelaide. Australian biologist Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on Sept. 26 in Sydney; educated at the U. of Sydney, and UCLA. Am. "Myron Goldman in Tour of Duty" actor Stephen Edwin Caffrey on Sept. 27 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. country singer-songwriter Billy Montana (William Schlappi) (The Long Shots) on Sept. 28 in Voorheesville, N.Y.; father of Randy Montana (1985-). Honduran pres. (2022-) (first fame) Iris Xiomara Castro Sarmiento (Xiomara Castro de Zelaya) on Sept. 30 in Santa Barbara; grows up in Tegucigalpa; wife (1976-) of Manuel Zelaya. Am. "Devon Adair in Earth 2" model-actress Debrah Farentino (nee Mullowney) on Sept. 30 in Lucas Valley, Calif.; educated at UCLA; wife (1985-8) of James Farentino (1938-2012). Am. "Frisco Jones in General Hospital", "Dr. Peter Burns in Melrose Place" actor Peter John "Jack" Wagner Jr. on Oct. 3 in Washington, Mo. English synth pop musician (gay) Christopher Sean "Chris" Lowe (Pet Shop Boys) on Oct. 4 in Blackpool, Lancashire; collaborator of Neil Tennant (1954-); known for playing keyboards standing still. Am. Vietnam War Memorial architect-sculptor Maya Ying Lin on Oct. 5 in Athens, Ohio; Chinese immigrant parents; educated at Yale U. Am. bowler and horseshoe champ Walter Ray "Deadeye" Williams Jr. on Oct. 6 in Eureka, Calif.; educated at Cal Poly Pomona. English "American Idol", "Britain's Got Talent", "The X Factor" producer-host Simon Phillip Cowell on Oct. 7 in Brighton, East Sussex; raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. Am. "The Nation" ed.-publisher Katrina vanden Huevel on Oct. 7 in New York City; Dutch-Belgian descent father William vanden Heuvel, Jewish descent mother Jean Stein; educated at Princeton U. Am. rock musician Charlie Marinkovich (Iron Butterfly) on Oct. 7. Am. football QB (New England Patriots #11) (1983-9) Charles Carroll "Tony" Eason IV on Oct. 8 in Blythe, Calif.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. "Tony Villicana in Greatest American Hero", "Tom Cody in Streets of Fire" actor Michael Kevin Pare (Paré) on Oct. 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; French-Canadian descent father, Irish descent mother. English "They Don't Know", "Fairytale of New York" singer-songwriter Kirsty Anna MacColl (d. 2000) on Oct. 10; daughter of Ewan MacColl (1915-89). Am. "Pat" actress Julia Sweeney on Oct. 10 in Spokane, Wash. Am. "Josh Lyman in The West Wing", "Eric Gordon in Billy Madison" actor Bradley Whitford on Oct. 10 in Madison, Wisc.; educated at Wesleyan U. U.S. Rep. (R-S.C.) (2005-11) Robert Durden "Bob" Inglis Sr. on Oct. 11 in Savannah, Ga.; educated at Duke U., and U. of Va. Am. "Donny and Marie" singer-actress (Mormon) Olive Marie Osmond on Oct. 13 in Ogden, Utah; sister of Alan Osmond (1949-), Wayne Osmond (1951-), Merrill Osmond (1953-), Johnny Osmond (1955-), Donny Osmond (1957-), and Jimmy Osmond (1963-). English royal celeb Sarah Margaret Ferguson (AKA Fergie), Duchess of York on Oct. 15 in Marylebone, London; descendant of Charles II; wife (1986-96) of Prince Andrew; mother of Princess Beatrice (1988-) and Princess Eugenie (1990-); first female British royal to get a private pilot license (1987). Am. "Kick it up a notch", "Bam!" chef Emeril John Lagasse on Oct. 15 in Fall River, Mass.; Canadian Quebecois father, Portuguese mother; opens his first restaurant in New Orleans in 1990. Brazilian-Am. JetBlue founder (Mormon) David G. Neeleman on Oct. 16 in Sao Paulo, Brazil; of Dutch descent; grows up in Miami, Fla.; educated at the U. of Utah. Canadian "Saturday Night Live" comedian Norman Gene Macdonald (d. 2021) on Oct. 17 in Quebec City. Israeli mayor of Jerusalem (2008-) (Jewish) Nir Barkat on Oct. 19 in Jerusalem; educated at Hebrew U. of Jerusalem. Chilean economist Ricardo Jorge Caballero on Oct. 20 in Punta Arenas; educated at MIT. Am. 31-in.-tall "E.T." actress (Jewish) Tamara De Treaux (Detro) (d. 1990) on Oct. 21 in Calif. Japanese "Chairman in Memoirs of a Geisha" actor Ken Watanabe on Oct. 21 in Koide, Niigata Prefecture. Am. "Hairspray" composer-lyricist (gay) Marc Shaiman on Oct. 22 in Newark, N.J.; grows up in Scotch Plains, N.J.; h.s. dropout. Am. "The Evil Dead", "Spider-Man" dir.-producer-actor-writer (Jewish) Samuel Marshall "Sam" Raimi on Oct. 23 in Royal Oak, Mich.; born to conservative Polish Jewish immigrant parents named Reingewertz; brother of Ted Raimi (1965-); husband (1993-) of Gillian Deale Greene (daughter of Lorne Greene). Am. parodist Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic on Oct. 23 in Downey, Calif.; Serbian descent father, Italian-English descent mother; grows up in Lynwood, Calif. Australian singer Christine Joy "Chrissy" Amphlett (Divinyls) on Oct. 25 in Geelong, Vict. Am. physician-anthropologist Paul Edward Farmer (d. 2022) on Oct. 26 in North Adams, Mass.; ; educated at Duke U., and Harvard U.; co-founder of Partners in Health; Italian-English mother. Am. "Snow Crash", "Cryptonomicon" novelist Neal Town Stephenson on Oct. 31 in Ft. Meade, Md.; educated at Boston U. Welsh rocker Eddie MacDonald (The Alarm) on Nov. 1 in St. Asaph; not to be confused with race car driver Eddie MacDonald (1980-). Canadian "It's Only Love", "Cuts Like a Knife" singer-songwriter Bryan Guy Adams on Nov. 5 in Kingston, Ont.; English parents. Am. bodybuilder-actress-writer ("the Female Arnold Scharzenegger") Teagan Clive on Nov. 5 in ?. Am. World Bank chmn. (2023-) (Sikh) Ajaypal Singh "Ajay" Banga on Nov. 10 in Pune. Am. "Julie Cooper Horvath in One Day at a Time", "Carol Morrison in American Graffiti" actress Laura Mackenzie Phillips on Nov. 10 in Alexandria, Va.; daughter of John Phillips (1935-2001) and 1st wife Susan Adams; stepdaughter of Michelle Phillips (1944-); half-sister of Bijou Phillips (1980-), Chynna Phillips (1968-), and Tamerlane Phillips; sister-in-law of William Baldwin. Am. "Brandon/Lujack Spaulding in Guiding Light" actor Vincent Michael Irizarry on Nov. 12 in Queens, N.Y.; of Puerto Rican and Italian descent. Am. "Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption" writer (black) Bryan Stevenson \ on Nov. 14 in Milton, Del.; educated at Eastern U., and Harvard U. Am. "C.J. Cregg in The West Wing" actress Allison Brooks Janney on Nov. 19 in Dayton, Ohio; educated at Kenyon College. Am. writer Ron Suskind on Nov. 20 in Washington, D.C.; educated at the U. of Va. and Columbia U. Am. "Rachael in Blade Runner" actress Mary Sean Young on Nov. 20 in Louisville, Ky. Scottish rock musician-composer Charles "Charlie" Burchill (Simple Minds) on Nov. 27 in Glasgow. Am. "John Bender in The Breakfast Club", "Jack Richmond in Suddenly Susan" Brat Pack actor (Jewish) Judd Asher Nelson on Nov. 28 in Portland, Maine. U.S. rep. (D-Ill.) (2003-8), White House chief of staff (2008-), and Chicago, Ill. mayor #55 (2011-19) (Jewish) Rahm (Heb. "lofty") Israel Emanuel (Heb. "God is with us") on Nov. 29 in Chicago, Ill.; inspiration for the char. Josh Lyman on "The West Wing"; educated at Sarah Lawrence College, and Northwestern U.; father Benjamin was a member of the Zionist Irgun terrorist group. Am. "Cherry Bomb" singer-actress Cherie Currie (Runaways) on Nov. 30 in Encino, Calif.; wife of Robert Hays (1947-). German speedskater and track cyclist Christa Luding-Rothenburger on Dec. 4 in Weisswasser, East Germany. Am. "What is the Point of Equality?" philosopher Elizabeth Secor Anderson on Dec. 5 in Manchester, Conn.; educated at Swarthmore College, and Harvard U. Korean-Am. physician-anthropologist and World Bank pres. (2012-) Jim Yong Kim (AKA Kim Yong) on Dec. 8 in Seoul, Korea; educated at Brown U., and Harvard U. Am. country singer Marty Raybon (Shenandoah) on Dec. 8 in Greenville, Ala. English musician (gay) Paul Rutherford (Frankie Goes to Hollywood) on Dec. 8 in Liverpool. Canadian writer (Jewish turned Anglican) Mark Steyn on Dec. 8 in Toronto, Ont. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Dallas Mavericks, 1981-9) (Detroit Pistons, 1989-93) Mark Anthony Aguirre on Dec. 10 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at DePaul U. English fashion designer (gay) Jasper Alexander Thirlby Conran on Dec. 12; lover of Bruce Chatwin (1940-89). Am. "The Glamorous Life" singer-musician (black?) Sheila E. (Escovedo) on Dec. 12 in Oakland, Calif.; of Mexican, African, Am., and Creole descent. Am. "Jody Davis in Family Affair" actor John Orson "Johnny" Whitaker Jr. on Dec. 13 in Van Nuys, Calif. Am. bodybuilder (gay) Robert Clark "Bob" Paris on Dec. 14 in Columbus, Ind. Am. political activist (black) (Roman Catholic) Donna Lease Brazile on Dec. 15 in New Orleans, La.; former family surname: Braswell; educated at La. State U. Am. "Kaboom" dir. Gregg Araki on Dec. 17 in Los Angeles, Calif. English musician (black) Grantley Evan "Grant" "Daddy G" Marshall (Massive Attack) on Dec. 18. Am. Olympic track and field star (black) Florence Griffith-Joyner (Florence Delorez Griffith) ("Flo-Jo") (d. 1998) on Dec. 21 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Aunt Sarah in Six Feet Under", "Melinda Moores in The Green Mile" actress Patricia Davies Clarkson on Dec. 29 in New Orleans, La.; educated at Fordham U. English actress-comedian Tracey (Trace) Ullman on Dec. 30 in Slough, Buckinghamshire (Berkshire); Polish father. Am. "Beefy Pressman in Valley of the Heart's Delight" actor Andrew Aaron "Andy" Arness on Dec. 31 in Everett, Wash. Am. "Iceman in Top Gun", "Madmartigan in Willow", "Jim Morrison in The Doors" actor Val Edward Kilmer on Dec. 31 in Los Angeles, Calif. - born with one foot in each decade? Am. "Let's Do It" singer Paul Westerberg (The Replacements) on Dec. 31. Am. economist James Andreoni on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Mich., and the U. of Minn. English "The Girl with All the Gifts" novelist M.R. "Mike" Carey on ? in Liverpool. Am. entrepreneur-philanthropist (voice mail pioneer) Gregory C. Carr in Idaho Falls, Idaho; educated at Harvard U. Am. atty.-activist (Jewish) (lesbian) Chai Rachel Feldblum on ? in New York City; Orthodox Jewish rabbi father; educated at Barnard College, and Harvard U. Am. anti-jihad blogger (Jewish) (Zionist) Pamela Geller on ? in Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Hofstra U. British rear adm. (Muslim) Amjad Mazhar Hussain on ? in Pakistan; emigrates to the U.S. in 1962. Japanese CRISPR molecular biologist Yoshizumi Ishino on ? in Kyoto; educated at Kyushu U., and U. of Ill. Am. climatologist Ralph Franklin Keeling on ? in ?; son of Charles David Keeling (1928-2005); educated at Yale U., and Harvard U. Am. historian Nancy F. Koehn on ? in ?; educated at Stanford U., and Hanford U. Am. diplomat Carlos Pascual on ? in Havana, Cuba; educated at Stanford U., and Harvard U. Am. serial murderer Montie (Monte) Ralph Rissell on ? in Alexandria, Va. Am. entrepreneur David Siegel on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Colo. English "Final Witness" atty.-novelist Simon Mario Reuel Tolkien on ?; eldest son of Christopher Tolkien (1924-); grandson of J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973); educated at Dragon School and Trinity College, Oxford U. Am. journalist (Jewish) Daniel Eli Wattenberg on ? in ?; son of Benjamin J. Wattenberg (1933-); educated at Columbia U. Am. "Jekyll & Hyde", "The Scarlet Pimpernel", "The Civil War" musical composer Frank Wildhorn on ? in New York City; educated at USC. Deaths: Japanese politician Yukio Ozaki (b. 1858) on Oct. 6 in Tokyo. English Kinemacolor inventor George Albert Smith (b. 1864) on May 17. Lithuanian-born Am. art critic Bernard Berenson (b. 1865) on Oct. 6 in Florence, Italy; leaves his Tuscan villa to Harvard U. English writer-artist Laurence Housman (b. 1865) on Feb. 20 in London. Am. educator Abraham Flexner (b. 1866) on Sept. 21 in Falls Church, Va.: "Science, like the Mississippi, begins in a tiny rivulet in the distant forest." Am. #1 architect Frank Lloyd Wright (b. 1867) on Apr. 9 in Phoenix, Ariz.; leaves 600 structures, incl. a Phillips 66 gas station in Cloquet, Minn.; the last major public bldg. he designed was the Grady Gammage Auditorium at Arizona State U. (finished 1964), based on the design for an opera house in Baghdad, which he lost in a gambling wager with pres. Grady Gammage: "Organic buildings are always of the land and from the land"; "Every problem contains and suggests its own solution"; "The inappropriate cannot be beautiful"; "Five lines when three are enough, is stupidity"; "A mob is humanity going the wrong way"; "The physician can bury his mistakes, but the architect can only advise his client to plant vines"; "I am not really a genius, I just have longer antennae than other people." German dermatologist Erich Hoffmann (b. 1868) on May 8; co-discoverer in 1905 of the spirochete causing syphilis. Am. architect John Mead Howells (b. 1868) on Sept. 22; designed the Tribune Tower in Chicago and the Beekman Tower and Daily News Bldg. in New York City. French chemist Paul Lebeau (b. 1868) in Paris. Scottish cloud chamber physicist C.T.R. Wilson (b. 1869) on Nov. 15 in Edinburgh; 1927 Nobel Physics Prize. Norwegian novelist-playwright Johan Bojer (b. 1872) on July 3 in Gudbrandsdalen. Am. historian Robert McNutt McElroy (b. 1872) on Jan. 15 in Lihu'e, Hawaii. Russian-born Am. Yiddish dramatist David Pinski (b. 1872) on Aug. 11. Am. actress Madame Sul-Te-Wan (b. 1873) on Feb. 1 in Woodland Hills, Calif. French historian Georges Lefebvre (b. 1874) on Aug. 28 in Paris. South African PM (1948-54) Daniel Francois Malan (b. 18874) on Feb. 7 in Stellenbosch. Irish-born "Dr. Alexis Zarkov in Flash Gordon" actor Frank Shannon (b. 1874) on Feb. 1 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. US Steel CEO (1938-8) Myron C. Taylor (b. 1874) on May 6. German writer Ernst Jaeckh (b. 1875) on Aug. 7 in New York City. Am. Washington Post owner Eugene Meyer (b. 1875) on July 17 in Washington, D.C. Danish "The Little Mermaid" sculptor Edvard Eriksen (b. 1876) on Jan. 12 in Copenhagen. Am. economist Max Otto Lorenz (b. 1876) on July 1 in Sunnyvale, Calif. Am. tennis player Bessie Moore (b. 1876) on Jan. 22 in Starke, Fla. German steroid chemist Adolf Windaus (b. 1876) on June 9 in Gottingen; 1928 Nobel Chem. Prize. English "Santa in Miracle on 34th Street" actor Edmund Gwenn (b. 1877) on Sept. 6 in Woodland Hills, Calif. (stroke and pneumonia). Austrian-Bohemian artist Alfred Kubin (b. 1877) on Aug. 20 in Zwickledt (near Wernstein am Inn), Austria. English economist Arthur Cecil Pigou (b. 1877) on Mar. 7 in Cambridge. English painter Sir Alfred James Munnings (b. 1878) on July 17 in Dedham, Essex. Argentine diplomat Carlos Saavedra Lamas (b. 1878) on May 5 in Buenos Aires; 1936 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. actress Ethel Barrymore (b. 1879) on June 18. Am. "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" songwriter Jack Norworth (b. 1879) on Sept. 1 in Laguna Beach, Calif. (heart attack). English physicist Sir Owen Richardson (b. 1879) on Feb. 15. Swiss-born Am. composer Ernest Bloch (b. 1880) on July 15. Am.-born English sculptor Sir Jacob Epstein (b. 1880) on Aug. 21. Swiss clown Grock (b. 1880) on July 14 in Imperia, Italy. British politician Sir Samuel Hoare (b. 1880O on May 7. U.S. gen.-statesman George C. Marshall (b. 1880) on Oct. 16; 1953 Nobel Peace Prize. English-born Am. poet Edgar Albert Guest (b. 1881) on Aug. 5 in Detroit, Mich. Canadian-born Am. tenor Edward Johnson (b. 1881). Am. "The Ten Commandments" filmmaker Cecil B. De Mille (b. 1881) on Jan. 21: "Give me any couple of pages of the Bible and I'll give you a picture"; "I didn't write the Bible and didn't invent sin"; "You are here to please me; nothing else on Earth matters" (to his staff); "Remember you are a star. Never go across the alley even to dump garbage unless you are dressed to the teeth." Am. baseball hall-of-fame player Ed Walsh (b. 1881) on May 26 in Pompano Beach, Fla.; lowest-ever career ERA (1.82). Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (b. 1881). British Conservative politiian Edward Wood, 1st earl of Halifax (b. 1881) on Dec. 23. Am. actor James Gleason (b. 1882) on Apr. 12. Am. adm. William F. "Bull" Halsey Jr. (b. 1882) on Aug. 20. Am. "When Worlds Collide" novelist Edwin Balmer (b. 1883) on Mar. 21. Am. OSS/CIA founder Wild Bill Donovan (b. 1883) on Feb. 8 in Washington, D.C. Austrian composer Josef Matthias Hauer (b. 1883) on Sept. 22 in Vienna. Am. automotive engineer Owen Nacker (b. 1883) on May 4 in Pleasant Ridge, Mich. English "Dr. Fu Manchu" author Sax Rohmer (b. 1883) on June 1. German "Dr. Caligari" actor Werner Krauss (b. 1884) on Oct. 20 in Vienna, Austria. Norwegian-born Am. tennis player Molla Mallory (b. 1884) on Nov. 22 in Stockholm. French ambassador (to Germany) Robert Coulondre (b. 1885) on Mar. 6 in Paris. English playwright Ashley Dukes (b. 1885) on May 4. Am. "Has Anybody Seen My Gal?" songwriter Sam M. Lewis (b. 1885) on Nov. 22 in New York City. Laotian king Sisavangvong (b. 1885) on Oct. 29. English chemist Sir Henry Tizard (b. 1885) on Oct. 9 in Fareham, Hampshire. Norwegian poet Herman Wildenvey (b. 1885) on Sept. 27 in Stavern. U.S. Gen. Oscar Woolverton Griswold (b. 1886) on Sept. 28 in Colorado Springs, Colo. British-born Am. "Fort Apache", "Rio Grande" actor Victor McLaglen (b. 1886) on Nov. 7 in Newport Beach, Calif. (heart attack). Am. psychologist Edward Tolman (b. 1886) on Nov. 19 in Berkeley, Calif. British actor Eric Blore (b. 1887) on Mar. 2 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. billiards player Willie Hoppe (b. 1887) on Feb. 1 in Miami, Fla. Brazilian composer-educator Heitor Villa-Lobos (b. 1887) on Nov. 17 in Rio de Janeiro; composed 5 operas, 6 symphonies et al. Am. "Both Your Houses" playwright Maxwell Anderson (b. 1888) on Feb. 28 in Stamford, Conn. (stroke). Am. "The Long Goodbye" hardboiled crime story novelist Raymond Chandler (b. 1888) on Mar. 26 in San Diego, Calif.; buried in Mt. Hope Cemetery: leaves unfinished Poodle Springs (pub. 1989): "The muzzle of the Luger looked like the mouth of the Second Street tunnel." Am. statesman John Foster Dulles (b. 1888) on May 24 (7:49 a.m. EDT) in Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C. Swiss-born German SS Col. Karl Jaeger (b. 1888) on June 22 in Hohenasperg (suicide in prison while awaiting trial for war crimes). English Guild Socialist economist George Douglas Howard Cole (b. 1889) on Jan. 14 in London. Croatian Ustase leader Ante Pavelic (b. 1889) on Dec. 28 in Madrid, Spain. English gynecologist Grantly Dick-Read (b. 1890) - maybe I'd call you a liar? Am. DeMolay Internat. founder Frank Sherman "Dad" Land (b. 1890) on Nov. 8. Czech-born Am. composer Bohuslav Martinu (b. 1890) on Aug. 28 in Liestal, Switzerland; composed 400 works incl. 6 symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballets. English "Grand Hotel" film dir. Edmund Goulding (b. 1891) on Dec. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif. Philippine pres. (1943-5) Jose P. Laurel (b. 1891) on Nov. 6 in Manila. English artist Sir Stanley Spencer (b. 1891) on Dec. 14 in Cliveden, Buckinghamshire (cancer); met Chinese PM Zhou Enlai just before his death as a member of a British Council delegation to China, telling him "Hello, I'm Stanley from Cookham"; leaves an old black pram he pushed around holding his canvas and easel. English actor Lupino Lane (b. 1892) on Nov. 10 in London. German-born Am. caricaturist George Grosz (b. 1893) on July 6. U.S. interior secy. (1953-6) Douglas McKay (b. 1893) on July 22. Polish-Am. conductor Artur Rodzinski (b. 1894) on Nov. 27 in Boston, Mass. Am. football hall-of-fame coach Bert Bell (b. 1895) on Oct. 11 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. Nazca Lines historian Paul Kosok (b. 1896). Am. isolationist politician "Wild Bill" Langer (b. 1896) on Nov. 8 in Washington, D.C. Austrian-born British philosopher Friedrich Waismann (b. 1896) on Nov. 4 in Oxford. Am. jazz musician Sidney Bechet (b. 1897) on May 14 in Garches, France (lung cancer). Am. "The Great McGinty" screenwriter-dir. Preston Sturges (b. 1898) on Aug. 6 in New York City. Spanish poet Luis Pales Matos (b. 1898) on Feb. 23. French poet Benjamin Peret (b. 1899) on Sept. 18 in Paris. Am. composer George Antheil (b. 1900) on Feb. 12 in New York City. Dutch conductor Eduard van Beinum (b. 1900) on Apr. 13 in Amsterdam (heart attack). English "Dolly Messiter in Brief Encounter" actress Everley Gregg (b. 1900) on June 9 in Beaconsfield. Polish-Am. genocide activist Raphael Lemkin (b. 1900) on Aug. 28 in New York City. German auto racer Rudolf Caracciola (b. 1901) on Sept. 28 in Kessel (bone cancer). Am. physician Helen Flanders Dunbar (b. 1902) on Aug. 21 (drowns in her swimming pool). English actor Sonnie Hale (b. 1902) on June 9 in London (myelofibrosis). Am. Frito's inventor Charles Elmer Doolin (b. 1903) on July 22 in Dallas, Tex. Polish-born Am. "You'll Never Know", "At Last" composer-lyricist Mack Gordon (b. 1904) on Feb. 28/Mar. 1 in New York City; composed for 50 film scores, incl. "Paris in Spring", "Summer Stock". Sicilian-born mobster Joseph Barbara (b. 1905) on June 17 in Endicott, N.Y. (heart attack). Am. Miss America 1925 Fay Lanphier (b. 1905) on June 21 in Orinda, Calif. (viral pneumonia). Scottish aviator Jim Mollison (b. 1905) on Oct. 30 in London, England. Am. "Ike Clanton in My Darling Clementine" actor Grant Withers (b. 1905) on Mar. 27 (suicide by OD); appeared in 200+ films; last note: "Please forgive me, my family. I was so unhappy. It's better this way." Am. actor Paul Douglas (b. 1907) on Sept. 11 in Hollywood, Calif. (heart attack). Danish actress Gwili Andre (b. 1908) on Feb. 5 in Venice, Calif. (apt. fire). Am. Abbott & Costello comedian Lou Costello (b. 1908) on Mar. 3 in East Los Angeles, Calif. (heart attack); split with Bud Abbott in July 1957; last words: "I think I'll be more comfortable"; rumors spread that his last words were "That was the best ice cream soda I ever tasted." Tasmanian-born Am. "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "Captain Blood" actor Errol Flynn (b. 1909) on Oct. 14 in Vancouver, B.C., Canada (heart attack); dies broke and in failing health on a trip with his 16-y.-o. betrothed babe Beverly Aadland (1943-) to sell his yacht Zaca; three weeks earlier his longtime co-star Olivia de Havilland sees their old flick "The Adventures of Robin Hood", and almost writes him to see it to cheer him up, but doesn't; "I'll live this half of my life, I don't care about the other half"; "Women won't let me stay single, and I won't let myself stay married"; "I've had a hell of a lot of fun, and I've enjoyed every minute of it"; "I had an insatiable desire to run through the world, and not be hemmed in by anybody"; "If I have any genius, it's a genius for living"; "I have a zest for living, yet twice the urge to die"; "Who could live with himself believing himself to be a symbol of sex and nothing more?"; "Old Errol died laughing - can you beat that?" (Tony Britton to Trevor Howard). Am. tenor saxophonist Lester "Prez" Young (b. 1909) on Mar. 15 in New York City; transformed the hot jazz of the 30s into the cool jazz of the 40s and 50s. Am. "Superman" actor George Reeves (Besselo) (b. 1914) on June 16 in Beverly Hills, Calif. (bullet to the temple); officially ruled suicide; really a mob hit ordered by Hollywood studio exec Joseph Edgar Allen "Eddie" Mannix (1891-1963), who had been playing around with a Japanese woman while Reeves was doing it with his wife Toni, with a mutual understanding because they're all Roman Catholics who can't divorce, until early in the year Reeves broke up with Toni and became engaged to socialite Leonore Lemmon (1923-89), devastating her?; buried in his grey Clark Kent suit; beginning of an "untimely death for Superman actor" trend? Am. jazz-blues singer Billie "Lady Day" Holiday (b. 1915) on July 17 (3:10 a.m.) in New York City (cirrhosis of the liver); dies under arrest for drug possession in a hospital bed at Metropoligan Hospital; has $750 total assets on her person, and $0.70 in the bank; buried in Old St. Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx, N.Y.: "Sometimes it's worse to win a fight than to lose." Italian-Am. opera singer-actor Mario Lanza (b. 1921) on Oct. 7 in Italy; iced out of Hollywood for his spoiled ways, he is suspected of being "taken care of" by the Mafia for failing to live up to certain "deals". Am. "Geraldine Rutherford in Leave It to Beaver" actress Helen Parrish (b. 1924) on Feb. 22 in Hollywood, Calif. (cancer). Am. "Alfalfa in Our Gang" actor Carl Switzer (b. 1927) on Jan. 21 in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, Calif.; shot by an acquaintance over a money dispute. English auto racer Mike Hawthorn (b. 1929) on Jan. 22 near Onslow Village, Guildford, Surrey (automobile accident). Am. rocker J.P. "Big Bopper" Richardson (b. 1930) on Feb. 3 near Clear Lake, Iowa (airplane crash). Am. auto racer Jerry Unser Jr. (b. 1932) on May 17 in Indianapolis, Ind. (practice lap at the Indy 500). Am. rocker Buddy Holly (b. 1936) on Feb. 3 near Clear Lake, Iowa (airplane crash). Am. rocker Ritchie Valens (b. 1941) on Feb. 3 near Clear Lake, Iowa (airplane crash).



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